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Liturgical colours
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A white coloured parament hangs from the pulpit, indicating that the current liturgical season is Christmastide. The fact that the Christ Candle in the centre of the Advent wreath is lit also indicates that Christmas has arrived.
Liturgical colours are those specific colours used for vestments and hangings within the context of Christian liturgy. The symbolism of violet, white, green, red, gold, black, rose and other colours may serve to underline moods appropriate to a season of the liturgical year or may highlight a special occasion.
There is a distinction between the colour of the vestments worn by the clergy and their choir dress, which with a few exceptions does not change with the liturgical seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Roman Catholic Church
1.1 Current rubrics
1.1.1 Regional and situational exceptions
1.2 Pre-1969 rubrics
2 Byzantine Rite
3 Russian liturgical colours
4 Coptic Rite
5 Ethiopian Rite
6 Anglicanism
6.1 Sarum Rite
7 Protestants
8 Citations
9 Sources
10 External links
Roman Catholic Church[edit]
Current rubrics[edit]
In the Roman Rite, as reformed by Pope Paul VI, the following colours are used.[1]
Color
Obligatory usage
Optional usage (in lieu of prescribed obligatory colour)
Green
Sundays and Ferias in Ordinary Time
Violet
Sundays and Ferias of Advent
Sundays and Ferias in Lent
Liturgies on Holy Saturday (except for the Easter Vigil)
Sacrament of Reconciliation
Sacrament of the Sick
All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead
Rose
Gaudete Sunday (Third Sunday of Advent)
Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday in Lent)
White
Christmastide (from [Vigil] of Christmas to the Baptism of the Lord)
Holy Thursday
Easter season (from the Easter Vigil to the Vigil of Pentecost excl.)
Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity
Feasts of Our Lord other than those of His Passion
Marian feast days[2]
Feasts of the Angels
Feasts of non-martyred saints or confessors
Feast of St. John
Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter
Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle
The Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Feast of All Saints
Sacrament of Baptism
Sacrament of Matrimony
Sacrament of Holy Orders
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead where the Conference of Bishops has permitted it.[3]
Votive Masses and other Masses where Green is normally used.
Red
Palm Sunday
Good Friday
Pentecost
Feasts of the Passion of the Lord
Feasts of Martyrs, Apostles, and Evangelists
Sacrament of Confirmation
Red Masses and other votive Masses of the Holy Spirit.
Papal funeral (Red is the colour of mourning for popes according to an ancient Byzantine custom)
Black
All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses
On more solemn days, i.e. festive, more precious, sacred vestments may be used, even if not of the colour of the day. Such vestments may, for instance, be made from cloth of gold or cloth of silver. Moreover, the Conference of Bishops may determine and propose to the Apostolic See adaptations suited to the needs and culture of peoples.[4]
Ritual Masses are celebrated in their proper colour, in white, or in a festive colour. Masses for Various Needs, on the other hand, are celebrated in the colour proper to the day or the season or in violet if they bear a penitential character. Votive Masses are celebrated in the colour suited to the Mass itself or even in the colour proper to the day or the season.[5]
Regional and situational exceptions[edit]
Some particular variations:
Blue, a colour associated with the Virgin Mary, is permitted for the feast of the Immaculate Conception in Spain and in some dioceses in Portugal, Mexico, and South America. In the Philippines, it is authorised for all feasts of the Virgin Mary, a practice followed in some other places without official warrant. There have also been uses of blue in place of violet for the season of Advent despite the fact that this practice is prohibited under liturgical law.[6]
White or cloth of gold was traditionally used for the Novena from 16 to 24 December according to a Spanish custom abolished in that country in the 1950s, but still widely observed in the Philippines[citation needed]. White is also used for East Asian Masses for the dead, as white is the traditional colour of mourning in many of the region's cultures. Furthermore, if not enough vestments of the proper colour are available (particularly in concelebrations), white may be used for all concelebrants.
Violet or black are often permitted on national holidays honoring military dead. For example in Canada, they are used on Remembrance Day.
Gold or silver may be worn on more solemn occasions in the Dioceses of the United States.[7]
Pre-1969 rubrics[edit]
The Roman Missal, as revised by Pope John XXIII in 1962, was authorised for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite by Pope Benedict XVI by the 2007 motu proprio entitled Summorum Pontificum. Pope John XXIII's revision of the Missal incorporated changes that he had made with his motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of 29 July 1960.[8] The following are the differences between its rules for liturgical colours and the later rules:
Colour
1920–1955 usage
1955–1960 Usage
1960-1969 Usage
Violet
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of St. Andrew
Vigil of St. Thomas
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Vigil of St. Matthias (in leap years only)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Blessing of Palms, Procession, Mass)
Holy Saturday (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of St. James
Vigil of the Assumption
Vigil of Sts. Simon and Jude
Vigil of All Saints
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of Sts. Peter and Paul
Vigil of St. Lawrence
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Rose
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
White
Octave of the Immaculate Conception
Octave of St. John
Vigil of the Epiphany
Octave of the Epiphany
Octave of the Solemnity of St. Joseph
Vigil of the Ascension
Octave of the Ascension
Octave of Corpus Christi
Octave of the Sacred Heart
Octave of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Octave of the Assumption
Octave of All Saints
Sacrament of Confirmation
Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation
Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation
Red
Octave of St. Stephen
Octave of the Holy Innocents
Octave of Pentecost
Octave of Sts. Peter and Paul
Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost
Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost
Black
Good Friday
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Pope Pius X raised the rank of Sundays of ordinary time, so that on those that fell within octaves green was used instead of the colour of the octave, as had previously been the rule.[9]
The rules on liturgical colours before the time of Pope Pius X were essentially those indicated in the edition of the Roman Missal that Pope Pius V promulgated in 1570, except for the addition of feasts not included in his Missal. The scheme of colours in his Missal reflected usage that had become fixed in Rome by the twelfth century.
Byzantine Rite[edit]
The Byzantine Rite, which is used by all the member churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, does not have a universal system of colours, with the service-books of the Byzantine tradition only specifying "light" or "dark" vestments in the service books. In the Greek tradition, maroon or burgundy are common for solemn feast days, and a wide variety of colours are used at other times, the most common of which are gold and white.
Slavic-use churches and others influenced by Western traditions have adopted a cycle of liturgical colours. The particulars may change from place to place, but generally:
Colour
Common usage
Other usage
Gold
When no other colour is specified
Light blue
Feasts of the Theotokos
Feasts of the Holy Archangels
Churches dedicated to the Theotokos may use light blue for the default, instead of gold.
In some places, blue is also used for Holy Theophany.
In many places, blue is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).
Purple or wine-red
Saturdays and Sundays during Great Lent
In many places, purple or dark red are only worn on the weekdays of the Great Fast, while bright colors (gold, gold/white) are used on Saturdays and Sundays.
Red
Holy Thursday
Feast of the Cross
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Feasts of Martyrs
Nativity Fast
Apostles' Fast
Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Feasts of the Holy Theotokos (Mount Athos)
In some places, red is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).
Green
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Feasts of Venerable (Monastic) Saints
Feast of the Cross in some places (such as Jerusalem)
Black
Weekdays during Great Lent
Weekdays during Holy Week (except Holy Thursday)
Black is far more prevalent in the Slavic traditions than the Greek tradition, especially in the United States.
White
Pascha
Nativity
Theophany
Other Great Feasts of the Lord
Funerals (Throughout the year, even during Holy Week.)
The colours would be changed before Vespers on the eve of the day being commemorated. During Great Feasts, the colour is changed before the vespers service that begins the first day of a forefeast, and remains until the apodosis (final day of the afterfeast).
Under Western influence, black is often used in the Slavic churches for funerals, weekdays of Great Lent, and Holy Week as a sign of penance and mourning, but in the second half of the 20th century, the ancient white became more common, as a sign of the hope of the Resurrection.
Russian liturgical colours[edit]
According to the Russian Orthodox Church's Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia,[10] up to eight different liturgical colours may be used throughout the year. Exact usage of these colours varies, but the following are the most common uses.
Colour
Common usage
Uncommon or other usage
Gold
Feasts of the Lord Jesus Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Apostles
Feasts of Holy Hierarchs
When no other colour is specified
Light blue
Feasts of the Theotokos
Presentation of the Lord
Annunciation
Feasts of Bodiless Powers
Feasts of Virgins
Fifth Friday in Lent
Dormition Fast until Elevation of the Cross, or even Advent (Carpatho-Russians)
Purple or wine-red
Cross of Our Lord
Great and Holy Thursday
Weekends of Lent
Weekdays of Lent
Red
Feasts of Martyrs
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
Advent
Feasts of Angels
Elevation of the Cross
Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Green
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Holy Spirit Day
Feasts of Monastic Saints
Feasts of Ascetics
Feasts of Fools for Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Angels
Pentecost until Saints Peter and Paul (Carpatho-Russians)
Black
Weekdays of Lent
Weekday funerals, memorials, and liturgies (Carpatho-Russians)
White
Epiphany
Transfiguration
Paschal season
Funerals
Theophany
Christmas Day
Orange or tawny
Saints Peter and Paul fast
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul until Transfiguration
Coptic Rite[edit]
The Coptic tradition, followed by the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church, only uses white vestments, with gold and silver being considered variations of white. The only exception is during Passion Week when black is used. Nonetheless, trimmings of red, gold or blue may be found on some vestments.
Ethiopian Rite[edit]
The liturgical tradition of Ethiopia, followed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Catholic Church, embraces a wide variety of liturgical colours. In Eritrea, similar traditions are followed.
Anglicanism[edit]
Lenten Array altar frontal by George Pace at St Augustine's, Edgbaston
Most Anglican churches use the colours appointed in the Roman Rite, usually in its post-1969 form, with the exception of Sarum Blue replacing violet for Advent, but some use the earlier form, with, for instance, black in place of red on Good Friday. Some churches use black at Masses for the dead, but more commonly white or purple is used. For historical reasons much of the worldwide Anglican Communion takes a noticeable lead from the practice of the Church of England. Since the 1980 Alternative Service Book, liturgical colours have been recommended for seasons, with more detailed advice offered as part of the Common Worship series of liturgies, including colours for all Sundays and festivals printed in the 'core volume' next to collects.
The Church's published Lectionary now makes detailed suggestions for liturgical colour throughout the year, which corresponds almost exactly with the above table of Roman Rite (post-1969 usage) usage with five minor exceptions, and one more significant one:
there is no reference in Anglican usage to Masses of deceased popes and cardinals;
no liturgical colour at all is suggested for Holy Saturday (the words "hangings removed" are printed);
the recommendation of red for confirmation rites is extended also to ordination rites;
Lenten Array (unbleached linen) continues to be listed as an alternative option to purple during Lent;
the option exists for using red instead of green during the "Kingdom Season", the four last Sundays of the liturgical year, culminating in Christ the King, as is common is some Lutheran traditions (see below);
finally, and more significantly, the Church of England provision suggests white throughout the Sundays after Epiphany as a distinct "Epiphany season", with ordinary time commencing the day after Candlemas.
The Church of England suggested colour scheme also indicates where gold vestments should be used in those churches that possess gold and white as distinct colours. The use of rose-pink vestments, as in the Roman Rite table above, was mentioned as an option in early editions of Common Worship,[11] and is a listed option in the annual published lectionary; however, later Common Worship publications have begun to refer to this practice as "traditional" reflecting its resurgence.[12]
Sarum Rite[edit]
The Sarum Rite was a medieval liturgical rite used in England before the Reformation which had a distinct set of liturgical colours. After the Anglo-Catholic Revival of the 19th Century, certain Church of England churches began adopting Sarum liturgical colours as an attempt to produce something that was an English expression of Catholicism rather than a Roman expression. One of the chief advocates behind this was the Reverend Percy Dearmer. The exact colours used by the mediaeval Sarum rite are a matter of dispute, but colours adopted by contemporary churches claiming to use the Sarum scheme include in particular deep blue for Advent, which may be popularly referred to as "Sarum blue", and unbleached linen for Lent. The Sarum rite has never received official approval in the Church of England or in The Episcopal Church, but has influenced a number of cathedrals and parish churches.
Protestants[edit]
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Some Protestant churches, historically especially Methodists, and today many mainline Protestants, use a colour scheme similar to those used by Anglicans and Catholics, although the practice is not universally followed. Many Protestant churches do not use liturgical colours at all. The United Methodist Church, prior to the early-1990s, used red solely for Pentecost, even including the Sundays after Pentecost Sunday, with the use of green being reserved for the season of Kingdomtide, which usually lasted from late August/early September until Christ the King (the last Sunday in Kingdomtide). Since the publication of the 1992 Book of Worship, the UMC has followed the ELCA practice of wearing red only for Pentecost and Reformation Sundays and green for the rest of the Pentecost season.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), uses the same colour scheme as that of the Anglicans and their Scandinavian Lutheran counterparts, but with the use of gold only for the Easter Vigil and Easter Sunday services, with Holy Week using scarlet in place of crimson.
Both the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), along with the United Methodist Church use a similar system, but with purple being the primary colour for both Advent and Lent (with blue being the alternate colour for Advent only), and the use of gold in place of white for both Christmas and Easter (in similar practice to the Catholic Church). In the WELS, the use of red is also done during the Period of End Times, a period of the Church regarding the teachings of the Book of Revelation, culminating in the creation of the New Jerusalem (corresponding to Christ the King in the ELCA). In all three churches, including the ELCA, red is also worn on the last Sunday of October, in celebration of the Reformation on October 31, when Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses onto the door of Wittenberg Castle Church.
The Presbyterian Church (USA) has sanctioned the use of liturgical colours and promoted their use in the 1993 Book of Common Worship (although their use was also promoted in the church's annual Planning Calendars beginning in the 1980s). Advent and Lent are periods of preparation and repentance and are represented by the colour purple. The feasts of Christmas Day and Christmastide, Epiphany Sunday, Baptism of the Lord Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Easter Season, Trinity Sunday, and Christ the King Sunday are represented by white. Green is the colour for periods of Ordinary Time. Red is for Pentecost Sunday, but may also be used for ordinations, church anniversaries, and memorial services for ordained clergy. Red or purple are appropriate for Palm Sunday. During Holy Week, the church may use purple or remain bare (although a few churches will use black for Good Friday).
Similarly, the United Church of Christ includes indications of which liturgical colour to use for each Sunday in its annual calendar. The general Western pattern is followed, with either purple or blue recommended for Advent.[13]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani, no. 346; cf. text for Australia Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine., England and Wales, United States
Jump up ^ The optional use of blue as a liturgical colour for feasts of our Lady is restricted to a few dioceses, as explained below.
Jump up ^ GIRM (Editio Typica), 346
Jump up ^ GIRM, 346.g
Jump up ^ GIRM, 347
Jump up ^ Cantica Nova Publications, Advent Blues, editorial by Gary D. Penkala, December 2000
Jump up ^ GIRM, 346.h in publications for use in the U.S.
Jump up ^ Missale Romanum 1962 in PDF Format
Jump up ^ Rubricae generales Missalis: XVIII – De Coloribus Paramentorum in the 1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal omitted the phrase "exceptis Dominicis infra octavas occurrentibus, in quibus color octavarum servatur" found in earlier editions beginning with Pope Pius V's edition of 1570 (page 21 of the facsimile published by Libreria Editrice Vaticana in 1998 – ISBN 88-209-2547-8).
Jump up ^ Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia, Volume 4, Moscow,1983, Translated in "The Messenger" of St. Andrew's Russian Orthodox Cathedral,Philadelphia, June, July–August, September, 1990.
Jump up ^ The use of rose-pink vestments is suggested in the liturgical colour sequence notes of Common Worship of which an on-line version may be found here.
Jump up ^ For example, see "Common Worship - Times & Seasons", added to the Common Worship series in 2006, page 50, paragraph 1: "rose-pink vestments are traditionally worn".
Jump up ^ United Church of Christ Desk Calendar and Plan Book 2016, http://www.uccresources.com
Sources[edit]
Ordo missae celebrandae et divini officii persolvendi secundum calendarium romanum generale pro anno liturgico 2005-2006, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2005.
External links[edit]
Christian Symbols, Crosses, Parament Colours; and their meanings—Trinity Lutheran Church, Billings, Montana
Liturgical Colours, from Chuck Knows Church, a ministry of the General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church
Clergy Stoles and their Colors a related video to the above, from Chuck Knows Church, a ministry of the General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Liturgical colours". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Protestant liturgical colours on-line
Catholic calendar showing the liturgical colours for each day and feast
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^ = Holy days of obligation (10)
Catholicism portal
See also: Computus
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NBA playoffs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
NBA playoffs
Most recent season or competition:
2018 NBA Playoffs
Sport
Basketball
Founded
1946
No. of teams
16
Most recent
champion(s)
Golden State Warriors
Most titles
Boston Celtics (17)
TV partner(s)
ESPN/ABC
TNT
NBA TV
Official website
National Basketball Association
The NBA playoffs are a best-of-seven elimination tournament annually held after the National Basketball Association's regular season to determine the league's champion.
Contents
[hide]
1 Format
2 History
2.1 2006 NBA playoffs controversy
2.2 Timeline
3 Team roster
4 Records and statistics
5 Playoff appearances
5.1 Appearances by active teams
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Format[edit]
The previous NBA playoffs logo, which was used until 2017
In September 2015, the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs. The top eight teams in each conference (East and West), ranked in order by win-loss records, qualify for the playoffs. The tie-break criteria for playoff seeding and home-court advantage have also changed; head-to-head results between the tied teams is the first tie-breaker, and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie-breaker.[1]
These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match-ups throughout the series. Once the playoffs start, the bracket is fixed; teams are never "reseeded", unlike in the National Football League (NFL) and Major League Soccer (MLS) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds. The first round of the NBA playoffs, or conference quarterfinals, consists of four match-ups in each conference based on the seedings (1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5). The four winners advance to the second round, or conference semifinals, with a match-up between the 1–8 and 4–5 winners and a match-up between the 2–7 and 3–6 winners. The two winners advance to the third round, or conference finals. The winner from each conference will advance to the final round, or the NBA Finals.
All rounds are best-of-seven series. Series are played in a 2–2–1–1–1 format, meaning the team with home-court advantage hosts games 1, 2, 5, and 7, while their opponent hosts games 3, 4, and 6, with games 5–7 being played if needed. This format has been used since 2014, after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2–3–2 format on October 23, 2013.[2]
The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences. On numerous occasions, Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs, while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them, including the 2011, 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs.
History[edit]
The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America (BAA) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history. In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best-of-seven series but its first two tournaments, the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs, were otherwise quite different from the third, which 21st-century NBA playoffs nearly match. In 1947 and 1948, the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best-of-seven series following the regular season, whose winner advanced to the championship round. Meanwhile, four runners-up played best-of-three series to determine the other finalist: the two second-place teams were matched in one short series and the two third-place teams in another; the winners of those two series played another one. In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners-up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one, which the NBA recognizes as its first championship; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners-up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final. Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division, but only by chance.[3]
In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively, necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final. At the same time, the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division; two rounds of best-of-three series were played, followed by a best-of-seven championship. The main idea was retained by the NBA. Even the 1950 tournament, following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two, initially determined one playoff champion from each division. The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best-of-three, with Syracuse from the East idle, and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games.[4]
The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best-of-five playoff. With only nine league members in 1953–54, the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six (from 1954 through 1966, the period of eight to nine league members). Round robins were played in 1954, uniquely in NBA history—a three-team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division. From 1955 to 1966, the first-place team in each division was idle while its two runners-up faced played a best-of-three. Division finals were expanded to best-of-seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best-of-five in 1961.
With ten league members again for the 1966–67 season, eight teams were again admitted to the tournament, providing a simple three-round knockout (8-team bracket). A year later, the division semifinals were changed to best-of-seven playoff. Then, in 1975 and 1977, respectively, a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division, necessitating an additional first round of best-of-three series.
Finally in 1984, the tournament expanded to its present 16-team, four-round knockout, and the now-complete set of first-round series were expanded to a best-of-five. In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best-of-seven. (Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present, same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948, continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ("bye") and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home.)
Beginning with the 2004 season, with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise, the Charlotte Bobcats, the NBA realigned its divisions. The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each, and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top-three playoff seed. This would change slightly after the 2005–06 season; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths, they are guaranteed a top-four seed, as described below.
2006 NBA playoffs controversy[edit]
The previous playoff format, in place for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 NBA playoffs, after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions, created controversy during the 2005–06 season and playoffs, and would be changed prior to the 2006–07 NBA season.[5]
Prior to 2005, NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference, regardless of their record. Prior to 2004, when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each, the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds. This meant that top two teams in a conference (by record) would be seeded either first and second (if they were in opposite divisions) or first and third (if they were in the same division). Because of the NBA playoffs' preset matchups in the second round, this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals, assuming they both made it to that round.
After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each, the seeding rules remained largely unchanged. The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions. However, this meant that if the top two teams (by record) in a conference were in the same division, they would be seeded first and fourth. Assuming no first-round upsets, this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals, instead of the conference finals.
In the second year of this format, the 2005–06 NBA season, the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference, the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division, did just that. The Mavericks had the second-best record in the Western Conference and the third-best record in the entire league, behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio. However, they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs. This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many. Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular-season record or seeding would suggest, critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2-7/3-6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket, who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round.
The Phoenix Suns, winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record, were seeded second, while the Denver Nuggets, winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh-best record in the conference, were seeded third.
The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second-to-last game of the regular season, after the top four seeds had been clinched. The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds, and had only to determine which rank higher. The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home-court advantage to advance to the conference finals, as it would face fourth-seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first-seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas. The sixth seed would play third-seeded Denver in the first round, but would have home-court advantage (since the Grizzlies had the fourth-best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth-best), and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest.
This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match-up in the second-to-last game of the season, since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed. The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally.[6] In the first round of the playoffs, the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games, while Memphis was swept by Dallas. Ultimately, Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round, with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals.
Timeline[edit]
1947: The playoffs were instituted with a three-stage tournament, similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s; the two first-place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best-of-7 series. Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best-of-3 quarterfinals, where the two second-placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal, as were the two third-placed teams, and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best-of-three semifinal. The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America (BAA) best-of-7 final series.
Quarterfinals
Best-of-3 Semifinals
Best-of-3 (one series)
Best-of-7 (one series)
BAA finals
Best-of-7
E3
W3
E3
E2
W2
E2
E2
W1
W1
E1
There were no byes, or idle time, for the division champions – as there would be for higher-seeded playoff teams 1955–66 and 1975–83. All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday, April 2; in 1948 the two Eastern runners-up (E2, E3 in the figure) were idle for a few days only because there was a three-way Western tie to break. Both winners of the runners-up bracket, Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948, reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents, Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948, had played in the best-of-7 pairings of division champions. And both winners of the runners-up bracket won the final series. The "postseason" actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors, the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions.[3]
1949: The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively, and Western Division teams exclusively – in two halves of the bracket, so to speak. Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division. (So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions, and so it has done in each half of the league since then.) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified. The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals, respectively, and both rounds were best-of-3. Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games, one home game. The best-of-7 final was unchanged.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 Division finals
Best-of-3 BAA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
E1
Eastern Division
E2
E2
E3
E1
W2
W1
W4
W1
Western Division
W2
W2
W3
1950: The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association (NBA). With a three-division setup, 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs, with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best-of-3 division semifinals. The winners met in the best-of-3 division finals. With three teams remaining, the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best-of-3 NBA semifinals.
1951: With the NBA reverting to a two-division setup; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying. The division finals was extended to a best-of-5 format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 Division finals
Best-of-5 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
E4
Eastern Division
E2
E2
E3
E2
W3
W1
W4
W1
Western Division
W3
W2
W3
1954: With only nine league members (soon to be eight), the number of playoff teams was cut down to six. The division semifinals was changed to a double round-robin format within the division, with the top three teams from each division qualifying (each team played four games). Following the round-robin games, the top two teams qualified for the best-of-three division finals, followed by the best-of-seven finals.
1955: The number of playoff teams remained at six, but the initial round-robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first-place team in each division a bye to the best-of-five division finals. Teams which placed second and third played a best-of-three division semifinal. In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first-place teams.[7]
1958: The division finals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
1961: The division semifinals were extended to a best-of-five format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-3 (1955–1960),
Best-of-5 (1961–1966)
Division finals
Best-of-5 (1955–1957),
Best-of-7 (1958–1966)
NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
Eastern Division
E3
E2
E3
E3
W1
W1
Western Division
W2
W2
W3
The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best-of-five initial series for unseeded teams. The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first-place teams. By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first-round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle.[8]
1967: The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more. The division semifinals now included the fourth-best team in each conference. The first-placed teams no longer received a bye. They were matched against the fourth-placed teams in the best-of-5 division semifinals.
1968: The division semifinals was extended to a best-of-seven format.
Division semifinals
Best-of-5 (1967),
Best-of-7 (1968–1970)
Division finals
Best-of-7 (1968–1970) NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1
E4
Eastern Division
E2
E3
W1
W4
Western Division
W2
W3
1970: With an increased number of teams, the divisions were upgraded into conferences, which were then split into two divisions. Eight teams still qualified, four from each conference. The two division winners were guaranteed at least a #2 seed, and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds. Hence, the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals, respectively.
Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
Eastern Conference
E2*
E3
W1*
W4
Western Conference
W2*
W3
1975: The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten. A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best-of-3 first round series, while the top three seeds received a bye. This is similar to the system used in the NFL from 1978 to 1989.
First Round
Best-of-3 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E2*
E3
W1*
W4
W4
W5
Western Conference
W2*
W3
1977: The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12. The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference, which was matched against the third seed. Only the division winners received byes to the next round. This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL.
First Round
Best-of-3 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
W1*
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first-round byes for seeded teams. The first-round best-of-three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday, April 19 and 20; the second-round best-of-sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday, April 27. Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle.[9]
1984: The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams. All teams now participated in the first round, which was extended to a best-of-five series.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-5 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
W7
2003: The first round was extended to a best-of-seven series. This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed. It also meant that a team that swept their series 4–0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4–3.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3
W6
W2*
W7
2005: Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top-three seed regardless of record. The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E4
E5
Eastern Conference
E3*
E6
E2*
E7
W1*
W8
W4
W5
Western Conference
W3*
W6
W2*
W7
2007: To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top-three seed, regardless of record, the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top-four seed. The team with the second-best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed, even if it finishes second in its own division. This ensures that the two best teams in the conference cannot meet until the conference finals at the earliest. The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division, thus forcing them to play each other in the second round (given no upsets).
Note: In the example below, the East's #2 seed is not a division champion.
Conference quarterfinals
Best-of-7 Conference semifinals
Best-of-7 Conference finals
Best-of-7 NBA finals
Best-of-7
E1*
E8
E5
E4*
Eastern Conference
E3*
E6
E2
E7
W1*
W8
W5
W4
Western Conference
W3*
W6
W2*
W7
2016: While the playoff bracketing did not change, qualification criteria were changed. The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths, with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top-four seed placement for division champions.
Team roster[edit]
Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin. They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game.[10] Players are eligible to be on a team's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game, and were not on another NBA team's roster after March 1.[11] Previously[when?], playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began.[10]
Records and statistics[edit]
Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team: The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3–2 in 1994. The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3–2 in 1999. The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4–2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round (becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format). In 2011, the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs, 4–2 and in 2012, the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls 4–2.
The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals. No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals.
The 1956–57 St. Louis Hawks, 1958–59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980–81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records (34-38, 33–39 and 40–42, respectively) to make it to the NBA finals. In 1981 the Houston Rockets' opponent in the Western Conference Finals, the Kansas City Kings, also had a losing record (40–42).
The 1994–95 Houston Rockets, a sixth seed with a record of 47–35, were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals. In the NBA finals, the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic (57–25) in four games. In doing so, the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season (Utah Jazz at 60–22, Phoenix Suns at 59–23, San Antonio Spurs at 62–20 and Orlando at 57–25), which had never been done before. They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home-court advantage during any round of the playoffs.
The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs.
Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances, the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals, winning 6.
The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17–4. The Los Angeles/Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series (31) with an overall record of 16–15.
The longest active playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 21 consecutive appearances in the playoffs, beginning in the 1997–98 NBA season. The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers, who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949–50 season to the 1970–71 season.
In 1983, under the bye-7-7-7 system, the Philadelphia 76ers attained the best record of 12-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks.
In 2001, under the best of 5-7-7-7 system, the Los Angeles Lakers attained the best record of 15-1, having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers.
In 2017, under the best of 7-7-7-7 system, the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16-1, having only lost in Game 4 of the Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers. The Warriors and Cavaliers came into the Finals with a combined record of 24-1, with the Cavaliers having only lost in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics.
Playoff appearances[edit]
Current as of 2018 NBA Playoffs
Appearances by active teams[edit]
Team
Appearances[12]
Los Angeles Lakers 60 [A]
Boston Celtics 55
Philadelphia 76ers 48 [B]
Atlanta Hawks 46 [C]
Detroit Pistons 41 [D]
New York Knicks 41
San Antonio Spurs 38 [E]
Chicago Bulls 35
Golden State Warriors 34 [F]
Portland Trail Blazers 34
Houston Rockets 32 [G]
Milwaukee Bucks 30
Oklahoma City Thunder 30 [H]
Phoenix Suns 29
Sacramento Kings 29 [I]
Washington Wizards 29 [J]
Utah Jazz 27 [K]
Indiana Pacers 25 [E]
Denver Nuggets 24 [E]
Cleveland Cavaliers 22
Dallas Mavericks 21
Miami Heat 20
Brooklyn Nets 19 [E][L]
Orlando Magic 14
Los Angeles Clippers 13 [M]
Charlotte Hornets 10 [N]
Memphis Grizzlies 10
Toronto Raptors 10
Minnesota Timberwolves 9
New Orleans Pelicans 7 [N]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers (1947–1960).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks (1946–1951), the Milwaukee Hawks (1951–1955), and the St. Louis Hawks (1955–1968).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons (1949–1957).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association (ABA) playoffs. Per the conditions of the ABA–NBA merger, the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history, playoffs and records.
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1962) and the San Francisco Warriors (1962–1971).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets (1967–1971).
Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle, the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics (1967–2008).[13]
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals (1948–1957), the Cincinnati Royals (1957–1972), the Kansas City-Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and the Kansas City Kings (1975–1985).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers (1961–1962), the Chicago Zephyrs (1962–1963), the Baltimore Bullets (1963–1973), the Capital Bullets (1973–1974), and the Washington Bullets (1974–1997).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz (1974–1979).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets (1977–2012).
Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves (1970–1978).
^ Jump up to: a b The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets, and moved to New Orleans in 2002. A new team, the Charlotte Bobcats, was then established in 2004. When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement, the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets; as such, the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002, and the Bobcats/Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004.[14]
See also[edit]
NBA Conference Finals
NBA Finals
NBA D-League Playoffs
NBA D-League Finals
List of NBA playoff series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NBA to seed conference playoff teams by record" (Press release). National Basketball Association. September 8, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NBA owners change Finals format to 2-2-1-1-1". NBA.com. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "1946–47 BAA Season Summary".
"1947–48 BAA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Select "Next Season" from the heading for 1947–48, and so on. Select "Finals" from League Playoffs for the daily schedule of the final series, and so on.
Jump up ^ "1948–49 BAA Season Summary".
"1949–50 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "ESPN – NBA announces postseason seeding format change – NBA". ESPN.com. 2006-08-02. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
Jump up ^ "No losers here? Grizzlies win, Clippers get home court". ESPN. 2006-04-19. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ "1954-55 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "1960-61 NBA Season Summary".
"1966-66 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
Jump up ^ "1982–83 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2015-03-01.
^ Jump up to: a b Pastuszek, Jon (April 9, 2013). "Pastuszek: Could Yi Jianlian Help an NBA Playoff Team?". SheridanHoops.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Helin, Kurt (March 21, 2011). "Winderman: Still time to add good player (or Eddy Curry) to playoff roster". NBCSports.com. Retrieved April 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Franchise History". NBA.com. February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Details of settlement between Bennett, Seattle revealed". ESPN.com. August 20, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas". Charlotte Hornets. May 20, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
External links[edit]
NBA official website
Playoff Seeding Criteria NBA.com
NBA Playoffs InsideHoops.com coverage
Basketball-Reference.com Index of NBA playoffs seasons
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Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Dirty Rotten Scoundrels
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Frank Oz
Produced by
Bernard Williams
Written by
Dale Launer
Stanley Shapiro
Paul Henning
Starring
Steve Martin
Michael Caine
Glenne Headly
Anton Rodgers
Barbara Harris
Music by
Miles Goodman
Cinematography
Michael Ballhaus
Edited by
Stephen A. Rotter
William S. Scharf
Distributed by
Orion Pictures
Release date
December 14, 1988 (1988-12-14)
Running time
110 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$42,039,085
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels is a 1988 American comedy film, directed by Frank Oz and starring Steve Martin, Michael Caine and Glenne Headly. The screenplay was written by Dale Launer, Stanley Shapiro, and Paul Henning. It is a remake of the Shapiro and Henning script for the 1964 Marlon Brando/David Niven film Bedtime Story.[2]
It is the story of two men competing to swindle an American heiress out of $50,000. Caine plays the educated and suave British con man Lawrence Jamieson, who stages elaborate ruses to acquire the wealth of rich women, so he can spend it on culture and a lavish lifestyle. Martin plays his less-refined American rival, Freddy Benson, a small-time trickster on the hunt for free meals and twenty-dollar bills. It takes place on the French Riviera.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Pre-production
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
5 Awards and nominations
6 Musical adaptation
7 Remake
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Lawrence Jamieson is an intelligent and sophisticated British con artist operating on the French Riviera with the help of manservant Arthur and corrupt police official Andre. He seduces wealthy and morally suspect women, and steals their money. His only concern is a con artist known as "The Jackal" who has been preying on other wealthy victims.
When underachieving American hustler Freddy Benson searches for easy marks in Beaumont-sur-Mer, Lawrence's home base, Lawrence believes the Jackal has shown his face. Worried that Freddy's inexperienced antics will scare away his prey, Lawrence has Freddy arrested and put on the next plane out of town. However, Freddy meets one of Lawrence's former marks and deduces that he is also a crook.
Returning to Beaumont-sur-Mer, Freddy forces Lawrence to take him on as a pupil in exchange for his silence. Lawrence attempts to teach Freddy about high culture with limited success. He also involves him as a subordinate player in his cons, making him play the mentally challenged and socially inept Ruprecht in order to scare away their female targets after their money has been acquired. Freddy, tired of not getting paid and the humiliating part he has to play, strikes out on his own.
Lawrence believes there are not enough potential victims in Beaumont-sur-Mer for both of them, so a bet is proposed to decide who will stay. The first to con $50,000 out of a selected mark may remain; the other must leave town. The two select Janet Colgate, a naive American heiress, and embark on their separate strategies while ruthlessly sabotaging each other. Freddy poses as a psychosomatically crippled U.S. veteran unable to walk after seeing his fiancee cheat on him with Dance U.S.A. host Deney Terrio, and who needs to borrow $50,000 for treatment by the celebrated Liechtenstein psychiatrist Dr. Emil Schaffhausen. When Lawrence discovers this scheme he claims to be Dr. Schaffhausen, insisting Freddy's condition is one he can cure, stipulating that Janet pay the $50,000 fee directly to him.
Lawrence discovers that Janet is not wealthy but on vacation as a contest winner; she intends to liquidate most of her assets to pay for Freddy's treatment. Touched by Janet's kindness, Lawrence calls off the bet. Freddy agrees, but proposes a new bet: Janet herself, with the first to bed her declared the winner. Lawrence refuses to bed Janet; instead the bet will be whether or not Freddy can succeed.
Lawrence keeps Janet from having any time alone with Freddy in which they might consummate a relationship. With the help of some British sailors, Freddy waylays Lawrence and rushes to Janet's hotel room, where he demonstrates his love by walking to her. However, Janet is not alone. Lawrence is present and declares Freddy cured of his ailment. Ushering Freddy out of the room he explains that the sailors released him after discovering that he is a Royal Naval Reserve officer. The sailors, angry at being duped by Freddy, keep him occupied at a party while Lawrence puts Janet on a plane to America. Despite his impending loss, Freddy becomes inebriated and enjoys the party.
The next day, instead of boarding her flight, Janet returns to her hotel room to find a repentant Freddy there. They kiss, close the door and begin undressing. The news reaches Lawrence and he accepts his defeat with grace. While Lawrence is waiting for Freddy to return and gloat over his victory, Janet arrives in tears. She tells him that Freddy stole the money her father sent. Lawrence compensates her with $50,000 of his own, calls Andre to have Freddy arrested, and takes Janet to the airport.
At the last minute before Janet boards the plane, she gives the bag to Lawrence, saying, "I can't take this. It doesn't belong to me." As the plane leaves, the police arrive with Freddy, wearing nothing but a bathrobe, who claims that Janet robbed the both of them, including stealing Freddy's clothes. Lawrence opens up the bag to find Freddy's clothes and, underneath, a note from Janet admitting to having taken the $50,000 and revealing herself to be the Jackal. Freddy is furious while Lawrence is impressed.
The following week, Freddy and Lawrence are at Lawrence's villa contemplating their loss. They are about to part company when the Jackal, posing as a New York City real estate developer, arrives in a yacht filled with wealthy people. She promptly has the shocked Lawrence and Freddy assume roles in her scheme and, after sending her guests off to refresh themselves, takes the pair aside and announces that while she made three million dollars the previous year, "[their] fifty thousand was the most fun". Joining arms, they set out to fleece their latest victims.
Cast[edit]
Steve Martin as Freddy Benson
Michael Caine as Lawrence Jamieson
Glenne Headly as Janet Colgate
Anton Rodgers as Inspector Andre
Barbara Harris as Fanny Eubanks
Ian McDiarmid as Arthur
Dana Ivey as Mrs. Reed
Meagen Fay as Lady from Oklahoma
Frances Conroy as Lady from Palm Beach
Louis Zorich as Nikos, the Greek millionaire
Production[edit]
Pre-production[edit]
The original 1964 film titled Bedtime Story was written as a vehicle for Doris Day, Cary Grant and Rock Hudson. It was eventually made with Shirley Jones, David Niven and Marlon Brando.
The 1988 version similarly underwent casting changes. It started as a possible vehicle for Mick Jagger and David Bowie, who approached Dale Launer to write a screenplay for them. Launer suggested a remake of Bedtime Story. Launer acquired the rights for the remake, but Bowie and Jagger dropped out to do a movie with Martin Scorsese. According to Bowie, they were "a bit tweezed that we lost out on a script that could have been reasonably good."[3] According to Splitsider, Eddie Murphy was considered for the role of Freddy Benson.[4] John Cleese was also approached for the role of Jamieson, but declined. He admitted in a 2008 interview that he regretted doing so.[5] In the second volume of his published diaries, Michael Palin confirmed that Cleese "reluctantly" turned down the role. Palin wrote that he then received a phone call from Frank Oz on April 1, 1988, asking him to consider the part of Jamieson. Palin flew to New York City from London a few days later to read for the role, but was not sure of his own suitability for the part.
Richard Dreyfuss was also sent a script. Though he was intended for the part of Benson, a misunderstanding resulted in him preparing the part of Jamieson, so Steve Martin (who conversely had also been asked to play Jamieson) read Benson's part instead. Oz was excited by Martin's version of Benson, and settled on this choice. Michael Caine was eventually chosen to play Jamieson. Palin wrote in his diary that Caine was "probably the nearest he (Oz) will get in an English actor to the effortless charisma of Niven."[6]
Filming[edit]
Filming locations included Antibes, Cannes, Beaulieu-sur-Mer (depicted in the film as "Beaumont-sur-Mer"), Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, Nice, and Villefranche-sur-Mer. The Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild was visited by the leading characters in a scene. The estate belonging to Lawrence is a private villa located at the tip of the Cap d'Antibes, and the hotel hosting a number of dining and casino scenes is the Grand-Hôtel du Cap-Ferrat.
Music[edit]
The soundtrack includes "Puttin' on the Ritz" by Irving Berlin, "Pick Yourself Up" by Jerome Kern and Dorothy Fields, and "We're in the Money" by Harry Warren and Al Dubin. They all feature the violinist Jerry Goodman.
Release[edit]
In a DVD extra providing a behind-the-scenes look at the making of the film, Frank Oz discusses a teaser trailer he directed for the studio, which he wanted to use for promotion before there was enough actual footage to assemble a trailer. An entire day was spent filming a scene in which Freddy and Lawrence stroll along the promenade, politely moving out of the way of other people, until Freddy casually pushes an elderly woman into the water and Lawrence nonchalantly shoves a little boy's face into his cotton candy.[7]
Critical response[edit]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said, "The plot ... is not as complex as a movie like The Sting, and we can see some of the surprises as soon as they appear on the horizon. But the chemistry between Martin and Caine is fun, and Headly provides a resilient foil."[8]
Variety called it "wonderfully crafted" and "absolutely charming", and added: "Director Frank Oz clearly has fun with his subjects, helped out in good part by clever cutting and a great, imitative '30s jazzy score by Miles Goodman."[9]
Vincent Canby of the New York Times called it "one of the season's most cheerful, most satisfying new comedies" which was a "blithe, seemingly all-new, laugh-out-loud escapade". He added that "Mr. Caine and Mr. Martin work together with an exuberant ease that's a joy to watch" plus "In this season of lazy, fat, mistimed and misdirected comedies, exemplified by Scrooged and Twins, Dirty Rotten Scoundrels is an enchanted featherweight folly."[10]
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 87% based on 31 reviews.[11]
Box office[edit]
The film opened on 1,466 screens in the United States and earned $3,840,498 on its opening weekend. In total it grossed $42,039,085 in the US.[12]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Michael Caine was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy but lost to Tom Hanks in Big. Glenne Headly was named Most Promising New Actress by the Chicago Film Critics Association.[citation needed]
Musical adaptation[edit]
Main article: Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (musical)
The film served as the basis of a successful stage musical of the same name that opened on Broadway in early 2005. It starred John Lithgow and Norbert Leo Butz as Lawrence and Freddy and Broadway star Sherie Rene Scott as the soap queen, in the show named Christine Colgate, not Janet.[citation needed]
Remake[edit]
Main article: The Hustle (2019 film)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer is developing a remake of the film with Rebel Wilson attached to star.[13] Anne Hathaway and Alex Sharp are to appear in the remake.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "DIRTY ROTTEN SCOUNDRELS (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. 1989-01-25. Retrieved 2012-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Movies".
Jump up ^ Campbell, Virginia (1992), "Bowie at the Bijou", Movieline, III (7): 83
Jump up ^ Evans, Bradford (7 April 2011). "The Lost Roles of Eddie Murphy". Splitsider. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Rabin, Nathan (5 February 2008). "John Cleese". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Palin, Michael (2009). Michael Palin Diaries 1980-1988 Halfway to Hollywood. St. Martin's Press. pp. 560–565. ISBN 978-0-312-68202-6.
Jump up ^ TheTrailerGal (20 October 2011). "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988) Teaser Trailer" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (December 14, 1988). "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels". Chicago Sun-Times.
Jump up ^ Dirty Rotten Scoundrels Variety, December 31, 1987
Jump up ^ Movie Review – Dirty Rotten Scoundrels New York Times, December 14, 1988
Jump up ^ Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at Rotten Tomatoes Flixster
Jump up ^ Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at Box Office Mojo Amazon.com
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (4 August 2016). "Rebel Wilson to Star in 'Dirty Rotten Scoundrels' Remake (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety (magazine). Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mike (24 August 2017). "Alex Sharp Joins Rebel Wilson in 'Dirty Rotten Scoundrels' Remake". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (film)
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels on IMDb
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at AllMovie
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at Box Office Mojo
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at Rotten Tomatoes
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels at Metacritic
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Films directed by Frank Oz
The Dark Crystal (1982)
The Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)
Little Shop of Horrors (1986)
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988)
What About Bob? (1991)
Housesitter (1992)
The Indian in the Cupboard (1995)
In & Out (1997)
Bowfinger (1999)
The Score (2001)
The Stepford Wives (2004)
Death at a Funeral (2007)
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