text:
Soldier's Girl
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Soldier's Girl
Directed by
Frank Pierson
Written by
Ron Nyswaner
Starring
Troy Garity
Lee Pace
Music by
Jan A.P. Kaczmarek
Cinematography
Paul Sarossy
Edited by
Katina Zinner
Release date
January 20, 2003 (2003-01-20) (Sundance)
Running time
112 minutes
Country
United States, Canada
Language
English
Soldier's Girl is a 2003 Canadian-American drama film produced by Showtime. It is based on a story of the relationship between Barry Winchell and Calpernia Addams and the events that led up to Barry's murder by a fellow soldier. It was written by Ron Nyswaner and directed by Frank R. Pierson, with Troy Garity starring as Barry and Lee Pace starring as Calpernia.
Soldier's Girl was among the ten best Television Programs of the Year (2003) by the American Film Institute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Awards and nominations
4 See also
5 Further reading
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Barry is a private with the 101st Airborne Division of the United States Army, stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky while Calpernia works as a showgirl at a transgender revue in Nashville, Tennessee. Barry's roommate Justin Fisher (Shawn Hatosy) brings Barry to the club where Calpernia performs. When Barry and Calpernia start dating, Fisher, out of jealousy, participates in spreading rumors about Barry's alleged affair, which appeared to be a violation of the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy which forbids discussion of sexual orientation of military personnel. Barry faces increasing harassment and pressure, which explodes into violence over a Fourth of July weekend after Barry easily bests Calvin Glover in a fight. While Calpernia performs in a pageant in Nashville, Barry is beaten to death in his sleep by Glover with a baseball bat given by Fisher. The film ends with a discussion of the aftermath.
Cast[edit]
Troy Garity as Barry Winchell
Lee Pace as Calpernia Addams
Andre Braugher as Carlos Diaz
Shawn Hatosy as Justin Fisher
Philip Eddolls as Calvin Glover
Merwin Mondesir as Henry Millens
Dan Petronijevic as Collin Baker (as Daniel Petronijevic)
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Group
Award Nomination
Resulted
2003 Emmy Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special (Frank Pierson) Nominated
Outstanding Makeup for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Prosthetic) (Raymond Mackintosh and Russell Cate) Nominated
Gotham Awards Breakthrough Award (Lee Pace) Won
2004 GLAAD Outstanding Television Movie or Mini-Series Nominated
Golden Globe Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture made for Television Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television (Troy Garity) Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television (Lee Pace) Nominated
Independent Spirit Awards Best Male Lead (Lee Pace) Nominated
Best Supporting Male (Troy Garity) Nominated
Peabody Award Won
Satellite Awards Best Motion Picture Made for Television Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television (Troy Garity) Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television (Lee Pace) Nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Miniseries or a Motion Picture Made for Television (Shawn Hatosy) Nominated
Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Movie, Miniseries or Special Nominated
See also[edit]
Boys Don't Cry (1999)
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2006)
Gay bashing
Sexual orientation and gender identity in the United States military
Further reading[edit]
Addams, Calpernia. "Soldier's Girl: The Reality". Calpernia.com.
Rowe, Michael (June 2003). Cummings, Katherine, ed. "An Interview with Jane Fonda on Gender". Polare. The Gender Centre (52). Archived from the original on 2016-03-20.
External links[edit]
Soldier's Girl on IMDb

[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Frank Pierson
The Looking Glass War (1969)
A Star Is Born (1976)
King of the Gypsies (1978)
Somebody Has to Shoot the Picture (1990)
Citizen Cohn (1992)
Lakota Woman: Siege at Wounded Knee (1994)
Truman (1995)
Dirty Pictures (2000)
Conspiracy (2001)
Soldier's Girl (2003)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soldier%27s_Girl&oldid=769956053"
Categories:
2003 films
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text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
show
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[14] 21[8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18] 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1987[8] 21
Connecticut
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[20] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]
Delaware
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 20[13] 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24] 18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1980:
19[27] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[27] 21[28]
Georgia
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18[13] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[35] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36] 1980:
Raised to 21[37] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18[13] 18[19] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41] 21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[8][46] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] Raised to 21 in 1985[8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[54] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1986[8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Montana
? 21[11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 21
Nebraska
? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][21] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18[12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[14] 21[68] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21[8][52] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21] 21
South Carolina
21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13] 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 1986:
Raised to 21[21][83] 21
Virginia
? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 21
Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877[85] 21[citation needed] 21 21[8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19[13] 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21[91]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21[92]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18[93]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18[94]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010[5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking". Report.nih.gov. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Hunter. "Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970's | history 128 blog". History128.web.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). "The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–65. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID 19922564.
Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (2008-04-01). "States weigh lowering drinking age". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama". bplonline.cdmhost.com. Birmingham Public Library. 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age" (PDF). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA". Nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982". Papers.ssrn.com. 2004-07-07. SSRN 304765  .
Jump up ^ "Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE". Petersburg Public Library. October 19, 1983. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Miron, Jeffrey A.; Tetelbaum, Elina (2009). "Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h [1] link to fake reference (typical wikitrash)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1888. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1887. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1884. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1891. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR". jstor.org.
Jump up ^ OLR Research Report-Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., "What happened: regional & state experience."
Jump up ^ "Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. debate continuing on alcohol". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18". The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "D.C. to get new drinking age". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. September 24, 1986. p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21". New York Times. Associated Press. September 1, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow". sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Florida Alcohol Laws". Alcohollaws.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. March 18, 1972. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Idaho gears for younger drinkers". Deseret News. UPI. June 26, 1972. p. 8C.
Jump up ^ "Idaho's legislature: Young jurors". Lewiston (ID) Morning Tribune. January 18, 1972. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Taverns await new customers: age drops to 19". Lewiston Morning Tribune. June 30, 1972. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Idaho drinking: new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing". Spokane Chronicle. April 10, 1987. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "The new Northwest. (Portland, Or.) 1871-1887, March 15, 1872, Image 4: The Illinois Temperance Law". oregonnews.uoregon.edu. University of Oregon Libraries. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune, August 3, 1961, "Girl, 19, sues for right to have a drink" (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune, June 14, 1973, "Beer at 19 Signed by Walker." (ProQuest archive)
Jump up ^ "History of DUI Laws In Illinois", Illinois Secretary of State website
^ Jump up to: a b "State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division, Historical Highlights". iowaabd.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bragg, Rick (1996-03-23). "Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b AP (1996-07-03). "Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c [2] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking ages set by the states". New York Times. June 27, 1984.
Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat. Magazine.loyola.edu (2009-08-18). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving. Drivingdrunk.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Maryland increases drinking age to 21". Gettysburg Times. Associated Press. February 26, 1982. p. 3.
Jump up ^ "Legal drinking age going up". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. April 15, 1979. p. 16A.
Jump up ^ "Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age". New York Times. February 18, 1979.
Jump up ^ Hingson, RW; Scotch, N; Mangione, T; Meyers, A; Glantz, L; Heeren, T; Lin, N; Mucatel, M; Pierce, G (1983). "Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20". American Journal of Public Health. 73 (2): 163–170. doi:10.2105/AJPH.73.2.163. PMC 1650505  . PMID 6849474.
Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender, January 4, 1972, "Drinking age lowered in Michigan" (ProQuest archive).
Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b Daily Collegian, March 16, 1979, "Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [3])
Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues, Legal Age in Minnesota, 2009. Leg.state.mn.us. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com, Pioneer Press, August 20, 2008 – B8 Editorial, "A lower legal drinking age?" [4] (twincities.com website)
Jump up ^ "Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit". Sarasota Herald=Tribune. Associated Press. June 28, 1971. p. 7B.
Jump up ^ "Drinking age opposed". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. October 23, 1975. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Platform plank: Dems want to lower drinking age to 18. Helenair.com (2008-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b New York Times, March 10, 1987, "Drinking age is fiery issue in West" (ProQuest archive).
^ Jump up to: a b "Drinking Age History", Nebraska Liquor Control Commission
Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu: Above the Law. The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ P.L. 1880, p.176.
Jump up ^ "P.L.1888, p.253." (PDF). rutgers.edu.
Jump up ^ Jersey, New (19 September 2017). "Compiled Statutes of New Jersey". Soney & Sage – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey". NYTimes.com. New Jersey. 1982-06-11. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Barbanel, Josh (May 28, 1984). "Raising New York Drinking Age to 21". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey". New York Times. June 11, 1982. Retrieved 2010-01-30. "New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4.
Jump up ^ "New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December". New York Times. June 19, 1985. Retrieved 2012-08-20. The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1.
Jump up ^ "North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5-01-08" (PDF). nd.gov.
Jump up ^ "Daily Kent Stater, Volume LIV, Number 15: 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate". dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. October 17, 1968. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON (Staff Writer) (August 23, 1982). "Daily Kent Stater, Volume III, Number 15: New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners". dks.library.kent.edu. Kent State University. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976)
Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976); Atlantic Economic Journal, Volume 13, Number 1 / March, 1985, "Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit" by Paul M. Sommers (SpringerLink online abstract)
Jump up ^ Daily Collegian, February 9, 1984, "Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age." (Penn State library ActivePaper online archive [5])
Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline. Ric.edu. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Sacramento Daily Union, Volume 85, Number 94: SOUTH CAROLINA'S LIQUOR LAW". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1893. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Dakota v. Dole". Oyez.org. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The home journal., April 27, 1881, Image 2: The Minor Liquor Law". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. Library of Congress. April 27, 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Brownsville daily herald., April 23, 1909, Image 4". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Lubbock avalanche., September 26, 1912, Image 9". chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. The Library of Congress. Retrieved February 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18? 2007. M.reporternews.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Winckler, Suzanne. "The Street of Vrrrrmmmms" (in "The Reporter"). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. ISSN 0148-7736. Start: p. 74. CITED: p. 76.
Jump up ^ "Drinking at Midd: past and present". Media.www.middleburycampus.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Legal Drinking Age". Abc.state.va.us. 1966-07-01. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash.?. Blog.seattlepi.com (2009-11-09). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972
Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995, "The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ "State Raises Drinking Age". New York Times. March 12, 1988.
Jump up ^ Knudson, Thomas J. "Drinking age is fiery issue in West". New York Times, March 10, 1987.
Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx
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Languages of South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the
Culture of South Africa
History
People
Languages[show]
Afrikaans
English
Ndebele
Northern Sotho
Sotho
Swazi
Tswana
Tsonga
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
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v
t
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Trilingual government building sign in Afrikaans, English, and Xhosa
Languages of South Africa (2011) [1]
Languages percent
Zulu
22.7%
Xhosa
16%
Afrikaans
13.5%
English
9.6%
Northern Sotho
9.1%
Tswana
8%
Sotho
7.6%
Tsonga
4.5%
Swazi
2.5%
Venda
2.4%
Ndebele
2.1%
SA Sign Language
0.5%
There are eleven official languages of South Africa: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. Fewer than two percent of South Africans speak a first language other than an official one.[2] Most South Africans can speak more than one language.[3] Dutch and English were the first official languages of South Africa from 1910 to 1925. Afrikaans was added as a part of Dutch in 1925, although in practice, Afrikaans effectively replaced Dutch, which fell into disuse. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, the official relationship changed such that Afrikaans was considered to include Dutch,[4] and Dutch was dropped in 1984, so between 1984 and 1994, South Africa had two official languages: English and Afrikaans.[5]
Different government departments and official bodies use different terms to denote Northern Sotho.[6][7] In South Africa, Southern Ndebele is known simply as Ndebele, as most speakers of Northern Ndebele live in Zimbabwe.
Since taking power in the 1994 election, the ANC has promoted English as the main language of government, even if South Africans often take pride in using indigenous languages for any purpose. Afrikaans also features prominently in commerce together with English, as the languages with the highest number of fluent speakers are Afrikaans and English.
In terms of linguistic classification, the official languages include two West Germanic languages (English and Afrikaans) and nine Southern Bantu languages. Four of these are Nguni languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Swati and Ndebele) and three are Sotho–Tswana languages (Northern Sotho, Southern Sotho, and Tswana). Tsonga is a Tswa–Ronga language.[8]
South African Sign Language is understood across the country, though sometimes sign-language interpreters use manually coded language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Language demographics
1.1 Other significant languages spoken in South Africa
2 Constitutional provisions
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Language demographics[edit]
Dominant languages in South Africa.
Afrikaans
English
Northern Sotho
Sesotho
Southern Ndebele
Swazi
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
None dominant
Proportion of the population that speaks an Nguni language as a first language.
0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
60–80%
80–100%
Density of first-language speakers of Nguni languages.
<1 /km²
1–3 /km²
3–10 /km²
10–30 /km²
30–100 /km²
100–300 /km²
300–1000 /km²
1000–3000 /km²
>3000 /km²
Proportion of the population that speaks a Sotho–Tswana language as a first language.
0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
60–80%
80–100%
Density of first-language speakers of Sotho–Tswana languages.
<1 /km²
1–3 /km²
3–10 /km²
10–30 /km²
30–100 /km²
100–300 /km²
300–1000 /km²
1000–3000 /km²
>3000 /km²
Proportion of the population that speaks a West Germanic language as a first language.
0–20%
20–40%
40–60%
60–80%
80–100%
Density of first-language speakers of West Germanic languages.
<1 /km²
1–3 /km²
3–10 /km²
10–30 /km²
30–100 /km²
100–300 /km²
300–1000 /km²
1000–3000 /km²
>3000 /km²
The most common language spoken as a first language by South Africans is Zulu (23 percent), followed by Xhosa (16 percent), and Afrikaans (14 percent). English is the fourth most common first language in the country (9.6%), but is understood in most urban areas and is the dominant language in government and the media.[9]
The majority of South Africans speak a language from one of the two principal branches of the Bantu languages represented in South Africa: the Sotho–Tswana branch (Sesotho, Northern Sotho, Tswana), or the Nguni branch (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Ndebele). For each of the two groups, the languages within that group are for the most part intelligible to a native speaker of any other language within that group.
The nine indigenous African languages of South Africa can be divided into two geographical zones, with Nguni languages being predominant in the south-eastern third of the country (Indian Ocean coast) and Sesotho languages being predominant in the northern third of the country located further inland, as also in Botswana and Lesotho. Gauteng is the most linguistically heterogeneous province, with roughly equal numbers of Nguni, Sesotho and Indo-European language speakers. This has resulted in the spread of an urban argot, Tsotsitaal, in large urban townships in the province.
Afrikaans, a language derived from Dutch, is the most widely spoken language in the western half of the country (Western and Northern Cape). It is spoken as first language by approximately 61 percent of whites and 76 percent of Coloured (multiracial) people in the country.[2] Afrikaans is also spoken widely across the centre and north of the country, as a second (or third or even fourth) language by Black South Africans living in farming areas.
The 2011 census recorded the following distribution of first language speakers:[2]
Language name
Speakers as a 1st language
English
Endonym
Count
Of population
Zulu isiZulu 11,587,374 22.7%
Xhosa isiXhosa 8,154,258 16.0%
Afrikaans Afrikaans 6,855,082 13.5%
English English 4,892,623 9.6%
Northern Sotho Sesotho sa Leboa 4,618,576 9.1%
Tswana Setswana 4,067,248 8.0%
Sesotho Sesotho 3,849,563 7.6%
Tsonga Xitsonga 2,277,148 4.5%
Swati siSwati 1,297,046 2.5%
Venda Tshivenḓa 1,209,388 2.4%
Ndebele isiNdebele 1,090,223 2.1%
SA Sign Language 234,655 0.5%
Other languages 828,258 1.6%
Total
50,961,443
100.0%
Language
2011
2001
Change (pp)
Zulu 22.7% 23.8% -1.1
Xhosa 16.0% 17.6% -1.6
Afrikaans 13.5% 13.3% +0.2
English 9.6% 8.2% +1.4
Northern Sotho 9.1% 9.4% -0.3
Tswana 8.0% 8.2% -0.2
Sesotho 7.6% 7.9% -0.3
Tsonga 4.5% 4.4% +0.1
Swati 2.5% 2.7% -0.2
Venda 2.4% 2.3% +0.1
Ndebele 2.1% 1.6% +0.5
SA Sign Language 0.5%
Other languages 1.6% 0.5% +1.1
Total
100.0%
100.0%
Other significant languages spoken in South Africa[edit]
Other languages spoken in South Africa, though not mentioned in the Constitution, include Fanagalo, Lobedu (Khilobedu), Northern Ndebele (Sindebele), Phuthi (Siphuthi). Lobedu has been variously claimed to be a dialect of Northern Sotho and an autonomous language. Fanagalo is a pidgin often used as a lingua franca in the mining industry.
Significant numbers of immigrants from Europe, elsewhere in Africa, and the Indian subcontinent means that a wide variety of other languages can also be found in parts of South Africa. In the older immigrant communities there are: Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Yiddish, Italian and smaller numbers of Dutch, French and German speakers.
These non-official languages may be used in limited semi-official use where it has been determined that these languages are prevalent. More importantly, these languages have significant local functions in specific communities whose identity is tightly bound around the linguistic and cultural identity that these non-official SA languages signal.
The fastest growing non-official language is Portuguese[citation needed] – first spoken by black and white settlers and refugees from Angola and Mozambique after they won independence from Portugal and now by more recent immigrants from those countries again – and increasingly French, spoken by immigrants and refugees from Francophone Central Africa.
More recently, speakers of North, Central and West Africa languages have arrived in South Africa, mostly in the major cities, especially in Johannesburg and Pretoria, but also Cape Town and Durban.
Constitutional provisions[edit]
Chapter 1 (Founding Provisions), Section 6 (Languages) of the Constitution of South Africa is the basis for government language policy.
The English text of the constitution signed by president Nelson Mandela on 16 December 1996 uses (mostly) the names of the languages expressed in those languages themselves. Sesotho refers to Southern Sotho, and isiNdebele refers to Southern Ndebele. Controversy surrounds the designation of Northern Sesotho as Sepedi (its main dialect) instead of the comprehensive Sesotho sa Leboa (which had been the wording in the Interim Constitution of 1993).[10] The spelling of Venda is also incorrectly rendered as Tshivenda instead of the correct Tshivenḓa.
The constitution mentions "sign language" in the generic sense rather than South African Sign Language specifically.
The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.
Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages.
(a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages.
(b) Municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents.
The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably.
A Pan South African Language Board established by national legislation must
(a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of -
(i) all official languages;
(ii) the Khoi, Nama and San languages; and
(iii) sign language; and
(b) promote and ensure respect for -
(i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Telugu, Tamil and Urdu; and
(ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa.
—  Constitution of the Republic of South Africa[11]
See also[edit]
South Africa portal
Languages portal
Official names of South Africa
Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Africa :: SOUTH AFRICA". CIA The World Factbook.
^ Jump up to: a b c Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. pp. 23–25. ISBN 9780621413885.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Mary (2018-03-06). "The 11 languages of South Africa - South Africa Gateway". South Africa Gateway. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
Jump up ^ The Official Languages of the Union Act, 1925 says Dutch includes Afrikaans; Article 119 of the constitution of 1961 says Afrikaans includes Dutch
Jump up ^ "Documents - Constitution - Republic of South Africa Constitution Act 110 of 1983". Info.gov.za. 2004-10-15. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
Jump up ^ Translate.org.za Newsletter 2006: Sesotho sa Leboa or Sepedi. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 6 September 2011[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Latest News | Department Of Arts and Culture" (PDF). Dac.gov.za. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "The 11 languages of South Africa - South Africa Gateway". South Africa Gateway. 2018-03-06. Retrieved 2018-03-12.
Jump up ^ The Economist, "Tongues under threat", 22 January 2011, p. 58.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act 200 of 1993". www.gov.za. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 - Chapter 1: Founding Provisions". www.gov.za. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
External links[edit]
Introduction to the languages of South Africa
Ethnologue Listing of South African Languages
PanAfriL10n page on South Africa
Statistics SA
Hornberger, Nancy H. "Language Policy, Language Education, Language Rights: Indigenous, Immigrant, and International Perspectives." Language in Society, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Dec., 1998), pp. 439–458
Alexander, Mary. The 11 languages of South Africa (January 2018)
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values: দক্ষিণ আফ্রিকার ভাষা – Bangla

values: Официални езици в Република Южна Африка – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zu
display: none;

values: ദക്ഷിണാഫ്രിക്കയിലെ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nov
display: none;

values: Языки Южно-Африканской Республики – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values: Languages of South Africa – Simple English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: Godki Republiki Połedńowyj Afriki – Silesian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Languages_of_South_Africa rootpage-Languages_of_South_Africa skin-vector action-view