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Cyclohexane conformation
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A cyclohexane molecule in chair conformation. Hydrogen atoms in axial positions are shown in red, while those in equatorial positions are in blue.
A cyclohexane conformation is any of several three-dimensional shapes that a cyclohexane molecule can assume while maintaining the integrity of its chemical bonds.
The internal angles of a flat regular hexagon are 120°, while the preferred angle between successive bonds in a carbon chain is about 109.5°, the tetrahedral angle. Therefore, the cyclohexane ring tends to assume certain non-planar (warped) conformations, which have all angles closer to 109.5° and therefore a lower strain energy than the flat hexagonal shape. The most important shapes are called chair, half-chair, boat, and twist-boat.[1] The molecule can easily switch between these conformations, and only two of them—chair and twist-boat—can be isolated in pure form.
Cyclohexane conformations have been extensively studied in organic chemistry because they are the classical example of conformational isomerism and have noticeable influence on the physical and chemical properties of cyclohexane.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical background
2 General
3 Chair conformation
4 Other conformations
5 Interconversions between conformations
6 Forced conformations
7 Di-substituted cyclohexanes
8 Heterocyclic analogs
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Historical background[edit]
In 1890, Hermann Sachse, a 28-year-old assistant in Berlin, published instructions for folding a piece of paper to represent two forms of cyclohexane he called symmetrical and unsymmetrical (what we would now call chair and boat). He clearly understood that these forms had two positions for the hydrogen atoms (again, to use modern terminology, axial and equatorial), that two chairs would probably interconvert, and even how certain substituents might favor one of the chair forms. Because he expressed all this in mathematical language, few chemists of the time understood his arguments. He had several attempts at publishing these ideas, but none succeeded in capturing the imagination of chemists. His death in 1893 at the age of 31 meant his ideas sank into obscurity. It was only in 1918 when Ernst Mohr, based on the molecular structure of diamond that had recently been solved using the then very new technique of x-ray crystallography,[2][3] was able to successfully argue that Sachse's chair was the pivotal motif.[4][5][6] Derek Barton and Odd Hassel shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for work on the conformations of cyclohexane and various other molecules.
General[edit]
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The carbon-carbon bonds along the cyclohexane ring are sp³ hybrid orbitals, which have tetrahedral symmetry. Therefore, the angles between bonds of a tetravalent carbon atom have a preferred value θ ≈ 109.5°. The bonds also have a fairly fixed bond length λ. On the other hand, adjacent carbon atoms are free to rotate about the axis of the bond. Therefore, a ring that is warped so that the bond lengths and angles are close to those ideal values will have less strain energy than a flat ring with 120° angles.For each particular conformation of the carbon ring, the directions of the 12 carbon-hydrogen bonds (and therefore the positions of the hydrogen atoms) are fixed.
There are exactly eight warped polygons with six distinguished corners that have all internal angles equal to θ and all sides equal to λ. They comprise two ideal chair conformations, where the carbons alternately lie above and below the mean ring plane; and six ideal boat conformations, where two opposite carbons lie above the mean plane, and the other four lie below it. In theory, a molecule with any of those ring conformations would be free of angle strain. However, due to interactions between the hydrogen atoms, the angles and bond lengths of the actual chair forms are slightly different from the nominal values. For the same reasons, the actual boat forms have slightly higher energy than the chair forms. Indeed, the boat forms are unstable, and deform spontaneously to twist-boat conformations that are local minima of the total energy, and therefore stable. Each of the stable ring conformations can be transformed into any other without breaking the ring. However, such transformations must go through other states with stressed rings. In particular, they must go through unstable states where four successive carbon atoms lie on the same plane. These shapes are called half-chair conformations.
In 2011, Donna Nelson and Christopher Brammer surveyed comprehensive undergraduate organic chemistry textbooks in use at that time, in order to determine consistency among the textbooks and with research literature; they recommended changes[clarification needed] to remedy inconsistencies in cyclohexane conformer nomenclature and structural drawings across the texts. [1]
Chair conformation[edit]
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The two chair conformations have the lowest total energy, and are therefore the most stable, and have D3d symmetry. In the basic chair conformation, the carbons C1 through C6 alternate between two parallel planes, one with C1, C3 and C5, the other with C2, C4, and C6. The molecule has a symmetry axis perpendicular to these two planes, and is congruent to itself after a rotation of 120° about that axis. The two chair conformations have the same shape; one is congruent to the other after 60° rotation about that axis, or after being mirrored across the mean plane. The perpendicular projection of the ring onto its mean plane is a regular hexagon. All C-C bonds are tilted relative to the mean plane, but opposite bonds (such as C1-C2 and C4-C5) are parallel to each other.
As a consequence of the ring warping, six of the 12 carbon-hydrogen bonds end up almost perpendicular to the mean plane and almost parallel to the symmetry axis, with alternating directions, and are said to be axial. The other six C-H bonds lie almost parallel to the mean plane, and are said to be equatorial. The precise angles are such that the two C-H bonds in each carbon, one axial and one equatorial, point in opposite senses relative to the symmetry axis. Thus, in a chair conformation, there are three C-H bonds of each kind — axial "up", axial "down", equatorial "up", and equatorial "down"; and each carbon has one "up" and one "down", and one axial and one equatorial. The hydrogens in successive carbons are thus staggered so that there is little torsional strain. This geometry is often preserved when the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens or other simple groups. The conversion from one chair shape to the other is called ring flipping or chair-flipping. Carbon-hydrogen bonds that are axial in one configuration become equatorial in the other, and vice versa; but their relative positions—their "up" or "down" character—remains the same. In cyclohexane, the two chair conformations have the same energy, and at 25 °C, 99.99% of all molecules in a cyclohexane solution will be in a chair conformation.
In cyclohexane derivatives, the two chair conformations may have different energies, depending upon the identity and location of the substituents. For example, in methylcyclohexane the lowest energy conformation is a chair one where the methyl group is in equatorial position. This configuration reduces interaction between the methyl group (on carbon number 1) and the hydrogens at carbons 3 and 5; more importantly, it avoids two gauche butane interactions (of the C1-CH3 bond with the C2-C3 and C5-C6 ring bonds). Similarly, cis-1,3-dimethylcyclohexane usually has both methyls in the equatorial position so as to avoid interaction between them. In six-membered heterocycles such as pyran, a substituent next to an heteroatom may prefer the axial position due to the anomeric effect. Finally, the preference of a substituent towards the equatorial conformation is measured in terms of its A value, which is the Gibbs free energy difference between the two chair conformations, with the substituent in equatorial or in axial position. A positive A value indicates preference towards the equatorial position. The magnitude of the A values ranges from nearly zero for very small substituents such as deuterium, to about 5 kcal/mol for very bulky substituents such as the tert-butyl group.
Other conformations[edit]
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In the basic boat conformation (C2v symmetry), carbons C2, C3, C5 and C6 are coplanar, while C1 and C4 are displaced away from that plane in the same direction. Bonds C2-C3 and C5-C6 are therefore parallel. In this form, the molecule has two perpendicular planes of symmetry as well as a C2 axis. The boat conformations have higher energy than the chair conformations. The interaction between the two flagpole hydrogens, in particular, generates steric strain. There is also torsional strain involving the C2-C3 and C5-C6 bonds, which are eclipsed. Because of this strain, the boat configuration is unstable (not a local minimum of the energy function). The twist-boat conformation, sometimes called twist[1] (D2 symmetry) can be derived from the boat conformation by applying a slight twist to the molecule about the axes connecting the two unique carbons. The result is a structure that has three C2 axes and no plane of symmetry. The concentration of the twist-boat conformation at room temperature is very low (less than 0.1%) but at 1073 kelvins it can reach 30%. Rapid cooling from 1073 K to 40 K will freeze in a large concentration of twist-boat conformation, which will then slowly convert to the chair conformation upon heating.[7][citation needed] The half-chair conformation is a transition state with C2 symmetry generally considered to be on the pathway between chair and twist-boat. It involves rotating one of the dihedrals to zero such that four adjacent atoms are coplanar and the other two atoms are out of plane (one above and one below).
Interconversions between conformations[edit]
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At room temperature there is a rapid equilibrium between the two chair conformations of cyclohexane. The interconversion of these two conformations has been much debated and still lacks consensus. What is known is that the twist-boat and chair are both energy minima—the twist-boat being a local minimum; the chair being a global minimum (ground state).[8] The energy of the twist-boat conformation is 5.5 kcal mol−1 (23 kJ mol−1) higher than that of the chair conformation.
The half-chair state (2, below) is the transition state in the interconversion between the chair and twist-boat conformations. Due to the D2 symmetry of the twist-boat, there are two energy-equivalent pathways that it can take to two different half-chair conformations, leading to the two different chair conformations of cyclochexane. Thus, at a minimum, the interconversion between the two chair conformations involves the following sequence: chair - half-chair - twist-boat - half-chair' - chair'. The energies of the boat and half-chair states are 6.6 kcal mol−1 (28 kJ mol−1) and 10.8 kcal mol−1 (45 kJ mol−1) higher than that of the chair. The conformations involve following order of stability: chair form > twist boat form > boat form > half-chair form.
The boat conformation (4, below) is also a transition state, allowing the interconversion between two different twist-boat conformations. While the boat conformation is not necessary for interconversion between the two chair conformations of cyclohexane, it is often included in the reaction coordinate diagram used to describe this interconversion because its energy is considerably lower than that of the half-chair, so any molecule with enough energy to go from twist-boat to chair also has enough energy to go from twist-boat to boat. Thus, there are multiple pathways by which a molecule of cyclohexane in the twist-boat conformation can achieve the chair conformation again.
Forced conformations[edit]
Cyclohexane rings can be forced to adopt various specific geometries when substituents or other structural details create conformational constraints, for example, when the cyclohexane is part of a bridged compound. A simple example is norbornane, where the cyclohexane part is a boat-like conformation because the carbon bridge across the ring forces carbons 1 and 4 to be closer than a chair conformation allows. Twistane contains four cyclohexane rings, each of which is forced into a twist-boat conformation.
Di-substituted cyclohexanes[edit]
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Substituents found on cyclohexane adopt cis and trans formations and cannot be easily switched by simple single sigma bond rotation as with linear molecules. Cis formation means that both substituents are found on the upper side of the 2 substituent placements on the carbon, while trans would mean that they were on opposing sides. Despite the fact that carbons on cyclohexane are linked by a single bond, the ring remains rigid, in that switching from cis to trans would require breaking the ring. The nomenclature for cis is dubbed (Z) while the name for trans is (E) to be placed in front of the IUPAC name.
For di-substituted cyclohexane rings (i.e. two groups on the ring), the relative orientation of the two substituents affect the energy of the possible conformations. For 1,2- and 1,4-di-substituted cyclohexane, a cis configuration leads to one axial and one equatorial group. This configuration can undergo chair flipping. For 1,2- and 1,4-di-substituted cyclohexane, a trans configuration leads to either both groups axial or both equatorial. In this case, the diaxial conformation is effectively prevented by its high steric strain (four gauche interactions more than the diequatorial). For 1,3-di-substituted cyclohexanes, the cis form is diequatorial and the flipped conformation suffers additional steric interaction between the two axial groups. Trans-1,3-di-substituted cyclohexanes are like cis-1,2- and cis-1,4- and can flip between the two equivalent axial/equatorial forms.
Cis-1,4-di-tert-butylcyclohexane has an axial tert-butyl group in the chair conformation and conversion to the twist-boat conformation places both groups in more favorable equatorial positions. As a result, the twist-boat conformation is more stable by 0.47 kcal mol−1 (1.96 kJ mol−1) at 125 K as measured by NMR spectroscopy.
In cyclohexane-1,4-dione with the steric 1,4-hydrogen interaction removed, the actual stable conformation is the twist-boat.
Effect of polar substituent[citation needed]:
cis-cyclohexane-1,3-diol prefers diaxial conformation "formation of intrahydrogen bond".
2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol present in boat or twist-boat form "also intra-H-bond"
2-bromocyclohexanone prefers a-Br "min.dipolar repulsion"
2-bromo-4,4-dimethylcyclohexanone prefers e-Br "1,3 diaxial interaction(-ve in e-Br) more than dipolar repulsion[citation needed]:
trans-1,2-dibromocyclohexane present in axial form in non-polar solvents "dipoles cancel"
while present in equtorial form in polar solvents "dipoles reinforce".
Heterocyclic analogs[edit]
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Heterocyclic analogs of cyclohexane exist, and some have stable twist-boat conformations. 1,2,4,5-tetrathiane, an organosulfur compound with four methylene bridges replaced by sulfur atoms, lacks the unfavorable 1,3-diaxial interactions of cyclohexane, and its twist-boat conformation is populated; in the corresponding tetramethyl structure, 3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane, the twist-boat conformation actually dominates.[citation needed]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Nelson, Donna J.; Brammer, Christopher N. (2011). "Toward Consistent Terminology for Cyclohexane Conformers in Introductory Organic Chemistry". J. Chem. Educ. 88 (3): 292–294. Bibcode:2011JChEd..88..292N. doi:10.1021/ed100172k.
Jump up ^ Bragg, W. H.; Bragg, W. L. (1913). "The structure of the diamond". Nature. 91 (2283): 557. Bibcode:1913Natur..91..557B. doi:10.1038/091557a0.
Jump up ^ Bragg, W. H.; Bragg, W. L. (1913). "The structure of the diamond". Proc. R. Soc. A. 89 (610): 277–291. Bibcode:1913RSPSA..89..277B. doi:10.1098/rspa.1913.0084.
Jump up ^ H. Sachse, Chem. Ber., 1890, 23, 1363; Z. Phys. Chem., 1892, 10, 203; Z. Phys. Chem., 1893, 11, 185–219.
Jump up ^ E. Mohr, J. Prakt. Chem., 1918, 98, 315 and Chem. Ber., 1922, 55, 230.
Jump up ^ This history is nicely summarized here:[1].
Jump up ^ Squillacote, M.; Sheridan, R. S.; Chapman, O. L.; Anet, F. A. L. (1975-05-01). "Spectroscopic detection of the twist-boat conformation of cyclohexane. Direct measurement of the free energy difference between the chair and the twist-boat". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97 (11): 3244–3246. doi:10.1021/ja00844a068.
Jump up ^ Gill, G.; Pawar, D. M.; Noe, E. A. (2005). "Conformational Study of cis-1,4-Di-tert-butylcyclohexane by Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy and Computational Methods. Observation of Chair and Twist-Boat Conformations". J. Org. Chem. 70 (26): 10726–10731. doi:10.1021/jo051654z.
Further reading[edit]
Colin A. Russell, 1975, "The Origins of Conformational Analysis," in van't Hoff-Le Bel Centennial, O. B. Ramsay, Ed. (ACS Symposium Series 12), Washington, D.C.:American Chemical Society, pp. 159–178.
William Reusch, 2010, "Ring Conformations" and "Substituted Cyclohexane Compounds," in Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry, East Lansing, MI, USA:Michigan State University, see [2] and [3], accessed 20 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Java applets of all conformations from the University of Nijmegen
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Keynesian cross diagram
The Keynesian cross diagram demonstrates the relationship between aggregate demand (shown on the vertical axis) and real GDP (shown on the horizontal axis, measured by output).
In the Keynesian cross diagram (or 45-degree line diagram), a desired total spending (or aggregate expenditure, or "aggregate demand") curve (shown in blue) is drawn as a rising line since consumers will have a larger demand with a rise in disposable income, which increases with total national output. This increase is due to the positive relationship between consumption and consumers' disposable income in the consumption function. Aggregate demand may also rise due to increases in investment (due to the accelerator effect), while this rise is reduced if imports and tax revenues rise with income. Equilibrium in this diagram occurs where total demand, AD, equals the total amount of national output, Y, (which corresponds to total national income or production). Here, total demand equals total supply.
In the diagram, the equilibrium level of output and demand is determined where this desired spending curve intersects a line that represents the equality of total income and output (AD=Y). The intersection gives the equilibrium output, Y'.
The movement toward equilibrium is mostly via changes in inventories inducing changes in production and income. If current output exceeds the equilibrium, inventories accumulate, encouraging businesses to cut back on production, moving the economy toward equilibrium. Similarly, if the level of production is below the equilibrium, then inventories run down, encouraging an increase in production and thus a move toward equilibrium. This equilibration process occurs when the equilibrium is stable, i.e., when the AD line is less steep than the AD=Y line.
The equilibrium level of output determines the equilibrium level of employment in the model. (In a dynamic view, these are connected by Okun's Law.) There is no reason within the model why the equilibrium level of employment should correspond to full employment. Bringing in other considerations may imply this correspondence, though.[citation needed]
If any of the components of aggregate demand (C + Ip + G + NX) rises at each level of income, for example because business becomes more optimistic about future profitability, that shifts the entire AD line upward. This raises equilibrium income and output. Similarly, if the elements of AD fall, that shifts the line downward and lowers equilibrium output. (The AD=Y line does not shift under the definition used here).
Contents
[hide]
1 Assumptions
2 See also
3 Notes
4 External links
Assumptions[edit]
The Keynesian cross produces an equilibrium under several assumptions. First, the AD (blue) curve is positive. The AD curve is assumed to be positive because an increase in national output should lead to an increase in disposable income and, thus, an increase in consumption, which makes up a portion of aggregate demand.[1] Second, the AD curve is assumed to have a positive, vertical intercept. The AD curve must have a positive, vertical intercept to cross the AD=Y curve. If the curves do not cross, there is no equilibrium and no equilibrium output can be determined. The AD curve will have a positive, vertical intercept as long as there is some aggregated demand—from consumer spending, investment, net exports, or government spending—even if there is no national output.[1] The slope of the AD curve is steeper given a high multiplier value.[2]
See also[edit]
IS/LM model
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Suranovic, Steven M. "Chapter 50-7: The Keynesian Cross Diagram." International Finance Theory and Policy. Last Updated on 1/20/05 http://internationalecon.com/Finance/Fch50/F50-7.php
Jump up ^ Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. (2005). Modern Macroeconomics : Its Origins, Development and Current State. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. p. 61. ISBN 1-84542-467-0.
External links[edit]
The Keynesian Cross includes an applet that demonstrates the Keynesian cross and how it responds to changes in underlying parameters
Keynesian Cross Diagram by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keynesian_cross&oldid=778037314"
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The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Handmaid's Tale
Genre
Drama
Dystopian fiction
Created by
Bruce Miller
Based on
The Handmaid's Tale
by Margaret Atwood
Starring
Elisabeth Moss
Joseph Fiennes
Yvonne Strahovski
Alexis Bledel
Madeline Brewer
Ann Dowd
O. T. Fagbenle
Max Minghella
Samira Wiley
Composer(s)
Adam Taylor
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
10 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Bruce Miller
Warren Littlefield
Reed Morano
Daniel Wilson
Fran Sears
Ilene Chaiken
Producer(s)
Margaret Atwood
Elisabeth Moss
Location(s)
Toronto, Ontario
Hamilton, Ontario
Cambridge, Ontario
Running time
47–60 minutes
Production company(s)
Daniel Wilson Productions, Inc.
The Littlefield Company
White Oak Pictures
MGM Television
Hulu Originals
Release
Original network
Hulu
Original release
April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26) – present
External links
Website
www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale
The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016.
The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Broadcast
6 Reception
6.1 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In the near future, human fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution.[2] With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of "Gilead" establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war.[3][4][5] Society is organized by power-hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read.[5] Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an "extremist interpretation" of a Biblical account.[5] They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives.
June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the "time before", when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne/Offred, a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife, Serena Joy; mother of Hannah and wife of Luke.
Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford, a high-ranking government official and Offred's master. He secretly meets with her to form a connection in the hopes she doesn't kill herself like her predecessor. Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead's founding.
Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford, Fred's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create. Capable of great cruelty, she desperately wants to become a mother.
Alexis Bledel as Emily/Ofglen (later Ofsteven), Offred's handmaid shopping partner. She is considered a "gender traitor" (a term used in Gilead in reference to homosexuality) and knows of a resistance movement called Mayday.
Madeline Brewer as Janine/Ofwarren (later Ofdaniel), a handmaid with a fragile psyche who has had her right eye removed as punishment for misbehavior. She is convinced her Commander truly loves her and that he wants to run away with her and start a family.
Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia, a brutal instructor and guardian of the handmaids. However, she seems to develop a fondness for Janine/Ofwarren.
O. T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole, June's husband from before Gilead and father to their daughter Hannah. As June is his second wife, their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah is considered illegitimate.
Max Minghella as Nick Blaine, Commander Waterford's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who develops feelings for Offred.
Samira Wiley as Moira, June's best friend since college. With June's help, she is able to escape her life as a handmaid but ultimately goes to work at one of Gilead's many unofficial brothels/sex clubs as a "Jezebel" named Ruby. She appears to have given up the will to escape Gilead altogether until June gives her the strength to escape again.
Amanda Brugel as Rita, a Martha, or housekeeper. Her son was killed in the Gilead takeover. (recurring season 1, starring season 2)[6]
Recurring[edit]
Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam, Commander Warren Putnam's wife. She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids.
Kristen Gutoskie as Beth, a Martha at Jezebel's. She does business with Nick and appears to have quite an interest in him.
Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen #2, who replaces Emily in the position after she's captured by The Eyes. Her new life in Gilead is much better than her old one and she does not want to jeopardize it. However, she is the very first handmaid to refuse to punish Janine/Ofdaniel in the season finale.
Nina Kiri as Alma, a handmaid already "in service" upon Offred's arrival. She later becomes a contact to a possible resistance group.
Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne, Offred's daughter.
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Teleplay by
Original release date
1
"Offred" Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
A woman flees from a group of men with guns, but she is captured and separated from her young daughter; her husband has vanished. She is known as Offred, a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford. Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion, Ofglen. On the way home, they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay, working in an abortion clinic, being Jewish, and being Catholic.[7] In a flashback, various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia, who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are "special", serving a Biblical purpose. Offred enters the room and notices Moira, a woman she knew at college. One woman in the class, Janine, answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment. In the present, Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife, Serena Joy. The next day, the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid. As punishment, the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death. Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead. On the way home, Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye (a secret spy) in her house. Through voiceover, Offred reveals her true name, June, and that she intends to survive to find her daughter.
2
"Birth Day" Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other. While they are walking, Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church, the local church they belonged to, being destroyed by the new régime.[8][7] Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to "erase" the fact that it ever existed; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government.[9] Ofglen asks her to join, but Offred declines. Nick, Commander Waterford's driver, tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night, which is forbidden. Nick also warns her “Don't get too close to [Ofglen]. It's dangerous.” Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren's (formerly Janine's) child, named "Angela" by the Puttnams, but "Charlotte" by Ofwarren. In flashbacks, June remembers the birth of her own daughter, Hannah. At that time healthy births were already rare, and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested. Offred goes to the Commander's office, unsure of what will happen, but he just wants to play Scrabble. She laughs with relief when she returns to her room. The next day, Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night, but when she goes outside, it's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen.
3
"Late" Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26, 2017 (2017-04-26)
In flashbacks, the rise of Gilead is detailed. June and all the other women at her office are fired because "it's the law now". June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property. In the present, Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby. Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena. Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting. Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen. Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible; for this, Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod. Before she can leave the room, Offred responds by quoting the Bible back: “Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness, for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven.” That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes, yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant. Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment. Offred later tells Serena that she's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out. In a flashback, June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives. In the present, Ofglen and the Martha she's in a relationship with are charged with "gender treachery", with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children. The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches, sobbing and horrified. Later, Ofglen (now referred to by her "old" name, Emily) wakes up in a clinic, having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia.
4
"Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum" Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3, 2017 (2017-05-03)
Offred, who is banished to her room, goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall. Rita, the Commander's housekeeper, finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted. Believing she is ill, Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check-up. While examining Offred, the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile, because "most of those guys are". He offers to impregnate her but she declines. In flashbacks, Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids (including June and Moira) about the "Ceremony": when the Commander rapes a handmaid. Later, June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed, and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv. June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt's outfit and they tie her up. June and Moira begin their escape, hoping to leave via train to Boston, which has safehouses. When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions, June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone. Moira gets on the train, leaving June behind, but June smiles at her to let her know it's okay. June is later punished by having her feet whipped. In the present, Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred. Later that night, the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase; he tells her it means "Don't let the bastards grind you down". She also inquires about the previous Offred, in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable. He makes it known that he doesn't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement.
5
"Faithful" Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10, 2017 (2017-05-10)
Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile. At the grocery store, Offred talks to the original Ofglen, now called Ofsteven, but she is not as responsive as she used to be. During a Ceremony night, The Commander touches Offred's thigh, which she later tells him never to do again. Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye. At an open-air market, Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called "Mayday" (from the French, m'aidez meaning 'help me'). Ofsteven steals one of the guards' cars and proceeds to drive away; in the process, she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van. Later that day, Serena leads Offred up to Nick's room where she waits by the door while they have Ceremony-like sex. Flashbacks detail Luke and June's first meeting and courtship. Offred returns to Nick's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night.
6
"A Woman's Place" Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17, 2017 (2017-05-17)
Mexican delegates visit the Commander's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement. The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead. With great self-control, Offred tells them, "I have found happiness". After the meeting, Offred visits the Commander's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them. He asks her to kiss him "like you mean it". She kisses the Commander and leaves, ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards. The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success, including presenting the children of Gilead. Offred's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations. The next day, as the delegates are leaving, Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead. She pleads for their help, but the Mexican ambassador claims that she cannot help Offred and explains her own country's dire situation. When Offred is left alone with the ambassador's assistant, he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him. Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement. Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the "life before", with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband's (as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn). She even wrote a book about her beliefs, titled A Woman's Place, which contained the famous line "do not mistake a woman's meekness for weakness". However, after the takeover, she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning (to Fred's dismay). Rather symbolically, as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create, a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash.
7
"The Other Side" Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24, 2017 (2017-05-24)
The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter. Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated. He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him. Evidence of the country's violent takeover is everywhere. After passing out from his wounds, he is awoken by a resistance group (viewed as "undesirables" by Gilead) who are traveling to Canada; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun, an escaped handmaid, a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier.[10] Initially reluctant, Luke joins them after one of the survivors, Zoe, shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting.[11][12] As they are boarding a boat, they are shot at by Gileadan guards, who kill several members of the group. Luke and one of the members, a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid, survive and flee. Flashbacks prior to Luke, June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed. June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford, a man who knew June's mother. He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods. Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada. They are confronted by a hunter, who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged. But the man says he can help them get over the border. Three years later, Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in "Little America", based in Toronto, Ontario. Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office. Luke receives the letter from June, which reads "I love you so much. Save Hannah."
8
"Jezebels" Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)
Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night. Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as "Jezebels" work. Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite. Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel's Marthas. Offred goes to see Moira again, where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape, but were caught.[13][14] Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels.[14] Moira tells Offred, "Forget about escaping. This is Gilead. No one gets out." Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive. Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids. There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred, with Serena pointedly saying to her husband, "What did you think was going to happen?" In the present, after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home, he ends his relationship with Offred, which upsets and angers her. Offred receives a gift from Serena, a music box. The episode closes with Offred etching "You are not alone" into the closet wall.
9
"The Bridge" Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7, 2017 (2017-06-07)
Ofwarren's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife. Offred is worried about Ofwarren's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that "she's tougher than you think". Ofwarren, now known as Ofdaniel, is taken to her new home. During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander, Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs. At the market, Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group "Mayday". Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel's. Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel's again that very night. After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room, he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back. Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar, but she refuses, which angers Offred. Moira seems to have completely given up. Back at the house, Offred is awoken by Serena, who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte. Various Gileadan guards, the Putnams, Waterfords, and Aunt Lydia are also present. Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her. Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps, attempting suicide. She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side, who calls her "stupid". Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel. Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby, which she curtly refuses. Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred, saying that "men don't change". Serena is seen going into Fred's office. At the market, Offred is given a package by the butcher, sent by Moira from Jezebels. At the brothel, Moira kills a client and takes his clothes, jubilantly driving off in his car.
10
"Night" Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14)
This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center, receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia. Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test, which is positive. Serena then directs her anger at her husband, telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his. She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness. On learning the news, Nick shares a brief, tender moment with Offred. Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred's daughter, Hannah, now lives; Offred can see her daughter through a gate. While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah, she assures her that she is doing fine. Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child, nothing bad will happen to Hannah. Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant, only to be told to be quiet; yelling is not good for the baby. Fred participates in Commander Putnam’s trial: he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made. Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible, as she fears for his immortal soul. Ultimately, Putnam's left hand is amputated. In the evening, Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter. He asks if he is the father of her child and she says "of course", to which he replies "you do that so well." Later, Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena. The package from Jezebel's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover. Later, a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution: they are to stone someone who has endangered a child. The convict turns out to be Janine/Ofdaniel. The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen #2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal. The other women, beginning with Offred, drop their stones, each saying "I'm sorry, Aunt Lydia" (a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination). The guards are ready to kill them all, but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility. She tells the women to go home, assuring them that there will be consequences. Not long after, a black van comes for Offred, much to Fred and Serena's surprise and indignation. Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them. As she is being led out, Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters. In a side story, Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke.
Production[edit]
A straight-to-series order by Hulu of The Handmaid's Tale was announced in April 2016, with Elisabeth Moss set to star.[15] Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood, the series was created by Bruce Miller, who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, and Warren Littlefield.[15] Atwood serves as consulting producer, giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book.[15][16] She also co-wrote every episode[17] and also had a small cameo role in the first episode.[18] Moss is also a producer.[19] In June 2016, Reed Morano was announced as director of the series.[20] Samira Wiley, Max Minghella, and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016.[21][22][23] Joseph Fiennes, Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016,[24][25][26] followed by O. T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016.[27][28] In October 2016, Ever Carradine joined the cast,[29] and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017.[30]
Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario, from September 2016 to February 2017.[31][32] The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017.[33] The series premiered on April 26, 2017.[34]
On May 3, 2017, The Handmaid's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018.[35] Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story, filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already "finished" in the book.[36] The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017.[37] Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular. Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show, stating "Well, you know, honestly, when I started, I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like? If you hit a home run, you want energy to go around the bases, you want enough story to keep going, if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they're actually crying at the finale."[38]
Broadcast[edit]
The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis.[34][39] In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo, beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30.[40] In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic.[41] In the UK and Ireland, the series premiered on May 28, 2017, and airs every Sunday on Channel 4.[42]
In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017.[43] In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6, 2017.[44]
Reception[edit]
The Handmaid's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[45] The season has a 96% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.63 out of 10 based on 92 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Haunting and vivid, The Handmaid's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel that's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss."[46] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it "probably the spring's best new show and certainly its most important".[47] Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review, and wrote that it is "A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood's totalitarian, sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood" and that "this series is meticulously paced, brutal, visually stunning, and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale".[48]
There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series (and by extension, the book it is based on) and American society following Donald Trump's and Mike Pence's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, respectively.[49][50]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
2017 Primetime Emmy Awards[51] Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid's Tale Won
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won
Samira Wiley Nominated
Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for "Offred" Won
Kate Dennis for "The Bridge" Nominated
Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for "Offred" Won
Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won
Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott, Sharon Bialy, Sherry Thomas Nominated
Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour) Colin Watkinson for "Offred" Won
Outstanding Period/Fantasy Costumes for a Series, Limited Series, or Movie Ane Crabtree, Sheena Wichary for "Offred" Nominated
Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More) Julie Berghoff, Evan Webber, Sophie Neudorfer for "Offred" Won
Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor, Stephen Lebed, Leo Bovell, Martin O'Brien, Winston Lee, Kelly Knauff, Zach Dembinski, Mike Suta, Cameron Kerr for "Birth Day" Nominated
TCA Awards[52] Program of the Year The Handmaid's Tale Won
Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won
Outstanding New Program Nominated
Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated
Gold Derby TV Awards[53] Drama Series The Handmaid's Tale Nominated
Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won
Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick; N'Duka, Amanda (September 17, 2017). "Hulu’s ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service". Deadline.com. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Douthat, Ross (May 24, 2017). "'The Handmaid's Tale,' and Ours". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017. The first situates the Gilead regime's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse, caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s.
Jump up ^ Douthat, Ross (May 24, 2017). "'The Handmaid's Tale,' and Ours". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017. Now, in the era of the Trump administration, liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead, where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read, sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave-concubines to childless elites.
Jump up ^ Segovia, José de (June 22, 2017). Daniel Wickham, ed. "There is no balm in Atwood’s Gilead". Evangelical Focus. A clear example of Atwood´s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams, Layton E. (April 25, 2017). "Margaret Atwood on Christianity, ‘The Handmaid’s Tale,’ and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today". Sojourners. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (August 17, 2017). "'The Handmaid's Tale' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pacatte, Rose (May 10, 2017). "Hulu's 'The Handmaid's Tale' presents striking oppression, silent sisterhood". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved June 20, 2017. They walk past a priest, doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge, Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river; they see St. Paul's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized, being torn down.
Jump up ^ Blondiau, Eloise (April 28, 2017). "Reflecting on the frightening lessons of 'The Handmaid's Tale'". America. Retrieved June 20, 2017. In the screen version, Offred and her friend Ofglen (Alexis Bledel) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul’s, their local church.
Jump up ^ Sabelhaus, Kate Jackson (May 3, 2017). "'The Handmaid's Tale' Recap: Ofglen and Jeanine's Birth Stories". Teen Vogue. Retrieved June 20, 2017. On their stroll, they walk past the remains of St. Paul’s, a historic cathedral in Boston. Burned and bombed, it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII. Offred pauses to remember her daughter’s baptism, which took place there years prior, and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick’s cathedral in New York City. “They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River. They erased it.” Upon hearing this bit of news, Offred asks, “How do you know that? And how do you know there’s an Eye in my house?”
Jump up ^ Hudson, Laura (May 24, 2017). "The Handmaid's Tale Recap, Episode 7: The Other Side". Vulture. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Locke, Charley (May 25, 2017). "Handmaid's Tale: Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It's Too Late". Wired. Retrieved June 26, 2017. The group has a plan to escape, but Luke won't go, refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind — until Zoe (Rosa Gilmore), one of the rebels, shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist.
Jump up ^ Blunt, Tom (May 24, 2017). "'The Handmaid’s Tale’ Episode 7 Recap: The Other Side". Signature Reads. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Finally, one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building, driving home the point of what’s at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within. This mass-hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode’s visual centerpiece: it’s a wake-up call, underscoring once and for all that Gilead isn’t a religious movement or a political revolution, it’s not something you can reason with or withstand on your own.
Jump up ^ Truong, Peggy (April 24, 2017). ""The Handmaid's Tale" Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show". Cosmopolitan. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Following her great escape from Handmaid training, Moira is helped by a Quaker family.
^ Jump up to: a b Roots, Kimberly (May 31, 2017). "‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ Recap: Season 1, Episode 8 — [Spoiler] Returns in ‘Jezebels’". TVLine. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Since we last saw the escapee, she made it to Boston, hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country. She didn’t make it farther than an office park outside the city. “They shot the guys who helped me,” Moira sadly tells Offred, adding that because she was a “corrupting influence,” she was interrogated and then given a choice: the colonies or the jezebels.
^ Jump up to: a b c Petski, Denise; Andreeva, Nellie (April 29, 2016). "Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid's Tale On Hulu". Deadline.com. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dingfelder, Sadie (April 13, 2017). "What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ N.E.G. (September 19, 2017). "The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen". The Economist. Retrieved September 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Atwood, Margaret (March 10, 2017). "Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid's Tale Means in the Age of Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Onstad, Katrina (April 20, 2017). "The Handmaid’s Tale: A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV". The New York Times. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jafaar, Ali (June 22, 2016). "Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roshanian, Arya (July 25, 2016). "Orange Is the New Black's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale". Variety. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 25, 2016). "Samira Wiley Joins Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 15, 2016). "Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid's Tale Drama Series on Hulu". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (August 23, 2016). "Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid's Tale for Hulu". Variety. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 19, 2016). "Hulu's Handmaid's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 29, 2016). "Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale Series". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 7, 2016). "The Handmaid's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (September 28, 2016). "The Handmaid's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pederson, Erik (October 27, 2016). "Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid's Tale; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 5, 2017). "Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid's Tale As Recurring". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dowling, Amber (April 26, 2017). "The Secrets From Hulu's 'The Handmaid's Tale' Set Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Katie (June 7, 2016). "The Handmaid’s Tale to shoot in Toronto". Playback. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Handmaid's Tale Trailer (Official)". YouTube. May 23, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Petski, Denise (December 16, 2016). "The Handmaid's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu". Deadline.com. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 3, 2017). "‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu – Upfront". Deadline.com. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Strause, Jackie (May 11, 2017). "'Handmaid's Tale' Stars, Director on Show's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (June 22, 2017). "'Handmaid's Tale': Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (June 18, 2017). "The Handmaid’s Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale". New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick, Kevin (March 23, 2017). "The Handmaid’s Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer, Three-Episode Premiere". Screen Crush. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yeo, Debra (March 27, 2017). "The Handmaid’s Tale finally gets Canadian distributor". Toronto Star. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ulrich, Lise (April 28, 2017). "’The Handmaid’s Tale’: Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic". SoundVenue (in Danish). Retrieved May 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Munn, Patrick (May 16, 2017). "Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu's 'The Handmaid's Tale'". TVWise. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Casey, Alex (June 1, 2017). "Huge and true: The Handmaid’s Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox". The Spinoff. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Handmaid's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand". SBS. June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Handmaid's Tale : Season 1". Metacritic. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Handmaid's Tale: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fienberg, Daniel (April 13, 2017). "The Handmaid's Tale: TV Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen (April 13, 2017). "Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale Is Your Must-Watch Show This Spring". Vulture. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid's Tale and Trump's election as President of the United States, see:
Nally, Claire (May 31, 2017). "How The Handmaid's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact". The Independent. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Brooks, Katherine (May 24, 2017). "How ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ Villains Were Inspired By Trump". Huffington Post. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Robertson, Adi (November 9, 2016). "In Trump's America, The Handmaid's Tale matters more than ever". The Verge. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Douthat, Ross (May 24, 2017). ""The Handmaid’s Tale,’ and Ours". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid's Tale and Trump's election as President of the United States, see:
Crispin, Jessa (May 2, 2017). "The Handmaid's Tale is just like Trump's America? Not so fast". The Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Smith, Kyle (April 28, 2017). "Sorry: ‘Handmaid’s Tale’ tells us nothing about Trump’s America". New York Post. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Cohen, Ariel (May 2, 2017). "Stop comparing 'The Handmaid's Tale' to Trump's America". The Washington Examiner. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees". Los Angeles Times. September 17, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (August 5, 2017). "TCA Awards: The Handmaid's Tale, Atlanta, Big Little Lies, Carrie Coon Among Big Winners". TVLine. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Beachum, Chris; Montgomery, Daniel; Dixon, Marcus James (July 26, 2017). "2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations: ‘This is Us,’ ‘Veep,’ ‘The Leftovers,’ ‘Stranger Things’ among top contenders". Goldderby. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
The Handmaid's Tale on IMDb
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values: حكاية أمة (مسلسل) – Arabic

values: Историята на прислужницата (сериал) – Bulgarian

values: The Handmaid’s Tale (Fernsehserie) – German

values: The Handmaid's Tale (serie de televisión) – Spanish

values: The Handmaid's Tale (telesaila) – Basque

values: سرگذشت ندیمه (مجموعه تلویزیونی) – Persian

values: The Handmaid's Tale : La Servante écarlate – French

values: 핸드메이즈 테일 – Korean

values: The Handmaid's Tale (serie televisiva) – Italian

values: סיפורה של שפחה (סדרת טלוויזיה) – Hebrew

values: Opowieść podręcznej (serial telewizyjny) – Polish

values: The Handmaid's Tale (série de televisão) – Portuguese

values: Рассказ служанки (телесериал) – Russian

values: The Handmaid's Tale (TV-serie) – Swedish

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