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John Paul Jones
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For the Led Zeppelin musician, see John Paul Jones (musician). For other uses, see John Paul Jones (disambiguation).
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John Paul Jones
A 1781 painting of John Paul Jones by Charles Willson Peale
Birth name
John Paul
Born
(1747-07-06)July 6, 1747
Arbigland, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland
Died
July 18, 1792(1792-07-18) (aged 45)
Paris, France
Buried
Naval Academy Chapel, Annapolis
Allegiance
Kingdom of Great Britain (1760–1776)
United States of America (1776–1787)
Russian Empire (1787–1788)
Service/branch
Merchant Navy
Continental Navy
Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service
1760–1788
Rank
Captain (British Merchant Navy)
Captain (Continental Navy)
Rear Admiral (Imperial Russian Navy)
Battles/wars
American Revolutionary War
Raid on Canso (1776)
Battle of Nassau
Battle of Block Island
USS Providence vs HMS Mellish
Irish/North Sea Campaign
Action of 24 April 1778
Battle of Flamborough Head
Awards
Institution du Mérite Militaire
Congressional Gold Medal
Order of St. Anne
Signature
John Paul Jones (born John Paul; July 6, 1747 – July 18, 1792) was the United States' first well-known naval commander in the American Revolutionary War. He made many friends[1] and enemies—who accused him of piracy—among America's political elites, and his actions in British waters during the Revolution earned him an international reputation which persists to this day. As such, he is sometimes referred to as the "Father of the American Navy" (a sobriquet he shares with John Barry and John Adams[2]).
Jones grew up in Scotland, became a sailor, and served as commander of several British merchant ships. After having killed one of his crew members with a sword, he fled to the Colony of Virginia and around 1775 joined the newly founded Continental Navy in their fight against Britain in the American Revolutionary War. He commanded U.S. Navy ships stationed in France and led several assaults on England and Ireland. Left without a command in 1787, he joined the Imperial Russian Navy and obtained the rank of rear admiral.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and training
2 Naval career
2.1 The American colonies
2.2 Revolutionary War command
2.2.1 Early command
2.2.2 Command of Ranger
2.2.3 Ranger attacks the British
2.2.4 Return to Ireland
2.2.5 Bonhomme Richard
2.3 Russian service
3 Later life and death
4 Exhumation and reburial
5 Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
9.1 Further reading
10 External links
Early life and training[edit]
John Paul was born (he added "Jones" in later life to hide from law enforcement) on the estate of Arbigland near Kirkbean in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright on the southwest coast of Scotland. His father John Paul, Sr. was a gardener at Arbigland, and his mother was Jean McDuff (1708–1767). His parents married on November 29, 1733 in New Abbey, Kirkcudbright. Living at Arbigland at the time was Helen Craik (1751–1825), later a novelist.
John Paul started his maritime career at the age of 13, sailing out of Whitehaven in the northern English county of Cumberland as apprentice aboard Friendship under Captain Benson. Paul's older brother William Paul had married and settled in Fredericksburg, Virginia, the destination of many of the younger Jones' voyages.
For several years, John sailed aboard a number of British merchant and slave ships, including King George in 1764 as third mate and Two Friends as first mate in 1766.[3] In 1768, he abandoned his prestigious position on the profitable Two Friends while docked in Jamaica. He found his own passage back to Scotland, and eventually obtained another position.
John Paul's career was quickly and unexpectedly advanced during his next voyage aboard the brig John, which sailed from port in 1768, when both the captain and a ranking mate suddenly died of yellow fever. Paul managed to navigate the ship back to a safe port and, in reward for this feat, the vessel's grateful Scottish owners made him master of the ship and its crew, giving him 10 percent of the cargo.[4] He then led two voyages to the West Indies before running into difficulty.
During his second voyage in 1770, John Paul had one of his crew flogged, leading to accusations that his discipline was "unnecessarily cruel." These claims initially were dismissed, but his favorable reputation was destroyed when the sailor died a few weeks later. John Paul was arrested for his involvement in the man's death, and was imprisoned in Kirkcudbright Tolbooth, but later released on bail.[5] The negative effect of this episode on his reputation is indisputable,[4] although the man's death has been linked to yellow fever. The man who died of his injuries was not a usual sailor but an adventurer from a very influential Scottish family.
Leaving Scotland, John Paul commanded a London-registered vessel named Betsy, a West Indiaman mounting 22 guns, engaging in commercial speculation in Tobago for about 18 months.[6] This came to an end, however, when John killed a mutinous crew member named Blackton with a sword in a dispute over wages.[7] He claimed that it was in self-defense, years later in a letter to Benjamin Franklin describing this incident, but he was not willing to be tried in an Admiral's Court, where the family of his first victim had been influential. He felt compelled to flee to Fredericksburg, Province of Virginia, leaving his fortune behind.
He went to Fredericksburg to arrange the affairs of his brother, who had died there without leaving any relatives; and about this time he assumed the surname of Jones, in addition to his original surname. There is a long-held tradition in the state of North Carolina that John Paul adopted the name "Jones" in honor of Willie Jones of Halifax, North Carolina.[8][9]
From that period, America became "the country of his fond election," as he afterwards expressed himself to Baron Joan van der Capellen tot den Pol.[10] It was not long afterward that John Paul "Jones" joined the American navy to fight against Britain.
Naval career[edit]
The American colonies[edit]
Sources struggle with this period of Jones' life, especially the specifics of his family situation, making it difficult to pinpoint historically Jones' exact motivations for emigrating to America. It is not known whether his plans were not developing as expected for the plantation, or if he was inspired by a revolutionary spirit.
What is clearly known is that Jones left for Philadelphia shortly after settling in North America to volunteer his services around 1775 to the newly founded Continental Navy, precursor to the United States Navy. During this time, the Navy and Marines were being formally established, and suitable ship's officers and captains were in great demand. Jones's potential would likely have gone unrecognized were it not for the endorsement of Richard Henry Lee, who knew of his abilities. With help from influential members of the Continental Congress, Jones was appointed as a 1st Lieutenant of the newly converted 24-gun frigate Alfred in the Continental Navy on December 7, 1775.[11]
Revolutionary War command[edit]
Early command[edit]
Jones sailed from the Delaware River in February 1776 aboard Alfred on the Continental Navy's maiden cruise. It was aboard this vessel that Jones took the honor of hoisting the first U.S. ensign−the Grand Union Flag−over a naval vessel.[12]
The fleet had been expected to cruise along the coast but was ordered instead by Commodore Esek Hopkins to sail for The Bahamas, where Nassau was raided for military supplies. The fleet had an unsuccessful encounter with a British packet ship on their return voyage. Jones was then assigned command of the sloop USS Providence (1776). Congress had recently ordered the construction of thirteen frigates for the American Navy, one of which was to be commanded by Jones. In exchange for this prestigious command, Jones accepted his commission aboard the smaller Providence. During this six-week voyage to Nova Scotia, Jones captured sixteen prizes and inflicted significant damage in the Raid on Canso (1776).
Jones' next command came as a result of Commodore Hopkins's orders to liberate hundreds of American prisoners forced to labor in coal mines in Nova Scotia, and also to raid British shipping. On November 1, 1776, Jones set sail in command of Alfred to carry out this mission. Winter conditions prevented freeing the prisoners, but the mission did result in the capture of Mellish, a vessel carrying a vital supply of winter clothing intended for General John Burgoyne's troops in Canada.[13]
Command of Ranger[edit]
Self-proclaimed coat of arms[14] of John Paul Jones
Despite his successes at sea, Jones's disagreements with those in authority reached a new level upon arrival in Boston on December 16, 1776. While at the port, he began feuding with Commodore Hopkins, as Jones believed that Hopkins was hindering his advancement by talking down his campaign plans. As a result of this and other frustrations, Jones was assigned the smaller command of the newly constructed USS Ranger on June 14, 1777, the same day that the new Stars and Stripes flag was adopted.[15]
After making the necessary preparations, Jones sailed for France on November 1, 1777, with orders to assist the American cause however possible. The American commissioners in France were Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, and they listened to Jones's strategic recommendations. They promised him the command of Indien, a new vessel being constructed for America in Amsterdam. Britain, however, was able to divert L'Indien away from American hands by exerting pressure to ensure its sale to France instead (which had not yet allied with America). Jones was again left without a command, an unpleasant reminder of his stagnation in Boston from late 1776 until early 1777. It is thought that during this time Jones developed his close friendship with Benjamin Franklin, whom he greatly admired.
On February 6, 1778, France signed the Treaty of Alliance with America, formally recognizing the independence of the new American republic. Eight days later, Captain Jones's Ranger became the first American naval vessel to be formally saluted by the French, with a nine-gun salute fired from captain Lamotte-Piquet's flagship. Jones wrote of the event: "I accepted his offer all the more for after all it was a recognition of our independence and in the nation."
On April 10, 1778, Jones finally set sail from Brest, France, for the western coasts of Britain.
Ranger attacks the British[edit]
John Paul Jones by Moreau le Jeune, 1780
Jones had some early successes against British merchant shipping in the Irish Sea, then he persuaded his crew on April 17, 1778, to participate in an assault on Whitehaven, the town where his maritime career had begun.[16] Jones later wrote about the poor command qualities of his senior officers (having tactfully avoided such matters in his official report): "'Their object,' they said, 'was gain not honor.' They were poor: instead of encouraging the morale of the crew, they excited them to disobedience; they persuaded them that they had the right to judge whether a measure that was proposed to them was good or bad."[17] As it happened, contrary winds forced them to abandon the attempt and drove Ranger towards Ireland, causing more trouble for British shipping on the way.
On April 20, 1778, Jones learned from captured sailors that the Royal Navy sloop of war HMS Drake was anchored off Carrickfergus, Ireland. According to the diary of Ranger's surgeon[18] Jones's first intention was to attack the vessel in broad daylight, but his sailors were "unwilling to undertake it" (another incident omitted from the official report). Therefore, the attack took place just after midnight, but the mate responsible for dropping the anchor to halt Ranger right alongside Drake misjudged the timing in the dark (Jones claimed in his memoirs that the man was drunk), so Jones had to cut his anchor cable and run. The wind shifted, and Ranger recrossed the Irish Sea to make another attempt at raiding Whitehaven. Jones led the assault with two boats of fifteen men just after midnight on April 23, 1778, hoping to set fire to and sink all Whitehaven's ships anchored in harbor, which numbered between 200 and 400 wooden vessels and consisted of a full merchant fleet and many coal transporters. They also hoped to terrorize the townspeople by lighting further fires. As it happened, the journey to shore was slowed by the still-shifting wind, as well as a strong ebb tide. They successfully spiked the town's big defensive guns to prevent them being fired, but lighting fires proved difficult, as the lanterns in both boats had run out of fuel. To remedy this, some of the party were sent to raid a public house on the quayside, but the temptation to stop for a quick drink led to a further delay. Dawn was breaking by the time they returned and began the arson attacks, so efforts were concentrated on the coal ship Thompson in the hope that the flames would spread to adjacent vessels, all grounded by the low tide. However, in the twilight, one of the crew slipped away and alerted residents on a harbourside street. A fire alert was sounded, and large numbers of people came running to the quay, forcing the Americans to retreat, and extinguishing the flames with the town's two fire-engines. The townspeople's hopes of sinking Jones's boats with cannon fire were dashed because of the prudent spiking.[19]
Jones next crossed the Solway Firth from Whitehaven to Scotland, hoping to hold for ransom the Earl of Selkirk, who lived on St Mary's Isle near Kirkcudbright. The Earl, Jones reasoned, could be exchanged for American sailors impressed into the Royal Navy. The Earl was discovered to be absent from his estate, so his wife entertained the officers and conducted negotiations. Canadian historian Peter C. Newman gives credit to the governess for protecting the young heir and to the butler for filling a sack half with coal, and topping it up with the family silver, in order to fob off the Americans.[20] Jones claimed that he intended to return directly to his ship and continue seeking prizes elsewhere, but his crew wished to "pillage, burn, and plunder all they could". Ultimately, Jones allowed the crew to seize a silver plate set adorned with the family's emblem to placate their desires, but nothing else. Jones bought the plate himself when it was later sold off in France, and returned it to the Earl of Selkirk after the war.
The attacks on St. Mary's Isle and Whitehaven resulted in no prizes or profits which would be shared with the crew under normal circumstances, although their effect was significant on British morale and allocation of defense resources.[21] Throughout the mission, the crew acted as if they were aboard a privateer, not a warship, led by Lieutenant Thomas Simpson, Jones's second-in-command.
Return to Ireland[edit]
Jones now led Ranger back across the Irish Sea, hoping to make another attempt at the Drake, still anchored off Carrickfergus. This time, late in the afternoon of April 24, 1778, the ships, roughly equal in firepower, engaged in combat. Earlier in the day, the Americans had captured the crew of a reconnaissance boat, and learned that Drake had taken on dozens of soldiers, with the intention of grappling and boarding Ranger, so Jones made sure that did not happen, capturing Drake after an hour-long gun battle which cost the British captain his life. Lieutenant Simpson was given command of Drake for the return journey to Brest. The ships separated during the return journey as Ranger chased another prize, leading to a conflict between Simpson and Jones. Both ships arrived at port safely, but Jones filed for a court-martial of Simpson, keeping him detained on the ship.
Partly through the influence of John Adams, who was still serving as a commissioner in France, Simpson was released from Jones's accusation. Adams implies in his memoirs that the overwhelming majority of the evidence supported Simpson's claims. Adams seemed to believe Jones was hoping to monopolize the mission's glory, especially by detaining Simpson on board while he celebrated the capture with numerous important European dignitaries.[22]
Even with the wealth of perspectives, including the commander's,[17] it is difficult if not impossible to tell exactly what occurred. It is clear, however, that the crew felt alienated by their commander, who might well have been motivated by his pride. Jones believed his intentions were honorable, and his actions were strategically essential to the Revolution. Regardless of any controversy surrounding the mission, Ranger's capture of Drake was one of the Continental Navy's few significant military victories during the Revolution, and was of immense symbolic importance, demonstrating as it did that the Royal Navy was far from invincible. By overcoming such odds, Ranger's victory became an important symbol of the American spirit and served as an inspiration for the permanent establishment of the United States Navy after the revolution.
Bonhomme Richard[edit]
Engraving based on the painting Action Between the Serapis and Bonhomme Richard by Richard Paton, published 1780
The "John Paul Jones flag" was entered into Dutch records to help Jones avoid charges of piracy when he captured the Serapis under an "unknown flag."
In 1779, Captain Jones took command of the 42-gun USS Bonhomme Richard (or as he preferred it, Bon Homme Richard),[23] a merchant ship rebuilt and given to America by the French shipping magnate, Jacques-Donatien Le Ray. On August 14, as a vast French and Spanish invasion fleet approached England, he provided a diversion by heading for Ireland at the head of a five ship squadron including the 36-gun USS Alliance, 32-gun USS Pallas, 12-gun USS Vengeance, and Le Cerf, also accompanied by two privateers, Monsieur and Granville. When the squadron was only a few days out of Groix, Monsieur separated due to a disagreement between her captain and Jones. Several Royal Navy warships were sent towards Ireland in pursuit of Jones, but on this occasion, he continued right around the north of Scotland into the North Sea, creating near-panic all along Britain's east coast as far south as the Humber estuary. Jones's main problems, as on his previous voyage, resulted from insubordination, particularly by Pierre Landais, captain of Alliance. On September 23, 1779, the squadron met a large merchant convoy off the coast of Flamborough Head, East Yorkshire. The 50-gun British frigate HMS Serapis and the 22-gun hired ship Countess of Scarborough placed themselves between the convoy and Jones's squadron, allowing the merchants to escape.
Shortly after 7 p.m. the Battle of Flamborough Head began. Serapis engaged Bonhomme Richard, and soon afterwards, Alliance fired, from a considerable distance, at Countess. Quickly recognizing that he could not win a battle of big guns, and with the wind dying, Jones made every effort to lock Richard and Serapis together (his famous, albeit possibly apocryphal, quotation "I have not yet begun to fight!" was uttered in reply to a demand to surrender in this phase of the battle), finally succeeding after about an hour, following which his deck guns and his Marine marksmen in the rigging began clearing the British decks. Alliance sailed past and fired a broadside, doing at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis. Meanwhile, Countess of Scarborough had enticed Pallas downwind of the main battle, beginning a separate engagement. When Alliance approached this contest, about an hour after it had begun, the badly damaged Countess surrendered.
With Bonhomme Richard burning and sinking, it seems that her ensign was shot away; when one of the officers, apparently believing his captain to be dead, shouted a surrender, the British commander asked, seriously this time, if they had struck their colours. Jones later remembered saying something like "I am determined to make you strike," but the words allegedly heard by crew-members and reported in newspapers a few days later were more like: "I may sink, but I'll be damned if I strike." An attempt by the British to board Bonhomme Richard was thwarted, and a grenade caused the explosion of a large quantity of gunpowder on Serapis's lower gun-deck.
"Paul Jones the Pirate", British caricature
Alliance then returned to the main battle, firing two broadsides. Again, these did at least as much damage to Richard as to Serapis, but the tactic worked to the extent that, unable to move, and with Alliance keeping well out of the line of his own great guns, Captain Pearson of Serapis accepted that prolonging the battle could achieve nothing, so he surrendered. Most of Bonhomme Richard's crew immediately transferred to other vessels, and after a day and a half of frantic repair efforts, it was decided that the ship could not be saved, so it was allowed to sink, and Jones took command of Serapis for the trip to neutral (but American-sympathizing) Holland.
In the following year, the King of France Louis XVI, honored him with the title "Chevalier". Jones accepted the honor, and desired the title to be used thereafter: when the Continental Congress in 1787 resolved that a medal of gold be struck in commemoration of his "valor and brilliant services" it was to be presented to "Chevalier John Paul Jones". He also received from Louis XVI a decoration of "l'Institution du Mérite Militaire" and a sword. By contrast, in Britain at this time, he was usually denigrated as a pirate.
Russian service[edit]
Further information: Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
In June 1782, Jones was appointed to command the 74-gun USS America, but his command fell through when Congress decided to give America to the French as replacement for the wrecked Le Magnifique. As a result, he was given assignment in Europe in 1783 to collect prize money due his former hands. At length, this too expired and Jones was left without prospects for active employment, leading him on April 23, 1787 to enter into the service of the Empress Catherine II of Russia, who placed great confidence in Jones, saying: "He will get to Constantinople." He was granted name as a French subject Павел де Жонес (Pavel de Zhones, Paul de Jones).[24]
Jones avowed his intention, however, to preserve the condition of an American citizen and officer. As a rear admiral aboard the 24-gun flagship Vladimir, he took part in the naval campaign in the Dnieper-Bug Liman (an arm of the Black Sea, into which flow the Southern Bug and Dnieper rivers) against the Turks, in concert with the Dnieper Flotilla commanded by Prince Charles of Nassau-Siegen. Jones (and Nassau-Siegen) repulsed the Ottoman forces from the area, but the jealous intrigues of Nassau-Siegen (and perhaps Jones's own inaptitude for Imperial politics) turned the Russian commander Prince Grigory Potëmkin against Jones[25] and he was recalled to St. Petersburg for the pretended purpose of being transferred to a command in the North Sea. Another factor may have been the resentment of several ex-British naval officers also in Russian employment, who regarded Jones as a renegade and refused to speak to him. Whatever motivated the Prince, once recalled he was compelled to remain in idleness, while rival officers plotted against him and even maliciously assailed his private character through accusations of sexual misconduct. In April 1789 Jones was arrested and accused of raping a 12-year-old girl named Katerina Goltzwart.[26] But the Count de Segur, the French representative at the Russian court (and also Jones' last friend in the capital), conducted his own personal investigation into the matter and was able to convince Potëmkin that the girl had not been raped and that Jones had been accused by Prince de Nassau-Siegen for his own purposes;[27] Jones, however, admitted to prosecutors that he had "often frolicked" with the girl "for a small cash payment," only denying that he had deprived her of her virginity.[28] Even so, in that period he was able to author his Narrative of the Campaign of the Liman.
On June 8, 1788, Jones was awarded the Order of St. Anne, but he left the following month, an embittered man.
In 1789 Jones arrived in Warsaw, Poland, where he befriended Tadeusz Kościuszko, another veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Kościuszko advised him to leave the service of the autocratic Russia, and serve another power, suggesting Sweden. Despite Kościuszko's backing, the Swedes, while somewhat interested, in the end decided not to recruit Jones.[29]
Later life and death[edit]
John Paul Jones Memorial in Washington, D.C.
In May 1790 Jones arrived in Paris. He still possessed his position as Russian rear admiral with a corresponding pension, which allowed him to remain in retirement until his death two years later, although he made a number of attempts to re-enter the service in the Russian navy. By this time his memoirs had been published in Edinburgh. Inspired by them, James Fenimore Cooper and Alexandre Dumas later wrote their own adventure novels. John Paul Jones also appeared as a cameo in Herman Melville's book "Israel Potter: His Fifty Years of Exile".
In June 1792, Jones was appointed U.S. Consul to treat with the Dey of Algiers for the release of American captives. Before Jones was able to fulfill his appointment, he was found dead (aged 45) lying face-down on his bed in his third-floor Paris apartment, No. 19 Rue de Tournon, on July 18, 1792. The cause of death was interstitial nephritis.[30] A small procession of servants, friends and loyal family walked his body the four miles (6.4 km) for burial. He was buried in Paris at the Saint Louis Cemetery, which belonged to the French royal family. Four years later, France's revolutionary government sold the property and the cemetery was forgotten. The area was later used as a garden, a place to dispose of dead animals and where gamblers bet on animal fights.
Exhumation and reburial[edit]
John Paul Jones and John Barry, honored on U.S. Postage, Navy Issue of 1937
John Paul Jones's marble and bronze sarcophagus at the United States Naval Academy
John Paul Jones, exhumed
In 1905, Jones's remains were identified by U.S. Ambassador to France Gen. Horace Porter, who had searched for six years to track down the body using faulty copies of Jones's burial record.
After Jones' death, Frenchman Pierrot Francois Simmoneau donated over 460 francs to mummify the body. It was preserved in alcohol and interred in a lead coffin "in the event that should the United States decide to claim his remains, they might more easily be identified." Porter knew what to look for in his search. With the aid of an old map of Paris, Porter's team, which included anthropologist Louis Capitan, identified the site of the former St. Louis Cemetery for Alien Protestants. Sounding probes were used to search for lead coffins and five coffins were ultimately exhumed. The third, unearthed on April 7, 1905, was later identified by a meticulous post-mortem examination by Doctors Capitan and Georges Papillault as being that of Jones. The autopsy confirmed the original listing of cause of death. The face was later compared to a bust by Jean-Antoine Houdon.[31]
Jones's body was brought to the United States aboard the USS Brooklyn (CA-3), escorted by three other cruisers. On approaching the American coastline, seven U.S. Navy battleships joined the procession escorting Jones's body back to America. On April 24, 1906, Jones's coffin was installed in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, following a ceremony in Dahlgren Hall, presided over by President Theodore Roosevelt who gave a speech paying tribute to John Paul Jones and holding him up as an example to the officers of the Navy.[32] On January 26, 1913, the Captain's remains were finally re-interred in a magnificent bronze and marble sarcophagus at the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis.[33]
Pardon by the town and port of Whitehaven in 1999[edit]
John Paul Jones was given an honorary pardon in 1999 by the Port of Whitehaven for his raid on the town, in the presence of Lt. Steve Lyons representing the US Naval Attaché to the UK, and Yuri Fokine the Russian Ambassador to the UK. The US Navy were also awarded the Freedom of the Port of Whitehaven, the only time the honour has been granted in its 400-year history.[34]
The Pardon and Freedom were arranged by Gerard Richardson MBE as part of the launch of the series of Maritime Festival. Richardson's of Whitehaven is now the honorary Consulate to the US Navy for the Town and Port of Whitehaven. The Consul is Rear Admiral (retired) US Navy, Steve Morgan and the Deputy Consul is Rob Romano.[35]
In popular culture[edit]
The 1824 novel The Pilot by James Fenimore Cooper contains fictionalized accounts of Jones's maritime activities.[36] Alexandre Dumas's Captain Paul, a follow-up novel to The Pilot, was published in 1846.[37]
In Herman Melville's Israel Potter (1855), the main character met John Paul Jones, who is negotiating with Benjamin Franklin. Later on Israel joins him in several of Jones' attacks and sea battles.
In 1923, Franklin Delano Roosevelt wrote a screenplay about John Paul Jones and sent it to Paramount Pictures founder Adolph Zukor, who politely rejected it.[38]
The Cumbrian poet Norman Nicholson refers to Jones in his poem 'Whitehaven' (in the collection 'Five Rivers', 1944): 'Came John Paul Jones, The Yankee-Scot, Apprentice from Kirkcudbrightshire,'.
John Paul (Jones) appears as a largely true-to-history character in the Revolutionary-era novel Richard Carvel by American author Winston Churchill (not the British Prime Minister of the same name), published in 1899.
Jones was portrayed by actor Robert Stack in the 1959 film John Paul Jones, directed by John Farrow.
Nicholas Nicastro wrote two historical novels about Jones and his times, The Eighteenth Captain (1999) and Between Two Fires (2002), published by McBooks Press.
The John Paul Jones Junior High School in Philadelphia was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[39]
The story of Jones's attack on Whitehaven Harbour features in Dan Chapman's 2012 novel Looking for Lucy.[40]
Country singer Johnny Horton included a song about John Paul Jones on his album Johnny Horton Makes History.
Jones appeared in the cartoon Liberty's Kids, voiced by Liam Neeson.
Jones appears as the central character in the musical of the same name by Scottish composer Julian Wagstaff.[41]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States Navy portal
Armada of 1779
Bibliography of early American naval history: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, birthplace of Jones in Scotland
John Paul Jones House, residence in New Hampshire during construction of America
USS Paul Jones (DD-10), a Bainbridge-class destroyer, commissioned in 1902, decommissioned in 1919.
USS Paul Jones (DD-230), a Clemson-class destroyer, commissioned in 1921, decommissioned in 1945.
USS John Paul Jones (DD-932), a Forrest Sherman-class destroyer of the US Navy. Commissioned 1956; decommissioned 1982.
USS John Paul Jones (DDG-53), an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer in active service in the US Navy as of 2015. Commissioned in 1991.
Jones Hall, is one of six military barracks facilities at the United States Merchant Marine Academy and is named in honor of the American Merchant Mariner turned Naval Hero John Paul Jones.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 499–500.
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Jump up ^ Log of the 'Bon Homme Richard', 1779 (PDF), John Paul Jones Cottage Museum, retrieved 2007-10-27
Jump up ^ Kravtsevych-Rozhnetsky, V. Сидір Білий і Чорний Корсар. Як козаки із засновником ВМФ США воювали (Sydir Bilyi and the Black Corsair. How Cossacks with the founder of USN battled). Ukrayinska Pravda. March 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Martelle, Scott (2014). The Admiral and the Ambassador: One Man's Obsessive Search for the Body of John Paul Jones. Chicago Review Press. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1613747308. Retrieved March 4, 2015. (in English)
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography - Samuel Eliot Morison. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Jaroslav Poleschuk, http://www.webpro.cimis.com.ua (2014-04-16). "J. Paul Jones". For.lib.kherson.ua. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
Jump up ^ Charles King, Odessa: Genius and Death in a City of Dreams (W. W. Norton & Company, 2011; ISBN 0-393-07084-0), p. 47.
Jump up ^ Alex Storozynski (January 2011). Kosciuszko Ksiaze chlopow. W.A.B. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-83-7414-930-3. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
Jump up ^ John Paul Jones House at uswarmemorials.org
Jump up ^ "Captain John Paul Jones". American Revolutionary War. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt, Theodore Dedication speech, Annapolis (24 April 1906)
Jump up ^ USNA Traditions Archived 2008-11-20 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association
Jump up ^ "Evening News and Star".
Jump up ^ "Cn Media".
Jump up ^ "James Fenimore Cooper: Sea Tales". The Library of America. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Paul Jones, or, The son of the sea [electronic resource]". Stanford University Libraries. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Jump up ^ "Recipe for Success, by Jane West Walton". The Coronet, February 1947. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Chapman, D. (2012), Looking for Lucy, UK: Concept ISBN 978-1-4701-2860-9
Jump up ^ Thom Dibdin. "John Paul Jones sails again!". All Edinburgh Theatre, July 16, 2010. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
Bibliography[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jones, John Paul". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Boudriot, Jean (1987), John Paul Jones and the Bonhomme Richard (technical study of the ship), Collection archeologie navale française, ISBN 2-903178-20-8 .
Bradford, James C, ed. (1986), The papers of John Paul Jones (10 microfilm reels), Cambridge, UK; Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
——— (1986), Guide to the microfilm edition of the papers of John Paul Jones, 1747–1792, Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey .
Brady, Cyrus Townsend (1906). Commodore Paul Jones. New York: D. Appleton & Co. , 482 pp; original from Univ. California.
Cotten, Elizabeth H (1966), The John Paul Jones-Willie Jones Tradition, Charlotte: Heritage Printers, ASIN B0007F8TO2 .
de Koven, Reginald (Mrs) (1913), The Life and Letters of John Paul Jones, London: Werner Laurie , 2 vols.
Frost, John (1845), The Pictorial Book of The Commodores; Comprising Lives of Distinguished Commanders In The Navy of The United States, New York: Nafis & Cornish .
Gilkerson, William (1987), The Ships of John Paul Jones (technical study), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 0-87021-619-8 .
Goodheart, Adam (April 2006), "Home is the sailor", Smithsonian Magazine, pp. 32–46 .
"John Paul Jones", Harper's Magazine, New York, NY: Harper & Bros, 11 (62), pp. 145–70, 1855 .
Morison, Samuel Eliot (September 1999) [1959]. John Paul Jones: A Sailor's Biography. US Naval Institute Press Bluejacket Books. Raisz, Erwin, charts and diagrams. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 1-55750-410-5. LCC E207.J7 M6.
Paullin, Charles Oscar (1906). The navy of the American Revolution: its administration, its policy and its achievements. Iowa: The Burrows Brothers/Republican Printing. , 549 pp.
Purcell, L Edward (1993), Who was Who in the American Revolution, New York: Facts on File, ISBN 0-8160-2107-4 .
Sherburne, John H. The Life and Character of John Paul Jones. Adriance, Sherman & Co. Publishing. New York, NY, pp. 10, 1851.
Thomas, Evan (2003), John Paul Jones: Sailor, Hero, Father of the American Navy (popular biography), Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, ISBN 0-7862-5875-6 .
Further reading[edit]
Brown, Charles Walter (1902), John Paul Jones of naval fame: a character of the revolution, MA: Donohue & co , 271 pp.
Callo, Joseph (2011), John Paul Jones: America's First Sea Warrior, Naval Institute Press , 289 pp.
Sherburne, John Henry (1825). The Life of Paul Jones: From Original Documents in the Possession of John Henry Sherburne. London: John Murray. 320 pp.
——— (1851). The life and character of John Paul Jones:a captain in the United States navy. During the revolutionary war. New York: Adriance, Sherman & co. , 408 pp.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Paul Jones.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones, US: Navy, archived from the original on 2004-06-27 .
FAQ, US: Navy .
Excerpts form the Journals of my Campaign – John Paul Jones
John Paul Jones Museum
Official report by Jones from aboard Serapis in Holland (1779)
The Best Quote Jones Never Wrote
John Paul Jones and Asymmetric Warfare
Battle of Flamborough Head
John Paul Jones's attack upon Whitehaven, as reported in Lloyd's Evening Post, 1778
"John Paul Jones". Find a Grave. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
John Paul Jones - musical by Scottish composer Julian Wagstaff
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BNE: XX1326202
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Warren Zevon
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Warren Zevon
1978 press photo of Zevon
Background information
Birth name
Warren William Zevon
Also known as
Sandy Zevon
Stephen Lyme
Born
(1947-01-24)January 24, 1947
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Died
September 7, 2003(2003-09-07) (aged 56)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres
Rock, country rock, folk rock, hard rock, blues rock
Occupation(s)
Songwriter, musician
Instruments
Vocals, guitar, piano, harmonica
Years active
1965–2003
Labels
White Whale, Imperial, Asylum, Virgin, Giant/Reprise/Warner Bros., Artemis, Rykodisc, Koch Entertainment
Associated acts
CBS Orchestra, Billy Bob Thornton, Jackson Browne, David Lindley, Waddy Wachtel, Bruce Springsteen, Dwight Yoakam, Hindu Love Gods, Linda Ronstadt, The Everly Brothers, Don Everly, Phil Everly, Richie Hayward, Jack Casady, Chick Corea, Jerry Garcia, David Gilmour, Neil Young, Don Henley, George Clinton, Timothy B. Schmit, Bob Dylan, Joe Walsh, Emmylou Harris, Tom Petty, The Eagles, R.E.M., The Turtles, lyme and cybelle, Jorge Calderón, Stevie Nicks, Rock Bottom Remainders, David Marks, Widespread Panic
Website
warrenzevon.com
Warren William Zevon (/ˈziːvɒn/; January 24, 1947 – September 7, 2003) was an American rock singer-songwriter and musician.
Zevon's compositions include "Werewolves of London", "Lawyers, Guns and Money", "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" and "Johnny Strikes Up the Band", all of which are featured on his third album, Excitable Boy (1978). He also wrote major hits that were recorded by other artists, including "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", "Accidentally Like a Martyr", "Mohammed's Radio", "Carmelita", and "Hasten Down the Wind".
Along with his own compositions, Zevon recorded or performed occasional covers, including Allen Toussaint's "A Certain Girl", Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" and Leonard Cohen's "First We Take Manhattan". He was a guest several times on Late Night with David Letterman and the Late Show with David Letterman. Letterman later performed guest vocals on "Hit Somebody! (The Hockey Song)" with Paul Shaffer and members of the CBS Orchestra on Zevon's album My Ride's Here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Return to L.A. and major-label debut
3 Success
4 Personal crisis and first comeback
5 Later years and second comeback
6 Cancer, death and The Wind
7 Posthumous releases and biographical works
8 Discography
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Early life[edit]
Zevon was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Beverly Cope (née Simmons) and William Zevon. His father was a Jewish immigrant from Russia, whose original surname was Zivotovsky. William Zevon worked as a bookie who handled volume bets and dice games for the notorious Los Angeles mobster Mickey Cohen;[1] he worked for years in Cohen's Combination, in which he was known as Stumpy Zevon, and was best man at Cohen's first wedding.[2] Warren's mother was from a Mormon family and was of English descent.[3][4][5] They moved to Fresno, California. By the age of 13, Zevon was an occasional visitor to the home of Igor Stravinsky, where he briefly studied modern classical music alongside Robert Craft. Zevon's parents divorced when he was 16 years old; he soon quit high school and moved from Los Angeles to New York City to become a folk singer.[6]
Zevon turned to a musical career early, including a stretch with his high-school friend Violet Santangelo as a musical duo called lyme & cybelle [sic]. He spent time as a session musician and jingle composer. He wrote several songs for his White Whale labelmates the Turtles ("Like the Seasons" and "Outside Chance"), though his participation in their recording is unknown.[7] Another early composition ("She Quit Me") was included in the soundtrack for the film Midnight Cowboy (1969); to suit its place in the film, the song was re-recorded by Leslie Miller as "He Quit Me". Zevon's first attempt at a solo album, Wanted Dead or Alive (1969), was produced by 1960s cult figure Kim Fowley but did not sell well. Flashes of Zevon's later preoccupations with romantic loss and noir violence are present in songs like "Tule's Blues" and "A Bullet for Ramona."
During the early 1970s, Zevon toured regularly with the Everly Brothers as keyboard player, band leader, and musical coordinator.[6] Later the same decade, he toured and recorded with Don Everly and Phil Everly separately, as they tried to launch solo careers after their breakup. His dissatisfaction with his career (and a lack of funds) led him to move to Spain in the summer of 1975, where he lived and played in the Dubliner Bar, a small tavern in Sitges, near Barcelona, owned by David Lindell, a former mercenary. Together they composed "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner."
Return to L.A. and major-label debut[edit]
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Zevon touring solo in Heidelberg as the opener for Jackson Browne in 1976
By September 1975, Zevon had returned to Los Angeles, where he roomed with Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham, who had by now gained fame as members of Fleetwood Mac. There he collaborated with Jackson Browne, who produced and promoted Zevon's self-titled major-label debut in 1976. Contributors to this album included Nicks, Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, John McVie, members of the Eagles, Carl Wilson, Linda Ronstadt, and Bonnie Raitt. Ronstadt elected to record many of his songs, including "Hasten Down the Wind", "Carmelita", "Poor Poor Pitiful Me", and "Mohammed's Radio". Zevon's first tour, in 1977, included guest appearances in the middle of concerts by Jackson Browne concerts, one of which is documented on a widely circulated bootleg recording of a Dutch radio program under the title The Offender Meets the Pretender.
Zevon was a much darker and more ironic songwriter than Browne and other leading figures of the era's L.A.-based singer-songwriter movement. But he and his 1970s L.A. peers shared a grounding in earlier folk and country influences, and a commitment to songcraft with roots in the work of artists like Bob Dylan and Joni Mitchell. The album Warren Zevon (1976), produced by Browne, was a modest commercial success, but it was later termed a masterpiece in the first edition of the Rolling Stone Record Guide and is cited in the book's most recent revised edition (November 2004) as Zevon's most realized work. Representative tracks include the junkie's lament "Carmelita"; the Copland-esque outlaw ballad "Frank and Jesse James"; "The French Inhaler", a scathing insider's look at life and lust in the L.A. music business (which was, in fact, about his long-time girlfriend and mother of his son, Jordan); and "Desperados Under the Eaves", a chronicle of Zevon's increasing alcoholism.
Success[edit]
In 1978, Zevon released Excitable Boy (produced by Jackson Browne and guitarist Waddy Wachtel) to critical acclaim and popular success. The title tune is about a juvenile sociopath's murderous prom night, referred to "Little Susie", the heroine of his former employer the Everly Brothers's song "Wake Up Little Susie", while songs such as "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" and "Lawyers, Guns and Money" used deadpan humor to wed geopolitical subtexts to hard-boiled narratives. Tracks from this album received heavy FM airplay, and the single release "Werewolves of London", which featured Mick Fleetwood and John McVie, was a relatively lighthearted version of Zevon's signature macabre outlook and a Top 30 success.
The critic Dave Marsh, in The Rolling Stone Record Guide (1979), called Zevon "one of the toughest rockers ever to come out of Southern California."[8]:427 Rolling Stone called the album one of the most significant releases of the 1970s and placed him alongside Neil Young, Jackson Browne, and Bruce Springsteen as the four most important new artists to emerge in the decade. On May 11, 1980, Zevon and Willie Nile appeared on the King Biscuit Flower Hour.
Zevon followed Excitable Boy with Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School, in 1980. This album was dedicated to Ken Millar, better known under his nom-de-plume as the detective novelist Ross Macdonald. Millar was a literary hero of Zevon's, who met the singer for the first time while participating in an intervention organized by the Rolling Stone journalist Paul Nelson, which helped Zevon temporarily curtail his addictions. Featuring a modest hit with the single "A Certain Girl" (Zevon's cover of an R&B record by Ernie K-Doe) reached number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, the album sold briskly but was uneven, and represented a decline rather than commercial and critical consistency. It contained a collaboration with Bruce Springsteen on the song "Jeannie Needs a Shooter" and the ballad "Empty-Handed Heart" featuring a descant sung by Linda Ronstadt, which dealt with Zevon's divorce from his wife, Crystal, the mother of his daughter Ariel; she has been erroneously described in some sources as his "second wife".[9][10] (Marilyn "Tule" Livingston, the mother of his son, Jordan, and Zevon were in a long-term relationship but never married.) Later in 1980, he released the live album Stand in the Fire (dedicated to Martin Scorsese), recorded over five nights at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles.
Personal crisis and first comeback[edit]
Zevon's 1982 release, The Envoy, returned to the high standard of Excitable Boy but was not a commercial success.[11] It was an eclectic but characteristic set that included such compositions as "Ain't That Pretty at All", "Charlie's Medicine" and "Jesus Mentioned", the first of Zevon's two musical reactions to the death of Elvis Presley; the other is the song "Porcelain Monkey" on Life'll Kill Ya in 2000. The title track was dedicated to Philip Habib, U.S. special envoy to the Middle East during the early 1980s. In the liner notes for the 1996 anthology I'll Sleep When I'm Dead, Zevon stated that after the song came out, Habib sent him "a very nice letter of appreciation on State Department stationery".[12] The lyrics of another track, "The Hula Hula Boys", were excerpted in Hunter S. Thompson's 1983 book, The Curse of Lono.
In 1983, the recently divorced Zevon became engaged to Philadelphia disc jockey Anita Gevinson and moved to the East Coast.[13] After the disappointing reception for The Envoy, Zevon's distributor, Asylum Records, ended their business relationship, which Zevon discovered only when he read about it in the "Random Notes" column of Rolling Stone. The trauma allegedly caused him to relapse into serious alcoholism and drug abuse. In 1984, he voluntarily checked himself into an unnamed rehab clinic in Minnesota. His relationship with Gevinson ended shortly thereafter.[13] Zevon retreated from the music business for several years, except for playing live solo shows, a period of time during which he finally overcame severe alcohol and drug addictions.
During this interim period, Zevon collaborated with Bill Berry, Peter Buck and Mike Mills (of R.E.M.), along with backup vocalist Bryan Cook to form a minor project called Hindu Love Gods. The group released the noncharting single "Narrator" for IRS Records in 1984, then went into abeyance for several years.
Berry, Buck and Mills served as the core of Zevon's next studio band when he re-emerged in 1987 by signing with Virgin Records and recording the album Sentimental Hygiene. The release, hailed as his best since Excitable Boy, featured a thicker rock sound and taut, often humorous songs like "Detox Mansion", "Bad Karma" (which featured R.E.M. lead singer Michael Stipe on backup vocals), and "Reconsider Me". Included were contributions from Neil Young, Bob Dylan, Flea, Brian Setzer, and George Clinton, as well as Berry, Buck, and Mills. Also on hand were Zevon's longtime collaborators Jorge Calderón and Waddy Wachtel.
During the Sentimental Hygiene sessions, Zevon also participated in an all-night jam session with Berry, Buck and Mills, as they worked their way through rock and blues numbers by the likes of Bo Diddley, Muddy Waters, Robert Johnson and Prince. Though the sessions were not initially intended for release, they eventually saw the light of day as a Hindu Love Gods album.
The immediate follow-up to Sentimental Hygiene was 1989's Transverse City, a futuristic concept album inspired by Zevon's interest in the work of cyberpunk science fiction author William Gibson. It featured guests including the Little Feat drummer Richie Hayward, the Jefferson Airplane and Hot Tuna bassist Jack Casady, the noted jazz keyboardist Chick Corea and various guitarists, including Wachtel, David Lindley, Jerry Garcia, Jorma Kaukonen, David Gilmour and Neil Young. Key tracks include the title song, "Splendid Isolation", "Run Straight Down" (which had a promotional video that featured Zevon singing in a factory while Gilmour played guitar solos), and "They Moved the Moon" (one of Zevon's eerier ballads).
Later years and second comeback[edit]
Transverse City was a commercial disappointment, and Zevon was dropped by Virgin Records soon after the album's release. Zevon, however, contracted almost immediately with Irving Azoff's new label Giant Records, and the first issue under Zevon's contract with his new distributor was the album Hindu Love Gods, recorded during the Sentimental Hygiene sessions. The album included a cover of Prince's "Raspberry Beret", which became a number 23 Modern Rock hit in the United States.
In 1991, Zevon, once again a solo artist, released Mr. Bad Example. This album featured the modest pop hit "Searching for a Heart" and the rocker "Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead", later used as the title of the neo-noir film of the same name, directed by Gary Fleder; after some skirmishing over the unauthorized use of Zevon's song title, the Zevon track was licensed to play over the film's end credits. Zevon also sang lead vocals on the song "Casey Jones" from the Grateful Dead tribute album Deadicated, although the cut is credited to his regular collaborator David Lindley.
Zevon toured the United States (with the Odds), Europe, Australia and New Zealand during this period.
Owing to his reduced circumstances, his performances were often true solo efforts with minimal accompaniment on piano and guitar;[14][15][16][17] the live album Learning to Flinch (1993) documents such a tour. The disc received some airplay on college radio and was considered Zevon's version of the MTV series Unplugged. Zevon often played in Colorado to allow for an opportunity to visit with his longtime friend Hunter S. Thompson.
A lifelong fan of "hardboiled" fiction, Zevon was friendly with several well-known writers, who also collaborated on his songwriting during this period, including Thompson, Carl Hiaasen and Mitch Albom. Zevon also served as musical coordinator and occasional guitarist for an ad-hoc rock music group called the Rock Bottom Remainders, a collection of writers performing rock-and-roll standards at book fairs and other events. The group included Stephen King, Dave Barry, Matt Groening and Amy Tan, among other popular writers, and it has continued to perform one benefit concert per year since Zevon's death.
An affiliated project for which Zevon both played and wrote liner notes is the offbeat 1998 album Stranger Than Fiction, a two-CD set attributed to the Wrockers, containing rock covers and originals by many of the Remainders authors plus such notables as Norman Mailer and Maya Angelou. Zevon oversaw music for the short-lived revival of the NBC series Route 66 (1993), contributing that show's main title theme, "If You Won't Leave Me I'll Find Somebody Who Will". His music was also featured in several of William Shatner's TekWar movies from 1994 to 1996. Zevon is listed as "theme music composer" in the opening credits, and his song "Real or Not" was used as the show's theme song.
Occasionally, between 1982 and 2001, Zevon filled in for Paul Shaffer as bandleader on Late Night with David Letterman and later the Late Show with David Letterman. One example was in 1998 when Shaffer traveled to Canada to film his cameo in Blues Brothers 2000.
In 1995, Zevon released the self-produced Mutineer. The title track was frequently covered by Bob Dylan on his U.S. fall tour in 2002.[18] Zevon's cover of cult artist Judee Sill's "Jesus Was a Crossmaker" predated the wider rediscovery of her work a decade later. The album, however, suffered the worst sales of Zevon's career, in part because his label, superagent Irving Azoff's short-lived Giant Records, was in the process of going out of business. Rhino Records released a Zevon "best-of" compilation in 1996, I'll Sleep When I'm Dead. Zevon also appeared on the Larry Sanders Show on HBO, in 1993, playing himself as a guest on the show, promoting Learning to Flinch. Zevon also played himself on two episodes of Suddenly Susan in 1999, along with singer and actor Rick Springfield.
Comedian and TV host David Letterman was credited by Zevon as being the best friend his music ever had[19]
After another five-year layoff, Zevon signed with industry veteran Danny Goldberg's Artemis Records and again rebounded with the mortality-themed 2000 release Life'll Kill Ya, containing the hymn-like "Don't Let Us Get Sick" and an austere version of Steve Winwood's 1980s hit "Back in the High Life Again". With record sale brisk and music critics giving Zevon his best notices since Excitable Boy, Life'll Kill Ya is seen as his second comeback. He followed with the album My Ride's Here (2002), with its morbid prescience of things to come; the album included "Hit Somebody! (The Hockey Song)" (co-written by Mitch Albom, the author of Tuesdays with Morrie, and featuring Paul Shaffer, the Late Night band, and a spoken vocal from TV host David Letterman) and the ballad "Genius" (later used as the title of an anthology of Zevon's recordings, in 2002), with a string section that attests to the lasting influence of Stravinsky on Zevon's work.
At about this time, he and the actor Billy Bob Thornton formed a close friendship, catalyzed by their common experiences with obsessive-compulsive disorder and the fact they lived in the same apartment building.[9] One of Zevon's compulsions was buying and hoarding identical gray Calvin Klein T-shirts.[20]
Cancer, death and The Wind[edit]
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In interviews, Zevon described a lifelong phobia of doctors and said he seldom consulted one. He had started working out, and looked physically fit. Shortly before playing at the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in 2002, he started feeling dizzy and developed a chronic cough. After a period of suffering with pain and shortness of breath, Zevon was encouraged by his dentist to see a physician; he was diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma, a cancer (usually caused by exposure to asbestos) that affects the pleura, a thin membrane around the lungs and chest lining. Although Zevon never revealed where he may have been exposed to asbestos, his son, Jordan, suggests that it came from Zevon's childhood, playing in the attic of his father's carpet store in Arizona. Refusing treatments he believed might incapacitate him, Zevon instead began recording his final album, The Wind, which includes performances by close friends including Bruce Springsteen, Don Henley, Jackson Browne, Timothy B. Schmit, Joe Walsh, David Lindley, Billy Bob Thornton, Emmylou Harris, Tom Petty, Dwight Yoakam, and others. At the request of the music television channel VH1, the documentarian Nick Read was given access to the sessions; his cameras recorded a man who retained his mordant sense of humor, even as his health was deteriorating.
On October 30, 2002, Zevon was featured on the Late Show with David Letterman as the only guest for the entire hour. The band played "I'll Sleep When I'm Dead" as his introduction. Zevon performed several songs and spoke at length about his illness. Zevon had been a frequent guest and occasional substitute bandleader on Letterman's television shows since Late Night was first broadcast in 1982. He noted, "I might have made a tactical error in not going to a physician for 20 years." It was during this broadcast that, when asked by Letterman if he knew something more about life and death now, he first offered his oft-quoted insight on dying: "Enjoy every sandwich."[19] He also thanked Letterman for his years of support, calling him "the best friend my music's ever had." For his final song of the evening, and his final public performance, Zevon performed "Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner" at Letterman's request. In the green room after the show, Zevon presented Letterman with the guitar that he always used on the show, with a single request: "Here, I want you to have this, take good care of it."[21] The day after Zevon's death, Letterman paid tribute to him by replaying his performance of "Mutineer" from his last appearance. The Late Show band played Zevon's songs throughout the night.
Zevon stated previously that his illness was expected to be terminal within months after diagnosis in the fall of 2002. However, he lived to see the birth of twin grandsons in June 2003 and the release of The Wind on August 26, 2003. Owing in part to the first VH1 broadcasts of Nick Read's documentary Warren Zevon: Keep Me in Your Heart, the album reached number 12 on the U.S. charts, Zevon's highest placement since Excitable Boy. When his diagnosis became public, Zevon wryly told the media that he just hoped to live long enough to see the next James Bond movie, a goal he accomplished.
Zevon died on September 7, 2003, aged 56, at his home in Los Angeles.[22] The Wind was certified gold by the RIAA in December 2003, and Zevon received five posthumous Grammy nominations, including Song of the Year for the ballad "Keep Me in Your Heart". The Wind won two Grammys, with the album itself receiving the award for Best Contemporary Folk Album, while "Disorder in the House", Zevon's duet with Bruce Springsteen, was awarded Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. These posthumous awards were the first Grammys of Zevon's thirty-plus year career.
His body was cremated, and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean near Los Angeles.
Posthumous releases and biographical works[edit]
A tribute album titled Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon was released October 19, 2004. Zevon's son, Jordan Zevon, was the executive producer of the album and performed "Studebaker", a previously unfinished composition by his father. A second tribute album, Hurry Home Early: The Songs of Warren Zevon ("hurry home early" is from the song "Boom Boom Mancini", on the album Sentimental Hygiene) was released by Wampus Multimedia on July 8, 2005.
On February 14, 2006, VH1 Classic premiered a music video from a new compilation, Reconsider Me: The Love Songs. The video, titled "She's Too Good for Me," aired every hour on the hour throughout the day.
First and last issues of the Zevon albums Stand in the Fire and The Envoy were released on March 27, 2007, by Rhino Records, alongside a Rhino re-issue of Excitable Boy, with the three CDs having four unreleased bonus tracks each. Noteworthy rarities include the outtakes "Word of Mouth" and "The Risk" from the Envoy sessions and "Frozen Notes (Strings Version)", a melancholy outtake from Excitable Boy performed on acoustic piano with a string quartet.
On May 1, 2007, Ammal Records, a new label started up as a partnership with New West Records by Zevon's former boss at Artemis, Danny Goldberg, released Preludes: Rare and Unreleased Recordings, a two-disc anthology of Zevon demos and alternate versions culled from 126 pre-1976 recordings that were kept in a suitcase. The album contains five previously unreleased songs: "Empty Hearted Town", "Going All the Way", "Steady Rain", "Stop Rainin' Lord" and "The Rosarita Beach Cafe", along with Zevon's original demo of "Studebaker". Selections from an interview of Zevon by the Austin-based radio personality Jody Denberg are blended with about 40 minutes of music on the collection's second disc.
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead: The Dirty Life and Times of Warren Zevon, a biography by his ex-wife, Crystal Zevon, was published in 2007 by Ecco Books. The book consists mostly of interviews with many of Zevon's friends and associates and extracts from his diaries; it is notable for its unvarnished (at his request) portrayal of Zevon.
Gorge Plasketes, a professor at Auburn University, wrote a critical study of Zevon's music in 2016, Warren Zevon, Desperado of Los Angeles. Zevon was also the subject of Michael Flood's essay "Lord Byron's Luggage: Warren Zevon and the Redefinition of Literature Rock". A collection of short stories by Kelly Lynn Thomas, Miss Gun to a Knife Fight: Stories, is composed of retellings of songs by Zevon.
In 2012, George Gruel, a photographer who worked as Zevon's aide-de-camp from 1978 to 1983, published a book of photos of Zevon, entitled Lawyers, Guns and Photos.[23]
Discography[edit]
Main article: Warren Zevon discography
Wanted Dead or Alive (1969)
Warren Zevon (1976)
Excitable Boy (1978)
Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School (1980)
The Envoy (1982)
Sentimental Hygiene (1987)
Transverse City (1989)
Hindu Love Gods (1990), with members of R.E.M. (not including Michael Stipe)
Mr. Bad Example (1991)
Learning to Flinch (1993)
Mutineer (1995)
Life'll Kill Ya (2000)
My Ride's Here (2002)
The Wind (2003)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tereba, Tere (2012). Mickey Cohen: The Life and Crimes of L.A.'s Notorious Mobster. New York: ECW Press. p. 87. ISBN 1-77041-063-5.
Jump up ^ Tereba, p. 58.
Jump up ^ "Warren Zevon's Last Waltz". New York Times. Nytimes.com. January 26, 2006. p. 4. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
Jump up ^ "Ancestry of Warren Zevon". Wargs.com. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Musician Warren Zevon Dies; Wrote 'Werewolves of London'". Washington Post. September 9, 2003. p. B6.
^ Jump up to: a b "Warren Zevon: Biography". RollingStone.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Eder, Bruce. "Review of The Turles' Happy Together". AllMusic.com. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Marsh, Dave; Swenson, John, eds. (1979). The Rolling Stone Record Guide. New York: Random House.
^ Jump up to: a b Zevon, Crystal (2008). I'll Sleep When I'm Dead: The Dirty Life and Times of Warren Zevon. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-076349-7.
Jump up ^ Pollak, Sally (May 29, 2015). "Unplugged in Peacham: Ariel Zevon builds a life in NEK". Burlington Free Press. Burlington, VT.
Jump up ^ Heffernan, Virginia, Warren Zevon, The New York Times, retrieved May 27, 2010
Jump up ^ Zevon, Warren. I'll Sleep When I'm Dead: An Anthology (liner notes). Artemis Records.
^ Jump up to: a b Valania, Jonathan (November 20, 2002). "An Excitable Boy, They All Said". Philadelphia Weekly.
Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/noevalleyvoice167unse
Jump up ^ https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/THE-MUSIC-MAN-2507072.php
Jump up ^ http://www.noevalleyvoice.com/2010/November/NVMS.htm
Jump up ^ https://sflivearts.org/donate/
Jump up ^ "Dylan Set Lists at Olaf's Files for 2002". Bjorner.com. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Pareles, Jon (January 26, 2003). "Warren Zevon's Last Waltz". New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Crystal Zevon Reads Passage from Book". YouTube.com. May 31, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "David Letterman Hints at the End of His Late Night Career, Defends Leno Against NBC's Decision". Huffington Post. September 3, 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-29.
Jump up ^ Sweeting, Adam (September 9, 2003). "Obituary: Warren Zevon". Theguardian.com. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gruel, George (2012). Lawyers, Guns and Photos. Troy, New York: Big Gorilla Books. ISBN 978-0-615-61772-5.
Further reading[edit]
Ellis, Iain (2008). Rebels Wit Attitude: Subversive Rock Humorists. Soft Skull/Counterpoint. ISBN 978-1-59376-206-3.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutWarren Zevonat Wikipedia's sister projects
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
Official website
Warren Zevon at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Warren Zevon semi-official site
Warren Zevon live audio recordings at Archive.org
Warren Zevon's personal archive at Human Archives
Warren Zevon at Find a Grave
Warren Zevon on IMDb
Works by or about Warren Zevon in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
"Warren Zevon collected news and commentary". The New York Times.
[hide]
v
t
e
Warren Zevon
Studio albums
Wanted Dead or Alive
Warren Zevon
Excitable Boy
Bad Luck Streak in Dancing School
The Envoy
Sentimental Hygiene
Transverse City
Hindu Love Gods
Mr. Bad Example
Mutineer
Life'll Kill Ya
My Ride's Here
The Wind
Live albums
Stand in the Fire
Learning to Flinch
Compilations
A Quiet Normal Life: The Best of Warren Zevon
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead (An Anthology)
Genius: The Best of Warren Zevon
Reconsider Me: The Love Songs
Preludes: Rare and Unreleased Recordings
Tribute albums
Enjoy Every Sandwich: The Songs of Warren Zevon
Songs
"Carmelita"
"Desperados Under the Eaves"
"Hasten Down the Wind"
"Lawyers, Guns and Money"
"Life'll Kill Ya"
"Mr. Bad Example"
"Poor Poor Pitiful Me"
"Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner"
"Trouble Waiting to Happen"
"Werewolves of London"
"Reconsider Me"
Related articles
Discography
I'll Sleep When I'm Dead: The Dirty Life and Times of Warren Zevon
Jordan Zevon (son)
Skip Battin
Gary Mallaber
Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead
lyme and cybelle
Hindu Love Gods
Hindu Love Gods
Action (TV series)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 19869322
LCCN: n79098813
ISNI: 0000 0000 7359 1092
GND: 133595552
SUDOC: 082685517
BNF: cb13932663s (data)
MusicBrainz: 970fb29f-e288-403e-a388-d2a7889bfa47
SNAC: w6hm6681
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Zevon&oldid=825163304"
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Warren Zevon
1947 births
2003 deaths
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This page was last edited on 11 February 2018, at 21:15.
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