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Toxicity
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"Toxic" redirects here. For other uses, see Toxic (disambiguation).
Toxicity
The skull and crossbones is a common symbol for toxicity.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10
T65.9
[edit on Wikidata]
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.[1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). By extension, the word may be metaphorically used to describe toxic effects on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large. Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with poisoning in everyday usage.
A central concept of toxicology is that the effects of a toxicant are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer paradigms and metrics are evolving to bypass animal testing, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
2 Measuring
3 Classification
3.1 Health hazards
3.1.1 Acute toxicity
3.1.2 Other methods of exposure and severity
3.1.3 Other categories
3.2 Environmental hazards
3.2.1 Common types of environmental hazards
3.2.2 Occupational hazards
3.2.2.1 Hazards for small businesses
3.2.2.2 Hazards from medical waste and prescription disposal
3.2.2.3 Hazards in the arts
3.2.3 Mapping environmental hazards
3.2.4 Aquatic toxicity
4 Factors influencing toxicity
5 Etymology
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Types[edit]
There are generally four types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, physical and radiation:
Chemical toxicants include inorganic substances such as, lead, mercury, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas, and organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things. While some weakly radioactive substances, such as uranium, are also chemical toxicants, more strongly radioactive materials like radium are not, their harmful effects (radiation poisoning) being caused by the ionizing radiation produced by the substance rather than chemical interactions with the substance itself.
Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense, but are generally called pathogens rather than toxicants. The biological toxicity of pathogens can be difficult to measure because the "threshold dose" may be a single organism. Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious infection. However, in a host with an intact immune system the inherent toxicity of the organism is balanced by the host's ability to fight back; the effective toxicity is then a combination of both parts of the relationship. In some cases, e.g. cholera, the disease is chiefly caused by a nonliving substance secreted by the organism, rather than the organism itself. Such nonliving biological toxicants are generally called toxins if produced by a microorganism, plant, or fungus, and venoms if produced by an animal.
Physical toxicants are substances that, due to their physical nature, interfere with biological processes. Examples include coal dust, asbestos fibers or finely divided silicon dioxide, all of which can ultimately be fatal if inhaled. Corrosive chemicals possess physical toxicity because they destroy tissues, but they're not directly poisonous unless they interfere directly with biological activity. Water can act as a physical toxicant if taken in extremely high doses because the concentration of vital ions decreases dramatically if there's too much water in the body. Asphyxiant gases can be considered physical toxicants because they act by displacing oxygen in the environment but they are inert, not chemically toxic gases.
As already mentioned, radiation can have a toxic effect on organisms.[3]
Measuring[edit]
Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance, a population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a given individual in a population. One such measure is the LD50. When such data does not exist, estimates are made by comparison to known similar toxic things, or to similar exposures in similar organisms. Then, "safety factors" are added to account for uncertainties in data and evaluation processes. For example, if a dose of a toxic substance is safe for a laboratory rat, one might assume that one tenth that dose would be safe for a human, allowing a safety factor of 10 to allow for interspecies differences between two mammals; if the data are from fish, one might use a factor of 100 to account for the greater difference between two chordate classes (fish and mammals). Similarly, an extra protection factor may be used for individuals believed to be more susceptible to toxic effects such as in pregnancy or with certain diseases. Or, a newly synthesized and previously unstudied chemical that is believed to be very similar in effect to another compound could be assigned an additional protection factor of 10 to account for possible differences in effects that are probably much smaller. Obviously, this approach is very approximate; but such protection factors are deliberately very conservative, and the method has been found to be useful in a deep variety of applications.
Assessing all aspects of the toxicity of cancer-causing agents involves additional issues, since it is not certain if there is a minimal effective dose for carcinogens, or whether the risk is just too small to see. In addition, it is possible that a single cell transformed into a cancer cell is all it takes to develop the full effect (the "one hit" theory).
It is more difficult to determine the toxicity of chemical mixtures than a pure chemical, because each component displays its own toxicity, and components may interact to produce enhanced or diminished effects. Common mixtures include gasoline, cigarette smoke, and industrial waste. Even more complex are situations with more than one type of toxic entity, such as the discharge from a malfunctioning sewage treatment plant, with both chemical and biological agents.
The preclinical toxicity testing on various biological systems reveals the species-, organ- and dose- specific toxic effects of an investigational product. The toxicity of substances can be observed by (a) studying the accidental exposures to a substance (b) in vitro studies using cells/ cell lines (c) in vivo exposure on experimental animals. Toxicity tests are mostly used to examine specific adverse events or specific end points such as cancer, cardiotoxicity, and skin/eye irritation. Toxicity testing also helps calculate the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) dose and is helpful for clinical studies.[4]
Classification[edit]
The international pictogram for toxic chemicals.
For substances to be regulated and handled appropriately they must be properly classified and labelled. Classification is determined by approved testing measures or calculations and have determined cut-off levels set by governments and scientists (for example, no-observed-adverse-effect levels, threshold limit values, and tolerable daily intake levels). Pesticides provide the example of well-established toxicity class systems and toxicity labels. While currently many countries have different regulations regarding the types of tests, numbers of tests and cut-off levels, the implementation of the Globally Harmonized System[5][6] has begun unifying these countries.
Global classification looks at three areas: Physical Hazards (explosions and pyrotechnics),[7] Health Hazards[8] and environmental hazards.[9]
Health hazards[edit]
The types of toxicities where substances may cause lethality to the entire body, lethality to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer. These are globally accepted definitions of what toxicity is.[8] Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant.
Acute toxicity[edit]
Main article: Acute toxicity
See also: Lethal dose
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Acute toxicity looks at lethal effects following oral, dermal or inhalation exposure. It is split into five categories of severity where Category 1 requires the least amount of exposure to be lethal and Category 5 requires the most exposure to be lethal. The table below shows the upper limits for each category.
Method of administration
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
Oral: LD50 measured in mg/kg of bodyweight 5 50 300 2 000 5 000
Dermal: LD50 measured in mg/kg of bodyweight 50 200 1 000 2 000 5 000
Gas Inhalation: LC50 measured in ppmV 100 500 2 500 20 000 Undefined
Vapour Inhalation: LC50 measured in mg/L 0.5 2.0 10 20 Undefined
Dust and Mist Inhalation: LC50 measured in mg/L 0.05 0.5 1.0 5.0 Undefined
Note: The undefined values are expected to be roughly equivalent to the category 5 values for oral and dermal administration.[citation needed]
Other methods of exposure and severity[edit]
Patch test
Skin corrosion and irritation are determined though a skin patch test analysis. This examines the severity of the damage done; when it is incurred and how long it remains; whether it is reversible and how many test subjects were affected.
Skin corrosion from a substance must penetrate through the epidermis into the dermis within four hours of application and must not reverse the damage within 14 days. Skin irritation shows damage less severe than corrosion if: the damage occurs within 72 hours of application; or for three consecutive days after application within a 14-day period; or causes inflammation which lasts for 14 days in two test subjects. Mild skin irritation minor damage (less severe than irritation) within 72 hours of application or for three consecutive days after application.
Serious eye damage involves tissue damage or degradation of vision which does not fully reverse in 21 days. Eye irritation involves changes to the eye which do fully reverse within 21 days.
Other categories[edit]
Respiratory sensitizers cause breathing hypersensitivity when the substance is inhaled.
A substance which is a skin sensitizer causes an allergic response from a dermal application.
Carcinogens induce cancer, or increase the likelihood of cancer occurring.
Reproductively toxic substances cause adverse effects in either sexual function or fertility to either a parent or the offspring.
Specific-target organ toxins damage only specific organs.
Aspiration hazards are solids or liquids which can cause damage through inhalation.
Environmental hazards[edit]
An Environmental hazard can be defined as any condition, process, or state adversely affecting the environment. These hazards can be physical or chemical, and present in air, water, and/or soil. These conditions can cause extensive harm to humans and other organisms within an ecosystem.
Common types of environmental hazards[edit]
Water: detergents, fertilizer, raw sewage, prescription medication, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, PCBs
Soil: heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, PCBs
Air: particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, asbestos, ground-level ozone, lead (from aircraft fuel, mining, and industrial processes)[10]
The EPA maintains a list of priority pollutants for testing and regulation.[11]
Occupational hazards[edit]
The expression "Mad as a hatter" and the "Mad Hatter" of the book Alice in Wonderland derive from the known occupational toxicity of hatters who used a toxic chemical for controlling the shape of hats.
Hazards for small businesses[edit]
Hazards from medical waste and prescription disposal[edit]
Hazards in the arts[edit]
Hazards in the arts have been an issue for artists for centuries, even though the toxicity of their tools, methods, and materials was not always adequately realized. Lead and cadmium, among other toxic elements, were often incorporated into the names of artist's oil paints and pigments, for example "lead white" and "cadmium red."
20th century printmakers and other artists began to be aware of the toxic substances, toxic techniques, and toxic fumes in glues, painting mediums, pigments, and solvents, many of which in their labelling gave no indication of their toxicity. An example was the use of xylol for cleaning silk screens. Painters began to notice the dangers of breathing painting mediums and thinners such as turpentine. Aware of toxicants in studios and workshops, in 1998 printmaker Keith Howard published Non-Toxic Intaglio Printmaking which detailed twelve innovative Intaglio-type printmaking techniques including photo etching, digital imaging, acrylic-resist hand-etching methods, and introducing a new method of non-toxic lithography.[12]
Mapping environmental hazards[edit]
There are many environmental health mapping tools. TOXMAP is a Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services[13] of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Toxics Release Inventory and Superfund programs. TOXMAP is a resource funded by the US Federal Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET)[14] and PubMed, and from other authoritative sources.
Aquatic toxicity[edit]
Aquatic toxicity testing subjects key indicator species of fish or crustacea to certain concentrations of a substance in their environment to determine the lethality level. Fish are exposed for 96 hours while crustacea are exposed for 48 hours. While GHS does not define toxicity past 100 mg/l, the EPA currently lists aquatic toxicity as "practically non-toxic" in concentrations greater than 100 ppm.[15]
Exposure
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Acute ≤ 1.0 mg/L ≤ 10 mg/L ≤ 100 mg/L
Chronic ≤ 1.0 mg/L ≤ 10 mg/L ≤ 100 mg/L
Note: A category 4 is established for chronic exposure, but simply contains any toxic substance which is mostly insoluble, or has no data for acute toxicity.
Factors influencing toxicity[edit]
Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors, such as the pathway of administration (whether the toxicant is applied to the skin, ingested, inhaled, injected), the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term), the number of exposures (a single dose or multiple doses over time), the physical form of the toxicant (solid, liquid, gas), the genetic makeup of an individual, an individual's overall health, and many others. Several of the terms used to describe these factors have been included here.
Acute exposure
A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death; acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day.
Chronic exposure
Continuous exposure to a toxicant over an extended period of time, often measured in months or years; it can cause irreversible side effects.
Etymology[edit]
"Toxic" and similar words came from Greek τοξον = "bow (weapon)" via "poisoned arrow", which came to be used for "poison" in scientific language, as the usual Classical Greek word ('ιον) for "poison" would transliterate to "io-", which is not distinctive enough. In some biological names, "toxo-" still means "bow", as in Toxodon = "bow-toothed" from the shape.
See also[edit]
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
Biological activity
Biological warfare
California Proposition 65 (1986)
Carcinogen
Drunkenness
Indicative limit value
List of highly toxic gases
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Mutagen
Hepatotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity
Neurotoxicity
Ototoxicity
Paracelsus
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling.
Poison
Reference dose
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) – toxicity database
Soil contamination
Teratogen
Toxic tort
Toxication
Toxicophore
Toxin
Toxica, a disambiguation page
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Definition of TOXICITY".
Jump up ^ "Toxicity Endpoints & Tests". AltTox.org. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN (March 2004). "Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 195: 298–308. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019. PMID 15020192.
Jump up ^ Parasuraman S. Toxicological screening. J Pharmacol Pharmacother [serial online] 2011 [cited 2013 Oct 12];2:74-9. Available from: http://www.jpharmacol.com/text.asp?2011/2/2/74/81895
Jump up ^ "About the GHS - Transport - UNECE".
Jump up ^ EPA, OCSPP, OPP, US. "Pesticide Labels and GHS: Comparison and Samples". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Transport - Transport - UNECE" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b "Transport - Transport - UNECE" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Transport - Transport - UNECE" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Basic Information about Lead Air Pollution." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Mar. 2017. Web. Beaubier, Jeff, and Barry D. Nussbaum. "Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment." Wiley. N.p., 15 Sept. 2008. Web. "Criteria Air Pollutants." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2 Mar. 2017. Web. “USEPA List of Priority Pollutants." The Environmental Science of Drinking Water (2005): 243–45. EPA, 2014. Web "What Are Some Types of Environmental Hazards?" Reference. IAC Publishing, n.d. Web.
Jump up ^ https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/priority-pollutant-list-epa.pdf
Jump up ^ Keith Howard; et al. (1988). Non-toxic intaglio printmaking / by Keith Howard ; foreword by Monono Rossol. forward by Monona Rossol; contributions from Elizabeth Dove. Grand Prairie, Alberta: Printmaking Resources. ISBN 0-9683541-0-6.
Jump up ^ "Reliable information on K-12 science education, chemistry, toxicology, environmental health, HIV/AIDS, disaster/emergency preparedness and response, and outreach to minority and other specific populations".
Jump up ^ "TOXNET".
Jump up ^ EPA: Ecological risk assessment
External links[edit]
Look up toxicity in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Whole Effluent, Aquatic Toxicity Testing FAQ
TOXMAP Environmental Health e-Maps from the United States National Library of Medicine
Toxseek: meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health
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Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1)
Wizards of Waverly Place season one cast
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
21
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Original release
October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12) – August 31, 2008 (2008-08-31)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes
The first season of Wizards of Waverly Place aired on Disney Channel from October 12, 2007 to August 31, 2008. The season introduces the Russo children, Alex (Selena Gomez), Justin (David Henrie), and Max Russo (Jake T. Austin) as they compete to become the leading wizard in their family. Maria Canals Barrera and David DeLuise star as their parents and Jennifer Stone co-stars as Alex's best friend, Harper Finkle
Guest stars and recurring cast include: Amanda Tepe as Monotone Woman, Skyler Samuels as Gigi Hollingsworth, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Daryl Sabara as T.J. Taylor, Brian Kubach as Riley, Shane Lyons as Manny Kin, Eric Allan Kramer as Coach Gunderson, Chelsea Staub as Kari Langsdorf, Sara Paxton as Millie, Julie Brown as Ms. Angela and Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Premise
3 Theme Song
4 Release
5 Descriptions of the Russo children
6 Cast
7 Episodes
8 References
9 External links
Production[edit]
The series was created and as executive produced by Todd J. Greenwald, who began developing the show after working as a writer and consulting producer during the first season of Hannah Montana. The show is produced by It's a Laugh Productions and Disney Channel Original Productions. The theme song, "Everything Is Not What It Seems", written by John Adair and Steve Hampton, is of techno-pop style and is performed by Selena Gomez. The series is filmed at Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California.
Premise[edit]
Set on Waverly Place in Manhattan, New York's Greenwich Village neighborhood, Wizards of Waverly Place centers on the Italian-Mexican Russo family, which includes Alex (Selena Gomez), her older brother Justin (David Henrie) and their younger brother Max (Jake T. Austin). The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian-American father Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and their Mexican-American mother Theresa, who is a mortal. Alex also has a mortal friend, Harper (Jennifer Stone), who at first does not know the Russos are wizards.
Theme Song[edit]
The theme song begins with Alex (Selena Gomez) waking up in the morning with her alarm clock going off. She uses a spell to make the time 6:30. She then goes into the bathroom where Justin (David Henrie) is looking at himself in the mirror and spitting out mouthwash when Alex pushes him to the side. He gets annoyed and then uses magic to trap her in the mirror. In the kitchen, Max (Jake T. Austin) has an orange which he turns into a vanilla cupcake. Meanwhile, Harper (Jennifer Stone) meets Alex at the front door and shows off her watermelon shirt. Back at the kitchen, Max is about to put his cupcake into his backpack when his mother, Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera), makes him turn it back into an orange. Alex is telling Max to hurry up. In the lair, Jerry (David DeLuise) is talking to someone when his spell book flies away. He then goes to retrieve it. In the sub shop, Alex opens her book bag, which the spell book goes into (meanwhile Harper was distracted not seeing anything). Jerry lectures her as the main title card appears. Then the four friends walk to school. Throughout the sequence, the furniture in the background seems to be moving around.
Release[edit]
The show debuted on Disney Channel on October 12, 2007 after the premiere of Twitches Too, gathering 5.9 million viewers.[1] In February 2009, the episode "Helping Hand" broke the record for the largest audience in the 7:00 PM (Eastern Time) time period on the Disney Channel, with a total of 4.5 million viewers.[2] In January 2010, "Wizards vs. Werewolves" one-hour special episode became the series' most-watched episode with 6.2 million viewers,[3] surpassing the 6 million viewers of "Paint By Committee" episode[4] In 2009, the series was the top scripted telecast for teens between the age of 9–14 (1.63 million/6.7 rating) and second in kids 6–11 (1.81 million/7.4 rating), which was only slightly behind "The Suite Life on Deck" (1.82 million/7.4 rating.)[5]
Descriptions of the Russo children[edit]
Alex is the naughty one, always getting scolded for using magic without permission. She is so desperate to get the "no free-wheeling magic" rule lifted that she at one point gets her classmate, T.J. Taylor, also a wizard, to charm her parents into allowing it. However, this backfires and her parents don't care that they took a trip to Mars and Alex forgot her brother there. Throughout this series, Alex has one main love interest. She has a crush on her classmate, Riley, and at first humiliates herself once her brothers get revenge in front of him, but he puts that aside. Riley appears to return her feelings, as he asks her brother if she ever talks about him. She tells him she's his good luck charm as an attempt to impress him, and uses magic to make him believe her. They begin to date, but Riley soon breaks up with her when she's being paranoid about him looking at other girls. She animates a mannequin, Manny Kin, from a shop and makes Riley jealous, but Manny falls in love with her. She later gets a crush on Brad Sherwood, whose competing against her brother for their principal's attention. She continuously drops hints, but when he doesn't get it, she tries to give him a love potion. It backfires, however, and she drinks both halves, meaning she falls passionately in love with herself. After her brother wins over Brad, Brad asks her out, but Alex realizes she was only a backup, so she rejects him.
Justin is the smart one who always follows the rules, but is willing to accept an alternate approach now and then. He at first has a crush on Miranda (Lucy Hale), a classmate. With a lot of help from his sister, he finally gets his first kiss with her, but they break up soon enough for differences. He then gets a crush on another classmate, Kari Landsdorf, but cannot ask her out as she only dates baseball players. Justin uses magic to join the baseball team and then Kari notices him. When Justin asks her out, he realizes she only sees films about cats. After hearing this, Justin walks away, saying they can wait until a cat movie comes out. However, they never get around to it, as Kari never makes another appearance. When the Sub Station employs Millie, Justin gets a crush on her. When he asks her out, she misunderstands and he's stuck babysitting her cousin while she goes on their date with her boyfriend.
Max is the dimwitted odd one of the family. He has a different approach to things and doesn't understand most things.
Cast[edit]
Selena Gomez as Alex Russo
David Henrie as Justin Russo
Jake T. Austin as Max Russo
Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo
David DeLuise as Jerry Russo
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Wizards of Waverly Place episodes
This season consists of 21 episodes.
Filmed from July 2007 to December 2007.
Wizards of Waverly Place Season 1 episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [6]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [6]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Crazy 10-Minute Sale" Fred Savage Todd J. Greenwald October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12) 102 5.9[1]
Alex wants to go to The Crazy 10-Minute Sale, an annual clothing sale which lasts for ten minutes where every item is very inexpensive in order to get a jacket she wants at a very low sale price. Unfortunately, her dad will not let her go because she has wizard class that day. However, after duplicating herself using the Edgebono Utoosis spell, she leaves her clone at wizard class. But the clone will not talk but bark like a dog. Alex's plans to find the jacket change when Harper informs her that her mom is at the sale with her, and Gigi, her enemy, hides the jacket. When Alex's dad finds out she skipped class, he goes and gets her. While he is gone, Max gets a new wand and toys with Alex's clone. But whatever Max does to the clone using the E-Mimic feature on his wand, Alex does the same thing, exposing her clearly to her mom and dad. Alex exposes Gigi's real name (Gertrude) in order to get the jacket.
Guest star: Skyler Samuels as Gigi
2
2 "First Kiss" Joe Regalbuto Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19) 104 4.8[7]
Justin is going out with a girl called Miranda, but he cannot seem to work up the courage to kiss her.
Meanwhile, Max creates a sandwich that is among the few being considered to become the official sandwich of the New York Mets.
Justin goes to the cinema with Miranda, where he tries to kiss her but messes it up. Alex uses a spell to rewind time to give Justin another chance to kiss Miranda, which he botches again and again, and Alex ends up rewinding time for Justin 17 times.
As this is happening, Alex's time manipulation affects what the officials from the New York Mets think of Max's sandwich. The spell to rewind time (which purportedly gives mortals déjà vu) makes Max's unique sandwich ultimately bore the taste testers, who are unaware that they have in fact tasted Max's sandwich 17 times. This ruins the chances for it to become the New York Mets' official sandwich.
Jerry, who is at the sandwich tasting, deduces that Alex keeps rewinding time and heads to the cinema to stop her. In the end, he is supportive of Justin and lets Alex rewind time for a final eighteenth occurrence for Justin to get his first kiss. The family's frustration over the sandwich fiasco is quickly forgotten when they discover that Justin just had his first kiss. When it is discovered that Alex has not yet had her own first kiss, Justin teases her, but she gets back at him by kissing a random boy right in front of him the next day.
Guest stars: Lucy Hale as Miranda, Wayne Federman as Mr. Kaminsky, Bryant Johnson as Matt, Jim Wise as Mr. Malone
3
3 "I Almost Drowned in a Chocolate Fountain" Joe Regalbuto Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26) 105 3.7[8]
Alex decides to cheat on her Spanish test using pocket elves, who have in-depth knowledge of diverse subjects. She cheats successfully and is allowed to go on a date that night with Riley. To get revenge for Alex's snitching, Justin and Max try to plant the pocket elf in her purse, who then bites her, causing her to have Chocoholism (an uncontrollable craving for chocolate).
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Al Madrigal as Spanish Pocket Elf, Jack Plotnick as Pocket Elf
4
4 "New Employee" Bob Berlinger Peter Murrieta November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02) 107 N/A
After Harper complains that she and Alex never spend time together anymore, Alex decides to tell her parents to hire Harper. She somehow convinces her parents to actually hire her, but it turns out that Harper is a complete klutz and has never worked a real day in her life. After Harper causes complete destruction for an hour, Alex's parents tell her to either make Harper improve immediately or they will fire her. Alex uses "The Serving Wench Spell" to help Harper overcome her skills of an oaf. However, her plan backfires when Harper becomes a strict workaholic, leading Alex to fire her best friend. Meanwhile, Justin starts a tutoring business that makes the young local tutor Frankie mad. Frankie tries to get back at Justin by having a bunch of kids try to beat him up. In order to get back at Frankie, Justin gets his dumb, yet strong, students to scare and beat up Frankie and his friends in the yogurt parlor. Harper has been working for only a few hours but suddenly becomes Employee of the Month. Alex then runs into the scene, where Harper is making everyone who wants to use the restroom order something. Alex tries very badly to apologize to Harper, which does not exactly work out, so she uses another spell to ruin Harper's great waitressing skills. They make up while covered in frozen yogurt.
Guest star: Paulie Litt as Frankie
Absent: Jake T. Austin as Max Russo
5
5 "Disenchanted Evening" Mark Cendrowski Jack Sanderson November 9, 2007 (2007-11-09) 114 4.6[9]
Alex meets fellow wizard TJ Taylor at school, who charmed his parents with magic to let him use magic anytime he wants. This is what Alex wants from her more conservative mom and dad; in a twisted turn of events, Jerry and Theresa are charmed by a noodle kugel to obey Alex's wishes, but Alex soon dislikes their laid-back attitude and tries to restore them to their usual selves.
Guest star: Daryl Sabara as T.J.
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
6
6 "You Can't Always Get What You Carpet" Fred Savage Peter Murrieta November 10, 2007 (2007-11-10) 101 4.0[9]
Alex stumbles upon Jerry's old magic carpet and convinces him to give her flying lessons. Having treated Alex as his little girl all her life, he does not want her to grow up and gets impatient while teaching her how to fly. When Alex flies into a building, Jerry gets very mad and says she is not yet ready for lessons. Alex asks Justin to help her, and Justin decides to help her and gives her lessons. Jerry gives Alex another shot at lessons and while they are riding Jerry notices that Alex has improved.
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
7
7 "Alex's Choice" Bob Berlinger Matt Goldman November 16, 2007 (2007-11-16) 109 N/A
Gigi invites Alex and Harper to her annual tea party held at the Hotel Fleur Dubladubladufladufla. Alex tries to convince Harper not to go, because she learns that Gigi plans to embarrass Harper by crowning her the biggest loser with the crown with the pink upper case letter "L." Meanwhile, Justin and Max send out a prank letter in the Wizard Mail, one where they claim they are lost on an island in "The Lava Sea", and they and Theresa, who let them into the lair, get into trouble by emergency wizards.
Guest stars: Skyler Samuels as Gigi, Brian Scolaro as Goblin, Michael A. Shepperd as Officer Lamp
Absent: David DeLuise as Jerry Russo
8
8 "Curb Your Dragon" Bob Berlinger Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein November 30, 2007 (2007-11-30) 108 N/A
Alex buys Justin an enchanted dragon disguised as a Beagle because she feels bad she lost his other dog nine years ago. However, since it can still breathe fire and fly they have to hide from their parents that the dog is a dragon saying it is a lost dog and hanging up posters. One day, while they are at school, the dragon seller comes back, claims the dog and enters it in the local dog show where Alex, Justin, and Max must outsmart the dragon seller and retrieve Dragon.
Guest stars: Paulie Litt as Frankie, Taylor Negron as Dragon Seller
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
9
9 "Movies" Mark Cendrowski Justin Varava December 14, 2007 (2007-12-14) 113 N/A
Alex makes friends with one of Justin's friends and tries to get into a horror movie she's too young for with them. Tired of being treated young by her parents and Justin, she accidentally transports herself into the movie, Night of the Halloween Sorority Party Disaster 2, forcing Justin to save her. Meanwhile, Theresa treats Max like a baby when she has trouble accepting that Alex and Justin are growing up.
Note: Dan Benson, who portrays Zach Rosenblack in this episode, later portrays Zeke Beakerman.
Guest stars: Tiffany Thornton as Susan, Malese Jow as Ruby Donahue
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
10
10 "Pop Me and We Both Go Down" Bob Berlinger Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio January 6, 2008 (2008-01-06) 103 N/A
When Justin gets a big zit on his forehead right before the school dance, Alex tries to get rid of it and accidentally uses an animation spell on it causing Justin to face trouble his zit gets him into at the dance. Meanwhile, Alex searches for her father's trophy as she accidentally animated it and so she can learn the reversal spell to un-animate Justin's zit when she found the trophy. But in the end Justin finds out that Miranda, the girl in his biology class, has a zit as well.
Guest stars: Lucy Hale as Miranda, Charlie Bodin as Trophy Man, J.R. May as Large Boyfriend, Zone as DJ, Curtis Armstrong as The Zit
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
11
11 "Potion Commotion" Bob Berlinger Todd J. Greenwald February 10, 2008 (2008-02-10) 110 N/A
Justin wants to be chosen for the World School Summit at the U.N., but he faces tough competition from a popular classmate Alex is infatuated with. Alex plans to use a love potion to make him fall in love with her, also helping Justin to sabotage his meeting. Unfortunately, Alex accidentally drinks the entire potion instead of just half and becomes obsessed with herself. After the potion wears off, it seems to have some after-effects; Alex mails herself mass amounts of flowers. Meanwhile, Max's wizard powers begin to develop, and he must wear a goofy hat to control them while his powers settle in.
Guest stars: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Shane Lyons as Brad
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
12
12 "Justin's Little Sister" Andrew Tsao Eve Weston March 9, 2008 (2008-03-09) 117 N/A
When Alex gets annoyed that everyone is constantly comparing her to Justin, she makes a wish with a Genie that her family and teachers will stop comparing her to him. Instead, the Genie cons her, causing everyone except Alex to forget who Justin is. Alex messes up her last wish, turning Justin invisible. After explaining the situation to Jerry, Max manages to confuse the genie and she gives him one free wish, in which he wishes for the reset button, which allows them to reverse all damage done by the Genie.
Guest stars: Candace Brown as Genie, Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate
13
13 "Wizard School" (Part 1) Mark Cendrowski Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio April 6, 2008 (2008-04-06) 111 3.7[10]
Jerry and Theresa send Alex and Justin over the summer to a wizard school called Wiz Tech, presided over by teacher Dr. Evilini. While Justin excels, Alex constantly gets into trouble. But Alex soon uncovers an evil plot to steal Justin's powers. Meanwhile, Max and Jerry camp out on the terrace after Theresa questions their "man-hood".
Guest stars: Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini, Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous, J. Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
14
14 "Wizard School" (Part 2) Mark Cendrowski Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein April 6, 2008 (2008-04-06) 112 3.7[10]
Alex tries to stop Wiz Tech teacher Dr. Evilini from draining Justin's powers during a school championship tournament of a wizard's table tennis-esque sport called 12 Ball. Justin gets pitted against a boy named Jerko Phoenix, the only one to simultaneously play 11 balls the year before. At the end of the 12 ball tournament, Alex uses a truth spell on Dr. Evilini to get her arrested and to prevent Justin from getting his powers drained. Meanwhile, a woman tries to run the Waverly Sub Station out of business by advertising a restaurant called The Salad Bowl.
Guest stars: Octavia Spencer as Dr. Evilini, Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous, Amanda Tepe as Information Desk Lady, J Evan Bonifant as Jerko Phoenix, Ian Abercrombie as Headmaster Crumbs, Robyn Moran as Salad Bowl Girl
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
15
15 "The Supernatural" Mark Cendrowski Matt Goldman May 18, 2008 (2008-05-18) 115 N/A
Justin uses magic to land a spot on the school's baseball team so he can impress a girl named Kari (Chelsea Kane). Meanwhile, Alex tries to impress Riley by making him think she's the team's good luck charm.
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Chelsea Staub as Kari Landsdorf, Michael Patrick McGill as Ump
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo
16
16 "Alex in the Middle" Bob Berlinger Matt Goldman June 15, 2008 (2008-06-15) 106 N/A
Jerry's wizard brother, Kelbo Russo, visits. He shows the kids a different, less conservative style of wizard training from that which Jerry uses (namely, actually letting them use their powers). Finding Kelbo more fun than Jerry, Alex appoints him as her new wizard teacher over her own father, but Kelbo quickly proves to be just as childish and irresponsible with his powers as Alex is with her own, and ends up endangering them both. They are saved by Jerry, who then reveals a secret that he had kept from them: he originally defeated Kelbo in the wizard competition, but, as wizards are forbidden to marry mortals, gave his powers up to Kelbo anyway in order to marry Theresa.
Guest stars: Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo, Eric Allan Kramer as Coach Gunderson
Absent: Jennifer Stone as Harper Finkle
17
17 "Report Card" Andrew Tsao Gigi McCreery, Perry Rein &
Peter Murrieta June 29, 2008 (2008-06-29) 118 N/A
Alex, Justin, and Max get their wizard report cards. To hide the fact that she got a failing grade, Alex attempts to destroy the report card numerous times, all of which are unsuccessful. When Jerry and Theresa become suspicious, Alex, in a panic, turns them into guinea pigs. After Professor Crumbs finds out that Alex lied about her parents and her report card, he suspends Alex's powers for irresponsibility. Max and Justin lose the guinea pigs, not realizing who they actually are, and are brought up to speed by Alex. After finding them and changing them back, Professor Crumbs, shocked by how much trouble Alex has caused, decides to permanently strip Alex of her powers, but Justin stands up for her, explaining that cleaning up after Alex makes him a better wizard. Moved by Justin's loyalty to his younger sister, and seeing that Alex has learned her lesson, Crumbs gives Alex back her powers and departs.
Guest stars: Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs, Charlie Adler as Report Card
18
18 "Credit Check" Fred Savage Todd J. Greenwald July 6, 2008 (2008-07-06) 121 N/A
Alex's keen fashion sense leads her to begin an internship with a fashion magazine, but her employer takes credit for all of her ideas. She then plans a fashion show with Harper's distasteful clothing style to take revenge on him. Meanwhile, Justin tries to impress a new girl, Millie, working at the Sub Station, but finds out to his dismay that she has a boyfriend.
Guest stars: Julia Duffy as Ms. Angela, Jeffrey Christopher Todd as Jeffrey, Sara Paxton as Millie
19
19 "Alex's Spring Fling" Victor Gonzalez Matt Goldman July 20, 2008 (2008-07-20) 119 N/A
Riley dumps Alex because he is becoming tired of the way Alex constantly acts jealous. She then plans to turn the tables on Riley by making him jealous instead. To do so, Alex animates a mannequin, naming him "Manny Kin", and pretends when in front of Riley that they are developing a relationship. However, Manny genuinely falls in love with Alex, preventing her from being able to change him back to a mannequin. Alex then animates Justin's precious action figure Calico Woman and tries to make Manny fall in love with her. Meanwhile, Justin is left in charge of the house when Jerry and Theresa go out of town, and his position of authority goes to his head.
Guest stars: Brian Kubach as Riley, Lauren Phillips as Calico Girl, Matt Smith as Manny
Absent: Maria Canals Barrera as Theresa Russo, David DeLuise as Jerry Russo
20
20 "Quinceañera" Andrew Tsao Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein August 10, 2008 (2008-08-10) 116 3.7[11]
The family prepares for Alex's Quinceañera, a traditional celebration to mark her journey to womanhood on her 15th birthday. Theresa takes control of the plans, turns it into the party that she wants, and refuses to listen to Alex's objections. This eventually irritates Alex to the point that she switches bodies with Theresa, who was not able to have a Quinceañera of her own when she was 15. Also joining in the party is Grandma Magdalena, who forgets her responsibility to teach Max and Justin to salsa dance. In the end, after all is resolved, Theresa realizes her error and allows Alex to have the party that she wants.
Guest stars: Belita Moreno as Magdalena, Gabrielle Dennis as Candace
21
21 "Art Museum Piece" Victor Gonzalez Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio August 31, 2008 (2008-08-31) 120 N/A
When Alex decides to use magic to take a shortcut on her Art History Assignment, she brings historical masterpieces to life, such as Mona Lisa, The Blue Boy, Vincent van Gogh, and The Scream, in order to answer questions on her worksheet correctly. Meanwhile, Max and Jerry play football in the house using a spell which spreads to Theresa.
Guest stars: Julie Brown as Miss Marinovich, Danielle Bisutti as Mona Lisa, Britt Prentice as Babe Ruth
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Levin, Gary (October 18, 2007). "Nielsens: Friday night was 'Murder' on ABC". USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel Shines with "Night of Stars" Programming Event".
Jump up ^ "Disney's "Wizards of Waverly Place" Hits Series Highs with 6.2 Million Viewers".
Jump up ^ Princess Protection Program is TV’s No. 1 Entertainment Telecast of 2009 in Kids 6–11 and Tweens 9–14
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel Sets New Viewing Records in 2009 – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. December 22, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wizards of Waverly Place". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ "Nielsens: Cable's most-watched shows, Oct. 15–21". USA Today. October 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Top Cable: MNF Back on Track 10/22 – October 28, 2007". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b "Top Cable November 5–11, 2007". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nielsen's Most Watched Shows (Cable Networks)". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Cable TV Ratings for the Week ending August 10, 2008: TNT's 'The Closer' Bests WWE, Saving Grace and NASCAR – Ratings". TVbytheNumbers. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
External links[edit]
List of Wizards of Waverly Place (season 1) episodes at TV.com
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Wizards of Waverly Place
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"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana"
Related
Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie
The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex
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Spellbound
Disney Channel All Star Party
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wizards_of_Waverly_Place_(season_1)&oldid=845830738"
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values: List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters

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/wiki/Maria_Canals_Barrera
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Maria Canals Barrera

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/wiki/Hollywood_Center_Studios
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Hollywood Center Studios

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/wiki/Wizard_(fantasy)
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Wizard (fantasy)

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/wiki/Harper_Finkle
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Harper Finkle

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Theresa Russo

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/wiki/Jerry_Russo
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Jerry Russo

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/wiki/Gigi_McCreery_%26_Perry_Rein
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Gigi McCreery & Perry Rein

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values: Category:2007 American television seasons

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values: Anexo:Primera temporada de Wizards of Waverly Place – Spanish

values: Saison 1 des Sorciers de Waverly Place – French

values: Episodi de I maghi di Waverly (prima stagione) – Italian

values: Wizards of Waverly Place (seizoen 1) – Dutch

values: Czarodzieje z Waverly Place (seria 1) – Polish

values: Lista de episódios de Os Feiticeiros de Waverly Place (1ª temporada) – Portuguese

values: Magicienii din Waverly Place - Sezonul 1 – Romanian

values: Волшебники из Вэйверли Плэйс (сезон 1) – Russian

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