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Jab Harry Met Sejal
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Jab Harry Met Sejal
Hindi
जब हैरी मेट सेजल
Directed by
Imtiaz Ali
Produced by
Gauri Khan
Written by
Imtiaz Ali
Starring
Shah Rukh Khan
Anushka Sharma
Evelyn Sharma
Chandan Roy Sanyal
Aru Krishansh Verma
Music by
Songs:
Pritam
Diplo
Background score:
Hitesh Sonik
Cinematography
K.U. Mohanan
Edited by
Aarti Bajaj
Production
company
Red Chillies Entertainment
Distributed by
Red Chillies Entertainment
Release date
4 August 2017 (2017-08-04)[1]
Running time
144 minutes
Country
India
Language
Hindi
Box office
est. ₹150.06 crore[2]
Jab Harry Met Sejal (English: When Harry Met Sejal) is a 2017 Indian romantic comedy film written and directed by Imtiaz Ali. It features Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma in the lead roles,[1] their third collaboration after Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi (2008) and Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012). Pre-production of the film begun in April 2015 and principal photography commenced in August 2016 in Prague, Amsterdam, Vienna, Lisbon and Budapest.
The movie did not meet the expectations of some audience members and critics.[3] The film under-performed at the domestic box office,[2] but was an overseas success, the year's second highest overseas grosser, after Raees, another Shah Rukh Khan starrer.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development
3.1 Filming
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Reception
5 Release
6 Critical reception
7 Box office
7.1 Domestic
7.2 Overseas
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Harinder "Harry" Singh Nehra is a tourist guide in Amsterdam. He is shown to be a "cheap womaniser" as he calls himself but is a friendly and helpful guide.
After dropping a family at the airport, Harry comes across Sejal Zaveri, a member of the same family, who has lost her engagement ring. He reluctantly agrees to help her find her ring. In due course of time while searching for the ring, they become friendly and he tells her that he had left his home in Nur Mahal village and came to Canada to become a singer, which did not work out and that is how he slowly became a tour guide.
Both Harry and Sejal travel to places where he had initially taken the family, in search of the ring. During this, Harry falls in love with Sejal, but does not reveal it to her as she is engaged to someone else. They soon learn that a criminal, Gas, has stolen the ring. They go to Gas to retrieve the ring but Harry gets thrashed by Gas's men. Later, while looking for antiseptics in her bag for Harry, Sejal finds the ring and realises that the ring was in her bag all along. However, she does not tell Harry about this as she wanted to spend some more time with him and was unknowingly falling in love with him.
The next day, Harry and Sejal fly to Frankfurt for the wedding of Mayank; Harry's friend. After the wedding, Harry and Sejal get into an argument and she decides to leave for India.
At the airport, Sejal shows Harry the ring and tells him that it was in her bag all along. He asks her to take care and bids her goodbye.
She returns to India and he returns to his work, but begins to miss her and gets depressed. On Mayank's insistence, Harry flies for Mumbai to go to her wedding. On reaching the venue, he learns that Sejals's marriage was called off. He walks out to find her sitting outside. They eventually share their feelings for each other, and go to Harry's village, Nur Mahal, where he reunites with his family and marries Sejal.
Cast[edit]
Shah Rukh Khan as Harinder "Harry" Singh Nehra[5]
Anushka Sharma as Sejal Zaveri
Aru Krishansh Verma as Mayank
Chandan Roy Sanyal as Ghyassuddin Mohammed Qureshi (Gas)
Evelyn Sharma as Irina
Kavi Shastri as Rupen, Sejal's fiancé
Development[edit]
Jab Harry Met Sejal was initially conceived about a man trying to commit suicide. However, after Khan met Ali, the former suggested to revitalise the story by making it a more jolly film.[6]
Production began in April 2016[7] and plans to filming were announced in the first part of August 2016, when the film had the working title "Production No. 52".[8] Sharma required several months of diction training to prepare herself for her role, as her character is from Gujarat.[9] She describes her character as "very superficial, doesn’t have any depth as a person. There is no similarity with me. But her morals and values of self-respect are something that I can relate to. But otherwise, the character is quite impulsive by nature."[10]
The film underwent a lot of name changes throughout its production phase from The Ring to Rahnuma to Raula until it was finalised with Jab Harry Met Sejal. When the title of the film was finally revealed, it received considerable backlash from people who accused that it must be a copy of the 1989 Hollywood iconic film When Harry Met Sally... or that it must have been inspired by it. However, contrary to popular beliefs, the two films have no similarity or connection with one another except both falls under the same genre and the two protagonist start off as strangers. Khan explained, "When Harry Met Sally... is one of the greatest love stories ever made in the history of world cinema. Our film on the other hand, is quite original, a fun space love story by Imtiaz Ali. But it is a takeoff from there as that movie is a classic. It is a way to attribute."[11][12]
In an interview with The Indian Express, Khan discussed about the possible epilogue of the movie; the couple had three children and moved to a small town for some time. Sejal then works as a lawyer while Harry takes time off and writes a book. The former takes the role of a working partner while the latter looks after the children.[13]
Filming[edit]
Filming began in late August 2016 in Prague[14][15] and continued in Amsterdam & Budapest from September 2016.[16] Filming locations include multiple locations in Europe, as well as in Punjab.[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
Jab Harry Met Sejal
Soundtrack album by Pritam
Released
4 August 2017
Recorded
2016-17
Genre
Feature film Soundtrack
Length
57:46
Language
Hindi
Label
Sony Music India
Pritam chronology
Raabta
(2017) Jab Harry Met Sejal
(2017) Tubelight
(2017)
Singles from Jab Harry Met Sejal
"Radha"
Released: 21 June 2017
"Beech Beech Mein"
Released: 3 July 2017
"Safar"
Released: 10 July 2017
"Butterfly"
Released: 13 July 2017
"Hawayein"
Released: 26 July 2017
"Phurrr"
Released: 3 August 2017
The music of the film is composed by Pritam while the lyrics have been penned by Irshad Kamil. The first song of the film titled as "Radha" sung by Shahid Mallya and Sunidhi Chauhan was released on 21 June 2017. The second song "Beech Beech Mein" sung by Arijit Singh, Shalmali Kholgade and Shefali Alvares was released on 3 July 2017. The third song "Safar" sung by Arijit Singh was released on 10 July 2017. The fourth song "Butterfly" sung by Dev Negi, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aman Trikha and Nooran Sisters was released on 13 August 2017. The fifth song "Hawayein" sung by Arijit Singh was unveiled on 26 July 2017. The sixth and last song titled "Phurrr" was composed by the American DJ Diplo and Pritam. It was sung by DJ Diplo, Pritam, Mohit Chauhan and Tushar Joshi and was released on 3 August 2017. The full soundtrack album of the film includes 13 tracks and was released by Sony Music India on 4 August 2017.[18][19][20] [21]
Track listing
No.
Title
Lyrics
Music
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Radha" Irshad Kamil Pritam Sunidhi Chauhan, Shahid Mallya 5:02
2. "Beech Beech Mein" Irshad Kamil Pritam Arijit Singh, Shalmali Kholgade, Shefali Alvares 3:26
3. "Safar" Irshad Kamil Pritam Arijit Singh 6:05
4. "Butterfly" Irshad Kamil Pritam Dev Negi, Sunidhi Chauhan, Aman Trikha, Nooran Sisters 4:41
5. "Hawayein" Irshad Kamil Pritam Arijit Singh 4:50
6. "Parinda" Irshad Kamil Pritam Pardeep Singh Sran 3:12
7. "Ghar" Irshad Kamil Pritam Mohit Chauhan, Nikhita Gandhi 3:41
8. "Yaadon Mein" Irshad Kamil Pritam Mohammed Irfan, Jonita Gandhi, Cuca Roseta, Arjun Chandy 5:35
9. "Raula" Irshad Kamil Pritam Diljit Dosanjh, Neeti Mohan 4:16
10. "Jee Ve Sohaneya" Irshad Kamil Pritam Nooran Sisters 4:10
11. "Phurrr (Film Version)" Irshad Kamil Diplo, Pritam DJ Diplo, Pritam, Mohit Chauhan, Tushar Joshi 3:25
12. "Hawayein" (Film Version) Irshad Kamil Pritam Arijit Singh 5:07
13. "Parinda (Search)" Irshad Kamil Pritam Nikhil D'Souza, Tochi Raina 4:16
Total length: 57:46
Reception[edit]
Debarati S Sen of The Times of India commented that they have made an "enjoyable album", "which captures the usual genres that characterises a typical Bollywood film, well enough".[22] Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama rated 4 out of 5 stars to the album.[23]
Release[edit]
The film was initially set for an August 11, 2017 release. However, it was later moved a week earlier to August 4 to avoid the movie Toilet: Ek Prem Katha averting a possible box office clash.[12] Its release date in Dubai and United Arab Emirates was pushed from early Thursday morning – which has been the norm for Bollywood films – to Friday evening to prevent pirated versions of the film or its spoilers from getting leaked. However, after a backlash, it was decided to release it on its original release date, August 3, at 6 PM GST.[24] [25][26]
The film was released on 3400 screens worldwide.[27]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received mixed reviews from critics.[28]
Anita Iyer of Khaleej Times rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "The movie goes through its ebb and flow, and all you can do is enjoy the good bits, till they last."[29] Manjusha Radhakrishnan of Gulf News also rated it 2.5 stars out of 5, saying "The climax isn't ground-breaking, however, the cinematography that highlights the beauty of a handful European countries is pleasing to watch."[30]
Yahoo gave the movie 3.5 stars out of 5 calling it a complete entertainer."[31] Koimoi gave Jab Harry Met Sejal 3.5 stars out of 5, praising the performances and direction.[32] Times Of India gave the movie 3 stars of out 5 and wrote, "Sound advice here would be that you actually buy yourself a tour ticket to Europe and soak in the sights for real. But, if you want to settle for a cheaper option of touring the continent inside a cinema hall, buy yourself a JHMS ticket and get transported to the land of make-believe captured indulgently by cinematographer K U Mohanan, with the added advantage of a Punjabi `munda’ playing your friend, philosopher, lover and guide." Filmfare Magazine gave the movie 3 stars out of 5 stating that, "JHMS is a happy romantic comedy that you can sing and dance along with. Pritam's music is a stand out feature. The performances are really strong".[33]
NDTV gave JHMS 2/5 and wrote, "It is cinema's equivalent of a shiny bauble that glitters wholly in vain. Watch it only if you fancy a vicarious romp through Europe with an off-colour megastar trying hard to get going"[34]. Bollywood film critic and business trend analyst Taran Adarsh wrote on Facebook, "Good performances... Stunning locales... Bland and boring screenplay... Too many songs...With SRK-Anushka, Imtiaz Ali could've hit the ball out of the park with a solid script. Sadly, he loses this golden opportunity."[35] Shubhra Gupta, critic of Indian Express gave JHMS 1.5 stars out of 5 stars while calling it a dud.[36] Giving Jab Harry Met Sejal 2 stars out of 5, Hindustan Times wrote, "Lethargic storytelling kills Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma's film. It's a big disappointment to see Shah Rukh Khan returning to his comfort zone and yet not performing on top of his powers."[37] Bollywood Hungama gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Jab Harry Met Sejal has its moments. But the film is riddled with cliches and flaws that takes the film down, thanks to the poor script."[38]
Box office[edit]
The film's box office gross was ₹150.06 crore (US$23 million) as of 25 August 2017, including ₹89.18 crore (US$14 million) in India and ₹60.88 crore (US$9.5 million) overseas. The film under-performed at the domestic box office.[2] However, the film was an overseas success, grossing US$10 million overseas, making it the year's second highest overseas grosser, behind only Raees, another Shah Rukh Khan starrer.[4]
Domestic[edit]
The film collected ₹15.25 crore on opening day,[39] becoming the lowest opener for a Shah Rukh Khan film in three years.[40] On the second day, it collected ₹15 crores, followed by its third day's collection of ₹15.50 crores, bringing its first weekend's collection to ₹45.75 crores, and making it 2017's sixth-highest first-weekend-collecting Bollywood film in the domestic market.[41]
Nevertheless, the weekend box office collection of the film did not manage to cross ₹50 crores, and it emerged as one of the lowest openers of Shah Rukh Khan in recent years.[42][43]
Overseas[edit]
On the first day, the film collected ₹50.57 lakh (US$79,000) from 27 screens in Australia, ₹20.83 lakh (US$32,000) from 20 screens in New Zealand, ₹1.10 crore (US$170,000) from 104 screens in the United Kingdom, ₹2.44 crore (US$380,000) from 252 screens in the United States and ₹58.26 lakh (US$91,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[44] On the second day, the film collected ₹18.96 lakh (US$30,000) from 10 screens in Australia, ₹16.01 lakh (US$25,000) from 16 screens in New Zealand, ₹1.17 crore (US$180,000) from 105 screens in the UK, ₹2.53 crore (US$390,000) from 251 screens in the US and ₹71.75 lakh (US$110,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[45] On the first Sunday, it collected ₹33.30 lakh (US$52,000) from 31 screens in Australia, ₹12.01 lakh (US$19,000) from 21 screens in New Zealand, ₹79.69 lakh (US$120,000) from 106 screens in the UK, ₹1.57 crore (US$240,000) from 249 screens in the US and ₹47.17 lakh (US$74,000) from 26 screens in Canada.[46] On the fourth day of release, the film collected ₹7.29 lakh (US$11,000) from 23 screens in Australia and ₹3.78 lakh (US$5,900) from 18 screens in New Zealand.[47]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Shah Rukh Khan - Anushka Sharma's film 'Jab Harry Met Sejal' to release on August 4". Times of India. 9 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Box Office: Tubelight Vs Jab Harry Met Sejal – Which movie grossed more worldwide?". Bollywood Hungama. 25 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jab Harry Met Sejal box office collection day 4: Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma film earns Rs 52.9 crores". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Box Office: Secret Superstar is now the 6th highest grosser of 2017 in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 7 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sanyukta Iyer (9 June 2017). "SHAH RUKH KHAN: IMTIAZ ALI IS MODERN-DAY YASH CHOPRA". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Jab Harry Met Sejal': Interesting facts about Shah Rukh Khan-Anushka Sharma's movie". The Times of India. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma team up for Imtiaz Ali's next"
Jump up ^ "Shah Rukh Khan-Imtiaz Ali film to be called The Ring, clash with Akshay Kumar's Crack?". First Post. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Prarthna (22 August 2016). "Revealed: Shah Rukh Khan's name, Anushka Sharma's role and other details you need to know about Imtiaz Ali's 'The Ring'". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sejal is very superficial, doesn't have any depth: Anushka talks about Jab Harry Met Sejal". Hindustan Times. July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jab Harry Met Sejal a copy of When Harry Met Sally? Here's what SRK said". India TV News. June 10, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shah Rukh Khan on Jab Harry Met Selja: No Similarity with When Harry Met Sally". India Today. June 10, 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alaka Sahani (July 30, 2017). "Jab Harry Met Sejal actor Shah Rukh Khan: It is the most beautiful feeling to be a star". The Indian Express. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Watch: Shah Rukh Khan begins shooting for Imtiaz Ali's 'The Ring' in Prague". Times of India. 21 August 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shah Rukh begins filming Imtiaz Ali's next in Prague". The Hindu. 21 August 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Shah Rukh Khan shoots for Imtiaz Ali's The Ring, shares its first look". Indian Express. 22 August 2016. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sony Music acquires music rights of Shah Rukh Khan's next for Rs. 15 crores". Bollywood Hungama. 3 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Team, Koimoi.com. "Pritam To Compose Music For Shah Rukh Khan's Next". www.koimoi.com. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Imtiaz Ali prefers Pritam over Rahman for his romantic films – Times of India.Reedited by Rupesh Rupesh from malangwa". Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Phurr: DJ Diplo composes song for Shah Rukh Khan's Jab Harry Met Sejal Archived 28 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Debarati S Sen (29 July 2017). "Album Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal". The Times of India. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Joginder Tuteja (31 July 2017). "Music Review: Jab Harry Met Sejal". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "The curious case of Jab Harry Met Sejal's release date". Daily News & Analysis. August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
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Jump up ^ Anita Iyer (4 August 2017). "'Jab Harry Met Sejal' movie review: The plot is lost in Europe's scenic beauty". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
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Jump up ^ Rumanna Ahmed (4 August 2017). "Yahoo Movie Review: SRK delivers simplistic but complete entertainer: 'Jab Harry Met Sejal' starring Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma makes for a fun watch. This is one served with a dash of humour and lots of travel". Yahoo. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/jab-harry-met-sejal-review-a-journey-that-will-make-you-fall-in-love-with-your-own-life/
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Jump up ^ "Jab Harry Met Sejal box office: At Rs 15.25 cr, this is Shah Rukh Khan's lowest opener in years". Hindustan Times. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: Jab Harry Met Sejal becomes the 6th highest opening weekend grosser of 2017". Bollywood Hungama. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jab Harry Met Sejal: Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma fail to cross Rs 50cr mark over weekend". Hindustan Times. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Box Office: Jab Harry Met Sejal Day 1 in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: Jab Harry Met Sejal Day 2 in overseas". Bollywood Hungama. 5 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
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External links[edit]
India portal
2010s portal
Film portal
Bollywood portal
Jab Harry Met Sejal on IMDb
Jab Harry Met Sejal at Bollywood Hungama
[hide]
v
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e
Filmography of Imtiaz Ali
Director
Socha Na Tha (2005)
Jab We Met (2007)
Love Aaj Kal (2009)
Rockstar (2011)
Highway (2014)
Tamasha (2015)
Jab Harry Met Sejal (2017)
Writer
Ahista Ahista (2006)
Cocktail (2012)
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Camera phone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the song by The Game, see Camera Phone (song).
See also: Mobile phone and Videophone
Camera phone allows instant, automatic photo sharing. There is no need for a cable or removable media to connect to a personal computer.
A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs and often record video using one or more built-in digital cameras. The first camera phone was sold in 2000 in Japan, a Sharp J-SH04 J-Phone model, although some argue that the SCH-V200 and Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone, both introduced months earlier in South Korea and Japan respectively, are the first camera phones.[1]
Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting. Lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag. Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a much longer exposure time than a bright and near-instantaneous flash strobe. Optical zoom[2] and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash. Some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card. Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs. Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors (a few are up to 1"), their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras. In the smartphone era, the steady sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about 2010 and decline thereafter. Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two.
Most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter.[3] Some also have a separate camera button, for quickness and convenience. A few camera phones are designed to resemble separate low-end digital compact cameras in appearance and to some degree in features and picture quality, and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras.
The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, the addition is negligible. Smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching. Also smartphones can use their touch screen to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view, giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus. However, the touch screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate camera's dedicated buttons and dial(s).
Contents
[hide]
1 Technology
1.1 Camera
1.2 Images
1.3 Multimedia Messaging Service
1.4 External camera
2 History
3 Manufacturers
4 Social impact
5 Camera as an interaction device
6 Laws
7 Notable events involving camera phones
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Technology[edit]
Camera[edit]
Nearly all camera phones use CMOS image sensors, due to largely reduced power consumption compared to CCD type cameras, which are also used, but in few camera phones. Some of camera phones even use more expensive Back Side Illuminated CMOS which uses energy lesser than CMOS, although more expensive than CMOS and CCD.
Samsung Galaxy S5 camera, including the floating element group, suspended by ceramic bearings and a small rare earth magnet.
Image showing the six molded elements in the Samsung Galaxy S5
As camera phone technology has progressed over the years, the lens design has evolved from a simple double Gauss or Cooke triplet to many molded plastic aspheric lens elements made with varying dispersion and refractive indexes. The latest generation of phone cameras also apply distortion (optics), vignetting, and various optical aberration corrections to the image before it is compressed into a .jpeg format.'
Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature. A few have optical zoom. An external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi. They are compatible with most smartphones.[4]
Images[edit]
Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.0 Lollipop has facility of it.[5][6] Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera even if the phone is asleep. An external flash can be employed, to improve performance.
Phones usually store pictures and video in a directory called /DCIM in the internal memory. Some can store this media in external memory (Secure digital card or USB on the go pen drive).
Multimedia Messaging Service[edit]
Main article: Multimedia Messaging Service
Camera phones can share pictures almost instantly and automatically via a sharing infrastructure integrated with the carrier network. Early developers including Philippe Kahn envisioned a technology that would enable service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo".[7] The resulting technologies, Multimedia Messaging Service and Sha-Mail, were developed parallel to and in competition to open Internet-based mobile communication provided by GPRS and later 3G networks.
The first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the J-SH04, made by Sharp Corporation; it had an integrated CCD sensor, with the Sha-Mail (Picture-Mail in Japanese) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn's LightSurf venture, and marketed from 2001 by J-Phone in Japan today owned by Softbank. The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004. The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure (Sha-Mail in English) developed and managed by LightSurf.
While early phones had Internet connectivity, working web browsers and email-programs, the phone menu offered no way of including a photo in an email or uploading it to a web site. Connecting cables or removable media that would enable the local transfer of pictures were also usually missing. Modern smartphones have almost unlimited connectivity and transfer options with photograph attachment features.
External camera[edit]
During 2003 as camera phones were gaining popularity in Europe some phones without cameras had support for MMS and external cameras that could be connected with a small cable or directly to the data port at the base of the phone. The external cameras were comparable in quality to those fitted on regular camera phones at the time, typically offering VGA resolution.
In 2013-2014 Sony and other manufacturers announced add-on camera modules for smartphones called lens-style cameras. They have larger sensors and lenses than those in a camera phone but lack a viewfinder, display and most controls. They can be mounted to an Android or iOS phone or tablet and use its display and controls. Lens-style cameras include:
Sony SmartShot QX series, announced and released in mid 2013. They include the DSC-QX100/B,[8] the large Sony ILCE-QX1, and the small Sony DSC-QX30.
Kodak PixPro smart lens camera series, announced in 2014.[9]
Vivicam smart lens camera series from Vivitar/Sakar, announced in 2014.[10]
HTC RE HTC also announced an external camera module for smartphones, which can capture 16 MP still shots and Full HD videos. The RE Module is also waterproof and dustproof, so it can be used in a variety of conditions.[11]
External cameras for thermal imaging also became available in late 2014.[12]
History[edit]
The Nokia N8 smartphone is the first Nokia smartphone with a 12-megapixel autofocus lens, and is one of the few camera phones (the first was Nokia N82) to feature Carl Zeiss optics with xenon flash.
The camera phone, like many complex systems, is the result of converging and enabling technologies. There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as 1956.[citation needed] Compared to digital cameras, a consumer-viable camera in a mobile phone would require far less power and a higher level of camera electronics integration to permit the miniaturization.
The CMOS active pixel sensor "camera-on-a-chip" developed by Eric Fossum and his team in the early 1990s achieved the first step of realizing the modern camera phone as described in a March 1995 Business Week article. While the first camera phones (e.g. J-SH04), as successfully marketed by J-Phone in Japan, used charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors and not CMOS sensors, more than 90% of camera phones sold today[when?] use CMOS image sensor technology.[citation needed]
Over the years there have been many videophones and cameras that have included communication capability. Some devices experimented with integration of the device to communicate wirelessly with Internet, which would allow instant media sharing with anyone anywhere. For example, in 1995 Apple experimented with the Apple Videophone/PDA.[13] There were several digital cameras with cellular phone transmission capability shown by companies such as Kodak, Olympus in the early 1990s.[14] There was also a digital camera with cellular phone designed by Shosaku Kawashima of Canon in Japan in May 1997.[15] In Japan, two competing projects were run by Sharp and Kyocera in 1997. Both had cell phones with integrated cameras. However, the Kyocera system was designed as a peer-to-peer video-phone as opposed to the Sharp project which was initially focused on sharing instant pictures. That was made possible when the Sharp devices was coupled to the Sha-mail infrastructure designed in collaboration with American technologist Kahn. The Kyocera team was led by Kazumi Saburi.[16] In 1995, work by James Greenwold of Bureau Of Technical Services, in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, was developing a pocket video camera for surveillance purposes. By 1999, the Tardis[17] recorder was in prototype and being used by the government. Bureau Of Technical Services advanced further by the patent No. 6,845,215,B1 on "Body-Carryable, digital Storage medium, Audio/Video recording Assembly".[18]
June 11, 1997, Santa Cruz, California: Image taken by Philippe Kahn after his daughter's birth and instantly shared with more than 2000 people around the world
On June 11, 1997, Philippe Kahn instantly shared the first pictures from the maternity ward where his daughter Sophie was born. He wirelessly transmitted his cell phone pictures to more than 2,000 family, friends and associates around the world.[19] Kahn's wireless sharing software and camera integrated into his cell phone augured the birth of instant visual communications.[7][20] Kahn's cell phone transmission is the first known publicly shared picture via a cell phone.[21]
Cameras on cell phones proved popular right from the start, as indicated by the J-Phone in Japan having had more than half of its subscribers using cell phone cameras in two years. The world soon followed. By 2003, more camera phones were sold worldwide than stand-alone digital cameras.[citation needed]In 2005, Nokia became the world's most sold digital camera brand. In 2006, half of the world's mobile phones had a built-in camera.[citation needed] In 2006, Thuraya released the first satellite phone with an integrated camera. The Thuraya SG-2520 was manufactured by Korean company APSI and ran Windows CE. In 2008, Nokia sold more camera phones than Kodak sold film-based simple cameras, thus becoming the biggest manufacturer of any kind of camera.[citation needed] In 2010, the worldwide number of camera phones totaled more than a billion.[22] Since 2010, most mobile phones, even cheapest ones, are being sold with a camera. High-end camera phones usually had a relatively good lens and high resolution.
Higher resolution camera phones started to appear in 2010s. 12-megapixel camera phones have been produced by at least two companies.[23][24] To highlight the capabilities of the Nokia N8 (Big CMOS Sensor) camera, Nokia created a short film, The Commuter,[25] in October 2010. The seven-minute film was shot entirely on the phone's 720p camera. A 14-megapixel smartphone with 3× optical zoom was announced in late 2010.[26] Apple's iPhone started including a 12-megapixel camera with the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus in 2015 (it had been 8-megapixel on models released in previous years), and continues to do so with iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, that were introduced in 2016, while the latter includes a dual-lens camera and includes a 2× optical zoom. In 2012, Nokia announced Nokia 808 PureView. It features a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group lens. It also features Nokia's PureView Pro technology, a pixel oversampling technique that reduces an image taken at full resolution into a lower resolution picture, thus achieving higher definition and light sensitivity, and enables lossless zoom. In mid-2013, Nokia announced the Nokia Lumia 1020. It had an improved version of the 41-megapixel sensor.
Manufacturers[edit]
Major manufacturers of cameras for phones include Toshiba, ST Micro, Sharp, Omnivision, and Aptina (Now part of ON Semiconductor).[citation needed]
Social impact[edit]
See also: Selfie
Taking a photograph with cell phone.
Personal photography allows people to capture and construct personal and group memory, maintain social relationships as well as expressing their identity.[27] The hundreds of millions[28] of camera phones sold every year provide the same opportunities, yet these functions are altered and allow for a different user experience. As mobile phones are constantly carried, camera phones allow for capturing moments at any time. Mobile communication also allows for immediate transmission of content (for example via Multimedia Messaging Services), which cannot be reversed or regulated. Brooke Knight observes that "the carrying of an external, non-integrated camera (like a DSLR) always changes the role of the wearer at an event, from participant to photographer".[29] The cameraphone user, on the other hand, can remain a participant in whatever moment they photograph. Photos taken on a cameraphone serve to prove the physical presence of the photographer. The immediacy of sharing and the liveness that comes with it allows the photographs shared through cameraphones to emphasize their indexing of the photographer.
While phones have been found useful by tourists and for other common civilian purposes, as they are cheap, convenient, and portable; they have also posed controversy, as they enable secret photography. A user may pretend to be simply talking on the phone or browsing the internet, drawing no suspicion while photographing a person or place in non-public areas where photography is restricted, or perform photography against that person's wishes. At the same time, camera phones have enabled every citizen to exercise her or his freedom of speech by being able to quickly communicate to others what she or he has seen with their own eyes. In most democratic free countries, there are no restrictions against photography in public and thus camera phones enable new forms of citizen journalism, fine art photography, and recording one's life experiences for facebooking or blogging.
Camera phones have also been very useful to street photographers and social documentary photographers as they enable them to take pictures of strangers in the street without them noticing, thus allowing the artist/photographer to get close to her or his subjects and take more liveful photos.[30] While most people are suspect of secret photography, artists who do street photography (like Henri Cartier-Bresson did), photojournalists and photographers documenting people in public (like the photographers who documented the Great Depression in 1930s America) must often work unnoticed as their subjects are often unwilling to be photographed or are not aware of legitimate uses of secret photography like those photos that end up in fine art galleries and journalism.
As a network-connected device, megapixel camera phones are playing significant roles in crime prevention, journalism and business applications as well as individual uses. They can also be used for activities such as voyeurism, invasion of privacy, and copyright infringement. Because they can be used to share media almost immediately, they are a potent personal content creation tool. On January 17, 2007, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a plan to encourage people to use their camera-phones to capture crimes happening in progress or dangerous situations and send them to emergency responders. Through the program, people will be able to send their images or video directly to 911.[31] Camera phones have also been used to discreetly take photographs in museums, performance halls, and other places where photography is prohibited. However, as sharing can be instantaneous, even if the action is discovered, it is too late, as the image is already out of reach, unlike a photo taken by a digital camera that only stores images locally for later transfer (however, as the newer digital cameras support Wi-Fi, a photographer can perform photography with a DSLR and instantly post the photo on the internet through the mobile phone's Wi-Fi and 3G capabilities).
Apart from street photographers and social documentary photographers or cinematographers, camera phones have also been used successfully by war photographers.[32] The small size of the camera phone allows a war photographer to secretly film the men and women who fight in a war, without them realizing that they have been photographed, thus the camera phone allows the war photographer to document wars while maintaining her or his safety.
In 2010, in Ireland the annual "RTÉ 60 second short award" was won by 15-year-old Laura Gaynor, who made her winning cartoon,"Piece of Cake" on her Sony Ericsson C510 camera phone.[33][34][35] In 2012, Director/writer Eddie Brown Jr,[36] made the reality thriller Camera Phone[37] which is one of the first commercial produced movies using camera phones as the story's prospective. The film is a reenactment of an actual case and they changed the names to protect those involved. Some modern camera phones (in 2013-2014) have big sensors, thus allowing a street photographer or any other kind of photographer to take photos of similar quality to a semi-pro camera.
Camera as an interaction device[edit]
The cameras of smartphones are used as input devices in numerous research projects and commercial applications. A commercially successful example is the use of QR Codes attached to physical objects. QR Codes can be sensed by the phone using its camera and provide an according link to related digital content, usually a URL. Another approach is using camera images to recognize objects. Content-based image analysis is used to recognize physical objects such as advertisement posters[38] to provide information about the object. Hybrid approaches use a combination of unobstrusive visual markers and image analysis. An example is to estimate the pose of the camera phone to create a real-time overlay for a 3D paper globe.[39]
Some smartphones can provide an augmented reality overlay for 2D objects[40] and to recognize multiple objects on the phone using a stripped down object recognition algorithm[41] as well as using GPS and compass. A few can translate text from a foreign language. [42] Auto-geotagging can show where a picture is taken, promoting interactions and allowing a photo to be mapped with others for comparison.
Smartphones can use their front camera (of lesser performance as compared to rear camera) facing the user for purposes like self-portraiture (selfie) and videoconferencing.[43]
Laws[edit]
Main articles: Photography and the law and Legality of recording by civilians
Camera phones, or more specifically, widespread use of such phones as cameras by the general public, has increased exposure to laws relating to public and private photography. The laws that relate to other types of cameras also apply to camera phones. There are no special laws for camera phones. Enforcing bans on camera phones has proven nearly impossible. They are small and numerous and their use is easy to hide or disguise, making it hard for law enforcement and security personnel to detect or stop use. Total bans on camera phones would also raise questions about freedom of speech and the freedom of the press, since camera phone ban would prevent a citizen or a journalist (or a citizen journalist) from communicating to others a newsworthy event that could be captured with a camera phone.
From time to time, organizations and places have prohibited or restricted the use of camera phones and other cameras because of the privacy, security, and copyright issues they pose. Such places include the Pentagon, federal and state courts,[44] museums, schools, theaters, and local fitness clubs. Saudi Arabia, in April 2004, banned the sale of camera phones nationwide for a time before reallowing their sale in December 2004 (although pilgrims on the Hajj were allowed to bring in camera phones). There is the occasional anecdote of camera phones linked to industrial espionage and the activities of paparazzi (which are legal but often controversial), as well as some hacking into wireless operators' network.
Notable events involving camera phones[edit]
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was the first global news event where the majority of the first day news footage was no longer provided by professional news crews, but rather by citizen journalists, using primarily camera phones.
On November 17, 2006, during a performance at the Laugh Factory comedy club, comedian Michael Richards was recorded responding to hecklers with racial slurs by a member of the audience using a camera phone. The video was widely circulated in television and internet news broadcasts.
On December 30, 2006, the execution of former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was recorded by a video camera phone, and made widely available on the Internet. A guard was arrested a few days later.[45]
Camera phone video and photographs taken in the immediate aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings were featured worldwide. CNN executive Jonathan Klein predicts camera phone footage will be increasingly used by news organizations.
Camera phone digital images helped to spread the 2009 Iranian election protests.
Camera phones recorded the BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant.
See also[edit]
Auxiliary memory
Mobile phone accessories
Modular smartphone
Smartwatch
Video editor
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview". Hoista.net. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Joel. "Take High-Quality Pics With Your Phone's Low-Quality Camera". Popular Mechanics.
Jump up ^ "Motorola DROID X vs. HTC Droid Incredible". Phone Arena.
Jump up ^ "Smartphone Telescope Camera Lens, Does It Really Work?".
Jump up ^ Monckton, Paul. "Android 5.0 Camera Tests Show Update Instantly Improves Every Smartphone". Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rehm, Lars. "Panasonic announces Lumix DMC-CM1 smartphone with 1-inch sensor". Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Parks, Bob (October 2000). "Wired Magazine, The Big Picture - Philippe Kahn". Retrieved 2006-04-20.
Jump up ^ photobug22 (4 October 2013). "Smartphone Attachable Lens-style Camera - DSCQX100/B Review - Sony US". Sony US.
Jump up ^ Crisp, Simon (January 18, 2014). "Kodak smart lens cameras try to take on Sony".
Jump up ^ "Sakar shows QX-style, Vivitar-branded modular smart camera". January 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "NEW ARRIVAL: HTC RE Camera". March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Clark, Don (August 18, 2014). "Add-on thermal imaging". Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Apple Prototypes: 5 Products We Never Saw". Tech Weird News. 2006-11-30.
Jump up ^ "History of digital camera". 2007-02-19. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved 2016-05-19. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Jump up ^ "United States Patent: D405457 - Digital camera with cellular phone and portable computer".
Jump up ^ "ZoomInfo Cached Page". zoominfo.com.
Jump up ^ tardispanel.swf
Jump up ^ PatentCert.pdf
Jump up ^ "Babyphone – Einfach unabdingbar" (in German).
Jump up ^ Maney, Kevin (2007-01-23). "Baby's birth foretells "birth" of the cell phone camera — and societal evolution". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Robert (2011). 100 Photographs That Changed The World. LIFE Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-60320-176-6.
Jump up ^ "Dotty but dashing". 8 April 2010 – via The Economist.
Jump up ^ "Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone". Newtechnology.co.in. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
Jump up ^ "Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience". Newtechnology.co.in. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
Jump up ^ "The Commuter (2010)". IMDb. 26 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Crave". CNET. CBS Interactive.
Jump up ^ Gye, Lisa (2007) Picture This: The Impact of Mobile Camera Phones on Personal Photographic Practices in Continuum Vol 21 Issue 2. pp 279-288
Jump up ^ "Asia-Pacific Camera Phone Market Tops 600 Million Units in 2010, Says New Lyra Report". PRWeb. 10 October 2006.
Jump up ^ Brooke A. Knight, "Performative Pictures: Camera Phones at the Ready," in New Visualities, New Technologies: The New Ecstasy of Communication, ed. J. Macgregor Wise and Hille Koskela (Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2012), 162.
Jump up ^ Kim, Eric. "3 Reasons Why You Should Use the iPhone 5 For Street Photography by Mike Avina". Eric Kim Street Photography Blog.
Jump up ^ "Textually.org, NY Mayor Bloomberg outlines citizen camphone hotline". January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
Jump up ^ Estrin, James (2010-11-21). "Finding the Right Tool to Tell a War Story". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ LauraGaynorTV (31 March 2010). "Two Tube -Piece of cake - RTE 60 second short award 2010" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Life after the Leaving: "You have to be a bit of a chancer."".
Jump up ^ LauraGaynorTV (9 May 2010). "Piece of cake (original mobile version)" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Brown Jr". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "Camera Phone (2012)". IMDb. 29 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Pielot, M.; Henze, N.; Nickel, C.; Menke, C.; Smadi, S.; Boll, S. (2008). "Evaluation of Camera Phone Based Interaction to Access Information Related to Posters" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
Jump up ^ Schöning, J.; Rohs, M.; Krüger, A (2008). "Mobile Interaction with the "Real World"" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
Jump up ^ Wagner, D.; Reitmayr, G; Mulloni, A; Drummond, T; Schmalstieg, D (2008). "Pose Tracking from Natural Features on Mobile Phones" (PDF). Proceedings of the Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality.
Jump up ^ Henze, N.; Schinke, T.; Boll, S. (2009). "What is that? Object recognition from Natural Features on a mobile Phone" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
Jump up ^ "Smartphone app to boost translation". Press Association. Jan 14, 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Front-Facing Camera". phonescoop.com.
Jump up ^ Notice from the Clerk
Jump up ^ "Guard at Hanging Blamed for Covert Video of Hussein". washingtonpost.com.
External links[edit]
Media related to Mobile phones with camera at Wikimedia Commons
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Short and long titles (legislation)
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The short title is the formal name by which a piece of primary legislation may by law be cited in the United Kingdom and other Westminster-influenced jurisdictions (such as Canada or Australia), as well as the United States and the Philippines. It contrasts with the long title which, while usually being more fully descriptive of the legislation's purpose and effects, is generally too unwieldy for most uses. For example, the short title House of Lords Act 1999 contrasts with the long title An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected purposes.
The long title (properly, the title in some jurisdictions) is the formal title appearing at the head of a statute (such as an Act of Parliament or of Congress) or other legislative instrument. The long title is intended to provide a summarised description of the purpose or scope of the instrument. Like other descriptive components of an Act (such as the preamble, section headings, side notes, and short title) the long title seldom affects the operative provisions of an Act, except where the operative provisions are unclear or ambiguous and the long title provides a clear statement of the legislature's intention
Contents
[hide]
1 Significance of long titles
2 Short titles
3 Use
3.1 United Kingdom
3.2 US
3.3 Australia
3.4 Ireland
3.5 New Zealand
3.6 South Africa
4 Effect of repeal
4.1 United Kingdom
4.2 Ireland
5 Comma
5.1 United Kingdom
5.2 Ireland
6 Definite article
7 Interpretation
8 History
9 Name changes
10 Examples
11 See also
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Significance of long titles[edit]
In the United Kingdom, the long title is important since, under the procedures of Parliament, a Bill cannot be amended to go outside the scope of its long title. For that reason, modern long titles tend to be rather vague, ending with the formulation "and for connected purposes". The long title of an older Act is sometimes termed its rubric, because it was sometimes printed in red.[citation needed]
Short titles for Acts of Parliament were not introduced until the mid-19th century, and were not provided for every Act passed until late in the century; as such, the long title was used to identify the Act. Short titles were subsequently given to many unrepealed Acts at later dates; for example, the Bill of Rights (1689) was given that short title by the Short Titles Act 1896, having until then been formally referred to only by its long title, An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. Similarly, in the US, the Judiciary Act of 1789, which was famously ruled unconstitutional in part by Marbury v. Madison, was called "An Act to establish the Judicial Courts of the United States".
The long title was traditionally followed by the preamble, an optional part of an Act setting out a number of preliminary statements of facts similar to recitals, each starting Whereas....
Short titles[edit]
Unlike the long title, which precedes the preamble and enacting formula, and thus sits outside the main body of text, the short title for modern legislation is explicitly defined by a specific section, typically at the very end or very beginning of the main text. As with the above example, short titles are generally made up of just a few words that describe in broad terms the area of law being changed or the thing affected, followed by the word "Act" and then the year in which the legislation is formally enacted.
A notable exception is Israel, in which this convention is reversed. The short title sits outside the main body of legislation, and the summary description of the law, which is made optional, is defined by a specific section if existing. For example, the Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, which under the usual convention would have begun with the long title "An Act to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the international struggle against Iran's nuclear program" and whose first section would have read "This Act may be Cited As the 'Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012'", actually begins with the short title "Combating Iran's Nuclear Program Act, 5772-2012", and its first section reads "The Purpose of this Act is to sanction entities assisting Iran in promoting its nuclear program or obtaining weapons of mass destruction or means of carrying weapons of mass destruction and to limit corporations who have business relations with Iran, for its favor or in its territory, as part of the international struggle against Iran's nuclear program."
The titles of legislation enacted by the United States Congress, if they include a year, invariably add the preposition "of" between the word "Act" and the year. Compare the Australian Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth), Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (UK), and Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (USA). Even if no year was included in the official short title enacted by Congress, it is traditional always to precede the year with an "of" if it needs to be appended in prose after the short title. This convention is followed by most but not all U.S. states; for example, the Act of the Pennsylvania legislature that consolidated the governments of the city of Philadelphia and Philadelphia County is generally (though not formally) called the Act of Consolidation, 1854. The vast majority of Acts passed by the Parliament of Canada do not include the year of enactment as part of the short title. In the Philippine Congress, titling of legislation primarily follows the U.S. convention.
Since the early 20th century, it has become popular in the United States to include the names of key legislators in the short titles of the most important Acts. This was at first done informally; that is, the names appeared in legal treatises and court opinions but were not part of the statute as enacted. Eventually members of Congress began to formally write their own names into short titles (thereby immortalizing themselves for posterity), as in the Hart–Scott–Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. In some states, like California, some short titles consist only of the names of the key legislators, as in the Lanterman–Petris–Short Act, the statutory basis of the "5150" involuntary psychiatric hold used for detaining Hollywood celebrities.
Draft legislation (bills) also uses short titles, but substitutes the word "Bill" for " Act ".
Use[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
The wording after "An Act" varies somewhat between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, including the United Kingdom, the long title opens with the words "An Act to ...". For example, the short title of the House of Lords Act 1999 is House of Lords Act 1999, but its long title is An Act to restrict membership of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage; to make related provision about disqualifications for voting at elections to, and for membership of, the House of Commons; and for connected purposes. UK bills substitute the words "A Bill" for "An Act". Thus, before it passed, the long title of the House of Lords Bill 1999 was "A Bill to restrict membership...". Because of the way they are used to define the scope of bills, many British long titles are quite long.
US[edit]
While the long titles of most Acts of the US Congress read, "An Act to...", appropriations bills begin, "An Act making appropriations for...". Bills begin "A Bill for an Act..." Legislation in U.S. states also vary both in the exact wording and the level of detail of long titles. A typical long title in Illinois is, "AN ACT concerning safety", giving only a very broad characterization of the subject matter. On the other hand, a recent New Hampshire law carried the long title, "AN ACT relative to establishing a municipal bond rescission process, authorizing governing bodies to call a special meeting to consider reduction or rescission of appropriations, and clarifying special procedures enabling towns to respond appropriately to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009."
Australia[edit]
Australian long titles are more like American than British ones in that they are short and broad: for example, "A Bill for an Act to provide for the establishment of the Automotive Transformation Scheme, and for related purposes". However, not all states use long titles and an Act may instead have an explicit "Purpose" section.
Ireland[edit]
An Act may be cited in an enactment or other document by, amongst other things, the short title of the Act.[1]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand long titles ceased to be used after 2000.
South Africa[edit]
Long titles in South Africa omit the initial "An".
Effect of repeal[edit]
United Kingdom[edit]
An Act may continue to be cited by the short title authorised by any enactment notwithstanding the repeal of that enactment.[2]
Ireland[edit]
Notwithstanding the repeal of an enactment giving a short title to an Act, the Act may, without prejudice to any other mode of citation, continue to be cited by that short title.[3]
Comma[edit]
Originally short titles had a comma preceding the year. Whether this is retained or not depends on the country involved: it has been dropped in Ireland and the United Kingdom, but retained in Canada.
United Kingdom[edit]
It is actually not necessary to use the comma as, although normal punctuation is now used by draftsmen, and is included in Queen's Printer's copies of Acts of Parliament, it is not part of an Act of Parliament.[4]
The comma preceding the calendar year in printed copies of Acts is omitted on the authority of a note by Sir Noel Hutton QC, First Parliamentary Counsel, as to which see "The Citation of Statutes" 82 LQR 24-24. The validity of this note is questioned by Halsbury's Laws of England, Fourth Edition, Reissue, Volume 44(1), footnote 10 to paragraph 1268.
Glanville Williams said that it "seems sensible" to omit the comma preceding the calendar year in references to Acts passed before 1963.[5]
Ireland[edit]
In citing an Act by its short title, a comma immediately before a reference to a year and a comma immediately after such a reference that is not required for the purpose of punctuation may be omitted.[6]
Definite article[edit]
The Australian Guide to Legal Citation recommends that the definite article at the beginning of the "statute title" should be omitted when citing a statute of the United Kingdom.[7]
Interpretation[edit]
In Re Boaler, Buckley LJ said:
The fact that for the purpose of identification only and not of enactment also authority is given to identify the statute by a particular name in which the word "action" occurs is, I think, immaterial. The words "This Act may be cited as the Vexatious Actions Act 1896," effect nothing by way of enactment. They do no more than create a name, and whether it is as matter of description accurate or not is immaterial. In support of this view I refer to that which Lord Haldane said in Vacher & Sons v. London Society of Compositors(2) as regards the title "Trade Disputes Act, 1906," and that which Lord Moulton said in the same case(3), and to that which the latter said further in National Telephone Co. v. Postmaster-General.(4)
(2) [1913] A. C. at p. 114.
(3) [1913] A. C. at p. 128.
(4) [1913] A. C. 546, at p. 560.[8]
In R v Wheatley, Bridge LJ said of the Explosives Act 1875 and the Explosive Substances Act 1883:
Looking at the two statutes, at the nature of the provisions which they both contain, and in particular at the short and long titles of both statutes, it appears to this court that they are clearly in pari materia, ...[9]
History[edit]
Since the second half of the nineteenth century, short titles have become the usual method of referencing earlier statute law within legislation itself. In the UK this replaced the earlier method of citing the long title together with the chapter number and the regnal year(s) of the parliamentary session in which it received Royal Assent. For example, modern legislation would simply refer to "the Evidence Act 1845", whereas in the past it would have been necessary to use wording such as "the Act passed in the eighth and ninth year of Her Majesty's reign chapter one hundred and thirteen intituled 'An Act to facilitate the Admission in Evidence of certain official and other Documents'".
Short titles were introduced because the titles of statutes (now commonly known as long titles) had become so long that they were no longer a useful means of citation. For example, the title of 19 Geo.2 c.26 (1745) (Attainder of Earl of Kellie and others Act 1746) ran to 65 lines of King's Printer and to over 400 words.[10]
Short titles were first introduced for Acts of Parliament in the 1840s.[11] Amending Acts also began to take the opportunity to create short titles for earlier Acts as well as for themselves. Eventually the Short Titles Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c.10) was passed to create short titles for almost all[citation needed][quantify] remaining legislation. This statute was repealed and replaced by the Short Titles Act 1896, which conferred short titles on about 2,000 Acts. The Short Titles Act (Northern Ireland) 1951 conferred short titles on 179 Acts applying to Northern Ireland. The Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1964 conferred short titles on 164 pre-union Acts of the Parliament of Scotland. Further short titles were given by the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1977 and the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1978.
In Ireland, ex post facto short titles have been conferred by the Short Titles Act 1962, the Statute Law Revision Act 2007, the Statute Law Revision Act 2009 and the Statute Law Revision Act 2012. In the Australian Capital Territory, certain Acts were renamed by Schedule 1 to the Legislation Act 2001.[12]
Name changes[edit]
In a few cases, particular Acts have had more than one short title given to them, for example because subsequent amendments to their contents have rendered the earlier name inaccurate. For example, when the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 created a new court called the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, it renamed the previous (still existing and unrelated) Supreme Court of Judicature to the Senior Courts of England and Wales; consequently, it also renamed the Supreme Court Act 1981, whose subject was the prior "Supreme Court", to the Senior Courts Act 1981.
British (and English) legislation that has been "inherited" by the legal systems of other countries has also sometimes ended up with a short title in one jurisdiction that differs from that used in another: for example, the Act of Parliament that created the Dominion of Canada in 1867 is formally known in Canada as the Constitution Act, 1867, but is still known as the British North America Act 1867 in British law; note also the differing comma convention. Similarly, the Act "21 & 22 George III c.48" of the Parliament of Ireland is "Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 [I]" in Northern Ireland and "Calendar Act, 1781" in the Republic of Ireland; the short titles were assigned respectively by Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland and the Oireachtas.[13][14]
Examples[edit]
Most short titles include a descriptive phrase followed by the type of legislation and the year of enactment; for example, the Human Rights Act 1998 is an Act of Parliament relating to human rights that received Royal Assent in 1998. Some exceptions exist, such as the Bill of Rights 1689, whose formal short title in the UK (as given by the Short Titles Act 1896) is simply "Bill of Rights", without a year, although it is not a Bill but an Act.
More narrowly focused legislation may have a secondary phrase in parentheses, such as the Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) Regulations 2002 (a Statutory Instrument).
Laws that relate primarily to other laws, such as amendments, contain the short titles of those laws in their own short titles, for example the Sustainable Communities Act 2007 (Amendment) Act 2010. Subsequent enactments can lead to particularly lengthy short titles; for example, the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868, amended by the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1869, and itself amended by the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Act 1868 (Amendment) Act 1879 (Amendment) Act 1880.[15] The more recent shorter convention is that an act amending "Foo Act yyy1" will have short title "Foo (Amendment) Act yyy2".
If a law is passed with the same title as another law passed in the same year, an ordinal number will be added to distinguish it from the others; this is particularly common for Finance Acts (Finance (No. 3) Act 2010) and commencement orders that bring parts of an Act into force (Environment Act 1995 (Commencement No.13) (Scotland) Order 1998).
In Ireland, the Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Act 2012 was enacted in 2015 rather than 2012.[16] It was passed by both houses of the Oireachtas in 2012 but not signed into law by the President until 2015, after an intervening referendum and court challenge.[16][17][18] Section 2(2) of the act, which assigns the short title, could not be amended between the houses' passing the bill and its being enacted (though it could still be amended by a subsequent act of the Oireachtas). This act's short title is longer than its long title ("An Act to Amend the Constitution",[16] as required by the constitution[19]).
See also[edit]
Short Titles Act
List of short titles
Collective title
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Interpretation Act 2005, section 14(1)
Jump up ^ The Interpretation Act 1978, section 19(2)
Jump up ^ The Short Titles Act 1896, section 3
Jump up ^ Duke of Devonshire v. O'Connor (1890) 24 Q.B.D. 468 at p. 478, per Lord Esher, M.R.
Jump up ^ Glanville Williams. Learning the Law. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 44.
Jump up ^ The Interpretation Act 2005, section 14(3)(a)
Jump up ^ Australian Guide to Legal Citation. Third Edition. 2010. Paragraph 23.2.1 at page 243.
Jump up ^ Re Boaler [1915] 1 KB 21 at 27, CA
Jump up ^ R v Wheatley [1979] 1 WLR 144 at 147, [1979] 1 All ER 954 at 957, CA
Jump up ^ The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76, footnote 2 BAILII Scottish Law Commission
Jump up ^ The Law Commission and the Scottish Law Commission, Statute Law Revision: Fifteenth Report, Draft Statute Law Repeals Bill, Law Com 233, Scot Law Com 150, Part IV, para. 4.2, p. 76
Jump up ^ Copies of the Legislation Act 2001
Jump up ^ "Yelverton's Act (Ireland) 1781 [I]". legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Short Titles Act, 1962, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Maclaurin, H. N. (11 September 1893). Sanitary Legislation and Administration in England. Votes & Proceedings. Vol.2 No.41. New South Wales Legislative Council. p. 44. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Thirty-first Amendment of the Constitution Act, 2012". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Thirty-First Amendment of the Constitution (Children) Bill 2012". Oireachtas. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Court rejects appeal on Children's Referendum". RTÉ.ie. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of Ireland". Irish Statute Book. Article 46.3. Retrieved 26 May 2017. Every such Bill shall be expressed to be "An Act to amend the Constitution".
Bibliography[edit]
Halsbury's Laws, Statutes, para. 1264
Halsbury's Laws of England. Fourth Edition. Reissue. 1995. Volume 44(1). Statutes para. 1253, 1268.
The Digest: Annotated British, Commonwealth and European Cases. 1997 2nd Reissue. Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd. London. 1997. ISBN 0 406 02500 2 (for the complete set of volumes). Volume 45. ISBN 0 406 999 023 (for this volume). Title: "Statutes". Pages 411 to 414.
Tobias A Dorsey. Legislative Drafter's Deskbook: A Practical Guide. The Capitol.Net Inc. 2006. ISBN 9781587330155. Pages 224 to 227. Google Books.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about Short and long titles (legislation)
Bills and Acts – A Bill’s Parliamentary Stages
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_and_long_titles_(legislation)&oldid=831881678"
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