text:
DVD region code
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the three ITU regions, for managing the global radio spectrum.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
DVD regions
DVD (digital versatile disc) region codes are a digital rights management technique designed to allow film distributors and television companies to control aspects of a release, including content, release date, and price, according to the region.
This is achieved by way of region-locked DVD players, which will play back only DVDs encoded to their region (plus those without any region code). The American DVD Copy Control Association also requires that DVD player manufacturers incorporate the regional-playback control (RPC) system. However, region-free DVD players, which ignore region coding, are also commercially available,[1] and many DVD players can be modified to be region-free, allowing playback of all discs.[2]
DVDs may use one code, a combination of codes (multi-region), every code (all region) or no codes (region free).
Contents
[hide]
1 Region codes and countries
2 Region-code enhanced
3 Purpose
3.1 PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC
4 Implementations of region codes
4.1 Standalone DVD players
4.2 Computer DVD drives
4.3 Software DVD players
4.4 Circumvention
4.5 Video game consoles
5 Blu-ray Disc region codes
6 UMD region codes
7 Criticism and legal concerns
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Region codes and countries[edit]
Region code
Area
Discs that bear the region 0, have only regions 1–6 flags. The formats of NTSC and PAL can be a factor in this.
0
1
Canada, United States including its territories, Mexico, and Bermuda
2
Europe (and per 2020 also incl. Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), Egypt, West Asia, Japan, South Africa, Greenland, and French Guiana
3
Southeast Asia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau
4
Latin America (Mexico, Belize, Central America, South America (except French Guiana)) and Oceania
5
Africa (except Egypt and South Africa), Russia, Central Asia, Mongolia, and North Korea
6
People's Republic of China (except Hong Kong and Macau)
7
Reserved for future use, MPAA-related DVDs and "media copies" of pre-releases in Asia
8
International venues such as aircraft, cruise ships, spacecraft, etc.
These region discs have all 1-8 flags set, allowing the disc to be played in any location, on any player.
ALL
DVDs in Mexico use both the region 1 and region 4 codes.
DVDs sold in the Baltic states use both region 2 and 5 codes, having previously been in region 5 (due to historic links with the USSR) but EU single market law concerning the free movement of goods causing a switch to region 2.
North Korea and South Korea have different DVD region codes (North Korea: region 5, South Korea: region 3), but the same Blu-ray region code (region A).
Egypt and South Africa are in DVD region 2, while all other African countries are in region 5, but all African countries have the same Blu-ray region code (region B).
In China, two DVD region codes are used: Mainland China has region 6, but Hong Kong and Macau have region 3, so does Taiwan. There are also two Blu-ray regions used: Mainland China has region C, but Hong Kong and Macau have region A, and so does Taiwan.
Region 0 (playable in all regions except 7 and 8) is widely used by China and the Philippines[citation needed].
Most DVDs in India combine the region 2, region 4, and region 5 codes, or are region 0; Indian Disney discs contain only the region 3 code (India has region 5, so region-3 DVDs cannot be played there).
European region 2 DVDs may be sub-coded "D1" to "D4". "D1" are the UK only releases; "D2" and "D3" are not sold in the UK and Ireland; "D4" are distributed throughout Europe.
Overseas territories of the United Kingdom and France (both in region 2) often have other regions (4 or 5, depending on geographical situation) than their homelands.
Any combination of regions can be applied to a single disc. For example, a DVD designated Region 2/4 is suitable for playback in Western Europe, Oceania, and any other Region 2 or Region 4 area. So-called "Region 0" and "ALL" discs are meant to be playable worldwide.
The term "Region 0" also describes the DVD players designed or modified to incorporate Regions 1–6, thereby providing compatibility with most discs, regardless of region. This apparent solution was popular in the early days of the DVD format, but studios quickly responded by adjusting discs to refuse to play in such machines. This system is known as "Regional Coding Enhancement" (RCE).
Region-code enhanced[edit]
Region-code enhanced, also known as just "RCE" or "REA",[3] was a retroactive attempt to prevent the playing of one region's discs in another region, even if the disc was played in a region-free player. The scheme was deployed on only a handful of discs. The disc contained the main program material region coded as region 1. But it also contained a short video loop of a map of the world showing the regions, which was coded as region 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. The intention was that when the disc was played in a non-region 1 player, the player would default to playing the material for its native region. This played the aforementioned video loop of a map, which was impossible to escape from, as the user controls were disabled.
The scheme was fundamentally flawed, as a region-free player tries to play a disc using the last region that worked with the previously inserted disc. If it cannot play the disc, then it tries another region until one is found that works. RCE could be defeated by briefly playing a "normal" region 1 disc, and then inserting the RCE protected region 1 disc, which would now play. RCE caused a few problems with genuine region 1 players.
As of 2007[update] many "multi-region" DVD players defeated regional lockout and RCE by automatically identifying and matching a disc's region code or allowing the user to manually select a particular region.[4][5] Some manufacturers of DVD players now freely supply information on how to disable regional lockout, and on some recent models, it appears to be disabled by default.[6][7] Computer programs such as DVD Shrink, Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum can make copies of region-coded DVDs without RCE restriction.
Purpose[edit]
One purpose of region coding is controlling release dates. A practice of movie marketing threatened by the advent of digital home video is to release a movie to cinemas, and then for general sale, later in some countries than in others. This is common partly because releasing a movie at the same time worldwide used to be prohibitively expensive. For example, a physical film copy for a cinema is expensive and the most copies are required for the first weeks after release, so a spread release allows for reuse of some copies in other regions. Videotapes were inherently regional since formats had to match those of the encoding system used by television stations in that particular region, such as NTSC and PAL, although from early 1990s PAL machines increasingly offered NTSC playback. DVDs are less restricted in this sense, and region coding allows movie studios to better control the global release dates of DVDs.
Also, the copyright in a title may be held by different entities in different territories. Region coding enables copyright holders to (attempt to) prevent a DVD from a region from which they do not derive royalties from being played on a DVD player inside their region. Region coding attempts to dissuade importing of DVDs from one region into another.
PAL/SECAM vs. NTSC[edit]
DVDs are also formatted for use on two conflicting regional television systems: 480i/60 Hz and 576i/50 Hz, which in analog contexts are often referred to as 525/60 (NTSC) and 625/50 (PAL/SECAM) respectively. Strictly speaking, PAL and SECAM are analog color television signal formats which have no relevance in the digital domain (as evident in the conflation of PAL and SECAM, which are actually two distinct analog color systems). However, the DVD system was originally designed to encode the information necessary to reproduce signals in these formats, and the terms continue to be used (incorrectly) as a method of identifying refresh rates and vertical resolution. However, an "NTSC", "PAL" or "SECAM" DVD player that has one or more analog composite video output (baseband or modulated) will only produce NTSC, PAL or SECAM signals, respectively, from those outputs, and may only play DVDs identified with the corresponding format.
NTSC is the analog TV format historically associated with the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, and other countries. PAL is the analog color TV format historically associated with most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, North Korea, and other countries (plus Brazil, which uses the refresh rate and resolution commonly associated with NTSC). SECAM, a format associated with French-speaking Europe, while using the same resolution and refresh rate as PAL, is a distinct format which uses a very different system of color encoding. Some DVD players can only play discs identified as NTSC, PAL or SECAM, while others can play multiple standards.[8]
In general, it is easier for consumers in PAL/SECAM countries to view NTSC DVDs than vice versa. Almost all DVD players sold in PAL/SECAM countries are capable of playing both kinds of discs, and most modern PAL TVs can handle the converted signal. NTSC discs may be output from a PAL DVD player in three different ways:
using a non-chroma encoded format such as RGB SCART or YPBPR component video.
using PAL 60 encoded composite video/S-Video—a "hybrid" system which uses NTSC's 525/60 line format along with PAL's chroma subcarrier
using NTSC encoded composite video/S-Video.
However, most NTSC players cannot play PAL discs, and most NTSC TVs do not accept 576i video signals as used on PAL/SECAM DVDs. Those in NTSC countries, such as the United States, generally require both a region-free, multi-standard player and a multi-standard television to view PAL discs, or a converter box, whereas those in PAL countries generally require only a region-free player to view NTSC discs. There are also differences in pixel aspect ratio (720 × 480 vs. 720 × 576 with the same image aspect ratio) and display frame rate (29.97 vs. 25).
Most computer-based DVD software and hardware can play both NTSC and PAL video and both audio standards.[8]
Implementations of region codes[edit]
Standalone DVD players[edit]
Usually a configuration flag is set in each player's firmware at the factory. This flag holds the region number that the machine is allowed to play. Region-free players are DVD players shipped without the ability to enforce regional lockout (usually by means of a chip that ignores any region coding), or without this flag set.
However, if the player is not region-free, it can often be unlocked with an unlock code entered via the remote control. This code simply allows the user to change the factory-set configuration flag to another region, or to the special region "0". Once unlocked this way, the DVD player allows the owner to watch DVDs from any region. Many websites exist on the Internet offering these codes, often known informally as hacks. Many websites provide instructions for different models of standalone DVD players, to hack, and their factory codes.
Computer DVD drives[edit]
Older DVD drives use RPC-1 ("Regional Playback Control") firmware, which means the drive allows DVDs from any region to play. Newer drives use RPC-2 firmware, which enforces the DVD region coding at the hardware level. These drives can often be reflashed or hacked with RPC-1 firmware, effectively making the drive region-free. This may void the drive warranty.[9]
Some drives may come set as region-free, so the user is expected to assign their region when they buy it. In this case, some DVD programs may prompt the user to select a region, while others may actually assign the region automatically based on the locale set in the operating system.
In most computer drives, users are allowed to change the region code up to five times.[10] If the number of allowances reaches zero, the region last used will be permanent even if the drive is transferred to another computer. This limit is built into the drive's controller software, called firmware. Resetting the firmware count can be done with first- or third-party software tools, or by reflashing (see above) to RPC-1 firmware.
Since some software does not work correctly with RPC-1 drives, there is also the option of reflashing the drive with a so-called auto-reset firmware. This firmware appears as RPC-2 firmware to software, but will reset the region changes counter whenever power is cycled, reverting to the state of a drive that has never had its region code changed.
Software DVD players[edit]
Most freeware and open source DVD players ignore region coding. VLC, for example, does not attempt to enforce region coding; however, it requires access to the DVD's raw data to overcome CSS encryption, and such access may not be available on some drives with RPC-2 firmware when playing a disc from a different region than the region to which the drive is locked.[11] Most commercial players are locked to a region code, but can be easily changed with software.
Other software, known as DVD region killers, transparently remove (or hide) the DVD region code from the software player. Some can also work around locked RPC-2 firmware.
Circumvention[edit]
The region coding of a DVD can be circumvented by making a copy that adds flags for all region codes, creating an all-region DVD. DVD backup software can do this, and some can also remove Macrovision, CSS, and disabled user operations (UOps).
In common region-locked DVDs (but not in RCE-DVDs), the region code is stored in the file "VIDEO_TS.IFO" (table "VMGM_MAT"), byte offsets 34 and 35.[12] The eight regions each correspond to a value which is a power of 2: Region 1 corresponds to 1 (20), Region 2 to 2 (21), Region 3 to 4 (22), and so on through Region 8, which corresponds to 128 (27). The values of each region that the disc is not encoded for are added together to give the value in the file. For example, a disc that is encoded for Region 1 but not Regions 2–8 will have the value 2+4+8+16+32+64+128=254. A disc encoded for Regions 1, 2 and 4 will have the value 4+16+32+64+128=244. A region-free or RCE-protected DVD will carry the value zero, since no regions are excluded.
Video game consoles[edit]
The Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 consoles are all region-locked for DVD playback. The PlayStation 2[13] can be modified to have its regional-locking disabled through the use of modchips. Although region locked on film DVDs and film Blu-ray Discs, the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One are region free for video games, though Add-on content on the online store is region locked and must match the region of the disc.
Blu-ray Disc region codes[edit]
Blu-ray regions
Main article: Blu-ray Disc § Region codes
Blu-ray Discs use a much simpler region-code system than DVD with only three regions, labeled A, B and C. As with DVDs many Blu-rays are encoded region 0 (region free), making them suitable for players worldwide.
Region code
Area
A
The Americas and their dependencies, East Asia, and Southeast Asia; excludes instances that fall under Region C.
B
Africa, Middle East, Europe (except Russia), Australia, New Zealand, and their dependencies; excludes instances that fall under Region C.
C
Central Asia, mainland China, Mongolia, South Asia, Russia
FREE
Informal term meaning "worldwide". Region FREE is not an official setting; discs that bear the region FREE symbol either have no flag set or have regions A–C flags set.
ABC
Unlike DVD regions, Blu-ray regions are verified only by the player software, not by the computer system or the drive. The region code is stored in a file and/or the registry, and there are hacks to reset the region counter of the player software. In stand-alone players, the region code is part of the firmware.
For bypassing region codes, there are software and multi-regional players available.
A new form of Blu-ray region coding tests not only the region of the player/player software, but also its country code. This means, for example, although both USA and Japan are Region A, some American discs will not play on devices/software installed in Japan or vice versa, since the two countries have different country codes (the United States has 21843 or Hex 5553 ("US" in ASCII, according to ISO 3166-1), and Japan has 19024, or Hex 4a50 ("JP"); Canada has 17217 or Hex 4341 ("CA")). Although there are only three Blu-ray regions, the country code allows a much more precise control of the regional distribution of Blu-ray discs than the six (or eight) DVD regions. In Blu-ray discs, there are no "special regions" such as the regions 7 and 8 in DVDs.
UMD region codes[edit]
Main article: Universal Media Disc § Region coding
For the UMD, a disc type used for the PlayStation Portable, UMD movies are region-locked, and use roughly the same regions as DVDs do, but UMD video games are region-free.
Criticism and legal concerns[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2010)
Region-code enforcement has been discussed as a possible violation of World Trade Organization free trade agreements or competition law.[14] The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has warned that DVD players that enforce region-coding may violate their Competition and Consumer Act 2010.[15][16][17] Under New Zealand copyright law, DVD region codes and the mechanisms in DVD players to enforce them have no legal protection.[18] The practice has also been criticized by the European Commission[19] which as of 2001 March 14 is investigating whether the resulting price discrimination amounts to a violation of EU competition law.[20]
The only entities that seem to be really benefiting from DVD Region Coding are the movie studios, the marketers of Code-Free DVD players and DVD decrypters. The Washington Post has highlighted how DVD region-coding has been a major inconvenience for travelers who wish to legally purchase DVDs abroad and return with them to their countries of origin, students of foreign languages, immigrants who want to watch films from their homeland and foreign film enthusiasts.[1] Another criticism is that region-coding allows for local censorship. For example, the Region 1 DVD of the drama film Eyes Wide Shut (1999), directed by Stanley Kubrick, contains the digital manipulations necessary for the film to secure an MPAA R-rating, whereas these manipulations are not evident in non–region 1 discs.[21]
See also[edit]
Computer science portal
Electronics portal
Film portal
Television portal
Broadcast television systems
DVD Copy Control Association
Regional lockout
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Luh, James C. (June 1, 2001). "Breaking Down DVD Borders". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Jim Taylor. "DVD FAQ: DVD utilities and region-free information". Dvddemystified.com. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Regional Coding Enhancement FAQ from DVD Talk
Jump up ^ "RCE/REA Info". Barrel-of-monkeys.com. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael Demtschyna. "Regional Code Enhancement". Michaeldvd.com.au. Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cheap DVD players come at a cost". The Sydney Morning Herald. May 28, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The DVD Doctors". The Tribal Mind (of The Sydney Morning Herald). March 30, 2005. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Taylor, Jim. "DVD FAQ: Is DVD Video a Worldwide Standard? Does it Work with NTSC, PAL and SECAM?". Dvddemystified.com. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Doom9 on RPC1.
Jump up ^ "Rulemaking hearing: Exemptions from prohibitions on circumvention of technological measures that control access to copyrighted works" (PDF). May 15, 2003. p. 287, line 18. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Does VLC support DVDs from all regions?
Jump up ^ DVD-Replica Media LLC. "DVD Basic Data Structure Guide". Dvd-replica.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Sony Playstation 2 Region Code". VideoHelp.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Openlaw DVD FAQ". Cyber.law.harvard.edu. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Restricting DVD's Illegal: ACCC". The Australian IT. March 27, 2001. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Consumers in Dark about DVD Imports". Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. December 21, 2000. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Difficulties Between the Pro-Competitive Community and Intellectual Property (note: open one of the attachments and search for "RPC" to find the relevant section).
Jump up ^ Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 01 December 2008) section 226 part b.
Jump up ^ "SPEECH/01/275: Content, Competition and Consumers: Innovation and Choice" (Press release). Europa. June 11, 2000. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ Probes into Regional DVD Imperils Studio Strategy, Paul Sweeting, Variety, June 3, 2001.
Jump up ^ Closed Borders and Open Secrets: Regional Lockout, the Film Industry and Code-Free DVD Players, Brian Hu, Mediascape: Journal of Cinema and Media Studies, Vol. 1, Number 2
External links[edit]
DVD region information with regards to RCE from Home Theater Info
Region Coding - Explanations & Help from The DVDCodes Source
DVD Code Region Mapping from The Home of DVD Unlocks
Amazon.co.uk DVD Regions guide
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD_region_code&oldid=821467128"
Categories:
Digital rights management
DVD
Self-censorship
Hardware restrictions
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from November 2011
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 January 2018, at 17:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: International Telecommunication Union region

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Television_companies
mw-redirect
Television companies

values: Edit section: Region codes and countries

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China
mw-redirect
People's Republic of China

values: Is it actually region 0? especially since some dvd might be mistaken for pirated region free disks (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Digiarty_WinX_DVD_Ripper_Platinum
mw-redirect
Digiarty WinX DVD Ripper Platinum

values: Edit section: Implementations of region codes

values:
/wiki/Hacker_(hobbyist)
mw-redirect
Hacker (hobbyist)

values:
/wiki/Open_source
mw-redirect
Open source

values:
/wiki/Rovi_Corporation
mw-redirect
Rovi Corporation

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc#Region_codes
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values: Edit section: Criticism and legal concerns

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: Motion Picture Association of America film rating system

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dvdtalk.com/rce.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hometheaterinfo.com/dvd3.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dvdcodes.net/FAQ.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.dvdexploder.com/
external text

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2010

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/DVD_region_code
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: رموز مناطق الدي في دي – Arabic

values: Регионален DVD код – Bulgarian

values: Κωδικός περιοχής για DVD – Greek

values: کد منطقه‌ای دی‌وی‌دی – Persian

values: Региональное кодирование оптических дисков – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-DVD_region_code rootpage-DVD_region_code skin-vector action-view


text:
History of New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
History of New York may refer to:
History of New York (state), about the history of the State of New York
History of New York City, about the history of New York City
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title History of New York.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York&oldid=801097058"
Categories:
Disambiguation pages
Hidden categories:
All article disambiguation pages
All disambiguation pages
Unsynchronized disambiguation talk pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 17:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

attrs: href title

value: li

value: ul

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

values:
mbox-image
padding: 2px 0 2px 0.4em;

attrs: class href

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-disambig

values: Category:All article disambiguation pages

values: Category:Unsynchronized disambiguation talk pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_New_York
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_New_York rootpage-History_of_New_York skin-vector action-view


text:
The Red Green Show
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Red Green Show
From left to right, Harold (Patrick McKenna), Red (Steve Smith) and Bill (Rick Green).
Created by
Steve Smith
Rick Green
Starring
Steve Smith
Patrick McKenna
Rick Green
Jeff Lumby
Wayne Robson
Bob Bainborough
Country of origin
Canada
No. of seasons
15
No. of episodes
305 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Robert Singer
Camera setup
Multiple-camera and Single camera
Running time
21 minutes
Distributor
S&S Productions
Release
Original network
CHCH-TV
CFPL-TV
YTV
Global
PBS (U.S.)
CBC Television
Picture format
480i
Original release
March 26, 1991 – April 7, 2006
External links
Website
The Red Green Show is a Canadian television comedy that aired on various channels in Canada, with its ultimate home at CBC Television, and on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) stations in the United States, from 1991 until the series finale 7 April 2006, on CBC. The Red Green Show is essentially a cross between a sitcom and a sketch comedy series, and is a parody of home improvement, do-it-yourself, fishing, and other outdoors shows (particularly The Red Fisher Show). Reruns currently air on CBC Television, The Comedy Network, and various PBS stations. It was produced by S&S Productions, which is owned by Steve and Morag Smith. Directors on the series include Steve Smith, Rick Green and William G. Elliott.
During the show's long run, The Red Green Show was nominated for 23 Gemini Awards, but only won once: in 1998, for Best Performance in a Comedy Program or Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 The show
1.1 Segments
1.1.1 Handyman Corner
1.1.2 Adventures with Bill
1.1.3 The Possum Lodge Word Game
1.1.4 North of Forty
1.1.5 Buddy System
1.1.6 Poetry and songs
1.1.7 Male Call and The Experts
1.1.8 Character specific segments
1.1.9 Mike's Teen Talk
1.1.10 Conclusion and credits
2 History
3 Rerun
4 Main characters
4.1 Red Green
4.2 Harold Green
4.3 Dalton Humphrey
4.4 Mike Hamar
4.5 Winston Rothschild III
4.6 Bill Smith
4.7 Ranger Gord
4.8 Edgar K. B. Montrose
4.9 Hap Shaughnessy
4.10 Ed Frid
4.11 Buzz Sherwood
4.12 Bob Stuyvestant
4.13 Glen Brackston
4.14 Dwight Cardiff
4.15 Dougie Franklin
4.16 Arnie Dogan
4.17 Kevin Black
4.18 Minor characters
4.19 Unseen characters
5 Episodes
6 DVD releases
6.1 Season sets
6.2 Special releases
7 References
8 External links
The show[edit]
The Red Green set used for filming in 2004.
The title character, Red Green (Steve Smith), is a handyman who tries to find shortcuts to most of his projects, trusting most of his work to duct tape, which he calls "the handyman's secret weapon". He is the president of the Possum Lodge, a fictional men's club in the small northwestern Ontario town of Possum Lake, near the also-fictional town of Port Asbestos. He and his fellow lodge members had their own TV show in which they gave lessons and demonstrations in repair work and outdoor activities, and advice for men.
Segments[edit]
The show's basic concept was that of a cable TV show, taped in part on a hand-held camera by Red's nephew Harold. The show's structure evolved over time and included several regular segments that appeared in almost every episode. These segments were interspersed with each episode's three main plot segments. The most frequent segments were "The Possum Lodge Word Game", "Handyman Corner", and "Adventures with Bill".
Handyman Corner[edit]
Red attempted to demonstrate creative and often humorous ways to tackle relatively common tasks, such as taking out the trash or making use of derelict cars, or to create something extravagant out of whatever he could get his hands on. Memorable examples included a paddlewheeler made out of a van on pallets and a revolving door, a jetpack made from two propane tanks, a hybrid car from recycled golf carts and satellite dishes, and a kiddie ride made from a bar stool attached to the agitator of a washing machine. Duct tape, "the handyman's secret weapon," was almost always the fastener of choice. In one episode, he tried to duct tape the Ontario-Quebec border as a potential solution to Quebec separatism. The segment customarily concluded with the aphorism "If the women don't find you handsome, they should at least find you handy."
Adventures with Bill[edit]
A black-and-white segment in the form of a narrated home movie, in which Red and Bill attempted to accomplish a task, try out a sport, or go on some adventure, invariably leading to slapstick comedy. Later in the series, other characters were featured, sometimes without Red or Bill. As the action occurred, Red narrated each adventure.
The Possum Lodge Word Game[edit]
Structured like Password or Pyramid, the objective was to get a contestant to say a certain word in 30 seconds by giving them various clues. On this program, however, the contestant almost always gave answers that were either way off or very odd throughout the segment. They would finally said the correct word by accident or thru the use of a grouping of words or another word that would sound similar to the answer. Often Harold (or whoever was hosting the game) would announce that week's prize in a misleading way, to make it sound much more interesting.
North of Forty[edit]
Red gives out sage advice from behind his fly tying workbench, usually talking to older men about married life or coping with changing society ("Let's face it", he quipped in one episode, "these days, if you're not young, you're old.") This segment always concluded with, "Remember, I'm pulling for you. We're all in this together."
Buddy System[edit]
Red and another character, standing together at the base of the basement stairs in a close-up, giving men advice on how to get out of various jams, usually with their wives, although, in later seasons, Red was often replaced by another character.
Poetry and songs[edit]
In earlier episodes, Red often recited small bits of poetry in the woods. The segments were named depending on the season and had a humorous twist on a famous saying. For example, the winter segment is named "Winter of Our Discount Tent".
In many shows, Red and Harold could be seen sitting at a campfire, with Red usually strumming a guitar and singing an original humorous song with Harold providing vocal accents and percussion with various items such as spoons, gas cans, and junk metal. In later seasons, the characters gave brief biographical sketches (consisting of various odd historical photos accompanied by narration) of "famous" Possum Lake residents.
Male Call and The Experts[edit]
A regular segment where Harold would read a letter supposedly from a viewer and Red would answer it, often misinterpreting what the viewer was asking. This evolved into "The Experts", where Red and another character answer alleged letters from viewers, and always give ridiculous advice, often debating on what the viewer meant or needed.
"The Experts" was always introduced with one of the lodge members (usually Harold, Mike, Dalton, or Winston) saying, "Welcome to 'The Experts' portion of the show where we examine those three little words men find so hard to say..." The audience, in front of which the show was filmed, would then chant in unison, "I DON'T KNOW!"
Character specific segments[edit]
Ranger Gord's "educational" safety cartoons (featuring anthropomorphic animals that looked like Red and Harold) and occasional advice segments with Dalton Humphrey, Winston Rothschild and Mike Hamar.
In the season Mike Hamar was introduced, he would often try to help Red around the lodge, but with humorously disastrous results due to mis-communications or Mike trying to imitate Red's corner-cutting shortcuts.
Hap Shaughnessy appeared in many segments, and always told Re outlandish stories about his life, and occasionally another character, who would doubt Hap's claims, and start making jokes about them. Among other things, Hap claims to have been an astronaut, to have fought Sonny Liston, to have invented television and basketball, and to have once advised Walt Disney on how many fingers to put on Mickey Mouse.
Mike's Teen Talk[edit]
Mike Hamar gave outrageous advice to teenagers that contradicts common sense (such as why it is advantageous to be stupid).
Conclusion and credits[edit]
The show usually concluded with Red giving a message to his wife, Bernice (usually a double entendre), and delivering his signature piece of life advice in the form of a hockey metaphor: "Keep your stick on the ice." This was followed by a general meeting of the Possum Lodge membership while the credits rolled, which began with the ritual stating of the Lodge motto: "Quando omni flunkus moritati" (Pseudo-Latin for "When all else fails, play dead"). From season six onward, this was often followed by the Man's Prayer: "I'm a man, but I can change, if I have to, I guess." In the final episode of the series, a revised version of the prayer was said: "I'm a man, but I changed, because I had to. Oh well." Steve Smith later identified that this was a tribute to his wife Morag, who had simply commented, "Oh well", upon viewing the first episode back in 1991. In one episode, women take over Possum Lodge and change the prayer to "I am woman, hear me roar. I'm in charge, get over it."
History[edit]
Steve Smith as Red Green
Smith originally created the character of Red Green for his 1979–1985 sketch comedy series Smith & Smith. The sketch was a parody of the long-running Canadian outdoors show The Red Fisher Show (1968–1989), starring BH "Red" Fisher, in which Red and his friends would show silent films of their fishing trips with commentary at "Scuttlebutt Lodge". The character also appeared in Me & Max and The Comedy Mill before becoming the focus of his own series.
The Red Green Show was produced first by CHCH-TV in Hamilton, Ontario, then by CFPL-TV in London, and then by the Global Television Network, before finally finding its permanent home at CBC Television for the 1997 season (its seventh) onward. The show was renamed The New Red Green Show upon its move to Global, and would keep this title until its second season at CBC.
The show ended 7 April 2006 after its 15th season with exactly 300 episodes. (This longevity inspired a joke in one episode, where Red says "The question is, can you do anything with crap? Obviously the answer is yes, we're in our fourteenth season.")
The last episode was filmed on 5 November 2005, at the Showline Studios Harbourside location. At the time the season began taping, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation locked out staffers who were members of the Canadian Media Guild, rendering the show's regular studios at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre unavailable.[1] The last episode concluded with the show breaking the fourth wall by thanking the audience and fans for their popularity. In addition, the Man's Prayer was changed to "I'm a man / but I changed / because I had to / Oh, well."
The low-budget movie Duct Tape Forever (2002) was based on The Red Green Show. It was screened in select American theaters, but did not receive a wide release. It has since appeared occasionally on PBS stations during pledge drives. It is also available on DVD.
As the show gained popularity, Steve Smith also wrote a syndicated newspaper column, as Red Green, titled North of 40 in which he would give advice to readers.
In previous years, the show would stage live mini-telethons (sometimes called "Red Green-a-thons") for public television stations in the United States. These usually coincided with national PBS fundraising drives, and featured contests between various PBS stations carrying the show. This was done to encourage new stations to carry Red Green, for those who already have it to continue it, and in one year Red playfully dumped stations that chose to discontinue the show in a wheelbarrow.
Since 2000, Red Green has been the "Ambassador of Scotch Duct Tape" for 3M.[2]
On 14 December 2008, a retrospective special titled "The Red Green Story-We're All In This Together" aired on select PBS stations. The special was released on DVD along with a book. Also, despite stating after the show's final episode that he planned to permanently retire his character,[3] in 2010, Smith embarked on the "Wit and Wisdom Comedy Tour", in which he gave live performances as Red Green in cities across the United States and Canada.
On 29 November 2012, Steve Smith announced a new "How To Do Everything" Tour which kicked off in Canada in the fall of 2013 before going to the US in the spring of 2014. The 2016 North American tour, "I'm Not Old, I'm Ripe", began in March and concluded in May, with stops in 25 US cities.[4]
Rerun[edit]
From September 1998 to August 7, 2017, The Red Green Show aired on The Comedy Network. From 2002 to 2005, reruns aired on CBC, Thursdays at 12:30pm and Saturdays at 6:30pm Eastern.
Main characters[edit]
Red Green[edit]
Some of the characters that appeared during the 2004 season of the show.
The title character of The Red Green Show, Red (Steve Smith) is the leader of Possum Lodge and a self-proclaimed handyman who is constantly extolling the virtues of duct tape ("the handyman's secret weapon"). He is married to Bernice Green and does not have any children. He is seldom seen without his trademark red-and-green suspenders and Canadian military field maneuvers cap.[5][6]
According to Red's DVD biography, Red became the leader of Possum Lodge after gradually becoming more involved with it over time and becoming "the only guy nobody hated." At one point, he borrowed a large sum of money from his brother just before his brother lost his job at the bank. In repayment, Red employed his nephew Harold as the producer and director of The Red Green Show.
In addition to being a handyman, Red also has several main philosophies in life, some of which are passed on to the lodge as a whole. Chief among them is the phrase "Quando Omni Flunkus Moritati" (pseudo-Latin for "When all else fails, play dead"). He also concludes each of his Handyman Corner segments with the phrase, "If the women don't find you handsome, they should at least find you handy."
Red owns what is known as "the Possum Van", a 1979–1993 Dodge Ram cargo van, painted as a grey 'possum on a pale blue background, and with a license plate reading simply "POSSUM". It is one of Red's few vehicles that actually runs. It has played (and donated) many parts in Handyman's Corner projects. After the series ended, the van was scrapped.
Red's dry, often sarcastic wit is balanced by a strong sense of camaraderie with his fellow lodge members, partly because he directs most of his sarcasm toward Harold. Despite this, Harold and the rest of Possum Lodge seem to regard Red with a high level of respect, though occasionally some of the lodge members will challenge his authority in one way or another.
Harold Green[edit]
Harold (Patrick McKenna) is Red's nephew and the fictional producer and director of The Red Green Show. He is a nerd—he has a significant overbite, wears thick glasses, is very eager and sensitive. He is often appalled by the behaviour of the other lodge members (and even Red himself), and he puts a lot of effort into trying to change everyone's behaviour, usually with little or no success.
Harold's advanced knowledge of computers, television and technology originally landed him the job of producer and director of the TV show, often wielding a portable device with dials and a keyboard, used to create the show's visual effects and transitions, though he didn't have it in later seasons. Later in the show's history, he became employed at Multicorp and went to work in the neighbouring town of Port Asbestos. He later became the publicity manager for Possum Lake, and eventually fell in love with Bonnie (Laurie Elliott), a commercial truck driver who shares nearly all of his unusual mannerisms. The two were married in the final episode of the series.
Harold and Red spend much of their time on the show trading insults and poking fun at each other. While they have shown they can cooperate with one another at times, Harold is often very critical of Red's ideas and schemes, but usually ends up going along with them anyway.
In the film Duct Tape Forever, Harold is not a member of the Possum Lodge. At the end, the brotherhood accept him and take him in.
Dalton Humphrey[edit]
Dalton (Bob Bainborough) is the owner of Humphrey's Everything Store and is one of Red's best friends. He is one of the few financially successful lodge members. He is a cheapskate and tries to conserve money as much as possible, shortchanging and cheating people. When he isn't complaining about the state of things at his store, he generally complains about his troubled marriage to Ann Marie and their daughter's spending habits.
Dalton has been with the show since season 4, and takes part in the vast majority of the show's main storylines. He has a strong relationship with Red, joining him on his regular fishing trips and taking part in many aspects of the Possum Lodge operations. He also takes his fatherhood very seriously, often trying to pass on his ideas and wisdom to other people (most notably Harold). He generally tells people exactly what he thinks of them, even if it means offending them.
Ann Marie only appeared onscreen once, in the final episode, in which she and Dalton renewed their wedding vows (her face was obscured by her bridal veil); however, she was sometimes seen in shadow in scenes set near their home (her voice was provided by Jennifer Irwin). Their daughter, Tabitha, appeared in the film Duct Tape Forever, played by Tracy Dawson, although there she goes by the name Mandy.
Mike Hamar[edit]
Mike (Wayne Robson) is a career criminal who joined Possum Lodge while on parole from federal prison. He has become another of Red's best friends and often tries to help out around the Lodge, though he is not very good at handyman tasks in general. He talks a lot about his troubled childhood — mostly about his mother (an exotic dancer) and many "fathers". Mike suffers from low self-esteem and poor planning, usually causing those around him to try to cheer him up again. He is the only character who regularly refers to Red as "Mr. Green". As revealed in the final episode, Mike eventually becomes a police officer.
Winston Rothschild III[edit]
Winston (Jeff Lumby) is the owner and sole employee of Rothschild's Sewage and Septic Sucking Services. Like Dalton and Mike, Winston is one of Red Green's friends and takes part in the day-to-day operations at Possum Lodge. He is always seen wearing a hard hat, a white button-down shirt, a bowtie and hip waders. He is generally upbeat and has a positive outlook on life, and is usually able to look on the bright side of things even in the face of certain disaster. He is also a fan of self help speakers Anthony Anthony (whom he likes to quote) and Walter Mollusk.
A true entrepreneur, Winston describes sewage and septic sucking as his lifelong dream. He owns his own equipment and a septic truck—apparently his only means of transportation, even on his usually unsuccessful dates. Throughout the series, he appears in a wide variety of commercials advertising his septic sucking business, almost always with a humorous quip ("We're number one in the number two business"; "We'll take that smell off your hands"; "We come in a truck and leave in a day" etc.). In later episodes, his commercials tend to parody the advertising campaigns of numerous Canadian companies.
He also has a tendency to confuse certain phrases and adages, saying things like "Significant Mother" or "Catch-23".
Bill Smith[edit]
Bill (Rick Green) is the star of the "Adventures with Bill" segment, in which he and at least one other character (usually Red) attempt to perform relatively simple tasks or try a sport or game in the clumsiest, most accident-prone way possible. (These segments are done in a silent home-movie format with a voiceover by Red.) Bill rarely actually speaks, and has only appeared on the main set of the show in the second season (still silently) and in the series' final episode — these are also the only times Bill is ever seen in colour (though he shows up in colour at the end of the credits sequence for the first season, at least), since the "Adventures" segments are shown in black & white. When something goes wrong, as it invariably does each episode, Bill can be heard as a muffled scream; these are anticipation of injury, not actual injury, such as Bill screaming as he falls off the ladder, not when he hits the ground. In some segments, Bill can be heard speaking in gibberish, but the explanation for not hearing him clearly is usually that the camera they use for these segments has a weak microphone. Later in the show's history, the "Adventures with Bill" segment was expanded to include more characters, and not necessarily Bill himself.
In each "Adventures" segment in which Bill appears, he usually attempts to do something of an outdoors nature, such as backpacking, building something, chopping down a tree, or playing a sport. Each of his actions are basically slapstick comedy routines—for example, when he swings an axe, it flies out of his hands and smashes into another character or Red's Possum Van. In what has become a classic occurrence, Bill often manages to knock one or both of the side mirrors off the van. He can also store large tools and miscellaneous items in his overalls, and pull them out on demand. Many segments show Bill getting hurt somehow, but apparently not seriously or permanently. (One segment in particular ends with Bill's arms crushed and flattened in a grape press.) There is generally no continuity from one "Adventures" segment to the next, and Bill comes back in the following episode, good as new.
Ranger Gord[edit]
Ranger Gord (Peter Keleghan) is the local forest ranger who spends almost all of his time alone in Fire Watch Tower 13 and, later in the series, Tower 3. His full name is Gordon Ranger, but he prefers not to be called "Ranger Ranger." He is always seen wearing his ranger outfit (which he apparently launders using only a blow dryer), and he finds various eccentric ways to pass his time, even while Red is visiting. For example, he has been seen making nature-sounds tapes by mimicking animal noises into a tape recorder, and he claims to use baked beans as his alarm clock. In one episode, he is found by Red to be hibernating.
Gord has worked in his watch tower for more than eighteen years without a paycheck and claims to have been a forest ranger his entire life. His apparent reason for becoming a ranger was that he thought Smokey Bear was talking directly to him in one of his famous public service announcements ("Only you can prevent forest fires"). He frequently breaks out in tears during Red's visits as he talks about how lonely he is and/or how much of a sacrifice he makes at his job. During one visit, Gord claimed to have gotten so lonely that he ate the watch tower and then later moved on to another tower in season 7. Gord sometimes laments his lack of recognition. Once, he thought that someone had left him some honorary medallions only to learn from Red that they were beer bottle caps (Gord thought that a Budweiser cap was for being a "bud of the forest"). On another occasion, Gord justified his lack of communication with his superiors as a sign that he was doing a "good job protecting the forest", to which Red suggested that his superiors most likely forgot about him. In truth, it turned out that he had been dismissed many years ago, but the message had never reached him.
Later in the series (seasons 9 to 13, between 1999 and 2004), Ranger Gord made a series of 23 short "educational" cartoons about the environment. Written, animated, produced, directed, and voiced by Gord himself, these films always feature an animated version of Gord as a muscle-bound superhero type, and Red and Harold Green make appearances as a 'possum and beaver, respectively. (Dalton and Mike also appear in one short, depicted as a bear and a raccoon, respectively.) The cartoons' subjects have included finding money at the end of a rainbow, planting a cell phone to grow a telephone pole, and waging a fire-fight against the sun and its deadly ultraviolet rays. The cartoons were actually written by staff writers starting with Shaun Graham, who wrote the six original shorts.[7] All 23 shorts were designed, directed, and animated by Bryce Hallett of Frog Feet Productions.[8]
The original fire watch tower shown in seasons 1–2 was the treehouse in Steve Smith's backyard in Hamilton, Ontario, that he had put up for his sons.[9] From seasons 3 to 6, it was filmed in an actual watch tower (in reality located at Port Carling, Ont.). By season 8, it was a set. Gord appeared in the lodge during season 7, saying that he had eaten the front two legs of the tower and caused it to fall over. In the movie Duct Tape Forever, the tower had burned down and Ranger Gord was then in charge of a train station located at the end of a section of unfinished tracks and thus where no trains ever run; this is an obvious pun on Gord's still having a "dead-end job", just like his former merely-self-maintained forest-ranger position that the National Forest Service cared nothing about.
Edgar K. B. Montrose[edit]
Edgar Montrose (Graham Greene) is Possum Lodge's explosives enthusiast. He believes that any problem (including leaky roofs and invasive weeds) can be solved with explosives. He is usually seen wearing singed overalls, a cracked construction helmet and a pair of ear protectors, though he rarely covers his ears with them. According to himself, Edgar was born in Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, and he started using explosives at a young age. He later enlisted in the Army and was dishonourably discharged after only three weeks, when he blew up the mess hall ("turns out they were only thinking of building a new one").
Edgar's heavy use of explosives over the years has caused him to lose most of his hearing, which often leads to nonsensical responses to questions and comments. (For example, Red will ask him, "What have you brought for us today, Edgar?" and Edgar will respond, "Oh, just fine, Red.") He is also missing a finger on his left hand, though the story of how he lost it changes each time he tells it. He claims to not have many friends, and according to his DVD biography, he has "yet to meet a woman that likes to spend a Saturday night watching [him] blow a fully-grown Douglas Fir tree clean over the lake."
Edgar's middle initials, K.B., are rumored to stand for "Ka Boom!", his favourite catch-phrase. His favourite movie is The Bridge on the River Kwai, saying, "Did you see that baby go up at the end?" After seeing the movie Dances With Wolves, Edgar thought that the "Native guy" should have received an Oscar for his role. (Greene had been nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Kicking Bird in the movie, but lost to Joe Pesci.)
Hap Shaughnessy[edit]
Hap Shaughnessy (Gordon Pinsent) is the water-taxi captain of Possum Lake, but he is much better known at Possum Lodge for his self-aggrandizing tall tales. In virtually every appearance he makes on the show, he makes a ridiculous claim to have been a significant person in history, or to have accomplished some incredible feat. Nobody else on the show believes him, but he will go to great lengths to tell his stories anyway. For example, he has claimed that he owns a coat that belonged to Santa Claus himself, that he once filled in for Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, that he once raised tigers in Kenya, had a magnetized metal plate in his head, drove the Aston Martin featured in Goldfinger which he used as an actual spy, and that he even died and came back to life at the 1988 Summer Olympics. In one episode, it is hinted that he lies about his past because he has a poor self-image.
Hap is always seen wearing a Royal Canadian Regiment baseball cap, which is a nod to Pinsent's own military service as a soldier in the Regiment during the early 1950s.
Ed Frid[edit]
Ed Frid (Jerry Schaefer) is Possum Lake's second animal control officer (the first being Garth Harble). Ironically, he is deathly afraid of almost all animals, and believes they are out to get him. He is featured on The Red Green Show in the "Talking Animals" segment, in which Red tries to get him to show the audience a small animal, such as a weasel or a leech. Invariably, something goes wrong and causes Ed to panic, usually bringing an abrupt and comedic end to the segment.
Buzz Sherwood[edit]
Buzz Sherwood (Peter Wildman) is a local bush pilot known around Possum Lake for his eccentric antics in his small Cessna seaplane, which he moors on the Possum Lodge boat dock. He has an incredibly boisterous personality, often acting extremely hyperactive and happy-go-lucky. Despite being in his 40's, he still views himself as a kid, and is known for his wild laughter and habit of punching people's arms in greeting.
Bob Stuyvestant[edit]
Bob Stuyvestant (Bruce Hunter) works for the Ministry of Natural Resources, and is almost always seen playing golf, although he always plays poorly. Bob knows everything there is to know about golf but can't seem to apply it to his own game. Same with women – Bob has been married 5 times. When out golfing, Bob claims to be "conducting undercover research" for the Ministry, claiming that he is taking soil and air samples (He once claimed that his golf ball was a "dimpled ergonometer", and that his putter was a "wind speed calibration wrench").
Glen Brackston[edit]
Glen Brackston (Mark Wilson) is the operator and only employee of Brackston's Marina. Glen is a large and incredibly lazy man, often seen sitting on his lawn chair or napping. He has suffered multiple heart attacks, and has seven daughters. In the earliest seasons, his laziness was due to his obsessive focus on his RV. Later on, he would appear with Red in the "Boating Tips" segment, where he would give advice or instructions on how to maintain and care for boats. However, he would often make Red perform these tasks for him, citing his poor health as leaving him unable to do it himself.
Dwight Cardiff[edit]
Dwight Cardiff (George Buza) is the only character ever shown to be lazier than Glen Brackston. Dwight is the operator at the Port Asbestos Marina, although he occasionally traveled to the Lodge to appear on the show. Dwight is unwilling to do anything that requires him to move, such as going inside when it rains (what he calls "passive environmental interaction"). He also claims to have had a pet snail as a child, but it "ran away on him".
Dougie Franklin[edit]
Dougie Franklin (Ian Thomas) is an American immigrant who drives a huge monster truck and who is a self-proclaimed expert in two areas of life: cars and women, in spite of never having had a successful date, and several automotive altercations, partly due to his inability to understand Canadian traffic laws, and his reckless driving. His brother Ben was seen in a few episodes, played by Ian Thomas' actual brother Dave Thomas of SCTV.
Arnie Dogan[edit]
Arnie Dogan (Albert Schultz) is an accident prone roofer with aspirations of becoming a country music singer. Frequently wearing some manner of orthopedic appliance from his latest mishap, he insists that roofing is "...in [his] blood" and that he continue with his work despite its seemingly hazardous nature. Arnie is renowned for having written over 17,000 songs (most of which are terrible) and he enjoys playing them for lodge members at any opportunity, much to the chagrin and irritation of the latter.
Kevin Black[edit]
Kevin Black (Paul Gross) is a yuppie developer from the big city who is usually outwitted by the landowners of Possum Lake. Kevin Black appeared in the sixth and seventh seasons. He is frequently surprised by the rural aspects of Possum Lake, such as the idea of having to dig a well in order to get water.
Minor characters[edit]
Throughout its fifteen-season run, The Red Green Show sported a cast of well over forty secondary and minor characters, ranging from fellow Possum Lodge members to guests making single appearances, and even audience members appearing on the set. During the second season, the regular cast was expanded to include many different lodge members, none of whom were kept on for appearances after the second season. The cast, while primarily male, did include occasional female characters as well, including network executive Kelly Cook (Sugar Lyn Beard) and Anne-Marie Humphrey (Jennifer Irwin), Dalton's wife.
Unseen characters[edit]
In addition to the already long list of characters, there are several characters who are frequently referred to, but are never seen. The most frequently mentioned are Red's friends Junior Singleton, Buster Hadfield, Moose Thompson, Stinky Peterson, and Old Man Sedgwick. The in-show descriptions of these characters are often far-fetched and outlandish, as are their actual names:
Bernice Green: Red's wife, whom he married without waiting for the results of the pregnancy test. Red claims they had tried to have children but after Harold was born they took that as a warning. She is often exasperated with the antics of Red and the other lodge members, and often tries to encourage Red to partake in activities like the arts and eating at fine restaurants, usually to disastrous effect. In one episode, she faked a love letter from one of Red's old girlfriends (which turned out to be an affectionate letter from Red's mother) and Red resolved to take Bernice out to dinner any night the episode aired, to prevent her from seeing it and becoming jealous. In spite of this she and Red do seem to be close, and Red often implies they have an active sex life. Bernice has a niece named Alicia whose oral condition has earned her the nickname "Horse". At one point, out of desperation, Harold considered marrying her.
Old Man Sedgwick: Orville Lloyd Dutton Manly Alvin Norbert "Old Man" Sedgewick. Old Man Sedgwick's age is never officially disclosed, although he is reported to have known John A. Macdonald when he (John) was only a child, and in one episode, he is said to have been born "sometime in the Mesozoic era". He does have a son who was 97 years of age, and his parents were still alive (his father bearing the name "Dead Man Walking Sedgewick"). Sedgewick is often described as being irritable and suffering from senility, for which he takes medication.
Junior Singleton: An odd member of Possum Lodge. Married to his wife Noreen shortly after meeting at a tool swap, with an entire episode dedicated to preparing for his stag party. Junior is often the first to question Red's decisions or authority and at one point tried to found a rival lodge which failed. It is implied that Junior and Noreen are obese.
Moose Thompson: Mooseworth Hugo Largess "Moose" Thompson is an extremely overweight member of the lodge. He is implied to be rather dim-witted, saying that he thought his nickname made him sound stupid, so he considered changing it to "Moose Johnson".
Stinky Peterson: Stephen Riechen Puanteur "Stinky" Peterson has a pronounced stench and appalling personal habits. At one point Harold wondered if the scent was dangerous or toxic, which Red assured him was not the case because the lodge members keep Canaries by his front door. In one episode Stinky burned his mattress, releasing a cloud of toxic gas that surrounded the Lodge.
Flinty McClintock: Owner of a scrap metal yard and an "African Lion Safari" which mostly consists of snow fences and a lion so lazy and out of shape it might be a deformed pig.
Buster Hadfield: An extremely lazy divorcee who once spent more time at the Lodge than at home, precipitating his divorce. His daughter Susie once stole Harold's lunch money, but it was latter found that she might have feelings for Harold, which of course went nowhere.
Wally Kibler: The Mayor of Possom Lake.
Fuzzy Norton: A character rarely mentioned and thus poorly defined.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Red Green Show episodes
DVD releases[edit]
Acorn Media has released portions of The Red Green Show on DVD in Region 1 in various incarnations.
In 2002–2003, they released six compilation DVDs labeled as "Stuffed and Mounted" volumes 1 through 6. Each DVD contains episodes from various seasons of the show up to season 10 (the most current season at the time these DVDs were released). However, there were no episodes from season two. These DVDs feature a spoken-word introduction by Steve Smith (out of character, as evidenced by his higher-pitched voice).
In 2006, Acorn began to release the series on DVD in complete season sets. Of note, the releases are identified by year, not season number; thus the 7th season is labeled as "1997 Season", the 8th season is "1998 Season", and so on.[10] Seasons 7 through 11 were released in this format.
In 2010, Acorn changed formats again, they began releasing compilation sets which contain episodes from multiple seasons all grouped together. The first release, The Red Green Show: The Infantile Years, features all 72 episodes from the first 3 seasons in a 9-disc set. Extras include introductions by Steve Smith, and Red & Harold character biographies.[11] Seasons 4 through 6 were released in The Red Green Show: The Toddlin' Years.[12] Seasons 7 through 9 were released in The Red Green Show: The Delinquent Years.[13] Seasons 10 through 12 were released in The Red Green Show: The Midlife Crisis Years.[14] On 20 September 2011, Acorn released The Red Green Show: The Geezer Years,[15] which contains episodes from the final three seasons (13–15).
Season sets[edit]
DVD Name
Season
Ep #
Release Date
The Red Green Show: 1997 Season 7 17 2 May 2006
The Red Green Show: 1998 Season 8 14 15 May 2007
The Red Green Show: 1999 Season 9 17 26 February 2008
The Red Green Show: 2000 Season 10 19 16 September 2008
The Red Green Show: 2001 Season 11 17 10 March 2009
The Red Green Show: The Infantile Years – Seasons 1991–1993 1–3 72 26 January 2010
The Red Green Show: The Toddlin' Years – Seasons 1994–1996 4–6 72 2 November 2010
The Red Green Show: The Delinquent Years – Seasons 1997–1999 7–9 47 15 March 2011
The Red Green Show: The Mid-Life Crisis Years – Seasons 2000–2002 10–12 54 31 May 2011
The Red Green Show: The Geezer Years – Seasons 2003–2005 13–15 55 20 September 2011
The Red Green Show: The Complete High Quantity Collection All 300 16 October 2012[16]
Special releases[edit]
DVD Name
Description
Release Date
Red Green, DVD (Duct-Tape Virtuoso Deluxe) A collection of segments from various episodes centering around duct tape 8 May 2001
Duct Tape Forever Full-length feature movie in which Red and Harold enter a duct-tape sculpture competition 29 April 2003
Red Green: Hindsight is 20/20 A retrospective on The Red Green show 11 May 2004
It's a Wonderful Red Green Christmas A collection of Christmas episodes 19 October 2004
Red Green's We Can't Help It, We're Men A collection of shorts and segments about men 10 May 2005
The Red Green Story: We’re All in This Together A retrospective on The Red Green Show, two years after the final season 2008 (PBS only)
Red Green is Special Box set containing Hindsight is 20/20; Duct Tape Virtuoso Deluxe; We Can't Help It, We're Men; and The Red Green Story. 12 May 2009
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CBC.ca Arts – Red Green says goodbye to Possum Lodge". Archived from the original on 28 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "3M Canada : Company Information". www.3m.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Nancy MacPhee (7 October 2011). "Red Green's wisdom and duct tape coming our way". Retrieved 17 January 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.redgreen.com/on-tour.html
Jump up ^ "Red Green Chat #6". Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bottled Water Conclusion..." www.facebook.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Shaun Graham Bio [1] Wild Sound
Jump up ^ Animation Unleashed: 100 Principles Every Animator, Comic Book Writer, Filmmaker, Video Artist, and Game Developer Should Know, by Ellen Besen, 2008 Michael Wiese Productions, Studio City,CA ISBN 978-1-932907-49-0, p225
Jump up ^ CBC television interview for Life & Times Archived 8 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show DVD news: Box Art for The Red Green Show - 2001 Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show DVD news: Announcement for Red Green - The Infantile Years: 1991-1993 Seasons - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show DVD news: Announcement for Red Green - The Toddlin' Years: 1994-1996 Seasons - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show DVD news: Announcement for The Red Green Show - Seasons 1997-1999: The Delinquent Years - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show DVD news: Announcement for The Red Green Show - Seasons 2000-2002: The Midlife Crisis Years - TVShowsOnDVD.com". www.tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Red Green Show: The Geezer Years Seasons 2003-2006". 20 September 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2018 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (21 August 2012). "The Red Green Show - 'The Complete High Quantity Collection' 50-DVD Gift Set". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 17 January 2014.
External links[edit]
Television in Canada portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Red Green Show
Official website
The Red Green Show at CBC.ca
The Red Green Show at PBS.org
The Red Green Show on IMDb
The Red Green Show on YouTube
The Red Green Show - Behind the Scenes (Part 1) on YouTube
The Red Green Show - Behind the Scenes (Part 2) on YouTube
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Red_Green_Show&oldid=836678240"
Categories:
1991 Canadian television series debuts
2006 Canadian television series endings
PBS network shows
CBC Television shows
Northern Ontario in fiction
Television series by S&S Productions
Television series about television
Television series produced in Hamilton, Ontario
Television series produced in Toronto
Television series by Corus Entertainment
Television shows set in Ontario
1990s Canadian sketch comedy television series
2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series
YTV shows
Global Television Network shows
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use Canadian English from March 2016
All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English
Use dmy dates from January 2014
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Français
Ido
Edit links
This page was last edited on 16 April 2018, at 06:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

value: tr

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Single_camera_setup
mw-redirect
Single camera setup

values:
nofollow
http://www.redgreen.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service
mw-redirect
Public Broadcasting Service

values:
/wiki/Situation_comedy
mw-redirect
Situation comedy

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Port_Asbestos
mw-redirect
Port Asbestos

values:
/wiki/Quebec_separatism
mw-redirect
Quebec separatism

values:
/wiki/Slapstick_comedy
mw-redirect
Slapstick comedy

values: Edit section: The Possum Lodge Word Game

values: Edit section: Character specific segments

values:
/wiki/B.H._%22Red%22_Fisher
mw-redirect
B.H. "Red" Fisher

values:
/wiki/Exotic_dancer
mw-redirect
Exotic dancer

values:
/wiki/Forest_ranger
mw-redirect
Forest ranger

values:
/wiki/Forest_fire
mw-redirect
Forest fire

values:
/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)
mw-redirect
Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

values:
/wiki/Ultraviolet_ray
mw-redirect
Ultraviolet ray

values:
/wiki/Dances_With_Wolves
mw-redirect
Dances With Wolves

values:
/wiki/Oscar_award
mw-redirect
Oscar award

values:
/wiki/Rolling_Stones
mw-redirect
Rolling Stones

values:
/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment
mw-redirect
Royal Canadian Regiment

values:
/wiki/Animal_control_officer
mw-redirect
Animal control officer

values:
/wiki/Bruce_Hunter_(Actor)
mw-redirect
Bruce Hunter (Actor)

values:
/wiki/Domestic_Canary
mw-redirect
Domestic Canary

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.redgreen.com/on-tour.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.redgreen.com/chat.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0056G1AQQ

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
https://www.pbs.org/redgreen/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101177/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.youtube.com/redgreentv

values: Category:1991 Canadian television series debuts

values: Category:2006 Canadian television series endings

values: Category:Television series by S&S Productions

values: Category:Television series about television

values: Category:Television series produced in Hamilton, Ontario

values: Category:Television series produced in Toronto

values: Category:Television series by Corus Entertainment

values: Category:Television shows set in Ontario

values: Category:1990s Canadian sketch comedy television series

values: Category:2000s Canadian sketch comedy television series

values: Category:Global Television Network shows

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use Canadian English from March 2016

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/The_Red_Green_Show
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Red_Green_Show rootpage-The_Red_Green_Show skin-vector action-view


text:
Terms of trade
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Terms of trade (TOT) refers to the relative price of imports in terms of exports[1] and is defined as the ratio of export prices to import prices.[2] It can be interpreted as the amount of import goods an economy can purchase per unit of export goods.
An improvement of a nation's terms of trade benefits that country in the sense that it can buy more imports for any given level of exports. The terms of trade may be influenced by the exchange rate because a rise in the value of a country's currency lowers the domestic prices of its imports but may not directly affect the prices of the commodities it exports.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Definition
3 Two country model CIE economics
4 Multi-commodity multi-country model
5 Limitations
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
The term (barter) terms of trade was first coined by the US American economist Frank William Taussig in his 1927 book International Trade. However, an earlier version of the concept can be traced back to the English economist Robert Torrens and his book The Budget: On Commercial and Colonial Policy, published in 1844, as well as to John Stuart Mill's essay Of the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World, published in the same year, though allegedly already written in 1829/30.
Definition[edit]
Terms of trade (TOT) is a measure of how much imports an economy can get for a unit of exported goods. For example, if an economy is only exporting apples and only importing oranges, then the terms of trade are simply the price of apples over the price of oranges. In other words, how many oranges can you get for a unit of apples. Since economies typically export and import many goods, measuring the TOT requires defining price indices for exported and imported goods and comparing the two.[3]
A rise in the prices of exported goods in international markets would increase the TOT, while a rise in the prices of imported goods would decrease it. For example, countries that export oil will see an increase in their TOT when oil prices go up, while the TOT of countries that import oil would decrease.
Two country model CIE economics[edit]
In the simplified case of two countries and two commodities, terms of trade is defined as the ratio of the total export revenue[clarification needed] a country receives for its export commodity to the total import revenue it pays for its import commodity. In this case the imports of one country are the exports of the other country. For example, if a country exports 50 dollars' worth of product in exchange for 100 dollars' worth of imported product, that country's terms of trade are 50/100 = 0.5. The terms of trade for the other country must be the reciprocal (100/50 = 2). When this number is falling, the country is said to have "deteriorating terms of trade". If multiplied by 100, these calculations can be expressed as a percentage (50% and 200% respectively). If a country's terms of trade fall from say 100% to 70% (from 1.0 to 0.7), it has experienced a 30% deterioration in its terms of trade. When doing longitudinal (time series) calculations, it is common to set a value for the base year[citation needed] to make interpretation of the results easier.
In basic microeconomics, the terms of trade are usually set in the interval between the opportunity costs for the production of a given good of two countries.
Terms of trade is the ratio of a country's export price index to its import price index, multiplied by 100. The terms of trade measures the rate of exchange of one good or service for another when two countries trade with each other.
Multi-commodity multi-country model[edit]
The terms of trade of Australia since 1959. Note the effect of the resources boom from 2005.
In the more realistic case of many products exchanged between many countries, terms of trade can be calculated using a Laspeyres index. In this case, a nation's terms of trade is the ratio of the Laspeyre price index of exports to the Laspeyre price index of imports. The Laspeyre export index is the current value of the base period exports divided by the base period value of the base period exports. Similarly, the Laspeyres import index is the current value of the base period imports divided by the base period value of the base period imports.
p x c q x 0 p x 0 q x 0 / p m c q m 0 p m 0 q m 0 {\displaystyle {{p_{x}^{c}\,q_{x}^{0}} \over {p_{x}^{0}\,q_{x}^{0}}}\left/{{p_{m}^{c}\,q_{m}^{0}} \over {p_{m}^{0}\,q_{m}^{0}}}\right.}
Where
p x c = {\displaystyle p_{x}^{c}=} price of exports in the current period
q x 0 = {\displaystyle q_{x}^{0}=} quantity of exports in the base period
p x 0 = {\displaystyle p_{x}^{0}=} price of exports in the base period
p m c = {\displaystyle p_{m}^{c}=} price of imports in the current period
q m 0 = {\displaystyle q_{m}^{0}=} quantity of imports in the base period
p m 0 = {\displaystyle p_{m}^{0}=} price of imports in the base period
Basically: Export Price Over Import price times 100 If the percentage is over 100% then your economy is doing well (Capital Accumulation). If the percentage is under 100% then your economy is not going well (More money going out than coming in).
Limitations[edit]
Terms of trade should not be used as synonymous with social welfare, or even Pareto economic welfare. Terms of trade calculations do not tell us about the volume of the countries' exports, only relative changes between countries. To understand how a country's social utility changes, it is necessary to consider changes in the volume of trade, changes in productivity and resource allocation, and changes in capital flows.
The price of exports from a country can be heavily influenced by the value of its currency, which can in turn be heavily influenced by the interest rate in that country. If the value of currency of a particular country is increased due to an increase in interest rate one can expect the terms of trade to improve. However, this may not necessarily mean an improved standard of living for the country since an increase in the price of exports perceived by other nations will result in a lower volume of exports. As a result, exporters in the country may actually be struggling to sell their goods in the international market even though they are enjoying a (supposedly) high price.
In the real world of over 200 nations trading hundreds of thousands of products, terms of trade calculations can get very complex. Thus, the possibility of errors is significant.
See also[edit]
Singer–Prebisch thesis about the tendency to deterioration of the terms of trade between primary products and manufactured goods.

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Obstfeld, M., Rogoff, K. (1996). Foundations of International Macroeconomics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Page 199.
Jump up ^ Reinsdorf, M.B. (2009). Terms of Trade Effects: Theory and Measurement. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Page 1.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Reinsdorf. "Terms of Trade Effects: Theory and Measurement" (PDF). working paper. BEA. Retrieved October 2009. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terms_of_trade&oldid=829645044"
Categories:
International trade
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Articles needing cleanup from October 2009
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from October 2009
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2009
Articles needing additional references from April 2012
All articles needing additional references
Articles with multiple maintenance issues
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Italiano
Norsk
Polski
Português
Suomi
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
中文
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 March 2018, at 22:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values: Edit section: Two country model CIE economics

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Multi-commodity multi-country model

values:
/wiki/Laspeyres_index
mw-redirect
Laspeyres index

values: vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:15.367ex; height:6.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.885ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.663ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:4.885ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.387ex; height:2.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.165ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.387ex; height:2.843ex;

values:
/wiki/Singer%E2%80%93Prebisch_thesis
mw-redirect
Singer–Prebisch thesis

values:
/wiki/Primary_products
mw-redirect
Primary products

values:
/wiki/Manufactured_goods
mw-redirect
Manufactured goods

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from October 2009

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from October 2009

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from October 2009

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Terms_of_trade
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: 贸易条件指数 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Terms_of_trade rootpage-Terms_of_trade skin-vector action-view