text:
John Galt
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For the Scottish novelist of the same name, see John Galt (novelist).
John Galt
Atlas Shrugged character
Created by
Ayn Rand
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Engineer, inventor, philosopher
John Galt (/ɡɔːlt/) is a character in Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged (1957). Although he is not identified by name until the last third of the novel, he is the object of its often-repeated question "Who is John Galt?" and of the quest to discover the answer.
As the plot unfolds, Galt is acknowledged to be a philosopher and inventor; he believes in the power and glory of the human mind, and the right of the individual to use their mind solely for themselves. He serves as a highly individualistic counterpoint to the collectivist social and economic structure depicted in the novel, in which society is based on oppressive bureaucratic functionaries and a culture that embraces mediocrity in the name of egalitarianism, which the novel posits is the end result of collectivist philosophy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character biography
2 Origin
3 Interpretation
3.1 "Who is John Galt?"
4 Cultural significance
5 In other media
6 References
7 External links
Character biography[edit]
The novel unfolds in a progressive retrospective, with Galt, the son of an Ohio garage mechanic, leaving home at age twelve and beginning college at the fictional Patrick Henry University at age sixteen. There he meets Francisco d'Anconia and Ragnar Danneskjöld, who become his two closest friends. Galt takes a double major in physics and philosophy, and after graduating, he becomes an engineer at the Twentieth Century Motor Company, where he designs a revolutionary new motor powered by ambient static electricity. When the company owner dies and his heirs decide to run the factory by the collectivist maxim, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need", Galt refuses to work there any longer and abandons his motor.
During the main storyline of the book, Galt has secretly organized a strike by the world's creative leaders, including inventors, artists and businessmen, in an effort to "stop the motor of the world" and bring about the collapse of the bureaucratic society. While working incognito as a laborer for Taggart Transcontinental railroad, he travels to visit the key figures that he has not yet recruited, systematically persuading them to join the strike. This strike is not revealed immediately within the story, but forms the backdrop of the novel as a mystery which protagonist Dagny Taggart seeks to uncover, with Galt as her antagonist. The strikers have created their own secret enclave known as "Galt's Gulch", a town secluded in a Colorado mountain valley, based on Ouray, Colorado.
While in the valley, Dagny develops a romantic relationship with Galt, although she refuses to join the strike. After she returns home to New York, Galt takes over the airwaves, delivering a lengthy speech that explains what he sees to be the irrationality of collectivism and offers his own philosophy (Ayn Rand's Objectivism) as an alternative. Galt speaks against what he sees as the evil of collectivism and the idea that individuals must be responsible for each other, and says that should be replaced by voluntary association and adherence to rational self-interest. Seeking Galt after the speech, Dagny accidentally leads the authorities to him, and he is arrested. She and the strikers rescue Galt as the government tortures him. They return to Galt's Gulch and prepare to rebuild the rest of the world, as the collapse of the incompetent government nears.
Origin[edit]
Literature professor Shoshana Milgram traces the origins of the character to adventure stories that Rand read as a child, including the French novels La Vallée Mystérieuse and Le Petit Roi d'Ys. Rand also owned a copy of a 1940 novel with characters named Jed and John Peter Galt. There was a 19th-century Scottish novelist of the same name, but Milgram says that any connection to the character is "highly unlikely". Milgram also notes that the name Rand originally picked for her character was Iles Galt.[1]
At least two real people of Rand's acquaintance have been suggested as partial inspirations for Galt. Rand denied any connection to her friend John Gall, a conservative attorney, but did claim some inspiration came from her husband, Frank O'Connor.[1]
Author Justin Raimondo has found parallels between Atlas Shrugged and The Driver, a 1922 novel by Garet Garrett.[2] Garrett's novel has a main character named Henry M. Galt. This Galt is an entrepreneur who takes over a failing railway, turning it into a productive and profitable asset for the benefit of himself and the rest of the nation. The general population and government turn against him instead of celebrating his success. Raimondo also notes that in The Driver, some characters ask, "Who is Henry M. Galt?", similar to the question "Who is John Galt?" that plays an important role in Atlas Shrugged.[3]
Rand is not the only famous author to invent a character with this name. Pulp fiction author Robert E. Howard, creator of heroes such as Conan the Barbarian, used a villain named John Galt—also a man of mystery missing for a long time and possessed of great wealth, trying to manipulate his world from the background—in the tale "Black Talons" in 1933, more than twenty years before Atlas Shrugged was published.
Interpretation[edit]
The Galt character has been compared to various iconic figures from literature and history. In the novel itself, he is compared with Prometheus from the Greek myths.[4] English literature scholar Mimi Reisel Gladstein sees similarities to the figures of Arthur and Galahad from the Arthurian legends.[5] Parallels have also been drawn to Captain Nemo, the anti-hero of Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, who has likewise turned his back on "civilization" in self-imposed exile with a number of chosen allies, refusing to partake in a society he views as irreconcilably evil and oppressive.[6]
Galt is not necessarily intended to be a rounded or realistic character; he has been called "more a symbol than a person"[7] and "two-dimensional".[8] Mimi Reisel Gladstein describes Galt as "more icon than character".[9] Rand's own notes indicate that she expected the character to have "[n]o progression" and "no inner conflict" because he was "integrated (indivisible) and perfect".[10]
"Who is John Galt?"[edit]
The book's opening line, "Who is John Galt?", becomes an expression of helplessness and despair at the current state of the novel's fictionalized world. The book's protagonist, Dagny Taggart, hears a number of legends of Galt, before finding him. In one legend Galt seeks the lost island of Atlantis, in another he discovers the Fountain of Youth. After eventually joining Galt's cause, Taggart learns that all of the stories have an element of truth to them. She names the Colorado spur of her railroad line the "John Galt Line" which surprises many people. When asked "Who is John Galt?", she replies "We are!"
Cultural significance[edit]
The phrase "Who Is John Galt" is spray-painted on a wall.
"The book's hero, John Galt, also continues to live on", wrote journalist Harriet Rubin in a September 2007 article about the influence of Atlas Shrugged. Rubin mentions John Galt Solutions (a software company) and the John Galt Corporation (a demolition company) as examples of companies named after the character.[11]
The use of Galt as a symbol in the context of political or social protest has taken root in some places. The phrase "going John Galt" or simply "going Galt" has been used by psychologist Helen Smith[12] and others[13][14] to describe productive members of society cutting back on work in response to the projected increase in U.S. marginal tax rates, increased limits on tax deductions, and the use of tax revenues for causes they regard as immoral. "Who is John Galt?" signs were seen at Tea Party protests held in the United States and at banking protests in London in April 2009.[15] Texas Republican congressman Ron Paul's presidential primary campaign of 2008 included a play on the phrase, using "Who is Ron Paul?" on campaign T-shirts; his web site biography uses the same title.[16]
In August 1988, the Louisiana business lobbyist and columnist Edward J. Steimel referred to the United States Congress and the liberal majority elected in 1986 in the last two years of the administration of US President Ronald W. Reagan as "the John Galt Congress". Steimel objected to an increase in the minimum wage, a measure which he said would "wreak havoc with the very individuals it is designed to help most – new entrants into the work force and new minority workers in particular". Steimel described the public as uninformed people who merely shrug their shoulders and ask "Who is John Galt?" whenever they are questioned about the grip of expanded government on their lives and liberty.[17]
In May 2011, I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It, by libertarian columnist and business consultant Donald Luskin and businessman Andrew Greta was published, profiling modern-day examples of Ayn Rand's iconic heroes and villains.[18]
The video game BioShock and its sequel BioShock 2 feature a character named Andrew Ryan who was heavily influenced by Galt, both in his championing of Objectivism and in his life goal of gathering like minds to live with him in an ideal society (the undersea city of Rapture) where their accomplishments will be duly rewarded and unfettered by the values of an altruistic or collectivist society.
In other media[edit]
Kristoffer Polaha played Galt in Atlas Shrugged: Part III.
In 2009, For Beginners, LLC released Ayn Rand for Beginners by Andrew Bernstein as part of its ... For Beginners graphic nonfiction comic book series. The illustrations by Own Brozman included a number of drawings of Galt in the section discussing Atlas Shrugged.
From 2011 to 2014, a movie adaptation of Atlas Shrugged was released in three parts. A different actor portrayed Galt in each film. In Atlas Shrugged: Part I, director Paul Johansson played the role, albeit with limited screen time and in shadow. Actor D. B. Sweeney took over the role for Atlas Shrugged: Part II, released in 2012. For the 2014 release of Part III, the role was again recast, this time with Kristoffer Polaha.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Milgram, Shoshana (2009). "Who Was John Galt? The Creation of Ayn Rand's Ultimate Ideal Man". In Mayhew, Robert. Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. pp. 53–56, 76n.13. ISBN 978-0-7391-2780-3.
Jump up ^ Garrett, Garet (1922). The Driver. New York: E.P. Dutton.
Jump up ^ Raimondo, Justin (2008) [1993]. Reclaiming the American Right: The Lost Legacy of the Conservative Movement (2nd ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: ISI Books. pp. 237–240. ISBN 978-1-933859-60-6.
Jump up ^ Minsaas, Kirsti (2007). "Ayn Rand's Recasting of Ancient Myths". In Younkins, Edward W. Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged: A Philosophical and Literary Companion. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 133–135. ISBN 978-0-7546-5533-6.
Jump up ^ Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2000). Atlas Shrugged: Manifesto of the Mind. Twayne's Masterwork Studies. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 58. ISBN 0-8057-1638-6.
Jump up ^ William H. Stoddard (November 17, 2008). "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea – Jules Verne". Troynovant.com. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Merrill, Ronald E. (1991). The Ideas of Ayn Rand. La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 0-8126-9158-X.
Jump up ^ Branden, Barbara (interviewed) (January 1990). "The Liberty Interview: Barbara Branden". Liberty. 3 (3).
Jump up ^ Gladstein, Mimi Reisel (2000). Atlas Shrugged: Manifesto of the Mind. Twayne's Masterwork Studies. New York: Twayne Publishers. p. 65. ISBN 0-8057-1638-6.
Jump up ^ Rand, Ayn (1997). David Harriman, ed. Journals of Ayn Rand. New York: Dutton. p. 512. ISBN 0-525-94370-6.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Harriet (September 15, 2007). "Ayn Rand’s Literature of Capitalism". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith, Helen (October 15, 2008). "Is It Time to Go John Galt?". Pajamas Media. Retrieved June 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ ‘Going Galt’: Everyone’s Doing It!, The New York Times, March 6, 2009
Jump up ^ "Going Galt in 2013". FortLiberty. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Who Is John Galt?' Protest Banner", The Guardian, April 1, 2009
Jump up ^ "Ron Paul biography". Archived from the original on July 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The John Galt Congress", Minden Press-Herald, August 10, 1988, p. 2
Jump up ^ "John Wiley & Sons, I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It". Wiley.com. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
External links[edit]
John Galt on IMDb
[hide]
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Ayn Rand
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The Fountainhead (1943)
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Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology (1979)
The Art of Fiction (2000)
Essay collections
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Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (1966)
The Romantic Manifesto (1969)
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Philosophy: Who Needs It (1982)
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You Came Along (1945)
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Film adaptations
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John Galt
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Rameswaram
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the temple town. For main temple, see Ramanathaswamy Temple. For other uses, see Rameswaram (disambiguation).
Rameswaram
Rameshvaram
Rameshwaram
Town
From top: Ramanathaswamy Temple tower, Pamban Bridge, and a set of fishing boats.
Nickname(s): Rameswaram,Ramesvaram,Rameshwaram
Rameswaram
Coordinates: 9°17′17″N 79°18′47″E / 9.288°N 79.313°E / 9.288; 79.313Coordinates: 9°17′17″N 79°18′47″E / 9.288°N 79.313°E / 9.288; 79.313
Country
India
State
Tamil Nadu
District
Ramanathapuram
Government
• Type
Second Grade Municipality
• Body
Municipality of Rameswaram
Area
• Total
55 km2 (21 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population (2011)
• Total
44,856
• Density
820/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Rameswaramkar
Language
• Official
Tamil
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN CODE
623526
Vehicle registration
TN 65
Badrinath
Dwarka
Jagannath Puri
Rameswaram
Char Dham
Rameswaram, (also spelt as Ramesvaram, Rameshwaram) is a town and a second grade municipality in the Ramanathapuram district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on Pamban Island separated from mainland India by the Pamban channel and is about 40 kilometres from Mannar Island, Sri Lanka. It is situated in the Gulf of Mannar, at the very tip of the Indian peninsula.[1] Pamban Island, also known as Rameswaram Island, is connected to mainland India by the Pamban Bridge. Rameswaram is the terminus of the railway line from Chennai and Madurai. Together with Varanasi, it is considered to be one of the holiest places in India to Hindus, and part of the Char Dham pilgrimage.
It is said that this is the place from where the Hindu god Rama built a bridge across the sea to Lanka to rescue his wife Sita from her abductor Ravana. The Ramanathaswamy Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, is located at the centre of the town and is closely associated with Rama. The temple, along with the town, is considered a holy pilgrimage site for both Shaivas and Vaishnavas.[2][3]
Rameswaram is the closest point from which to reach Sri Lanka from India, and geological evidence suggests that the Rama Sethu was a former land connection between India and Sri Lanka[citation needed]. The town has been in the news over the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, Kachchatheevu, Sri Lankan Tamil refugees and capturing local fishermen for alleged cross-border activities by Sri Lankan Forces.[4] Rameswaram is administered by a municipality established in 1994. The town covers an area of 53 km2 (20 sq mi) and had a population of 44,856 as of 2011. Tourism and fishery employ the majority of workforce in Rameswaram.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legend
2 History
3 Geography
4 Demographics
5 Municipal Administration and politics
6 Economy
7 Transport and Communication
8 Education and utility services
9 Religion
9.1 Ramanathaswamy Temple
9.2 Temple Tanks
9.3 Gandhamathana Parvatham
9.4 Dhanushkodi
9.5 Hindu Pilgrimage
10 Interaction with Sri Lanka
10.1 Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees
10.2 Rameswaram Fishery
10.3 Kachchatheevu
10.4 Sethusamudram Canal Project
11 Footnotes
12 References
13 External links
Legend[edit]
Map of Ramsetu's Bridge (a chain of limestone shoals) and environs, prior to the cyclone of 1964.
Rameswara means "One who is lord of Rama" (Ram yasy Eashwarah) in Sanskrit, an epithet of Shiva, the presiding deity of the Ramanathaswamy Temple.[5] According to Hindu epic Ramayana, Rama, the seventh avatar of the god Vishnu, prayed to Shiva here to absolve any sins that he might have committed during his war against the demon-king Ravana in Sri Lanka.[6][3] According to the Puranas (Hindu scriptures), upon the advice of sages, Rama along with his wife Sita and his brother Lakshmana, installed and worshipped the lingam (an iconic symbol of Shiva) here to expiate the sin of Brahmahatya incurred while killing of the Brahmin Ravana.[7] To worship Shiva, Rama wanted to have a lingam and directed his monkey lieutenant Hanuman to bring it from Himalayas.[8][3] Since it took longer to bring the lingam, Sita built a lingam, made of just Sands of the shores, which is also believed to be the one in the sanctum of the temple.[8] This account is not supported by the original Ramayana authored by Valmiki,[9] nor in the Tamil version of the Ramayana authored by Tamil poet, Kambar (1180–1250 CE). Support for this account is found in some of the later versions of the Ramayana, such as the one penned by Tulasidas (15th century).[10][11] Sethu Karai is a place 22 km before the island of Rameswaram from where Rama is believed to have built a floating stone bridge, the Ramsetu bridge, that further continued to Dhanushkodi in Rameswaram till Talaimannar in Sri Lanka.[6][12] According to another version, as quoted in Adhyatma Ramayana, Rama installed the lingam before the construction of the bridge to Lanka.[13]
History[edit]
The history of Rameswaram is centred around the island being a transit point to reach Sri Lanka (Ceylon historically) and the presence of Ramanathaswamy Temple. Tevaram, the 7th–8th century Tamil compositions on Shiva by the three prominent Nayanars (Saivites) namely Appar,[14] Sundarar and Thirugnanasambandar.[15] The Chola king Rajendra Chola I (1012 – 1040 CE) had a control of the town for a short period.[16] The Jaffna kingdom (1215–1624 CE) had close connections with the island and claimed the title Setukavalan meaning custodians of the Rameswaram.[17] Hinduism was their state religion and they made generous contribution to the temple.[17] Setu was used in their coins as well as in inscriptions as marker of the dynasty.[17]
According to Firishta, Malik Kafur, the head general of Alauddin Khalji, the ruler of Delhi Sultanate, reached Rameswaram during his political campaign in spite of stiff resistance from the Pandyan princes in the early 14th century.[18][19][20] He erected a mosque by name Alia al-Din Khaldji in honour of victory of Islam.[18][19] During the early 15th century, the present day Ramanathapuram, Kamuthi and Rameswaram were included in the Pandya dynasty.[16] In 1520 CE, the town came under the rule of Vijayanagara Empire.[16] The Sethupathis, the breakaway from Madurai Nayaks, ruled Ramanathapuram and contributed to the Ramanathaswamy temple.[16][3] The most notable of them are the contributions of Muthu Kumara Ragunatha and Muthu Ramalinga Sethupathi, who transformed the temple to an architectural ensemble.[21] The region was repeatedly captured several times by Chanda Sahib (1740 – 1754 CE), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of 18th century.[22] In 1795 CE, Rameswaram came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency. After 1947, the town became a part of Independent India.[16]
Geography[edit]
An aerial view of Dhanushkodi, at the tip of Rameswaram
Rameswaram has an average elevation of 10 m (33 ft). The island is spread across an area of 61.8 km2 (23.9 sq mi) and is in the shape of a conch. 74% of the area has sandy soil due to the presence of sea and it has many islands surrounding it, the Palk Strait in the north west and Gulf of Mannar in the south East.[23] The Ramanathaswamy Temple occupies major area of Rameswaram. The beach of Rameswaram is featured with no waves at all – the sea waves rise to a maximum height of 3 cm (0.10 ft) and the view looks like a very big river. Rameswaram has dry tropical climate with low humidity,[23] with average monthly rainfall of 75.73 mm (2.981 in),[23] mostly from North-East monsoon from October to January. The highest ever temperature recorded at Pamban station was 37 °C and the lowest was 17 °C.[24]
Ramsetu Bridge is a chain of limestone shoals, between Rameswaram and Mannar Island, off the northwestern coast of Sri Lanka. Geological evidence suggests that this bridge is a former land connection between India and Sri Lanka.[25] The bridge is 29 km (18 mi) long and separates the Gulf of Mannar (North-East) from the Palk Strait (South-West). It was reportedly passable on foot up to the 15th century until storms deepened the channel. The temple records record that Rama’s Bridge was completely above sea level until it broke in a cyclone in 1480 CE.[26] The bridge was first mentioned in the ancient Indian Sanskrit epic Ramayana of Valmiki.[27] The name Rama's Bridge or Rama Setu (Sanskrit; setu: bridge) refers to the bridge built by the Vanara (ape men) army of Rama in Hindu mythology, which he used to reach Lanka and rescue his wife Sita from the demon king Ravana.[27] The Ramayana attributes the building of this bridge to Rama in verse 2-22-76, naming it as Setubandhanam.[28] The sea separating India and Sri Lanka is called Sethusamudram meaning "Sea of the Bridge". Maps prepared by a Dutch cartographer in 1747 CE, available at the Tanjore Saraswathi Mahal Library show this area as Ramancoil, a colloquial form of the Tamil Raman Kovil (or Rama's Temple).[29] Many other maps in Schwartzberg's historical atlas[30] and other sources such as travel texts by Marco Polo call this area by various names such as Adam's Bridge, Sethubandha and Sethubandha Rameswaram.[31]
Demographics[edit]
Religious census
Religion Percent(%)
Hindu
87.4%
Muslim
4.36%
Christian
8.13%
Sikh
0.03%
Buddhist
0.01%
Other
0.07%
[show]Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1971
16,755 —
1981
27,928 +66.7%
1991
32,721 +17.2%
2001
37,968 +16.0%
2011
44,856 +18.1%
Sources:
1971–2001:[23]
2011:[32]
According to 2011 census, Rameswaram had a population of 44,856 with a sex-ratio of 969 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.[33] A total of 5,022 were under the age of six, constituting 2,544 males and 2,478 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 6.8% and .03% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 73.36%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.[33] The town had a total of 10579 households. There were a total of 16,645 workers, comprising 69 cultivators, 20 main agricultural labourers, 148 in house hold industries, 15,130 other workers, 1,278 marginal workers, 11 marginal cultivators, 26 marginal agricultural labourers, 44 marginal workers in household industries and 1,197 other marginal workers.[32] The total number of households below poverty lane (BPL) in 2003 were 976, which is 10.45% of the total households in the town and these were raised to 3003 (29.12%) in 2007.[23]
As per the religious census of 2011, Rameswaram had 87.4% Hindus, 4.36% Muslims, 8.13% Christians, 0.03% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, and 0.07% following other religions.[34]
Municipal Administration and politics[edit]
A street in Rameswaram
Municipality Officials
Chairman A. Archunan[35]
Commissioner P.M.N. Mujibur Rahman[36]
Vice Chairman R.Ghunasekaran[37]
Elected Members
Member of Legislative Assembly Dr. Manikandan[38]
Member of Parliament A. Anwhar Raajhaa[39]
According to the Madras Presidency Panchayat Act of 1885, Rameswaram was declared a panchyat union during British times. It became a township during 1958 and was declared a municipality in 2004.[23] Rameswaram is a 3rd grade municipality having 21 wards, out of which 6 are General wards for women and one is reserved for SC (Scheduled Caste) women.[40] The major sources of budgeted income for Rameswaram municipality comes from Devolution Fund of ₹ 17 million (US$0.3 million) and property tax of ₹ 2.4 million (US$43,000).[41] The major expense heads are for salaries of ₹ 06 million (US$0.1 million), operating expenses of ₹ 03.7 million (US$65,000) and repair & maintenance expenditure of ₹ 02.3 million (US$42,000).[41] The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning and the Computer Wing.[42] All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the supreme executive head.[42] The legislative powers are vested in a body of 21 members, one each from the 21 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.[43]
Rameswaram comes under the Ramanathapuram assembly constituency and it elects a member to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly once every five years.[44] The current MLA of the constituency is Dr. Manikandan from the AIADMK .[38]
Rameswaram is a part of the Ramanathapuram (Lok Sabha constituency) – it has been realigned in 2008 to have the following assembly constituencies – Paramakudi (SC), Ramanathapuram, Mudukulathur, Aranthangi, Tiruchuli (newly created).[45] The constituency was traditionally a stronghold of the Indian National Congress that won 6 times till the 1991 elections, after which it was won twice each by the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is A. Anwhar Raajhaa from the AIADMK party.[39]
Rameswaram Island Aerial view from Pamban Bridge
India's renowned scientist and former President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, was born in Rameswaram.[46]
Economy[edit]
Being a pilgrimage town, the majority of the population is involved in tourism related industry consisting of trade and services.[47] Service sector increased from 70% in 1971 to 98.78% in 2001, while the agricultural sector reduced from 23% in 1971 to 0.13% in 2001.[47] Rameswaram is an industrially backward town – there has been no demarcation for industrial land due to the pilgrim sanctity and ecological fragile geography.[47] Being an island town, the traditional occupation was fishing, but due to poor returns, the people in fishing community have gradually shifted to other professions.[47] Banks such as State Bank of India, Indian Bank and RDCC Bank have their branches in Rameswaram.[48]
Transport and Communication[edit]
Road and rail bridge
Pamban Bridge is a cantilever bridge on the Palk Strait that connects Rameswaram to mainland India. The railway bridge is 6,776 ft (2,065 m)[49] and was opened to traffic in 1914. The railroad bridge is a double-leaf bascule bridge section that can be raised to let ships pass under it . The railway bridge historically carried metre-gauge trains on it, but Indian Railways upgraded the bridge to carry broad-gauge trains in a project that finished on 12 August 2007. Historically, the two leaves of the bridge were opened manually using levers by workers.[49] About 10 ships – cargo carriers, coast guard ships, fishing vessels and oil tankers pass through the bridge every month. After completion of bridge, metre-gauge lines were laid from Mandapam up to Pamban Station, from where the railway lines bifurcated into two directions, one towards Rameswaram about 6.25 miles (10.06 km) up and another branch line of 15 miles (24 km) terminating at Dhanushkodi. The noted Boat Mail ran on this track between 1915 and 1964 from Chennai Egmore up to Dhanushkodi, from where the passengers were ferried to Talaimannar in Ceylon. The metre-gauge branch line from Pamban Junction to Dhanushkodi was abandoned after it was destroyed in a cyclone in 1964.[50]
Pamban lighthouse, Rameswaram
There are daily express trains connecting major cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai, Madurai, Trichy and Coimbatore.[51] There are weekly express trains connecting Coimbatore, Varanasi and Bhubaneswar.[51] Passenger trains ply from Rameswaram to Madurai and Trichy daily, making railways as the major mode of transportation.[51] The Ramanathapuram – Rameswaram National Highway is the main connecting link from Rameswaram to the mainland.[52] Prior to the 1914 train service linking the mainland with Rameswaram, boats were the only mode of transport to Rameswaram island.[52][53]
Rameswaram TV tower
The National highway NH 49 connects Madurai to Dhanushkodi, linking major towns like Manamadurai, Paramakkudi, and Ramanathapuram in the Ramanathapuram district.[54] The Rameswaram municipality covers a total road length of 52 km and 20 km of national highway covering about 80 percent of the town.[55] The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation runs daily services connecting various cities to Rameswaram and operates a computerised reservation centre in the municipal bus stand of Rameswaram.[56]
Rameswaram is the important port among all the ports in the district, having a ferry service to Talaimannar of Sri Lanka, though not operational throughout the year.[54] Limited foreign trade is conducted with Jaffna, Kaits, Talaimannar and Colombo.[54]
The Rameswaram TV Tower is the tallest tower in India.[57] The tower is a 323m tall circular concrete tower with a square steel mast of 45m height, diameter of 24m at the bottom tapering to 6.5m at top.[58] The tower has been designed for a wind velocity of 160 km/h.[58] There are two lighthouses in Rameswaram, the Pamban lighthouse and Rameswaram lighthouse.[59]
Education and utility services[edit]
Ramanathapuram district has one of the lowest literacy rates in the state of Tamil Nadu and Rameswaram, following the district statistics has a lower literacy rate. There are a couple of Government high schools, one each for boys and girls.[60] There are seven other schools namely, Swami. Vivekananda vidyalaya Matriculation School( which provide excellent education in the island and secure district and state level ranks in board exams frequently), St. Joseph Higher Secondary School, Mandapam Panchayat Union 9 – School, Micro Matriculation School, Sri Sankara Vidhyalaya, Holy Island Little Flower School and Kendriya Vidhyalaya School.[60] Alagappa University Evening College is the only college present in the town[61] and all the nearest colleges are located in Ramanathapuram and Paramakudi.[62][61]
Electricity supply to the town is regulated and distributed by the Ramanathapuram circle of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB).[63] Water supply is provided by the Rameswaram Municipality – the head works is located at Nambunayaki Amman Kovil, Meyyambuli, Semmamadam & Natarajapuram and distributed through four over head tanks having a total capacity of 1430,000 litres.[64] About 6 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the town every day in the four zones covering the whole of the town.[65] Rameswaram does not have a sewerage system for disposal of sullage and the disposal system consists of septic tanks and public conveniences.[66] Roadside drains carry untreated sewage out of the town to let out raw into the sea or accumulates in low-lying area.[66]
Rameswaram comes under the Karaikudi Telecom circle of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service[67] along with other major internet service provider like Reliance.[68]
Religion[edit]
Being a Hindu pilgrimage centre, Hindus form the visitor base of the city. There is a minority of Christians belonging to the fishing community. C.S.I island mission church and St Antony's Church at Oriyur on the eastern shore of the island are prominent Churches in the island.[52]
Ramanathaswamy Temple[edit]
Main article: Ramanathaswamy Temple
Corridor of 1000 pillars
The Ramanathaswamy Temple is the most notable historic landmark of the town. Located in the centre of town, Ramanathaswamy Temple is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to the god Shiva. The temple is one of the 12 Jyotirlinga shrines, where Shiva is worshipped in the form of a Jyotirlinga meaning "pillar of light".[69] It is also one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalam temples and is glorified in hymns by the three of the most revered Nayanar saints (7th century Saivite saints), Appar, Sundarar and Tirugnana Sambandar. The temple in its current structure was built during the 12th century by Pandya Dynasty. The temple has the longest corridor among all Hindu temples in India. The breadth of these columned corridors varies from 17 to 21 feet with a height of 25 feet.[13] Each pillar is sculpted in Nayak style as in Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple.[13] The contribution of the kings of the Sethupathy dynasty (17th century) to the temple was considerable.[70][13] Large amount of money was spent during the tenure of Pradani Muthirulappa Pillai towards the restoration of the pagodas which were falling into ruins – the Chockattan Mantapam or the cloistered precincts of the temple was reconstructed by him. The rulers of Sri Lanka contributed to the temple – Parakrama Bahu (1153–1186 CE) was involved in the construction of the sanctum sanctorum of the temple.[70][13] The eastern tower and shrine of Nataraja were built by Dalavai Sethupathy in 1649 CE.[13] The second enclosure is ascribed to Chinna Udayar Sethupathy and his son Ragunatha Thirumalai (1500–1540 CE).[13] The third enclosure was constructed by Muthu Ramalinga Sethupathy (1725–1771 CE) – his statue is located in the entrance of the corridor.[13]
Temple Tanks[edit]
Kothandaramar Temple, Rameswaram
There are sixty-four Tīrthas or Theerthams (holy water bodies) in and around Rameswaram. According to the Skanda Purana, twenty-four of them are important. Of the 24, 14 are in the form of tanks and wells within the precincts of the temple.[3] Bathing in these tanks is a major aspect of the pilgrimage to Rameswaram and is considered equivalent to penance. Twenty-two of the tanks are within the Ramanathaswamy Temple. The foremost one is called Agni Theertham, the sea (Bay of Bengal). Jatayu, King of the Birds, who fought in vain with the demon-king Ravana to save Sita, is said to have fallen down at Jadayu Theertham as his wings were severed.[71] Villoondi Theertham literally translates to 'buried bow', is located around 7 kilometres from the main temple on the way to Pamban.[71] It is believed to be the place where Rama quenched the thirst of Sita by dipping the bow into the sea water.[71] Other major holy bodies are Hanuman Theertham, Sugreeva Theertham and Lakshmana Theertham.[71]
Gandhamathana Parvatham[edit]
Gandhamathan Parvatham, a hillock situated 3 km to the north of the temple is the highest point in the island.[71] There is a two storeyed hall, where Rama's feet is found as an imprint on a chakra (wheel).[71] The Ramarpatham Temple is located on the hillock.[71]
Dhanushkodi[edit]
Dhanushkodi is the southernmost tip of the island and houses the Kothandaramaswamy Temple dedicated to Rama.[71] Though Dhanushkodi was washed away during the 1964 cyclone, the temple alone remained intact. It is 18 km way from the centre of the town and can be reached by road. A popular belief is that, Dhanushkodi is where Vibishana, a brother of Ravana surrendered before Rama in the epic Ramayana.[71]
Hindu Pilgrimage[edit]
People taking a holy dip in Agni theerth, Bay of Bengal
Rameswaram is significant for many Hindus as a pilgrimage to Varanasi is considered to be incomplete without a pilgrimage to Rameswaram. The town along with the Ramanathaswamy temple is one of the holiest Hindu Char Dham (four divine sites) sites comprising Badrinath, Puri and Dwarka.[72][73] Though the origins are not clearly known, the Advaita school of Hinduism established by Sankaracharya, attributes the origin of Char Dham to the seer.[74] The four monasteries are located across the four corners of India and their attendant temples are Badrinath Temple at Badrinath in the North, Jagannath Temple at Puri in the East, Dwarakadheesh Temple at Dwarka in the West and Ramanathaswamy Temple at Rameswaram in the South. Though ideologically the temples are divided between the sects of Hinduism, namely Saivism and Vaishnavism, the Char Dham pilgrimage is an all Hindu affair.[75] The journey across the four cardinal points in India is considered sacred by Hindus who aspire to visit these temples once in their lifetime.[76] Traditionally the trip starts at the eastern end from Puri, proceeding in clockwise direction in a manner typically followed for circuambulation in Hindu temples.[76] The temple is one of the famous pilgrimage sites historically – the Maratha kings who ruled Thanjavur established chatrams or rest houses all through Mayiladuthurai and Rameswaram between 1745 and 1837 CE and donated them to the temple.[77]
Interaction with Sri Lanka[edit]
Rameswaram is frequently in headlines over fishermen issues like attack, arrest and alleged harassment by Sri Lankan navy for alleged cross border activities, Sethusamudram canal project, Kachchatheevu, Sri Lankan Tamil refugees and also on intercountry smuggling between India and Sri Lanka.[4] As an initial step to curb enhanced smuggling, the Tamil Nadu government has set up 30 more marine police stations to bring the state’s entire coastal belt under close vigil.[4]
Sri Lankan Tamil Refugees[edit]
During the intense civil war of Sri Lanka, post 1980, Rameswaram acted as one of the focal points of smuggling and intense patrolling was carried out during the period.[78] There are a total of 65,940 registered destitute Sri Lankan refugees dwelling in 129 Refugee camps situated in different parts of Tamil Nadu as of Apr 2000 and a majority of them enter via Rameswaram.[79] There are an additional 20,667 non-camp refugees who entered via Rameswaram, registered in Mandapam transit camp and opted to reside outside the camps in various parts of Tamil Nadu.[79] On 11 March 1990, a record number of 2,337 refugees in 38 boats arrived from Talaimannar in Sri Lanka to Rameswaram – this was the largest number of refugees arriving in a single day since the ethnic violence from July 1983.[80] As of October 2006, an estimated 200,000 refugees have been reported in Mandapam Camp.[81] Sivarasan, one of the mastermind behind the Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, the ex-prime minister of India registered as refugee in Rameswaram camp on 12 September 1990.[82]
Rameswaram Fishery[edit]
Fishing boats in Rameswaram
Being an island, a significant population is involved in fishery traditionally. There have been incremental cases of Rameswaram fishermen allegedly killed or arrested by Sri Lankan navy along the maritime borders of India and Sri Lanka from the time of Sri Lankan civil war during 1983.[83] In the face of simmering tension after the 1985 January Colombo bound Yaldevi train attack in which 22 Sri Lankan soldiers and 16 civilians were killed, Rameswaram fishermen dared to venture to seas spelling acute hardship for the 10,000 fishermen family.[84] An estimated 381 fishermen have been killed in the sea due to shoot outs from 1983 to 2009.[83] The Sri Lankan army attributed the killings to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), but the casualty continues even after the end of LTTE in the region.[83] The Tamil Nadu state government has increased the compensation of casualty from the original ₹ 100,000 to 500,000 (US$1,800 to $9,000).[83] There has not been a single prosecution in any of the 381 killings committed so far from the Indian judiciary.[83] The cases not being filed is attributed to the fact that people killed beyond the maritime boundary of India are not eligible for compensation and not many file complaints against the Sri Lankan navy.[83] Though the Indian judiciary has provisions to prosecute foreigners, there is little progress due to the diplomatic overheads involved.[83] Indian government has also ventured into the use of technology like use of Global positioning system (GPS) by the fishermen and enabling cellphone blips to alert their mobile phones whenever they are crossing into Sri Lankan waters. The Sri Lankan navy has confirmed reports on Indian fishermen risking the international boundary due to depleted catch in Indian waters.[85]
There is a yearly 45-day ban on fishery with motorboats in the region.[86] The fishing ban for the year 2012 was effective during the months of April–May.[86][87] The jetty at Rameswaram is the largest landing centre for fishing boats in the region and it usually comes alive after the ban, with the arrival of fishermen, boat captains, shore workers and others from their native places.[87]
Sea World Aquarium is a natural habitat lying opposite to the Rameswaram Bus Stand, having an assortment of underwater creatures – it is the only one of its kind in the state, filled with such varied marine life forms including exotic species.[52]
Kachchatheevu[edit]
NASA satellite photo: Rameswaram on top, Sri Lanka at the bottom of the photo
Another focal point on the simmering tension between Indian and Sri Lankan governments is over the use of Kachchatheevu, an uninhabited island 15 km north of Rameswaram, belonging to Sri Lanka.[88] The accord of 1974 allows fishermen of both the countries for resting and soaking the nets in the island.[89] Repeated allegations on attacks by the Lankan navy, which on many occasions killed Indian fishermen, prevented them from making it to the island.[89] The annual two-day Saint Anthony fest at the island draws huge number of people from the fishermen community of both the countries.[89][89][90] The number of pilgrims for the 2012 function crossed 4,000, the largest attendance in the past two decades.[89] The feast also provides an opportunity for the Indian fishermen to meet their Sri Lankan counterparts and exchange views on their mutual problems.[89] The event served as a meeting point to find brides and grooms from both countries, but this practice has now been stopped from the 90s due to political constraint of fishermen family living in different countries.[89]
Sethusamudram Canal Project[edit]
Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project proposes linking the Palk Bay and the Gulf of Mannar between India and Sri Lanka by creating a shipping canal through the shallow sea sometimes called Setu Samudram, and through the chain of islands variously known as Ram Sethu or the Rama's Bridge. A few organisations are opposing the dredging of Ramasethu on religious, environmental and economical grounds. Many of these parties and organisations support implementation of this project using one of the five alternative alignments considered earlier[91] without damaging the structure considered sacred by Hindus. With 22 km (14 mi) of dredging remaining, the project is held from March 2010 by a Supreme Court order seeking the Central Government to clarify the status of the bridge as a national monument.[92]
Footnotes[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ayyar 1991, pp. 492–495.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sunday Observer & 13 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Caldwell 1881, p. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b De Silva & Beumer 1988, p. 291.
Jump up ^ Mukundan 1992, p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Singh 2009, p. 443.
Jump up ^ The Hindu & 3 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Ohja 2003, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Dodiya 2001, p. 2277.
Jump up ^ Guruge 1991, p. 68.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bajpai 2002, pp. 482–485.
Jump up ^ Thirunavukkarasar 2004, pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ Tirugnanasambandar 2004, pp. 102–103.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ramanathapuram district history 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gunasingam 1999, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b Mehta 1986, p. 157.
^ Jump up to: a b Sharon et al. 1987, p. 271.
Jump up ^ Aiyangar 1991, p. 112.
Jump up ^ Michell 1995, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Harman 1992, pp. 30–36.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Directorate of Municipal Administration 2009, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Weather Base 2006.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 2007.
Jump up ^ Garg 1992, p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b Room 2006, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Valmiki Ramayan 2004.
Jump up ^ The Hindu & 14 September 2007.
Jump up ^ Schwartzberg Atlas 2009.
Jump up ^ Polo 1854, p. 380.
^ Jump up to: a b Rameswaram 2011 census.
^ Jump up to: a b National Sex Ratio 2011.
Jump up ^ Religious Census 2011.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram Municipality Chairman 2011.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram Municipality Commissioner 2011.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram Municipality Vice Chairman 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b MLA of Ramanathapuram 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b MP of Ramanathapuram 2014.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram Municipality features 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Rameswaram Municipality budget 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Commissionerate of Municipal Administration 2006.
Jump up ^ Economic and political weekly 1995.
Jump up ^ List of Assembly constituencies 2010.
Jump up ^ The Hindu & 4 March 2009.
Jump up ^ The Hindu & 27 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Directorate of Municipal Administration 2009, pp. 38–39.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram City Banks 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b The Hindu & 21 November 2003.
Jump up ^ The Hindu & 17 July 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Train information 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ramanathapuram District tourism 2004.
Jump up ^ Smith 1882, p. 371.
^ Jump up to: a b c Directorate of Municipal Administration 2009, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Directorate of Municipal Administration 2009, p. 61.
Jump up ^ SETC Computer reservation centres 2004.
Jump up ^ The Indian Express & 7 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Dhir 1996, p. 167.
Jump up ^ DGLL.
^ Jump up to: a b Rameswaram schools 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Affiliated colleges 2012.
Jump up ^ Ramnad district education profile 2011.
Jump up ^ TNEB region details 2011.
Jump up ^ Rameswaram water supply 2007.
Jump up ^ Waste management programme 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Directorate of Municipal Administration 2009, p. 52.
Jump up ^ BSNL 2011.
Jump up ^ Reliance Netconnect+ Coverage.
Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1994, p. 139.
^ Jump up to: a b Bandopadhyay 2010, pp. 88–89.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Places of interest in Rameswaram 2007.
Jump up ^ Chakravarti 1994, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Gopal 1990, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Melton & Baumann 2010, p. 540.
Jump up ^ Brockman 2011, p. 94-96.
^ Jump up to: a b Gwynne 2007, p. 271 section on Char Dham.
Jump up ^ M. 2003, p. 54.
Jump up ^ Das 2005, p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Das 2005, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 172.
Jump up ^ Rajamanickam 2009, p. 175.
Jump up ^ Kaarthikeyan & Radhavinod Raju 2004, p. 71.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The Times of India & 23 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Chattopadhyaya 1994, p. 77.
Jump up ^ News Line & 22 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b The Times of India & 30 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b The Hindu & 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ The Times of India & 5 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g The Hindu & 5 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Asia News & 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ The Nation & 22 April 2007.
Jump up ^ IBN Live & 30 March 2010.
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Chennai Egmore

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1964 Dhanushkodi cyclone

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Pamban lighthouse

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Madurai Meenakshi

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Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa

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Tirtha and Kshetra

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Dwarkadheesh temple, Gujrat

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Yadagirigutta Temple

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values: Rameswaram (Ramanathapuram) – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: رامشوارام – Persian

values: રામેશ્વરમ – Gujarati

values: रामेश्वरम शहर – Hindi

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values: रामेश्वरम – Marathi

values: ラーメーシュワラム – Japanese

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values: Рамешварам – Russian

values: රාමේෂ්වරම් – Sinhala

values: இராமேசுவரம் – Tamil

values: రామేశ్వరము – Telugu

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values: 拉梅斯瓦拉姆 – Chinese

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