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Chondrichthyes
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Cartilaginous fishes
Temporal range: 422–0 Ma[1][2]
PreЄ
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S
D
C
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Latest Silurian to Present
Great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Clade: Eugnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Huxley, 1880
Subclasses
Elasmobranchii
Holocephali
Chondrichthyes (/kɒnˈdrɪkθɪ.iːz/; from Greek χονδρ- chondr- 'cartilage', ἰχθύς ichthys 'fish') is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and Holocephali (chimaeras, sometimes called ghost sharks, which are sometimes separated into their own class).
Within the infraphylum Gnathostomata, cartilaginous fishes are distinct from all other jawed vertebrates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anatomy
1.1 Skeleton
1.2 Appendages
1.3 Body covering
1.4 Respiratory system
1.5 Nervous System
1.6 Immune system
2 Reproduction
3 Classification
4 Evolution
5 Taxonomy
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Anatomy[edit]
See also: Cartilaginous versus bony fishes
Skeleton[edit]
The skeleton is cartilaginous. The notochord is gradually replaced by a vertebral column during development, except in Holocephali, where the notochord stays intact. In some deepwater sharks, the column is reduced.[3]
As they do not have bone marrow, red blood cells are produced in the spleen and the epigonal organ (special tissue around the gonads, which is also thought to play a role in the immune system). They are also produced in the Leydig's organ, which is only found in certain cartilaginous fishes. The subclass Holocephali, which is a very specialized group, lacks both the Leydig's and epigonal organs.
Appendages[edit]
Apart from electric rays, which have a thick and flabby body, with soft, loose skin, chondrichthyans have tough skin covered with dermal teeth (again, Holocephali is an exception, as the teeth are lost in adults, only kept on the clasping organ seen on the caudal ventral surface of the male), also called placoid scales (or dermal denticles), making it feel like sandpaper. In most species, all dermal denticles are oriented in one direction, making the skin feel very smooth if rubbed in one direction and very rough if rubbed in the other.
Originally, the pectoral and pelvic girdles, which do not contain any dermal elements, did not connect. In later forms, each pair of fins became ventrally connected in the middle when scapulocoracoid and pubioischiadic bars evolved. In rays, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible.
One of the primary characteristics present in most sharks is the heterocercal tail, which aids in locomotion.[4]
Body covering[edit]
Chondrichthyans have toothlike scales called dermal denticles or placoid scales. Denticles provide two functions, protection and in most cases, streamlining. Mucous glands exist in some species as well.
It is assumed that their oral teeth evolved from dermal denticles that migrated into the mouth, but it could be the other way around as the teleost bony fish Denticeps clupeoides has most of its head covered by dermal teeth (as does, probably, Atherion elymus, another bony fish). This is most likely a secondary evolved characteristic, which means there is not necessarily a connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales.
The old placoderms did not have teeth at all, but had sharp bony plates in their mouth. Thus, it is unknown whether the dermal or oral teeth evolved first. Nor is it sure how many times it has happened if it turns out to be the case. It has even been suggested that the original bony plates of all the vertebrates are gone and that the present scales are just modified teeth, even if both teeth and the body armor have a common origin a long time ago. However, there is no evidence of this at the moment.
Respiratory system[edit]
All chondrichthyans breathe through five to seven pairs of gills, depending on the species. In general, pelagic species must keep swimming to keep oxygenated water moving through their gills, whilst demersal species can actively pump water in through their spiracles and out through their gills. However, this is only a general rule and many species differ.
A spiracle is a small hole found behind each eye. These can be tiny and circular, such as found on the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum), to extended and slit-like, such as found on the wobbegongs (Orectolobidae). Many larger, pelagic species, such as the mackerel sharks (Lamnidae) and the thresher sharks (Alopiidae), no longer possess them.
Nervous System[edit]
Regions of a Chondrichthyes brain colored and labeled on dissected skate. The rostral end of the skate is to the right.
Chondrichthyes nervous system is composed of a small brain, 8-10 pairs of cranial nerves, and a spinal chord with spinal nerves[5]. They have several sensory organs which provide information to be processed. Ampullae of Lorenzini are a network of small jelly filled pores called electroreceptors which help the fish sense electric fields in water. This aids in finding prey, navigation, and sensing temperature. The Lateral line system has modified epithelial cells located externally which sense motion, vibration, and pressure in the water around them. Most subspecies have large well-developed eyes. Also, they have very powerful nostrils and olfactory organs. Their inner ears consist of 3 large semicircular canals which aid in balance and orientation. Their sound detecting apparatus has limited range and is typically more powerful at lower frequencies. Some subspecies have electric organs which can be used for defense and predation. They have relatively simple brains with the forebrain not greatly enlarged.
Immune system[edit]
Like all other jawed vertebrates, members of Chondrichthyes have an adaptive immune system.[6]
Reproduction[edit]
Fertilization is internal. Development is usually live birth (ovoviviparous species) but can be through eggs (oviparous). Some rare species are viviparous. There is no parental care after birth; however, some chondrichthyans do guard their eggs.
Capture-induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks/rays when fished.[7] Capture-induced parturition is often mistaken for natural birth by recreational fishers and is rarely considered in commercial fisheries management despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).[7]
Classification[edit]
The class Chondrichthyes has two subclasses: the subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks, rays, skates, and sawfish) and the subclass Holocephali (chimaeras). To see the full list of the species, click here.
Subclasses of cartilaginous fishes
Elasmobranchii
Sharks
and rays, skates, and sawfish Elasmobranchii is a subclass that includes the sharks and the rays and skates. Members of the elasmobranchii have no swim bladders, five to seven pairs of gill clefts opening individually to the exterior, rigid dorsal fins, and small placoid scales. The teeth are in several series; the upper jaw is not fused to the cranium, and the lower jaw is articulated with the upper. The eyes have a tapetum lucidum. The inner margin of each pelvic fin in the male fish is grooved to constitute a clasper for the transmission of sperm. These fish are widely distributed in tropical and temperate waters.[8]
Holocephali
Chimaeras Holocephali (complete-heads) is a subclass of which the order Chimaeriformes is the only surviving group. This group includes the rat fishes (e.g., Chimaera), rabbit-fishes (e.g., Hydrolagus) and elephant-fishes (Callorhynchus). Today, they preserve some features of elasmobranch life in Paleaozoic times, though in other respects they are aberrant. They live close to the bottom and feed on molluscs and other invertebrates. The tail is long and thin and they move by sweeping movements of the large pectoral fins. There is an erectile spine in front of the dorsal fin, sometimes poisonous. There is no stomach (that is, the gut is simplified and the 'stomach' is merged with the intestine), and the mouth is a small aperture surrounded by lips, giving the head a parrot-like appearance.
The fossil record of the Holocephali starts in the Devonian period. The record is extensive, but most fossils are teeth, and the body forms of numerous species are not known, or at best poorly understood.
Extant orders of cartilaginous fishes
Group
Order
Image
Common name
Authority
Families
Genera
Species
Note
Total
Galean
sharks Carcharhiniformes ground
sharks Compagno, 1977 8 51 >270 7 10 21
Heterodontiformes bullhead
sharks L. S. Berg, 1940 1 1 9
Lamniformes mackerel
sharks L. S. Berg, 1958 7
+2 extinct 10 16 10
Orectolobiformes carpet
sharks Applegate, 1972 7 13 43 7
Squalomorph
sharks Hexanchiformes frilled
and
cow sharks de Buen, 1926 2
+3 extinct 4
+11 extinct 6
+33 extinct
Pristiophoriformes sawsharks L. S. Berg, 1958 1 2 6
Squaliformes dogfish
sharks Goodrich, 1909 7 23 126 1 6
Squatiniformes angel
sharks Buen, 1926 1 1 23 3 4 5
Rays Myliobatiformes stingrays
and
relatives Compagno, 1973 10 29 223 1 16 33
Pristiformes sawfishes 1 2 5-7 5-7
Rajiformes skates
and
guitarfishes L. S. Berg, 1940 5 36 >270 4 12 26
Torpediniformes electric
rays de Buen, 1926 2 12 69 2 9
Holocephali Chimaeriformes chimaera Obruchev, 1953 3
+2 extinct 6
+3 extinct 39
+17 extinct
[show]Taxonomy according to Leonard Compagno, 2005[9] with additions from [10]
†Order Mongolepidiformes Karatajüte-Talimaa & Novitskaya 1990
†Order Omalodontiformes Turner 1997
†Order Coronodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Symmoriiformes Zangerl 1981
Subclass Holocephali
†Superorder Paraselachimorpha
†Order Desmiodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Polysentoriformes Cappetta 1993
†Order Orodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Petalodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Helodontiformes Patterson 1965
†Order Iniopterygiformes Zanger 1973
†Order Debeeriiformes Grogan & Lund 2000
†Order Eugeneodontiformes Zangerl 1981
Superorder Holocephalimorpha
†Order Psammodontiformes* Obruchev 1953
†Order Copodontiformes Obručhev 1953
†Order Squalorajiformes
†Order Chondrenchelyiformes Moy-Thomas 1939
†Order Menaspiformes
†Order Cochliodontiformes Obručhev 1953
Order Chimaeriformes Berg 1940 sensu Obručhev 1953 (chimaeras)
Subclass Elasmobranchii
†Plesioselachus
†Order Antarctilamniformes Ginter, Liao & Valenzuela-Rios 2008
†Order Elegestolepidiformes Andreev et al. 2016
†Order Lugalepidida Karatajute-Talimaa 1997
†Order Squatinactiformes Zangerl 1981
†Order Protacrodontiformes Zangerl 1981
†Infraclass Cladoselachimorpha
†Order Cladoselachiformes Dean 1909
†Infraclass Xenacanthimorpha Berg 1940
†Order Bransonelliformes Hampe & Ivanov 2007
†Order Xenacanthiformes Berg 1940
Infraclass Euselachii (sharks and rays)
†Order Altholepidiformes Andreev et al. 2015
†Order Polymerolepidiformes
†Order Ptychodontiformes
†Order Ctenacanthiformes Zangerl 1981
†Division Hybodonta
†Order Hybodontiformes Owen 1846
Division Neoselachii Compagno 1977
Subdivision Selachii (modern sharks)
Superorder Galeomorphi Compagno 1977
Order Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Order Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Order Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Order Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Superorder Squalomorphi
Order Chlamydoselachiformes
Order Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Order Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
†Order Protospinaciformes
†Order Synechodontiformes
Order Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Order Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Subdivision Batoidea (rays)
Order Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Order Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Order Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
Order Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
* position uncertain
Evolution[edit]
Radiation of cartilaginous fishes, based on Michael Benton, 2005.[11]
See also: Evolution of fish
Further information: List of transitional fossils § Chondrichthyes, and List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous fish are considered to have evolved from acanthodians. Originally assumed to be closely related to bony fish or a polyphyletic assemblage leading to both groups, the discovery of Entelognathus and several examinations of acanthodian characteristics indicate that bony fish evolved directly from placoderm like ancestors, while acanthodians represent a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Chondrichthyes. Some characteristics previously thought to be exclusive to acanthodians are also present in basal cartilaginous fish.[12] In particular, new phylogenetic studies find cartilaginous fish to be well nested among acanthodians, with Doliodus and Tamiobatis being the closest relatives to Chondrichthyes.[13] Recent studies vindicate this, as Doliodus had a mosaic of chondrichthyian and acanthodiian traits.[14]
Unequivocal fossils of cartilaginous fishes first appeared in the fossil record by about 395 million years ago, during the middle Devonian. The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa: Cladoselache, Eugeneodontiformes, Symmoriida, Xenacanthiformes, Ctenacanthiformes, Hybodontiformes, Galeomorphi, Squaliformes and Batoidea.
By the start of the Early Devonian, 419 mya (million years ago), jawed fishes had divided into three distinct groups: the now extinct placoderms (a paraphyletic assemblage of ancient armoured fishes), the bony fishes and the clade including spiny sharks and early cartilaginous fish. The modern bony fishes, class Osteichthyes, appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian, about 416 million years ago. Cartilaginous fishes first appeared about 395 Ma, having evolved from Doliodus-like spiny shark ancestors. The first abundant genus of shark, Cladoselache, appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period.
A Bayesian analysis of molecular data suggests that the Holocephali and Elasmoblanchii diverged in the Silurian (421 million years ago) and that the sharks and rays/skates split in the Carboniferous (306 million years ago).
Devonian
Devonian (419–359 mya)
Cladoselache Cladoselache was the first abundant genus of primitive shark, appearing about 370 Ma.[15] It grew to 6 feet (1.8 m) long, with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks. It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales, with five to seven gill slits and a short, rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull.[15] It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern-day sharks, but it compensated for that with very strong jaw-closing muscles. Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth-edged, making them suitable for grasping, but not tearing or chewing. Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole.[15] It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior. This combination helped with its speed and agility which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armoured 10 metres (33 ft) long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus.[15]
Carbon-
iferous
Carboniferous (359–299 Ma): Sharks underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous.[16] It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches.[16]
Orthacanthus senckenbergianus The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils. This gap in the fossil record, is called Romer's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer. While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event, recent work indicates that the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels, indicating some sort of ecological collapse.[17] The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish-like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts, and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna.
The Carboniferous seas were inhabited by many fish, mainly Elasmobranchs (sharks and their relatives). These included some, like Psammodus, with crushing pavement-like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods, crustaceans, and other marine organisms. Other sharks had piercing teeth, such as the Symmoriida; some, the petalodonts, had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth. Most of the sharks were marine, but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps. Among the bony fish, the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers. Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent, and one group, the Rhizodonts, reached very large size.
Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. Freshwater fish were abundant, and include the genera Ctenodus, Uronemus, Acanthodes, Cheirodus, and Gyracanthus.
Stethacanthidae
As a result of the evolutionary radiation, carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes; e.g., sharks belonging to the family Stethacanthidae possessed a flat brush-like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top.[16] Stethacanthus' unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals.[16] Apart from the fins, Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus (below).
Falcatus Falcatus is a genus of small cladodont-toothed sharks which lived 335–318 Ma. They were about 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) long.[18] They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads.
Orodus Orodus is another shark of the Carboniferous, a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma. It grew to 2 m (6.6 ft) in length.
Permian
Permian (298–252 Ma): The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology: the Permian-Triassic extinction event. 90% to 95% of marine species became extinct, as well as 70% of all land organisms. Recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event was protracted; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover,[19] and marine ecosystems took even longer.[20]
Triassic
Triassic (252–201 Ma): The fish fauna of the Triassic was remarkably uniform, reflecting the fact that very few families survived the Permian extinction. In turn, the Triassic ended with the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. About 23% of all families, 48% of all genera (20% of marine families and 55% of marine genera) and 70% to 75% of all species became extinct.[21]
Jurassic
Jurassic (201–145 Ma):
Cretaceous
Cretaceous (145–66 Ma): The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (K-Pg extinction). There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K–T boundary, which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates. Within cartilaginous fish, approximately 80% of the sharks, rays, and skates families survived the extinction event,[22] and more than 90% of teleost fish (bony fish) families survived.[23]
Squalicorax falcatus Squalicorax falcatus is a lamnoid shark from the Cretaceous
Ptychodus Ptychodus is a genus of extinct hybodontiform shark which lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene.[24][25] Ptychodus mortoni (pictured) was about 32 feet (9.8 meters) long and was unearthed in Kansas, United States.[26]
Cenozoic
Era
Cenozoic Era (65 Ma to present): The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes.
Megalodon
External video
Megalodon battle History Channel
The Nightmarish Megalodon Discovery
Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma. It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark, but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres (67 ft).[27] Found in all oceans[28] it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history,[27] and probably had a profound impact on marine life.[29]
Extinct orders of cartilaginous fishes
Group
Order
Image
Common name
Authority
Families
Genera
Species
Note
Holocephali †Orodontiformes
†Petalodontiformes
†Helodontiformes
†Iniopterygiformes
†Debeeriiformes
†Symmoiida [30]
†Eugeneodonti
formes [31]
†Psammodonti
formes Position uncertain
†Copodontiformes
†Squalorajiformes
†Chondrenchelyi
formes
†Menaspiformes
†Coliodontiformes
Squalomorph
sharks †Protospinaci-
formes
Other †Squatinactiformes
†Protacrodonti-
formes
†Cladoselachi-
formes
†Xenacanthiformes
†Ctenacanthi-
formes
†Hybodontiformes
Taxonomy[edit]
Subphylum Vertebrata └─Infraphylum Gnathostomata ├─Placodermi — extinct (armored gnathostomes) └Eugnathostomata (true jawed vertebrates) ├─Acanthodii (stem cartilaginous fish) └─Chondrichthyes (true cartilaginous fish) ├─Holocephali (chimaeras + several extinct clades) └Elasmobranchii (shark and rays) ├─Selachii (true sharks) └─Batoidea (rays and relatives)

Note: lines show evolutionary relationships.

See also[edit]
List of cartilaginous fish
Cartilaginous versus bony fishes
Largest cartilaginous fishes
Threatened rays
Threatened sharks
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Wroe, S.; Huber, D. R.; Lowry, M.; McHenry, C.; Moreno, K.; Clausen, P.; Ferrara, T. L.; Cunningham, E.; Dean, M. N.; Summers, A. P. (2008). "Three-dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics: how hard can a great white bite?" (PDF). Journal of Zoology. 276 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00494.x.
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Further reading[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Chondrichthyes
The Wikibook Dichotomous Key has a page on the topic of: Chondrichthyes
Taxonomy of Chondrichthyes
Images of many sharks, skates and rays on Morphbank
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Extant chordate classes
Kingdom Animalia
(unranked) Bilateria
Superphylum Deuterostomia
Cephalochordata
Leptocardii (lancelets)
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Urochordata
(tunicates)
Ascidiacea (sea squirts)
Appendicularia (larvaceans)
Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids)
Craniata
(Vertebrates +
Myxini)
(fish +
Tetrapods)
Agnatha
(jawless fish)
Cyclostomata
Myxini (hagfish)
Hyperoartia (lampreys)
Gnathostomata
(jawed vertebrates)
Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras)
Osteichthyes
(bony fish)
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
Sarcopterygii
(lobe-finned fish)
Actinistia (coelacanths)¹
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Amphibia (amphibians)
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Synapsida
Mammalia (mammals)
Sauropsida
(with Diapsida)
Lepidosauria
Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)²
Squamata (scaled reptiles)²
Archelosauria
Testudines (turtles)²,³
Archosauria
Crocodilia
(crocodilians)²
Aves (birds)
¹subclasses of Sarcopterygii
²orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)
³traditionally placed in Anapsida
italic are paraphyletic groups
[show]
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Extant cartilaginous fish orders
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Infraphylum Gnathostomata
Elasmobranchii
Selachii (sharks)
Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
Batoidea (rays)
Torpediniformes (electric rays)
Pristiformes (sawfishes)
Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
Holocephali
Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
[show]
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Evolution of fish
Forerunners
Cephalochordate
†Pikaia
†Cathaymyrus
Lancelet
Olfactores
†Haikouella
Tunicate
†Myllokunmingiidae?
†Zhongxiniscus?
Jawless fish
Cyclostomata
Hagfish
Hyperoartia
†Haikouichthys
Lamprey
†Conodonts
†Protoconodonta?
†Paraconodontida
†Prioniodontida
†Promissum
†Ostracoderms
†Pteraspidomorphi
†Thelodonti
†Anaspida
†Cephalaspidomorphi
†Galeaspida
†Pituriaspida
†Osteostraci
Jawed fish
†Placoderms
†Antiarchi
†Arthrodira
†Brindabellaspida
†Petalichthyida
†Phyllolepida
†Ptyctodontida
†Rhenanida
†Acanthothoraci †
†Pseudopetalichthyida?
†Stensioellida?
†Spiny sharks
†Climatiiformes
†Ischnacanthiformes
Cartilaginous
Elasmobranchii
Holocephali
Bony
Lobe-finned
†Onychodontida
Actinistia
Coelacanth
Dipnomorpha
†Porolepiformes
Lungfish
Tetrapodomorpha
Ray-finned
Cladistii
Chondrostei
Neopterygii
†Semionotiformes
Holostei
Teleostei
Lists
Lists of prehistoric fish
spiny sharks
placoderms
cartilaginous
bony
lobe-finned
List of transitional fossils
Related
Prehistoric life
Transitional fossils
Vertebrate paleontology
† extinct

Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q25371
ADW: Chondrichthyes
EoL: 2774522
EPPO: 1CHONC
iNaturalist: 196614
IRMNG: 1155
ITIS: 159785
NCBI: 7777
NZOR: 4acd6aba-2825-45a9-8143-ae4486ceeeb7
uBio: 179479
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondrichthyes&oldid=843465249"
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v
t
e
Long Island Medium
Genre
Reality television
Starring
Theresa Caputo
Larry Caputo Jr.
Victoria Caputo
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
117
Production
Running time
22 to 42 minutes
Production company(s)
Magilla Entertainment
Release
Original network
TLC
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25) – 2017
External links
Website
Long Island Medium is a TLC reality television series starring Theresa Caputo, a self-professed medium who claims she can communicate with the dead. Much of the program, which premiered on September 25, 2011, takes place in Hicksville, New York, though it often follows Caputo as she meets with clients in other areas.
Scientific skeptics say mediumship performances are a con,[1][2][3] and Caputo's specific claims have been deemed fictitious by numerous critics, including magician James Randi, print publications including Wired,[4] and television news programs like Inside Edition.[5][6] The Long Island newspaper Newsday refers to her as a "mentalism performer".[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Reception
3 Cast
4 Episodes
4.1 Season 1 (2011)
4.2 Season 2 (2012)
4.3 Season 3 (2012)
4.4 Season 4 (2013)
4.5 Season 5 (2014)
4.6 Season 6 (2014)
4.7 Season 7 (2015)
4.8 Season 8 (2016)
4.9 Season 9 (2016)
4.10 Season 10 (2017)
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Each episode focuses on Theresa Caputo as she conducts private and group readings with both believers and skeptics. Her husband Larry and two children, Victoria and Larry Jr., have learned to live with her mediumship. In a 2011 interview, Caputo claimed she had the ability to communicate with dead people: "Things are just there. When I was younger I used to actually see images and hear things. As I got older and shut down, it had changed. Because it was frightening to see people standing there who actually weren’t there."[8][9][10]
Reception[edit]
The show has been a commercial success, running into eight seasons, and the popularity has led to the star producing several books and a jewelry line. Fans describe it as entertaining and fun or amazing.[11] The overall series is described in media review as pretty mild, but it may be disturbing to viewers who are uncomfortable with the topics of death and psychic ability.[12]
Scientific skeptics say mediumship performances are a con,[1][2][3] and that Caputo's seemingly paranormal performances are simply the result of well-known exploits like the Forer effect, cold reading, selective editing of the show, and her subjects' eagerness to believe.[4][5][13]
In 2012, the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) awarded Caputo its Pigasus Award for being, in its view, the "psychic" performer who fooled the greatest number of people with the least effort in the preceding year. A Pigasus award was also given to TLC for continuing to air the show.[14] In an article published by Wired Magazine the organization's founder James Randi explained why he believed shows like Long Island Medium were deceptive and potentially harmful to its participants:
Why do these pseudo-psychic spectacles bother those of us at the James Randi Educational Foundation? First, and foremost: They are not true. [...] But much more importantly to us, such performances seem to prey on people at their most vulnerable moments — those who have suffered the loss of loved ones — and these mediums use such grief to make a buck. Psychologists tell us this keeps the grieving stuck in their grief, rather than going through the natural stages of acceptance that are healthy.
—  James Randi[4]
In June of that year, Caputo appeared in a commercial for Priceline.com in which she portrayed herself "connecting" with the late Priceline Negotiator character previously played by William Shatner.[15] However, this commercial has sparked controversy, since the commercial appears to make light of the Native American belief of smudging. JREF President DJ Grothe issued a statement decrying Priceline.com: "It is difficult to watch the show and not feel heartbroken for those who are desperate to hear from the departed... and even more so if they are being manipulated by a charlatan." Grothe urged the organization to have their new spokeswoman take the James Randi Million Dollar Challenge and prove her paranormal claims.[16]
Inside Edition examined Caputo's claims of being able to talk to the dead and found them lacking as she performed live, saying they "watched her strike out time and again." Mark Edward, who used to portray himself as a medium, gave his opinion that Caputo does not have supernatural powers and explained several common techniques she could be using to pretend to have such abilities. She responded in a statement: "I respect and understand skeptics. I'm not trying to prove anything to anyone, that's not why I do what I do. I feel, and have been told by my clients, that my gift has really helped them, and that's all that matters to me."[5]
Ron Tebo, proprietor of the YouTube debunking channel SciFake,[17] has appeared on numerous programs saying Caputo engages in several forms of deception, including sending staff members to interview audience members in advance in order to be able to acquire knowledge to claim communication with the dead.[18]
In March 2018, skeptical activist Susan Gerbic published an article in Skeptical Inquirer summarizing a number of techniques which she says are used by psychics, such as Caputo, to achieve their effects.[19]
Not all the feedback from the show has been entirely negative. While noting that Caputo's claim of special powers "has been questioned", Variety's Gregg Goldstein described her in generally positive terms in a 2012 article, writing, "In an era of hit reality shows about families and denizens of New Jersey, the series' equally big selling point is the dynamic with her husband and two wisecracking teenagers, making it play like a combination of Real Housewives of New Jersey and Bewitched – particularly when their frustrations surface over her random communications with what she calls 'Spirit.'"[20]
Cast[edit]
Main
Theresa Caputo[21]
Recurring
Larry Caputo Jr.[21]
Victoria Caputo[21]
Former
Larry Caputo (2011-2017)
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Season Premiere
Season Finale
1 9 September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25) November 6, 2011 (2011-11-06)
2 14 March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25) May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06)
3 17 September 9, 2012 (2012-09-09) November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04)
4 30 May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12) December 22, 2013 (2013-12-22)
5 18 March 9, 2014 (2014-03-09) May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18)
6 15 August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03) October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12)
7 14 March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08) May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)
8 14 January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03) March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06)
9 unknown unknown unknown
10 10 February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19) April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
Season 1 (2011)[edit]
Template:Episode listening
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "No Turning Off" September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25) 1.36[22]
2
2 "Driving Me Nuts" September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25) 1.07[22]
4
4 "This Isn't Working" October 2, 2011 (2011-10-02) 1.31[23]
5
5 "Theresa's Upgrade" October 9, 2011 (2011-10-09) 1.36[24]
6
6 "Reconnecting" October 16, 2011 (2011-10-16) 1.45[25]
7
7 "Blessing & A Curse" October 23, 2011 (2011-10-23) 1.44[26]
8
8 "Theresa Explains It All" October 30, 2011 (2011-10-30) 1.38[27]
9
9 "Sailing With Spirits" November 6, 2011 (2011-11-06) 1.28[28]
Season 2 (2012)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
10
1 "Meeting the Parents" March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25) 2.28[29]
11
2 "Drumming and Healing" March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25) 2.25[29]
12
3 "Losing It" April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01) 1.69[30]
13
4 "Poor Petey" April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01) 1.61[30]
14
5 "Christmas Spirit" April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08) 1.48[31]
15
6 "Spirit Al Dente" April 8, 2012 (2012-04-08) 1.91[31]
16
7 "Car Crazy" April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15) 1.75[32]
17
8 "Just Like Me" April 15, 2012 (2012-04-15) 1.91[32]
18
9 "Wheelin' & Dealin'" April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22) 2.02[33]
19
10 "Long Island Romance" April 22, 2012 (2012-04-22) 2.29[33]
20
11 "Bellies & Babies" April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29) 1.84[34]
21
12 "Apply Yourself" April 29, 2012 (2012-04-29) 2.11[34]
22
13 "Uneasy" May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06) 1.99[35]
23
14 "Spirit and the City" May 6, 2012 (2012-05-06) 2.24[35]
Season 3 (2012)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
24
1 "Homecoming" September 9, 2012 (2012-09-09) 3.17[36]
25
2 "A Medium Surprise" September 9, 2012 (2012-09-09) 3.52[36]
26
3 "Help Me" September 16, 2012 (2012-09-16) 2.62[37]
27
4 "The Princess and Her Prom" September 16, 2012 (2012-09-16) 3.12[37]
28
5 "The Flying Larrys" September 23, 2012 (2012-09-23) 2.68[38]
29
6 "My Keys Now" September 23, 2012 (2012-09-23) 2.82[38]
30
7 "Beach Bonding" September 30, 2012 (2012-09-30) 2.53[39]
31
8 "The Graduate" September 30, 2012 (2012-09-30) 2.84[39]
32
9 "On the Road" October 7, 2012 (2012-10-07) 2.74[40]
33
10 "The Family Photo" October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14) 2.96[41]
34
11 "Joe Skeptic" October 14, 2012 (2012-10-14) 3.08[41]
35
12 "FAQ" October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21) 2.64[42]
36
13 "Never Before Seen" October 21, 2012 (2012-10-21) 2.93[42]
37
14 "Theresa and the Tent" October 28, 2012 (2012-10-28) 2.74[43]
38
15 "Like Father, Not Like Daughter" October 28, 2012 (2012-10-28) 2.95[43]
39
16 "Halloween Spirit" November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04) 3.09[44]
40
17 "Hello College" November 4, 2012 (2012-11-04) 3.22[44]
Season 4 (2013)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
41
1 "Missing My Princess" May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12) 2.34[45]
42
2 "Theresa in Training" May 12, 2013 (2013-05-12) 2.51[45]
43
3 "The Royal Flush" May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19) 2.11[46]
44
4 "Sandy Spirit" May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19) 2.12[46]
45
5 "The Gambler" May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26) 1.93[47]
46
6 "Why Me" May 26, 2013 (2013-05-26) 2.20[47]
47
7 "Louie's Lost" June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02) 2.11[48]
48
8 "The Medium Matchmaker" June 2, 2013 (2013-06-02) 2.25[48]
49
9 "Girls Night In" June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09) 2.01[49]
50
10 "Spirit on the Slopes" June 9, 2013 (2013-06-09) 2.12[49]
51
11 "Bouffants and Bingo" June 16, 2013 (2013-06-16) 1.82[50]
52
12 "The Pincushion" June 16, 2013 (2013-06-16) 1.80[50]
53
13 "Once Upon a Dream" June 23, 2013 (2013-06-23) 1.89[51]
54
14 "The Patient" June 23, 2013 (2013-06-23) 1.93[51]
55
15 "Unseen" June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30) 1.99[52]
56
16 "On the Road: Philadelphia" October 6, 2013 (2013-10-06) 2.62[53]
57
17 "Construction Zone" October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13) 1.66[54]
58
18 "Shoo Shoo Spirit" October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13) 1.97[54]
59
19 "Spirit Left Behind" October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20) 1.85[55]
60
20 "Gluten Free V" October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20) 1.88[55]
61
21 "Momma's Boy" October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27) 1.91[56]
62
22 "Diving Right In" October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27) 1.88[56]
63
23 "When There's a Will..." November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03) 1.99[57]
64
24 "Just Me and V in the Catskills" November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03) 2.02[57]
65
25 "Bunny Love" November 10, 2013 (2013-11-10) 1.68[58]
66
26 "Ready To Leave" November 10, 2013 (2013-11-10) 1.72[58]
67
27 "Long Island Medium Revisited" November 17, 2013 (2013-11-17) 1.77[59]
68
28 "Back to Normal" November 24, 2013 (2013-11-24) 2.11[60]
69
29 "Christmas at the Caputo's" December 15, 2013 (2013-12-15) 1.94[61]
70
30 "Unseen 2" December 22, 2013 (2013-12-22) N/A
Season 5 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
71
1 "On the Road: San Francisco" March 9, 2014 (2014-03-09) 1.87[62]
72
2 "This Nest Ain't Empty Yet" March 16, 2014 (2014-03-16) 1.99[63]
73
3 "A Change Is A-Comin" March 16, 2014 (2014-03-16) 2.04[63]
74
4 "Surprise Visit" March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23) 1.63[64]
75
5 "The Juice is Loose" March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23) 1.79[64]
76
6 "Back to School" March 30, 2014 (2014-03-30) 1.59[65]
77
7 "Medium Love" March 30, 2014 (2014-03-30) 1.74[65]
78
8 "Theresa Visits Jail" April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06) 1.90[66]
79
9 "Chinese New Year" April 6, 2014 (2014-04-06) 1.98[66]
80
10 "It Ain't Easy Being Me" April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13) 1.76[67]
81
11 "Out of the Attic" April 13, 2014 (2014-04-13) 1.94[67]
82
12 "A Portrait" April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20) 1.84[68]
83
13 "Sage is the Rage" April 20, 2014 (2014-04-20) 1.80[68]
84
14 "Ashes to Art" April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27) 1.80[69]
85
15 "Prayers for Petey" April 27, 2014 (2014-04-27) 1.84[69]
86
16 "The Show Must Go On" May 4, 2014 (2014-05-04) 1.84[70]
87
17 "Behind the Read IV" May 11, 2014 (2014-05-11) N/A
88
18 "On the Road: New Orleans" May 18, 2014 (2014-05-18) 1.86[71]
Season 6 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
89
1 "On The Road: Las Vegas Part I" August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03) 1.48[72]
90
2 "On The Road: Las Vegas Part II" August 10, 2014 (2014-08-10) 1.40[73]
91
3 "In the Out Door" August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17) 1.59[74]
92
4 "Helmet Head" August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17) 1.60[74]
93
5 "Put a Ring on It"[75] August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24) N/A
94
6 "New Dog, Old Tricks"[75] August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24) N/A
95
7 "Ugly Truckling"[75] August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31) N/A
96
8 "Caputo Luau" September 7, 2014 (2014-09-07) N/A
97
9 "Horsing Around" September 7, 2014 (2014-09-07) N/A
98
10 "Family Fundraiser" September 14, 2014 (2014-09-14) N/A
99
11 "Never Before Seen" September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21) N/A
100
12 "Put Up Your Dukes" September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21) N/A
101
13 "Gone Fishing" September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28) N/A
102
14 "Behind the Read V" October 5, 2014 (2014-10-05) N/A
103
15 "On the Road: DC" October 12, 2014 (2014-10-12) N/A
Season 7 (2015)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
104
1 "25 and Counting" March 8, 2015 (2015-03-08) N/A
105
2 "Dog Eat Dog Summer" March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15) N/A
106
3 "Back to My Roots" March 15, 2015 (2015-03-15) N/A
107
4 "Getting the Band Back Together" March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22) N/A
108
5 "Don't Give Up Your Day Job" March 22, 2015 (2015-03-22) N/A
109
6 "On the Road: Texas" March 29, 2015 (2015-03-29) N/A
110
7 "Coach Theresa" April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05) N/A
111
8 "Spirit Roll" April 5, 2015 (2015-04-05) N/A
112
9 "Return to Jail" April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12) N/A
113
10 "Roller Rink Romance" April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12) N/A
114
11 "When a Bedroom Door Closes, a Closet Door Opens" April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19) N/A
115
12 "Behind the Scenes of Knock & Shock" April 19, 2015 (2015-04-19) N/A
116
13 "Never Before Seen" April 26, 2015 (2015-04-26) N/A
117
14 "Theresa Loves Moms" May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03) N/A
Season 8 (2016)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
118
1 "Celebrity Spirit" January 3, 2016 (2016-01-03) N/A
119
2 "Spirit in Paradise: Snowbirds" January 10, 2016 (2016-01-10) N/A
120
3 "Spirit in Paradise: The Son Also Visits" January 10, 2016 (2016-01-10) N/A
121
4 "Spirit in Paradise: The Decision" January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17) N/A
122
5 "Before The Baby" January 17, 2016 (2016-01-17) N/A
123
6 "Line of Duty" January 24, 2016 (2016-01-24) N/A
124
7 "Parental Blessing" January 31, 2016 (2016-01-31) N/A
125
8 "I Don't Believe" January 31, 2016 (2016-01-31) N/A
126
9 "Haunted Houses" January 31, 2016 (2016-01-31) N/A
127
10 "Roller Rink Romance" April 12, 2015 (2015-04-12) N/A
128
11 "Wisdom Teeth" February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14) N/A
129
12 "Remembering Petey" February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14) N/A
130
13 "Theresa Reads Kids" February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21) N/A
131
14 "Theresa Loves Moms" March 6, 2016 (2016-03-06) N/A
Season 9 (2016)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
N/A
N/A TBA N/A TBD
Season 10 (2017)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
132
1 "Reading the Stars" November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06) N/A
Reading for celebrities, Kelsey Grammer, Bob Harper, Mark McGrath, Chrissy Metz
133
2 TBA November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13) N/A
134
3 "Freezing Theresa" November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20) N/A
Shark Tank Barbara Corcoran gets a reading. Meanwhile at a fundraiser, Theresa channels an accident victim for the distraught police officer who couldn't save him, and reads a man while she is inside the cryogenic freezing chamber
135
4 TBA November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27) N/A
136
5 TBA December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04) N/A
137
6 TBA December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11) N/A
138
7 TBA TBA TBD
139
8 TBA TBA TBD
140
9 TBA TBA TBD
141
10 TBA TBA TBD
See also[edit]
Psychic
Hollywood Medium with Tyler Henry
Monica the Medium
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Radford, Benjamin. "Here to Hereafter: Can Psychics Really Talk to the Dead?". Live Science. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Propatier, Stephen. "Susan Gerbic: Vampire Slayer". Skeptoid.com. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Swiss, Jamy Ian. "Jamy Ian Swiss - In Pursuit of Psychics: For Good Reason". James Randi Foundation. Retrieved 9 September 2017 – via Youtube.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c Randi, James (April 9, 2012). "The 'Medium' Is Not the Messenger". Wired Magazine. Retrieved May 19, 2013. Caputo does what’s known in my trade as “cold reading.” The very best practitioners can pick up enough information in what seems like innocent, idle conversation to convince you that they know very specific things about you. The scientific phenomenon is called the Forer effect — giving credence to vague observations that seem personal. [...] Mediums cannot show they do anything more than cold reading nor that what the TV audience sees is just selectively edited to show “hits” and ignore the “misses.”
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Long Island Medium – Can She Really Communicate with the Dead?". Inside Edition. August 11, 2012. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Dodai (October 20, 2012). "Super Sad and Misguided Emails Intended for the Long Island Medium". Jezebel. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Lovece, Frank (December 3, 2017). "'Long Island Medium' Theresa Caputo, husband Larry legally separate". Newsday. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Long Island Medium Theresa Caputo on new TLC series". Channel Guide Magazine.
Jump up ^ "Long Island Medium renewed: Is Theresa Caputo for real?". EW.com.
Jump up ^ "Rare Medium well done". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "Long Island Medium Fan Reviews". tv.com.
Jump up ^ "Long Island Medium (tv-reviews)". commonsensemedia.org.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Anderson (March 29, 2012). "Anderson after 'Long Island Medium' Theresa Caputo". Anderson Live. YouTube. Retrieved May 19, 2013. I'm pretty skeptical about all the psychic medium stuff...She seemed nice, and she was fun, but I just think [...] if you say to a room of 300 people, you know, "sombody here has lost a sister," there's a good chance [of that]...So I am skeptical. I think people just so want to believe in things [like that]. But you know, I am open to possibilities, I just want to see actual proof, and until that happens I just sort of feel like it's my job to be skeptical.
Jump up ^ "2012 Pigasus Awards Announcement". JREF. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "TV's Long Island Medium Theresa Caputo Channels The Dearly Departed Negotiator In New Priceline.com TV Spot". Finance.yahoo.com. June 25, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ Grothe, DJ. "Priceline.com: Will You Prove Your Spokesperson Worthy for a Million Dollars?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "SciFake". Ron Tebo. Retrieved December 7, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Cavazini, Katherine (June 9, 2014). "Skeptic: 'Long Island Medium' a phony!". HLN. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gerbic, Susan. "Ten Tricks of the Psychics I Bet You Didn't Know". CSI. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Gregg (12 March 2012). "'Medium' gets into family spirit". Variety. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Long Island Medium: Cast & Details". TV Guide. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Jeff Dunham: Controlled Chaos" Lifts Comedy Central". The Futon Critic. September 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: NLDS Holds Off Competition". The Futon Critic. October 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Kim's Fairytale Wedding" Overshadows NLCS". The Futon Critic. October 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: AMC's "Walking Dead" Eats Up Competition". The Futon Critic. October 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Dead" Devours Competition Again". The Futon Critic. October 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: No Stopping AMC's "Walking Dead"". The Futon Critic. November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Walking Dead" Continues Unbeaten Streak". The Futon Critic. November 8, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Mad Men" Leads Viewers, NBA Tops Demos". The Futon Critic. March 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: HBO's "Game of Thrones" Returns With Series High". The Futon Critic. April 3, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Game of Thrones" Continues Its Reign". The Futon Critic. April 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Game of Thrones" Win Streak Continues". The Futon Critic. April 17, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: Another Week, Another "Game of Thrones" Win". The Futon Critic. April 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs, "Game of Thrones" Top Charts". The Futon Critic. May 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: NBA Playoffs, Disney's "Good Luck Charlie" Top Charts". The Futon Critic. April 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Kardashians," "Long Island Medium" Top Demos, Viewers". The Futon Critic. September 11, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Kardashians" Wraps Season on Top for E!". The Futon Critic. September 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Good Luck Charlie," "Housewives of New Jersey" Top Charts". The Futon Critic. September 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: Bravo Tops Charts with "Real Housewives of New Jersey Reunion"". The Futon Critic. October 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Steel Magnolias," "Jeff Dunham: Minding the Monsters" Top Charts". The Futon Critic. October 9, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: AMC's "The Walking Dead" Mauls the Competition". The Futon Critic. October 16, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "The Walking Dead" Once Again Devours the Competition". The Futon Critic. October 23, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: "Walking Dead" Goes Untouched for AMC". The Futon Critic. October 30, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sunday's Cable Ratings: Another Monster Showing for AMC's "Walking Dead"". The Futon Critic. November 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (May 14, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night + 'Breaking Amish', 'Mad Men', 'Long Island Medium', 'River Monsters' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (May 21, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings:'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, 'North America', 'Mad Men', 'Veep', 'The Client List' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings:NBA Playoffs Win Night, 'Mermaids: The New Evidence', 'Behind the Candelabra', 'Mad Men', 'Long Island Medium', 'North America' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (June 4, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night + 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Real Housewives of New Jersey', 'Breaking Amish', 'Mad Men' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (June 11, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, 'Falling Skies', 'Mad Men', 'Army Wives', 'Veep', 'The Client List' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (June 18, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night + Sprint Cup Racing, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies', 'Real Housewives of NJ' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (June 25, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Skywire Live' Wins Night, 'True Blood', 'Falling Skies', 'Mad Men', 'Drop Dead Diva' & More". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (July 2, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'BET Awards' Wins Night + 'True Blood', 'Dexter', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians' & 'Thursday Night Football: Special Edition' Tie for Lead + 'Real Housewives of New Jersey' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Witches of East End', 'Homeland, 'Boardwalk Empire' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night + 'Talking Dead', NASCAR, 'Boardwalk Empire', 'Guy's Grocery Games' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Homeland', 'Boardwalk Empire', 'Witches of East End' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Rules Again + 'Talking Dead', 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians' & More". TV by the Numbers.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Boardwalk Empire', 'Homeland', 'Killing Kennedy' & More". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night + 'Talking Dead', 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', NASCAR & More". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 26, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Homeland', 'Boardwalk Empire', 'Witches of East End' & More". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 17, 2013). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Real Housewives of Atlanta' Tops Night + 'Homeland', 'Bar Rescue', 'Psych' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 11, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'The Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'True Detective' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (March 18, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Real Housewives of Atlanta' 'Naked And Afraid', 'Shameless' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (March 25, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Tops Night + 'Talking Dead', 'The Real Housewives of Atlanta', NCAA Basketball & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (April 1, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'The Walking Dead' Wins Night, 'Talking Dead', 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Shameless', 'Naked and Afraid' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (April 8, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night + 'The Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Silicon Valley', 'Married to Medicine' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (April 15, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'MTV Movie Awards', 'Silicon Valley', 'Mad Men', 'Drop Dead Diva' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (April 22, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, + NBA Playoffs, 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Naked and Afraid' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (April 29, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, NBA Playoffs, 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Mad Men', 'Devious Maids' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 6, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night, + 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'Married to Medicine', 'Silicon Valley' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 20, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Game of Thrones' Wins Night + 'Silicon Valley', 'Real Housewives of Atlanta', 'River Monsters', 'Married to Medicine' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (August 5, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'The Strain', 'Keeping Up With The Kardashians', 'The Last Ship', 'The Leftovers', 'Falling Skies' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (August 12, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'Shark of Darkness: Wrath of Submarine' Tops Night + 'True Blood', 'Air Jaws', NASCAR & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (August 19, 2014). "Sunday Cable Ratings: 'True Blood' Wins Night, 'Keeping Up With the Kardashians', 'The Strain', 'The Last Ship', 'The Leftovers' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Long Island Medium - Episode Guide for Season 5". Zap2it. Retrieved August 19, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Long Island Medium on IMDb
Theresa Caputo's site
[show]
v
t
e
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