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The Temptations (miniseries)
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The Temptations
Genre
Miniseries
Screenplay by
Robert Johnson
Kevin Arkadie
Directed by
Allan Arkush
Starring
Charles Malik Whitfield
D.B. Woodside
Terron Brooks
Christian Payton
Leon
Tina Lifford
Jenifer Lewis
Gina Ravera
Obba Babatundé
J. August Richards
Vanessa Bell Calloway
Christopher Reid
Mel Jackson
Smokey Robinson
Alan Rosenberg
Narrated by
Charles Malik Whitfield
Theme music composer
Smokey Robinson
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
2
Production
Producer(s)
Jay Benson
Otis Williams
Shelly Berger
Cinematography
Jamie Anderson
Editor(s)
John Duffy
Neil Mandelberg
Running time
approx. 88 min. per episode
Production company(s)
de Passe Entertainment
Hallmark Entertainment
Babelsberg International Film Produktion
Distributor
Hallmark Entertainment
Lions Gate (2001 home video)
Vivendi Entertainment (2001 home video)
Release
Original network
NBC
Original release
November 1 (1998-11-01) – November 2, 1998 (1998-11-02)
The Temptations is a four-hour television miniseries broadcast in two-hour halves on NBC, based upon the history of one of Motown's longest-lived acts, The Temptations. Executive produced by former Motown executive Suzanne de Passe, produced by Otis Williams and Temptations manager Shelley Berger, and based upon Williams’ Temptations autobiography, the miniseries was originally broadcast on November 1 and November 2, 1998. It was filmed on location in Pittsburgh, PA in the spring of 1998. Allan Arkush was the miniseries’ director.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Plot
2.1 Part one (November 1, 1998)
2.2 Part two (November 2, 1998)
3 Afterwards
4 Cast
4.1 Classic Five Members and relatives
4.2 Other Temptations Members
4.3 Others
5 Awards
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
9 Further reading
Overview[edit]
The miniseries was based upon Otis Williams' book; as such, it came from his perspective: the focus of the story tended to be on Williams and Melvin Franklin, with David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks seen as antagonists for much of the second half (although Kendricks was still given a more sympathetic portrayal than Ruffin). Dennis Edwards was not heavily focused upon, nor was much said of the problems he later had with Otis Williams. Nevertheless, the miniseries gave a general overview of both the history of the group and that of Motown, and, thanks to de Passe's connection, the film was able to use authentic props and locations.
A number of liberties were taken with factual events for dramatization purposes:
In the miniseries, during a 1964 New Year's Motown party, Al Bryant is reluctant to perform another encore, and is fired from the group following a backstage altercation with Bryant throwing a beer bottle at Paul Williams. In reality, the incident happened in October 1963, but it was Williams who was reluctant to do another encore. Bryant would be fired two months later for being uncooperative following an annual Christmas party.[1]
In the miniseries, Edwards is visibly angered when Ruffin steals his microphone during a concert performance. In actuality, Edwards claims he gave the microphone and was appreciative for Ruffin's presence. The Temptations' backstage confrontation with Ruffin in which he is escorted by security never happened.[2]
While the miniseries dramatically and somewhat accurately portrays Paul Williams's death, in real life, he was found dead in an alley in a car,[3] and not in a parking lot as portrayed.
Another inaccuracy is the depiction of Ruffin, Kendricks, and Edwards performing together before the 1982 reunion tour; in reality, Ruffin and Kendricks did not start performing together until 1985, with Edwards joining them in 1989 after the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[4]
David Ruffin was not found dead (after being unceremoniously dumped out of a car) near a hospital, and then taken to a morgue where he would not be properly identified for a week. In reality, he had suffered a drug overdose, and was taken to the hospital by his chauffeur who notified attending staff of Ruffin's identity. Because no one claimed his body immediately after his death, his corpse was lain in the morgue for two days, and his body was later claimed by his family the next day.[5]
In the miniseries, Melvin Franklin apparently dies outside of the kitchen in his mother's house. In reality, he died from heart failure at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after being admitted following a series of seizures.[6] As Franklin's death was still fresh in the minds of the miniseries' creators (he died in 1995), it was decided that the miniseries would not present Franklin's death as it actually occurred.
As a result, Otis Williams and the producers would be sued by several people portrayed in the film and their families, notably Melvin Franklin's mother and the children and estate of David Ruffin.
Although the movie is set mostly in Detroit and Los Angeles, the producers chose to shoot the film in Pittsburgh, presumably to take advantage of the many different architectural and geographical looks that Pittsburgh offers. de Passe Entertainment had, some six years earlier, shot The Jacksons: An American Dream in Pittsburgh as well.
Plot[edit]
This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Part one (November 1, 1998)[edit]
The story begins in 1958 when Otis Williams, a black teenager living in Detroit, Michigan, is running to meet his friend Elbridge "Al" Bryant at a musical performance by The Cadillacs, where Otis and the singer lock eyes, which he credits as the moment he devoted his life to music. Otis' stepfather Edgar is less than pleased with Otis' plans to become a singer instead of an assembly line worker, but his mother Haze is supportive.
Six months later, Otis, Al, and two other teenage boys - Richard Street and James "Pee-Wee" Crawford - have started a group, Otis Williams & the Siberians, though Otis quickly recruits a fifth member when he hears bass singer, Melvin Franklin, singing with the Voice Masters on a street corner. Once Melvin gets permission from his mother, Rose, he becomes the bass singer for the Siberians.
On the way home from school one day, Otis and the group follow a group of female classmates while singing "Earth Angel". Otis takes a liking to one of the girls, Josephine, whom he begins dating.
The next Saturday, the Siberians hear a radio DJ requesting them by name to come to the radio station. Arriving at the station, the DJ leads the group to a run-down recording studio downstairs. Johnnie Mae Matthews, who owns the studio, reveals herself as the person who'd summoned the Siberians. She declares herself their new manager and producer, changes their name to "Otis Williams & the Distants"‘‘, and records their first single, "Come On".
In April 1960, the Distants are booked to perform as an opening act for Motown Records act Smokey Robinson & The Miracles at a sock hop. Also booked as an opening act are The Distants' rivals The Primes - Paul Williams and Eddie Kendricks - and their sister group The Primettes - Mary Wilson, Florence Ballard, and Diane Ross. Eager to meet Motown founder Berry Gordy, Otis and Melvin corner Gordy in the bathroom after their performance and get his business card.
Once the party ends, Johnnie Mae shows up in a new car emblazoned with the Distants' name, bought with the money earned from sales of "Come On". Awestruck, the Distants innocently ask about their share of the money, which angers Johnnie Mae to the point that she fires them on the spot, keeping the money, car, and group name for herself. Al, Richard, and Pee-Wee promptly quit as well.
Shortly after, Melvin approaches Otis and tells him that Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams recently left The Primes and are interested in joining with them. Otis is reluctant to let them join, as he finds them arrogant and cocky, but ultimately accepts when Al rejoins the group. With this new line-up, the group renames themselves "The Elgins". Eddie and Paul prove to be valuable members; Paul teaches them how to dance and becomes their unofficial choreographer, while Eddie becomes their falsetto singer.
In March 1961, The Elgins go to Motown's Hitsville USA in hopes of a record deal, which Berry Gordy offers - with the stipulation that they come up with a better group name while they wait for an audition. After sitting outside the studio for hours waiting to be called in and thinking up a new name, Gordy's secretary Martha Reeves finds them outside and calls them in to meet Berry, who approves of their new name, "The Temptations". After hearing them perform "Oh Mother of Mine" (which would become their debut single for Motown), Berry enthusiastically signs them under the Motown label. Leaving Hitsville in high spirits, reality hits when Otis arrives home and Josephine informs him she is pregnant, leading them to get married before Josephine gives birth to their son Lamont.
For several years, The Temptations' career at Motown suffers from a string of underperforming records, though Gordy assigns Smokey Robinson to write and produce for the group and Cholly Atkins to revise Paul's choreography. The group starts to doubt their talents, while Al starts to lose his passion for singing, becoming more negative and volatile. This comes to a head during the 1964 Motown New Year's party, where Al and Paul get into a fight backstage after a performance. Al breaks a bottle across Paul's face, prompting Otis to fire Al on the spot. The Temptations go on as a quartet to perform "Shout" as an encore. Two of their Motown colleagues, Jimmy Ruffin and his brother David, join the group onstage, with David's performance skills particularly impressing the group. David is invited to join the group, which he readily accepts.
A few days after the new year, the group head to Hitsville to record a song written for them by Smokey Robinson, "The Way You Do the Things You Do". The song becomes an instant hit and finally puts the Temptations on the map. Shortly after the song hits the charts, the group, along with labelmates such as The Miracles, The Supremes, Mary Wells, Martha & the Vandellas, and Marvin Gaye, tour the eastern United States and the Jim Crow-era southern United States as part of Motown's Motor Town Revue. While on tour, Otis begins an affair with Florence Ballard of The Supremes, putting strain on his marriage with Josephine.
In November 1964, Smokey writes a Temptations song for David to sing lead on, "My Girl". The song becomes a massive success in 1965, reaching number one on the charts and leading to appearances on television. The group enjoys their newfound success and wealth, spending money on themselves and their loved ones. With this success, however, soon comes trouble. By early 1966, David starts to develop an ego, thinking himself to be solely responsible for the Temptations' success. He also begins using drugs and starts showing up late for rehearsals and meetings, if at all. When Otis and Melvin go to David's house to urge him to straighten up, David declares that the group should change its name to "David Ruffin & the Temptations". Otis refuses.
In the meantime, Berry Gordy hires a new manager for both the Temptations and The Supremes, a white man named Shelly Berger. Despite some reluctance from the group - especially Paul - Shelly works to expand the Temptations' fanbase to the mainstream white audience.
The group is eventually set to debut at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City, but David is nowhere to be found at showtime and the group goes on as a foursome. David shows up midway through their first number, and before they perform their song, "(I Know) I'm Losing You", he introduces himself by declaring to the Copa audience "I'm David Ruffin...and these are the Temptations." Fed up, Otis, Paul, and Melvin vote David out of the group, with only Eddie voting to keep David. After David is formally fired in mid-1968, Melvin turns to his groupmates and rhetorically asks, "so now what"?
Part two (November 2, 1998)[edit]
Later in 1968, the Temptations hire Dennis Edwards, an old friend, as a replacement for David.
It is around this time that the group enters their psychedelic soul era, started with their 1968 single "Cloud Nine". During a concert performance, the group is about to sing "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" when David jumps on stage stealing the microphone from Dennis, and sings himself. The others go along with this to save face. Then, David runs off stage with an angered Otis and the other Temptations chasing him. They get into a brief argument before getting security guards to escort Ruffin out.
By 1969, The Temptations have won their first Grammy for Best R&B Performance for "Cloud Nine" but unfortunately, Paul's drinking becomes debilitating. As Paul's condition gets progressively worse, the others begin to consider whether Paul should retire, at least for the time being. Eddie is against this as he thinks that they should stick by Paul and be with him at all times, making sure he doesn't drink. Around this time, Melvin develops rheumatoid arthritis in the legs and starts taking cortisone shots to ease the symptoms (Melvin and Paul continue performing in the meantime) while Otis and Josephine divorce.
In November 1970, Eddie visits David, who begins to turn him against Otis and Melvin while giving him his first bump of cocaine. Shortly after, Paul becomes well enough to sing again and the Temptations record a new song written by their producer Norman Whitfield titled "Just My Imagination". Despite this, Paul is still declared not ready to tour with the group and is replaced by returning former Distants member Richard Street. As a result, a heartbroken Eddie quits the group after performing "Just My Imagination" at the Copacabana. Later, Otis and his son Lamont visit Paul at his house. Paul asks to be back in the Temptations, while demonstrating his dancing, almost falling over. Otis tells him that he will be back when he gets better.
In June 1972, Whitfield writes another song called "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", which the group are initially against recording -- particularly Otis (who feels it is not a ballad) and Dennis (whose his father died on "the third of September", a fact mentioned in the first line of the song). Eventually, the group goes along with it. In a montage set to the song, David and Eddie are seen performing as solo artists and Paul is shown struggling with his addiction, fighting with his wife and later driving around town, stopping at the Hitsville building along his way. The montage ends with Paul, having pulled into an empty parking lot, committing suicide in his car. Eddie reunites with the others at the funeral, with Melvin telling him that although he's no longer with the group, they will always be family.
By 1977, the Temptations have moved from Detroit to Los Angeles and have been hit with a dry spell in their career. The group, now with Otis and Melvin as the only remaining original members, fire Shelly as their manager, leave the Motown label and start recording for Atlantic Records. Eddie is still under the Motown label and has made two major hits; David, who has had some hits after the Temptations, is also under a dry spell. One day, while Melvin is helping a woman with her grocery bags, a thief gets in his car and tries to start it. When Melvin tries to stop him, the thief shoots him in both of his legs, kicks him out and drives off. Melvin tells Otis to go on tour without him, as they need the money. After the tour, Otis goes back to Detroit with Lamont to visit his mother, who tells him that she has cancer. They then have a heart-to-heart talk on the porch.
In 1980, Melvin's legs are still recovering and the Temptations leave Atlantic Records. Eddie's success is starting to fade and he is reduced to playing in small nightclubs. While performing one night, Eddie spots David in the audience and, once he finishes the song "Keep On Truckin'", brings David on stage and they sing "You're My Everything" together. After everyone leaves the club, Eddie and David have a drink at the bar and agree to start their own faction of the Temptations, along with Dennis Edwards, who was fired from the group in 1978. Meanwhile, Otis and Melvin move back to Detroit, return to the Motown label, rehire Shelly as their manager, and recruit three new members to perform as "The Original Temptations".
Not long after, Motown becomes interested in setting up a reunion tour with both sets of Temptations. By 1982, the tour is officially underway and the merged group comes together to rehearse and become reacquainted. However, Otis (in a voiceover) mentions that the idea for a reunion tour should have remained just that – an idea. During the tour, Otis learns that his son Lamont has died in a construction accident. After returning from the funeral, Otis finds that David has disappeared again, having relapsed into drug use.
In 1989, the Temptations are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. At the ceremony, Otis and Melvin are reunited with David, Eddie, and Dennis. Despite their past squabbles and rivalries, the members congratulate each other on their induction and remember Paul.
In June 1991, a dead body is found in front of a hospital. After a week in the morgue, the body is finally identified as that of David Ruffin, dead of an apparent drug overdose.
The ensuing scene shifts to February 1995. Mama Rose has prepared a large dinner for the entire group, but by this time Otis and Melvin (now in a wheelchair) are the only surviving original members with Melvin revealing Eddie's death from lung cancer.1 While preparing to eat, Melvin volunteers to get short ribs from the kitchen and decides to "take the long way around" in his wheelchair. While he's gone, Melvin's mother thanks Otis for taking care of Melvin and keeping the Temptations together through all the good and bad times. The two then call for Melvin, but he doesn't respond. They go into the kitchen and, though not shown, it is implied that Melvin is dead.3 Many people show up at the funeral, including Smokey Robinson, who sings his song "Really Gonna Miss You".
The film ends with the "Classic Five" Temptations (Otis, Melvin, Eddie, Paul, and David) in their youth, singing "My Girl" on a stage. At the end of the song, they take a bow, with Otis saying in a voice-over "Temptations, forever."
Afterwards[edit]
The miniseries was a ratings success with 45 million viewers in total watching the two-part series;[7] the first half alone averaged a 15 rating/23 share in Nielsen ratings.[8] Arkush won a 1999 Emmy award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie. The miniseries has been subsequently rerun on the VH-1 cable television network and released to VHS and DVD. The VHS release notably omitted a few scenes which had previously aired on the television premiere. One such scene includes David Ruffin, clearly under the influence of drugs and his ego, becoming belligerent during a picnic celebration with the other members of the group. The removal of this scene is possibly due to the ensuing suit.
Otis Williams' ex-wife Josephine Miles, Melvin Franklin's mother Rose Franklin, Johnnie Mae Matthews, and on David Ruffin's behalf, the Ruffin family, filed suit against Williams, Shelly Berger, David V. Picker, Motown, De Passe Entertainment, Hallmark Entertainment, and NBC for use of their likenesses in the film, defamation of character, and emotional distress because of the inaccurate depictions of events.[9] They also alleged that the miniseries misportrayed them and/or their relatives and twisted facts. The judges ruled in favor of the defendants, and the ruling was upheld when the plaintiffs appealed in 2001.[10] Otis Williams later claimed that while his book was the source material for the film, he did not have a great deal of control over how the material was presented.
Cast[edit]
Classic Five Members and relatives[edit]
Charles Malik Whitfield as Otis Williams, founder and leader of Otis Williams & the Distants and later The Temptations. He conflicts with some of his group mates, particularly David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, over group leadership. Otis Williams is the only original member of The Temptations who is still living, and still performs with the group.
Tina Lifford as Hazel, Otis' mother.
Harold Surratt as Edgar, Otis' stepfather.
Gina Ravera as Josephine (née Rogers), Otis' wife during the 1960s and the mother of their son Lamont.
Stevland Parks as Lamont, Otis and Josephine's son (portrayed at age 12)
Chrystal Bates as Mrs. Rogers, Josephine's mother.
D. B. Woodside as Melvin "Blue" Franklin, Otis' best friend, and a member of both Otis Williams & the Distants and The Temptations for over four decades. Shy and soft-spoken, he secretly struggles with arthritis over the years. Outside of founding member Otis Williams, Franklin was the only member of the Temptations who did not quit the group or be fired during his tenure; Franklin died in 1995.
Jenifer Lewis as "Mama Rose," Melvin's mother.
Terron Brooks as Eddie "Cornbread" Kendricks, a member of The Primes and The Temptations' original first tenor/falsetto and co-lead singer. After quitting the group in 1971, Eddie becomes a solo singer and later joins forces with fellow ex-Temptation David Ruffin. Kendricks died of lung cancer in 1992 (this event is not portrayed in the miniseries, but is referenced near the end of Part Two).
Christian Payton as Paul Williams, a member of The Primes and the Temptations' original lead singer, who succumbs to alcoholism and poor health, forcing his retirement from the act in 1971.
Rhonda Ross Kendrick as Maxine, Paul's wife
Leon as David Ruffin, The Temptations' lead singer from 1964 to 1968, whose ego leads the others to force him out of the group. Ruffin died of a drug overdose in 1991.
Lamman Rucker as Jimmy Ruffin, David's older brother and a Motown performer.
Nyjah Moore as Tammi Terrell, David's girlfriend and a Motown performer.
Other Temptations Members[edit]
J. August Richards as Richard Street, a member of Otis Williams & the Distants, who later replaces Paul Williams in The Temptations
Charles Ley as Dennis Edwards, The Temptations' lead singer in the late 1960s and 1970s. He later joins forces with David and Eddie when they form a Temptations splinter group in the 1980s.
Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Elbridge "Al"/"Bones" Bryant, Otis' high school friend and a member of both Otis Williams & the Distants and The Temptations. Having a day job as a milk man, Al becomes restless and moody as the Temptations struggle to find their big break, and is fired in December 1963.
Benjamin J. Cain Jr. as Glenn Leonard, the Temptations' first tenor in the 1980s.
Jonnie Brown as Damon Harris, the Temptations' first tenor in the 1970s after Eddie quits the act.
Others[edit]
Alan Rosenberg as Shelly Berger, the Temptations' manager.
Obba Babatundé as Berry Gordy, Jr, founder of Motown Records.
Erik Michael Tristan as a young Smokey Robinson, the lead singer of The Miracles and The Temptations' primary songwriter and producer during the early 1960s.
The real-life Smokey Robinson appears as himself in a cameo at the end of Part Two, where he sings at Melvin's funeral.
Vanessa Bell Calloway as Johnnie Mae Matthews, producer and manager for Otis Williams & the Distants.
Mel Jackson as Norman Whitfield, The Temptations' primary producer and songwriter during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Adam Lazarre-White as Flynn, David's driver and self-appointed manager.
Christopher Reid as Joltin' Joe, a radio DJ who summons The Distants for Johnnie Mae Matthews
Bianca Lawson as Diana Ross of The Primettes/The Supremes.
Melissa Mercedes Cardello as Florence Ballard of The Primettes/The Supremes. She begins an affair with Otis while on the Motor Town Revue in 1964.
Taifa Harris as Mary Wilson of The Primettes/The Supremes.
N'Tasha A. Pierre as Martha Reeves, a Motown performer and secretary.
Ricky Fanté as Marvin Gaye, a Motown performer.
Russell Clark as Cholly Atkins, Motown's in-house choreographer.
Vincent A. Ponder as James 'Pee-Wee' Crawford, a member of Otis Williams & the Distants.
Awards[edit]
Year
Award
Result
Category
Recipient
1999 Motion Picture Sound Editors Won Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Music Kevin Crehan (music editor) and Tom Villano (music and scoring editor) (For episode "Night One")
Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Dialogue & ADR Suzanne Angel, Mark Friedgen, G. Michael Graham, Anton Holden, Kristi Johns, Mark R. La Pointe, Michael Lyle, Scott A. Tinsley, and Tim Terusa (For episode "Night One")
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Television Movie or Mini-Series -
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or a Movie Allan Arkush
Notes[edit]
^ Eddie Kendricks died in October 1992.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ribowsky 2010, p. 97–101.
Jump up ^ Ribowsky 2010, p. 185–6.
Jump up ^ Ribowsky 2010, p. 244.
Jump up ^ Ribowsky 2010, p. 280.
Jump up ^ Ribowsky 2010, p. 284–5.
Jump up ^ Oliver, Myrna (February 25, 1995). "Obituaries : Melvin Franklin; Temptations' Original Bass Vocalist". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zurawik, David (November 11, 1998). "We yielded to 'Temptations' Ratings: Baltimore's TV-watchers tuned in to the NBC miniseries in staggering numbers". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBC miniseries 'The Temptations' receives top Sunday film ratings". Knight-Ridder. Lubbock Avalanche-Journal. November 4, 1998. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Two Lawsuits Are Filed Against 'Temptations' Miniseries". Jet. April 5, 1999. Retrieved April 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cheryl Ruffin-Steinback, et al. v. Suzanne de Passe, et al. Appeal filed September 28, 2001 in United States court of Appeals.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Kendricks, 52; Sang With the Temptations". The New York Times. October 7, 1992. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
The Temptations on IMDb
The Temptations at AllMovie
The Temptations at Rotten Tomatoes
Further reading[edit]
Ribowsky, Mark. Ain't Too Proud to Beg: The Troubled Lives and Enduring Soul of the Temptations. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-26117-0.
[show]
v
t
e
The Temptations
Otis Williams
Ron Tyson
Terry Weeks
Larry Braggs
Willie Green
Melvin Franklin
Eddie Kendricks
Paul Williams
Elbridge Bryant
David Ruffin
Dennis Edwards
Ricky Owens
Richard Street
Damon Harris
Glenn Leonard
Louis Price
Ali-Ollie Woodson
Theo Peoples
Harry McGilberry
Barrington "Bo" Henderson
Ray Davis
G. C. Cameron
Joe Herndon
Bruce Williamson
Studio albums
Meet the Temptations
The Temptations Sing Smokey
The Temptin' Temptations
Gettin' Ready
The Temptations with a Lot o' Soul
The Temptations Wish It Would Rain
Cloud Nine
Puzzle People
Psychedelic Shack
Sky's the Limit
Solid Rock
All Directions
Masterpiece
1990
A Song for You
House Party
Wings of Love
The Temptations Do the Temptations
Bare Back
Hear to Tempt You
Power
The Temptations
Reunion
Surface Thrills
Back to Basics
Truly for You
Touch Me
To Be Continued...
Together Again
Special
Milestone
Phoenix Rising
Ear-Resistible
Awesome
Legacy
Still Here
Cover albums
The Temptations in a Mellow Mood
For Lovers Only
Reflections
Back to Front
Live albums
Temptations Live!
Live at the Copa
Live at London's Talk of the Town
The Temptations in Japan
Other albums
Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations
TCB
The Temptations Show
Together
On Broadway
The Temptations Christmas Card
Give Love at Christmas
Lost and Found: You've Got to Earn It (1962–1968)
Compilations
Greatest Hits
Greatest Hits II
Anthology
Emperors of Soul
The Ultimate Collection
My Girl: The Very Best of the Temptations
Psychedelic Soul
Singles
(US/UK Top 10)
"My Girl"
"Get Ready"
"Ain't Too Proud to Beg"
"Beauty Is Only Skin Deep"
"(I Know) I'm Losing You"
"All I Need"
"You're My Everything"
"I Wish It Would Rain"
"I Could Never Love Another (After Loving You)"
"Cloud Nine"
"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me"
"Run Away Child, Running Wild"
"I Can't Get Next to You"
"Psychedelic Shack"
"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)"
"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)"
"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone"
"Masterpiece"
"Let Your Hair Down"
"Happy People"
"Shakey Ground"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"The Motown Song"
"My Girl" (reissue)
Related
The Temptations (miniseries)
Discography
The Supremes
The Undisputed Truth
Norman Whitfield
Barrett Strong
Sly Stone
George Clinton
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Allan Arkush
Hollywood Boulevard (1976)
Deathsport (1978)
Rock 'n' Roll High School (1979)
Heartbeeps (1981)
Get Crazy (1983)
Caddyshack II (1988)
Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)
Elvis Meets Nixon (1997)
The Temptations (1998)
Prince Charming (2001)
Christmas with Holly (2012)
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Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
The Grand Cross of Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Awarded by the President of Poland
Country
Poland
Type
Five grade order
Awarded for
Service in improving relations between nations
Status
Currently awarded
Statistics
Established
April 10, 1974 (Revised October 16, 1992)
Precedence
Next (higher)
Order of the Cross of Independence
Next (lower)
Cross of Valour

Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ribbon
The Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is a Polish order of merit created in 1974, awarded to persons who have rendered great service to Poland. It is granted to foreigners or Poles resident abroad. As such it is sometimes referred to as a traditional "diplomatic order".
Contents
1 History
2 Degrees
3 Notes
4 References
5 Further reading
History[edit]
Sir Edmund Hillary wearing the Commander's Cross in 2004
The order was established by an act of 10 April 1974, as the Order of Merit of the Polish People's Republic (Order Zasługi Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej). It was awarded in five classes: Grand Cordon of the Order, Commandery with Star, Commandery, Gold Badge of the Order, and Silver Badge of the Order. It was awarded by the Polish Council of State.
The People's Republic of Poland version of the order (5th class)
After the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, it was decided to retain the order, with necessary changes. Without a formal change of the 1974 act or the name of the order, the insignia were changed to the present ones by a presidential decree of 16 April 1991. The abbreviation "PRL" was changed to "RP," the Eagle was given a crown in accordance with Poland's new coat of arms, the date "1974" was removed from the reverse, and the color of the ribbon was changed from light cobalt blue to dark cobalt.
Under an act of 16 October 1992, the order was reestablished under the name Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Order Zasługi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej).
Under the 1992 act, the order is awarded to foreigners or Poles resident abroad for distinguished contributions to international cooperation or cooperation between Poland and other countries. It is awarded by the President of Poland.
Degrees[edit]
From 1974 to 1991 the Order was awarded in following classes:
1st class - Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
2nd class - Commandery with Star of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
3rd class - Commandery of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
4th class - Gold Badge of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
5th class - Silver Badge of the Order of Merit of the People's Republic of Poland
Since 1992 the Order is awarded in the following classes:[a]
1st class - Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
2nd class - Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
3rd class - Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
4th class - Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
5th class - Knight's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In 1991-1992 period the names of the classes were:
1st class - Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
2nd class - Commandery with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
3rd class - Commandery of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
4th class - Gold Badge of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
5th class - Silver Badge of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
References[edit]
Polish Law of 16 April 1991 (Dz.U. 1991 nr 43 poz. 190) (in Polish)
Polish Law of 16 October 1992 (Dz.U. 1992 nr 90 poz. 450) (in Polish)
Polish Law of 10 November 1992 (Dz.U. 1992 nr 90 poz. 452) (in Polish)
Further reading[edit]
Wesolowski, Zdzislaw P. (1986). Polish orders, medals, badges and insignia: military and civilian decorations, 1705-1985. Print. Services. ISBN 9780937527009. OCLC 14628539.
Person decorated with "Officer Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland"
News release that includes persons decorated with "Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland" at president.pl
Named changed to "ORDER OF MERIT OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND" at geocities.com/polishnobles/merit
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Orders, decorations, and medals of Poland
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Cross of Merit
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Poland portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland&oldid=841435542"
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