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Lewis acids and bases
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Acids and Bases
Acid
Acid–base reaction
Acid strength
Acidity function
Amphoterism
Base
Buffer solutions
Dissociation constant
Equilibrium chemistry
Extraction
Hammett acidity function
pH
Proton affinity
Self-ionization of water
Titration
Acid types
Brønsted
Lewis
Mineral
Organic
Strong
Superacids
Weak
Monobasic acid
Dibasic acid
Tribasic acid
Solid
Base types
Brønsted
Lewis
Organic
Strong
Superbases
Non-nucleophilic
Weak
v
t
e
Diagram of some Lewis bases and acids
A Lewis acid is a chemical species that contains an empty orbital which is capable of accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair which is not involved in bonding but may form a dative bond with a Lewis acid to form a Lewis adduct. For example, NH3 is a Lewis base, because it can donate its lone pair of electrons. Trimethylborane (Me3B) is a Lewis acid as it is capable of accepting a lone pair. In a Lewis adduct, the Lewis acid and base share an electron pair furnished by the Lewis base, forming a dative bond.[1] In the context of a specific chemical reaction between NH3 and Me3B, the lone pair from NH3 will form a dative bond with the empty orbital of Me3B to form an adduct NH3•BMe3. The terminology refers to the contributions of Gilbert N. Lewis.[2]
Contents
1 Depicting adducts
2 Examples
2.1 Simple Lewis acids
2.2 Complex Lewis acids
2.3 H+ as Lewis acid
2.4 Applications of Lewis acids
3 Lewis bases
3.1 Applications of Lewis bases
4 Hard and soft classification
5 ECW model
6 There is no single order of Lewis base strengths
7 History
7.1 Reformulation of Lewis theory
7.2 Comparison with Brønsted–Lowry theory
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Depicting adducts[edit]
In many cases, the interaction between the Lewis base and Lewis acid in a complex is indicated by an arrow indicating the Lewis base donating electrons toward the Lewis acid using the notation of a dative bond—for example, Me3B←NH3. Some sources indicate the Lewis base with a pair of dots (the explicit electrons being donated), which allows consistent representation of the transition from the base itself to the complex with the acid:
Me3B + :NH3 → Me3B:NH3
A center dot may also be used to represent a Lewis adduct, such as Me3B•NH3. Another example is boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, BF3•Et2O. The center dot is also used to represent hydrate coordination in various crystals, as in MgSO4·7H2O for hydrated magnesium sulfate. In general, however, the donor–acceptor bond is viewed as simply somewhere along a continuum between idealized covalent bonding and ionic bonding.[3]
Examples[edit]
Major structural changes accompany binding of the Lewis base to the coordinatively unsaturated, planar Lewis acid BF3.
Classically, the term "Lewis acid" is restricted to trigonal planar species with an empty p orbital, such as BR3 where R can be an organic substituent or a halide.[citation needed] For the purposes of discussion, even complex compounds such as Et3Al2Cl3 and AlCl3 are treated as trigonal planar Lewis acids. Metal ions such as Na+, Mg2+, and Ce3+, which are invariably complexed with additional ligands, are often sources of coordinatively unsaturated derivatives that form Lewis adducts upon reaction with a Lewis base. Other reactions might simply be referred to as "acid-catalyzed" reactions. Some compounds, such as H2O, are both Lewis acids and Lewis bases, because they can either accept a pair of electrons or donate a pair of electrons, depending upon the reaction.
Lewis acids are diverse. Simplest are those that react directly with the Lewis base. But more common are those that undergo a reaction prior to forming the adduct.
Examples of Lewis acids based on the general definition of electron pair acceptor include:
the proton (H+) and acidic compounds onium ions, such as NH4+ and H3O+
high oxidation state transition metal cations, e.g., Fe3+;
other metal cations, such as Li+ and Mg2+, often as their aquo or ether complexes,
trigonal planar species, such as BF3 and carbocations H3C+
pentahalides of phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony
electron poor π-systems, such as enones and tetracyanoethylenes.
Again, the description of a Lewis acid is often used loosely. For example, in solution, bare protons do not exist.
Simple Lewis acids[edit]
Some of the most studied examples of such Lewis acids are the boron trihalides and organoboranes, but other compounds exhibit this behavior:
BF3 + F− → BF4−
In this adduct, all four fluoride centres (or more accurately, ligands) are equivalent.
BF3 + OMe2 → BF3OMe2
Both BF4− and BF3OMe2 are Lewis base adducts of boron trifluoride.
In many cases, the adducts violate the octet rule, such as the triiodide anion:
I2 + I− → I3−
The variability of the colors of iodine solutions reflects the variable abilities of the solvent to form adducts with the Lewis acid I2.
In some cases, the Lewis acids are capable of binding two Lewis bases, a famous example being the formation of hexafluorosilicate:
SiF4 + 2 F− → SiF62−
Complex Lewis acids[edit]
Most compounds considered to be Lewis acids require an activation step prior to formation of the adduct with the Lewis base. Well known cases are the aluminium trihalides, which are widely viewed as Lewis acids. Aluminium trihalides, unlike the boron trihalides, do not exist in the form AlX3, but as aggregates and polymers that must be degraded by the Lewis base.[4] A simpler case is the formation of adducts of borane. Monomeric BH3 does not exist appreciably, so the adducts of borane are generated by degradation of diborane:
B2H6 + 2 H− → 2 BH4−
In this case, an intermediate B2H7− can be isolated.
Many metal complexes serve as Lewis acids, but usually only after dissociating a more weakly bound Lewis base, often water.
[Mg(H2O)6]2+ + 6 NH3 → [Mg(NH3)6]2+ + 6 H2O
H+ as Lewis acid[edit]
The proton (H+) [5] is one of the strongest but is also one of the most complicated Lewis acids. It is convention to ignore the fact that a proton is heavily solvated (bound to solvent). With this simplification in mind, acid-base reactions can be viewed as the formation of adducts:
H+ + NH3 → NH4+
H+ + OH− → H2O
Applications of Lewis acids[edit]
A typical example of a Lewis acid in action is in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction.[3] The key step is the acceptance by AlCl3 of a chloride ion lone-pair, forming AlCl4− and creating the strongly acidic, that is, electrophilic, carbonium ion.
RCl +AlCl3 → R+ + AlCl4−
Lewis bases[edit]
A Lewis base is an atomic or molecular species where the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is highly localized. Typical Lewis bases are conventional amines such as ammonia and alkyl amines. Other common Lewis bases include pyridine and its derivatives. Some of the main classes of Lewis bases are
amines of the formula NH3−xRx where R = alkyl or aryl. Related to these are pyridine and its derivatives.
phosphines of the formula PR3−xAx, where R = alkyl, A = aryl.
compounds of O, S, Se and Te in oxidation state 2, including water, ethers, ketones
The most common Lewis bases are anions. The strength of Lewis basicity correlates with the pKa of the parent acid: acids with high pKa's give good Lewis bases. As usual, a weaker acid has a stronger conjugate base.
Examples of Lewis bases based on the general definition of electron pair donor include:
simple anions, such as H− and F−.
other lone-pair-containing species, such as H2O, NH3, HO−, and CH3−
complex anions, such as sulfate
electron rich π-system Lewis bases, such as ethyne, ethene, and benzene
The strength of Lewis bases have been evaluated for various Lewis acids, such as I2, SbCl5, and BF3.[6]
Heats of binding of various bases to BF3 hide
Lewis base
Donor atom
Enthalpy of complexation (kJ/mol)
Et3N N 135
quinuclidine N 150
pyridine N 128
Acetonitrile N 60
Et2O O 78.8
THF O 90.4
acetone O 76.0
EtOAc O 75.5
DMA O 112
DMSO O 105
Tetrahydrothiophene S 51.6
Trimethylphosphine P 97.3
Applications of Lewis bases[edit]
Main article: homogeneous catalysis
Nearly all electron pair donors that form compounds by binding transition elements can be viewed as a collections of the Lewis bases – or ligands. Thus a large application of Lewis bases is to modify the activity and selectivity of metal catalysts. Chiral Lewis bases thus confer chirality on a catalyst, enabling asymmetric catalysis, which is useful for the production of pharmaceuticals.
Many Lewis bases are "multidentate," that is they can form several bonds to the Lewis acid. These multidentate Lewis bases are called chelating agents.
Hard and soft classification[edit]
Main article: HSAB theory
Lewis acids and bases are commonly classified according to their hardness or softness. In this context hard implies small and nonpolarizable and soft indicates larger atoms that are more polarizable.
typical hard acids: H+, alkali/alkaline earth metal cations, boranes, Zn2+
typical soft acids: Ag+, Mo(0), Ni(0), Pt2+
typical hard bases: ammonia and amines, water, carboxylates, fluoride and chloride
typical soft bases: organophosphines, thioethers, carbon monoxide, iodide
For example, an amine will displace phosphine from the adduct with the acid BF3. In the same way, bases could be classified. For example, bases donating a lone pair from an oxygen atom are harder than bases donating through a nitrogen atom. Although the classification was never quantified it proved to be very useful in predicting the strength of adduct formation, using the key concepts that hard acid — hard base and soft acid — soft base interactions are stronger than hard acid — soft base or soft acid — hard base interactions. Later investigation of the thermodynamics of the interaction suggested that hard—hard interactions are enthalpy favored, whereas soft—soft are entropy favored.
ECW model[edit]
Main article: ECW model
The ECW model is quantitative model that describes and predicts the strength of Lewis acid base interactions, −ΔH . The model assigned E and C parameters to many Lewis acids and bases. Each acid is characterized by an EA and a CA. Each base is likewise characterized by its own EB and CB. The E and C parameters refer, respectively, to the electrostatic and covalent contributions to the strength of the bonds that the acid and base will form. The equation is
−ΔH = EAEB + CACB + W
The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis acid strengths.[7]
There is no single order of Lewis base strengths[edit]
Cramer–Bopp plots show graphically using the E and C parameters of the ECW model that there is no one single order of Lewis base strengths (or acid strengths).[8] Single property or variable scales are limited to a small range of acids or bases.
History[edit]
MO diagram depicting the formation of a dative covalent bond between two atoms.
The concept originated with Gilbert N. Lewis who studied chemical bonding. In 1923, Lewis wrote An acid substance is one which can employ an electron lone pair from another molecule in completing the stable group of one of its own atoms.[9][10] The Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory was published in the same year. The two theories are distinct but complementary. A Lewis base is also a Brønsted–Lowry base, but a Lewis acid doesn't need to be a Brønsted–Lowry acid. The classification into hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB theory) followed in 1963. The strength of Lewis acid-base interactions, as measured by the standard enthalpy of formation of an adduct can be predicted by the Drago–Wayland two-parameter equation.
Reformulation of Lewis theory[edit]
Lewis had suggested in 1916 that two atoms are held together in a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons. When each atom contributed one electron to the bond it was called a covalent bond. When both electrons come from one of the atoms it was called a dative covalent bond or coordinate bond. The distinction is not very clear-cut. For example, in the formation of an ammonium ion from ammonia and hydrogen the ammonia molecule donates a pair of electrons to the proton;[5] the identity of the electrons is lost in the ammonium ion that is formed. Nevertheless, Lewis suggested that an electron-pair donor be classified as a base and an electron-pair acceptor be classified as acid.
A more modern definition of a Lewis acid is an atomic or molecular species with a localized empty atomic or molecular orbital of low energy. This lowest energy molecular orbital (LUMO) can accommodate a pair of electrons.
Comparison with Brønsted–Lowry theory[edit]
A Lewis base is often a Brønsted–Lowry base as it can donate a pair of electrons to H+;[5] the proton is a Lewis acid as it can accept a pair of electrons. The conjugate base of a Brønsted–Lowry acid is also a Lewis base as loss of H+ from the acid leaves those electrons which were used for the A—H bond as a lone pair on the conjugate base. However, a Lewis base can be very difficult to protonate, yet still react with a Lewis acid. For example, carbon monoxide is a very weak Brønsted–Lowry base but it forms a strong adduct with BF3.
In another comparison of Lewis and Brønsted–Lowry acidity by Brown and Kanner,[11] 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine reacts to form the hydrochloride salt with HCl but does not react with BF3. This example demonstrates that steric factors, in addition to electron configuration factors, play a role in determining the strength of the interaction between the bulky di-t-butylpyridine and tiny proton.
A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a proton donor, not an electron-pair acceptor.
See also[edit]
Acid
Base (chemistry)
Acid–base reaction
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
Chiral Lewis acid
Frustrated Lewis pairs
Gutmann–Beckett method
ECW model
References[edit]
Jump up ^ IUPAC Gold Book − Lewis acid
Jump up ^ Lewis, Gilbert (1923). Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules.
^ Jump up to: a b March, J. “Advanced Organic Chemistry” 4th Ed. J. Wiley and Sons, 1992: New York. ISBN 0-471-60180-2.
Jump up ^ Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Traditionally, but not precisely, H+ ions are referred as "protons". See IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "hydron".
Jump up ^ Christian Laurence and Jean-François Gal "Lewis Basicity and Affinity Scales : Data and Measurement" Wiley, 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-74957-9.
Jump up ^ Vogel G. C.;Drago, R. S. (1996). "The ECW Modeldoi=10.1021/ed073p701". Journal of Chemical Education. 73: 701–707. Bibcode:1996JChEd..73..701V. doi:10.1021/ed073p701. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ . Cramer, R. E., and Bopp, T. T. (1977) The Great E & C Plot. A graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases.. Journal of Chemical Education 54 612–613.
Jump up ^ Lewis, G.N., Valence and the Structure of Atoms and Molecules (1923) p. 142.
Jump up ^ Miessler, L. M., Tar, D. A., (1991) p. 166 – Table of discoveries attributes the date of publication/release for the Lewis theory as 1923.
Jump up ^ Brown HC and Kanner B. "Preparation and Reactions of 2,6-Di-t-butylpyridine and Related hindered Bases. A case of Steric Hindrance toward the Proton." J. Am. Chem. Soc. 88, 986 (1966).
Further reading[edit]
Jensen, W.B. (1980). The Lewis acid-base concepts : an overview. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-03902-0.
Yamamoto, Hisashi (1999). Lewis acid reagents : a practical approach. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850099-8.
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Lady Bird (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the 2017 film. For the 1927 film, see The Ladybird (film).
Lady Bird
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Greta Gerwig
Produced by
Scott Rudin
Eli Bush
Evelyn O'Neill
Written by
Greta Gerwig
Starring
Saoirse Ronan
Laurie Metcalf
Tracy Letts
Lucas Hedges
Timothée Chalamet
Beanie Feldstein
Stephen McKinley Henderson
Lois Smith
Music by
Jon Brion
Cinematography
Sam Levy
Edited by
Nick Houy
Production
company
Scott Rudin Productions
A24
Management 360
IAC Films
Distributed by
A24 (United States)
Universal Pictures (International)
Release date
September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) (Telluride)
November 3, 2017 (2017-11-03) (United States)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[1]
Box office
$75.7 million[2]
Lady Bird is a 2017 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Greta Gerwig and starring Saoirse Ronan, Laurie Metcalf, Tracy Letts, Lucas Hedges, Timothée Chalamet, Beanie Feldstein, Stephen McKinley Henderson, and Lois Smith. Set in Sacramento, California, in 2002, it is a coming-of-age story of a high-school senior and her turbulent relationship with her mother.
Lady Bird premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on September 1, 2017, and was released in the United States on November 3, 2017 by A24. Critics praised the film's screenplay, direction, and Ronan and Metcalf's performances, and it grossed over $75 million on a $10 million budget.
Lady Bird was chosen by the National Board of Review, the American Film Institute, and Time magazine as one of the 10 best films of the year.[3][4][5] At the 90th Academy Awards, it earned five nominations: Best Picture, Best Actress (for Ronan), Best Supporting Actress (for Metcalf), Best Original Screenplay, and Best Director. At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Lady Bird won two awards—Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy (for Ronan)—and was nominated for two more. It was also nominated for three British Academy Film Awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Accolades
6 Potential sequels
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Christine "Lady Bird" McPherson is a senior student at a Catholic high school in Sacramento in 2002. She longs to attend an Ivy League college in "a city with culture". Her family is struggling financially, and her mother tells her that Lady Bird is ungrateful for what she has.
Lady Bird and her best friend Julie join their school theater program, where Lady Bird meets Danny O'Neill. She and Danny develop a romantic relationship, and, to her mother's disappointment, Lady Bird joins Danny's wealthy family for Thanksgiving dinner. Their relationship ends when Lady Bird discovers Danny kissing a boy in a bathroom stall.
At the behest of her mother, Lady Bird takes a job at a coffee shop, where she meets Kyle, a young musician she recognizes from a show the previous semester. They begin dating. One of the popular girls at the school, Jenna, is reprimanded by Sister Sarah, a teacher, for wearing a short skirt, and Lady Bird suggests that she and Jenna bond by vandalizing the nun's car. As Lady Bird grows closer to Kyle and Jenna, she gradually deserts Julie.
Lady Bird drops out of the theater program. At the coffee shop, she consoles Danny after he expresses his struggle in coming out, and they become friends again. After Kyle tells Lady Bird he is a virgin, she loses her virginity to him, but he later denies having said it. This leaves her unfulfilled, and contributes to their breakup.
Jenna surprises Lady Bird by looking for her at Danny's grandmother's house, which, to appear wealthy, Lady Bird had told her was her house. Lady Bird admits to the lie, and Jenna agrees to forgive her because of Kyle, but makes it clear that they are no longer friends. Lady Bird discovers that her father has lost his job and that he has been battling depression for most of his life.
Lady Bird begins applying to East Coast colleges despite her mother's insistence that the family cannot afford it. She is accepted into UC Davis, but is upset because she feels it is too close to home. Soon thereafter, she is elated to discover that she has been placed on the wait list for a New York college, but, fearing her response, does not share the news with her mother. Lady Bird sets out for her high school prom with Kyle, Jenna, and Jenna’s boyfriend, but the four decide to go to a house party instead. Lady Bird changes her mind during the car ride and asks them to drop her off at Julie's apartment, where the two rekindle their friendship and go to prom together.
After Lady Bird's graduation, Danny accidentally reveals to Lady Bird's mother that she has been wait-listed, and her mother stops talking to her for the rest of the summer. On her 18th birthday, Lady Bird's father shares a cupcake with her. To celebrate reaching legal adulthood, Lady Bird buys a pack of cigarettes, a scratch-off ticket, and an issue of Playgirl magazine. She passes her driving test, and repaints her bedroom. Lady Bird learns she has been accepted by the New York college, and can afford the tuition with financial aid and her father's help. Her parents take her to the airport, but her mother refuses to go inside to say goodbye. She quickly has a change of heart and drives back, only to discover Lady Bird had already crossed security.
In New York, Lady Bird finds thoughtful letters written by her mother and salvaged by her father, and begins using her birth name again. She is hospitalized after drinking heavily at a party. After leaving the hospital, she attends a Catholic mass, then calls home and leaves an apologetic voicemail message for her mother.
Cast[edit]
Saoirse Ronan as Christine "Lady Bird"[a] McPherson
Laurie Metcalf as Marion McPherson
Tracy Letts as Larry McPherson
Lucas Hedges as Danny O'Neill
Timothée Chalamet as Kyle Scheible
Beanie Feldstein as Julianne "Julie" Steffans
Lois Smith as Sister Sarah Joan
Stephen McKinley Henderson as Father Leviatch
Odeya Rush as Jenna Walton
Jordan Rodrigues as Miguel McPherson
Marielle Scott as Shelly Yuhan
John Karna as Greg Anrue
Jake McDorman as Mr. Bruno
Bayne Gibby as Casey Kelly
Laura Marano as Diana Greenway
Marietta DePrima as Miss Patty
Daniel Zovatto as Jonah Ruiz
Kristen Cloke as Ms. Steffans
Andy Buckley as Uncle Matthew
Kathryn Newton as Darlene Bell
Myra Turley as Sister Gina
Bob Stephenson as Father Walther
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Gerwig spent years writing the screenplay. At one point it was over 350 pages long, and had the working title Mothers and Daughters.[7] In 2015, Gerwig and her team secured financing from IAC Films, who produced the film alongside Scott Rudin Productions.[8] Gerwig's manager Evelyn O'Neill also served as a producer.[8]
Although Lady Bird has been described as semi-autobiographical.[9] Gerwig stated that "nothing in the movie literally happened in my life, but it has a core of truth that resonates with what I know".[7] To prepare the cast and crew, Gerwig gave them her old high-school yearbooks, photos, and journals, as well as passages written by Joan Didion, and took them on a tour of her hometown.[10][11] She told Sam Levy, the director of photography, that she wanted the film to feel "like a memory,"[12] and said that she "sought to offer a female counterpart to tales like The 400 Blows and Boyhood."[9] The film is Gerwig's first as a solo director; in 2008, she co-directed Nights and Weekends with Joe Swanberg.[13]
Casting[edit]
In September 2015, Gerwig met with Saoirse Ronan at the Toronto International Film Festival, where they were promoting Maggie's Plan and Brooklyn respectively. They ran through the script in a hotel room, with Ronan reading the part of Lady Bird, and Gerwig reading the other characters. Gerwig realized by page 2 that Ronan was the right choice for the lead.[14][15] In January 2016, Ronan was cast.[16] Gerwig met with Lucas Hedges and offered him his choice from the male parts. He chose Danny.[17][18] Gerwig cast Laurie Metcalf after seeing her theater work;[19] the rest of the cast—including Tracy Letts, Timothée Chalamet, Beanie Feldstein, John Karna and Jordan Rodrigues—was announced in September 2016.[20][21][22]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography was scheduled to begin in March 2016, but delayed to August due to Ronan's commitments to a performance of Arthur Miller's The Crucible.[23] Filming began on August 30, 2016 in Sacramento, California. Other locations included Los Angeles and New York City.[24] Gerwig had wanted to shoot the movie on Super 16 film stock, but due to budget constraints ultimately shot on digital with the Arri Alexa Mini. The final film emphasizes digital noise to create the effect of a Xeroxed copy of a photograph.[25]
Ronan dyed her hair red for the role, and did not wear makeup to cover up her acne; she has said she saw the film as "a really good opportunity to let a teenager's face in a movie actually look like a teenager's face in real life".[26] Gerwig, using a technique she learned from the filmmaker Rebecca Miller, arrived an hour before everyone else to put the actors and crew at ease by knowing exactly how the day would run. She also banned smartphones on the set, a policy borrowed from Noah Baumbach.[27]
Release[edit]
In July 2017, A24 acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film.[28] The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 1, 2017,[29] and screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2017,[30] and the New York Film Festival on October 8, 2017.[31] Focus Features acquired international distribution rights to the film.[32] It was released theatrically in the United States on November 3, 2017,[33] in the United Kingdom on February 16, 2018, and in Ireland on February 23, 2018.[34]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Lady Bird has grossed $49 million in the United States and Canada, and $26.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $75.7 million.[2]
In its limited opening weekend, it grossed $364,437 from four theaters, for a per-theater average of $91,109.[35] It had the second best theater average of 2017, and the highest ever for a film in limited release directed by a woman.[36] The film expanded to 37 theaters in its second weekend, and grossed a three-day total of $1.2 million, finishing tenth at the box office.[37] In its third weekend, the film expanded to 238 theaters, and grossed a three-day total of $2.5 million, finishing eighth at the box office.[38]
The film had its official wide release on November 24, playing in 724 theaters and making $4 million over the weekend ($5.4 million over the five-day Thanksgiving frame), finishing eleventh.[39] Expanding to 1,194 theaters the following week the film grossed $4.3 million, returning to eighth place.[40] Lady Bird also became A24's highest-grossing film domestically, ahead of Moonlight, which made $27.9 million.[41] The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film's five Oscar nominations, it made $1.9 million (an increase over the previous week's $1.1 million).[42]
Critical response[edit]
Lady Bird received a standing ovation at its international premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival,[43] and was praised for Ronan and Metcalf's performances, and Gerwig's directorial efforts.[44][45] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 99% based on 311 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads "Lady Bird delivers fresh insights about the turmoil of adolescence and reveals debuting writer-director Greta Gerwig as a fully formed filmmaking talent."[46] On November 27, 2017, the film became the most-reviewed film ever to remain at 100% on the site with 164 positive reviews, beating previous record holder Toy Story 2, which has 163 positive reviews.[47] It stayed at 100% until 196 registered reviews.[48] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 94 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[49]
A.O. Scott of The New York Times described Lady Bird as "big-screen perfection ... exceptionally well-written, full of wordplay and lively argument. Every line sounds like something a person might actually say, which means that the movie is also exceptionally well acted."[50] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote the film was "modestly scaled but creatively ambitious" and "succeeds on its own terms as a piquant audience pleaser", and gave praise to Ronan, whom he said "just seems to keep getting better all the time."[51] Peter Debruge of Variety praised Gerwig's direction and script as well as Ronan's performance.[45] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote the film was "simply beautiful" and "warm and inspired", hailing the performances of Ronan and Metcalf as well as Gerwig's direction and screenplay.[52]
The Washington Post's Ann Hornaday described the film as a "triumph of style, sensibility and spirit" while similarly praising Ronan's performance and Gerwig's direction.[53] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 out of four stars in which he deemed it as "simply irresistible" and complimented the film's plot and narrative while highlighting the performances of Ronan and Metcalf in which he stated as an "Oscar calling" and Gerwig's direction as "full-blown triumph". He also declared it as one of the year's best films.[54] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times called the film "unique and original and fresh and wonderful" and "appealing" while lauding the performances (particularly Metcalf and Letts) in which he remarked that "There’s no level of acting on a higher plane than what [Metcalf] and [Letts] achieve in this film. This is what greatness looks like."[55] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap remarked that "Gerwig the actress skillfully pivots between the wacky and the poignant, so it's no surprise that Gerwig the auteur so delicately balances hilarity and heartbreak".[56] Stugotz of The Dan Le Batard Show with Stugotz rated it "3 out of possible 4 Bloodfist," though he noted it was, "still not as good as Larry Bird".[57]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Lady Bird (film)
Lady Bird garnered a variety of awards and nominations.[58] The film was chosen by the National Board of Review, the American Film Institute, and Time magazine as one of the top 10 films of 2017.[59][60][61]
At the 90th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Screenplay for Gerwig, Best Actress for Ronan, and Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Metcalf;[62] however, it lost in all categories. Gerwig became the fifth woman nominated in the Best Director category.[62]
The film also received eight nominations at the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Acting Ensemble.[63] At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, it was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy (won), Best Actress – Musical or Comedy for Ronan (won), Best Supporting Actress for Metcalf, and Best Screenplay.[64] At the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, it was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for Ronan, Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for Metcalf, and Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture.[65]
Potential sequels[edit]
In February 2018, on an episode of The A24 Podcast, Gerwig expressed interest in making spiritual successors to Lady Bird, saying "I would like to do a quartet of Sacramento films" modeled on the Neapolitan novels of Elena Ferrante.[66]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The nickname does not derive from former First Lady Lady Bird Johnson, but a Mother Goose nursery rhyme that includes "lady bird" in its lyric.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (November 10, 2017). "'Lady Bird': How Greta Gerwig Re-created 2002 to Tell Her Coming-of-Age Story". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 10, 2017. the budget (nearly $10 million in financing, thanks to Barry Diller's IAC)
^ Jump up to: a b "Lady Bird (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards 2017". AFI. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners". National Board of Review. November 28, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (December 7, 2017). "The Top 10 Movies of 2017". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Terry Gross (November 16, 2017). "Greta Gerwig Explores Mother-Daughter Love (And Angst) In 'Lady Bird'". Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Erbland, Kate (October 6, 2017). "Greta Gerwig Explains How Much of Her Charming Coming-of-Age Film 'Lady Bird' Was Inspired by Her Own Youth". Indiewire.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Lady Bird': How Greta Gerwig Re-created 2002 to Tell Her Coming-of-Age Story". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Zuckerman, Esther (November 5, 2017). "How Greta Gerwig Turned the Personal 'Lady Bird' Into a Perfect Movie". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (November 3, 2017). "How Greta Gerwig's Lady Bird Came to "Look Like a Memory"". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Desta, Yohana (November 4, 2017). "How Joan Didion Shaped the World of Greta Gerwig's Lady Bird". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Raup, Jordan (November 1, 2017). "'Lady Bird' Cinematographer Sam Levy on Greta Gerwig, Frank Ocean, and Éric Rohmer". The Film Stage. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hans, Simran (February 18, 2018). "Lady Bird review – a magical portrait of adolescence". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved February 21, 2018. Lady Bird has been described as Greta Gerwig’s directorial debut. Yet, with ... a co-director credit on Joe Swanberg's 2008 mumblecore drama Nights and Weekends, it's not as though she is new to making movies.
Jump up ^ Rottenberg, Josh (September 3, 2017). "Greta Gerwig talks about her directorial debut and casting Saoirse Ronan in 'Lady Bird'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (November 8, 2017). "Greta Gerwig on 'Lady Bird' and What Made Saoirse Ronan Perfect for the Title Role". Collider. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (January 22, 2016). "Saoirse Ronan starring in Greta Gerwig's Drama Lady Bird". Variety. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ McHenry, Jackson (November 8, 2017). "Lucas Hedges Is Obsessed With His Lady Bird Co-stars, and Kept His Puka Shell Necklace". Vulture.com. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hirschberg, Lynn (November 2, 2017). "Lucas Hedges Confesses He Was Almost Thrown Out of Madonna's Oscars Party". W Magazine. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sperling, Nicole (November 2, 2017). "Lady Bird's Laurie Metcalf on the Mom Role That Hit Close to Home and Roseanne's Revival". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (September 7, 2016). "John Karna Joins 'Lady Bird' Bevy; Natasha Liu Bordizzo Checks Into 'Hotel Mumbai'". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (September 15, 2016). "Greta Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' Adds Jordan Rodrigues; Cailee Spaeny Cast In 'Pacific Rim: Maelstrom'". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Lauren (November 2, 2017). "Lady Bird's Beanie Feldstein Has Boundless Potential (and the Enthusiasm to Match)". W Magazine. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Coggan, Devan (December 11, 2017). "Greta Gerwig wants to hug every Lady Bird crew member after Golden Globe nominations". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird". Backstage. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Episode 01: All the Way Home With Barry Jenkins & Greta Gerwig". A24 (company). Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (November 9, 2017). "Saoirse Ronan Reveals the Secrets Behind Her Stunning Lady Bird Transformation". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Minow, Neil (November 1, 2017). "Greta Gerwig on "Lady Bird"". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (July 18, 2017). "A24 Lands Worldwide Rights To Greta Gerwig-Directed 'Lady Bird". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (August 31, 2017). "'Darkest Hour', 'Battle of the Sexes', 'Lady Bird' Among World Premieres in 2017 Lineup – Telluride Film Festival". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird". Toronto International Film Festival. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird". New York Film Festival. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Focus Takes International Rights on Saoirse Ronan's Lady Bird". Variety. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (September 22, 2017). "Greta Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' Going a Week Earlier in November". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Connick, Tom (November 8, 2017). "What the critics have to say about hyped indie film 'Lady Bird'". NME. Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brian Brooks. "Greta Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' Takes Year's Best Per Theater Average Of $93K – Specialty Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Joanna Robinson. "How Greta Gerwig's Lady Bird Just Took a Big Leap Forward in the Oscar Race". Vanity Fair. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (November 11, 2017). "'Daddy's Home 2' Higher Than 'The Orient Express' In A 'Ragnarok'-Ruled Weekend – Early Sunday AM Update". Retrieved November 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 20, 2017). "Can 'Coco' Whip 'Justice League' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch? – Box Office Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 26, 2017). "Thanksgiving B.O. At $268M, +3% Over 2016 Spurred By 'Coco' & Holdovers". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (December 3, 2017). "'Coco' Looking At Sweet $26M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders – Sunday Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nordine, Michael (December 24, 2017). "'Lady Bird' Is Now A24's Highest-Grossing Film, Surpassing 'Moonlight'". IndieWire. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 28, 2018). "Fox Controls Close To 40% Of Weekend B.O. Led By 'Maze Runner' & Oscar Holdovers; 'Hostiles' Gallops Past $10M". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird Director Greta Gerwig knew right away that Saoirse Ronan was right for the job". TheWrap. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Lady Bird': Film Review | Telluride 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Debruge, Peter (September 4, 2017). "Telluride Film Review: Saoirse Ronan in 'Lady Bird'". Variety. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Lady Bird' sets Rotten Tomatoes record as best-reviewed movie of all time". Entertainment Weekly. November 27, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (December 11, 2017). "'Lady Bird' No Longer Has a Perfect 100% on Rotten Tomatoes (and Nobody is Happy About It)". IndieWire. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Lady Bird Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Review: Greta Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' Is Big-Screen Perfection". The New York Times. October 31, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Lady Bird:' Film Review Telluride 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (November 8, 2017). "Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' is warm and inspired". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Greta Gerwig makes a triumphant debut as a solo director with 'Lady Bird'". The Washington Post. Ann Hornaday. November 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (October 31, 2017). "'Lady Bird' Review: Greta Gerwig's Coming-of-Age Story Is Simply Irresistible". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Richard Roeper (March 15, 2017). "Greta Gerwig's 'Lady Bird' so appealing, we can't wait to see her next". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Duralde, Alonso (November 3, 2017). "'Lady Bird' Film Review: Greta Gerwig Crafts a Lovely Portrait of the Artist as a Young Woman". TheWrap. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Jon, host. "Best Of: The Masters." The Dan Le Batard Show with Stugotz, hosted by Dan Le Batard and Jon "Stugotz" Weiner, produced by Mike Ryan, ESPN Radio, 9 Apr. 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017: Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard". Metacritic. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards 2017". AFI. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners". National Board of Review. November 28, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (December 7, 2017). "The Top 10 Movies of 2017". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b CNN, Sandra Gonzalez,. "Greta Gerwig's best director nomination is a huge deal". CNN. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (December 6, 2017). "Critics' Choice Awards Nominations: 'The Shape Of Water' Leads With 14; Netflix Tops TV Contenders". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (December 11, 2017). "Golden Globe Nominations: Complete List". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SAG Award Nominations: The Complete List". The Hollywood Reporter. December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Desta, Yohana. "Greta Gerwig Is Planning a Series of Spiritual Sequels to Lady Bird". HWD. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lady Bird (film)
Official website
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List of national capitals in alphabetical order
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lists of capitals
Of countries
in alphabetical order
by latitude
by population
Former
Purpose-built
Capitals, largest and second-largest cities by country
Countries with multiple capitals
Timeline of country and capital changes
Of country subdivisions
Capitals outside the territories they serve
Purpose-built
v
t
e
This is a list of national capitals in alphabetical order, including territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states and observer states within the United Nations are shown in bolded text.
City
Country
Notes
Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
Abuja Nigeria Lagos was the capital from 1914 to 1991
Accra Ghana
Adamstown Pitcairn British Overseas Territory
Addis Ababa Ethiopia
Algiers Algeria
Alofi Niue Self-governing in free association with New Zealand
Amman Jordan
Amsterdam Netherlands The Dutch constitution refers to Amsterdam as the "capital". The Dutch government is located in the Hague, which also hosts the monarch, government ministries, judiciary and diplomatic missions. See Capital of the Netherlands.
Andorra la Vella Andorra
Ankara Turkey
Antananarivo Madagascar
Apia Samoa
Ashgabat Turkmenistan
Asmara Eritrea
Astana Kazakhstan
Asunción Paraguay
Athens Greece
Avarua Cook Islands Self-governing in free association with New Zealand.
Baghdad Iraq
Baku Azerbaijan
Bamako Mali
Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei
Bangkok Thailand
Bangui Central African Republic
Banjul Gambia
Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis
Beijing China See also: List of historical capitals of China
Beirut Lebanon
Belgrade Serbia
Belmopan Belize
Berlin Germany
Bern Switzerland De facto capital
Bishkek Kyrgyzstan
Bissau Guinea-Bissau
Bogotá Colombia
Brasília Brazil
Bratislava Slovakia
Brazzaville Republic of the Congo
Bridgetown Barbados
Brussels Belgium Also the de facto capital of the European Union
Bucharest Romania
Budapest Hungary
Buenos Aires Argentina
Bujumbura Burundi
Cairo Egypt
Canberra Australia
Caracas Venezuela
Castries Saint Lucia
Charlotte Amalie United States Virgin Islands Territory of the U.S.
Chișinău Moldova
Cockburn Town Turks and Caicos Islands British Overseas Territory
Conakry Guinea
Copenhagen Denmark
Dakar Senegal
Damascus Syria
Dhaka Bangladesh
Dili East Timor
Djibouti Djibouti
Dodoma (official, legislative) Tanzania Dar es Salaam, the former capital and largest city continues to serve as the de facto seat of government hosting the presidency, government ministries, judiciary and diplomatic missions.
Doha Qatar
Douglas Isle of Man British Crown Dependency
Dublin Ireland
Dushanbe Tajikistan
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas Tristan da Cunha Part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
El Aioun (declared)
Tifariti (de facto) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic [c] The Sahrawi Republic, recognised by 82 states, claims the mostly Moroccan controlled Western Sahara. Moroccan controlled territory includes El Aaiún, and Morocco claims all Sahrawi controlled territory. Tifariti is now the temporary capital (instead of Bir Lehlou earlier) of the SADR. Some government and military structures reside in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.[1] See Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
Episkopi Cantonment Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Overseas Territory
Flying Fish Cove Christmas Island External territory of Australia
Freetown Sierra Leone
Funafuti Tuvalu
Gaborone Botswana
George Town Cayman Islands British Overseas Territory
Georgetown Ascension Island Part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Georgetown Guyana
Gibraltar Gibraltar British Overseas Territory
Guatemala City Guatemala
Gustavia Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity of France
Hagåtña Guam Territory of the United States
Hamilton Bermuda British Overseas Territory
Hanga Roa Easter Island Special territory of Chile
Hanoi Vietnam
Harare Zimbabwe
Havana Cuba
Helsinki Finland
Hong Kong Hong Kong Special administrative region of the People's Republic of China functioning as a City-state,[2] former British dependent territory.
Honiara Solomon Islands
Islamabad Pakistan
Jakarta Indonesia
Jamestown Saint Helena Part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Jerusalem Israel Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel", and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the president's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem. The United Nations and all member states currently maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, and Herzliya. The United States recognized Jerusalem as the capital and announced plans to move its embassy to Jerusalem in December 2017. [3] Many countries officially adhere to the proposal that Jerusalem have international status, as called for in the Partition Plan of 1947.[4] The Palestinian National Authority claims East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. See Positions on Jerusalem.
Juba South Sudan
Kabul Afghanistan
Kampala Uganda
Kathmandu Nepal
Khartoum Sudan
Kiev Ukraine
Kigali Rwanda
King Edward Point South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands British Overseas Territory
Kingston Jamaica
Kingston Norfolk Island External territory of Australia
Kingstown Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kuala Lumpur (official, legislative and royal)
Putrajaya (administrative and judicial) Malaysia
Kuwait City Kuwait
Libreville Gabon
Lilongwe Malawi
Lima Peru Cusco is declared as the "Historical Capital" (Spanish: Capital Historica), a merely symbolic statement, by Article 49 of the Peruvian Constitution.
Lisbon Portugal
Ljubljana Slovenia
Lomé Togo
London United Kingdom Prior to the Acts of Union in 1707, London was the capital of England only. Edinburgh was the capital of the Kingdom of Scotland
Luanda Angola
Lusaka Zambia
Luxembourg Luxembourg
Madrid Spain
Majuro Marshall Islands Self-governing in free association with United States.
Malabo Equatorial Guinea
Malé Maldives
Managua Nicaragua
Manama Bahrain
Manila Philippines
Maputo Mozambique
Marigot Saint Martin Overseas collectivity of France
Maseru Lesotho
Mata-Utu Wallis and Futuna Overseas collectivity of France
Mbabane (administrative)
Lobamba (royal and legislative) Swaziland
Mexico City Mexico
Minsk Belarus
Mogadishu Somalia
Monaco Monaco City-state
Monrovia Liberia
Montevideo Uruguay
Moroni Comoros
Moscow Russia
Muscat Oman
Nairobi Kenya
Nassau Bahamas
Naypyidaw Myanmar
N'Djamena Chad
New Delhi India Kolkata was the capital of India until 1911 during the British Raj
Ngerulmud Palau Self-governing in free association with United States.
Niamey Niger
Nicosia Cyprus
Nicosia Northern Cyprus De facto independent state that is recognised only by Turkey. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus.[5]
Nouakchott Mauritania
Nouméa New Caledonia Sui generis collectivity of France
Nukuʻalofa Tonga
Nuuk Greenland Self-governing country within the Kingdom of Denmark
Oranjestad Aruba Self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Oslo Norway
Ottawa Canada
Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
Pago Pago American Samoa Territory of the United States
Palikir Federated States of Micronesia Self-governing in free association with United States.
Panama City Panama
Papeete French Polynesia Overseas collectivity of France
Paramaribo Suriname
Paris France
Philipsburg Sint Maarten Self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Phnom Penh Cambodia
Plymouth (official)
Brades Estate (de facto) Montserrat British Overseas Territory. Plymouth was abandoned after the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1997. Government offices since then have been moved to Brades Estate, which is in the northwestern part of Montserrat.
Podgorica (official)
Cetinje (Old Royal Capital, present seat of the President) Montenegro
Port Louis Mauritius
Port Moresby Papua New Guinea
Port Vila Vanuatu
Port-au-Prince Haiti
Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago
Porto-Novo (official)
Cotonou (de facto) Benin
Prague Czech Republic
Praia Cape Verde
Pretoria (executive)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Cape Town (legislative) South Africa
Pristina Kosovo[g] De facto independent state that is recognised by 113 UN member states and by Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Serbia as part of its Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo.
Pyongyang North Korea
Quito Ecuador Highest official capital (2,850 m).[6]
Rabat Morocco
Reykjavík Iceland
Riga Latvia
Riyadh Saudi Arabia
Road Town British Virgin Islands British Overseas Territory
Rome Italy
Roseau Dominica
Saipan Northern Mariana Islands Territory of the United States
San José Costa Rica
San Juan Puerto Rico Territory of the United States
San Marino San Marino
San Salvador El Salvador
Sana'a (de jure)
Aden (de facto, seat of government) Yemen Sana'a has been occupied by Houthis rebels since February 2015. See also: Yemeni Civil War (2015–present).
Santiago Chile The National Congress of Chile is located in Valparaíso
Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
São Tomé São Tomé and Príncipe
Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
Seoul South Korea
Singapore Singapore City-state
Skopje Republic of Macedonia
Sofia Bulgaria
Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official)
Colombo (former capital; has some government offices) Sri Lanka Also known as "Kotte". Until the 1980s, the capital was Colombo, where many important governmental institutions still remain and which is still designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
St. George's Grenada
St. Helier Jersey British Crown Dependency
St. John's Antigua and Barbuda
St. Peter Port Guernsey British Crown Dependency
St. Pierre Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity of France
Stanley Falkland Islands British Overseas Territory
Stepanakert Artsakh The self-declared country remains diplomatically unrecognised by UN-member states, including Armenia. Transnistria, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia, all UN non-member states, recognise the state. Claimed in whole by Azerbaijan.
Stockholm Sweden
Sucre (constitutional)
La Paz (administrative) Bolivia La Paz is the highest administrative capital (3,650 m), higher than Quito.[6]
Sukhumi Abkhazia De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Republic of Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Suva Fiji
Taipei Taiwan Officially the Republic of China (ROC), it has been competing for recognition with the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the sole Chinese government since 1949. Taiwan controls the island of Taiwan and its associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas, and part of the Spratly Islands[Note 1] The territory of Taiwan is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China.[Note 2] The Republic of China participates in the World Health Organization and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, International Olympic Committee and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly Chinese Taipei.
Tallinn Estonia
Tarawa Kiribati
Tashkent Uzbekistan
Tbilisi (official)
Kutaisi (legislative) Georgia
Tegucigalpa Honduras
Tehran Iran
Thimphu Bhutan
Tirana Albania
Tiraspol Transnistria De facto independent state, not recognized by any UN-member, but by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Moldova as the Territorial Unit of Transnistria.
Tokyo Japan
Tórshavn Faroe Islands Self-governing country within the Kingdom of Denmark
Tripoli Libya
Tskhinvali South Ossetia De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela, Abkhazia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia.
Tunis Tunisia
Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
Vaduz Liechtenstein
Valletta Malta
The Valley Anguilla British Overseas Territory
Vatican City Vatican City City-state
Victoria Seychelles
Vienna Austria
Vientiane Laos
Vilnius Lithuania
Warsaw Poland
Washington United States
Wellington New Zealand See also: Capital of New Zealand
West Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands External territory of Australia
Willemstad Curaçao Self-governing country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Windhoek Namibia
Yamoussoukro (official)
Abidjan (former capital; still has many government offices) Ivory Coast
Yaoundé Cameroon
Yaren (de facto) Nauru Country does not have an official capital; however, the government offices are in Yaren.
Yerevan Armenia
Zagreb Croatia
Notes[edit]
^ The sovereignty over the Spratly Islands is disputed by the PRC, the ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines (part), Malaysia (part), and Brunei (part). Except Brunei, each of these countries occupies part of the islands (see List of territorial disputes).
^ In 1949, the Republic of China government led by the Kuomintang (KMT) lost the Chinese Civil War to the Communist Party of China (CPC) and set up a provisional capital in Taipei. The CPC established the People's Republic. As such, the political status of the ROC and the legal status of Taiwan (alongside the territories currently under ROC jurisdiction) are in dispute. In 1971, the United Nations gave the China seat to the PRC instead of the ROC: most states recognize the PRC to be the sole legitimate representative of all China, and the UN classifies Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China". The ROC has de facto relations with most sovereign states. A significant political movement within Taiwan advocates Taiwan independence.
References[edit]
^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html
^ See http://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/facts.htm (Oktober 2014). Retrieved 4 May 2015.
^ See the CIA Factbook and Map of Israel
^ Sharkansky, Ira (1996). Governing Jerusalem: Again on the world's agenda. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8143-2592-0.
^ See The World Factbook|Cyprus (10 January 2006). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
^ a b Jacobs, Frank (19 June 2012). "Amazonia or Bust!". New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
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Adamstown, Pitcairn Island

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Sui generis collectivity

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Brades Estate

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St. Peter Port

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Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

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values: የዋና ከተሞች ዝርዝር – Amharic

values: Адунеи аҳҭнықалақьқәа рыхьӡынҵа – Abkhazian

values: قائمة العواصم الوطنية – Arabic

values: Lista de capitals d'estatos independients – Aragonese

values: Lista des veles capitâles du mondo – Arpitan

values: Ölkə paytaxtlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani

values: জাতীয় রাজধানীসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

values: Спіс сталіц свету – Belarusian

values: Списък на столиците – Bulgarian

values: Listn vo de Hauptstädt vo da Weid – Bavarian

values: Ниислэлнүүдэй жагсаалта – Russia Buriat

values: Llista de capitals d'estats independents – Catalan

values: Тĕнчен тĕп хулисен ят-йышĕ – Chuvash

values: Seznam hlavních měst států světa – Czech

values: Rhestr prifddinasoedd cenedlaethol – Welsh

values: Κατάλογος εθνικών πρωτευουσών – Greek

values: فهرست پایتخت‌ها – Persian

values: 수도 이름순 수도 목록 – Korean

values: Աշխարհի մայրաքաղաքների ցանկ – Armenian

values: राष्ट्रीय राजधानियों की सूची – Hindi

values: Dodatak:Popis glavnih gradova – Croatian

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Chef-urbi – Ido
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values: Capitali degli Stati del mondo – Italian

values: ערי בירה – Hebrew

values: ರಾಜಧಾನಿಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada

values: Tala da reng tungku agpang keng bangsa – Pampanga

values: მსოფლიოს ქვეყნების დედაქალაქების სია – Georgian

values: Мемлекет астаналары тізімі – Kazakh

values: Өлкөлөрдүн борбор шаарларынын тизмеси – Kyrgyz

values: Pasauļa golvysmīstu saroksts – Latgalian

values: Lëscht vun den Haaptstied vun der Welt – Luxembourgish

values: Список на главни градови во светот – Macedonian

values: जगातील देशांच्या राजधानींची यादी – Marathi

values: მოსოფელიშ ქიანეფიშ ნანანოღეფიშ ერკებული – Mingrelian

values: نیشتنگاه‌ئون فهرست – Mazanderani

values: Улсын нийслэлүүдийн жагсаалт – Mongolian

values: देय्‌तेगु राजधानीया धलः – Newari

values: Kategorie:Hoodsteeden – Northern Frisian

values: Liste over hovedsteder etter land – Norwegian

values: Lista de las capitalas del mond – Occitan

values: ਕੌਮੀ ਰਾਜਧਾਨੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ – Punjabi

values: راجگڑھاں دی فہرست – Western Punjabi

values: د هېوادونو پلازمېنې – Pashto

values: Lista de capitais nacionais – Portuguese

values: Lista capitalelor și orașelor principale după țară – Romanian

values: Patrinipen le sherutne forurengo – Romani

values: Список столиц мира – Russian

values: Lieste fon Haudstääde – Saterland Frisian

values: List of national capitals – Simple English

values: پایتەختی دەوڵەتانی جیھان – Central Kurdish

values: Списак главних градова по државама – Serbian

values: Tala ng mga pambansang kabisera – Tagalog

values: பன்னாட்டுத் தலைநகரங்களின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: Дәүләтләр башкалалары исемлеге – Tatar

values: దేశ రాజధానుల జాబితా – Telugu

values: Феҳристи пойтахтҳои ҷаҳон – Tajik

values: Список столиць країн світу – Ukrainian

values: دار الحکومتوں کی فہرست – Urdu

values: Danh sách các thủ đô quốc gia – Vietnamese

values: Taramdan han mga nasudnun nga pamunuan – Waray

values: רשימה:הויפטשטעט – Yiddish

values: 各国首都列表 – Chinese

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