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Common swift
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For the moth Korscheltellus lupulina, see Common swift (moth).
Common Swift
In Barcelona, Spain
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Apodiformes
Family: Apodidae
Genus: Apus
Species: A. apus
Binomial name
Apus apus
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Range of A. apus Breeding range Wintering range
The common swift (Apus apus) is a medium-sized bird, superficially similar to the barn swallow or house martin but somewhat larger, though not stemming from those passerine species, being in the order Apodiformes. The resemblances between the groups are due to convergent evolution, reflecting similar contextual development. The swifts' nearest relatives are thought[by whom?] to be the New World hummingbirds and the Southeast Asian treeswifts.
Its scientific name Apus is Latin for a swift, thought by the ancients to be a type of swallow with no feet (from Ancient Greek α, a, "without", and πούς, pous, "foot").[2]
Swifts have very short legs which they use primarily for clinging to vertical surfaces (hence the German name Mauersegler, literally meaning "wall-glider"). They never settle voluntarily on the ground, where they would be vulnerable to accidents and predation, and non-breeding individuals may spend up to ten months in continuous flight.[3]
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Behaviour
3.1 Breeding
3.2 Migration
4 Differences between swifts and swallows
5 Parasites
6 In heraldry
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
The common swift was one of the many species described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He introduced the binomial name Hirundo apus.[4] The current genus Apus was erected by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1777 based on tautonymy.[5][6] The word apus is the Latin word for a swift. It is derived from the Ancient Greek α, a, "without", and πούς, pous, "foot", based on the belief that these birds were a form of swallow that lacked feet.[2]
The predecessor of the Central European subspecies which lived during the last ice age has been described as Apus apus palapus.
Description[edit]
Common swifts are 16–17 cm (6.3–6.7 in) long with a wingspan of 38–40 cm (15–16 in)[7] and entirely blackish-brown except for a small white or pale grey patch on their chins which is not visible from a distance. They have a short forked tail and very long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a boomerang.
Their call is a loud scream in two different tone pitches, the higher of which issues from the female. They often form 'screaming parties' during summer evenings, when 10–20 swifts will gather in flight around their nesting area, calling out and being answered by nesting swifts. Larger "screaming parties" are formed at higher altitudes, especially late in the breeding season. The purpose of these parties is uncertain, but may include ascending to sleep on the wing, while still breeding adults tend to spend the night in the nest.[citation needed]
Behaviour[edit]
Young bird, not yet able to fly
Eggs of Apus apus
Several flying
Swifts may nest in former woodpecker tree burrows found in ancient forests, such as some 600 reported nesting in the Białowieża Forest of North Eastern Poland, or the small colony found in a combination of woodpecker holes and tree nestboxes on the RSPB's reserve at the Caledonian Forest in Abernethy, Scotland. While tree holes and cliffs may have comprised their historic nesting resource, the almost complete removal of ancient forest from their nesting range has resulted in adaptation to man-made sites. Swifts build their nests of air-borne material caught in flight, bonded with their saliva, in suitable buildings hollows, such as under tiles, in gaps beneath window sills, and most typically under eaves and within gables.
Swifts form pairs that may couple for years, and often return to the same nesting site and partner year after year, repairing degradation suffered in their 40-week migratory absence. Insects such as clothes moths, carpet and larder beetles may consume all but the most indigestible nest elements, typically feather shafts.
Young nesting swifts are able to survive for a few days without food by dropping their body temperature and metabolic rate, entering a torpid state.
Except when nesting, swifts spend their lives in the air, living on the insects caught in flight; they drink, feed, and often mate and sleep on the wing.[7] Some individuals go 10 months without landing.[3] No other bird spends as much of its life in flight. Their maximum horizontal flying speed is 111.6 km/h.[8] Over a lifetime they can cover millions of kilometers.[9]
Feeding parties can be very large in insect-rich areas, such as wetlands. Reports of as many as 2000 swifts feeding over flooded gravel pits, lakes and marshy river deltas are not uncommon, and may represent an ingress of swifts from within as much as a 100 km (62 mi) radius; swifts nesting in Western Scotland are thought to venture to Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland to feed on the abundant and nutritious "Lough Neagh Fly".
Breeding[edit]
Common swifts nest in a wider variety of sites than any other species of Apus. Swifts usually nest in buildings but they can also be found nesting in holes in trees, cliffs and crevices, and even in nestboxes. Swifts usually enter their nesting holes with direct flight, and take-off is characterized by an initial free-fall. Empty cavities are shallower than those with nests, and the entry size is smaller in the former than in the latter.[10]
Migration[edit]
A juvenile, feigning death (thanatosis).
Common swifts are migratory. Their summer breeding range runs from Portugal and Ireland in the West across to China and Siberia in the East. They breed as far south as Northern Africa (in Morocco and Algeria), with a presence in the Middle East in Israel, Lebanon and Syria, the Near East across Turkey, and the whole of Europe as far north as Norway, Finland, and most of sub-Arctic Russia. Swifts migrate to Africa by a variety of routes, ending up in Equatorial and Sub-Equatorial Africa, excluding the Cape. Common swifts do not breed on the Indian Subcontinent.
Subjects of a geolocator tracking study demonstrated that swifts breeding in Sweden winter in the Congo region of Africa.[11] Swifts spend 3–3 1/2 months in Africa and a similar time breeding - the rest is spent on the wing, flying home or away. Unsuccessful breeders, fledglings, and sexually immature year-old birds are the first to leave their breeding area. Breeding males follow next, and finally the breeding females. The breeding females stay longer in the nest to rebuild their fat reserves. The time of departure is often determined by the light cycle, and begins at the first day of less than 17 hours light. For this reason, birds further north, for instance in Finland, leave later in the second half of August. These latecomers are rushed through the quickly shortening days in Central Europe and are barely seen by bird watchers.
The prevailing direction of travel through Central Europe is south-by-southwest, and so the Alps do not present a barrier. In bad weather, the swifts follow rivers, because they can find a better food supply there. The population of Western and Central Europe traverses the Iberian peninsula and northwestern Africa. Swifts from Russia and southeastern Europe made a long journey over the eastern part of the Mediterranean. It is unclear where the two groups meet. The western group of swifts mostly follow the Atlantic coastline of Africa—otherwise they would have to cross the Sahara. Once they arrive at the humid savanna, they turn southeast to arrive at their winter feeding grounds. During the summer in Africa, there is a great bounty of insects for the swifts, since the region lies in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The swifts have a nearly unbroken presence in the sky.
A few swifts, usually some of the sexually immature one year olds, remain in Africa. The majority fly northwards through Africa, then turn east towards their destinations. The birds use low pressure fronts during their spring migrations to exploit the southwestern flow of warm air, and on the return trip, ride northeastern winds on the back of the low pressure fronts.
In Central Europe, the swifts return in the second half of April and the first third of May, and like to stay in lowlands and near water rather than in high places. In more northerly regions, the swifts arrive later. The weather along the journey has an enormous influence on the arrival date, so in one region the swifts may come back at varying times year to year.
Differences between swifts and swallows[edit]
Barn swallow
Swift
The barn swallow and house martin hunt for airborne insects in a manner similar to that of the slightly larger swift, and occasionally mixed groups of the species form. The most noticeable differences between the three types are:
The shrill scream of the swift distinguishes itself from the more inconspicuous babbling of the swallow.
The narrow sickle-shaped wings of the swift are longer than its body, and its silhouette in the air resembles an anchor.
The swift's wingbeats are deep and quick, and the swift glides for longer. The swallow's flight is more fluttering, and it presses its wings further to the rear during beats.
The underside of a swift, with the exception of the white spot under its chin, is entirely dark brown. Swallows show a beige-white underside. They can also be recognized by the long forks in their tails.
Parasites[edit]
Swift nests commonly support populations of the chewing louse Dennyus hirundinis and the lousefly Crataerina pallida.[12]
In heraldry[edit]
The heraldic bird known as the "martlet", which is represented without feet, may have been based on the swift, but is generally assumed to refer to the house martin; it was used for the arms of younger sons, perhaps because it symbolized their landless wandering.
See also[edit]
Unihemispheric slow-wave sleep
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BirdLife International (2014). "Apus apus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2014: e.T22686800A62552970. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-2.RLTS.T22686800A62552970.en. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Hedenström, Anders; et al. (September 2016). "Annual 10-Month Aerial Life Phase in the Common Swift Apus apus". Current Biology. 26: 3066–3070. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.09.014. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 192.
Jump up ^ Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1777). Introductio ad historiam naturalem (in Latin). Pragae: Apud Wolfgangum Gerle. p. 483.
Jump up ^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1940). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 244.
^ Jump up to: a b "Common Swift - Apus Apus".
Jump up ^ Bourton, Jody (2 March 2010). "Supercharged swifts take flight speed record". BBC earth news. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/Amazing%20swift%20facts_tcm9-279347.pdf
Jump up ^ Corrales, L.; Bautista, L.M.; SantaMaría, T.; Mas, P. (2013). "Hole selection by nesting swifts in medieval city-walls of central Spain". Ardeola. 60: 291–304. doi:10.13157/arla.60.2.2013.291.
Jump up ^ Åkesson, S.; Klaassen, R.; Holmgren, J.; Fox, J.W.; Hedenström, A. (2012). "Migration Routes and Strategies in a Highly Aerial Migrant, the Common Swift Apus apus, Revealed by Light-Level Geolocators". PLoS ONE. 7 (7:e41195): e41195. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041195. PMC 3399846  . PMID 22815968.
Jump up ^ Tompkins, D.M.; Jones, T.; Clayton, D.H. (1996). "Effect of vertically transmitted ectoparasites on the reproductive success of Swifts (Apus apus)". Functional ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Science. 10 (6): 733–740. doi:10.2307/2390508. ISSN 0269-8463. JSTOR 2390508.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apus apus.
Wikispecies has information related to Apus apus
Swift Conservation Homepage
Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.1 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
The Common Swift
Feathers of Common Swift (Apus apus)
Common swift species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Nesting swifts webcam in the tower of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, UK
BirdLife species factsheet for Apus apus
"Common swift media". Internet Bird Collection.
Common swift photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
Interactive range map of Apus apus at IUCN Red List maps
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q25377
Wikispecies: Apus apus
ABA: comswi
ADW: Apus_apus
ARKive: apus-apus
Avibase: 4E6EF3F983079D73
BioLib: 8782
BirdLife: 22686800
BTO: SWIFT
eBird: comswi
EoL: 1046068
EPPO: APUSAP
Fauna Europaea: 97070
Fossilworks: 369020
GBIF: 5228676
iNaturalist: 6638
IRMNG: 10195258
ITIS: 178010
IUCN: 22686800
NBN: NHMSYS0000530165
NCBI: 8895
WoRMS: 212734
Xeno-canto: Apus-apus
Authority control
GND: 4221212-1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_swift&oldid=849355332"
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Indian honorifics
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Indian honorifics are honorific titles or appendices to names used in India, covering formal and informal social, commercial, and religious relationships. These may take the form of prefixes, suffixes or replacements.
Contents
[hide]
1 Prefix type
2 In Hinduism
3 Replacement type
4 Suffix type
5 Honorifics
6 Influence of Indian honorifics on other Asian cultures
7 See also
8 References
Prefix type[edit]
The most common honorifics in India are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject. Honorifics which can be used of any adult of the appropriate sex include '"Sri"' (also written as Shri), "'Smt'" and '"Kum"'.[citation needed]
Sri (Sanskrit: श्री॰; also Sree, Shri, Shree, Siri or Seri) is the most commonly used honorific for men. The title is derived from the Sanskrit श्रीमन्, "śrīman", and is akin to the English term "Mister".
Unmarried women bear the title Kum (कुमारी, read as kumārī) as they would the English "Miss", while married women employ Smt (श्रीमती, read as śrīmatī), the equivalent of "Mrs".
Thiru (Tamil: திரு is the most commonly used honorific for men in Tamil and is akin to the English term "Mister", while boys are called ""செல்வன்"", read as selvan.
Unmarried Women, Girls employ ""செல்வி"" (Tamil, read as "Selvi" Married women employ Tmd (திருமதி, read as thirumadhi), the equivalent of "Mrs".
In Hinduism[edit]
Pt: (Pandit) for priests in Hindu Temples or the Maestro of some skills (i.e. music/art/literature).
Shri: (Shriman) for men, similar to Mr. in English.
Smt: (Shrimati) for married women, similar to Mrs. in English.
Su/Ku: (Sushri or Kumari) for unmarried women, similar to Miss. in English.
Replacement type[edit]
Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as "Bhavān" (Sanskrit: भवान्) or "Bhavatī" (Sanskrit: भवती),"Seth", "Sethji", "Sethaani" (fem.).
Baba and Babaji mean "Father", and denote very great respect, usually also indicating the bearer's spiritual mastery.
Swami and Goswami are titles for monks and nuns, i.e. those who have enter the path of sannyasa or renunciation.
In Hinduism, paṇḍit is a title given to a scholar or teacher, particularly one skilled in Sanskrit and Hindu law, religion, music or philosophy. It is thus the origin of the English word pundit, which carries a somewhat similar connotation of learnedness.
Janab (Hindi: जनाब janāb) is sometimes used for the word "Mister" in Hindi. It is derived from Persian.
Sahib pronounced sahb, is used in North Indian languages for Sir. It is ultimately from Arabic.
Dangoria (Assamese: ডাঙৰীয়া dangoria) is used in Assamese. It is from dangor (ডাঙৰ) which directly translates to mean "big" in Assamese but is used commonly as an honorific for elderly male members holding a certain position in the society like that of a village headman or a Gaon Panchayat member or someone of an honorary repute.
Suffix type[edit]
-ji is the traditional honorific suffix in the Indo-Aryan languages of northern, western and central India. If is mainly used by the adherents of Indian-origin Dharma religions (such as Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists). Usage, someone named as Yash Dhillon could be called as Yash ji (usage with first name) or Dhillon ji (usage with surname). Another example of M.K. Gandhi, known outside India by the title Mahatma, was also often referred to as "Gandhi-ji" and "Bapu-ji".
Honorifics[edit]
Acharya
Amma
Ayya
Baba
Babu
Begum
Chhatrapati
Chakraborty
Shukul
Chowdhury
Dastur / Dastoor
Dangoria
Deshmukh
Gain / Gayen
Garu
Guru
Hazrat or Hadrat / Hadhrat
Jagirdar
Khan
Maharaj
Mahātmā
Maharishi, Maharshi
Mankari[1]
Mirza
Patil
Pandit
Raja
Rai (title)
Raj
Rishi
Sahib
Sardar
Satguru, Sadguru
Seth (suffix denoting a man's wealth)
Sri (also Shri, Shree)
Shrimati
Swami
Ustad
Thakur
Influence of Indian honorifics on other Asian cultures[edit]
Historically much of South and Southeast Asia was influenced by India. As a result, Ancient Indian Sanskrit-origin Hindu-Buddhist honorifics have had a profound impact on the Malay styles and titles, Thai royal and noble titles, Filipino styles and honorifics, Indonesian honorifics and Sri Lankan Sinhalese honorifics along with honorifics in Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.
See also[edit]
India portal
Sikh titles
Maratha titles
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Honorifics by language
Canadian
Chinese
English
French
German
Hokkien
Indian
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Sinhala
Slavic
Tamil
Thai
References[edit]
Jump up ^ T.N. Madan (1982). Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont (1st ed.). Institute of Economic Growth. p. 129. ISBN 81-208-0527-5.

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List of river borders of U.S. states
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Because of its unique history, many of the boundaries of the political divisions of the United States were artificially constructed (rather than being permitted to evolve and drawn using natural features of the landscape). Therefore, many U.S. states have straight lines as boundaries, especially in the West. However, there are a number of states, particularly in the Midwest, North and South with at least partial river borders.
Map of US river/waterway state borders(highlighted).
The rule of the thread of the channel and its exceptions[edit]
Typically the boundary is the "thread of the channel", under a rule that the United States inherited from England, where it applies to boundaries between counties.[citation needed] There are at least four exceptions, where the boundary is one bank of the river rather than the thread of the channel:
The boundary between New Hampshire and Vermont is the west bank of the Connecticut River. This was established as the eastern boundary of New York by a grant of King Charles II in 1664. It was disregarded by Governor Benning Wentworth of New Hampshire, who treated the New Hampshire Grants west of the river as a de facto part of New Hampshire during the years 1649–1764, but King George III put an end to that in 1764. In August 1781 the Continental Congress decided it would recognize the then largely unrecognized state of Vermont, which had been organized in defiance of New York, on condition that Vermont would agree to certain boundaries. In 1782, the legislature of Vermont agreed, but nonetheless Vermont was not admitted to the Union until 1791. In 1933, citing the 1782 legislation, the United States Supreme Court denied the petition from the state of Vermont to make the boundary the thread of the channel.
The boundary between Kentucky and the three states to its north – Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois – is the north bank of the Ohio river. In 1763, Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, whose North American theater was called the French and Indian War. At that time Canada, which had been a French colony, became a British colony, and Parliament made the north bank of the Ohio the southern boundary of Canada. The river was thus included in the district of Kentucky, which was then a part of Virginia until it became a separate state in 1792.[citation needed]
The boundary between Delaware and New Jersey north of 39° 30' north latitude is the east bank of the Delaware River.[citation needed]
The boundary between Delaware and New Jersey, south of a certain point, is the west bank of the Delaware River rather than the thread of the channel.
The boundary between Maryland and Virginia is the south bank of the Potomac River. This also applies both to the border between Maryland and West Virginia (from Harper's Ferry to the source of the Potomac near the Fairfax Stone) since the latter was at one point part of Virginia, and to the border between Virginia and Washington, D.C. since the capital was established from a section of Maryland property.
List of river borders[edit]
Arthur Kill: New Jersey, New York (tidal strait)
Big Sandy River: Kentucky, West Virginia
Big Sioux River: South Dakota, Iowa
Blackwater River: Virginia, North Carolina
Bois de Sioux River: South Dakota, Minnesota, North Dakota
Brule River: Michigan, Wisconsin
Byram River: Connecticut, New York
Catawba River: North Carolina, South Carolina
Chattahoochee River: Alabama, Georgia
Chattooga River: Georgia, South Carolina
Colorado River: Arizona, Nevada, California, Baja California
Columbia River: Washington, Oregon
Connecticut River: New Hampshire, Vermont
Delaware River: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware
Des Moines River: Iowa, Missouri
Detroit River: Michigan, Ontario
Great Miami River (mouth only): Ohio, Indiana
Halls Stream: New Hampshire, Quebec
Hudson River (lower part only): New Jersey, New York
Kill Van Kull: New Jersey, New York (tidal strait)
Menominee River: Michigan, Wisconsin
Mississippi River: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana
Missouri River: South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas
Montreal River: Michigan (Upper Peninsula), Wisconsin
Niagara River: New York, Ontario
Ohio River: Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, West Virginia
Palmer River: Rhode Island, Massachusetts
Pawcatuck River: Connecticut, Rhode Island
Pearl River: Mississippi, Louisiana
Perdido River: Florida, Alabama
Pigeon River: Minnesota, Ontario
Pine River: Minnesota, Ontario
Piscataqua River: Maine, New Hampshire
Pocomoke River: Maryland, Virginia
Poteau River: Arkansas, Oklahoma
Potomac River: Maryland, Virginia, D.C., West Virginia
Poultney River: Vermont, New York
Rainy River: Minnesota, Ontario
Red River of the North: North Dakota, Minnesota
Red River of the South: Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas
Rio Grande: New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
Runnins River: Rhode Island, Massachusetts
Sabine River: Texas, Louisiana
St. Clair River: Michigan, Ontario
St. Croix River (Maine-New Brunswick): Maine, New Brunswick
St. Croix River (Wisconsin-Minnesota): Minnesota, Wisconsin
St. Francis River (Missouri-Arkansas): Arkansas, Missouri
St. Francis River (Quebec-Maine): Maine, Quebec
St. John River: Maine, New Brunswick
St. Lawrence River: New York, Ontario
St. Louis River: Minnesota, Wisconsin
St. Marys River (Florida-Georgia): Florida, Georgia
St. Marys River (Michigan-Ontario): Michigan, Ontario
Salmon Falls River: New Hampshire, Maine
Savannah River: South Carolina, Georgia
Snake River: Idaho, Washington, Oregon
Tennessee River: Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama
Tug Fork River: Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia
Tugaloo River: Georgia, South Carolina
Wabash River: Illinois, Indiana
The course of the Charles River was used to indirectly define the border between Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The Merrimack River defines part of the border between Massachusetts and New Hampshire, which runs parallel to the river, three miles north of it (see Northern boundary of Massachusetts.)
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