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Stockholm syndrome
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For other uses, see Stockholm syndrome (disambiguation).
The location where the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery took place in Stockholm, Sweden (photographed in 2005)
Stockholm syndrome is a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity.[1] These alliances, resulting from a bond formed between captor and captives during intimate time spent together, are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims. The FBI's Hostage Barricade Database System and Law Enforcement Bulletin shows that roughly 8% of victims show evidence of Stockholm syndrome.[2][3]
This term was first used by foreign media in 1973 as eponym when four hostages were taken during a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden. The hostages defended their captors after being released and would not agree to testify in court against them.[4] Stockholm syndrome is ostensibly paradoxical because the sympathetic sentiments captives feel towards their captors are the opposite of the fear and disdain an onlooker may feel towards the captors.
There are four key components that generally lead to the development of Stockholm syndrome:
A hostage's development of positive feelings towards their captor
No previous hostage-captor relationship
A refusal by hostages to co-operate with police forces and other government authorities
A hostage's belief in the humanity of their captor, for the reason that when a victim holds the same values as the aggressor, they cease to be perceived as a threat.[2]
Stockholm syndrome is considered a "contested illness", due to many law enforcement officers' doubt about the legitimacy of the condition.[4] Stockholm syndrome has also come to describe the reactions of some abuse victims beyond the context of kidnappings or hostage-taking. Actions and attitudes similar to those suffering from Stockholm syndrome have also been found in victims of sexual abuse, human trafficking, discrimination, terror, and political and religious oppression.[4]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Stockholm bank robbery
1.2 Other famous examples
1.2.1 Mary McElroy
1.2.2 Natascha Kampusch
1.2.3 Patty Hearst
1.2.4 Colleen Stan
1.3 Sexual abuse victims
1.4 Lima syndrome
2 Symptoms and behaviours
2.1 Physical and psychological effects
2.2 Coping mechanism
2.2.1 Possible evolutionary explanations
2.2.2 Loving to survive
2.3 Recovery
3 Criticism
3.1 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM5, 2013)
3.2 Namnyak, Tufton, Szekely, Toal, Worboys and Sampson (2008)
3.3 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1999)
3.4 Robbins and Anthony (1982)
3.5 Victims
4 In popular culture
4.1 Films and television
4.2 Other media
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Stockholm bank robbery[edit]
Main article: Norrmalmstorg robbery
In 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson, a convict on parole, took four employees of the bank (three women and one man) hostage during a failed bank robbery in Kreditbanken, one of the largest banks in Stockholm, Sweden. He negotiated the release from prison of his friend Clark Olofsson to assist him. They held the hostages captive for six days (23–28 August) in one of the bank’s vaults. When they were released, none of them would testify against either captor in court; instead they began raising money for their defense.[4]
Nils Bejerot, a Swedish criminologist and psychiatrist coined the term after Stockholm police asked him for assistance with analyzing the victims' reactions to the 1973 bank robbery and their status as hostages. As the idea of brainwashing was not a new concept, Bejerot, speaking on "a news cast after the captives' release" instinctively reduced the hostages' reactions to a result of being brainwashed by their captors.[4] He called it Norrmalmstorgssyndromet, meaning "The Norrmalmstorg Syndrome"; it later became known outside of Sweden as the Stockholm syndrome.[5] It was originally defined by psychiatrist Frank Ochberg to aid the management of hostage situations.[6]
Olsson later said in an interview:
It was the hostages' fault. They did everything I told them to. If they hadn't, I might not be here now. Why didn't any of them attack me? They made it hard to kill. They made us go on living together day after day, like goats, in that filth. There was nothing to do but get to know each other.[7]
Other famous examples[edit]
Mary McElroy[edit]
Mary McElroy was abducted from her home at age 25 by four men who held a gun to her, demanded her compliance, took her to an abandoned farmhouse, and chained her to a wall. She defended her kidnappers when she was released, explaining that they were only businessmen. She then continued to visit her captors while they were in jail. She eventually committed suicide and left the following note: “My four kidnappers are probably the only people on Earth who don't consider me an utter fool. You have your death penalty now – so, please, give them a chance."[8]
Natascha Kampusch[edit]
Natascha Kampusch was kidnapped at age ten and kept in an insulated, dark room under the garage of Wolfgang Priklopil. She would receive a variation of kind, physically and sexually abusive, controlling, and permissive treatment from her captor. Eight years after her kidnapping, Natascha left and Priklopil committed suicide. After her kidnapper's death, Natascha lamented and kept a picture of him in her wallet.[citation needed]
Kampusch now owns the house in which she was imprisoned, saying, "I know it's grotesque – I must now pay for electricity, water and taxes on a house I never wanted to live in". It was reported that she claimed the house from Přiklopil's estate because she wanted to protect it from vandals and being torn down; she also noted that she has visited it since her escape.[9] When the third anniversary of her escape approached, it was revealed she had become a regular visitor at the property and was cleaning it out possibly to move in herself.[10]
In January 2010, Kampusch said she had retained the house because it was such a big part of her formative years, also stating that she would fill in the cellar if it is ever sold, adamant that it will never become a macabre museum to her lost adolescence.[11] The cellar was indeed filled in, though Kampusch still owns the house.[12]
Patty Hearst[edit]
Patty Hearst, the granddaughter of publisher William Randolph Hearst, was taken and held hostage by the Symbionese Liberation Army, "an urban guerilla group", in 1974. She was recorded denouncing her family as well as the police under her new name, "Tania", and was later seen working with the SLA to rob banks in San Francisco. She publicly asserted her sympathetic feelings towards the SLA and their pursuits as well. After her 1975 arrest, pleading Stockholm syndrome did not work as a proper defense in court, much to the chagrin of her defense lawyer, F. Lee Bailey. Her seven-year prison sentence was later commuted, and she was eventually presidentially pardoned by Bill Clinton, who was informed that she was not acting under her own free will.[4]
Colleen Stan[edit]
In 1977, Colleen Stan was hitchhiking to visit a friend in southern California when she was kidnapped by Cameron Hooker and his wife Janice and forced to live in a wooden restraining box underneath their bed. For seven years she was repeatedly raped and tortured by Cameron and forced to live life as a sort of domestic/sex slave. Even though she was allowed to socialize with Janice and even visit her mother, she still continued to live in the box and did not attempt to escape. She was eventually freed by Janice, who asked Stan to not disclose her abuse as Janice was attempting to reform Cameron. Stan remained silent until Janice finally decided to turn Cameron over to the police.[13]
Sexual abuse victims[edit]
There is evidence that some victims of childhood sexual abuse come to feel a connection with their abuser. They often feel flattered by the adult attention or are afraid that disclosure will create family disruption. In adulthood, they resist disclosure for emotional and personal reasons.[14]
Lima syndrome[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018)
A similar form of Stockholm syndrome called Lima syndrome has been proposed, in which abductors develop sympathy for their hostages. An abductor may also have second thoughts or experience empathy towards their victims.
Lima syndrome was named after an abduction at the Japanese embassy in Lima, Peru, in 1996, when members of a militant movement took hostage hundreds of people attending a party at the official residence of Japan's ambassador. Within a few hours, the abductors had set free most of the hostages, including the most valuable ones, because of sympathy towards them.[15][16]
Symptoms and behaviours[edit]
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Victims of the formal definition of Stockholm syndrome develop "positive feelings toward their captors and sympathy for their causes and goals, and negative feelings toward the police or authorities".[4] These symptoms often follow escaped victims back into their previously ordinary lives.[17]
Physical and psychological effects[edit]
Cognitive: confusion, blurred memory, refusal to accept the reality of events and recurring flashbacks.
Emotional: lack of feeling, fear, helplessness, hopelessness, aggression, depression, guilt, dependence on captor and development of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Social: anxiety, irritability, cautiousness and estrangement.
Physical: increase in effects of pre-existing conditions; development of health conditions due to possible restriction from food, sleep, and exposure to outdoors.[18]
Coping mechanism[edit]
From a psychoanalytic lens, it can be argued that Stockholm syndrome arises strictly as a result of survival instincts. Strentz states, "the victim’s need to survive is stronger than his impulse to hate the person who has created the dilemma." A positive emotional bond between captor and captive is a "defense mechanism of the ego under stress".[4] These sentimental feelings are not strictly for show, however. Since captives often fear that their affection will be perceived as fake, they eventually begin to believe that their positive sentiments are genuine. The conception of Stockholm syndrome has grown to include victims of kidnappings or hostage instances, domestic or child abuse, human trafficking, incest, prisoners of war, political terrorism, cult members, concentration camp prisoners, slaves, and prostitutes.[4] It is believed that women are especially prone to developing the condition.[19]
Typically, Stockholm syndrome develops in captives when they engage in "face-to-face contact" with their captors, and when captors make captives doubt the likelihood of their survival by terrorizing them into "helpless, powerless, and submissive" states. This enables captors to appear merciful when they perform acts of kindness or fail to "beat, abuse, or rape" the victims.[4] Ideas like "dominance hierarchies and submission strategies" assist in devising explanations for the illogical reasoning behind the symptoms of those suffering from Stockholm syndrome as a result of any oppressive relationship.[19] Partial activation of the capture-bonding psychological trait may lie behind battered woman syndrome,[20] military basic training, fraternity hazing, and sex practices such as sadism/masochism or bondage/discipline.[21]
Possible evolutionary explanations[edit]
Evolutionarily speaking, research evidence exists to support the genuine scientific nature of Stockholm syndrome. Responses similar to those in human captives have been detected in some reptiles and mammals, primates in particular. Abuse and subsequent submission and appeasement by the victim have been observed among chimpanzees, leading to the theory that the Stockholm syndrome may have its roots in evolutionary needs.[22]
Life in the "environment of evolutionary adaptiveness" (EEA) is thought by researchers such as Israeli military historian Azar Gat to be similar to that of the few remaining hunter-gatherer societies, who asserts that war and abductions were typical of human pre-history.[10 Being captured by neighbouring tribes was a relatively common event for women. In some of those tribes (Yanomamo, for instance), practically everyone in the tribe is descended from a captive within the last three generations. As high as one in ten of females were abducted and incorporated into the tribe that captured them.[15]Being captured[11] and having their children killed may have been common;[12] women who resisted capture risked being killed.[13] When selection is intense and persistent, adaptive traits (such as capture-bonding) become universal to the population or species.
Loving to survive[edit]
First published in 1994, author Dee Graham uses the Stockholm syndrome label to describe group or collective responses to trauma, rather than individual reactions. Graham focuses specifically on the impact of Stockholm syndrome on battered and abused women as a community.[23][4]She claimed that in both the psychological and societal senses, these women are defined by their sense of fear surrounding the threat of male violence. This constant fear is what drives these women to perform actions that they know will be pleasing to men in order to avoid emotional, physical, or sexual assault as a result of male anger. Graham draws parallels between women and kidnapping victims in the sense that these women bond to men to survive, as captives bond to their captors to survive.[4]
Recovery[edit]
Recovering from Stockholm syndrome ordinarily involves "psychiatric or psychological counseling," where the patient is helped to realize that their actions and feelings stemmed from inherent human survival techniques. The process of recovery includes reinstating normalcy into the lives of victims, including helping the victim learn how to decrease their survival-driven behaviors.[9][19]
Criticism[edit]
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM5, 2013)[edit]
This book is widely used as the "classification system for psychological disorders" by the American Psychiatric Association.[4] Stockholm syndrome has not historically appeared in the manual, as many believe it falls under posttraumatic stress disorder. Before the fifth edition (DSM5) was released, Stockholm syndrome was under consideration to be included under 'Disorders of Extreme Stress, Not Otherwise Specified'.[4] The work was updated in 2013, but Stockholm syndrome was not present.[24]
Namnyak, Tufton, Szekely, Toal, Worboys and Sampson (2008)[edit]
Researchers have found that although there is a lot of media coverage of Stockholm syndrome, there has not been a lot of professional research into the phenomena. What little research has been done is often contradictory and does not always agree on what Stockholm syndrome is. The term has grown beyond kidnappings to all kinds of abuse. Also, there is no clear definition of symptoms to ‘diagnose’ the ‘syndrome’.[25]
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin (1999)[edit]
A report by the FBI found that only 8% of kidnapping victims showed signs of Stockholm syndrome. The sensational nature of dramatic cases causes the public to perceive this phenomenon as the rule rather than the exception. For Stockholm syndrome to happen, FBI researchers have identified three key factors: the passage of time, continual contact, and small acts of kindness without direct and persistent abuse.[3]
Robbins and Anthony (1982)[edit]
Robbins and Anthony, who had historically studied a condition similar to Stockholm syndrome, known as destructive cult disorder, observed in their 1982 study that the 1970s were rich with apprehension surrounding the potential risks of brainwashing. They assert that brainwashing’s media attention during this time resulted in the fluid reception of Stockholm syndrome as a psychological condition.[26]
Victims[edit]
It is possible that the label Stockholm syndrome is used too freely in cases in which it may not apply. Elizabeth Smart has been held as a classic example of Stockholm syndrome; however, she denies that she ever had any emotional attachment to her abusers. Although she chose not to run away when she had the chance, she emphasized that the threats from her captors to her and her family, and the direct presence of her captors influenced her decision to stay. Once freed from her captors, she gladly reunited with her family and felt no empathy for her abusers.[27]
In popular culture[edit]
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Films and television[edit]
In the 1977 TV series Lou Grant, episode Hostages. The hostage negotiator mentions Stockholm syndrome to Lou when hostage Carla Mardigian goes back after hostage taker lets her go to the toilet.
In the opening sequence of Never Say Never Again (1983), James Bond is "killed" in a training exercise by a prisoner he has released, since he doesn't anticipate that she might be suffering from Stockholm syndrome. This condition is also mentioned in The World is Not Enough, where Bond accuses Elektra King of having romantic feelings for her captor, Renard.
In Die Hard (1988), a book author, Dr. Hasseldorf, expresses his view that "by this time, the hostages should be going through the early stages of the Helsinki syndrome," an error compounded by news reporter Harvey Johnson's reply of "As in Helsinki, Sweden."
In Babylon 5's 8th episode of Season 4, The Illusion of Truth (1997), Dr. Indiri states that Sheridan is suffering from Helsinki syndrome.
In the animated series Black Lagoon, it is often contemplated by the protagonist whether or not he has Stockholm syndrome after he joins the pirates as a former hostage.
In the second episode of Series XII of Red Dwarf, Siliconia (2017), the leader of the Mechanoid Intergalactic Liberation Front known as Wind suggests to Kryten that he is suffering from Stockholm syndrome based on his professed affection for his shipmates despite his seeming servitude.
In the Spanish TV series Money Heist (Casa de Papel, 2017), all of the captors are nicknamed for cities -- Tokyo, Berlin, etc. One of the hostages falls in love with one of the captors and joins them, earning her the nickname Stockholm.
Other media[edit]
In music, many bands have published songs titled "Stockholm Syndrome", such as Yo La Tengo, blink-182, Muse, and One Direction.
In the video game Payday 2, there is an available skill in the "Mastermind" tree called Stockholm Syndrome, which gives civilians (who are typically held hostage if not freed by police units or left unattended long enough) a chance to revive downed players and give them more weapon ammunition.
See also[edit]
Atlas personality
Attachment theory
Codependency
Cognitive dissonance
Colonial mentality
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
Enmeshment
Patty Hearst
Symptoms of victimization
Traumatic bonding
Uncle Tom syndrome
Psychology portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jameson C (2010). "The Short Step From Love to Hypnosis: A Reconsideration of the Stockholm Syndrome". Journal for Cultural Research. Elsevior. 14.4: 337–355.
^ Jump up to: a b Sundaram CS (2013). "Stockholm Syndrome". Salem Press Encyclopedia – via Research Starters.
^ Jump up to: a b Fuselier GD (July 1999). "Placing the Stockholm Syndrome in Perspective" (PDF). FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. 68: 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Adorjan M, Christensen T, Kelly B, Pawluch D (2012). "Stockholm Syndrome As Vernacular Resource". The Sociological Quarterly. 53 (3): 454–74.
Jump up ^ Bejerot N (1974). "The six day war in Stockholm". New Scientist. 61 (886): 486–487.
Jump up ^ Ochberg F (8 April 2005). "The Ties That Bind Captive to Captor". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Westcott K (22 August 2013). "What is Stockholm syndrome?". BBC News. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
Jump up ^ Bovsun M (11 July 2009). "Justice Story: The lady and her kidnappers". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Kidnap Victim Owns Her House of Horrors". Sky News. 15 May 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kampusch to auction off horror house items – Panorama – Austrian Times". Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Natascha Kampusch: He put me inside the cellar for eight-and-a-half years, preserved alive like an Egyptian pharaoh, Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Abductee Natascha Kampusch speaks out about her 8 years in captivity, YouTube
Jump up ^ Bovsun M (9 March 2014). "Hitchhiker kept as sex slave for seven years as 'Girl in the Box'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
Jump up ^ Jülich S (2005). "Stockholm Syndrome and Child Sexual Abuse". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 14 (3): 107–129.
Jump up ^ Kato N, Kawata M, Pitman RK (2006). PTSD. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-4-431-29566-2.
Jump up ^ Musa T (10 July 1996). "Africa Politics". International Press Service. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
Jump up ^ Giambrone A. "Coping After Captivity". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
Jump up ^ Alexander DA, Klein S (January 2009). "Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (1): 16–21. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347. PMC 2627800. PMID 19147852.
^ Jump up to: a b c Åse C (22 May 2015). "Crisis Narratives and Masculinist Protection". International Feminist Journal of Politics. 17 (4): 595–610. doi:10.1080/14616742.2015.1042296.
Jump up ^ [self-published source] Thims L (2007). Human Chemistry (Volume Two). Lulu.com. pp. 604–605. ISBN 978-1-4303-2840-7.
Jump up ^ Henson K (Summer 2006). "Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War". Mankind Quarterly. The Council for Social and Economic Studies. 46 (4). Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Cantor C, Price J (May 2007). "Traumatic entrapment, appeasement and complex post-traumatic stress disorder: evolutionary perspectives of hostage reactions, domestic abuse and the Stockholm syndrome". The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 41 (5): 377–84. doi:10.1080/00048670701261178. PMID 17464728.
Jump up ^ Graham, Dee L. R. (1994). Loving to Survive (PDF). New York and London: New York University Press.
Jump up ^ American Psychiatry Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
Jump up ^ Namnyak M, Tufton N, Szekely R, Toal M, Worboys S, Sampson EL (January 2008). "'Stockholm syndrome': psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 117 (1): 4–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x. PMID 18028254.
Jump up ^ Young EA (31 December 2012). "The use of the »Brainwashing« Theory by the Anti-cult Movement in the United States of America, pre-1996". Zeitschrift für junge Religionswissenschaft (7). doi:10.4000/zjr.387.
Jump up ^ McLaughlin CM (2015). Fear or Love: Examining Stockholm Syndrome in the Elizabeth Smart Kidnapping case (Bachelor of Science thesis). Salem State University.
External links[edit]
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Academic grading in the Philippines
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Academic grading
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Tertiary schools in the Philippines have different grading systems. Most universities and colleges, particularly those established by the government, follow the grade point system scale of 5.00 to 1.00, in which 1.00 is the highest possible grade and 5.00 is the lowest possible grade.
Some universities may follow the 1.00 – 4.00 grading system, which is patterned after the U.S. grading system. This system uses the 4.00 grade point equivalence as the highest grade, while 1.00 grade point equivalence is considered the lowest possible grade. 0.00 grade point equivalence is considered a failing mark.
GWA (general weighted average) is a representation (often numerical) of the overall scholastic standing of students used for evaluation. GWA is based on the grades in all subjects taken at a particular level including subjects taken outside of the curriculum. Representation of the subjects taken only in a specific curriculum is called CWA, or curriculum weighted average.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Percentage Equivalent (65–99)
2 Grade point scale
3 Letter grade system
4 References
Percentage Equivalent (65–99)[edit]
University Of Baguio Grading Point System
Grade in Percentage Equivalent
Letter Grade *
% Number Equivalent*
Grade point scale[edit]
Far Eastern University Grade Point System
(Effective since A.Y. 2013)[3]
Written Grade
Grade Point Equivalence
Equivalence
Description
A 4.00 95-100% Excellent
B+ 3.50 89 – 94% Very Good
B 3.00 83 – 88% Very Good
C+ 2.50 77 – 82% Good
C 2.00 71 – 76% Satisfactory
D+ 1.50 65 - 70% Satisfactory
D 1.00 60 – 64% Passed
F 0.00 Below 59% Failed
AW 0% Authorized Withdrawal
National University-Manila Grade Point System
[4]
Grade Point Equivalence
Equivalence
Description
4.00 96 – 100% Excellent
3.50 91 – 95% Very Good
3.00 87 – 90% Good
2.50 84 – 86% Above Satisfactory
2.00 81 – 83% Satisfactory
1.50 78 - 80% Fair
1.00 75 – 77% Passed
0.00 Failure Failed
R Repeat Repeat/Failed
DR Officially Dropped Officially Dropped
W Unofficially Dropped Unofficially Dropped
INC Incomplete Incomplete
Silliman University Grade Point System
(Effective since June 1992)
Numerical Grade Point
Equivalent Percentage
Description
4.0, 3.9, 3.8 97 – 100% Excellent
3.7, 3.6, 3.5, 3.4 3.3 93 – 96% Superior
3.2, 3.9, 3.0, 2.9, 2.8 89 – 92% Good
2.7, 2.6, 2.5, 2.4, 2.3 85 – 88% Above Average
2.2, 2.1, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8 81 – 84% Average
1.7, 1.6, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3 77 – 80% Below Average
1.2, 1.1, 1.0 73 – 76% Passing
0.0 72 and below Failure
Adventist University of the Philippines, De La Salle University, De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute & FEU Institute of Technology Grade Point System
Grade Point Equivalence
Description
Equivalence
4.00 Excellent 97% – 100%
3.50 Superior 93% – 96%
3.00 Very Good 89% – 92%
2.50 Good 85% – 88%
2.00 Satisfactory 80% – 84%
1.50 Fair 75% – 79%
1.00 Pass 70% – 74%
0.00 Fail Below 70%
De La Salle University-Manila, De La Salle University-Dasmariñas, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde Latin Honors
Latin Honors
Grade Point Equivalence Range
Summa Cum Laude 3.800 – 4.000
Magna Cum Laude 3.600 – 3.799
Cum Laude 3.400 – 3.599
Other universities, such as the Ateneo de Manila University and its sister schools, use the letter grade system with varied grade equivalence range.
University of Santo Tomas, and Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Latin Honors.
Latin Honors
Grade Point Equivalence Range
Summa Cum Laude 1.00 – 1.20
Magna Cum Laude >1.21 – 1.45
Cum Laude >1.45 – 1.75
University of Santo Tomas Grade Point System
Grade Point Equivalence
Equivalence
Description
1.00 96% – 100% Excellent
1.25 94% – <95% Very Good
1.50 92% – <93% Very Good
1.75 89% – <91% Good
2.00 87% – <88% Good
2.25 84% – <86% Good
2.50 82% – <83% Fair
2.75 79% – <81% Fair
3.00 75% – <78% Pass
5.00 Below 75% Failure
INC Incomplete
FA Failure due to Absences
WP Withdrew with Permission
WF Withdrew without Permission (Failure)
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law and Faculty of Medicine and Surgery Latin Honors
Latin Honors
Grade Point Equivalence Range
Equivalence
Summa Cum Laude 1.00 – 1.50 92% and above
Magna Cum Laude 1.51 – 1.85 88.5% to 91.9%
Cum Laude 1.86 – 2.10 86% to 88.4%
Prerequisite for UST's Latin Honors or Dean's Lister distinction are the following: QPI should be at least 86%, no grade below 80% for any subject in the given semester, and the student should obtain a good moral character.
San Beda University Grade Point System
(Effective since AY 2011-2012)
Grade Point Equivalence
Equivalence
Description
1.00 97% – 100% Excellent
1.25 92% – 96% Very Good
1.50 87% - 91% Very Good
1.75 82% - 86% Good
2.00 77% – 81% Good
2.25 72% – 76% Good
2.50 68% – 71% Fair
2.75 64% – 67% Fair
3.00 60% - 63% Pass
5.00 Below 60% Failure
INC Incomplete (No Final Examination)
EXM Exempted from NSTP
DV Withdrew with Permission
DF Withdrew without Permission (Failure)
The Grading System of San Beda University is zero-based in nature which implies no transmutations are to be made.
Letter grade system[edit]
Ateneo de Davao University Letter Grade System
Quality Point Equivalence
Letter Grade Equivalence
% Equivalence
4.0 A 92% – 100%
3.5 B+ 88% – 91%
3.0 B 84% – 85%
2.5 C+ 80% – 83%
2.0 C 76% – 79%
1.0 D 72% – 75%
0.0 F 71% and lower
Ateneo de Manila University Letter Grade System
Grade Point Equivalence
Letter Grade Equivalence
% Equivalence
4.0 A 92% – 100%
3.5 B+ 87% – 91%
3.0 B 83% – 86%
2.5 C+ 79% – 82%
2.0 C 75% – 78%
1.0 D 70% – 74%
0.0 F below 70%
Most academic departments in the university follow a grading system with the 70% passing grade. Some departments, such as the Department of Finance and Accounting and departments from the Ateneo School of Science and Engineering follow a 50% or 60% passing grade.
Ateneo de Manila University Latin Honors
Latin Honors
Grade Point Equivalence Range
Summa Cum Laude 3.87 – 4.00
Magna Cum Laude 3.70 – 3.86
Cum Laude 3.50 – 3.69
More importantly, Philippine universities do not have standard grade equivalence. Different universities have varied equivalence range, while passing grades are subject to imposed academic quality of an institution.
International School Manila Letter Grade System
Grade Point Equivalence
Letter Grade Equivalence
% Equivalence
4.0 A 94% – 100%
3.7 A− 90% – 93%
3.3 B+ 87% – 89%
3.0 B 83% – 86%
2.7 B− 80% – 82%
2.3 C+ 77% – 79%
2.0 C 73% – 76%
1.7 C− 70% – 72%
1.3 D+ 67% – 69%
1.0 D 63% – 66%
0.7 D− 60% – 62%
0.0 F below 60%
References[edit]
Jump up ^ - Learning Styles in the University of the Philippines College of Medicine[permanent dead link]. Accessed February 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://ovcaa.upd.edu.ph/UPD_FACULTY_MANUAL_2003.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.feu.edu.ph/manila/index.php/system-of-grading/
Jump up ^ http://www.national-u.edu.ph/
[hide]
v
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e
Academic grading in Asia
Sovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
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limited recognition
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Northern Cyprus
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British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_grading_in_the_Philippines&oldid=838320391"
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