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Ballon d'Or
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Michel Platini, pictured with the 1985 Ballon d'Or, won the award three times in succession.
The Ballon d'Or (French pronunciation: [balɔ̃ dɔʁ]; "Golden Ball"), is an annual association football award presented by France Football. It has been awarded since 1956, although between 2010 and 2015, an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year, and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot, the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year, based on voting by football journalists. Originally, only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or: in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs[1][2] and in 2007 to all players from around the world.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Winners
2.1 Wins by player
2.2 Wins by country
2.3 Wins by club
3 Additional awards
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or.[4] Prior to 1995, the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award. Milan's George Weah, the only African recipient, became the first non-European to win the award in the year the rules of eligibility were changed.[2] Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later.[2] Three players have won the award three times each: Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona, Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan. With seven awards each, Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or. Spanish club Barcelona had the most winners.[5]
Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive the award was merged with a similar award, the FIFA World Player of the Year award, to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or, which was awarded to the world's best male player, before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement.[6] After 2011, UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or.[7]
Winners[edit]
Key
Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009) or The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–) in the same year
Cristiano Ronaldo (left) and Lionel Messi, won four and five awards respectively.
Year
Rank
Player
Team
Points
Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)
1956 1st Stanley Matthews Blackpool 47
2nd Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 44
3rd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 33
1957 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano[note 1] Real Madrid 72
2nd Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 19
3rd Duncan Edwards Manchester United 16
Raymond Kopa Real Madrid
1958 1st Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 71
2nd Helmut Rahn Rot-Weiss Essen 40
3rd Just Fontaine Stade de Reims 23
1959 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 80
2nd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 42
3rd John Charles Juventus 24
1960 1st Luis Suárez Barcelona 54
2nd Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 37
3rd Uwe Seeler Hamburg 33
1961 1st Omar Sívori[note 2] Juventus 46
2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 40
3rd Johnny Haynes Fulham 22
1962 1st Josef Masopust Dukla Prague 65
2nd Eusébio Benfica 53
3rd Karl-Heinz Schnellinger Köln 33
1963 1st Lev Yashin Dynamo Moscow 73
2nd Gianni Rivera Milan 53
3rd Jimmy Greaves Tottenham Hotspur 33
1964 1st Denis Law Manchester United 61
2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 43
3rd Amancio Real Madrid 38
1965 1st Eusébio Benfica 67
2nd Giacinto Facchetti Internazionale 59
3rd Luis Suárez Internazionale 45
1966 1st Bobby Charlton Manchester United 81
2nd Eusébio Benfica 80
3rd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 59
1967 1st Flórián Albert Ferencváros 68
2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 40
3rd Jimmy Johnstone Celtic 39
1968 1st George Best Manchester United 61
2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 53
3rd Dragan Džajić Red Star Belgrade 46
1969 1st Gianni Rivera Milan 83
2nd Luigi Riva Cagliari 79
3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 38
1970 1st Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 77
2nd Bobby Moore West Ham United 70
3rd Luigi Riva Cagliari 65
1971 1st Johan Cruyff Ajax 116
2nd Sandro Mazzola Internazionale 57
3rd George Best Manchester United 56
1972 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 81
2nd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 79
Günter Netzer Borussia Mönchengladbach
1973 1st Johan Cruyff[note 3] Barcelona 96
2nd Dino Zoff Juventus 47
3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 44
1974 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 116
2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 105
3rd Kazimierz Deyna Legia Warsaw 35
1975 1st Oleg Blokhin Dynamo Kyiv 122
2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 42
3rd Johan Cruyff Barcelona 27
1976 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 91
2nd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 75
3rd Ivo Viktor Dukla Prague 52
1977 1st Allan Simonsen Borussia Mönchengladbach 74
2nd Kevin Keegan[note 4] Hamburg 71
3rd Michel Platini Nancy 70
1978 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 87
2nd Hans Krankl Barcelona 81
3rd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 50
1979 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 118
2nd Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 52
3rd Ruud Krol Ajax 41
1980 1st Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 122
2nd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 34
3rd Michel Platini Saint-Étienne 33
1981 1st Karl-Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 106
2nd Paul Breitner Bayern Munich 64
3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 39
1982 1st Paolo Rossi Juventus 115
2nd Alain Giresse Bordeaux 64
3rd Zbigniew Boniek Juventus 39
1983 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110
2nd Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 26
3rd Allan Simonsen Vejle 25
1984 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110
2nd Jean Tigana Bordeaux 57
3rd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 48
1985 1st Michel Platini Juventus 127
2nd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 71
3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 46
1986 1st Igor Belanov Dynamo Kyiv 84
2nd Gary Lineker[note 5] Barcelona 62
3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 59
1987 1st Ruud Gullit[note 6] Milan 106
2nd Paulo Futre[note 7] Atlético Madrid 91
3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 61
1988 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129
2nd Ruud Gullit Milan 88
3rd Frank Rijkaard[note 8] Milan 45
1989 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129
2nd Franco Baresi Milan 80
3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 43
1990 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 137
2nd Salvatore Schillaci Juventus 84
3rd Andreas Brehme Internazionale 68
1991 1st Jean-Pierre Papin Marseille 141
2nd Dejan Savićević Red Star Belgrade 42
Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade
Lothar Matthäus Internazionale
1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan 98
2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 80
3rd Dennis Bergkamp Ajax 53
1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus 142
2nd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale 83
3rd Eric Cantona Manchester United 34
1994 1st Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 210
2nd Roberto Baggio Juventus 136
3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 109
1995 1st George Weah [note 9] Milan 144
2nd Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich 108
3rd Jari Litmanen Ajax 67
1996 1st Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund 144
2nd Ronaldo[note 10] Barcelona 143
3rd Alan Shearer Newcastle United 107
1997 1st Ronaldo [note 11] Internazionale 222
2nd Predrag Mijatović Real Madrid 68
3rd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 63
1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus 244
2nd Davor Šuker Real Madrid 68
3rd Ronaldo Internazionale 66
1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona 219
2nd David Beckham Manchester United 154
3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 64
2000 1st Luís Figo[note 12] Real Madrid 197
2nd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 181
3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 85
2001 1st Michael Owen Liverpool 176
2nd Raúl Real Madrid 140
3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 114
2002 1st Ronaldo [note 13] Real Madrid 169
2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid 145
3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 110
2003 1st Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 190
2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal 128
3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 123
2004 1st Andriy Shevchenko Milan 175
2nd Deco[note 14] Porto 139
3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona 133
2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona 225
2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea 148
3rd Steven Gerrard Liverpool 142
2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro [note 15] Real Madrid 173
2nd Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 124
3rd Thierry Henry Arsenal 121
2007 1st Kaká Milan 444
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 277
3rd Lionel Messi Barcelona 255
2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 446
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 281
3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool 179
2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 473
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo[note 16] Real Madrid 233
3rd Xavi Barcelona 170
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
2010 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 22.65%
2nd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 17.36%
3rd Xavi Barcelona 16.48%
2011 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 47.88%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 21.60%
3rd Xavi Barcelona 9.23%
2012 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.60%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 23.68%
3rd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 10.91%
2013 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.99%
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 24.72%
3rd Franck Ribéry Bayern Munich 23.36%
2014 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 37.66%
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 15.76%
3rd Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 15.72%
2015 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.33%
2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.76%
3rd Neymar Barcelona 7.86%
Ballon d'Or (2016–present)
2016 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 745
2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 316
3rd Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid 198
Wins by player[edit]
Johan Cruyff with the Ballon d'Or in 1971
One-time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year.
Player
1st
2nd
3rd
Lionel Messi[note 17]
5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015) 4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016) 1 (2007)
Cristiano Ronaldo[note 18]
4 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016) 5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015) —
Michel Platini
3 (1983, 1984, 1985) — 2 (1977, 1980)
Johan Cruyff
3 (1971, 1973, 1974) — 1 (1975)
Marco van Basten
3 (1988, 1989, 1992) — —
Franz Beckenbauer
2 (1972, 1976) 2 (1974, 1975) 1 (1966)
Ronaldo
2 (1997, 2002) 1 (1996) 1 (1998)
Alfredo Di Stéfano
2 (1957, 1959) 1 (1956) —
Kevin Keegan
2 (1978, 1979) 1 (1977) —
Karl-Heinz Rummenigge
2 (1980, 1981) 1 (1979) —
Luis Suárez
1 (1960) 2 (1961, 1964) 1 (1965)
Eusébio
1 (1965) 2 (1962, 1966) —
Bobby Charlton
1 (1966) 2 (1967, 1968) —
Raymond Kopa
1 (1958) 1 (1959) 2 (1956, 1957)
Gerd Müller
1 (1970) 1 (1972) 2 (1969, 1973)
Zinedine Zidane
1 (1998) 1 (2000) 1 (1997)
Gianni Rivera
1 (1969) 1 (1963) —
Ruud Gullit
1 (1987) 1 (1988) —
Lothar Matthäus
1 (1990) 1 (1991) —
Roberto Baggio
1 (1993) 1 (1994) —
Hristo Stoichkov
1 (1994) 1 (1992) —
Andriy Shevchenko
1 (2004) — 2 (1999, 2000)
George Best
1 (1968) — 1 (1971)
Allan Simonsen
1 (1977) — 1 (1983)
Ronaldinho
1 (2005) — 1 (2004)
Wins by country[edit]
Country
Players
Total
Germany
5 7
Netherlands
3 7
France
4 6
Portugal
3 6
Italy
5 5
Brazil
4 5
England
4 5
Argentina
1 5
Soviet Union
3 3
Spain
2 3
Czech Republic
2 2
Bulgaria
1 1
Denmark
1 1
Hungary
1 1
Liberia
1 1
Northern Ireland
1 1
Scotland
1 1
Ukraine
1 1
Wins by club[edit]
Club
Players
Total
Barcelona
6 11
Real Madrid
123456543345 9
Juventus
6 8
Milan
6 8
Bayern Munich
3 5
Manchester United
4 4
Dynamo Kyiv
2 2
Internazionale
2 2
Hamburg
1 2
Ajax
1 1
Benfica
1 1
Blackpool
1 1
Borussia Dortmund
1 1
Borussia Mönchengladbach
1 1
Dukla Prague
1 1
Dynamo Moscow
1 1
Ferencváros
1 1
Liverpool
1 1
Marseille
1 1
Additional awards[edit]
A special Ballon d'Or, under the name Super Ballon d'Or, was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989, after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football's voting.[10] A decade later, France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients. Among the 34 previous winners, 30 cast their votes; Stanley Matthews, Omar Sívori and George Best abstained, and Lev Yashin had died. Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points; however, Di Stéfano only chose a first place, Platini a first and second place, and George Weah two players for fifth place. Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters, receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner-up, Diego Maradona.[11]
Football Player of the Century
Player
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Pelé (BRA)
122 17 5 4 2 1
Diego Maradona (ARG)
65 3 6 5 5 1
Johan Cruyff (NED)
62 1 4 7 9 2
Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP)
44 4 3 3 1 1
Michel Platini (FRA)
40 1 5 1 3 6
To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016, France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995, when only European players were eligible to win the award. 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona, Garrincha, Mario Kempes, and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged.[12] Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013, respectively.[13][14]
Le nouveau palmarès (the new winners)
Year
Original
Alternative
1958
Raymond Kopa (FRA) Pelé (BRA)
1959
Alfredo Di Stéfano (ESP) Pelé (BRA)
1960
Luis Suárez (ESP) Pelé (BRA)
1961
Omar Sívori (ITA) Pelé (BRA)
1962
Josef Masopust (TCH) Garrincha (BRA)
1963
Lev Yashin (URS) Pelé (BRA)
1964
Denis Law (SCO) Pelé (BRA)
1970
Gerd Müller (FRG) Pelé (BRA)
1978
Kevin Keegan (ENG) Mario Kempes (ARG)
1986
Igor Belanov (URS) Diego Maradona (ARG)
1990
Lothar Matthäus (GER) Diego Maradona (ARG)
1994
Hristo Stoichkov (BUL) Romário (BRA)
See also[edit]
FIFA World Player of the Year
FIFA Ballon d'Or
The Best FIFA Football Awards
FIFPro World XI
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Born in Argentina, Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national football team.
Jump up ^ Born in Argentina, Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national football team.
Jump up ^ Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973.
Jump up ^ Keegan was signed by Hamburg from Liverpool midway through 1977.
Jump up ^ Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986.
Jump up ^ Gullit was signed by Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987.
Jump up ^ Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987.
Jump up ^ Rijkaard was signed by Milan from Real Zaragoza midway through 1988.
Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint-Germain midway through 1995.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997.
Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000.
Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002.
Jump up ^ Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004.
Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006.
Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009.
Jump up ^ Messi won four FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010, 2011, 2012, 2015) and twice finished in second place (2013, 2014).[8][9]
Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo won two FIFA Ballons d'Or (2013, 2014) and thrice finished in second place (2011, 2012, 2015).[8][9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Matthews wins first Golden Ball". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kaka wins 2007 award". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ronaldo joins legendary list". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rankings by Wins". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "How the award came about". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or, de 1956 à nos jours". France Football. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA Awards – World Player of the Year". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 12 February 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "On this day, Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or". RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Stokkermans, Karel (23 December 2015). "France Football's Football Player of the Century". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Marchand, Thierry (December 2015). "On a refait le palmarès". France Football. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Maradona receives honorary award". BBC Sport. 1 December 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur". FIFA.com. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
External links[edit]
"European Footballer of the Year ("Ballon d'Or")". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
"La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or, de 1956 à nos jours". France Football. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
[show]
v
t
e
Ballon d'Or
France Football magazine award
Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)
1956: Matthews
1957: Di Stéfano
1958: Kopa
1959: Di Stéfano
1960: Suárez
1961: Sívori
1962: Masopust
1963: Yashin
1964: Law
1965: Eusébio
1966: Charlton
1967: Albert
1968: Best
1969: Rivera
1970: Müller
1971: Cruyff
1972: Beckenbauer
1973: Cruyff
1974: Cruyff
1975: Blokhin
1976: Beckenbauer
1977: Simonsen
1978: Keegan
1979: Keegan
1980: Rummenigge
1981: Rummenigge
1982: Rossi
1983: Platini
1984: Platini
1985: Platini
1986: Belanov
1987: Gullit
1988: Van Basten
1989: Van Basten
1990: Matthäus
1991: Papin
1992: Van Basten
1993: Baggio
1994: Stoichkov
1995: Weah
1996: Sammer
1997: Ronaldo
1998: Zidane
1999: Rivaldo
2000: Figo
2001: Owen
2002: Ronaldo
2003: Nedvěd
2004: Shevchenko
2005: Ronaldinho
2006: Cannavaro
2007: Kaká
2008: C. Ronaldo
2009: Messi
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
2010: Messi
2011: Messi
2012: Messi
2013: C. Ronaldo
2014: C. Ronaldo
2015: Messi
Ballon d'Or (2016–present)
2016: C. Ronaldo
FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009)
FIFA Ballon d'Or (2010–2015)
The Best FIFA Men's Player (2016–present)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&oldid=801619309"
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List of Major League Baseball single-game home run leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bobby Lowe was the first MLB player to ever hit four home runs in a single game, doing so in 1894.
Writers of Sporting News described hitting four home runs in a single Major League Baseball (MLB) game as "baseball's greatest single-game accomplishment".[1] Eighteen players have accomplished the feat to date, the most recent being J. D. Martinez of the Arizona Diamondbacks on September 4, 2017 against the Los Angeles Dodgers. No player has done this more than once in his career and no player has ever hit more than four in a game. Bobby Lowe was the first to hit four home runs in a single game, doing so on May 30, 1894. Fans were reportedly so excited that they threw $160 in silver coins ($4,400 today) onto the field after his fourth home run.[1][2][3]
These games have resulted in other MLB single-game records due to the extreme offensive performance. Mark Whiten, for example, tied Jim Bottomley for the most runs batted in in a single game with 12 in his four-homer game.[4] Shawn Green hit a double and a single along with his four home runs for 19 total bases, an MLB record. It surpassed Joe Adcock's mark of 18, which also came from a four-homer game.[5][6]
Chuck Klein, Pat Seerey, and Mike Schmidt each hit their four in a game that went into extra innings. Scooter Gennett and Mark Whiten hit a grand slam as one of their four homers. Four home runs generate significant offense that generally allows a team to win, although Ed Delahanty's and Bob Horner's teams lost their respective milestone games.
Carlos Delgado was the only one who hit his four home runs in a game in which he made only four plate appearances.[7]
Warren Spahn pitched the ball which Gil Hodges hit for the first of his four, the only Hall of Fame pitcher faced during a four-home-run game.[1] Hodges, Adcock, and Martinez are the only players to hit home runs against four different pitchers in one game. Lowe and Delahanty, on the other hand, are the only players to hit four home runs in one game against just one pitcher: Ice Box Chamberlain and Adonis Terry, respectively.
Mike Cameron hit his four on May 2, 2002, and Green matched the total 21 days later on May 23, 2002, the shortest span between such games. Lowe and Seerey each hit fewer than 100 career home runs, while Willie Mays, with 660, hit more than any other player in this group. Both Mays and Schmidt are also members of the 500 home run club.
Of the 14 players eligible for the Hall of Fame who have hit four home runs in a game, five have been elected. Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 major league seasons and have been either retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[8] These requirements leave two players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons and one (Seerey) who did not play 10 seasons in MLB. No player has ever hit four home runs in a postseason game (the record is three).
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Players
3 See also
4 References
Key[edit]
Player
Name of the player
Date
Date of the four home run game
Team
The player's team at the time of the game
Opposing team
The team against whom the player hit four home runs
Score
Final score of the game, with the player's team score listed first
Career HR
The number of home runs the player hit in his MLB career
º
Indicates that the home runs were in consecutive plate appearances
Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame
*
Denotes player who is still active
Indicates the player's team lost the game
Players[edit]
Shawn Green was one of two players to hit four home runs in a game in May 2002. Green also hit a double and a single in the game for 19 total bases, an MLB record.
Players who have hit four home runs in a single game
Player
Date
Team
Opposing team
Score
Career HR
Ref(s)
Lowe, BobbyBobby Loweº
000000001894-05-30-0000May 30, 1894 Boston Beaneaters Cincinnati Reds 20–11 071 !71 [9]
Delahanty, EdEd Delahanty
000000001896-07-13-0000July 13, 1896 Philadelphia Phillies Chicago Colts 08 !8–9 101 [10]
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrigº
000000001932-06-03-0000June 3, 1932 New York Yankees Philadelphia Athletics 20–13 493 [11]
Klein, ChuckChuck Klein
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936 Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates 09 !9–6 300 [12]
Seerey, PatPat Seerey
000000001948-07-18-0000July 18, 1948 Chicago White Sox Philadelphia Athletics 12–11 086 !86 [13]
Hodges, GilGil Hodges
000000001950-08-31-0000August 31, 1950 Brooklyn Dodgers Boston Braves 19–3 370 [14]
Adcock, JoeJoe Adcock
000000001954-07-31-0000July 31, 1954 Milwaukee Braves Brooklyn Dodgers 15–7 336 [15][16]
Colavito, RockyRocky Colavitoº
000000001959-06-10-0000June 10, 1959 Cleveland Indians Baltimore Orioles 11–8 374 [17][18]
Mays, WillieWillie Mays
000000001961-04-30-0000April 30, 1961 San Francisco Giants Milwaukee Braves 14–4 660 [19][20]
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidtº
000000001976-04-17-0000April 17, 1976 Philadelphia Phillies Chicago Cubs 18–16 548 [21][22]
Horner, BobBob Horner
000000001986-07-06-0000July 6, 1986 Atlanta Braves Montreal Expos 08.1 !8–11 218 [23][24]
Whiten, MarkMark Whiten
000000001993-09-07-0000September 7, 1993 St. Louis Cardinals Cincinnati Reds 15–2 105 [25][26]
Cameron, MikeMike Cameronº
000000002002-05-02-0000May 2, 2002 Seattle Mariners Chicago White Sox 15–4 278 [27][28]
Green, ShawnShawn Green
000000002002-05-23-0000May 23, 2002 Los Angeles Dodgers Milwaukee Brewers 16–3 328 [29][30]
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgadoº
000000002003-09-25-0000September 25, 2003 Toronto Blue Jays Tampa Bay Devil Rays 10–8 473 [31][32]
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton
000000002012-05-08-0000May 8, 2012 Texas Rangers Baltimore Orioles 10–3 200 [33][34]
Gennett, ScooterScooter Gennettº*
000000002017-06-06-0000June 6, 2017 Cincinnati Reds St. Louis Cardinals 13–1 58 [35]
Martinez, J.D.J.D. Martinezº*
000000002017-09-04-0000September 4, 2017 Arizona Diamondbacks Los Angeles Dodgers 13–0 142 [36]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Nig Clarke
References[edit]
General
Society for American Baseball Research (SABR) (2007). The SABR Baseball List and Record Book: Baseball's Most Fascinating Records and Unusual Statistics. Scribner. p. 65.
"Four home runs in a game – Rare Feats | MLB.com: History". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b c Jim, Hoppel; Meier, Jim; Deveney, Sean (August 10, 1999). "Four homers in one game". Sporting News. Archived from the original on April 8, 2004. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Suehsdorf, A. D. (1978). The Great American Baseball Scrapbook, p. 14. Random House. ISBN 0-394-50253-1.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Lowe Dead; Baseball Star, 83; First Player to Hit Four Home Runs in One Game Spent 18 Years in Major Leagues". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 9, 1951. Retrieved September 5, 2010. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ SABR, pg. 69
Jump up ^ SABR, pg. 70
Jump up ^ "Shawn Green slams record four home runs". CBC Sports. May 24, 2002. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Delgado ties record with four homers". ESPN.com. September 25, 2003. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rules for Election". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Lowe Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Ed Delahanty Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lou Gehrig Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chuck Klein Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pat Seerey Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gil Hodges Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joe Adcock Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joe Adcock Ties Home Run Mark". The Miami News. Associated Press. July 31, 1954. p. C1. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Rocky Colavito Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wilks, Ed (June 10, 1959). "Tribe's Rocky Colavito Ties Record in Majors' Toughest Home Run Park". Evening Independent. Associated Press. p. 6A. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Willie Mays Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Reichler, Joe (May 1, 1961). "Giants' Slugging Sets or Ties a Flock of Records". The Hour. Associated Press. p. 14. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mike Schmidt Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mike Schmidt Hits Four Home Runs: Phillies Outslug Chicago,18–16". TimesDaily. United Press International. April 17, 1976. p. 21. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Bob Horner Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "National League; Horner Ties Mark with 4 Home Runs". New York Times. July 7, 1986. p. C4.
Jump up ^ "Mark Whiten Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Allen, Karen (September 8, 1993). "Cards' Whiten: 4 HRs, 12 RBI". USA Today. pp. Sports, 1C.
Jump up ^ "Mike Cameron Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ralph, John (May 2, 2002). "With 4 homers, Cameron crows". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Shawn Green Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (May 23, 2002). "A day for the ages for Green". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Carlos Delgado Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Fordin, Spencer (September 25, 2003). "Delgado smashes four homers". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Josh Hamilton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hamilton makes history with four home runs". MLB.com. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kay, Joe (June 7, 2017). "Scooter Gennett hits 4 home runs for Reds to tie MLB record". Associated Press. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "J.D. Martinez mashes his way to a four-homer game". ESPN.com. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
[show]
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[show]
v
t
e
Major League Baseball players who have hit four home runs in one game
Bobby Lowe
Ed Delahanty
Lou Gehrig
Chuck Klein
Pat Seerey
Gil Hodges
Joe Adcock
Rocky Colavito
Willie Mays
Mike Schmidt
Bob Horner
Mark Whiten
Mike Cameron
Shawn Green
Carlos Delgado
Josh Hamilton
Scooter Gennett
J. D. Martinez
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_single-game_home_run_leaders&oldid=799773110"
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Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA or Triple A) management for users who connect and use a network service. RADIUS was developed by Livingston Enterprises, Inc. in 1991 as an access server authentication and accounting protocol and later brought into the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards.[1]
Because of the broad support and the ubiquitous nature of the RADIUS protocol, it is often used by Internet service providers (ISPs) and enterprises to manage access to the Internet or internal networks, wireless networks, and integrated e-mail services. These networks may incorporate modems, digital subscriber line (DSL), access points, virtual private networks (VPNs), network ports, web servers, etc.[2]
RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer, and can use either TCP or UDP as transport. Network access servers, the gateways that control access to a network, usually contain a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server.[3] RADIUS is often the back-end of choice for 802.1X authentication as well.[4]
The RADIUS server is usually a background process running on a UNIX or Microsoft Windows server.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Protocol components
1.1 Authentication and authorization
1.2 Accounting
2 Roaming
2.1 Realms
2.2 Proxy operations
2.3 Security
3 Packet structure
3.1 Attribute value pairs
4 Vendor-specific attributes
5 Security
6 History
7 Standards documentation
8 See also
9 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
Protocol components[edit]
RADIUS is an AAA protocol which manages network access. AAA stands for authentication, authorization and accounting. RADIUS uses two packet types to manage the full AAA process; Access-Request, which manages authentication and authorization; and Accounting-Request, which manages accounting. Authentication and authorization are defined in RFC 2865 while accounting is described by RFC 2866.
Authentication and authorization[edit]
The user or machine sends a request to a Network Access Server (NAS) to gain access to a particular network resource using access credentials. The credentials are passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol - for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers or posted in an HTTPS secure web form.
In turn, the NAS sends a RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol.[5]
This request includes access credentials, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request may contain other information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding the user's physical point of attachment to the NAS.
The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes such as PAP, CHAP or EAP. The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status, and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked the user's information against a locally stored flat file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this, or can refer to external sources — commonly SQL, Kerberos, LDAP, or Active Directory servers — to verify the user's credentials.
RADIUS Authentication and Authorization Flow
The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS : 1) Access Reject, 2) Access Challenge, or 3) Access Accept.
Access Reject
The user is unconditionally denied access to all requested network resources. Reasons may include failure to provide proof of identification or an unknown or inactive user account.
Access Challenge
Requests additional information from the user such as a secondary password, PIN, token, or card. Access Challenge is also used in more complex authentication dialogs where a secure tunnel is established between the user machine and the Radius Server in a way that the access credentials are hidden from the NAS.
Access Accept
The user is granted access. Once the user is authenticated, the RADIUS server will often check that the user is authorized to use the network service requested. A given user may be allowed to use a company's wireless network, but not its VPN service, for example. Again, this information may be stored locally on the RADIUS server, or may be looked up in an external source such as LDAP or Active Directory.
Each of these three RADIUS responses may include a Reply-Message attribute which may give a reason for the rejection, the prompt for the challenge, or a welcome message for the accept. The text in the attribute can be passed on to the user in a return web page.
Authorization attributes are conveyed to the NAS stipulating terms of access to be granted. For example, the following authorization attributes may be included in an Access-Accept:
The specific IP address to be assigned to the user
The address pool from which the user's IP should be chosen
The maximum length of time that the user may remain connected
An access list, priority queue or other restrictions on a user's access
L2TP parameters
VLAN parameters
Quality of Service (QoS) parameters
When a client is configured to use RADIUS, any user of the client presents authentication information to the client. This might be with a customizable login prompt, where the user is expected to enter their username and password. Alternatively, the user might use a link framing protocol such as the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which has authentication packets which carry this information.
Once the client has obtained such information, it may choose to authenticate using RADIUS. To do so, the client creates an "Access- Request" containing such Attributes as the user's name, the user's password, the ID of the client and the Port ID which the user is accessing. When a password is present, it is hidden using a method based on the RSA Message Digest Algorithm MD5.
Accounting[edit]
RADIUS Accounting Flow
Accounting is described in RFC 2866.
When network access is granted to the user by the NAS, an Accounting Start (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "start") is sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server to signal the start of the user's network access. "Start" records typically contain the user's identification, network address, point of attachment and a unique session identifier.[6]
Periodically, Interim Update records (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "interim-update") may be sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server, to update it on the status of an active session. "Interim" records typically convey the current session duration and information on current data usage.
Finally, when the user's network access is closed, the NAS issues a final Accounting Stop record (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "stop") to the RADIUS server, providing information on the final usage in terms of time, packets transferred, data transferred, reason for disconnect and other information related to the user's network access.
Typically, the client sends Accounting-Request packets until it receives an Accounting-Response acknowledgement, using some retry interval.
The primary purpose of this data is that the user can be billed accordingly; the data is also commonly used for statistical purposes and for general network monitoring.
Roaming[edit]
Roaming using a proxy RADIUS AAA server.
RADIUS is commonly used to facilitate roaming between ISPs, for example:
by companies which provide a single global set of credentials that are usable on many public networks;
by independent, but collaborating, institutions issuing their own credentials to their own users, that allow a visitor from one to another to be authenticated by their home institution, such as in eduroam.
RADIUS facilitates this by the use of realms, which identify where the RADIUS server should forward the AAA requests for processing.
Realms[edit]
A realm is commonly appended to a user's user name and delimited with an '@' sign, resembling an email address domain name. This is known as postfix notation for the realm. Another common usage is prefix notation, which involves prepending the realm to the username and using '\' as a delimiter. Modern RADIUS servers allow any character to be used as a realm delimiter, although in practice '@' and '\' are usually used.
Realms can also be compounded using both prefix and postfix notation, to allow for complicated roaming scenarios; for example, somedomain.com\username@anotherdomain.com could be a valid username with two realms.
Although realms often resemble domains, it is important to note that realms are in fact arbitrary text and need not contain real domain names. Realm formats are standardized in RFC 4282, which defines a Network Access Identifier (NAI) in the form of 'user@realm'. In that specification, the 'realm' portion is required to be a domain name. However, this practice is not always followed. RFC 7542 [7] replaced RFC 4282 in May 2015.
Proxy operations[edit]
When a RADIUS server receives an AAA request for a user name containing a realm, the server will reference a table of configured realms. If the realm is known, the server will then proxy the request to the configured home server for that domain. The behavior of the proxying server regarding the removal of the realm from the request ("stripping") is configuration-dependent on most servers. In addition, the proxying server can be configured to add, remove or rewrite AAA requests when they are proxied over time again.
Proxy Chaining is possible in RADIUS and authentication/authorization and accounting packets are usually routed between a NAS Device and a Home server through a series of proxies. Some of advantages of using Proxy chains include scalability improvements, policy implementations and capability adjustments. But in roaming scenarios, the NAS, Proxies and Home Server could be typically managed by different administrative entities. Hence, the trust factor among the proxies gains more significance under such Inter-domain applications. Further, the absence of end to end security in RADIUS adds to the criticality of trust among the Proxies involved. Proxy Chains are explained in RFC 2607.
Security[edit]
Roaming with RADIUS exposes the users to various security and privacy concerns. More generally, some roaming partners establish a secure tunnel between the RADIUS servers to ensure that users' credentials cannot be intercepted while being proxied across the internet. This is a concern as the MD5 hash built into RADIUS is considered insecure.[8]
Packet structure[edit]
RADIUS packet data format.
The RADIUS packet data format is shown to the right. The fields are transmitted from left to right, starting with the code, the identifier, the length, the authenticator and the attributes.
RADIUS Codes (decimal) are assigned as follows:
Code
Assignment
1 Access-Request
2 Access-Accept
3 Access-Reject
4 Accounting-Request
5 Accounting-Response
11 Access-Challenge
12 Status-Server (experimental)
13 Status-Client (experimental)
40 Disconnect-Request
41 Disconnect-ACK
42 Disconnect-NAK
43 CoA-Request
44 CoA-ACK
45 CoA-NAK
255 Reserved
The Identifier field aids in matching requests and replies.
The Length field indicates the length of the entire RADIUS packet including the Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator and optional Attribute fields.
The Authenticator is used to authenticate the reply from the RADIUS server, and is used in encrypting passwords; its length is 16 bytes.
Attribute value pairs[edit]
RADIUS AVP layout
The RADIUS Attribute Value Pairs (AVP) carry data in both the request and the response for the authentication, authorization, and accounting transactions. The length of the radius packet is used to determine the end of the AVPs.
[show]AVP type
Assignment
1 User-Name
2 User-Password
3 CHAP-Password
4 NAS-IP-Address
5 NAS-Port
6 Service-Type
7 Framed-Protocol
8 Framed-IP-Address
9 Framed-IP-Netmask
10 Framed-Routing
11 Filter-Id
12 Framed-MTU
13 Framed-Compression
14 Login-IP-Host
15 Login-Service
16 Login-TCP-Port
18 Reply-Message
19 Callback-Number
20 Callback-Id
22 Framed-Route
23 Framed-IPX-Network
24 State
25 Class
26 Vendor-Specific
27 Session-Timeout
28 Idle-Timeout
29 Termination-Action
30 Called-Station-Id
31 Calling-Station-Id
32 NAS-Identifier
33 Proxy-State
34 Login-LAT-Service
35 Login-LAT-Node
36 Login-LAT-Group
37 Framed-AppleTalk-Link
38 Framed-AppleTalk-Network
39 Framed-AppleTalk-Zone
40 Acct-Status-Type
41 Acct-Delay-Time
42 Acct-Input-Octets
43 Acct-Output-Octets
44 Acct-Session-Id
45 Acct-Authentic
46 Acct-Session-Time
47 Acct-Input-Packets
48 Acct-Output-Packets
49 Acct-Terminate-Cause
50 Acct-Multi-Session-Id
51 Acct-Link-Count
52 Acct-Input-Gigawords
53 Acct-Output-Gigawords
55 Event-Timestamp
56 Egress-VLANID
57 Ingress-Filters
58 Egress-VLAN-Name
59 User-Priority-Table
60 CHAP-Challenge
61 NAS-Port-Type
62 Port-Limit
63 Login-LAT-Port
64 Tunnel-Type
65 Tunnel-Medium-Type
66 Tunnel-Client-Endpoint
67 Tunnel-Server-Endpoint
68 Acct-Tunnel-Connection
69 Tunnel-Password
70 ARAP-Password
71 ARAP-Features
72 ARAP-Zone-Access
73 ARAP-Security
74 ARAP-Security-Data
75 Password-Retry
76 Prompt
77 Connect-Info
78 Configuration-Token
79 EAP-Message
80 Message-Authenticator
81 Tunnel-Private-Group-ID
82 Tunnel-Assignment-ID
83 Tunnel-Preference
84 ARAP-Challenge-Response
85 Acct-Interim-Interval
86 Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost
87 NAS-Port-Id
88 Framed-Pool
89 CUI
90 Tunnel-Client-Auth-ID
91 Tunnel-Server-Auth-ID
92 NAS-Filter-Rule
94 Originating-Line-Info
95 NAS-IPv6-Address
96 Framed-Interface-Id
97 Framed-IPv6-Prefix
98 Login-IPv6-Host
99 Framed-IPv6-Route
100 Framed-IPv6-Pool
101 Error-Cause Attribute
102 EAP-Key-Name
103 Digest-Response
104 Digest-Realm
105 Digest-Nonce
106 Digest-Response-Auth
107 Digest-Nextnonce
108 Digest-Method
109 Digest-URI
110 Digest-Qop
111 Digest-Algorithm
112 Digest-Entity-Body-Hash
113 Digest-CNonce
114 Digest-Nonce-Count
115 Digest-Username
116 Digest-Opaque
117 Digest-Auth-Param
118 Digest-AKA-Auts
119 Digest-Domain
120 Digest-Stale
121 Digest-HA1
122 SIP-AOR
123 Delegated-IPv6-Prefix
124 MIP6-Feature-Vector
125 MIP6-Home-Link-Prefix
126 Operator-Name
127 Location-Information
128 Location-Data
129 Basic-Location-Policy-Rules
130 Extended-Location-Policy-Rules
131 Location-Capable
132 Requested-Location-Info
133 Framed-Management-Protocol
134 Management-Transport-Protection
135 Management-Policy-Id
136 Management-Privilege-Level
137 PKM-SS-Cert
138 PKM-CA-Cert
139 PKM-Config-Settings
140 PKM-Cryptosuite-List
141 PKM-SAID
142 PKM-SA-Descriptor
143 PKM-Auth-Key
144 DS-Lite-Tunnel-Name
145 Mobile-Node-Identifier
146 Service-Selection
147 PMIP6-Home-LMA-IPv6-Address
148 PMIP6-Visited-LMA-IPv6-Address
149 PMIP6-Home-LMA-IPv4-Address
150 PMIP6-Visited-LMA-IPv4-Address
151 PMIP6-Home-HN-Prefix
152 PMIP6-Visited-HN-Prefix
153 PMIP6-Home-Interface-ID
154 PMIP6-Visited-Interface-ID
155 PMIP6-Home-IPv4-HoA
156 PMIP6-Visited-IPv4-HoA
157 PMIP6-Home-DHCP4-Server-Address
158 PMIP6-Visited-DHCP4-Server-Address
159 PMIP6-Home-DHCP6-Server-Address
160 PMIP6-Visited-DHCP6-Server-Address
161 PMIP6-Home-IPv4-Gateway
162 PMIP6-Visited-IPv4-Gateway
163 EAP-Lower-Layer
164 GSS-Acceptor-Service-Name
165 GSS-Acceptor-Host-Name
166 GSS-Acceptor-Service-Specifics
167 GSS-Acceptor-Realm-Name
168 Framed-IPv6-Address
169 DNS-Server-IPv6-Address
170 Route-IPv6-Information
171 Delegated-IPv6-Prefix-Pool
172 Stateful-IPv6-Address-Pool
173 IPv6-6rd-Configuration
174 Allowed-Called-Station-Id
175 EAP-Peer-Id
176 EAP-Server-Id
177 Mobility-Domain-Id
178 Preauth-Timeout
179 Network-Id-Name
180 EAPoL-Announcement
181 WLAN-HESSID
182 WLAN-Venue-Info
183 WLAN-Venue-Language
184 WLAN-Venue-Name
185 WLAN-Reason-Code
186 WLAN-Pairwise-Cipher
187 WLAN-Group-Cipher
188 WLAN-AKM-Suite
189 WLAN-Group-Mgmt-Cipher
190 WLAN-RF-Band
Vendor-specific attributes[edit]
RADIUS is extensible; many vendors of RADIUS hardware and software implement their own variants using Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs). Microsoft has published some of their VSAs.[9] VSA definitions from many other companies remain proprietary and/or ad-hoc, nonetheless many VSA dictionaries can be found by downloading the source code of open source RADIUS implementations, for example FreeRADIUS or openRADIUS.
Security[edit]
The RADIUS protocol transmits obfuscated passwords using a shared secret and the MD5 hashing algorithm. As this particular implementation provides only weak protection of the user's credentials,[10] additional protection, such as IPsec tunnels or physically secured data-center networks, should be used to further protect the RADIUS traffic between the NAS device and the RADIUS server. Additionally, the user's security credentials are the only part protected by RADIUS itself, yet other user-specific attributes such as tunnel-group IDs or vlan memberships passed over RADIUS may be considered sensitive (helpful to an attacker) or private (sufficient to identify the individual client) information as well.[citation needed] The RadSec protocol claims to solve aforementioned security issues.
History[edit]
RADIUS was originally specified in an RFI by Merit Network in 1991 to control dial-in access to NSFnet. Livingston Enterprises responded to the RFI with a description of a RADIUS server. Merit Network awarded the contract to Livingston Enterprises that delivered their PortMaster series of Network Access Servers and the initial RADIUS server to Merit. RADIUS was later (1997) published as RFC 2058 and RFC 2059 (current versions are RFC 2865 and RFC 2866).[1]
Now, several commercial and open-source RADIUS servers exist. Features can vary, but most can look up the users in text files, LDAP servers, various databases, etc. Accounting records can be written to text files, various databases, forwarded to external servers, etc. SNMP is often used for remote monitoring and keep-alive checking of a RADIUS server. RADIUS proxy servers are used for centralized administration and can rewrite RADIUS packets on the fly (for security reasons, or to convert between vendor dialects).
The Diameter protocol was intended as the replacement for RADIUS. While both are Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) protocols, the use-cases for the two protocols have since diverged. Diameter is largely used in the 3G space. RADIUS is used elsewhere. One of the largest barriers to having Diameter replace RADIUS is that switches and Access Points typically implement RADIUS, but not Diameter.
Diameter uses SCTP or TCP while RADIUS typically uses UDP as the transport layer. As of 2012, RADIUS can also use TCP as the transport layer with TLS for security.
Standards documentation[edit]
The RADIUS protocol is currently defined in the following IETF RFC documents.
RFC
Title
Date published
Related article
Related RFCs
Notes
RFC 2058 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) January 1997 RADIUS Obsoleted by RFC 2138
RFC 2059 RADIUS Accounting January 1997 RADIUS Obsoleted by RFC 2139
RFC 2138 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) April 1997 RADIUS Obsoleted by RFC 2865
RFC 2139 RADIUS Accounting April 1997 RADIUS Obsoleted by RFC 2866
RFC 2548 Microsoft Vendor-specific RADIUS Attributes March 1999 RADIUS
RFC 2607 Proxy Chaining and Policy Implementation in Roaming June 1999
RFC 2618 RADIUS Authentication Client MIB Management information base Obsoleted by RFC 4668
RFC 2619 RADIUS Authentication Server MIB Management information base Obsoleted by RFC 4669
RFC 2620 RADIUS Accounting Client MIB June 1999 Management information base Obsoleted by RFC 4670
RFC 2621 RADIUS Accounting Server MIB June 1999 Management information base Obsoleted by RFC 4671
RFC 2809 Implementation of L2TP Compulsory Tunneling via RADIUS April 2000
RFC 2865 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) June 2000 RADIUS Updated by RFC 2868, RFC 3575, RFC 5080 This standard describes RADIUS authentication and authorization between a Network Access Server (NAS) and a shared RADIUS authentication server. This protocol is also used to carry configuration information from the RADIUS server to the NAS.
RFC 2866 RADIUS Accounting June 2000 RADIUS This standard describes how accounting information is carried from the NAS to a shared RADIUS accounting server.
RFC 2867 RADIUS Accounting Modifications for Tunnel Protocol Support June 2000 RADIUS Updates RFC 2866
RFC 2868 RADIUS Attributes for Tunnel Protocol Support June 2000 Updates RFC 2865
RFC 2869 RADIUS Extensions June 2000 Updated by RFC 3579, RFC 5080
RFC 2882 Network Access Servers Requirements: Extended RADIUS Practices July 2000
RFC 3162 RADIUS and IPv6 August 2001
RFC 3575 IANA Considerations for RADIUS July 2003
RFC 3576 Dynamic Authorization Extensions to RADIUS July 2003 Obsoleted by RFC 5176
RFC 3579 RADIUS Support for EAP September 2003 Extensible Authentication Protocol Updates RFC 2869
RFC 3580 IEEE 802.1X RADIUS Usage Guidelines September 2003 802.1X
RFC 4014 RADIUS Attributes Suboption for the DHCP Relay Agent Information Option February 2005
RFC 4372 Chargeable User Identity January 2006
RFC 4590 RADIUS Extension for Digest Authentication July 2006 Obsoleted by RFC 5090
RFC 4668 RADIUS Authentication Client MIB for IPv6 August 2006 Management information base
RFC 4669 RADIUS Authentication Server MIB for IPv6 August 2006 Management information base
RFC 4670 RADIUS Accounting Client MIB for IPv6 August 2006 Management information base
RFC 4671 RADIUS Accounting Server MIB for IPv6 August 2006 Management information base
RFC 4675 RADIUS Attributes for Virtual LAN and Priority Support September 2006
RFC 4679 DSL Forum Vendor-Specific RADIUS Attributes September 2006
RFC 4818 RADIUS Delegated-IPv6-Prefix Attribute April 2007
RFC 4849 RADIUS Filter Rule Attribute April 2007
RFC 5080 Common RADIUS Implementation Issues and Suggested Fixes December 2007 Updates RFC 3579
RFC 5090 RADIUS Extension for Digest Authentication February 2008
RFC 5176 Dynamic Authorization Extensions to RADIUS January 2008
RFC 5607 RADIUS Authorization for NAS Management July 2009
RFC 5997 Use of Status-Server Packets in the RADIUS Protocol August 2010 Updates RFC 2866
RFC 6158 RADIUS Design Guidelines March 2011
RFC 6218 Cisco Vendor-Specific RADIUS Attributes for the Delivery of Keying Material April 2011
RFC 6421 Crypto-Agility Requirements for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) November 2011
RFC 6613 RADIUS over TCP May 2012 Experimental
RFC 6614 Transport Layer Security (TLS) Encryption for RADIUS May 2012 Experimental
RFC 6929 Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Protocol Extensions April 2013 Updates RFC 2865, RFC 3575, RFC 6158
See also[edit]
802.1X
Diameter (protocol)
Kerberos (protocol)
Security Assertion Markup Language
TACACS
TACACS+
Bibliography[edit]
Hassell, Jonathan (2002). RADIUS - Securing Public Access to Private Resources. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 0-596-00322-6. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b John Vollbrecht (2006). "The Beginnings and History of RADIUS" (PDF). Interlink Networks. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Brien Posey (2006-08-31). "SolutionBase: RADIUS deployment scenarios" (PDF). TechRepublic. Retrieved 2009-04-15. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "How Does RADIUS Work?". Cisco. 2006-01-19. Retrieved 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ Edwin Lyle Brown (2006). 802.1X Port-Based Authentication. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4200-4465-2.
Jump up ^ RFC 2865 Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)
Jump up ^ RFC 2866 RADIUS Accounting
Jump up ^ https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7542
Jump up ^ Alexander Sotirov; Marc Stevens; Jacob Appelbaum; Arjen Lenstra; David Molnar; Dag Arne Osvik; Benne de Weger (2008-12-08). "MD5 considered harmful today - Creating a rogue CA certificate". Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. Retrieved 2009-04-19.
Jump up ^ RFC 2548
Jump up ^ An Analysis of the RADIUS Authentication Protocol
External links[edit]
Radius Types
An Analysis of the RADIUS Authentication Protocol
Decoding a Sniffer-trace of RADIUS Transaction
Using Wireshark to debug RADIUS
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text:
The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show is a syndicated talk radio show based at WGRD in Grand Rapids, Michigan. The show is hosted by Gregg "Free Beer" Daniels, Chris "Hot Wings" Michels, "Producer" Joe "Van Life" Gassmann, Producer Steve, and Justin.[1][2] The show is syndicated throughout America, and is distributed by Compass Media Networks.
The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show has also guest hosted The Dan Patrick Show on multiple occasions.[3]
Contents
1 Holiday Break-in
2 Awards
3 Controversies
4 References
5 External links
Holiday Break-in[edit]
Each December, the show solicits the nomination by their listeners of needy families to be the recipients of the Holiday Break-in for those unable to buy holiday gifts. Once the recipients are selected, participating radio affiliates break into the houses of these families (with the assistance of the nominator, a locksmith, and local police) and bring the holidays where there would be none.[4]
Awards[edit]
The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show won the Michigan Association of Broadcasters award in 2005[5] 2006,[6] and 2007.[7]
Free Beer and Hot Wings won the RadioContraband Rock Radio Award for "Syndicated Morning Show of the Year" in 2013 and 2014[8]
Controversies[edit]
In early 2016, Eric Zane was fired from the show.
In early 2018, producer Joseph "Joe" Gassmann was arrested in Naperville, Illinois, in DuPage county, for two counts of domestic battery, which are Class A misdemeanors in Illinois. He is scheduled to be arraigned on the charges on April 23. Townsquare Media released a statement:
"As you may be aware, Joe Gassmann of The Free Beer and Hot Wings show was arrested after a domestic altercation this past Saturday night. Joe has been suspended and will not be appearing on the show, pending resolution of the police investigation of the matter."[9] The charges were eventually dropped and Joe returned to the show near the end of May 2018.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://wgrd.com/show/the-free-beer-hot-wings-morning-show/
Jump up ^ "Free Beer and Hot Wings Cast and Crew". Free Beer and Hot Wings. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Barkley, Simms, Harbaugh on tap for Thursday's DP Show". CNN.
Jump up ^ Free Beer and Hot Wings embrace the Holidays
Jump up ^ "Michigan Association of Broadcasters". Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Association of Broadcasters". Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Association of Broadcasters". Archived from the original on 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
Jump up ^ "Radio Contraband's Rock Radio Award Winners Revealed". Retrieved 2016-09-14.
Jump up ^ "'Producer Joe' of 'Free Beer & Hot Wings' show arrested in Chicago area". Fox17. 2018-03-19. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
Jump up ^ "'Producer Joe' going back to 'Free Beer and Hot Wings,' charges dropped". MLive.com. Retrieved 2018-06-05.
External links[edit]
The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show official website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Free_Beer_and_Hot_Wings_Show&oldid=846856447"
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