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Bering Strait crossing
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"Bering Strait bridge" redirects here. For the ancient dry land region, see Beringia.
Possible route of the bridge across the Bering Strait.
North Pole view of the Bering Strait
A Bering Strait crossing is a hypothetical bridge and/or tunnel spanning the relatively narrow and shallow Bering Strait between the Chukotka Peninsula in Russia and the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. The bridge or tunnel would provide a connection linking North America (and potentially South America, see: Darién Gap) with Asia, Africa and Europe.
With the two Diomede Islands between the peninsulas, the Bering Strait could be spanned by a bridge and a tunnel. There might be one long bridge, almost 40 km (25 mi) long, connecting Alaska and the Diomede Islands, and a tunnel connecting the Diomede Islands and Russia. The earth bored from the tunnel could be used as landfill to connect the two islands. However, the construction of a Bering Strait crossing would face exceptional political, engineering, and financial hurdles.
There have been several proposals for a Bering Strait crossing made by various individuals, television channels, magazines, etc. The names used for them include The Intercontinental Peace Bridge and Eurasia-America Transport Link.[1] Tunnel names have included "TKM-World Link" and "AmerAsian Peace Tunnel". In April 2007, Russian government officials told the press that the Russian government will back a $65 billion plan by a consortium of companies to build a Bering Strait tunnel.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Technical problems
3 Economic costs
4 The TKM-World Link
5 "China–Russia–Canada–America" railway
6 Trans-Eurasian Belt Development
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
Map showing the proximity of Chukchi Peninsula in Russia to Seward Peninsula in America
Bering Strait depth
Rail track gauge worldwide
Mixed between 1520 mm (Russian gauge) and another similar gauge, result the bonus gauge is 2140 mm (Brunel gauge).
The concept of an overland connection crossing the Bering Strait goes back before the 20th century. William Gilpin, first governor of the Colorado Territory, envisioned a vast "Cosmopolitan Railway" in 1890 linking the entire world through a series of railways.
Two years later, Joseph Strauss, who went on to design over 400 bridges, and then serve as the Project Engineer for the Golden Gate Bridge, put forward the first proposal for a Bering Strait railroad bridge in his senior thesis.[3] The project was presented to the government of the Russian Empire, but it was rejected.[4]
A syndicate of American railroad magnates proposed in 1904 (through a French spokesman) a Siberian-Alaskan railroad from Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska through a tunnel under the Bering Strait and across northeastern Siberia to Irkutsk via Cape Dezhnev, Verkhnekolymsk and Yakutsk. The proposal was for a 90-year lease, and exclusive mineral rights for 8 miles (13 km) each side of the right-of-way. It was debated by officials and finally turned down on March 20, 1907.[5]
Czar Nicholas II approved a tunnel (possibly the American proposal above) in 1905.[6] Its cost was estimated at $65 million[7] and $300 million including all the railroads.[6]
These hopes were dashed with the outbreak of World War I and the Russian Revolution.[8]
Interest was renewed during World War II with the completion in 1942-43 of the Alaska Highway linking the remote territory of Alaska with Canada and the continental United States. In 1942 the Foreign Policy Association envisioned the highway continuing to link with Nome near the Bering Strait, linked by motorway to the railhead at Irkutsk, using an alternative sea and air ferry service across the Bering Strait.[9]
In 1958 engineer T. Y. Lin suggested the construction of a bridge across the Bering Strait "to foster commerce and understanding between the people of the United States and the Soviet Union".[10] Ten years later he organized the Inter-Continental Peace Bridge, Inc., a non-profit institution organized to further this proposal.[10] At that time he made a feasibility study of a Bering Strait bridge and estimated the cost to be $1 billion for the 50-mile (80 km) span.[11] In 1994 he updated the cost to more than $4 billion. Like Gilpin, Lin envisioned the project as a symbol of international cooperation and unity, and dubbed the project the Intercontinental Peace Bridge.[12]
In September 2005 when launching the Universal Peace Federation, Sun Myung Moon brought new light to the idea of building what Moon called the "Bering Strait Peace King bridge and tunnel", calling all the world's governments to make a joint effort to realize world peace. On February 10, 2009, Sun Myung Moon's "Foundation for Peace and Unification" announced a competition for the design of a bridge across the Strait via the Diomede Islands.[13] The winner (announced June 11, 2009),[14] was a project entitled "Diomede Archipelago". It proposes a series of artificial islands that form two archipelagos extending the two continents, and three tunnels connecting the two Diomede islands and the archipelagos.
According to a report in the Beijing Times in May 2014, Chinese transportation experts are proposing building a roughly 10,000 kilometre (6,213 mi)-long high-speed rail line from Manchuria to the United States.[15] The project would include a tunnel under the Bering Strait and connect to the contiguous United States via Canada.
Technical problems[edit]
Satellite image of Bering Strait. Cape Dezhnev, Russia is on the left, the two Diomede Islands are in the middle, and Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska is on the right.
The depth of the water is a minor problem, as the strait is no deeper than 55 meters (180 ft).[12] The tides and currents in the area are not severe.[10] But the route is just south of the Arctic Circle, and the location has long, dark winters and extreme weather, including average winter lows of −20 °C (−4 °F) and possible lows approaching −50 °C (−58 °F). Construction work would likely be restricted to five months of the year.[12]
The weather also poses challenges to exposed steel.[clarification needed][12] In Lin's design, concrete covers all structures, to simplify maintenance and to offer additional stiffening.[12]
Although there are no icebergs in the Bering Strait, ice floes up to 1.8 meters (6 ft) thick are in constant motion during certain seasons, which could produce forces of the order of 44 meganewtons (9,900,000 pounds-force; 4,500 tonnes-force) on a pier.[10]
Economic costs[edit]
In 1994, Lin estimated the cost of a bridge to be "a few billion" dollars.[12] The roads and railways on each side were estimated to cost $50 billion.[12] Lin contrasted this cost to petroleum resources "worth trillions".[12] Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering estimates the cost of a highway, electrified double-track high-speed rail and pipelines, at $105 billion, five times the cost of the 50-kilometre (31 mi) Channel Tunnel.[16]
This excludes the cost of new roads and railways to reach the bridge. Aside from the obvious technical challenges of building two 40-kilometre (25 mi) bridges or a more than 80-kilometre (50 mi) tunnel across the strait, another major challenge is that, as of 2017[update], there is nothing on either side of the Bering Strait to connect the bridge to.
The Russian side, in particular, is severely lacking in infrastructure, without highways for almost 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) (the nearest is the M56 Kolyma Highway) and no railroads or paved highways for over 3,200 kilometres (2,000 mi) in any direction from the strait.[17]
On the American side, at least 800 kilometres (500 mi) of highways or railways would have to be built to connect to the American transport network. A project to connect Nome (100 miles (160 km) from the strait) to the rest of the continent by a paved highway (part of Alaska Route 2) has been proposed by the Alaskan state government, although the very high cost ($2.3 to $2.7 billion, about $5 million per mile, or $3 million per kilometer) has so far prevented construction.[18] The Alaskan road network was expanded in 2016 to Tanana by building a 50 miles (80 km) fairly simple road. Further roads towards Nome are not planned as of 2016.[citation needed]
The TKM-World Link[edit]
The TKM-World Link (Russian: ТрансКонтинентальная магистраль, English: Transcontinental Railway) also called ICL-World Link (Intercontinental link) is a planned 6,000-kilometer link between Siberia and Alaska providing oil, natural gas, electricity, and railroad passengers to the United States from Russia. Proposed in 2007, the plan includes provisions to build a 103-kilometre (64 mi) tunnel under the Bering Strait which, if completed, would become the longest tunnel in the world.[19] The tunnel would be part of a railway joining Yakutsk, the capital of the Russian Yakutia republic, and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, in the Russian Far East, with the western coast of Alaska.[20] The Bering Strait tunnel was estimated to cost between $10 billion to $12 billion, while the entire project was estimated to cost $65 billion.[19]
In 2008, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin approved the plan to build a railroad to the Bering Strait area, as a part of the development plan to run until 2030. The more than 100-kilometre (60 mi) tunnel would run under the Bering Strait between Chukotka, in the Russian far east, and Alaska.[21] The cost estimate was US$66 billion.[22]
In late August 2011, at a conference in Yakutsk in eastern Russia, the plan was backed by some of President Dmitry Medvedev's top officials, including Aleksandr Levinthal, the deputy federal representative for the Russian Far East.[20] It would be a faster, safer, and cheaper way to move freight around the world than container ships, supporters of the idea believed.[20] They estimated it could carry about 3% of global freight and make about US$7 billion a year.[20] Shortly after, the Russian government approved the construction of the US$65 billion Siberia-Alaska rail and tunnel across the Bering Strait.[21]
Other observers doubt that this will be cheaper than container ships, bearing in mind that the cost for transport from China to Europe by railroad is higher than by container ship (except for expensive cargo where lead time is important).[23]
In 2013 the railway Amur Yakutsk Mainline connecting Yakutsk (2,800 km or 1,700 mi from the strait) with the main rail network was completed. However, this railway is meant for freight and is too curvy for high-speed passenger trains. Future projects include the Lena–Kamchatka Mainline (ru) and Kolyma–Anadyr highway (ru). The Kolyma–Anadyr highway has started construction, but will be a narrow gravel road.
"China–Russia–Canada–America" railway[edit]
In 2014, reports emerged that China is considering construction of a "China–Russia–Canada–America" 350 km/h bullet train railroad that would include a 200-kilometre-long (120 mi) undersea tunnel crossing the Bering Strait and would allow passengers to travel between the United States and China in about two days.[24][25]
Although the press remain skeptical of the project, China's state-run China Daily claims that China possesses the necessary technology, which will be used to construct an underwater tunnel connecting China's Fujian province with Taiwan.[26] It is unknown who is expected to pay for the construction, although China has in other projects offered to build and finance them, and expects the money back in the end through fees or rents. It is also unknown how many passengers would prefer a three-day train trip to a 12-hour direct flight, such as Los Angeles to Beijing.
Trans-Eurasian Belt Development[edit]
In 2015 it was reported another possible collaboration between China and Russia that will be part of the Trans-Eurasian Belt Development; a transportation corridor across Siberia that would also include a road bridge with gas and oil pipelines between the easternmost point of Siberia and the westernmost point of Alaska. It would link London and New York by rail and superhighway via Russia if it were to go ahead.[27]
China's Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative has similar plans so the project would work in parallel for both countries.[28]
See also[edit]
Trains portal
Transport portal
Alaska portal
Russia portal
Artificial island
Bering land bridge
Cosmopolitan Railway
Eurasian Land Bridge
Land reclamation
Pan-American Highway
Transportation in Alaska
Transport in Russia
Gauge Change Train
Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A Transcontinental Eurasia-America Transport Link via the Bering Strait Archived 2007-11-14 at the Wayback Machine., at the 1st International Conference "Megaprojects of the Russian East"
Jump up ^ "Russia wants a rail link to North America," Der Spiegel, April 20, 2007 [1]
Jump up ^ Kevin Starr. Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California, 330. Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-510080-8
Jump up ^ An excerpt from memoirs of the Russian Empire Minister of Land Forces Aleksandr Rediger (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Theodore Shabad and Victor L. Mote: Gateway to Siberian Resources (The BAM) pp. 70-71 (Halstead Press/John Wiley, New York, 1977) ISBN 0-470-99040-6
^ Jump up to: a b "Czar Authorizes American Syndicate to Begin Work.". New York Times. August 2, 1906. Retrieved 2009-07-07. The Czar of Russia has issued an order authorizing the American syndicate, represented by Baron Loicq de Lobel, to begin work on the TransSiberian-Alaska ...
Jump up ^ Burr, William H. (January 1907). "Around the World by Rail". Locomotive engineers journal. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. 41: 108–111.
Jump up ^ Halpin, Tony (April 20, 2007). "Russia plans $65bn tunnel to America". London: The Times. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
Jump up ^ Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES (July 20, 1942). "AIRWAY TO RUSSIA VIA ALASKA URGED; Foreign Policy Association Also Favors Northern Sea Route and Bering Link". New York Times. p. 3. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Troitsky, M. S. (1994). "1.10.4 Bering Strait Bridge Project". Planning and design of bridges (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. pp. 39–41. ISBN 978-0-471-02853-6.
Jump up ^ "Engineer feels Bering Strait Bridge Possible". The Bulletin. April 23, 1969. p. 12. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Pope, Gregory (April 1994). "Last Great Engineering Challenge: Alaska-Siberia Bridge". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. 171 (4): 56–58. ISSN 0032-4558.
Jump up ^ "International competition - Interconnection & communication in the Bering Strait". International Union of Architects–UIA. 10 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Interconnection & communication in the Bering Strait.". International Union of Architects- UIA. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
Jump up ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (May 9, 2014). "China may build an undersea train to America". Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering
Jump up ^ "Trip from Russia to USA may take one hour soon". Retrieved 2010-02-23.
Jump up ^ COCKERHAM, SEAN (January 27, 2010). "Nome road could cost $2.7 billion". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Humber, Yuriy; Bradley Cook (April 18, 2007). "Russia Plans World's Longest Tunnel, a Link to Alaska". Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Report: Tunnel linking US to Russia gains support". msnbc.com. 20 August 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Russia Green Lights $65 Billion Siberia-Alaska Rail and Tunnel to Bridge the Bering Strait!". 23 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Nicola; Hutchins, Chris (2008-03-30). "Bridgebuilding Vladimir Putin wants tunnel to US". The Times. London. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
Jump up ^ Logistics concept for the Chinese growth market (Deutsche Bahn, March 2014)
Jump up ^ Tharoor, Ishaan (2014-05-09). "China may build an undersea train to America". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ Politi, Daniel (2014-05-10). "Report: China Mulls Construction of a High Speed Train to the U.S.". Slate.com. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "China mulls high-speed train to US: report". chinadaily.com.cn. 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Russia unveils plans for high speed railway and superhighway to connect Europe and America". Retrieved 2015-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Russian, China's trans-Asia programs complementary: railway chief". Retrieved 2015-08-02.
Further reading[edit]
Oliver, James A. "The Bering Strait Crossing". Information Architects. ISBN 0-9546995-6-4.
"Russians dream of tunnel to Alaska.". BBC News. 2001-01-03. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
"Russia Considering Tunnel Between Asia and North America". VOA. 2007-04-19. Archived from the original on 2007-05-23. Retrieved 2007-04-19.
Oliver, James A.; Podderegin, Andrey; Mashin, Dmitiri (2007). ICL World Link: Intercontinental Eurasia-America Transport Corridor Via the Bering Strait. The Company of Writers. ISBN 0955663806.
External links[edit]
Kremlin paves way for East to West rail link after 'approving' $99bn Bering Strait tunnel
Discovery Channel's Extreme Engineering
World Peace King Tunnel
Trans-Global Highway
The Bering Strait Crossing
Alaska Canada Rail Link - Project Feasibility Study
The Bridge Over the Bering Strait by James Cotter
A Superhighway Across the Bering Strait, The Atlantic
Coordinates: 65°47′N 169°01′W / 65.783°N 169.017°W / 65.783; -169.017
[hide]
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Eurasian Land Bridge
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Northern East West Freight Corridor
Trans-Asian Railway
Trans-Eurasia Logistics
Bering Strait crossing
Sakhalin Tunnel
Sakhalin–Hokkaido Tunnel
Seikan Tunnel
Japan–Korea Undersea Tunnel
Maitree Express
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text:
Up, Up and Away (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Blush song, see Up, Up, and Away (Blush song). For the Kid Cudi song, see Man on the Moon: The End of Day.
"Up, Up and Away"
Single by The 5th Dimension
from the album Up, Up and Away
B-side
"Which Way to Nowhere"
Released
May 1967
Format
7" 45 RPM
Recorded
April 1966–March 11, 1967
Genre
Psychedelic pop, sunshine pop
Length
2:40
Label
Soul City
Songwriter(s)
Jimmy Webb
Producer(s)
Johnny Rivers, Marc Gordon
"Up, Up and Away"
The 5th Dimension's "Up, Up and Away" from Up, Up and Away
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Up, Up and Away" is a 1967 song written by Jimmy Webb and recorded by the 5th Dimension, that became a major pop hit, reaching No. 7 in July 1967 on the U.S. Pop Singles chart, and No. 9 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart.[1] In other countries, it reached No. 1 in Canada, and in Australia. The song placed No. 43 on BMI's "Top 100 Songs of the Century".[2]
A canonical example of sunshine pop, themed around images of hot air ballooning, it cleaned up at the 10th Annual Grammy Awards in 1968, winning for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, Best Performance by a Vocal Group, Best Performance by a Chorus and Best Contemporary Song. The instrumental backing was performed by members of the Wrecking Crew,[3] including guitarist Al Casey and drummer Hal Blaine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cover versions
2 Usage in media
3 References
4 External links
Cover versions[edit]
In the United Kingdom, it was the Johnny Mann Singers' cover version that became the Top 10 hit, reaching No. 6 in August 1967. This version picked up a Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Chorus in 1968, and was also recorded in French, becoming popular in Quebec.
Bing Crosby recorded it for his 1968 album Thoroughly Modern Bing.
Diana Ross & the Supremes recorded a version of the song in 1967 for their album Reflections.
Dionne Warwick recorded a version of the tune on her 1967 Valley Of The Dolls.
South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song in his 1967 live album Hugh Masekela Is Alive and Well at the Whisky.
The Sunshine Company included the song on their 1967 debut album Happy Is the Sunshine Company.
Nancy Sinatra included a version on her 1967 album Movin' with Nancy.
The Impressions released their version on their 1968 album We're a Winner.
Mrs. Miller sang a cover version in 1968 on her LP record Mrs. Miller Does Her Thing.
Andy Williams released a version in 1968 on his album, Honey.
The Kidsongs Kids sang a cover version in 1986 on their Kidsongs video "Cars, Boats, Trains and Planes".
Rajput and the Sepoy Mutiny sang a cover version in 1968 on their album, Flower Power Sitar.[4]
Used by The Prodigy in the album Always Outnumbered, Never Outgunned, in the song "Hotride"
Several bars of this song were reprised in the Love Generation version of "Montage" (written by Webb for the movie How Sweet It Is).
The song was covered by Yo Gabba Gabba! in the episode "Flying".
An instrumental cover version of the song played in the video game of the same name, published by Starcade Software, for the Atari 8-bit family and the Commodore 64.
Usage in media[edit]
On a 1968 episode of Petticoat Junction the Bradley sisters sing a version of this song.
Sung by Bob on episode 5 of Sesame Street aired on November 14, 1969.
Used by Trans World Airlines as a jingle c. 1970, slightly altered as "Up up and away TWA".
Used by Trans Australia Airlines as a jingle in 1972-1986, slightly altered as "Up up and away with TAA, the friendly friendly way!".[5]
Used in 1973 in the German film The Flying Classroom, an adaption of the book with the same name from Erich Kästner
Sung by Liza Minnelli on Kraft Music Hour. Episode titled "Woody Allen looks at 1967" aired December 1967.
Used in Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
Used in Bob's Burgers episode 21, Season 5, The Oeder Games.
On the 70's it was used as the sound track for a series of TV commercials of a Brazilian cigarette called Minister
The song was used as the theme song for 2012 Japanese drama Tokyo Airport.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 91.
Jump up ^ "BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century". Broadcast Music, Inc. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Hartman, Kent (2012). The Wrecking Crew. St. Martin’s Griffin. pp. 261–263. ISBN 978-1-250-03046-7.
Jump up ^ Andrea L (2 November 2011). "Rajput & The Sepoy Mutiny - Up Up and Away" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) Television Advertisement, 1972". Retrieved 11 November 2011.
External links[edit]
Guitar Tabs & Lyrics
Images of 1967 Single
[show]
v
t
e
Jimmy Webb
Original albums
Jim Webb Sings Jim Webb (1968)
Words and Music (1970)
And So: On (1971)
Letters (1972)
Land's End (1974)
El Mirage (1977)
Angel Heart (1982)
Suspending Disbelief (1993)
Ten Easy Pieces (1996)
Twilight of the Renegades (2005)
Live and at Large (2007)
Just Across the River (2010)
Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013)
Collaborative albums
Up, Up, and Away (1966)
The Magic Garden (1967)
Rewind (1967)
A Tramp Shining (1968)
The Yard Went On Forever (1968)
Sunshower (1969)
The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb (1972)
Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (1974)
Earthbound (1975)
Live at the Royal Festival Hall (1977)
Watermark (1977)
Breakwater Cat (1980)
The Last Unicorn (1983)
The Animals' Christmas (1986)
Light Years (1988)
Cry Like a Rainstorm, Howl Like the Wind (1989)
Only One Life: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (2003)
This Kind of Love (2008)
Cottonwood Farm (2009)
Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb: In Session (2012)
Compilation albums
Tribute to Burt Bacharach and Jim Webb (1972)
And Someone Left the Cake Out in the Rain... (1998)
Archive (1994)
Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974–1988 (1999)
Tunesmith: The Songs of Jimmy Webb (2003)
The Moon's a Harsh Mistress: Jimmy Webb in the Seventies (2004)
Archive & Live (2005)
Songs
"All I Know"
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
"Didn't We"
"Galveston"
"The Girls' Song"
"Highwayman"
"Honey Come Back"
"MacArthur Park"
"Still Within the Sound of My Voice"
"The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress"
"Up, Up and Away"
"Where's the Playground Susie"
"Wichita Lineman"
"The Worst That Could Happen"
Related articles
Jimmy Webb discography
[show]
v
t
e
The 5th Dimension
Marilyn McCoo
Billy Davis, Jr.
Florence LaRue
Lamonte McLemore
Ronald Townson
Studio albums
Up, Up and Away
The Magic Garden
Stoned Soul Picnic
The Age of Aquarius
Portrait
Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes
Reflections
Individually and Collectively
Living Together, Growing Together
Soul & Inspiration
Earthbound
Singles
"Go Where You Wanna Go"
"Up, Up and Away"
"Stoned Soul Picnic"
"Sweet Blindness"
"California Soul"
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In (The Flesh Failures)"
"Workin' On a Groovy Thing"
"Wedding Bell Blues"
"Blowing Away"
"A Change Is Gonna Come/People Got to Be Free"
"The Girls' Song"
"Save the Country"
"On the Beach (In the Summertime)"
"One Less Bell to Answer"
"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes"
"Light Sings"
"Never My Love (Live)"
"Together Let's Find Love"
"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All"
"If I Could Reach You"
"Living Together, Growing Together"
"Everything's Been Changed"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"No Love in the Room"
"Love Hangover"
Related topics
The Friends of Distinction
Marc Gordon
Solid Gold
Book:The 5th Dimension
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Record of the Year
1959−1980
"Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu (Volare)" by Domenico Modugno (1959)
"Mack the Knife" by Bobby Darin (1960)
"Theme from A Summer Place" by Percy Faith (1961)
"Moon River" by Henry Mancini (1962)
"I Left My Heart in San Francisco" by Tony Bennett (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" by Henry Mancini (1964)
"The Girl from Ipanema" by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz (1965)
"A Taste of Honey" by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass (1966)
"Strangers in the Night" by Frank Sinatra (1967)
"Up, Up and Away" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1968)
"Mrs. Robinson" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1969)
"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" by The 5th Dimension (Billy Davis Jr., Florence LaRue, Marilyn McCoo, Lamont McLemore, Ron Townson) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" by Simon & Garfunkel (Art Garfunkel, Paul Simon) (1971)
"It's Too Late" by Carole King (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" by Roberta Flack (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack (1974)
"I Honestly Love You" by Olivia Newton-John (1975)
"Love Will Keep Us Together" by Captain & Tennille (Daryl Dragon, Toni Tennille) (1976)
"This Masquerade" by George Benson (1977)
"Hotel California" by Eagles (Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Randy Meisner, Joe Walsh) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" by The Doobie Brothers (Jeffrey Baxter, John Hartman, Keith Knudsen, Michael McDonald, Tiran Porter, Patrick Simmons) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" by Christopher Cross (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" by Kim Carnes (1982)
"Rosanna" by Toto (Bobby Kimball, Steve Lukather, David Paich, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, Steve Porcaro) (1983)
"Beat It" by Michael Jackson (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" by Tina Turner (1985)
"We Are the World" by USA for Africa (1986)
"Higher Love" by Steve Winwood (1987)
"Graceland" by Paul Simon (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" by Bette Midler (1990)
"Another Day in Paradise" by Phil Collins (1991)
"Unforgettable" by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton (1993)
"I Will Always Love You" by Whitney Houston (1994)
"All I Wanna Do" by Sheryl Crow (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" by Seal (1996)
"Change the World" by Eric Clapton (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" by Shawn Colvin (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion (1999)
"Smooth" by Santana (Rodney Holmes, Tony Lindsay, Karl Perazzo, Raul Rekow, Benny Rietveld, Carlos Santana, Chester Thompson) featuring Rob Thomas (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2001)
"Walk On" by U2 (Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, Larry Mullen Jr.) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" by Norah Jones (2003)
"Clocks" by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jon Buckland, Will Champion, Phil Harvey, Chris Martin) (2004)
"Here We Go Again" by Ray Charles and Norah Jones (2005)
"Boulevard of Broken Dreams" by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, Frank Edwin Wright III) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" by Dixie Chicks (Martie Maguire, Natalie Maines, Emily Robison) (2007)
"Rehab" by Amy Winehouse (2008)
"Please Read the Letter" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant (2009)
"Use Somebody" by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) (2010)
"Need You Now" by Lady Antebellum (Hillary Scott, Charles Kelley, Dave Haywood) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" by Adele (2012)
"Somebody That I Used to Know" by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2013)
"Get Lucky" by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) by Sam Smith (2015)
"Uptown Funk" by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars (2016)
"Hello" by Adele (2017)
"24K Magic" by Bruno Mars (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send in the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
At
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TWAS
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The World Academy of Sciences
TWAS
Abbreviation
TWAS
Formation
1983; 35 years ago (1983)
Type
INGO
Location
Trieste, Italy
Region served
Worldwide
Official language
English
Website
TWAS Official website
TWAS (The World Academy of Sciences) is a merit-based science academy uniting 1,000 scientists in some 70 countries. Its principal aim is to promote scientific capacity and excellence for sustainable development in the South (see North-South divide). Its headquarters are located on the premises of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Founding Fellows
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Overview[edit]
TWAS was founded in 1983 under the leadership of the Nobel Laureate Abdus Salam of Pakistan by a group of distinguished scientists who were determined to do something about the dismal state of scientific research in developing countries.
Although developing countries account for 80% of the world’s population, only 28% of the world's scientists hail from these countries. This fact reflects the lack of innovative potential necessary to solve real-life problems affecting poor nations.
A chronic lack of funds for research often forces scientists in developing countries into intellectual isolation, jeopardizing their careers, their institutions and, ultimately, their nations.
Scientists in developing countries tend to be poorly paid and gain little respect for their work because the role that scientific research can play in development efforts is underestimated. This in turn leads to brain drain in favour of the North that further impoverishes the South.
Research institutions and universities in the South are under-funded, forcing scientists to work in difficult conditions and often with outdated equipment.
The founding members of TWAS therefore decided to set up an organization that would help to:
Recognize, support and promote excellence in scientific research in the South;
Provide promising scientists in the South with research facilities necessary for the advancement of their work;
Facilitate contacts between individual scientists and institutions in the South;
Encourage South-North cooperation between individuals and centres of scholarship;
Promote scientific research on major developing countries problems.
Since its inception, TWAS's operational expenses have largely been covered by generous contributions of the Italian government; since 1991 UNESCO has been responsible for the administration of TWAS finance and staff on the basis of an agreement signed by the director general of UNESCO and the president of TWAS.
It was named "Third World Academy of Sciences" until 2004 and "TWAS, the academy of sciences for the developing world" before September 2012,[1] when it was renamed to is current name, "The World Academy of Sciences for the advancement of science in developing countries."[2]
Founding Fellows[edit]
The Founding Fellows of 1983 include [3]
Hua Luogeng (1910–1985), China
Nil Ratan Dhar (1892–1987), India
Luis F. Leloir (1906–1987), Argentina
Benjamin Peary Pal (1906–1989), India
Ignacio Bernal (1910–1992), Mexico
Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff (1912–1994), Colombia
Emilio Rosenblueth (1926–1994), Mexico
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1897–1994), Pakistan
Abdus Salam (1926–1996), Pakistan
Carlos Chagas Filho (1910–2000), Brazil
Johanna Döbereiner (1924–2000), Brazil
Gopalasamudram Narayana Ramachandran (1922–2001), India
Thomas Risley Odhiambo (1931–2003), Kenya
Marcel Roche (1920–2003), Venezuela
Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar (1930–2004), India
Thomas Adeoye Lambo (1923–2004), Nigeria
Autar Singh Paintal (1925–2004), India
Hélio Gelli Pereira (1918-1994), Brazil
Khem Singh Gill (b. 1930), India
Ricardo Bressani Castignoli (1926-2015), Guatemala
See also[edit]
TWAS Prize
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Li, Jiao. "TWAS changes name, but not its mission". SciDev.Net. scidev.net. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TWAS's 42 Founding Members". The World Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website

[show]
v
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International Council for Science (ICSU)
National
members
Albania
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia & Herzegovina
(Republic of Srpska)
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Caribbean
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Czech Republic
Côte d'Ivoire
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Egypt
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
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Israel
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Jamaica
Japan
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Laos
Latvia
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Panama
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Philippines
Poland
Portugal
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Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
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South Africa
South Korea
South Pacific
Spain
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Sudan
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Sweden
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Taiwan
Tajikistan
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Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
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United Kingdom
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The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 138587872
ISNI: 0000 0000 9786 733X
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TWAS&oldid=833830861"
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