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Shape of You
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For the Beverley Knight song, see Shape of You (Reshaped).
"Shape of You"
Single by Ed Sheeran
from the album ÷
Released
6 January 2017 (2017-01-06)
Format
CD
digital download
Recorded
2016
Genre
Pop
dancehall
tropical house
Length
3:53[1]
Label
Asylum
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Ed Sheeran
Steve Mac
Johnny McDaid
Kandi Burruss
Tameka Cottle
Kevin Briggs[2]
Producer(s)
Ed Sheeran[3]
Steve Mac
Ed Sheeran singles chronology
"Castle on the Hill"
(2017) "Shape of You"
(2017) "Galway Girl"
(2017)
"Castle on the Hill"
(2017) "Shape of You"
(2017) "Galway Girl"
(2017)
Music video
"Shape of You" on YouTube
"Shape of You" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released as a digital download on 6 January 2017 as one of the double lead singles from his third studio album ÷ (2017), along with "Castle on the Hill".[4]
The dancehall-infused pop song[5] was written by Ed Sheeran together with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid, with additional writing credits given to Kandi Burruss, Tameka "Tiny" Cottle, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs as Sheeran had incorporated an interpolation of the TLC's song "No Scrubs" into "Shape of You".[2][6] The song was produced by Sheeran and Mac.
"Shape of You" peaked at number-one on the singles charts of 44 countries, including the US Billboard Hot 100 (later becoming the best performing song of 2017), as well as the UK, Australian and Canadian singles charts. It has stayed at number one for a record-tying 16 consecutive weeks on the Canadian Hot 100, as well as 14 non-consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart,[7] and 12 non-consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] On 21 September 2017 it became the most streamed song on Spotify, with over 1.32 billion streams.[9] It was the best-selling song of 2017 in the UK.[10]
The song won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Composition
1.2 Promotion
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Music videos
6 Remixes
7 Legacy
8 Formats and track listings
9 Credits and personnel
10 Charts
10.1 Weekly charts
10.2 Year-end charts
11 Sales and certifications
12 Release history
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Background[edit]
Composition[edit]
The song was the last song written for Sheeran's third album ÷.[12] On 6 January 2017, when hosting The Radio 1 Breakfast Show, Sheeran revealed that "Shape of You" had originally been written with Rihanna in mind.[13][14] As he had already written all the songs he wanted for the album, the song was therefore not intended to be included in the album. It was conceived as a duet between Rihanna and Rudimental, but the head of the record label convinced him to keep the song for himself.[15] He said:
"['Shape of You'] is actually a really random one because I went in to write songs for other people with a guy called Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid, and we were writing this song and I was like 'this would really work for Rihanna,'" he explained. "And then I started singing lyrics like 'putting Van The Man on the jukebox' and I was like 'well she's not really going to sing that, is she?' And then we sort of decided halfway through that we were just going to make it for me."[16]
According to Sheeran, Steve Mac started the song-writing session by playing the opening notes of the song on the keyboard. Sheeran then joined in, adding percussion by tapping on the guitar, layering it onto the track. On the writing of the song, he said that he tried to keep the music "more stripped" instead of something more elaborate: "I'm an acoustic artist, first and foremost. And when I play live, I can't replicate these things, I haven't got all the other musicians." Sheeran said he wanted an R&B feel to the song, therefore he adjusted the original tune, adding an interpolation of "No Scrubs" onto part of the melody. He also revealed that the original lyrics did not end with the words "the shape of you" in the chorus, but during the writing of the song, McDaid thought that the lyrics "I'm in love with your body" sounded objectifying, and the lyrics was therefore adjusted.[15][6]
Promotion[edit]
On 4 January 2017, Sheeran uploaded a six-second teaser video of a blue background to social media, with lyrics "the club isn't the best place to find a lover", which is the first line of "Shape of You". To further tease the release, Sheeran and his label used a sponsored Snapchat lens filter with 30 seconds on the song to increase buzz among the general public.[17]
Composition[edit]
"Shape of You" is a pop,[18] dancehall[5] and tropical house[19] song with "strummy acoustics."[20] In the song, Sheeran sings over a marimba-fueled percussive sway about a budding romance. "The club isn't the best place to find a lover, so the bar is where I go/ Me and my friends at the table doing shots drinking fast and then we talk slow", he sings. "Come over and start up a conversation with just me/ And trust me I'll give it a chance."[21] According to NT News, the song "tells the story of loved (or lusted) up Sheeran meeting a girl in a bar where he and his mates are doing shots."[22] "Shape of You" is written in the key of C♯ minor with a tempo of 96 beats per minute. The song is composed in common time (4
4 time), and follows a basic chord progression of C♯m–F♯m–A–B (i–iv–VI–VII), and Sheeran's vocals span from G♯2 to G♯4.[23]
The song's lyrical rhythm drew comparisons to the TLC song "No Scrubs", particularly in the pre-chorus line, "Boy, let's not talk too much/ Grab on my waist and put that body on me."[24] As a result, the composers of "No Scrubs", Kandi Burruss, Tameka "Tiny" Cottle, and Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs, were awarded co-writing credits on "Shape of You".[24]
Critical reception[edit]
Jon Caramanica from The New York Times said, "'Shape of You' is trickier, a nimble and effective song that takes the aggressive thinning of 'Caribbean music'."[25] Billboard's Taylor Weatherby wrote about the song saying, "'Shape of You' doesn't quite sound like your typical Sheeran tune. But that almost serves as an indication of what the "Thinking Out Loud" singer has been up to during his hiatus: creating music that still feels like Sheeran, just with a new twist."[26] Jeremy Gordon of Spin gave the song a positive review, stating that the song "is a plausible attempt at convincing us he has had sex ... a lot of it. It kind of slaps, though you can't really picture Sheeran ever saying 'put that body on me' to a real human woman."[27] News website Metro wrote that it sounds similar to the song "Cheap Thrills" by Sia.[28]
Commercial performance[edit]
"Shape of You" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 13 January, selling 227,000 combined units in its first week. Sheeran also debuted at number 2 with the song "Castle on the Hill", making him the only artist in UK chart history to debut in the top two positions.[29] "Shape of You" debuted at number two on the Scottish Singles Chart behind "Castle on the Hill". The song was certified Silver in the first week due to selling 200,000 units and Gold in the second week selling 400,000 units. The song remained at number one in its second week, selling 139,000. It has stayed at number one for 13 consecutive weeks on the UK Singles Chart,[7] and a further week at the top after a week's interruption by Harry Styles' "Sign of the Times".[30] In July 2017, the song reached 184 million in streams, making it the most-streamed song in the UK of all time.[31] It was the nation's highest selling and most streamed track of 2017 with 787,000 copies sold and 248 million streams throughout the year, to produce a combined sales of 3.2 million.[10] It is the 3rd best-selling single in the United Kingdom regarding combined sales and streaming equivalent as of September 19, 2017.[32]

The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, selling 240,000 downloads and gaining 20 million streams in its debut week in the US, becoming Sheeran's first number one song in the country.[33] Sheeran also became the first artist to debut two songs in the top 10 the same week in the history of the Hot 100, with "Castle on the Hill" also debuting at number six.[33] "Shape of You" topped the Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks.[8] In its fourth week at number one, the song also topped the Mainstream Top 40, becoming Sheeran's second number-one single on the chart (after 2015's "Thinking Out Loud"). On 6 May 2017, it fell to number two on the Hot 100, being displaced by "Humble" by Kendrick Lamar.[34] On the issue date, 2 September 2017, "Shape of You" spent its 32nd week in the top ten of Hot 100, tying the record for most week on that chart with LeAnn Rimes' "How Do I Live" and "Closer" by The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey.[35] The following week, "Shape of You" spent its 33rd consecutive week in the top 10, breaking the 20-year-old record.[36] On Billboard's Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart, "Shape of You" became Sheeran's first number one on a Dance/EDM chart (his third top ten and sixth overall at Dance/Mix Show Airplay) in the United States.[37] Afterwards, the song topped Dance Club Songs in its 18 March 2017 issue, his first as a solo artist and his second entry on this chart, when he was a featured artist on Rudimental's "Lay It All on Me", which peaked at No. 38 in 2016.[38][39] By August 2017, "Shape of You" was the best selling song of 2017 in the US with 2.3 million copies sold, the only one to sell over two million. It is also the most streamed song with 799.7 million combined audio and video streams.[35] The song became the number one song of the year on Billboard Hot 100 in 2017,[40] and the second best-selling song in the US after "Despacito" with over 2.5 million copies sold.[41]
It debuted at number one in France,[42] and was later certified diamond there.[43] According to Pure Charts, in the first half of the year 2017, the song reached 631,000 units (105,000 sales and 526,000 units from streams) and as of September 2017, it exceeds 812,109 units (707,109 from streams).[44] In Australia, the song stayed at No. 1 for 15 weeks, breaking a record set 22 years ago by Coolio's "Gangsta's Paradise".[45] In doing this, it also broke ABBA's record of fourteen weeks at number one, which was set on the previous Australian charts before the ARIA charts became Australia's official charts.[46] "Shape of You" was also Australia's highest selling song of 2017 with 630,000 copies sold by the end of the year.[47] The song is the first ever number one single of the Philippine Hot 100 upon the chart's inception on 12 June 2017.[48] It stayed at the peak position for 4 consecutive weeks before it was dethroned by "Despacito" by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber.
Worldwide, the song reached one billion streams on Spotify in June 2017.[49][50] It became the most streamed song on Spotify in September 2017, reaching 1,318,420,396 streams overtaking Drake's "One Dance".[9]
Music videos[edit]
On 5 January 2017, to accompany the song's release, a lyric video for "Shape of You" was released on Sheeran's YouTube channel with "Castle on the Hill".[51] As of February 2018, the official lyric video has amassed over 750 million views on YouTube.[52]
On 30 January 2017, the song's official music video, starring American dancer and model Jennie Pegouskie and retired professional sumo wrestler Yamamotoyama Ryūta (credited as "Yama"), was released on Sheeran's channel.[53][54] It was shot on location in Seattle, and was directed by Jason Koenig.[55] On 8 May 2017, 97 days after its release, it became one of the fastest music videos to reach 1 billion views on YouTube, and as of February 2018, the music video has amassed over 3.2 billion views on the site.[56] and is the site's third most-watched video.[57]
Remixes[edit]
The official remix of "Shape of You" features newly additional verses and guest vocals by English grime artist Stormzy. The remix premiered during Sheeran and Stormzy's live collaboration at the 2017 Brit Awards at The O2 in London on 22 February 2017.[58] Sheeran announced on Twitter that the remix would be released officially on 24 February 2017.[59] On the same date, various remixes of the song were released on digital music services. Sheeran teased the releases ahead of 2017 Brit Awards ceremony. "I've got two things dropping on Friday that are pretty interesting", he revealed in a BBC Radio 1 interview just hours before the big show. "One that gets debuted at the Brits, which I think people will go a bit nuts for." He added, "It's something that I think nobody is expecting. I think it'll be decent."[60]
In the United States, "Shape of You" has immediately become a favorite among DJs and remixers, prompting several of them to create their own versions. One DJ, Joe "Maz" Masurka, told Billboard that after he did his own remix on the single that he received a lot of great feedback and response: "I absolutely love the track, so I had to remix it myself so that I could play it in all my live shows. Ed is a genius; best song in the last few years. I've been playing it literally everywhere I've been booked since about mid-January: Hyde Bellagio in Las Vegas, E11even and Ora in Miami, Parq in San Diego, Premier Atlantic City ... the dance floor loves it."[61] A Latin remix featuring reggaeton duo Zion & Lennox was released on 17 March 2017. Sheeran and American rapper Lil Uzi Vert performed a live remix of "Shape Of You" during the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, followed by a rendition of Lil Uzi Vert's song "XO Tour Llif3".
Legacy[edit]
It was one of the few songs used in Youtube's 2017 Rewind.[62]
The song is also used in an episode in the French version of Skam.[63]
Formats and track listings[edit]
Digital download[64]
"Shape of You" – 3:53
Digital download (Galantis remix)[65]
"Shape of You" (Galantis remix) – 3:15
Digital download (Acoustic)[66]
"Shape of You" (Acoustic) – 3:43
Digital download (Stormzy remix)[67]
"Shape of You" (Stormzy remix) – 3:51
Digital download (Major Lazer remix)[68]
"Shape of You" (Major Lazer remix featuring Nyla & Kramium) – 3:12
Digital download (Latin remix)[69]
"Shape of You" (Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox) – 3:57
German CD single[70]
"Shape of You" – 3:53
"Shape of You" (Acoustic) – 3:43
Promotional single (Wale remix)[71]
"Shape of You" (Wale remix) – 4:02
Promotional single (Remixes)[72]
"Shape of You" (Jack Wins remix) – 6:09
"Shape of You" (Jack Wins radio edit) – 3:20
"Shape of You" (Promo Only Jack Wins intro edit) – 3:47
"Shape of You" (Decoy remix) – 2:55
Promotional single (DJ Mike D remix)[73]
"Shape of You" (DJ Mike D radio edit) – 3:51
"Shape of You" (DJ Mike D mixshow edit) – 4:17
Promotional single[74]
"Shape of You" – 3:53
"Shape of You" (Instrumental) – 3:53
Digital download (Yxng Bane remix)[75]
"Shape of You" (Yxng Bane remix) – 4:25
Digital download (NOTD remix)[76]
"Shape of You" (NOTD remix) – 3:10
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recording
Recorded at Rokstone Studios (London) and Gingerbread Man Studios (Suffolk and London)
Mixed at The Mixsuite (South London and Los Angeles)
Mastered at Metropolis Mastering (London)
Management
Published by Ed Sheeran Limited and Sony/ATV Music Publishing (UK) Limited, Spirit B Unique Music / Polar Patrol administered by Kobalt Music Publishing Ltd. (PRS) and Rokstone Music Limited administered under exclusive license to Universal Music Publishing Limited
Personnel
Ed Sheeran – songwriter, lead vocals, background vocals, co-producer, guitars, percussion
Johnny McDaid – songwriter
Steve Mac – songwriter, producer, keyboards
Dann Pursey – engineering
Chris Laws – engineering, drums
Joe Rubel – engineering
Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
Geoff Swan – mixing assistant
Michael Freeman – mixing assistant
Wayne Hernandez – background vocals
Travis Cole – background vocals
Geo Gabriel – background vocals
Stuart Hawkes – mastering
Credits and personnel adapted from ÷ album liner notes.[77]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[78]
2
Australia (ARIA)[79]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[80]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[81]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[82]
1
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay)[83]
1
Brazil Hot Streaming (Pro-Música Brasil)[84]
19
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[85]
1
Canada AC (Billboard)[86]
1
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[87]
1
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[88]
1
Colombia (National-Report)[89]
10
Croatia (HRT)[90]
1
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[91]
1
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[92]
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[93]
1
Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)[94]
1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[95]
1
France (SNEP)[42]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[96]
1
Greece Airplay Chart (IFPI)[97]
1
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[98]
1
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[99]
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[100]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[101]
1
Ireland (IRMA)[102]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[103]
1
Italy (FIMI)[104]
1
Japan (Japan Hot 100)[105]
4
Latvia (Latvijas Top 40)[106]
1
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[107]
2
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[108]
1
Malaysia (RIM)[109]
1
Mexico (AMPROFON)[110]
2
Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[111]
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[112]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[113]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[114]
1
Norway (VG-lista)[115]
1
Philippines (Philippine Hot 100)[116]
1
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [117]
1
Poland (Dance Top 50)[118]
1
Portugal (AFP)[119]
1
Romania (Media Forest)[120]
1
Russia Airplay (Tophit)[121]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[122]
1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[123]
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[124]
1
Slovenia (SloTop50)[125]
1
South Korea International Chart (Gaon)[126]
1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[127]
1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[128]
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[129]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[130]
1
Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)[131]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[132]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[133]
1
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[134]
1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[135]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[136]
1
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[137]
15
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[138]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[139]
3
Venezuela English (Record Report)[140]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[141]
2
Australia (ARIA)[142]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[143]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[144]
1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[145]
1
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[146]
1
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[147]
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[148]
1
France (SNEP)[149]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[150]
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[151]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[152]
3
Hungary (Stream Top 40)[153]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[154]
1
Italy (FIMI)[155]
2
Malaysia (RIM)[156]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[157]
1
Norway (VG Lista)[158]
2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[159]
1
Poland (ZPAV)[160]
1
Slovenia (SloTop50)[161]
1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[162]
2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[163]
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[164]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[165]
1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[166]
2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[167]
1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[168]
1
US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard)[169]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[170]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[171]
17
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[172]
9× Platinum 630,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[173]
2× Platinum 60,000*
Belgium (BEA)[174]
6× Platinum 180,000*
Canada (Music Canada)[175]
Diamond 800,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[176]
4× Platinum 360,000^
France (SNEP)[177]
Diamond 250.000*
Germany (BVMI)[178]
4× Platinum 1,600,000^
Italy (FIMI)[179]
Diamond 500.000
Japan (RIAJ)[180]
Platinum 250,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[181]
5× Platinum 150,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[182]
Diamond 100,000*
Portugal (AFP)[183]
4× Platinum 40,000
South Korea (Gaon)[184]
N/A 1,936,653[185]
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[186]
9× Platinum 360,000^
Sweden (GLF)[187]
9× Platinum 360,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[188]
7× Platinum 210,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[189]
5× Platinum 1,787.000[10]
United States (RIAA)[190]
8× Platinum 8.000.000[41]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Version
Label
Ref(s)
Italy
6 January 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Warner [191]
United Kingdom
Asylum [192]
United States
10 January 2017 Atlantic [193]
Various
10 February 2017 Digital download Galantis remix and Acoustic Asylum [65][66]
24 February 2017 Stormzy remix and Major Lazer remix [67][68]
Germany
CD single Original [70]
United Kingdom
17 March 2017 Digital download Latin remix featuring Zion & Lennox [69]
Various
11 August 2017 Yxng Bane remix [75]
1 September 2017 NOTD remix [76]
See also[edit]
List of number-one hits of 2017 (Argentina)
List of best-selling singles in Australia
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one digital tracks of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one streaming tracks of 2017 (Australia)
List of number-one hits of 2017 (Austria)
List of Ultratop 50 Flanders number-one singles of 2017
List of Ultratop 50 Wallonia number-one singles of 2017
List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (Canada)
List of number-one songs of the 2010s (Czech Republic)
List of number-one songs of 2017 (Denmark)
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Finland)
List of number-one hits of 2017 (France)
List of number-one hits of 2017 (Germany)
List of number-one singles of the 2010s (Hungary)
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Ireland)
List of number-one hits of 2017 (Italy)
List of number-one songs of 2017 (Malaysia)
List of Mexico Ingles Airplay singles of the 2010s
List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand)
List of number-one songs in Norway
List of Philippine Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Poland)
List of Romandie Charts number-one singles of 2017
List of Scottish number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one singles of 2017 (Slovenia)
List of number-one singles of the 2010s (Sweden)
List of number-one hits of 2017 (Switzerland)
Lists of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2017
List of Adult Top 40 number-one songs of the 2010s
List of Hot 100 Airplay number-one singles of the 2010s
List of number-one Billboard On-Demand Songs of 2017
List of number-one dance singles of 2017 (U.S.)
List of number-one digital songs of 2017 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay number-one singles of 2017
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2017 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2017
List of number-one Billboard Streaming Songs of 2017
List of most liked YouTube videos
List of most streamed songs on Spotify
List of most streamed songs in the United Kingdom
List of most viewed YouTube videos
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "ACE Repertory". ASCAP. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Taylor Beldy, Alicia Desantis, Alexandra Eaton, Evan Grothjan and Graham Rober. "'Shape of You': Making 2017's Biggest Track". The New York Times. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Jonze, Tim (14 April 2017). "Harry Styles's solo debut single ends Ed Sheeran's 13 weeks at top of charts". Guardian.
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary. "Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4". Billboard.com. Billboard. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Schneider, Marc (September 22, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Surpasses Drake's 'One Dance' as Spotify's Most-Streamed Song Ever". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Copsey, Rob (3 January 2018). "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2017". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
Jump up ^ 60th GRAMMY Awards: Full Nominees List Grammy.com, November 28, 2017
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Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran Debated Giving Rihanna's New Song 'Shape of You'". Billboard. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Kharpal, Arjun (6 January 2017). "Ed Sheeran releases two new tracks and teases one with a Snapchat lens". cnbc.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ McIntyre, Hugh. "Ed Sheeran Returns With A Pair Of New Singles". Forbes. Forbes Media LLC. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Patrick. "Why is Ed Sheeran so popular?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Hear Ed Sheeran's Castle on the Hill and Shape of You". Rolling Stone. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ed Sheeran releases sings about booze and Elton John in his new songs". NT News. 6 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Ed Sheeran 'Shape of You' Sheet Music"". Musicnotes.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Da'Shan (21 March 2017). "Ed Sheeran Adds TLC's 'No Scrubs' Songwriters to 'Shape of You' Credits". Billboard. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
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External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
New York Times video and text analysis of song
[show]
v
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Ed Sheeran songs
Discography
+
"The A Team"
"Drunk"
"Small Bump"
"Lego House"
"You Need Me, I Don't Need You"
"Give Me Love"
"The Parting Glass"
x
"One"
"I'm a Mess"
"Sing"
"Don't"
"Photograph"
"Bloodstream"
"Tenerife Sea"
"The Man"
"Thinking Out Loud"
"Afire Love"
÷
"Eraser"
"Castle on the Hill"
"Dive"
"Shape of You"
"Perfect"
"Galway Girl"
"Happier"
"New Man"
"What Do I Know?"
"How Would You Feel (Paean)"
"Supermarket Flowers"
"Nancy Mulligan"
Featured songs
"All About It"
"Do They Know It's Christmas?"
"Dreamers"
"Everything Has Changed"
"Hush Little Baby"
"If I Could"
"Lay It All on Me"
"Old School Love"
"Reuf"
"Teardrop"
"Watchtower"
"Young Guns"
"Boa Me"
"End Game"
"River"
Other songs
"All of the Stars"
"Candle in the Wind"
"I See Fire"
"Make It Rain"
Category
[show]
v
t
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Stormzy
Discography
Studio albums
Gang Signs & Prayer (2017)
Singles
"Know Me From"
"Big for Your Boots"
"Cold"
Featured singles
"Good Goodbye"
"Power"
Other songs
"Shape of You"
"Shut Up"
[show]
v
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Billboard Year-End number one singles (2000–2019)
2000: "Breathe" – Faith Hill
2001: "Hanging by a Moment" – Lifehouse
2002: "How You Remind Me" – Nickelback
2003: "In da Club" – 50 Cent
2004: "Yeah!" – Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris
2005: "We Belong Together" – Mariah Carey
2006: "Bad Day" – Daniel Powter
2007: "Irreplaceable" – Beyoncé
2008: "Low" – Flo Rida featuring T-Pain
2009: "Boom Boom Pow" – The Black Eyed Peas
2010: "Tik Tok" – Kesha
2011: "Rolling in the Deep" – Adele
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Thrift Shop" – Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "Love Yourself" – Justin Bieber
2017: "Shape of You" – Ed Sheeran
Complete list
(1946–1959)
(1960–1979)
(1980–1999)
(2000–2019)
[show]
v
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Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom
1952–1969
1952: "Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart" – Vera Lynn (UK)
1953: "I Believe" – Frankie Laine
1954: "Secret Love" – Doris Day
1955: "Rose Marie" – Slim Whitman
1956: "I'll Be Home" – Pat Boone
1957: "Diana" – Paul Anka
1958: "Jailhouse Rock" – Elvis Presley
1959: "Living Doll" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1960: "It's Now or Never" – Elvis Presley
1961: "Wooden Heart" – Elvis Presley
1962: "I Remember You" – Frank Ifield (UK)
1963: "She Loves You" – The Beatles (UK)
1964: "Can't Buy Me Love" – The Beatles (UK)
1965: "Tears" – Ken Dodd (UK)
1966: "Green, Green Grass of Home" – Tom Jones (UK)
1967: "Release Me" – Engelbert Humperdinck (UK)
1968: "Hey Jude" – The Beatles (UK)
1969: "Sugar, Sugar" – The Archies
1970–1989
1970: "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
1971: "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison (UK)
1972: "Amazing Grace" – The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK)
1973: "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
1974: "Tiger Feet" – Mud (UK)
1975: "Bye Bye Baby" – Bay City Rollers (UK)
1976: "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (UK)
1977: "Mull of Kintyre" / "Girls' School" – Wings (UK)
1978: "Rivers of Babylon" / "Brown Girl in the Ring" – Boney M.
1979: "Bright Eyes" – Art Garfunkel
1980: "Don't Stand So Close to Me" – The Police (UK)
1981: "Don't You Want Me" – The Human League (UK)
1982: "Come On Eileen" – Dexys Midnight Runners (UK)
1983: "Karma Chameleon" – Culture Club (UK)
1984: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid (UK)
1985: "The Power of Love" – Jennifer Rush
1986: "Don't Leave Me This Way" – The Communards (UK)
1987: "Never Gonna Give You Up" – Rick Astley (UK)
1988: "Mistletoe and Wine" – Cliff Richard (UK)
1989: "Ride on Time" – Black Box
1990–2009
1990: "Unchained Melody" – The Righteous Brothers
1991: "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams
1992: "I Will Always Love You" – Whitney Houston
1993: "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" – Meat Loaf
1994: "Love Is All Around" – Wet Wet Wet (UK)
1995: "Unchained Melody" – Robson & Jerome (UK)
1996: "Killing Me Softly" – Fugees
1997: "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" / "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (UK)
1998: "Believe" – Cher
1999: "...Baby One More Time" – Britney Spears
2000: "Can We Fix It?" – Bob the Builder (UK)
2001: "It Wasn't Me" – Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK)
2002: "Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen" – Will Young (UK)
2003: "Where Is the Love?" – The Black Eyed Peas
2004: "Do They Know It's Christmas?" – Band Aid 20 (UK)
2005: "Is This the Way to Amarillo" – Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK)
2006: "Crazy" – Gnarls Barkley
2007: "Bleeding Love" – Leona Lewis (UK)
2008: "Hallelujah" – Alexandra Burke (UK)
2009: "Poker Face" – Lady Gaga
2010–present
2010: "Love the Way You Lie" – Eminem featuring Rihanna
2011: "Someone Like You" – Adele (UK)
2012: "Somebody That I Used to Know" – Gotye featuring Kimbra
2013: "Blurred Lines" – Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams
2014: "Happy" – Pharrell Williams
2015: "Uptown Funk" – Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars
2016: "One Dance" – Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK)
2017: "Shape of You" - Ed Sheeran (UK)
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Schadenfreude
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For the EP by Lubricated Goat, see Schadenfreude (EP).
Return to the Convent, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala, 1868. Note the group of monks laughing while the lone monk struggles with the donkey.
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Schadenfreude (/ˈʃɑːdənfrɔɪdə/; German: [ˈʃaːdn̩ˌfʁɔʏ̯də] ( listen); lit. 'harm-joy') is the experience of pleasure, joy, or self-satisfaction that comes from learning of or witnessing the troubles, failures, or humiliation of another.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Synonyms
3 Related concepts
4 Neologisms and variants
5 Literary usage and philosophical analysis
6 Scientific studies
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Etymology[edit]
Schadenfreude is borrowed from German; it is a compound of Schaden 'damage, harm' and Freude 'joy'. The German word was first mentioned in English texts in 1852 and 1867, and first used in English running in 1895.[1] In German, it was first attested in the 1740s.[2]
Though common nouns are normally not capitalised in English, Schadenfreude is sometimes capitalised following the German convention.
Synonyms[edit]
Schadenfreude has equivalents in other languages (for example, German, Dutch, Arabic, Hebrew, Bangla, Czech and Finnish), but no commonly used precise English single-word equivalent. There are other ways to express the concept in English.
"Sadism" Is a commonly used precise English single-word equivalent of Schadenfreude, except that in addition you also feel sexual tension.
"Epicaricacy" is a seldom used direct equivalent,[3] borrowed from Greek epichairekakia (ἐπιχαιρεκακία, first attested in Aristotle[4]), from ἐπί epi 'upon', χαρά chara 'joy', and κακόν kakon 'evil'.[5][6][7][8] When transliterated from the Greek, it may also be spelled "epicharikaky", but this would not follow usual English conventions.
A Roman holiday is a metaphor from Byron's poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, where a gladiator in ancient Rome expects to be "butchered to make a Roman holiday" while the audience would take pleasure from watching his suffering. The term suggests debauchery and disorder in addition to sadistic enjoyment.[9]
"Morose delectation" (delectatio morosa in Latin), meaning, "The habit of dwelling with enjoyment on evil thoughts".[10] was considered by the medieval church to be a sin.[11][12] French writer Pierre Klossowski maintained that the appeal of sadism is morose delectation.[13][14]
An English word of similar meaning is "gloating", where "gloat" means "to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight" (e.g., to gloat over an enemy's misfortune).[15] Gloating is differentiated from Schadenfreude in that it does not necessarily require malice (one may gloat to a friend about having defeated him in a game without ill intent), and that it describes an action rather than a state of mind (one typically gloats to the subject of the misfortune or to a third party). On the other hand, unlike Schadenfreude, where the focus is on another's misfortune, gloating often brings to mind inappropriately celebrating or bragging about one's own good fortune without any particular focus on the misfortune of others.
"Sadism" specifically involves the subject deriving pleasure from personally inflicting the usually physical but also just as likely emotional, social, economic pain on another, whereas Schadenfreude entails only the observance of humiliation or embarrassment of that other.
Related concepts[edit]
Permutations of the concept of pleasure at another's unhappiness are: pleasure at another's happiness, displeasure at another's happiness, and displeasure at another's unhappiness. Words for these concepts are sometimes cited as antonyms to Schadenfreude, as each is the opposite in some way.
Pleasure at another's happiness is described by the Buddhist concept of mudita[16][17][18] or the concept of "compersion" in the polyamory community.
Displeasure at another's happiness is envy or perhaps jealousy. The recent coinage "freudenschade" similarly means sorrow at another's success.[19][20]
Displeasure at another's unhappiness is sympathy, pity, or compassion.
Tall poppy syndrome is a cultural phenomena where people of high status are resented, attacked, cut down, or criticized because they have been classified as better than their peers. This is similar to begrudgery, the resentment or envy of the success of a peer. When someone feels joy with the victim’s fall from grace, they experience Schadenfreude.
Neologisms and variants[edit]
Neologisms and portmanteau words were coined from the word as early as 1993, when Lincoln Caplan, in his book Skadden: Power, Money, and the Rise of a Legal Empire,[21] used the word Skaddenfreude to describe the delight that competitors of Skadden Arps took in its troubles of the early 1990s. Others include spitzenfreude, coined by The Economist to refer to the fall of Eliot Spitzer[22] and Schadenford, coined by Toronto Life in regard to Canadian politician Rob Ford.[23]
Literary usage and philosophical analysis[edit]
The Book of Proverbs mentions an emotion similar to schadenfreude: "Rejoice not when thine enemy falleth, and let not thine heart be glad when he stumbleth: Lest the LORD see it, and it displease him, and he turn away his wrath from him." (Proverbs 24:17–18, King James Version).
In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle used epikhairekakia (ἐπιχαιρεκακία in Greek) as part of a triad of terms, in which epikhairekakia stands as the opposite of phthonos (φθόνος), and nemesis (νέμεσις) occupies the mean. Nemesis is "a painful response to another's undeserved good fortune", while phthonos is a painful response to any good fortune, deserved or not. The epikhairekakos (ἐπιχαιρέκακος) person takes pleasure in another's ill fortune.[24][25]
Lucretius characterises the emotion in an extended simile in De rerum natura: Suave, mari magno turbantibus aequora ventis, e terra magnum alterius spectare laborem, "It is pleasant to watch from the land the great struggle of someone else in a sea rendered great by turbulent winds." The abbreviated Latin tag suave mare magno recalled the passage to generations familiar with the Latin classics.[26]
Caesarius of Heisterbach regards "delight in the adversity of a neighbour" as one of the "daughters of envy ... which follows anger" in his Dialogue on Miracles.[27]
During the 17th century, Robert Burton wrote in his work The Anatomy of Melancholy, "Out of these two [the concupiscible and irascible powers] arise those mixed affections and passions of anger, which is a desire of revenge; hatred, which is inveterate anger; zeal, which is offended with him who hurts that he loves; and ἐπιχαιρεκακία, a compound affection of joy and hate, when we rejoice at other men's mischief, and are grieved at their prosperity; pride, self-love, emulation, envy, shame, &c., of which elsewhere."[28]
The philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer mentioned schadenfreude as the most evil sin of human feeling, famously saying "To feel envy is human, to savor schadenfreude is diabolic."[29]
Rabbi Harold S. Kushner in his book When Bad Things Happen to Good People describes schadenfreude as a universal, even wholesome reaction that cannot be helped. "There is a German psychological term, Schadenfreude, which refers to the embarrassing reaction of relief we feel when something bad happens to someone else instead of to us." He gives examples and writes, "[People] don't wish their friends ill, but they can’t help feeling an embarrassing spasm of gratitude that [the bad thing] happened to someone else and not to them."[30]
Susan Sontag's book Regarding the Pain of Others, published in 2003, is a study of the issue of how the pain and misfortune of some affects others, namely whether war photography and war paintings may be helpful as anti-war tools or, whether they only serve some sense of schadenfreude in some viewers.
Philosopher and sociologist Theodor Adorno defined schadenfreude as "... largely unanticipated delight in the suffering of another, which is cognized as trivial and/or appropriate."[31]
Scientific studies[edit]
A New York Times article in 2002 cited a number of scientific studies of schadenfreude, which it defined as, "delighting in others' misfortune". Many such studies are based on social comparison theory, the idea that when people around us have bad luck, we look better to ourselves. Other researchers have found that people with low self-esteem are more likely to feel schadenfreude than are people who have high self-esteem.[32]
A 2003 study examined intergroup schadenfreude within the context of sports, specifically an international football (soccer) competition. The study focused on the German and Dutch football teams and their fans. The results of this study indicated that the emotion of schadenfreude is very sensitive to circumstances that make it more or less legitimate to feel such malicious pleasure towards a sports rival.[33]
A 2011 study by Cikara and colleagues using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) examined Schadenfreude among Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees fans found that fans' showed increased activation in brain areas correlated with self-reported pleasure (ventral striatum) when observing the rival team experience a negative outcome (e.g., a strike out).[34] By contrast, fans exhibited increased activation in the anterior cingulate and insula when viewing their own team experience a negative outcome.
A 2006 experiment about justice served suggests that men, but not women, enjoy seeing "bad people" suffer. The study was designed to measure empathy, by watching which brain centers are stimulated when subjects observed via fMRI see someone experiencing physical pain. Researchers expected that the brain's empathy center of subjects would show more stimulation when those seen as "good" got an electric shock, than would occur if the shock was given to someone the subject had reason to consider "bad". This was indeed the case, but for male subjects, the brain's pleasure centers also lit up when someone got a shock that the male thought was "well-deserved".[35]
Brain-scanning studies show that schadenfreude is correlated with envy in subjects. Strong feelings of envy activated physical pain nodes in the brain's dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; the brain's reward centers, such as the ventral striatum, were activated by news that other people envied had suffered misfortune. The magnitude of the brain's schadenfreude response could even be predicted from the strength of the previous envy response.[36][37]
A study conducted in 2009 provides evidence for people's capacity to feel schadenfreude in response to negative events in politics.[38] The study was designed to determine whether or not there was a possibility that events containing objective misfortunes might produce schadenfreude. It was reported in the study that the likelihood of experiencing feelings of schadenfreude depends upon whether an individual's own party or the opposing party is suffering harm. This study suggests that the domain of politics is prime territory for feelings of schadenfreude, especially for those who identify strongly with their political party.
See also[edit]
Masochism
Bullying
Downward counterfactual thinking
Gallows humor
Griefer
Karma
Katagelasticism, a psychological condition in which a person excessively enjoys laughing at others
Mudita, the appreciation of the success (rather than the suffering) of others
Sadism
Revenge
Slapstick comedy
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 1982, s.v.
Jump up ^ Google Books (the 1659 and 1700 dates are incorrect)
Jump up ^ Byrne, Josefa H. (1984). Mrs. Byrne's Dictionary of Unusual, Obscure, and Preposterous Words. Pocket. ISBN 0-671-49782-0.
Jump up ^ Liddell-Scott-Jones, A Greek–English Lexicon s.v. Archived October 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Nathan (1737). Universal Etymological English Dictionary. London. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Nathan (1751). Dictionarium Britannicum. London.
Jump up ^ Shipley, Joseph T. (1955). Dictionary of Early English. Philosophical Library. ISBN 978-0-8065-2926-4.
Jump up ^ Novobatzky, Peter; Shea, Ammon (1955). Depraved and Insulting English. Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-601149-5.
Jump up ^ "Roman holiday – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2007-04-25. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ definition of morose delectation Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Oxford English Dictionary
Jump up ^ Prima Secundae Partis, Q. 74 Archived July 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas Aquinas, Second and Revised Edition, 1920; Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province, Online Edition Copyright © 2006 by Kevin Knight.
Jump up ^ Chapter 6 Proposing the Story of the World Archived August 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Richard John Neuhaus, Catholic Matters: Confusion, Controversy, and the Splendor of Truth, Basic Books, 2006.
Jump up ^ Heterodox Religion and Post-Atheism: Bataille / Klossowski/ Foucault Archived April 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Jones Irwin, ISSN 1393-614X Minerva – An Internet Journal of Philosophy Vol. 10 2006.
Jump up ^ Klossowski, Pierre. 1991. Sade, My Neighbour, translated by Alphonso Lingis. Illinois. Northwestern University Press.
Jump up ^ "Dictionary definition of gloat" Archived August 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ The Upside of Shadenfreude Archived April 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Joshua Zader, Mudita Journal, December 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Are you Schadenfreude or Mudita? Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Sirtumble, One of Six Billion..., February 6, 2005.
Jump up ^ Nell, Regen (September 16, 2011). "Regen" (PDF). Iowa City Public Library and the International Writing Program Panel Series. The International Writing Program. University of Iowa. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yahoo Groups "worthless word for the day is ... freudenschade"". Groups.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ Daily Stanford (2006) "Freudenschade"
Jump up ^ Latest activity 19 hours ago. Skadden: Power, Money, and the Rise of a Legal Empire (9780374524241): Lincoln Caplan: Books. Amazon.com. ISBN 0374524246.
Jump up ^ "Premium content". Economist.com. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
Jump up ^ Bartley Kives (26 May 2013). "When the Ford jokes stop". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Pedrick, Victoria; Oberhelman, Steven M. (2006). The Soul of Tragedy: Essays on Athenian Drama. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-65306-8.
Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics, 2.7.1108b1-10
Jump up ^ Patrick O'Brian's usage of the tag in his Aubrey-Maturin historical novels is reflected in Dean King's companion lexicon A Sea of Words (3rd ed.2000).
Jump up ^ Dialogus miraculorum, IV, 23.
Jump up ^ Robert Burton (1621). The Anatomy of Melancholy. pp. t. 1, sect. 1, memb. 2, subsect. 8.
Jump up ^ Schopenhauer, Arthur. "The Essays of Arthur Schopenhauer On Human Nature". On Human Nature. But it is Schadenfreude, a mischievous delight in the misfortunes of others, which remains the worst trait in human nature. It is a feeling which is closely akin to cruelty, and differs from it, to say the truth, only as theory from practice.
Jump up ^ Harold S. Kushner (1981). When Bad Things Happen to Good People. first published by Schocken Books. p. 39.
Jump up ^ Cited in Portmann, John (2000). When bad things happen to other people. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92335-2.
Jump up ^ St. John, Warren (24 August 2002). "Sorrow So Sweet: A Guilty Pleasure in Another's Woe". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Leach, C.,; Spears, R.; Branscombe, N. R.; Doosje, B. (2003). "Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84 (5): 932–943. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932.
Jump up ^ Cikara, Mina; Botvinick, Matthew M.; Fiske, Susan T. (2011-03-01). "Us Versus Them Social Identity Shapes Neural Responses to Intergroup Competition and Harm". Psychological Science. 22 (3): 306–313. doi:10.1177/0956797610397667. ISSN 0956-7976. PMC 3833634. PMID 21270447.
Jump up ^ Singer T; Seymour B; O'Doherty JP; Stephan KE; Dolan RJ; Frith CD (January 2006). "Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others". Nature. 439 (7075): 466–9. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..466S. doi:10.1038/nature04271. PMC 2636868. PMID 16421576. Lay-summary Archived April 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Takahashi, H.; Kato, M.; Matsuura, M.; Mobbs, D.; Suhara, T.; Okubo, Y. (2009-02-13). "When Your Gain Is My Pain and Your Pain Is My Gain: Neural Correlates of Envy and Schadenfreude". Science. 323 (5916): 937–9. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..937T. doi:10.1126/science.1165604. PMID 19213918.
Jump up ^ Angier, Natalie (17 February 2009). "In Pain and Joy of Envy, the Brain May Play a Role". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Combs, D. J. Y.; Powell, C. A. J.; Schurtz, D. R.; Smith, R. H. (2009). "Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes happy things about a poor economy and death" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 45 (4): 635–646. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0 License statement: Open Access Subset, PubMed Central. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=cc+by+license%5Bfilter%5D+schadenfreude. To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles, please see Wikipedia:Adding open license text to Wikipedia. For information on reusing text from Wikipedia, please see the terms of use.
Further reading[edit]
Look up schadenfreude in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Smith, Richard H. 2013. The Joy of Pain: Schadenfreude and the Dark Side of Human Nature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-973454-2
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