text:
2018 Pro Bowl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2018 Pro Bowl
NFC
AFC
23 24
Head coach:
Sean Payton
(New Orleans Saints)
Head coach:
Mike Tomlin
(Pittsburgh Steelers)
1
2
3
4
Total
NFC 7 13 0 3 23
AFC 3 0 14 7 24
Date
January 28, 2018
Stadium
Camping World Stadium, Orlando, Florida
Offensive MVP
Delanie Walker (Tennessee Titans)
Defensive MVP
Von Miller (Denver Broncos)
Referee
Walt Anderson[1]
Attendance
51,019
Ceremonies
National anthem
Jordan Fisher
Coin toss
Derrick Brooks
Warrick Dunn
Jason Taylor
LaDainian Tomlinson
Halftime show
Jordan Fisher
TV in the United States
Network
ESPN/ABC
Announcers
Sean McDonough, Matt Hasselbeck, Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick
Radio in the United States
Network
Westwood One
Announcers
Kevin Kugler (play-by-play)
Steve Tasker (analyst)
Laura Okmin (sideline reporter)
← 2017
Pro Bowl
2019 →
The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League's all-star game for the 2017 season, which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida on January 28, 2018. For the first time since 2008, the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3:00 PM ET start. It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando. It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC. The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network. The AFC team won the game 24–23, the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Host selection process
1.2 Side events
2 Game format
2.1 Rule changes
3 Summary
3.1 Box score
4 AFC rosters
4.1 Offense
4.2 Defense
4.3 Special teams
5 NFC rosters
5.1 Offense
5.2 Defense
5.3 Special teams
6 Number of selections per team
7 Broadcasting
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Host selection process[edit]
Under a three-year deal that began in 2017, the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando.[2]
Side events[edit]
The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex.
Game format[edit]
Rule changes[edit]
The game format was the same as for 2017, highlighted by:
Forty-four players were assigned to each team, up from 43 in 2016 (a regular game-day active roster has 46).
The two-minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters (in addition to the second and fourth quarters) in previous years was eliminated, and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters.
The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first. There were no kickoffs; the ball was placed on the 25-yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays.
Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage. Prior to 2014, only man coverage was allowed, except for goal line situations.
A 38-second/25-second play clock was used instead of the usual 40-second/25-second clock, and up from 35-second/25-second clock in 2016.
Replay reviews will be allowed; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted.
There are no intentional grounding rules.
Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays, but those must be on the same side of the ball. The defense is not permitted to blitz.
All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal.
A tight end and running back must be in every formation.
No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball.
Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks.
Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier. (This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play.)
Summary[edit]
Box score[edit]
2018 Pro Bowl: American Football Conference vs National Football Conference
1
2
3
4
Total
NFC 7 13 0 3 23
AFC 3 0 14 7 24
at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida
Date: January 28, 2018
Game time: 3:00 p.m. ET
Game weather: 78 °F (26 °C), Rain showers
Game attendance: 51,019
Referee: Walt Anderson
TV announcers (ESPN): Sean McDonough, Matt Hasselbeck, Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick
Recap, Game Book
[show]Game information
First quarter
NFC – Adam Thielen 8-yard pass from Drew Brees (Graham Gano kick), 7:50. NFC 7–0. Drive: 13 plays, 75 yards, 7:10.
AFC – Chris Boswell 41-yard field goal, 0:43. NFC 7–3. Drive: 12 plays, 52 yards, 7:07.
Second quarter
NFC – Graham Gano 43-yard field goal, 12:08. NFC 10–3. Drive: 4 plays, −4 yards, 1:56.
NFC – Harrison Smith 79-yard interception return (Graham Gano kick), 7:18. NFC 17–3.
NFC – Graham Gano 40-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 20–3. Drive: 11 plays, 58 yards, 1:53.
Third quarter
AFC – Delanie Walker 4-yard pass from Alex Smith (Chris Boswell kick), 11:20. NFC 20–10. Drive: 5 plays, 75 yards, 3:40.
AFC – LeSean McCoy 2-yard run (Chris Boswell kick), 5:36. NFC 20–17. Drive: 5 plays, 53 yards, 3:07.
Fourth quarter
NFC – Graham Gano 38-yard field goal, 14:09. NFC 23–17. Drive: 13 plays, 55 yards, 6:27.
AFC – Delanie Walker 18-yard pass from Derek Carr (Chris Boswell kick), 1:31. AFC 24–23. Drive: 7 plays, 47 yards, 2:13.
Top passers
NFC – Jared Goff – 10/18, 86 yards
AFC – Alex Smith – 7/10, 131 yards, TD, INT
Top rushers
NFC – Mark Ingram – 5 rushes, 21 yards
AFC – LeSean McCoy – 3 rushes, 7 yards, TD
Top receivers
NFC – Kyle Rudolph – 7 receptions, 70 yards
AFC – T. Y. Hilton – 4 receptions, 98 yards
AFC rosters[edit]
The following players were selected to represent the AFC:
Offense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Quarterback 12 Tom Brady, New England[d] 7 Ben Roethlisberger, Pittsburgh
17 Philip Rivers, LA Chargers[b][3] 11 Alex Smith, Kansas City[a][3]
4 Derek Carr, Oakland[a][4]
Running back 26 Le'Veon Bell, Pittsburgh 25 LeSean McCoy, Buffalo
27 Kareem Hunt, Kansas City
Fullback 46 James Develin, New England[d] 45 Roosevelt Nix, Pittsburgh[a][5]
Wide receiver 10 DeAndre Hopkins, Houston[b][6]
84 Antonio Brown, Pittsburgh 13 Keenan Allen, LA Chargers
18 A. J. Green, Cincinnati[b][7] 13 T. Y. Hilton, Indianapolis[a][7]
14 Jarvis Landry, Miami[a][6]
Tight end 87 Travis Kelce, Kansas City[b][8] 87 Rob Gronkowski, New England[d] 82 Delanie Walker, Tennessee[a][8]
84 Jack Doyle, Indianapolis[a][9]
Offensive tackle 77 Taylor Lewan, Tennessee
78 Alejandro Villanueva, Pittsburgh 72 Donald Penn, Oakland[b][10] 76 Russell Okung, LA Chargers[a][10]
Offensive guard 66 David DeCastro, Pittsburgh
70 Kelechi Osemele, Oakland 64 Richie Incognito, Buffalo
Center 53 Maurkice Pouncey, Pittsburgh 61 Rodney Hudson, Oakland
Defense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Defensive end 93 Calais Campbell, Jacksonville[b][11]
99 Joey Bosa, LA Chargers[b][12] 52 Khalil Mack, Oakland[b][13] 54 Melvin Ingram, LA Chargers[a][12]
97 Cameron Heyward, Pittsburgh[a][13]
91 Yannick Ngakoue, Jacksonville[a][11]
Defensive tackle 97 Geno Atkins, Cincinnati
99 Jurrell Casey, Tennessee 97 Malik Jackson, Jacksonville
Outside linebacker 58 Von Miller, Denver
90 Jadeveon Clowney, Houston[b][11] 55 Terrell Suggs, Baltimore 50 Telvin Smith, Jacksonville[a][11]
Inside linebacker 57 C.J. Mosley, Baltimore 50 Ryan Shazier, Pittsburgh[b][14] 53 Joe Schobert, Cleveland[a][14]
Cornerback 20 Jalen Ramsey, Jacksonville
21 A. J. Bouye, Jacksonville 21 Aqib Talib, Denver
26 Casey Hayward, LA Chargers
Free safety 32 Eric Weddle, Baltimore 31 Kevin Byard, Tennessee[a][15]
Strong safety 20 Reshad Jones, Miami 23 Micah Hyde, Buffalo[b][15]
Special teams[edit]
Position
Starter
Alternate(s)
Punter 6 Brett Kern, Tennessee
Placekicker 9 Chris Boswell, Pittsburgh
Return specialist 10 Tyreek Hill, Kansas City
Special teamer 18 Matthew Slater, New England[d] 41 Brynden Trawick, Tennessee[a][15]
Long snapper 46 Clark Harris, Cincinnati[16]
NFC rosters[edit]
The following players were selected to represent the NFC:
Offense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Quarterback 11 Carson Wentz, Philadelphia[b][d] 3 Russell Wilson, Seattle
9 Drew Brees, New Orleans 16 Jared Goff, LA Rams[a][17]
Running back 30 Todd Gurley, LA Rams 22 Mark Ingram, New Orleans
41 Alvin Kamara, New Orleans
Fullback 44 Kyle Juszczyk, San Francisco
Wide receiver 11 Julio Jones, Atlanta[b][18]
19 Adam Thielen, Minnesota 11 Larry Fitzgerald, Arizona[b][19]
13 Michael Thomas, New Orleans 17 Davante Adams, Green Bay[a][18]
89 Doug Baldwin, Seattle[a][19]
Tight end 86 Zach Ertz, Philadelphia[d] 88 Jimmy Graham, Seattle[b][20] 82 Jason Witten, Dallas[a][21]
82 Kyle Rudolph, Minnesota[a][20]
Offensive tackle 71 Trent Williams, Washington[b][22]
77 Tyron Smith, Dallas[b][23] 65 Lane Johnson, Philadelphia[d] 77 Andrew Whitworth, LA Rams[a][22]
74 Joe Staley, San Francisco[a][23]
76 Duane Brown, Seattle[24]
Offensive guard 70 Zack Martin, Dallas[b][25]
79 Brandon Brooks, Philadelphia[d] 75 Brandon Scherff, Washington[b][26] 70 Trai Turner, Carolina[a][25]
76 T. J. Lang, Detroit[a][26]
67 Larry Warford, New Orleans[a][27]
Center 51 Alex Mack, Atlanta 72 Travis Frederick, Dallas
Defense[edit]
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Alternate(s)
Defensive end 90 DeMarcus Lawrence, Dallas
97 Everson Griffen, Minnesota[b][28] 94 Cameron Jordan, New Orleans 72 Michael Bennett, Seattle[a][28]
Defensive tackle 91 Fletcher Cox, Philadelphia[d]
99 Aaron Donald, LA Rams[b][29] 93 Gerald McCoy, Tampa Bay 76 Mike Daniels, Green Bay[a][29]
98 Linval Joseph, Minnesota[a][20]
Outside linebacker 55 Chandler Jones, Arizona
91 Ryan Kerrigan, Washington 55 Anthony Barr, Minnesota[b][30] 58 Thomas Davis Sr., Carolina[a][30]
Inside linebacker 59 Luke Kuechly, Carolina[b][31] 54 Bobby Wagner, Seattle[b][32] 45 Deion Jones, Atlanta[a][31]
58 Kwon Alexander', Tampa Bay[a][32]
Cornerback 21 Patrick Peterson, Arizona
29 Xavier Rhodes, Minnesota 23 Marshon Lattimore, New Orleans
23 Darius Slay, Detroit
Free safety 29 Earl Thomas, Seattle
Strong safety 21 Landon Collins, NY Giants[b][20] 27 Malcolm Jenkins, Philadelphia[d] 22 Keanu Neal, Atlanta[a][33]
22 Harrison Smith, Minnesota[a][20]
Special teams[edit]
Position
Starter
Alternate(s)
Punter 6 Johnny Hekker, LA Rams
Placekicker 4 Greg Zuerlein, LA Rams[b] 9 Graham Gano, Carolina[a][25]
Return specialist 10 Pharoh Cooper, LA Rams
Special teamer 36 Budda Baker, Arizona
Long snapper 44 Jake McQuaide, LA Rams[34]
Notes: Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers.
bold player who participated in game
(C) signifies the player has been selected as a captain
a Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy
b Injured/suspended player; selected but did not participate
c Replacement starter; selected as reserve
d Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII (see Pro Bowl "Player Selection" section)
Number of selections per team[edit]
American Football Conference
Team
Selections
Pittsburgh Steelers 10
Jacksonville Jaguars 6
Los Angeles Chargers 6
Tennessee Titans 6
Oakland Raiders 5
New England Patriots 4
Kansas City Chiefs 4
Baltimore Ravens 3
Buffalo Bills 3
Cincinnati Bengals 3
Denver Broncos 2
Houston Texans 2
Indianapolis Colts 2
Miami Dolphins 2
Cleveland Browns 1
New York Jets 0
National Football Conference
Team
Selections
Los Angeles Rams 8
Seattle Seahawks 7
Minnesota Vikings 7
New Orleans Saints 7
Philadelphia Eagles 6
Dallas Cowboys 5
Arizona Cardinals 4
Carolina Panthers 4
Atlanta Falcons 4
Washington Redskins 3
Green Bay Packers 2
Detroit Lions 2
San Francisco 49ers 2
Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2
New York Giants 1
Chicago Bears 0
Broadcasting[edit]
The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC, ESPN, and ESPN Deportes. The simulcast marked the game's return to broadcast television, as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003.[35] To accommodate the return to broadcast television, the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC's Primetime Lineup.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl
Jump up ^ "NFL's pro bowl moves to Orlando". Chicago Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl". Raiders.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Varley, Teresa (January 22, 2018). "Nix is Pro Bowl bound". Steelers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate". Sun-Sentinel.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Andrew. "T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl". Colts.com. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Delanie Walker in, Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl". Yahoo.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walker, Andrew (January 21, 2018). "Jack Doyle Named To First-Career Pro Bowl". Colts.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Elwood, Hayley (January 22, 2018). "Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". Chargers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster". Jaguars.com. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl". USAToday.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Varley, Teresa (January 16, 2018). "Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl". Steelers.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018-01-16. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Titans FS Kevin Byard, ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl". TitansOnline.com. Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Williams, Charean (January 16, 2018). "Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Simmons, Myles (January 22, 2018). "Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". TheRams.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Western, Evan (January 16, 2018). "Packers' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster". SBNation.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Charean (January 4, 2018). "Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Linval Joseph, Kyle Rudolph, Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". Vikings.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eatman, Nick (January 22, 2018). "Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances". DallasCowboys.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Alper, Josh (January 9, 2018). "Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl". 49ers.com. January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boyle, John (January 23, 2018). "Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster". Seahawks.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Graham Gano, Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster". panthers.com. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Twentyman, Tim (January 19, 2018). "T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl". DetroitLions.com.
Jump up ^ Alper, Josh (January 22, 2018). "Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl". ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Boyle, John (January 22, 2018). "Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster". Seahawks.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl". packers.com. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster". Panthers.com. January 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster". nbcsports.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl!". buccaneers.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Conway, Kelsey (January 22, 2018). "Falcons' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster". AtlantaFalcons.com.
Jump up ^ Klein, Gary (2018-01-17). "Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2018-01-17.
Jump up ^ "NFL's Pro Bowl Back on ABC". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
2017 NFL season
AFC
East
North
South
West
East
North
South
West
NFC
Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona
Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina LA Rams
New England Cleveland Jacksonville LA Chargers Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco
NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee Oakland Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle
Draft
NFL playoffs
NFL Honors
Pro Bowl
Super Bowl LII
[show]
v
t
e
National Football League Pro Bowl
All-Star Games
1939
1940 (Jan)
1940 (Dec)
1942 (Jan)
1942 (Dec)
NFL Pro Bowls
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
AFC–NFC Pro Bowls
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2017
2018
Draft Pro Bowls
2014
2015
2016
Aloha Stadium
Camping World Stadium
Broadcasters
Playoff Bowl
broadcasters
AFL All-Star Game
broadcasters
[show]
v
t
e
ESPN Monday Night Football
Related programs
ESPN Sunday Night Football (Results, 1987–2005)
NFL Draft
NFL on ABC Sports
Football Sunday on ESPN Radio
Studio programs
The Blitz
Monday Night Countdown
NFL Matchup
NFL Primetime
Sunday NFL Countdown
NFL Live
NFL Insiders
Other football programs
Arena Football League on ESPN
CFL on TSN
ESPN College Football
USFL on ESPN
Related articles
History of Monday Night Football
NFL on television (history)
Commentators
Joe Tessitore Play-by-play
TBA Color commentary
Lisa Salters Sideline reporter
Former commentators
Bonnie Bernstein
Mike Ditka
Jon Gruden
Ron Jaworski
Suzy Kolber
Tony Kornheiser
Sean McDonough
Michele Tafoya
Joe Theismann
Mike Tirico
Dick Vermeil
Steve Young
Lore televised by ESPN
ESPN takes over MNF
2005 Saints–Giants/Cowboys–Redskins Doubleheader
2006 Bears–Cardinals Comeback
Fail Mary
Sunday Night Football era
American Bowl (1990-2005)
Fútbol Americano
Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
2004
2005
2006
2010
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Music
Edd Kalehoff
Johnny Pearson
Hank Williams, Jr.
Songs
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night"
"Heavy Action"
"Start Me Up"
"The Party's Over"
Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
1970–1989
1990–2009
2010–present
[show]
v
t
e
NFL on ABC
Related programs
Monday Night Football
ESPN Sunday Night Football
American Football League on ABC
Pro Football Highlights
Non-NFL programs
College Football on ABC
USFL on ABC
World League of American Football on ABC
Related articles
History of Monday Night Football
NFL on television (history)
Monday Night Mayhem (film)
ABC Monday Night Football (video game)
Super Bowl TV ratings (lead-out programs)
Chicago Bears (home games)
1953
1954
1955
Chicago Cardinals (home games)
1953
1954
1955
Los Angeles Rams (Pacific Time Zone affiliates)
1955
San Francisco 49ers (Pacific Time Zone affiliates)
1955
Washington Redskins (home games)
1954
Commentators
AFL All-Star Game
American Bowl
Pro Bowl
World Bowl
Postseason commentators
AFL Championship Game
NFL Championship Game
Super Bowl
Lore televised by ABC
"Body Bag Game"
Death of John Lennon
Brett Favre wins one for his father
"Monday Night Miracle"
Montana outduels Elway
"Snowball Game"
Joe Theismann's career-ending sack
"The Night That Courage Wore Orange"
World Bowl '91
Postseason lore
"Music City Miracle"
"One Yard Short"
"The Star-Spangled Banner" (Whitney Houston recording)
"Wide Right"
Music
Charles Fox
Edd Kalehoff
Johnny Pearson
Hank Williams, Jr.
Songs
"All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night"
"Heavy Action"
"The Party's Over"
NFL Championship
1948
1950
Super Bowl
XIX (1984)
XXII (1987)
XXV (1990)
XXIX (1994)
XXXIV (1999)
XXXVII (2002)
XL (2005)
Pro Bowl
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2018
AFL Championship
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Results and standings
Yearly results
Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
1970–1989
1990–2009
2010–present
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Pro_Bowl&oldid=824617333"
Categories:
Pro Bowl
2017 National Football League season
2018 in American football
2018 in sports in Florida
2010s in Orlando, Florida
American football in Orlando, Florida
January 2018 sports events in the United States
Sports competitions in Orlando, Florida
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 February 2018, at 13:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan style

value: th

attrs: scope style

values:
col
width: 50%; text-align: center;

values: font-size: 300%; line-height: 100%; font-weight: bold; text-align: center;

values: border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; line-height: 1.2;

values: text-align:center; width: 25px; vertical-align: bottom

values:
/wiki/Laura_Okmin
mw-redirect
Laura Okmin

values: display: table; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: text-align:center;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px; font-weight: bold;

values:
/wiki/Walt_Disney_World_Resort
mw-redirect
Walt Disney World Resort

values:
/wiki/Free_safety
mw-redirect
Free safety

values:
/wiki/ESPN_Monday_Night_Football
mw-redirect
ESPN Monday Night Football

values:
/wiki/Mark_Ingram
mw-redirect
Mark Ingram

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
toccolours
margin:auto; background-color: #eee

values:
/wiki/Fullback_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Fullback (American football)

values:
/wiki/Offensive_tackle
mw-redirect
Offensive tackle

values: Alejandro Villanueva (American football)

values:
/wiki/Strong_safety
mw-redirect
Strong safety

values:
/wiki/Special_teams
mw-redirect
Special teams

values: Michael Thomas (wide receiver, born 1993)

values: Michael Bennett (defensive lineman, born 1985)

values:
/wiki/Jake_McQuaide
mw-redirect
Jake McQuaide

values: Edit section: Number of selections per team

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nfl.com/probowl

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: 1939 National Football League All-Star Game

values: 1940 National Football League All-Star Game (January)

values: 1940 National Football League All-Star Game (December)

values: 1942 National Football League All-Star Game (January)

values: 1942 National Football League All-Star Game (December)

values: ESPN Sunday Night Football results (1987–2005)

values:
/wiki/List_of_NFL_Draft_broadcasters
mw-redirect
List of NFL Draft broadcasters

values: United States Football League on television

values: History of the National Football League on television

values: List of Monday Night Football commentators

values:
/wiki/Steve_Young_(American_football)
mw-redirect
Steve Young (American football)

values: Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints

values: 2006 Chicago Bears–Arizona Cardinals game

values: 2012 Packers–Seahawks officiating controversy

values:
/wiki/Hank_Williams,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Hank Williams, Jr.

values: All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night

values: The Party's Over and Other Great Willie Nelson Songs

values: List of Monday night National Football League games prior to 1970

values: List of Monday Night Football results (1970–89)

values: List of Monday Night Football results (1990–2009)

values: List of Monday Night Football results (2010–present)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/List_of_Super_Bowl_TV_ratings
mw-redirect
List of Super Bowl TV ratings

values: List of ABC television affiliates (by U.S. state)

values: List of San Francisco 49ers broadcasters

values: List of Washington Redskins broadcasters

values: List of AFL Championship Game broadcasters

values: List of NFL Championship Game broadcasters

values:
/wiki/Death_of_John_Lennon
mw-redirect
Death of John Lennon

values: Monday Night Miracle (American football)

values: The Star-Spangled Banner (Whitney Houston recording)

values: All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight

values: 1960 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1961 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1962 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1963 American Football League Championship Game

values: 1964 American Football League Championship Game

values: Category:2017 National Football League season

values: Category:American football in Orlando, Florida

values: Category:January 2018 sports events in the United States

values: Category:Sports competitions in Orlando, Florida

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/2018_Pro_Bowl
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2018_Pro_Bowl rootpage-2018_Pro_Bowl skin-vector action-view


text:
Mercantilism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A French seaport painted by Claude Lorrain around 1639, at the height of mercantilism
Economics
A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
the effects of an increase in demand.
Index
Outline
Category
History
Types
Classification
History of economics
Economic history (academic study)
Schools of economics
Microeconomics
Macroeconomics
Methodology
Heterodox economics
JEL classification codes
Concepts
Theory
Techniques
Econometrics
Economic growth
Economic system
Experimental economics
Mathematical economics
Game theory
Post-scarcity
Market
National accounting
By application
Agricultural
Behavioral
Business
Computational
Cultural
Demographic
Development
Digitization
Ecological
Education
Environmental
Evolutionary
Expeditionary
Geography
Health
Industrial organization
Information
International
Knowledge
Labour
Law
Managerial
Monetary / Financial
Natural resource
Organizational
Personnel
Public / Welfare economics
Regional
Rural
Service
Social
Urban
Welfare
Lists
Economists
Publications (journals)
Business and economics portal
v
t
e
Part of a series on
Economic systems
By ideology[hide]
Anarchist
Capitalist
Christian
Communist
Corporatist
Democratic
Dirigist
Distributist
Fascist
Feudalism
Georgist
Green
Islamic
Laissez-faire
Market socialist
Mercantilist
Mutualist
Neo-mercantilist
Participatory
Protectionist
Socialist
State capitalist
Syndicalist
By coordination[show]
Closed (autarky)
Decentralized
Digital
Dual
Gift
Informal
Market
Mixed
Natural
Open
Planned
Robinson Crusoe
Subsistence
Underground
Vertical archipelago
Virtual
By regional model[show]
Asian
East Asian
Chinese
Singaporean
Soviet
European
Anglo-Saxon
German
Nordic
Rhenish
Sectors[show]
Common property
Private
Public
Voluntary
Transition[show]
Collectivization
Communization
Corporatization
Demutualization
Deregulation
Expropriation
Financialization
Liberalization
Marketization
Municipalization
Mutualization
Nationalization
Privatization
Socialization
Coordination[show]
Barter
Cybernetics
Democratic
Free market
In kind
Indicative planning
Market
Material balancing
Planned
Peer-to-peer
Price
Regulated market
Self-managed
Shared
Access economy
Other types[show]
Corporate capitalism
Expeditionary
Hunter-gatherer
Inclusive Democracy
Information
Islamic economics
Manorialism
Newly industrialized
Palace
Plantation
Plutonomy
Post-capitalist
Post-industrial
Post-scarcity
Resource-based
Social market
Socialist market
State monopoly capitalist
Token
Traditional
Transition
World
Business and economics portal
v
t
e
Mercantilism was a type of national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and especially to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver. It was dominant in modernized parts of Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries.[1] It promoted governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. With the establishment of overseas colonies by European powers early in the 17th century, mercantile theory gained a new and wider significance, in which its aim and ideal became both national and imperialistic.[2][need quotation to verify] Mercantilism functioned as the economic counterpart of the older version of political power: divine right of kings and absolute monarchy.[3] Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance-of-trade, especially of finished goods. Historically, such policies frequently led to war and also motivated colonial expansion.[4] Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time. High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy. Other policies have included:
forbidding colonies to trade with other nations
monopolizing markets with staple ports
banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments
forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships, as per, for example, the Navigation Acts
subsidies on exports
promoting manufacturing and industry through research or direct subsidies
limiting wages
maximizing the use of domestic resources
restricting domestic consumption through non-tariff barriers to trade
Mercantilism in its simplest form is bullionism, yet mercantilist writers have emphasized the circulation of money and reject hoarding. Their emphasis on monetary metals accords with current ideas regarding the money supply, such as the stimulative effect of a growing money supply. Fiat money and floating exchange rates have since been rendered specie concerns irrelevant. In time, the heavy emphasis on money was supplanted by industrial policy, accompanied by a shift in focus from the capacity to carry on wars to promoting general prosperity. Mature neomercantilist theory recommends selective high tariffs for "infant" industries or the promotion of the mutual growth of countries through national industrial specialization.[citation needed]
The term "mercantile system" was used by its foremost critic, Adam Smith,[5] but Mirabeau (1715–1789) had used "mercantilism" earlier.
Many nations applied the theory, notably France, which was the most important state economically in Europe at the time. King Louis XIV followed the guidance of Jean Baptiste Colbert, his controller general of finances (1665–1683). It was determined[by whom?] that the state should rule in the economic realm as it did in the diplomatic, and that the interests of the state as identified by the king were superior to those of merchants and of everyone else. The goal of mercantilist economic policies was to build up the state, especially in an age of incessant warfare, and the state should look for ways to strengthen the economy and to weaken foreign adversaries.[6]
Merchants in Venice
Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products
Average levels of duties (1875 and 1913)
Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries (1913-2007)
Trade policy, exports and growth in selected European countries
Tariff Rates in Japan (1870–1960)
Average Tariff Rates in Spain and Italy (1860-1910)
Average Tariff Rates (France, UK, US)
Average Tariff Rates in USA (1821–2016)
U.S. Trade Balance (1895–2015)
Contents
[hide]
1 Influence
2 Theory
2.1 Infinite growth
3 Origins
4 Policies
4.1 France
4.2 New France
4.3 Great Britain
4.4 Other countries
4.5 Wars and imperialism
5 Criticisms
6 Legacy
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Influence[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mercantilism was the dominant school of economic thought in Europe throughout the late Renaissance and early modern period (from the 15th to the 18th century). Mercantilism encouraged the many intra-European wars of the period and arguably fueled European expansion and imperialism—both in Europe and throughout the rest of the world—until the 19th century or early 20th century.
Evidence of mercantilistic practices appeared in early modern Venice, Genoa, and Pisa regarding control of the Mediterranean trade of bullion. However, as a codified school of economic theories, mercantilism's real birth was marked by the empiricism of the Renaissance, which first began to quantify large-scale trade accurately.[7]
England began the first large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the Elizabethan Era (1558–1603). An early statement on national balance of trade appeared in Discourse of the Common Weal of this Realm of England, 1549: "We must always take heed that we buy no more from strangers than we sell them, for so should we impoverish ourselves and enrich them."[8] The period featured various but often disjointed efforts by the court of Queen Elizabeth to develop a naval and merchant fleet capable of challenging the Spanish stranglehold on trade and of expanding the growth of bullion at home. Queen Elizabeth promoted the Trade and Navigation Acts in Parliament and issued orders to her navy for the protection and promotion of English shipping. A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through Thomas Mun's argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664.[9]
These efforts organized national resources sufficiently in the defense of England against the far larger and more powerful Spanish Empire, and in turn paved the foundation for establishing a global empire in the 19th century.[citation needed] The authors noted most for establishing the English mercantilist system include Gerard de Malynes and Thomas Mun, who first articulated the Elizabethan system, which in turn was then developed further by Josiah Child. Numerous French authors helped cement French policy around mercantilism in the 17th century. This French mercantilism was best articulated by Jean-Baptiste Colbert (in office, 1665–1683), though policy liberalised greatly under Napoleon.
In Europe, academic belief in mercantilism began to fade in the late 18th century, especially in Britain, in light of the arguments of Adam Smith and the classical economists. The repeal of the Corn Laws by Robert Peel symbolised the emergence of free trade as an alternative system.
Neomercantilism is a 20th-century economic policy that uses the ideas and methods of neoclassical economics. The new mercantilism has different goals and focuses on more rapid economic growth based on advanced technology. It promotes such policies as substitution state taxation, subsidies, expenditures, and general regulatory powers for tariffs and quotas, and protection through the formation of supranational trading blocs.[10]
Theory[edit]
Most of the European economists who wrote between 1500 and 1750 are today generally considered mercantilists; this term was initially used solely by critics, such as Mirabeau and Smith, but was quickly adopted by historians. Originally the standard English term was "mercantile system". The word "mercantilism" was introduced into English from German in the early 19th century.
The bulk of what is commonly called "mercantilist literature" appeared in the 1620s in Great Britain.[11] Smith saw the English merchant Thomas Mun (1571–1641) as a major creator of the mercantile system, especially in his posthumously published Treasure by Foreign Trade (1664), which Smith considered the archetype or manifesto of the movement.[12] Perhaps the last major mercantilist work was James Steuart's Principles of Political Economy, published in 1767.[11]
Mercantilist literature also extended beyond England. Italy and France produced noted writers of mercantilist themes, including Italy's Giovanni Botero (1544–1617) and Antonio Serra (1580–?) and, in France, Jean Bodin and Colbert. Themes also existed in writers from the German historical school from List, as well as followers of the American system and British free-trade imperialism, thus stretching the system into the 19th century. However, many British writers, including Mun and Misselden, were merchants, while many of the writers from other countries were public officials. Beyond mercantilism as a way of understanding the wealth and power of nations, Mun and Misselden are noted for their viewpoints on a wide range of economic matters.[13]
The Austrian lawyer and scholar Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick, one of the pioneers of Cameralism, detailed a nine-point program of what he deemed effective national economy in his Austria Over All, If She Only Will of 1684, which comprehensively sums up the tenets of mercantilism:[14]
That every little bit of a country's soil be utilized for agriculture, mining or manufacturing.
That all raw materials found in a country be used in domestic manufacture, since finished goods have a higher value than raw materials.
That a large, working population be encouraged.
That all export of gold and silver be prohibited and all domestic money be kept in circulation.
That all imports of foreign goods be discouraged as much as possible.
That where certain imports are indispensable they be obtained at first hand, in exchange for other domestic goods instead of gold and silver.
That as much as possible, imports be confined to raw materials that can be finished [in the home country].
That opportunities be constantly sought for selling a country's surplus manufactures to foreigners, so far as necessary, for gold and silver.
That no importation be allowed if such goods are sufficiently and suitably supplied at home.
Other than Von Hornick, there were no mercantilist writers presenting an overarching scheme for the ideal economy, as Adam Smith would later do for classical economics. Rather, each mercantilist writer tended to focus on a single area of the economy.[15] Only later did non-mercantilist scholars integrate these "diverse" ideas into what they called mercantilism. Some scholars thus reject the idea of mercantilism completely, arguing that it gives "a false unity to disparate events". Smith saw the mercantile system as an enormous conspiracy by manufacturers and merchants against consumers, a view that has led some authors, especially Robert E. Ekelund and Robert D. Tollison, to call mercantilism "a rent-seeking society". To a certain extent, mercantilist doctrine itself made a general theory of economics impossible.[16] Mercantilists viewed the economic system as a zero-sum game, in which any gain by one party required a loss by another.[17] Thus, any system of policies that benefited one group would by definition harm the other, and there was no possibility of economics being used to maximize the commonwealth, or common good.[18] Mercantilists' writings were also generally created to rationalize particular practices rather than as investigations into the best policies.[19]
Mercantilist domestic policy was more fragmented than its trade policy. While Adam Smith portrayed mercantilism as supportive of strict controls over the economy, many mercantilists disagreed. The early modern era was one of letters patent and government-imposed monopolies; some mercantilists supported these, but others acknowledged the corruption and inefficiency of such systems. Many mercantilists also realized that the inevitable results of quotas and price ceilings were black markets. One notion that mercantilists widely agreed upon was the need for economic oppression of the working population; laborers and farmers were to live at the "margins of subsistence". The goal was to maximize production, with no concern for consumption. Extra money, free time, and education for the lower classes were seen to inevitably lead to vice and laziness, and would result in harm to the economy.[20]
Infinite growth[edit]
The mercantilists saw a large population as a form of wealth that made possible the development of bigger markets and armies. Opposite to mercantilism was the doctrine of physiocracy, which predicted that mankind would outgrow its resources. The idea of mercantilism was to protect the markets as well as maintain agriculture and those who were dependent upon it.
Origins[edit]
Scholars debate over why mercantilism dominated economic ideology for 250 years.[21] One group, represented by Jacob Viner, sees mercantilism as simply a straightforward, common-sense system whose logical fallacies remained opaque to people at the time, as they simply lacked the required analytical tools.
The second school, supported by scholars such as Robert B. Ekelund, portrays mercantilism not as a mistake, but rather as the best possible system for those who developed it. This school argues that rent-seeking merchants and governments developed and enforced mercantilist policies. Merchants benefited greatly from the enforced monopolies, bans on foreign competition, and poverty of the workers. Governments benefited from the high tariffs and payments from the merchants. Whereas later economic ideas were often developed by academics and philosophers, almost all mercantilist writers were merchants or government officials.[22]
Monetarism offers a third explanation for mercantilism. European trade exported bullion to pay for goods from Asia, thus reducing the money supply and putting downward pressure on prices and economic activity. The evidence for this hypothesis is the lack of inflation in the British economy until the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, when paper money came into vogue.
A fourth explanation lies in the increasing professionalisation and technification of the wars of the era, which turned the maintenance of adequate reserve funds (in the prospect of war) into a more and more expensive and eventually competitive business.
Mercantilism developed at a time of transition for the European economy. Isolated feudal estates were being replaced by centralized nation-states as the focus of power. Technological changes in shipping and the growth of urban centres led to a rapid increase in international trade.[23] Mercantilism focused on how this trade could best aid the states. Another important change was the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and modern accounting. This accounting made extremely clear the inflow and outflow of trade, contributing to the close scrutiny given to the balance of trade.[24] Of course, the impact of the discovery of America cannot be ignored.[citation needed] New markets and new mines propelled foreign trade to previously inconceivable volumes, resulting in "the great upward movement in prices" and an increase in "the volume of merchant activity itself".[25]
Prior to mercantilism, the most important economic work done in Europe was by the medieval scholastic theorists. The goal of these thinkers was to find an economic system compatible with Christian doctrines of piety and justice. They focused mainly on microeconomics and on local exchanges between individuals. Mercantilism was closely aligned with the other theories and ideas that began to replace the medieval worldview. This period saw the adoption of the very Machiavellian realpolitik and the primacy of the raison d'état in international relations. The mercantilist idea of all trade as a zero-sum game, in which each side was trying to best the other in a ruthless competition, was integrated into the works of Thomas Hobbes. This dark view of human nature also fit well with the Puritan view of the world, and some of the most stridently mercantilist legislation, such as the Navigation Ordinance of 1651, was enacted by the government of Oliver Cromwell.[26]
Jean-Baptiste Colbert's work in 17th-century France came to exemplify classical mercantilism. In the English-speaking world its ideas were criticized by Adam Smith with the publication of The Wealth of Nations in 1776 and later by David Ricardo with his explanation of comparative advantage. Mercantilism was rejected by Britain and France by the mid-19th century. The British Empire embraced free trade and used its power as the financial centre of the world to promote the same. The Guyanese historian Walter Rodney describes mercantilism as the period of the worldwide development of European commerce, which began in the 15th century with the voyages of Portuguese and Spanish explorers to Africa, Asia, and the New World.
Policies[edit]
Mercantilist ideas were the dominant economic ideology of all of Europe in the early modern period, and most states embraced it to a certain degree. Mercantilism was centred on England and France, and it was in these states that mercantilist polices were most often enacted.
France[edit]
French finance minister and mercantilist Jean-Baptiste Colbert served for over 20 years.
Mercantilism arose in France in the early 16th century soon after the monarchy had become the dominant force in French politics. In 1539, an important decree banned the import of woolen goods from Spain and some parts of Flanders. The next year, a number of restrictions were imposed on the export of bullion.[27]
Over the rest of the 16th century, further protectionist measures were introduced. The height of French mercantilism is closely associated with Jean-Baptiste Colbert, finance minister for 22 years in the 17th century, to the extent that French mercantilism is sometimes called Colbertism. Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports. Industries were organized into guilds and monopolies, and production was regulated by the state through a series of more than one thousand directives outlining how different products should be produced.[28]
To encourage industry, foreign artisans and craftsmen were imported. Colbert also worked to decrease internal barriers to trade, reducing internal tariffs and building an extensive network of roads and canals. Colbert's policies were quite successful, and France's industrial output and economy grew considerably during this period, as France became the dominant European power. He was less successful in turning France into a major trading power, and Britain and the Netherlands remained supreme in this field.[28]
New France[edit]
Main article: Economic history of Canada
France imposed its mercantilist philosophy on its colonies in North America, especially New France. It sought to derive the maximum material benefit from the colony, for the homeland, with a minimum of imperial investment in the colony itself. The ideology was embodied in New France through the establishment under Royal Charter of a number of corporate trading monopolies including La Compagnie des Marchands, which operated from 1613 to 1621, and the Compagnie de Montmorency, from that date until 1627. It was in turn replaced by La Compagnie des Cent-Associés, created in 1627 by King Louis XIII, and the Communauté des habitants in 1643. These were the first corporations to operate in what is now Canada.
Great Britain[edit]
Main article: Economic history of the United Kingdom § The Age of Mercantilism
In England, mercantilism reached its peak during the Long Parliament government (1640–60). Mercantilist policies were also embraced throughout much of the Tudor and Stuart periods, with Robert Walpole being another major proponent. In Britain, government control over the domestic economy was far less extensive than on the Continent, limited by common law and the steadily increasing power of Parliament.[29] Government-controlled monopolies were common, especially before the English Civil War, but were often controversial.[30]
The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought between the English and the Dutch for control over the seas and trade routes.
With respect to its colonies, British mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—through trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling, which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish, or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.[31]
British mercantilist writers were themselves divided on whether domestic controls were necessary. British mercantilism thus mainly took the form of efforts to control trade. A wide array of regulations were put in place to encourage exports and discourage imports. Tariffs were placed on imports and bounties given for exports, and the export of some raw materials was banned completely. The Navigation Acts expelled foreign merchants from England's domestic trade. The nation aggressively sought colonies and once under British control, regulations were imposed that allowed the colony to only produce raw materials and to only trade with Britain. This led to friction with the inhabitants of these colonies, and mercantilist policies (such as forbidding trade with other empires and controls over smuggling) were a major irritant leading to the American Revolution.[32]
Mercantalism taught that trade was a zero-sum game, with one country's gain equivalent to a loss sustained by the trading partner. Overall, however, mercantilist policies had a positive impact on Britain helping turn it into the world's dominant trader and the global hegemon.[33] One domestic policy that had a lasting impact was the conversion of "waste lands" to agricultural use. Mercantilists believed that to maximize a nation's power, all land and resources had to be used to their utmost, and this era thus saw projects like the draining of The Fens.[34]
Other countries[edit]
Mercantilism helped create trade patterns such as the triangular trade in the North Atlantic, in which raw materials were imported to the metropolis and then processed and redistributed to other colonies.
The other nations of Europe also embraced mercantilism to varying degrees. The Netherlands, which had become the financial centre of Europe by being its most efficient trader, had little interest in seeing trade restricted and adopted few mercantilist policies. Mercantilism became prominent in Central Europe and Scandinavia after the Thirty Years' War (1618–48), with Christina of Sweden, Jacob Kettler of Courland, and Christian IV of Denmark being notable proponents. The Habsburg Holy Roman Emperors had long been interested in mercantilist policies, but the vast and decentralized nature of their empire made implementing such notions difficult.
Some constituent states of the empire did embrace Mercantilism, most notably Prussia, which under Frederick the Great had perhaps the most rigidly controlled economy in Europe. During the economic collapse of the 17th century, Spain had little coherent economic policy, but French mercantilist policies were imported by Philip V with some success. Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great) attempted to pursue mercantilism, but had little success because of Russia's lack of a large merchant class or an industrial base.
Wars and imperialism[edit]
Mercantilism was the economic version of warfare using economics as a tool for warfare by other means backed up by the state apparatus, and was well suited to an era of military warfare.[35] Since the level of world trade was viewed as fixed, it followed that the only way to increase a nation's trade was to take it from another. A number of wars, most notably the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the Franco-Dutch Wars, can be linked directly to mercantilist theories. Most wars had other causes but they reinforced mercantilism by clearly defining the enemy, and justified damage to the enemy's economy.
Mercantilism fueled the imperialism of this era, as many nations expended significant effort to conquer new colonies that would be sources of gold (as in Mexico) or sugar (as in the West Indies), as well as becoming exclusive markets. European power spread around the globe, often under the aegis of companies with government-guaranteed monopolies in certain defined geographical regions, such as the Dutch East India Company or the British Hudson's Bay Company (operating in present-day Canada).
Criticisms[edit]
Adam Smith and David Hume were the founding fathers of anti-mercantilist thought. A number of scholars found important flaws with mercantilism long before Adam Smith developed an ideology that could fully replace it. Critics like Hume, Dudley North, and John Locke undermined much of mercantilism, and it steadily lost favor during the 18th century.
In 1690, John Locke argued that prices vary in proportion to the quantity of money. Locke's Second Treatise also points towards the heart of the anti-mercantilist critique: that the wealth of the world is not fixed, but is created by human labor (represented embryonically by Locke's labor theory of value). Mercantilists failed to understand the notions of absolute advantage and comparative advantage (although this idea was only fully fleshed out in 1817 by David Ricardo) and the benefits of trade.[36]
For instance, imagine that Portugal was a more efficient producer of wine than England, yet in England cloth could be produced more efficiently than it could in Portugal. Thus if Portugal specialized in wine and England in cloth, both states would end up better off if they traded. This is an example of the reciprocal benefits of trade (whether due to comparative or absolute advantage). In modern economic theory, trade is not a zero-sum game of cutthroat competition, because both sides can benefit.
Much of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations is an attack on mercantilism.
Hume famously noted the impossibility of the mercantilists' goal of a constant positive balance of trade.[citation needed] As bullion flowed into one country, the supply would increase, and the value of bullion in that state would steadily decline relative to other goods. Conversely, in the state exporting bullion, its value would slowly rise. Eventually it would no longer be cost-effective to export goods from the high-price country to the low-price country, and the balance of trade would reverse. Mercantilists fundamentally misunderstood this, long arguing that an increase in the money supply simply meant that everyone gets richer.[37]
The importance placed on bullion was also a central target, even if many mercantilists had themselves begun to de-emphasize the importance of gold and silver. Adam Smith noted that at the core of the mercantile system was the "popular folly of confusing wealth with money", that bullion was just the same as any other commodity, and that there was no reason to give it special treatment.[11] More recently, scholars have discounted the accuracy of this critique. They believe Mun and Misselden were not making this mistake in the 1620s, and point to their followers Josiah Child and Charles Davenant, who in 1699 wrote, "Gold and Silver are indeed the Measure of Trade, but that the Spring and Original of it, in all nations is the Natural or Artificial Product of the Country; that is to say, what this Land or what this Labour and Industry Produces."[38] The critique that mercantilism was a form of rent seeking has also seen criticism, as scholars such Jacob Viner in the 1930s pointed out that merchant mercantilists such as Mun understood that they would not gain by higher prices for English wares abroad.[39]
The first school to completely reject mercantilism was the physiocrats, who developed their theories in France. Their theories also had several important problems, and the replacement of mercantilism did not come until Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. This book outlines the basics of what is today known as classical economics. Smith spent a considerable portion of the book rebutting the arguments of the mercantilists, though often these are simplified or exaggerated versions of mercantilist thought.[22]
Scholars are also divided over the cause of mercantilism's end. Those who believe the theory was simply an error hold that its replacement was inevitable as soon as Smith's more accurate ideas were unveiled. Those who feel that mercantilism amounted to rent seeking hold that it ended only when major power shifts occurred. In Britain, mercantilism faded as the Parliament gained the monarch's power to grant monopolies. While the wealthy capitalists who controlled the House of Commons benefited from these monopolies, Parliament found it difficult to implement them because of the high cost of group decision making.[40]
Mercantilist regulations were steadily removed over the course of the 18th century in Britain, and during the 19th century the British government fully embraced free trade and Smith's laissez-faire economics. On the continent, the process was somewhat different. In France, economic control remained in the hands of the royal family, and mercantilism continued until the French Revolution. In Germany mercantilism remained an important ideology in the 19th and early 20th centuries, when the historical school of economics was paramount.[41]
Legacy[edit]
Adam Smith
John Maynard Keynes
Adam Smith rejected the mercantilist focus on production, arguing that consumption was paramount to production. He added that mercantilism was popular among merchants because it was what is now called rent seeking.[42] However, John Maynard Keynes argued that encouraging production was just as important as encouraging consumption, and he favoured the "new mercantilism". Keynes also noted that in the early modern period the focus on the bullion supplies was reasonable. In an era before paper money, an increase in bullion was one of the few ways to increase the money supply. Keynes said mercantilist policies generally improved both domestic and foreign investment—domestic because the policies lowered the domestic rate of interest, and investment by foreigners by tending to create a favorable balance of trade.[43]
Keynes and other economists of the 20th century also realized that the balance of payments is an important concern. Keynes also supported government intervention in the economy as necessity, as did mercantilism.[44]
As of 2010[update], the word "mercantilism" remains a pejorative term, often used to attack various forms of protectionism.[45] The similarities between Keynesianism (and its successor ideas) and mercantilism have sometimes led critics to call them neo-mercantilism. Paul Samuelson, writing within a Keynesian framework, wrote of mercantilism, "With employment less than full and Net National Product suboptimal, all the debunked mercantilist arguments turn out to be valid."[46]
Some other systems that copy several mercantilist policies, such as Japan's economic system, are also sometimes called neo-mercantilist.[47] In an essay appearing in the 14 May 2007 issue of Newsweek, business columnist Robert J. Samuelson wrote that China was pursuing an essentially neo-mercantilist trade policy that threatened to undermine the post–World War II international economic structure.[48]
Murray Rothbard, representing the Austrian School of economics, describes it this way:
Mercantilism, which reached its height in the Europe of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, was a system of statism which employed economic fallacy to build up a structure of imperial state power, as well as special subsidy and monopolistic privilege to individuals or groups favored by the state. Thus, mercantilism held exports should be encouraged by the government and imports discouraged.[49]
In specific instances, protectionist mercantilist policies also had an important and positive impact on the state that enacted them. Adam Smith, for instance, praised the Navigation Acts, as they greatly expanded the British merchant fleet and played a central role in turning Britain into the world's naval and economic superpower from the 18th century onward.[50] Some economists thus feel that protecting infant industries, while causing short-term harm, can be beneficial in the long term.
See also[edit]
Neomercantilism
Neorealism (international relations)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mercantilism," Laura LaHaye The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2008)
Jump up ^ Emory Richard Johnson; et al. (1915). History of domestic and foreign commerce of the United States. Carnegie Institution of Washington. pp. 35–37. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ editors, Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)
Jump up ^ Johnson et al. History of domestic and foreign commerce of the United States p. 37.
Jump up ^ Laura LaHaye, "Mercantilism" in The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics online [1]
Jump up ^ Jerome Blum et al. The European World: A history (1970) p 279.
Jump up ^ John J. McCusker, Mercantilism and the Economic History of the Early Modern Atlantic World (Cambridge UP, 2001)
Jump up ^ Now attributed to Sir Thomas Smith; quoted in Braudel (1979), p. 204.
Jump up ^ David Onnekink; Gijs Rommelse (2011), Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750), Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., p. 257, ISBN 9781409419143
Jump up ^ Johnson 1974, pp. 1–17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Magnusson 2003, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003, p. 50.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1997, pp. 40–41.
Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981, p. 154.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Landes 1997, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975, p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b Niehans 1990, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Wilson 1963, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Galbraith 1987, pp. 33–34.
Jump up ^ Landreth & Colander 2002, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Kellenbenz 1976, p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams 1999, pp. 177–83.
Jump up ^ Hansen 2001, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Hill 1980, p. 32.
Jump up ^ Nester 2000, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Max Savelle, Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (1948) pp. 204ff.
Jump up ^ Jeffry A. Frieden et al. eds. (2002). International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth. Routledge. pp. 128ff. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Wilson 1963, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Spiegel 1991, pp. 93–118.
Jump up ^ Spiegel 1991, ch. 8.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Hébert 1975, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Referenced to Davenant, 1771 [1699], p. 171, in Magnusson 2003, p. 53.
Jump up ^ Magnusson 2003, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Ekelund & Tollison 1981.
Jump up ^ Wilson 1963, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Brezis 2003, vol. 2, p. 484.
Jump up ^ Harris 1950, p. 321.
Jump up ^ See Markwell 2006.
Jump up ^ Wilson 1963, p. 3.
Jump up ^ Samuelson 1964.
Jump up ^ Walters & Blake 1976.
Jump up ^ Samuelson 2007.
Jump up ^ Rothbard 1997, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Hansen 2001, p. 64.
Further reading[edit]
Ames, Glenn J. (1996), Colbert, Mercantilism and the French Quest for the Asian Trade
Braudel, Fernand (1979), "The Wheels of Commerce", Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century
Brezis, Elise S. (2003), "Mercantilism", The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Oxford University Press
editors (2014), "Mercantilism", Encyclopædia Britannica, Oxford University Press
Ekelund, Robert B.; Hébert, Robert F. (1975), A History of Economic Theory and Method, New York: McGraw–Hill, ISBN 0-07-019143-3
Ekelund, Robert B., Jr.; Hébert, Robert F. (1997), A History of Economic Theory and Method (4th ed.), Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, ISBN 1-57766-381-0
Ekelund, Robert B.; Tollison, Robert D. (1981), Mercantilism as a Rent-Seeking Society: Economic Regulation in Historical Perspective, College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-120-4
Galbraith, John Kenneth (1987), Economics in Perspective: A Critical History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-35572-9
Grant, R. George (2009), Tackling the Poverty of Nations: Why So Many Are Poor and What We Can Do About It, Xlibris, ISBN 978-1-4363-3582-9
Hansen, E. Damsgaard (2001), European Economic History: From Mercantilism to Maastricht and Beyond (1st ed.), Copenhagen Business School Press, ISBN 978-87-630-0017-8
Harris, Seymour E. (1950), New Economics: Keynes' Influence on Theory And Public Policy
Heckscher, Eli F. (1935), Mercantilism, London: Allen & Unwin
Hill, Christopher (1980) [1961], The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714 (2nd ed.), ISBN 0-17-712002-9
Johnson, Harky G. (March 1974), "Mercantilism: Past, Present and Future", The Manchester School, 42: 1–17, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9957.1974.tb00098.x
Kellenbenz, Hermann (1976), The rise of the European economy: an economic history of continental Europe from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers
Keynes, John Maynard (1936), "Notes on Mercantilism, the Usury Laws, Stamped Money and the Theories of Under-Consumption", The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, London: Palgrave Macmillan
LaHaye, Laura (2008), Mercantilism, The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.), Library of Economics and Liberty, ISBN 978-0865976658, OCLC 237794267
Landes, David S. (1997), The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-09418-6
Landreth, Harry; Colander, David C. (2002), History of Economic Thought (4th ed.), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-13394-1
Letwin, William (2003) [1963], The Origins of Scientific Economics: English Economic Thought 1660–1776, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-31329-5
Magnusson, Lars G. (2003), "Mercantilism", in Samuels, Warren J.; Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B., A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-22573-0
Markwell, Donald (2006), John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4
Nester, R. (2000), The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755, Praeger, ISBN 978-0-275-96772-7
Niehans, Jürg (1990), A History of Economic Theory: Classic Contributions, 1720–1980, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-3834-7
Omrund, David (2003), The rise of commercial empires: England and the Netherlands in the Age of Mercantilism, 1650–1770
Rothbard, Murray (1997), Mercantilism: A Lesson for Our Times?, Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar
Samuelson, Paul (May 1964), "Theoretical notes on trade problems", The Review of Economics and Statistics, JSTOR 1928178
Samuelson, Robert J. (17 May 2007), China's Wrong Turn on Trade, Newsweek, retrieved 2007-12-06
Smith, George H. (2008). "Mercantilism". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 326–28. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n198.
Spiegel, Henry William (1991), The growth of economic thought (3rd ed.), Duke University Press, ISBN 978-0-8223-0973-4
Vaggi, Gianni; Groenewegen, Peter (2003), A Concise History of Economic Thought: From Mercantilism to Monetarism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 0-333-99936-3
Walters, Robert S.; Blake, David H. (1976), The Politics of Global Economic Relations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-684712-9
Williams, E. N. (1999), The Ancién Regime in Europe: government and society in the major states 1648–1789, London: Pimlico, ISBN 0-7126-5934-X
Wilson, Charles (1963) [1958], Mercantilism, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mercantile System.
Thomas Mun's Englands Treasure by Forraign Trade
Book IV of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith's attack on the Mercantile System
[show]
v
t
e
International trade
Terminology
Absolute advantage
Balance of payments
Balance of trade
Capital account
Comparative advantage
Current account
Export-oriented industrialization
Fair trade
Foreign exchange reserves
Globalization
Import substitution industrialization
Net capital outflow
Outsourcing
Tariff
Trade justice
Trade war
Trading nation
Organizations
and policies
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
World Bank Group
World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Trade Centre
Bilateral investment treaty
Economic integration
Free-trade zone
Special economic zone
Trade agreement
Trade barrier
Trade bloc
Political economy
Free trade (Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Repeal of the Corn Laws)
Mercantilism
Protectionism (Economic nationalism, Autarky)
Regional organizations
ACU
ASEAN
CACM
CAN
CARICOM
CEMAC
CUBKR
EAC
EAU
EU
GCC
Mercosur
RCEP
SAARC
SACU
WAEMU
Exports by product
Aircraft & Spacecraft
Aircraft parts
Aluminium
Cars
Car parts
Coal
Coffee
Computers
Copper
Corn
Cotton
Diamonds
Electricity
Engines
Gas turbines
Gold
Integrated circuits
Iron ore
Natural gas
Oil
Petrol
Pharmaceuticals
Ships
Steel
Telecommunications equipment
Telephones
Trucks
Wheat
Wine
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Mercantilists
Antonio Serra
Gerard de Malynes
Edward Misselden
Thomas Mun
Jean Bodin
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Josiah Child
William Petty
Charles Davenant
Ferdinando Galiani
James Denham-Steuart
Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick
[show]
v
t
e
Schools of economic thought
Pre-modern
Ancient schools
Medieval Islamic
Scholasticism
Early modern
Cameralism
Mercantilism
Physiocrats
School of Salamanca
Modern
American (National)
Anarchist
Austrian
Birmingham
Classical
English historical
French
Georgism
German historical
Lausanne
Malthusian
Marginalism
Marxian
Mutualism
Neoclassical
Neomercantilism
Ricardian
Socialist
20th and 21st century
Behavioral
Buddhist
Capability approach
Carnegie
Chicago
Circuitism
Constitutional
Ecological
Evolutionary
Feminist
Freiburg
Institutional
Keynesian
Modern monetary theory
Monetarism (Neo-Monetarism)
Neo-Keynesian
Neo-Malthusian
Neo-Marxian
Neo-Ricardian
New classical
New institutional
New Keynesian
Organizational
Post-Keynesian
Public choice
Regulation
Saltwater/freshwater
Stockholm
Structuralist
Supply-side
Thermoeconomics
Virginia
Related
History of economic thought
History of macroeconomic thought
Economics
Mainstream economics
Heterodox economics
Post-autistic economics
Degrowth
World-systems theory
Economic systems
Authority control
LCCN: sh85083742
GND: 4038722-7
NDL: 00575145
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercantilism&oldid=800136572"
Categories:
Early Modern economics
Economic ideologies
Economic nationalism
Schools of economic thought
History of international trade
Preclassical economics
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2017
Articles needing additional references from January 2010
All articles needing additional references
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Alemannisch
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 September 2017, at 18:23.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: href title

attrs: class style

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;background: none;

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em 0.15em 0.25em; display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: #efefef;

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.5em;

values: List of important publications in economics

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;background-color: #efefef;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Communist_system
mw-redirect
Communist system

values:
/wiki/Green_economics
mw-redirect
Green economics

values:
/wiki/Islamic_economic_jurisprudence
mw-redirect
Islamic economic jurisprudence

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Chinese_model
mw-redirect
Chinese model

values:
/wiki/Socialization_(economics)
mw-redirect
Socialization (economics)

values:
/wiki/Self-managed_economy
mw-redirect
Self-managed economy

values:
/wiki/Expeditionary_Economics
mw-redirect
Expeditionary Economics

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;

values: Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2017)

values:
/wiki/Political_power
mw-redirect
Political power

values:
/wiki/Finished_goods
mw-redirect
Finished goods

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/King_Louis_XIV_of_France
mw-redirect
King Louis XIV of France

values:
/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert
mw-redirect
Jean Baptiste Colbert

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Elizabethan_Era
mw-redirect
Elizabethan Era

values:
/wiki/Trade_and_Navigation_Acts
mw-redirect
Trade and Navigation Acts

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)

values:
/wiki/French_mercantilism
mw-redirect
French mercantilism

values:
/wiki/James_Denham-Steuart
mw-redirect
James Denham-Steuart

values:
/wiki/Philipp_Wilhelm_von_Hornick
mw-redirect
Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick

values:
/wiki/Underground_economy
mw-redirect
Underground economy

values:
/wiki/Lower_classes
mw-redirect
Lower classes

values:
/wiki/Robert_B._Ekelund
mw-redirect
Robert B. Ekelund

values:
/wiki/Paper_money
mw-redirect
Paper money

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values:
/wiki/Compagnie_des_Cent-Associ%C3%A9s
mw-redirect
Compagnie des Cent-Associés

values:
/wiki/Christina_of_Sweden
mw-redirect
Christina of Sweden

values:
/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia
mw-redirect
Peter I of Russia

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)

values:
/wiki/Group_decision_making
mw-redirect
Group decision making

values:
/wiki/Rent_seeking
mw-redirect
Rent seeking

values:
/wiki/Government_intervention
mw-redirect
Government intervention

values:
plainlinks noprint asof-tag update
display:none;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money

values:
/wiki/Library_of_Economics_and_Liberty
mw-redirect
Library of Economics and Liberty

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/237794267

values:
/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing
mw-redirect
Blackwell Publishing

values:
nofollow
external text
https://mises.org/daily/4304

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1928178

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.newsweek.com/id/34952

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/2008009151

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mercantile System

values:
/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves
mw-redirect
Foreign exchange reserves

values: A container being loaded on a prime mover in Northport. Container being loaded on one of the Prime Mover.

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

values:
/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws
mw-redirect
Repeal of the Corn Laws

values:
/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations
mw-redirect
Andean Community of Nations

values: Economic Community of Central African States

values: Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia

values: Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf

values: Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

values: South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

values: West African Economic and Monetary Union

values: List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports

values: List of countries by aircraft component exports

values: List of countries by automotive component exports

values: List of countries by maize exports (page does not exist)

values: List of countries by electricity exports

values: List of countries by gas turbine exports

values: List of countries by integrated circuit exports

values: List of countries by natural gas exports

values: List of countries by refined petroleum exports

values: List of countries by pharmaceutical exports

values: List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports (page does not exist)

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Mercantilists padding:3px

values: Template talk:Schools of economic thought

values:
/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory
mw-redirect
Modern monetary theory

values:
/wiki/Neo-Malthusian_economics
mw-redirect
Neo-Malthusian economics

values:
/wiki/Economic_systems
mw-redirect
Economic systems

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4038722-7

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2010

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mercantilism
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: إتجارية – Arabic

values: Меркантылізм – Belarusian

values: Мэркантылізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Меркантилизъм – Bulgarian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Εμποροκρατία – Greek

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: مرکانتیلیسم – Persian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Մերկանտիլիզմ – Armenian

values: वाणिज्यवाद – Hindi

values: מרקנטיליזם – Hebrew

values: მერკანტილიზმი – Georgian

values: Меркантилизм – Kazakh

values: Меркантилизм – Kyrgyz

values: वणिकवाद – Nepali

values: Меркантилизм – Russian

values: වානිජ වාදය – Sinhala

values: Меркантилизам – Serbian

values: வணிகவாதம் – Tamil

values: Меркантилизм – Tajik

values: Меркантилізм – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mercantilism rootpage-Mercantilism skin-vector action-view