text:
Solicitor General of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Solicitor General of India
Incumbent
Ranjit Kumar
since 7 June 2014
Seat
A-47, Kailash Colony, New Delhi[1]
Appointer
Appointments Committee of the Cabinet
Term length
3 years
Deputy
Additional Solicitors General of India
This article is part of a series on
Judiciary of India
Law of India
Administration[show]
Ministry of Justice
Department of Legal Affairs
Legislative Department
Department of Justice
Law Commission of India
Civil courts[show]
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
Judges of the Supreme Court
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
Judges of High Courts
District Courts/ Additional District Judge's Courts
Civil Judge (Sr. Division)'s Courts
Civil Judge (Jr. Division)'s Courts
Criminal courts[show]
Supreme Court of India
Chief Justice of India
Judges of the Supreme Court
High Courts of India
Chief Justices of High Courts of India
Judges of High Courts
Courts of Session/ Courts of Additional Sessions Judge
Courts of Assistant Sessions Judge
Chief Judicial Magistrate
Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
Judicial Magistrate of First Class/ Metropolitan Magistrate
Special Judicial Magistrate
Judicial Magistrate of Second Class
Executive Court[show]
Divisional Commissioner
District Magistrate/ Additional District Magistrate
Sub-Divisional Magistrate
Assistant Magistrate
Special Executive Magistrate
Legal profession[show]
Bar Council
Chairman (BCI)- Manan Kumar Mishra
Attorney General of India
Solicitor General of India
Additional Solicitor General of India
Advocates in India
All India Bar Examination
Legal education[show]
Legal education in India
Autonomous law schools in India
List of law schools in India
v
t
e
The Solicitor General of India is below the Attorney General for India, who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, and its primary lawyer in the Supreme Court of India. The Solicitor General of India is appointed for the period of 3 years. The Solicitor General of India is the secondary law officer of the country, assists the Attorney General, and is himself assisted by several Additional Solicitors General of India. Ranjit Kumar is the present Solicitor General who was appointed so on 7 June 2014[2] Like the Attorney General for India, the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General advise the Government and appear on behalf of the Union of India in terms of the Law Officers (Terms and Conditions) Rules, 1972.[3] However, unlike the post of Attorney General for India, which is a Constitutional post under Article 76 of the Constitution of India, the posts of the Solicitor General and the Additional Solicitors General are merely statutory. Appointments Committee of the Cabinet appoints the Solicitor General. Whereas Attorney General for India is appointed by the President under Article 76(1) of the Constitution, the solicitor general of India is appointed to assist the attorney general along with four additional solicitors general by the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet. The proposal for appointment of Solicitor General, Additional Solicitor General is generally moved at the, level of Joint secretary/Law Secretary in the Department of Legal Affairs and after obtaining the approval of the Minister of Law & Justice, the proposal is sent to the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet for its approval.
Contents
[hide]
1 Duties
2 Restrictions of private practice
3 Fee and allowances payable
4 Current Solicitor General and Additional Solicitors General
5 Former Solicitors General
6 Former Additional Solicitors General
7 Notes
8 External links
Duties[edit]
Duties of Solicitor General are laid out in Law Officers (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1987:[4]
to give advice to the Government of India upon such legal matters, and to perform such other duties of a legal character, as may from time to time, be referred or assigned to him by the Government of India.
to appear, whenever required, in the Supreme Court or in any High Court on behalf of the Government of India in cases (including suits, writ petitions, appeal and other proceedings) in which the Government of India is concerned as a party or is otherwise interested;
to represent the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution; and
to discharge such other functions as are conferred on a Law Officer by or under the Constitution or any other Law for the time being in force.
Restrictions of private practice[edit]
As law officers represent government of India, there are certain restrictions which are put on their private practice. A law officer is not allowed to:
hold briefs in any court for any party except the Government of India or the government of a State or any University, Government School or College, local authority, Public Service Commission, Port Trust, Port Commissioners, Government aided or Government managed hospitals, a Government company, any Corporation owned or controlled by the State, any body or institution in which the Government has a preponderating interest;
advice any party against the Government of India or a Public Sector Undertaking, or in cases in which he is likely to be called upon to advise, or appear for, the Government of India or a Public Sector Undertaking;
defend an accused person in a criminal prosecution, without the permission of the Government of India; or
accept appointment to any office in any company or corporation without the permission of the Government of India;
advise any Ministry or Department of Government of India or any statutory organisation or any Public Sector Undertaking unless the proposal or a reference in this regard is received through the Ministry of Law and Justice, Department of Legal Affairs.[4]
Fee and allowances payable[edit]
Fee and allowances payable to the law officers (including Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General) of the Government of India are as under:[5]
S.No.
Nomenclature of the item of work
Rates of fees payable for appearance and other work
(1) Suits, writ petitions, appeals and references under article 143 Rs. 16,000/- per case per day
(2) Special leave petitions and other applications Rs. 10,000/- per case per day
(3) Settling pleadings (including affidavits) Rs. 5,000/- per pleading
(4) Settling Statement of Case Rs. 6,000/- per case
(5) For giving opinions in statements of cases sent by the Ministry of Law Rs. 10,000/- per case
(6) For written submission before the Supreme Court, High Court, and Commissions of Inquiry or Tribunals and the like Rs. 10,000/- per case
(7) Appearance in Courts outside Delhi Rs. 40,000/- per day per case
In addition to the above fee payable for cases, a retainer fee is paid to the Attorney General of India, Solicitor General of India and the Additional Solicitors General at the rate of Rs. 50,000, Rs. 40,000, and Rs. 30,000 per month, respectively. Moreover, the Attorney General of India is also paid a sumptuary allowance of rupees four thousand per month, except during the period of his leave.
Current Solicitor General and Additional Solicitors General[edit]
The current Solicitor General of India and Additional Solicitors General as of 9 April 2015 are as follows:[6][7]
Solicitor General
Term
Ranjit Kumar 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Additional Solicitors General of India
Term
Maninder Singh 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Paramjit Singh Patwalia 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Tushar Mehta 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Neeraj Kishan Kaul 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha 7 June 2014 – 6 June 2017 (incumbent)
Pinky Anand 9 July 2014 – 8 July 2017 (incumbent)
Anil C Singh 9 July 2014 – 8 July 2017 (incumbent)
Sanjay Jain 23 July 2014 – 22 July 2017 (incumbent)
G.Rajagopalan 28 July 2014 – 27 July 2017 (incumbent)
Prabhuling K Navadgi 8 April 2015 - 7 April 2018 (incumbent)
Rajdeepak Rastogi 28 July 2014 – 27 July 2017 (incumbent)
Ashok Mehta 10 October 2014 – 09 October 2017 (incumbent)
Satya Pal Jain 8 April 2015 – 7 April 2018 (incumbent)
Former Solicitors General[edit]
The former Solicitors General for India were as follows:[7]
Solicitor General
Term
C.K.Daphtary 28 January 1950 – 1 March 1963
H.N. Sanyal 2 March 1963 – 9 September 1964
S.V. Gupta 10 September 1964 – 16 September 1967
Niren De 30 September 1967 – 30 October 1968
Jagadish Swarup 5 June 1969 – 4 June 1972
L.N. Sinha 17 July 1972 – 5 April 1977
S.N. Kacker 5 April 1977 – 2 August 1979
Soli Sorabjee 9 August 1979 – 25 January 1980
K. Parasaran 6 March 1980 – 8 August 1983
Milon K. Banerji 4 April 1986 – 3 April 1989
Ashok Desai 18 December 1989 – 2 December 1990
A.D. Giri 4 December 1990 – 1 December 1991
Dipankar P. Gupta 9 April 1992 – 10 April 1997
T R Andhyarujina 11 April 1997 – 4 April 1998
Nitte Santhosh Hegde 10 April 1998 – 7 January 1999
Harish Salve 1 November 1999 – 3 November 2002
Kirit Raval 4 November 2002 – 19 April 2004
G. E. Vahanvati 20 April 2004 – 7 June 2009
Gopal Subramaniam 15 June 2009 – 14 July 2011
Rohinton Nariman 23 July 2011 – 4 February 2013
Mohan Parasaran 2013–2014
Ranjit Kumar June 2014 -
Former Additional Solicitors General[edit]
The former Additional Solicitor General of India are as follows:[7]
Additional Solicitors General of India
Term
Fali S. Nariman May 1972– June 1975[8]
K K Venugopal
V.P. Raman
N. Santosh Hegde November 1989 – October 1990[9]
Kuldip Singh August 1987 – December 1988[10]
Kapil Sibal December 1989 – December 1990[11]
K.G. Bhagat
B. Dutta
Arun Jaitley 1989–1990
Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud 1998–2000
Madan B. Lokur July 1998 – February 1999[12]
R. Mohan July 2004– February 2009[13]
Amarendra Sharan August 2004– June 2009
Parag P Tripathi February 2008 – Jan 2012[14][15]
M. Chandrasekharan February 2008 – 2008[14][16]
Farook M Razack (Kolkata) July 2009 – July 2012[14]
Muthukrishnan Ravindran (Chennai) July 2009 – July 2012[14]
Darius J Khambatta (Mumbai) July 2009 – July 2012[14]
Muthukrishnan Ravindran (Chennai) July 2009 – July 2012[14]
Ashok Nigam (Allahabad) July 2009 – July 2012[14]
Bishwajit Bhattacharyya November 2009 – November 2012[17]
Rajeeve Mehra (Delhi)[18] July 2012 – June 2014[14]
P. P. Malhotra 2004-2014[19]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "LIST OF LAW OFFICERS". Ministry of Law and Justice. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Law Officers (Conditions of Service) Rules, 1987" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Law Officers (Condites, 1987" (PDF). Gazette of India. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fee and allowances payable to law officers" (PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "List of Law Officers (As on 9.4.2015)" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Solicitor general". Vakilno1.com. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Member Official Biography – N Rajya Sabha website.
Jump up ^ "Biodata of Justice Nitte Santosh Hegde" (PDF). Government of Karnataka website. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "Biodata of Justice Kuldip Singh". Supreme Court of India website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Biographical Sketch". Dod.nic.in. 8 August 1948. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Biodata of Chief Justice". High Court of Andhra Pradesh website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Additional Solicitor General Mohan dead". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 25 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "List of Law Officers". Ministry of Law and Justice website. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parag P. Tripathi Appointed as Additional Solicitor General of India". New Delhi, India: The Press Information Bureau. 5 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "M. Chandrasekharan Appointed Additional Solicitor General of India". New Delhi, India: The Press Information Bureau. 6 February 2008.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-reappoints-6-asgs/970977/
Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/P-P-Malhotra-appointed-ASG/articleshow/771147.cms?referral=PM
External links[edit]
Official website of Supreme Court of India
List of law officers of India
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solicitor_General_of_India&oldid=789643026"
Categories:
Solicitors General of India
Indian lawyers
Supreme Court of India
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from June 2016
Use Indian English from June 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 July 2017, at 16:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

values: padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;

value: sup

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India

values: List of sitting Judges of High Courts of India (page does not exist)

values: Civil Judge (Senior Division) (India) (page does not exist)

values: Civil Judge (Junior Division) (India) (page does not exist)

values: List of sitting judges of High Courts of India (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Courts_of_Session
mw-redirect
Courts of Session

values: Courts of Additional Sessions Judge (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Assistant Sessions Judge (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Chief Judicial Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Chief Metropolitan Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class

values: Courts of Special Judicial Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class

values:
/wiki/District_Magistrate
mw-redirect
District Magistrate

values: Additional District Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Assistant Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Special Executive Magistrate (page does not exist)

values: Advocates in India (page does not exist)

values: All India Bar Examination (page does not exist)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Attorney_General_for_India
mw-redirect
Attorney General for India

values: Edit section: Restrictions of private practice

values: List of public sector undertakings in India

values: Edit section: Fee and allowances payable

values: Edit section: Current Solicitor General and Additional Solicitors General

values:
/wiki/Anil_C_Singh
mw-redirect
Anil C Singh

values:
/wiki/T_R_Andhyarujina
mw-redirect
T R Andhyarujina

values:
/wiki/Nitte_Santhosh_Hegde
mw-redirect
Nitte Santhosh Hegde

values:
/wiki/G._E._Vahanvati
mw-redirect
G. E. Vahanvati

values:
/wiki/Gopal_Subramaniam
mw-redirect
Gopal Subramaniam

values:
/wiki/Rohinton_Nariman
mw-redirect
Rohinton Nariman

values: Edit section: Former Additional Solicitors General

values:
/wiki/Fali_S._Nariman
mw-redirect
Fali S. Nariman

values:
/wiki/K_K_Venugopal
mw-redirect
K K Venugopal

values:
/wiki/Madan_B._Lokur
mw-redirect
Madan B. Lokur

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lawmin.nic.in/la/lawofficers.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://sci.nic.in/constitution.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dod.nic.in/kapilsibalresume.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hc.ap.nic.in/aphc/cj.html

values:
/wiki/High_Court_of_Andhra_Pradesh
mw-redirect
High Court of Andhra Pradesh

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://lawmin.nic.in/la/lawofficers.htm

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in

values: Category:Use Indian English from June 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_India
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Solicitor_General_of_India rootpage-Solicitor_General_of_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Northernmost settlements
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2017)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Some of the northernmost settlements in the world are:
Location
Country
Latitude
Population
Public settlement?
Active?
Description
Barneo, Arctic Ocean Ice Sheet None
(International waters) 88°11' N 100 no yes Latitude as of April 2009 (varies), Russian Ice Camp, populated in summer only
Alert, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 82°28' N 74 no yes Northernmost place with a permanent (year-round) population; military and research station [1]
Wandel Dal Settlements, Pearyland Greenland
( Denmark) 82°15' N 0 yes no A group of more than 20 archeological sites, among them several former permanent settlements
Brønlundhus Greenland
( Denmark) 82°11' N 0 no no Former exploration base, 1947 to 1950
Kap Harald Moltke Greenland
( Denmark) 82°10' N 0 no no Former exploration base
Fort Conger, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 81°44' N 0 no no Former exploration camp, 1881 to 1883 and 1957 to 1958
Nord Greenland
( Denmark) 81°43' N 4 no yes Military and scientific base
Nagurskoye, Franz Josef Land Russia 80°48' N 52[1] no yes Border guard facility and meteorological station
Krenkel, Franz Josef Land Russia 80°37' N 7 no yes Meteorological station
Tikhaya Bay, Franz Josef Land Russia 80°20' N 0 no no Former weather station
Eureka, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 79°59' N 0 no yes Scientific station
Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 79°58' N 0 no no Former Royal Canadian Mounted Police station
Ytre Norskøya, Svalbard Norway 79°51'20" N 0 no no Former Dutch whaling station, 1620s to 1670
Smeerenburg, Amsterdam Island, Svalbard Norway 79°43'54" N 0 no no Former Danish–Dutch whaling station, 1619 to 1657
Harlingen kokerij, Danes Island, Svalbard Norway 79°43'24" N 0 no no Former Dutch whaling station, 1636 to 1662
Kobbefjorden, Danes Island, Svalbard Norway 79°41'42" N 0 no no Former Danish whaling station, 1631 to 1658
Golomyanniy, Sredniy Island, Severnaya Zemlya Russia 79°33' N 3 no yes Meteorological station
Qaqaitsut, Eastern Inglefield Land, NW Greenland
( Denmark) ca. 79°07'17.14 N 0 yes no Hunting station and former permanent settlement
Inuarfissuaq, Central Inglefield Land, NW Greenland
( Denmark) 78°55' N 0 yes no Former hunting station or permanent settlement
Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Norway 78°55' N 35 yes yes Northernmost functional settlement; home to the northernmost post office
Isachsen, Nunavut, Ellef Ringnes Island Canada 78°47' N 0 no no Former research station, 1948 to 1978
Pyramiden (Russian), Svalbard Norway 78°39' N winter 3-4
summer 15 yes yes Former settlement, 1910 to 1998/2000. Peak population over 1200. Now a ghost city for tourists with hotel established in 2013.
Annoatok Greenland
( Denmark) 78°33' N 0 yes no Former hunting station
Etah Greenland
( Denmark) 78°19' N 0 yes no Hunting station and former permanent settlement
Longyearbyen, Svalbard Norway 78°12' N 2,040 yes yes Northernmost settlement with a permanent population of over 1,000
Barentsburg (Russian), Svalbard Norway 78°04' N 435 yes yes Settlement
North Ice Greenland
( Denmark) 78°04' N 0 no no Former research station, 1952 to 1954
Sveagruva, Svalbard Norway 77°55' N 200 yes yes Settlement
Siorapaluk Greenland
( Denmark) 77°47' N 87 yes yes Northernmost settlement in North America and in Greenland
Qaanaaq (Thule) Greenland
( Denmark) 77°30' N 640 yes yes Settlement
Grise Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 76°25' N 163 yes yes Northernmost settlement in Canada
Mould Bay, Prince Patrick Island, Northwest Territories Canada 76°18' N 0 no no Former meteorological station, 1948 to 1997
Craig Harbour, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut Canada 76°13' N 0 yes no Former settlement
Resolute, Cornwallis Island, Nunavut Canada 74°41' N 215 yes yes Settlement
Dundas Harbour, Devon Island, Nunavut Canada 74°39' N 0 yes no Former settlement, 1924 to 1951
Kullorsuaq Greenland
( Denmark) 74°34' N 448 yes yes Settlement
Nordvik, Sakha Republic Russia 74°01' N 0 yes no Former settlement and penal colony, 1933 to 1956
Dikson, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 73°30' N 690 yes yes Northernmost settlement in Russia, closed town
Syndassko, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 73°15' N 496 yes yes Settlement
Innaarsuit Greenland
( Denmark) 73°11' N 153 yes yes Settlement
Arctic Bay, Baffin Island Canada 73°02' N 646 yes yes Settlement
Ust-Olenyok, Sakha Republic Russia 72°59' N 80 yes yes Settlement
Novorybnaya, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 72°50' N 556 yes yes Settlement
Yuryung-Khaya, Sakha Republic Russia 72°48' N 1,148 yes yes Settlement
Upernavik Greenland
( Denmark) 72°47' N 1,144 yes yes Settlement
Pond Inlet, Baffin Island Canada 72°42' N 1,220 yes yes Settlement
Taymylyr, Sakha Republic Russia 72°37' N 757 yes yes Settlement
Zhdaniha, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 72°10' N 205 yes yes Settlement
Bykovskiy, Sakha Republic Russia 72°00' N 517 yes yes Settlement
Khatanga, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°59' N 2,645 yes yes Settlement
Sachs Harbour, Northwest Territories Canada 71°59' N 122 yes yes Settlement
Ushakovskoye, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug Russia 71°59' N 0 yes yes Former settlement on Wrangel Island. Now used as nature reserve HQ
Saskylakh, Sakha Republic Russia 71°57' N 2,317 yes yes Settlement
Kresty, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°54' N 274 yes yes Settlement
Tyumyati, Sakha Republic Russia 71°54' N 10 yes yes Settlement
Popigay, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°53' N 334 yes yes Settlement
Yukagir, Sakha Republic Russia 71°46' N 128 yes yes Settlement
Novaya, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°45' N 313 yes yes Settlement
Vorontsovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°41' N 253 yes yes Settlement
Tiksi, Sakha Republic Russia 71°39' N 4,873 yes yes Settlement
Rogachevo, Novaya Zemlya Russia 71°36' N 457 yes yes Settlement
Kheta, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°34' N 368 yes yes Settlement
Belushya Guba, Novaya Zemlya Russia 71°32' N 1,972 yes yes Main settlement on Novaya Zemlaya
Kayak, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°30' N 128 yes yes Settlement
Nizhneyansk, Sakha Republic Russia 71°26' N 391 yes yes Settlement
Barrow, Alaska United States 71°18' N 4,581 yes yes Northernmost settlement in the United States
Katyryk, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 71°16' N 334 yes yes Settlement
Skarsvåg, Finnmark Norway 71°08' N 141 yes yes Northernmost settlement in Norway proper
Russkoye Ustye, Sakha Republic Russia 71°07' N 157 yes yes Settlement
Mehamn, Gamvik, Finnmark Norway 71°02' N 900 yes yes Settlement
Honningsvåg, Finnmark Norway 70°58' N 2,575 yes yes City
Volochanka, Krasnoyarsk Krai Russia 70°58' N 540 yes yes Settlement
Ust-Yansk, Sakha Republic Russia 70°54' N 317 yes yes Settlement
Guyda, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Russia 70°53' N 3,331 yes yes Settlement
Naiba, Sakha Republic Russia 70°50' N 522 yes yes Settlement
Khayyr, Sakha Republic Russia 70°48' N 397 yes yes Settlement
Kazache, Sakha Republic Russia 70°45' N 1,453 yes yes Settlement
Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories Canada 70°44'N 402 yes yes Settlement
Kyusyur, Sakha Republic Russia 70°41' N 1,345 yes yes Settlement
Hammerfest, Finnmark Norway 70°39' N 7,119 yes yes City
Chokurdakh, Sakha Republic Russia 70°37' N 2,105 yes yes Settlement
Deadhorse, Alaska United States 70°12' N 3,000 yes yes Northernmost point on Western Hemisphere road network
Nuorgam, Lapland Finland 70°05' N 200 yes yes Northernmost settlement in Finland and European Union
Contents
[hide]
1 Cities and towns
2 Larger cities
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Cities and towns[edit]
This is a list of the northernmost cities and towns in the world.
City/town
Population
Latitude/longitude
Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway 35 78°55′30″N 011°55′20″E / 78.92500°N 11.92222°E / 78.92500; 11.92222
Pyramiden (Russian), Svalbard, Norway 4–15 78°39′22″N 016°19′30″E / 78.65611°N 16.32500°E / 78.65611; 16.32500
Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway 2,075 78°13′00″N 015°33′00″E / 78.21667°N 15.55000°E / 78.21667; 15.55000
Barentsburg (Russian), Svalbard, Norway 470 78°04′00″N 014°13′00″E / 78.06667°N 14.21667°E / 78.06667; 14.21667
Qaanaaq, Greenland, Denmark 656 77°29′N 69°20′W / 77.483°N 69.333°W / 77.483; -69.333
Grise Fiord, Ellesmere Island, Canada 130 76°25′N 82°53′W / 76.417°N 82.883°W / 76.417; -82.883
Resolute, Cornwallis Island, Canada 229 74°41′N 094°49′W / 74.683°N 94.817°W / 74.683; -94.817
Dikson, Russia 676 73°30′N 80°31′E / 73.500°N 80.517°E / 73.500; 80.517
Innaarsuit, Greenland, Denmark 153 73°11′N 56°00′E / 73.183°N 56.000°E / 73.183; 56.000
Arctic Bay, Baffin Island, Canada 823 73°02′11″N 085°09′09″W / 73.03639°N 85.15250°W / 73.03639; -85.15250
Upernavik, Greenland, Denmark 1,182 72°47′N 56°09′W / 72.783°N 56.150°W / 72.783; -56.150
Bykovsky, Russia 517 72°01′N 129°06′E / 72.017°N 129.100°E / 72.017; 129.100
Khatanga, Russia 2,450 71°58′N 102°28′E / 71.967°N 102.467°E / 71.967; 102.467
Yukagir, Russia 154 71°45′N 139°53′E / 71.750°N 139.883°E / 71.750; 139.883
Tiksi, Russia 5,063 71°39′N 128°48′E / 71.650°N 128.800°E / 71.650; 128.800
Belushya Guba, Russia 1,972 71°33′N 52°19′E / 71.550°N 52.317°E / 71.550; 52.317
Nizhneyansk, Russia 391 71°26′N 136°04′E / 71.433°N 136.067°E / 71.433; 136.067
Barrow, Alaska, United States 4,212 71°18′N 156°44′W / 71.300°N 156.733°W / 71.300; -156.733
Honningsvåg, Norway 2,436 70°58′N 25°58′E / 70.967°N 25.967°E / 70.967; 25.967
Berlevåg, Norway 948 70°51′N 29°05′E / 70.850°N 29.083°E / 70.850; 29.083
Uummannaq, Greenland, Denmark 1,282 70°40′N 52°07′W / 70.667°N 52.117°W / 70.667; -52.117
Hammerfest, Norway 7,568 70°39′N 23°41′E / 70.650°N 23.683°E / 70.650; 23.683
Chokurdakh, Russia 2,367 70°38′N 147°55′E / 70.633°N 147.917°E / 70.633; 147.917
Båtsfjord, Norway 2,069 70°38′N 29°43′E / 70.633°N 29.717°E / 70.633; 29.717
Wainwright, Alaska, United States 556 70°38′N 160°00′W / 70.633°N 160.000°W / 70.633; -160.000
Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland, Denmark 452 70°29′N 21°58′W / 70.483°N 21.967°W / 70.483; -21.967
Atqasuk, Alaska, United States 233 70°28′N 157°25′W / 70.467°N 157.417°W / 70.467; -157.417
Vardø, Norway 1,930 70°22′N 31°06′E / 70.367°N 31.100°E / 70.367; 31.100
Nuiqsut, Alaska, United States 367 70°12′N 151°00′W / 70.200°N 151.000°W / 70.200; -151.000
Deadhorse, Alaska, United States 3,000 70°12′N 148°30′W / 70.200°N 148.500°W / 70.200; -148.500
Kaktovik, Alaska, United States 258 70°07′N 143°36′W / 70.117°N 143.600°W / 70.117; -143.600
Vadsø, Norway 5,010 70°04′N 20°44′E / 70.067°N 20.733°E / 70.067; 20.733
Lakselv, Norway 2,145 70°03′N 24°57′E / 70.050°N 24.950°E / 70.050; 24.950
Skjervøy, Norway 2,316 70°02′N 20°58′E / 70.033°N 20.967°E / 70.033; 20.967
Alta, Norway 14,272 69°58′N 23°17′E / 69.967°N 23.283°E / 69.967; 23.283
Utsjoki, Finland 1,265 69°54′N 027°01′E / 69.900°N 27.017°E / 69.900; 27.017
Kirkenes, Norway 3,272 69°43′N 30°03′E / 69.717°N 30.050°E / 69.717; 30.050
Pevek, Russia 4,368 69°42′N 170°17′E / 69.700°N 170.283°E / 69.700; 170.283
Bjørnevatn, Norway 2,378 69°40′N 29°58′E / 69.667°N 29.967°E / 69.667; 29.967
Tromsø, Norway 71,295 69°39′N 18°57′E / 69.650°N 18.950°E / 69.650; 18.950
Pechenga, Russia 2,926 69°33′N 31°13′E / 69.550°N 31.217°E / 69.550; 31.217
Taloyoak, Canada 1,029 69°32′N 093°31′W / 69.533°N 93.517°W / 69.533; -93.517
Tuktoyaktuk, Canada 854 69°26′N 133°2′W / 69.433°N 133.033°W / 69.433; -133.033
Zapolyarny, Russia 18,000 69°25′N 30°48′E / 69.417°N 30.800°E / 69.417; 30.800
Dudinka, Russia 22,175 69°24′N 86°11′E / 69.400°N 86.183°E / 69.400; 86.183
Nikel, Russia 15,259 69°24′N 30°13′E / 69.400°N 30.217°E / 69.400; 30.217
Paulatuk, Canada 313 69°23′N 123°58′E / 69.383°N 123.967°E / 69.383; 123.967
Zaozyorsk, Russia 13,351 69°23′N 32°26′E / 69.383°N 32.433°E / 69.383; 32.433
Norilsk, Russia 175,365 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E / 69.333; 88.217
Vidyayevo, Russia 7,062 69°19′N 32°48′E / 69.317°N 32.800°E / 69.317; 32.800
Andenes, Norway 2,611 69°19′N 16°08′E / 69.317°N 16.133°E / 69.317; 16.133
Gadzhiyevo, Russia 12,856 69°15′N 33°21′E / 69.250°N 33.350°E / 69.250; 33.350
Qeqertarsuaq, Greenland, Denmark 979 69°14′N 53°33′W / 69.233°N 53.550°W / 69.233; -53.550
Ilulissat, Greenland, Denmark 4,585 69°13′N 51°06′W / 69.217°N 51.100°W / 69.217; -51.100
Finnsnes, Norway 4,145 69°13′N 17°58′E / 69.217°N 17.967°E / 69.217; 17.967
Polyarny, Russia 16,468 69°12′N 33°27′E / 69.200°N 33.450°E / 69.200; 33.450
Snezhnogorsk, Russia 14,330 69°11′N 33°13′E / 69.183°N 33.217°E / 69.183; 33.217
Severomorsk, Russia 50,060 69°04′N 33°25′E / 69.067°N 33.417°E / 69.067; 33.417
Kilpisjärvi, Enontekiö, Finland 114 69°02′57″N 20°47′40″E / 69.04917°N 20.79444°E / 69.04917; 20.79444
Murmansk, Russia 307,257 68°57′N 33°04′E / 68.950°N 33.067°E / 68.950; 33.067
Inari (village), Inari, Finland 507 68°54′20″N 27°01′40″E / 68.90556°N 27.02778°E / 68.90556; 27.02778
Kola, Russia 10,545 68°52′N 33°01′E / 68.867°N 33.017°E / 68.867; 33.017
Setermoen, Norway 2,488 68°51′N 18°20′E / 68.850°N 18.333°E / 68.850; 18.333
Murmashi, Russia 15,618 68°49′N 32°49′E / 68.817°N 32.817°E / 68.817; 32.817
Qasigiannguit, Greenland, Denmark 1,124 68°49′N 51°11′W / 68.817°N 51.183°W / 68.817; -51.183
Harstad, Norway 19,470 68°47′N 16°32′E / 68.783°N 16.533°E / 68.783; 16.533
Chersky, Russia 3,194 68°45′N 161°18′E / 68.750°N 161.300°E / 68.750; 161.300
Aasiaat, Greenland, Denmark 2,853 68°43′N 52°39′W / 68.717°N 52.650°W / 68.717; -52.650
Sortland, Norway 4,623 68°41′N 15°24′E / 68.683°N 15.400°E / 68.683; 15.400
Ivalo, Finland 4,000 68°39′N 27°33′E / 68.650°N 27.550°E / 68.650; 27.550
Stokmarknes, Norway 3,125 68°33′N 14°54′E / 68.550°N 14.900°E / 68.550; 14.900
Melbu, Norway 2,157 68°30′N 14°50′E / 68.500°N 14.833°E / 68.500; 14.833
Narvik, Norway 13,958 68°26′N 17°25′E / 68.433°N 17.417°E / 68.433; 17.417
Kaaresuvanto, Enontekiö, Finland 140 68°26′57″N 022°29′04″E / 68.44917°N 22.48444°E / 68.44917; 22.48444
Karesuando, Sweden 303 68°26′N 22°28′E / 68.433°N 22.467°E / 68.433; 22.467
Hetta, Enontekiö, Finland 800 68°23′N 023°39′E / 68.383°N 23.650°E / 68.383; 23.650
Inuvik, Canada 3,463 68°21′N 133°43′W / 68.350°N 133.717°W / 68.350; -133.717
Point Hope, Alaska, United States 668 68°20′N 166°45′W / 68.333°N 166.750°W / 68.333; -166.750
Kangaatsiaq, Greenland, Denmark 654 68°18′N 53°27′W / 68.300°N 53.450°W / 68.300; -53.450
Svolvær, Norway 4,164 68°14′N 14°34′E / 68.233°N 14.567°E / 68.233; 14.567
Olenegorsk, Russia 22,856 68°09′N 33°17′E / 68.150°N 33.283°E / 68.150; 33.283
Leknes, Norway 2,652 68°08′N 13°36′E / 68.133°N 13.600°E / 68.133; 13.600
Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska, USA 249 68°08′N 151°44′W / 68.133°N 151.733°W / 68.133; -151.733
Bilibino, Russia 5,640 68°03′N 166°27′E / 68.050°N 166.450°E / 68.050; 166.450
Ostrovnoy, Russia 4,240 68°03′N 39°30′E / 68.050°N 39.500°E / 68.050; 39.500
Lovozero, Russia 3,100 68°00′N 35°03′E / 68.000°N 35.050°E / 68.000; 35.050
Muonio, Finland 2,365 67°57.5′N 023°41′E / 67.9583°N 23.683°E / 67.9583; 23.683
Kiruna, Sweden 18,148 67°51′N 20°13′E / 67.850°N 20.217°E / 67.850; 20.217
Kittilä, Finland 6,399 67°39′N 024°54.5′E / 67.650°N 24.9083°E / 67.650; 24.9083
Naryan-Mar, Russia 21,658 67°38′N 53°03′E / 67.633°N 53.050°E / 67.633; 53.050
Apatity, Russia 59,672 67°34′N 33°24′E / 67.567°N 33.400°E / 67.567; 33.400
Vorkuta, Russia 70,548 67°30′N 64°02′E / 67.500°N 64.033°E / 67.500; 64.033
Sodankylä, Finland 8,809 67°25′N 26°35′E / 67.417°N 26.583°E / 67.417; 26.583
Kolari, Finland 3,795 67°19′50″N 023°46′40″E / 67.33056°N 23.77778°E / 67.33056; 23.77778
Bodø, Norway 49,654 67°16′N 14°24′E / 67.267°N 14.400°E / 67.267; 14.400
Fauske, Norway 9,582 67°15′N 15°23′E / 67.250°N 15.383°E / 67.250; 15.383
Kandalaksha, Russia 35,654 67°09′N 32°24′E / 67.150°N 32.400°E / 67.150; 32.400
Gällivare, Sweden 8,449 67°07′N 20°45′E / 67.117°N 20.750°E / 67.117; 20.750
Weather station/military base not a public community.
Larger cities[edit]
Northernmost cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants.
City
Population
Latitude/longitude
Norilsk, Russia 175,365 69°20′N 88°13′E / 69.333°N 88.217°E / 69.333; 88.217
Murmansk, Russia 307,257 68°58′N 33°05′E / 68.967°N 33.083°E / 68.967; 33.083
Novy Urengoy, Russia 118,378 66°04′N 76°37′E / 66.067°N 76.617°E / 66.067; 76.617
Oulu, Finland 140,579 65°00′N 25°26′E / 65.000°N 25.433°E / 65.000; 25.433
Severodvinsk, Russia 191,369 64°34′N 39°49′E / 64.567°N 39.817°E / 64.567; 39.817
Arkhangelsk, Russia 348,740 64°32′N 40°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E / 64.533; 40.533
Reykjavík, Iceland 202,341 64°08′N 21°56′W / 64.133°N 21.933°W / 64.133; -21.933
Umeå, Sweden 121,032 63°49′N 20°16′E / 63.817°N 20.267°E / 63.817; 20.267
Ukhta, Russia 127,100 63°34′N 53°42′E / 63.567°N 53.700°E / 63.567; 53.700
Trondheim, Norway 182,000 63°25′N 10°23′E / 63.417°N 10.383°E / 63.417; 10.383
Noyabrsk, Russia 110,373 63°12′N 75°27′E / 63.200°N 75.450°E / 63.200; 75.450
Kuopio, Finland 112,158 62°53′N 27°40′E / 62.883°N 27.667°E / 62.883; 27.667
Jyväskylä, Finland 129,777 62°14′N 25°44′E / 62.233°N 25.733°E / 62.233; 25.733
Yakutsk, Russia 255,784 62°02′N 129°44′E / 62.033°N 129.733°E / 62.033; 129.733
Petrozavodsk, Russia 298,784 61°47′N 34°21′E / 61.783°N 34.350°E / 61.783; 34.350
Syktyvkar, Russia 230,980 61°40′N 50°49′E / 61.667°N 50.817°E / 61.667; 50.817
Tampere, Finland 211,691 61°29′N 23°45′E / 61.483°N 23.750°E / 61.483; 23.750
Surgut, Russia 298,500 61°16′N 73°24′E / 61.267°N 73.400°E / 61.267; 73.400
Anchorage, Alaska, United States 291,826 61°13′N 149°53′W / 61.217°N 149.883°W / 61.217; -149.883
Nefteyugansk, Russia 122,855 61°05′N 72°42′E / 61.083°N 72.700°E / 61.083; 72.700
Lahti, Finland 118,885 60°59′N 025°39′E / 60.983°N 25.650°E / 60.983; 25.650
Turku, Finland 186,030 60°27′N 022°16′E / 60.450°N 22.267°E / 60.450; 22.267
Bergen, Norway 252,051 60°23′33″N 005°19′24″E / 60.39250°N 5.32333°E / 60.39250; 5.32333
Northernmost cities with more than 250,000 inhabitants.
City
Population
Latitude/longitude
Murmansk, Russia 307,257 68°58′N 33°05′E / 68.967°N 33.083°E / 68.967; 33.083
Arkhangelsk, Russia 348,740 64°32′N 40°32′E / 64.533°N 40.533°E / 64.533; 40.533
Yakutsk, Russia 255,784 62°02′N 129°44′E / 62.033°N 129.733°E / 62.033; 129.733
Petrozavodsk, Russia 298,784 61°47′N 34°21′E / 61.783°N 34.350°E / 61.783; 34.350
Surgut, Russia 298,500 61°16′N 73°24′E / 61.267°N 73.400°E / 61.267; 73.400
Anchorage, Alaska, United States 291,826 61°13′N 149°53′W / 61.217°N 149.883°W / 61.217; -149.883
Bergen, Norway 271,949 60°23′33″N 005°19′24″E / 60.39250°N 5.32333°E / 60.39250; 5.32333
Espoo, Finland 270,416 60°12′20″N 024°39′20″E / 60.20556°N 24.65556°E / 60.20556; 24.65556
Helsinki, Finland 621,863 60°10′15″N 024°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E / 60.17083; 24.93750
See also[edit]
Southernmost settlements
Extreme points of Earth
List of northernmost items
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany. "ARKTIS: Reich in der Kälte".
External links[edit]
Up Here Magazine, 'explore Canada's far north'
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northernmost_settlements&oldid=819135683"
Categories:
Populated places in the Arctic
Populated places of Arctic Russia
Lists by region
Extreme points of Earth
Hidden categories:
Articles that may contain original research from January 2016
All articles that may contain original research
Articles needing additional references from August 2016
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Azərbaycanca
Čeština
Deutsch
Español
Français
Lietuvių
Nederlands
Norsk
Português
Русский
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 January 2018, at 17:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

attrs: class href

attrs: href title

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Wandel Dal Settlements (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Isachsen,_Nunavut
mw-redirect
Isachsen, Nunavut

values:
/wiki/Grise_Fiord,_Nunavut
mw-redirect
Grise Fiord, Nunavut

values:
/wiki/Craig_Harbour,_Nunavut
mw-redirect
Craig Harbour, Nunavut

values:
/wiki/Nordvik_(port)
mw-redirect
Nordvik (port)

values:
/wiki/Khatanga_(village)
mw-redirect
Khatanga (village)

values: Novaya, Taymyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky District, Krasnoyarsk Krai (page does not exist)

values: Vorontsovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai (page does not exist)

attrs: data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Kola_(town)
mw-redirect
Kola (town)

values:
/wiki/Chersky_(settlement)
mw-redirect
Chersky (settlement)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uphere.ca/node/36

values: Category:Populated places of Arctic Russia

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2016

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2016

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Northernmost_settlements
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Ən şimalda yerləşən yaşayış məntəqələri – Azerbaijani

values: Seznam nejsevernějších osad na světě – Czech

values: Liste des lieux habités les plus au nord du monde – French

values: Verdens nordligste bosetninger – Norwegian

values: Lista de localidades mais setentrionais – Portuguese

values: Самые северные поселения в мире – Russian

values: Найпівнічніші поселення у світі – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Northernmost_settlements rootpage-Northernmost_settlements skin-vector action-view


text:
Self-ionization of water
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Acids and bases
pH
Reaction
Titration
Extraction
Dissociation constant (acid)
Acid strength
Acidity function
Buffer solutions
Proton affinity
Self-ionization of water
Amphoterism
Acid types
Brønsted
Lewis
Mineral
Organic
Strong
Superacids
Weak
Monobasic acid
Dibasic acid
Tribasic acid
Solid
Base types
Brønsted
Lewis
Organic
Strong
Superbases
Non-nucleophilic
Weak
v
t
e
The self-ionization of water (also autoionization of water, and autodissociation of water) is an ionization reaction in pure water or in an aqueous solution, in which a water molecule, H2O, deprotonates (loses the nucleus of one of its hydrogen atoms) to become a hydroxide ion, OH−. The hydrogen nucleus, H+, immediately protonates another water molecule to form hydronium, H3O+. It is an example of autoprotolysis, and exemplifies the amphoteric nature of water.
Contents
[hide]
1 Equilibrium constant
2 Dependence on temperature, pressure and ionic strength
3 Isotope effects
3.1 Ionization equilibria in water–heavy water mixtures
4 Mechanism
5 Relationship with the neutral point of water
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Equilibrium constant[edit]
Chemically pure water has an electrical conductivity of 0.055 µS/cm. According to the theories of Svante Arrhenius, this must be due to the presence of ions. The ions are produced by the self-ionization reaction
H2O + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH−
This equilibrium applies to pure water and any aqueous solution.
Expressed with chemical activities a, instead of concentrations, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the water ionization reaction is:
K e q = a H 3 O + ⋅ a O H − a H 2 O 2 {\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}={\frac {a_{\rm {H_{3}O^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OH^{-}}}}{a_{\rm {H_{2}O}}^{2}}}}
which is numerically equal to the more traditional thermodynamic equilibrium constant written as:
K e q = a H + ⋅ a O H − a H 2 O {\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}={\frac {a_{\rm {H^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OH^{-}}}}{a_{\rm {H_{2}O}}}}}
under the assumption that the sum of the chemical potentials of H+ and H3O+ is formally equal to twice the chemical potential of H2O at the same temperature and pressure.[1]
Because most acid–base solutions are typically very dilute, the activity of water is generally approximated as being equal to unity, which allows the ionic product of water to be expressed as:[2]
K e q ≈ a H 3 O + ⋅ a O H − {\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}\approx a_{\rm {H_{3}O^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OH^{-}}}}
In dilute aqueous solutions, the activities of the solute particles are approximately equal to their concentrations. Thus, the ionization constant, dissociation constant, self-ionization constant, or ionic product of water, symbolized by Kw, may be given by:
K w = [ H 3 O + ] [ O H − ] {\displaystyle K_{\rm {w}}=[{\rm {H_{3}O^{+}}}][{\rm {OH^{-}}}]}
where [H3O+] is the molality (≈molar concentration)[3] of hydrogen or hydronium ion, and [OH−] is the concentration of hydroxide ion. When the equilibrium constant is written as a product of concentrations (as opposed to activities) it is necessary to make corrections to the value of K w {\displaystyle K_{\rm {w}}} depending on ionic strength and other factors (see below).[4]
At 25 °C and zero ionic strength, Kw is equal to 6986100000000000000♠1.0×10−14. Note that as with all equilibrium constants, the result is dimensionless because the concentration is in fact a concentration relative to the standard state, which for H+ and OH− are both defined to be 1 molal (or molar). For most practical purposes, the molal and molar concentrations are equal near the ambient temperature and pressure. The molal concentration scale results in concentration values which account for density changes with temperature or pressure changes; therefore, it is the scale used in precise or nonambient applications, e.g., for seawater,[3] or at elevated temperatures, like those in thermal power plants.
We can also define pKw = −log10 Kw = 14 at 25 °C. This is analogous to the notations pH and pKa for an acid dissociation constant, where the symbol p denotes a cologarithm. The logarithmic form of the equilibrium constant equation is pKw = pH + pOH.
Dependence on temperature, pressure and ionic strength[edit]
Temperature dependence of the water ionization constant at 25 MPa
Pressure dependence of the water ionization constant at 25 °C
Variation of pKw with ionic strength of NaCl solutions at 25 °C
The dependence of the water ionization on temperature and pressure has been investigated thoroughly.[5] The value of pKw decreases as temperature increases from the melting point of ice to a minimum at c. 250 °C, after which it increases up to the critical point of water c. 374 °C. It decreases with increasing pressure.
pKw values for liquid water.[6]
Temperature
Pressure[7]
pKw
0 °C 0.10 MPa 14.95
25 °C 0.10 MPa 13.99
50 °C 0.10 MPa 13.26
75 °C 0.10 MPa 12.70
100 °C 0.10 MPa 12.25
150 °C 0.47 MPa 11.64
200 °C 1.5 MPa 11.31
250 °C 4.0 MPa 11.20
300 °C 8.7 MPa 11.34
350 °C 17 MPa 11.92
With electrolyte solutions, the value of pKw is dependent on ionic strength of the electrolyte. Values for sodium chloride are typical for a 1:1 electrolyte. With 1:2 electrolytes, MX2, pKw decreases with increasing ionic strength.[8]
The value of Kw is usually of interest in the liquid phase. Example values for superheated steam (gas) and supercritical water fluid are given in the table.
Comparison of pKw values for liquid water, superheated steam, and supercritical water.[1]
Temp.
Pressure
350 °C
400 °C
450 °C
500 °C
600 °C
800 °C
0.1 MPa
47.961b 47.873b 47.638b 46.384b 40.785b
17 MPa
11.920 (liquid)a
25 MPa
11.551 (liquid)c 16.566 18.135 18.758 19.425 20.113
100 MPa
10.600 (liquid)c 10.744 11.005 11.381 12.296 13.544
1000 MPa
8.311 (liquid)c 8.178 8.084 8.019 7.952 7.957
Notes to the table. The values are for supercritical fluid except those marked: a at saturation pressure corresponding to 350 °C. b superheated steam. c compressed or subcooled liquid.
Isotope effects[edit]
Heavy water, D2O, self-ionizes less than normal water, H2O;
D2O + D2O ⇌ D3O+ + OD−
This is attributed to oxygen forming a slightly stronger bond to deuterium because the larger mass of deuterium results in a lower zero-point energy, a quantum mechanical effect analogous to the kinetic isotope effect.
Expressed with activities a, instead of concentrations, the thermodynamic equilibrium constant for the heavy water ionization reaction is:
K e q = a D 3 O + ⋅ a O D − a D 2 O 2 {\displaystyle K_{\rm {eq}}={\frac {a_{\rm {D_{3}O^{+}}}\cdot a_{\rm {OD^{-}}}}{a_{\rm {D_{2}O}}^{2}}}}
Assuming the activity of the D2O to be 1, and assuming that the activities of the D3O+ and OD− are closely approximated by their concentrations
K w = [ D 3 O + ] [ O D − ] {\displaystyle K_{\rm {w}}=[{\rm {D_{3}O^{+}}}][{\rm {OD^{-}}}]}
The following table compares the values of pKw for H2O and D2O.[9]
pKw values for pure water
T/°C
10 20 25 30 40 50
H2O
14.535 14.167 13.997 13.830 13.535 13.262
D2O
15.439 15.049 14.869 14.699 14.385 14.103
Ionization equilibria in water–heavy water mixtures[edit]
In water–heavy water mixtures equilibria several species are involved: H2O, HDO, D2O, H3O+, D3O+, H2DO+, HD2O+, HO−, DO−.
Mechanism[edit]
The rate of reaction for the ionization reaction
2 H2O → H3O+ + OH−
depends on the activation energy, ΔE‡. According to the Boltzmann distribution the proportion of water molecules that have sufficient energy, due to thermal population, is given by
N N 0 = e − Δ E ‡ k T {\displaystyle {\frac {N}{N_{0}}}=e^{-{\frac {\Delta E^{\ddagger }}{kT}}}}
where k is the Boltzmann constant. Thus some dissociation can occur because sufficient thermal energy is available. The following sequence of events has been proposed on the basis of electric field fluctuations in liquid water.[10] Random fluctuations in molecular motions occasionally (about once every 10 hours per water molecule[11]) produce an electric field strong enough to break an oxygen–hydrogen bond, resulting in a hydroxide (OH−) and hydronium ion (H3O+); the hydrogen nucleus of the hydronium ion travels along water molecules by the Grotthuss mechanism and a change in the hydrogen bond network in the solvent isolates the two ions, which are stabilized by solvation. Within 1 picosecond, however, a second reorganization of the hydrogen bond network allows rapid proton transfer down the electric potential difference and subsequent recombination of the ions. This timescale is consistent with the time it takes for hydrogen bonds to reorientate themselves in water.[12][13][14]
The inverse recombination reaction
H3O+ + OH− → 2 H2O
is among the fastest chemical reactions known, with a reaction rate constant of 7011130000000000000♠1.3×1011 M−1 s−1 at room temperature. Such a rapid rate is characteristic of a diffusion-controlled reaction, in which the rate is limited by the speed of molecular diffusion.[15]
Relationship with the neutral point of water[edit]
Water molecules dissociate into equal amounts of H3O+ and OH−, so their concentrations are equal to 6993100000000000000♠1.00×10−7 mol dm−3 at 25 °C. A solution in which the H3O+ and OH− concentrations equal each other is considered a neutral solution. In general, the pH of the neutral point is numerically equal to 1/2pKw.
Pure water is neutral, but most water samples contain impurities. If an impurity is an acid or base, this will affect the concentrations of hydronium ion and hydroxide ion. Water samples that are exposed to air will absorb some acidic carbon dioxide to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) and the concentration of H3O+ will increase due to the reaction H2CO3 + H2O = HCO3− + H3O+. The concentration of OH− will decrease in such a way that the product [H3O+][OH−] remains constant for fixed temperature and pressure. Thus these water samples will be slightly acidic. If a pH of exactly 7.0 is required, it must be maintained with an appropriate buffer solution.
See also[edit]
Water portal
Chemical equilibrium
Acid–base reaction
Standard hydrogen electrode
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Release on the Ionization Constant of H2O" (PDF). Lucerne: The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam. August 2007.
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "autoprotolysis constant".
^ Jump up to: a b Stumm, Werner; Morgan, James (1996). Aquatic Chemistry. Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9780471511847.
Jump up ^ Harned, H. S.; Owen,, B. B. (1958). The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions (3rd ed.). New York: Reinhold. p. 635.
Jump up ^ International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS)
Jump up ^ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
Jump up ^ 0.1 MPa for T < 100 °C. Saturation pressure for T > 100 °C.
Jump up ^ Harned, H. S.; Owen,, B. B. (1958). The Physical Chemistry of Electrolytic Solutions (3rd ed.). New York: Reinhold. pp. 634–649, 752–754.
Jump up ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th ed.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
Jump up ^ Geissler, P. L.; Dellago, C.; Chandler, D.; Hutter, J.; Parrinello, M. (2001). "Autoionization in liquid water". Science. 291 (5511): 2121–2124. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.2121G. PMID 11251111. doi:10.1126/science.1056991.
Jump up ^ Eigen, M.; De Maeyer, L. (1955). "Untersuchungen über die Kinetik der Neutralisation I" [Investigations on the kinetics of neutralization I]. Z. Elektrochem. 59: 986.
Jump up ^ Stillinger, F. H. (1975). "Theory and Molecular Models for Water". Adv. Chem. Phys. 31: 1. doi:10.1002/9780470143834.ch1.
Jump up ^ Rapaport, D. C. (1983). "Hydrogen bonds in water". Mol. Phys. 50 (5): 1151. Bibcode:1983MolPh..50.1151R. doi:10.1080/00268978300102931.
Jump up ^ Chen, S.-H.; Teixeira, J. (1986). "Structure and Dynamics of Low-Temperature Water as Studied by Scattering Techniques". Adv. Chem. Phys. 64: 1. doi:10.1002/9780470142882.ch1.
Jump up ^ Tinoco, I.; Sauer, K.; Wang, J. C. (1995). Physical Chemistry: Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 386.
External links[edit]
General Chemistry – Autoionization of Water
[hide]
v
t
e
Chemical equilibria
Concepts
Acid dissociation constant
Binding constant
Binding selectivity
Buffer solution
Chemical equilibrium
Chemical stability
Chelation
Determination of equilibrium constants
Dissociation constant
Distribution coefficient
Dynamic equilibrium
Equilibrium chemistry
Equilibrium constant
Equilibrium unfolding
Equilibrium stage
Hammett acidity function
Henry's law
Liquid–liquid extraction
Macrocycle effect
Phase diagram
Predominance diagram
Phase rule
Reaction quotient
Self-ionization of water
Solubility equilibrium
Stability constants of complexes
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic activity
Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-ionization_of_water&oldid=800970044"
Categories:
Ionization
Water chemistry
Equilibrium chemistry
Acid–base chemistry
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Italiano
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
کوردی
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 September 2017, at 21:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: th

value: tr

value: li

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.2em 0 0.75em;

values:
/wiki/Strong_acid
mw-redirect
Strong acid

values:
/wiki/Dibasic_acid
mw-redirect
Dibasic acid

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Ionic_conductor
mw-redirect
Ionic conductor

values: vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:20.725ex; height:6.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.602ex; height:5.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:19.889ex; height:3.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.39ex; height:3.009ex;

values:
/wiki/Hydronium_ion
mw-redirect
Hydronium ion

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.41ex; height:2.509ex;

values: Edit section: Dependence on temperature, pressure and ionic strength

values:
/wiki/Liquid_phase
mw-redirect
Liquid phase

values:
/wiki/Supercritical_water
mw-redirect
Supercritical water

values: background:linear-gradient(to top right,#eaecf0 49.5%,#aaa 49.5%,#aaa 50.5%,#eaecf0 50.5%);line-height:1;

values: vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:20.771ex; height:6.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.455ex; height:3.009ex;

values: Edit section: Ionization equilibria in water–heavy water mixtures

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.217ex; height:6.176ex;

values: Edit section: Relationship with the neutral point of water

values: display:block; line-height:1em; margin:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;

values: display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

values:
nofollow
external text
http://goldbook.iupac.org/A00532.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.iapws.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1928231

values:
/wiki/Vapor_pressure_of_water
mw-redirect
Vapor pressure of water

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251111

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1056991

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470143834.ch1

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470142882.ch1

values:
/wiki/Equilibrium_stage
mw-redirect
Equilibrium stage

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Αυτοϊοντισμός νερού – Greek

values: خودیونش آب – Persian

values: Автојонизација на водата – Macedonian

values: لەخۆوە ئایۆنێنی ئاو – Central Kurdish

values: நீரின் தன்னயனாக்கல் – Tamil

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Self-ionization_of_water rootpage-Self-ionization_of_water skin-vector action-view