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Code of Hammurabi
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Code of Hammurabi
A side view of the stele "fingertip".
Created
c. 1754 BC
Author(s)
Hammurabi
Purpose
Law code
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology). It is one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world. The sixth Babylonian king, Hammurabi, enacted the code. A partial copy exists on a 2.25 metre (7.5 ft) stone stele. It consists of 282 laws, with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis)[1] as graded depending on social status, of slave versus free, man or woman.[2]
Nearly half of the code deals with matters of contract, establishing the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon for example. Other provisions set the terms of a transaction, the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another. A third of the code addresses issues concerning household and family relationships such as inheritance, divorce, paternity, and reproductive behaviour. Only one provision appears to impose obligations on an official; this provision establishes that a judge who reaches an incorrect decision is to be fined and removed from the bench permanently.[3] A few provisions address issues related to military service.
The code was discovered by modern archaeologists in 1901, and its editio princeps translation published in 1902 by Jean-Vincent Scheil. This nearly complete example of the code is carved into a basalt stele in the shape of a huge index finger,[4] 2.25 m (7.4 ft) tall. The code is inscribed in the Akkadian language, using cuneiform script carved into the stele.
It is currently on display in the Louvre, with replicas in numerous institutions, including the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, the Northwestern Pritzker School of Law in Chicago, the Clendening History of Medicine Library & Museum at the University of Kansas Medical Center, the library of the Theological University of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands, the Pergamon Museum of Berlin, the Arts Faculty of the University of Leuven in Belgium, the National Museum of Iran in Tehran, and the Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania, and Museum of the Bible in Washington, DC.
Contents
1 History
2 Laws of Hammurabi's Code
3 Other copies
4 Laws covered
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 External links
History
The code on clay tablets.
The code on a basalt stele.
Two versions of the Code at the Louvre.
Hammurabi ruled for nearly 42 years, from about 1792 to 1749 BC according to the Middle chronology. In the preface to the law, he states, "Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared God, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land, to destroy the wicked and the evil-doers; so that the strong should not harm the weak; so that I should rule over the black-headed people like Shamash, and enlighten the land, to further the well-being of mankind."[5] On the stone slab are 44 columns and 28 paragraphs that contained 282 laws. Some of these laws follow along the rules of "an eye for an eye".[6]
It had been taken as plunder by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in the 12th century BC and was taken to Susa in Elam (located in the present-day Khuzestan Province of Iran) where it was no longer available to the Babylonian people. However, when Cyrus the Great brought both Babylon and Susa under the rule of his Persian Empire, and placed copies of the document in the Library of Sippar, the text became available for all the peoples of the vast Persian Empire to view.[7]
In 1901, Egyptologist Gustave Jéquier, a member of an expedition headed by Jacques de Morgan, found the stele containing the Code of Hammurabi during archaeological excavations at the ancient site of Susa in Khuzestan.[8]
Laws of Hammurabi's Code
Main article: Babylonian law
The Code of Hammurabi was one of the only sets of laws in the ancient Near East and also one of the first forms of law.[9] The code of laws was arranged in orderly groups, so that all who read the laws would know what was required of them.[10] Earlier collections of laws include the Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (c. 2050 BC), the Laws of Eshnunna (c. 1930 BC) and the codex of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (c. 1870 BC), while later ones include the Hittite laws, the Assyrian laws, and Mosaic Law.[11] These codes come from similar cultures in a relatively small geographical area, and they have passages which resemble each other.[12]
Figures at the top of the stele "fingernail", above Hammurabi's code of laws.
The Code of Hammurabi is the longest surviving text from the Old Babylonian period.[13] The code has been seen as an early example of a fundamental law, regulating a government – i.e., a primitive constitution.[14][15] The code is also one of the earliest examples of the idea of presumption of innocence, and it also suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence.[16] The occasional nature of many provisions suggests that the code may be better understood as a codification of Hammurabi's supplementary judicial decisions, and that, by memorializing his wisdom and justice, its purpose may have been the self-glorification of Hammurabi rather than a modern legal code or constitution. However, its copying in subsequent generations indicates that it was used as a model of legal and judicial reasoning.[17]
While the Code of Hammurabi was trying to achieve equality, biases still existed towards those categorized in the lower end of the social spectrum and some of the punishments and justice could be gruesome. The magnitude of criminal penalties often was based on the identity and gender of both the person committing the crime and the victim. The Code issues justice following the three classes of Babylonian society: property owners, freed men, and slaves.[18]
Punishments for someone assaulting someone from a lower class were far lighter than if they had assaulted someone of equal or higher status.[18] For example, if a doctor killed a rich patient, he would have his hands cut off, but if he killed a slave, only financial restitution was required.[19] Women could also receive punishments that their male counterparts would not, as men were permitted to have affairs with their servants and slaves, whereas married women would be harshly punished for committing adultery.[18]
Other copies
The Hammurabi stele at the American Museum of Natural History, New York.
A version of the code at the Istanbul Archaeological Museums.
Various copies of portions of the Code of Hammurabi have been found on baked clay tablets, some possibly older than the celebrated basalt stele now in the Louvre. The Prologue of the Code of Hammurabi (the first 305 inscribed squares on the stele) is on such a tablet, also at the Louvre (Inv #AO 10237). Some gaps in the list of benefits bestowed on cities recently annexed by Hammurabi may imply that it is older than the famous stele (currently dated to the early 18th century BC).[20] Likewise, the Museum of the Ancient Orient, part of the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, also has a "Code of Hammurabi" clay tablet, dated to 1790 BC, in (Room 5, Inv # Ni 2358).[21][22]
In July 2010, archaeologists reported that a fragmentary Akkadian cuneiform tablet was discovered at Tel Hazor, Israel, containing a c. 1700 BC text that was said to be partly parallel to portions of the Hammurabi code. The Hazor law code fragments are currently being prepared for publication by a team from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[23]
Laws covered
External video
Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi, 1792–1750 BC, Smarthistory
The laws covered such subjects as:
Slander
Ex. Law #127: "If any one "point the finger" at a sister of a god or the wife of any one, and can not prove it, this man shall be taken before the judges and his brow shall be marked (by cutting the skin, or perhaps hair)."[24]
Trade
Ex. Law #265: "If a herdsman, to whose care cattle or sheep have been entrusted, be guilty of fraud and make false returns of the natural increase, or sell them for money, then shall he be convicted and pay the owner ten times the loss."[24]
Slavery and status of slaves as property
Ex. Law #15: "If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city gates, he shall be put to death."[24]
The duties of workers
Ex. Law #42: "If any one take over a field to till it, and obtain no harvest therefrom, it must be proved that he did no work on the field, and he must deliver grain, just as his neighbor raised, to the owner of the field."[24]
Theft
Ex. Law #22: "If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death."[24]
Trade
Ex. Law #104: "If a merchant give an agent corn, wool, oil, or any other goods to transport, the agent shall give a receipt for the amount, and compensate the merchant therefor. Then he shall obtain a receipt from the merchant for the money that he gives the merchant."[24]
Liability
Ex. Law #53: "If any one be too lazy to keep his dam in proper condition, and does not so keep it; if then the dam break and all the fields be flooded, then shall he in whose dam the break occurred be sold for money, and the money shall replace the corn which he has caused to be ruined."[24]
Divorce
Ex. Law #142: "If a woman quarrel with her husband, and say: "You are not congenial to me," the reasons for her prejudice must be presented. If she is guiltless, and there is no fault on her part, but he leaves and neglects her, then no guilt attaches to this woman, she shall take her dowry and go back to her father's house."[24]
One of the best known laws from Hammurabi's code was:
Ex. Law #196: "If a man destroy the eye of another man, they shall destroy his eye. If one break a man's bone, they shall break his bone. If one destroy the eye of a freeman or break the bone of a freeman he shall pay one gold mina. If one destroy the eye of a man's slave or break a bone of a man's slave he shall pay one-half his price."[24]
Hammurabi had many other punishments, as well. If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. Translations vary.[25][26]
Adultery
Ex. Law # 129: "If the wife of a man has been caught lying with another man, they shall bind them and throw them into the waters. If the owner of the wife would save his wife then in turn the king could save his servant."[27]
See also
Law portal
Ancient Near East portal
Babylonian law
Code of the Assura
Code of Ur-Nammu – the oldest known tablet containing a law code surviving today, it predates the Code of Hammurabi by some 300 years
Cuneiform Law
Hippocratic Oath
List of ancient legal codes
Quid pro quo
Urukagina – Sumerian king and creator of what is sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Prince, J. Dyneley (July 1904). "Review: The Code of Hammurabi". The American Journal of Theology. The University of Chicago Press. 8 (3): 601–609. JSTOR 3153895.
Jump up ^ Gabriele Bartz, Eberhard König, (Arts and Architecture), Könemann, Köln, (2005), ISBN 3-8331-1943-8. The laws were based with scaled punishments, adjusting "an eye for an eye" depending on social status.
Jump up ^ Code of Hammurabi Archived 21 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. at commonlaw.com Code of Hammarubi at Commonlaw, 22 May 2017
Jump up ^ Iconographic Evidence for Some Mesopotamian Cult Statues, Dominique Collon, Die Welt der Götterbilder, Edited by Groneberg, Brigitte; Spieckermann, Hermann;, and Weiershäuser, Frauke, Berlin, New York (Walter de Gruyter) 2007, pp. 57–84
Jump up ^ Edited by Richard Hooker; Translated by L.W King (1996). "Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi". Washington State University. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Hammurabi's Code" "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-11. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) , Think Quest, retrieved on 2 Nov 2011.
Jump up ^ Marc Van De Mieroop: A History of the Ancient Near East, second edition p. 296
Jump up ^ Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ L.W. King (2005). "The Code of Hammurabi: Translated by L.W. King". Yale University. Archived from the original on 16 September 2007. Retrieved 14 September 2007.
Jump up ^ "The Code of Hammurabi: Introduction," [1], Ancient History Sourcebook, March 1998, retrieved on 2 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Barton, G.A: Archaeology and the Bible. University of Michigan Library, 2009, (originally published in 1916 by American Sunday-School Union) p. 406.
Jump up ^ Barton 2009, p. 406. Barton, a scientist of Semitic languages at the University of Pennsylvania from 1922 to 1931, stated that while there are similarities between the Mosaic Law and the Code of Hammurabi, a study of the entirety of both laws "convinces the student that the laws of the Old Testament are in no essential way dependent upon the Babylonian laws." He states that "such resemblances" arose from "a similarity of antecedents and of general intellectual outlook" between the two cultures, but that "the striking differences show that there was no direct borrowing."
Jump up ^ "The Code of Hammurabi," [2], The History Guide, 3 August 2009, Retrieved on 2 November 2011.
Jump up ^ What is a Constitution? William David Thomas, Gareth Stevens (2008) p. 8
Jump up ^ Flach, Jacques. Le Code de Hammourabi et la constitution originaire de la propriete dans l'ancienne Chaldee. (Revue historique. Paris, 1907. 8. v. 94, pp. 272–289.
Jump up ^ Victimology: Theories and Applications, Ann Wolbert Burgess, Albert R. Roberts, Cheryl Regehr, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2009, p. 103
Jump up ^ For this alternative interpretation see Jean Bottéro, "The 'Code' of Hammurabi" in Mesopotamia: Writing, Reasoning and the Gods (University of Chicago, 1992), pp. 156–184.
^ Jump up to: a b c "8 Things You May Not Know About Hammurabi's Code". History.com. Retrieved 2017-09-07.
Jump up ^ "What was Babylon?". History Extra.
Jump up ^ Fant, Clyde E. and Mitchell G. Reddish (2008), Lost Treasures of the Bible: Understanding the Bible Through Archaeological Artifacts in World Museums, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., p. 62.
Jump up ^ Freely, John, Blue Guide Istanbul (5th ed., 2000), London: A&C Black, New York: WW Norton, p. 121. ("The most historic of the inscriptions here [i.e., Room 5, Museum of the Ancient Orient, Istanbul] is the famous Code of Hammurabi (#Ni 2358) dated 1750 BCE, the world's oldest recorded set of laws.")
Jump up ^ Museum of the Ancient Orient website Archived 3 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ("This museum contains a rich collection of ancient ... archaeological finds, including ... seals from Nippur and a copy of the Code of Hammurabi.")
Jump up ^ "Code of Hammurabi Tablet Found". Inside Israel News – Arutz Sheva.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "The Code of Hammurabi". Internet Sacred Text Archive. Evinity Publishing. 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Translated by L.W. King, Hammurabi's Code of Laws, Hammurabi's Code of Laws Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Translated by L.W. King, Hammurabi's Code of Laws, The Code of Hammurabi King of Babylon by Robert Francis Harper (PDF)
Jump up ^ C. Sax, Benjamin (2001). Western Civilization Volume 1: From the Origins of Civilization to the Age of Absolutism. San Diego: Greenhaven Press. p. 35. ISBN 1-56510-988-0.
References
Beck, Roger B.; Linda Black, Larry S. Krieger, Phillip C. Naylor, Dahia Ibo Shabaka, (1999). World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal Luttrell. ISBN 0-395-87274-X. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Bonhomme, Brian, and Cathleen Boivin. "Code of Hammurabi." Milestone Documents in World History. Exploring the Primary Sources That Shaped the World: 2350 BCE – 1058 CE. Vol. 1. Dallas, TX: Schlager Group, 2010. 23–31.
Bryant, Tamera (2005). The Life & Times of Hammurabi. Bear: Mitchell Lane Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58415-338-2.
Driver, G.R.; J.C. Miles (2007). The Babylonian Laws. Eugene: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 1-55635-229-8.
Elsen-Novák, G./Novák, M.: Der 'König der Gerechtigkeit'. Zur Ikonologie und Teleologie des 'Codex' Hammurapi. In: Baghdader Mitteilungen 37 (2006), pp. 131–156.
Falkenstein, A. (1956–57). Die neusumerischen Gerichtsurkunden I–III. München.
Febbraro, Flavio, and Burkhard Schwetje. How to Read World History in Art. New York: Abrams, 2010. Print.
Hammurabi, King; C. H. W. Johns (Translator) (2000). The Oldest Code of Laws in the World. City: Lawbook Exchange Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-061-9.
Mieroop, Marc (2004). King Hammurabi of Babylon: a Biography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4051-2660-1.
Julius Oppert and Joachim Menant (1877). Documents juridiques de l'Assyrie et de la Chaldee. París.
Roth, Martha T. (1997). Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor. Atlanta: Scholars Press. ISBN 0-7885-0378-2.
Editio princeps: Scheil, Jean-Vincent (1902). "Code des Lois de Hammurabi". Memoires de la delegation en Perse. 4 (Textes Elamites-Semitiques).
Thomas, D. Winton, ed. (1958). Documents from Old Testament Times. London and New York.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Code of Hammurabi (category)
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Codex Hammurabi
Look up Hammurabi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Code of Hammurabi Translated by L. W. King.
Law Code of Hammurabi, king of Babylon | Musée du Louvre
The Code of Hammurabi: A King with Rules
Complete 1904 English translation of the Code of Hammurabi
Hammurabi's Code, Blaise Joseph, Clio History Journal, 2009.
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text:
Service Electric
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Service Electric Cable TV, Inc.
Type
Private
Industry
Telecommunications
Founded
1948, Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania
Headquarters
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Products
Cable television, Internet Service Provider, Cable telephony
Website
[1]
[2]
[3]
Service Electric Cable TV, Inc. (SECTV) is a cable television company serving eastern Pennsylvania and western New Jersey through three affiliates. Service Electric also offers broadband Internet and telephone services through two partner companies, PenTeleData and Ironton Telephone.[1]
Contents
1 Current Affiliate Systems
1.1 Service Electric Cable TV & Communications
1.2 Service Electric Broadband Cable
1.3 Service Electric Cablevision
2 History
3 TV2
4 Market Environment
5 References
6 External links
Current Affiliate Systems[edit]
Service Electric Cable TV & Communications[edit]
Lehigh Valley, Pennsylvania, Hunterdon and Warren counties in New Jersey
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania and surrounding communities in Luzerne County
Service Electric Broadband Cable[edit]
Sussex County, north Warren County
Service Electric Cablevision[edit]
Birdsboro, Pennsylvania and surrounding communities in Berks, Chester and Lancaster counties
Sunbury, Pennsylvania and surrounding communities in Northumberland, Montour, Columbia, Snyder, and Union counties
Hazleton, Pennsylvania and surrounding communities in Luzerne, Schuylkill, Carbon, Columbia and Northumberland counties
History[edit]
The company was started in 1948 in Mahanoy City by John Walson, who owned a General Electric appliance store. At the time, the surrounding mountains in Schuylkill County made over-the-air reception from Philadelphia television stations difficult. Walson, who was interested in selling television sets through his store, solved the problem by building an antenna on top of the mountain overlooking the town. He initially ran a cable to his warehouse and then to his appliance store, using boosters to enhance the signal. Along the way, he hooked up neighbors to the antenna system.[2] Although there are others who have laid claim to the honor, Walson is often recognized for having built the first cable TV system in the United States.[3] Until Walson's death, the company was known as Service Electric Cable TV, Inc., which was based in Bethlehem.
In early 2011 Service Electric commenced offloading cable systems from its Service Electric Cable Company affiliate. The cable system in Wilkes-Barre and vicinity moved operations to Service Electric Cable TV & Communications, which is currently based in Bethlehem. The cable system in Mahanoy City moved operations to Service Electric Cablevision - Hazleton Office, which corporate is currently based in Allentown.
On February 18, 2011 the Service Electric Cablevision affiliate acquired CATV Service Inc. based in Danville, Pennsylvania. As of 2012 CATV Service operates only by name through Service Electric Cablevision.
John E. Walson, eldest son of John Walson ran Service Electric Cable TV, Inc. for 38 years until his death in August 2012. John M. Walson has taken over the role of president since his father's death.
TV2[edit]
The company's Lehigh Valley system operates TV2, a local origination cable television station. TV2 carries local news and sports, including coverage of Lehigh Valley Conference high school football, boys and girls basketball and wrestling, as well as several Lehigh University football games. In 2008, TV2 Sports began carrying home games of the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, the AAA-level Minor League affiliate of the Philadelphia Phillies.[4] The games are televised from Coca-Cola Park in Allentown.[5] The station has also added coverage of the Reading Phillies, the Philadelphia Phillies' AA-level minor league affiliate[6] as well as Philadelphia Union affiliate Bethlehem Steel FC.
Market Environment[edit]
In the Lehigh Valley, an "overbuild" environment exists in many communities in which subscribers can choose between two competing cable television providers. Service Electric and RCN offer similar, though not duplicative, programming packages.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Our Partners". Service Electric official website. Archived from the original on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
Jump up ^ "Our Founder". Service Electric official website. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
Jump up ^ Moss, Linda. "In the Keystone State, Service Electric Thrives". Multichannel News, August 1, 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "2 Sports website". Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Lehigh Valley IronPigs official website". Retrieved 2008-07-26.
Jump up ^ Fybush, Scott. NERW Special: Baseball on the Radio. NorthEast Radio Watch. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
External links[edit]
Service Electric Cable TV & Communications
Service Electric Cablevision
Service Electric Broadband Cable
Article on Service Electric traffic cameras.
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text:
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the dark ride attraction. For the video game, see The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (video game).
The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure
The entrance for The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure at Disney California Adventure.
Disney California Adventure
Area
Paradise Pier
Coordinates
33°48′21″N 117°55′19″W / 33.8058064°N 117.9220354°W / 33.8058064; -117.9220354
Status
Operating
Soft opening date
May 26, 2011
Opening date
June 3, 2011
Replaced
Golden Dreams
Magic Kingdom
Name
Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid
Area
Fantasyland
Coordinates
28°25′10″N 81°34′45″W / 28.4194705°N 81.5792776°W / 28.4194705; -81.5792776
Status
Operating
Soft opening date
October 12, 2012[1]
Opening date
December 6, 2012[2]
General statistics
Attraction type
Dark ride
Manufacturer
Sansei Yusoki
Designer
Walt Disney Imagineering
Theme
The Little Mermaid
Music
Alan Menken (music)
Howard Ashman (lyrics)
Danny Troob (transitional and queue arrangements)[3]
Length
624 ft (190 m)
Vehicle type
Omnimover
Riders per vehicle
2 to 3
Duration
6:15
FastPass+ available
Wheelchair accessible
Assistive listening available
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure (stylized The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure) is a dark ride attraction based on the 1989 Disney animated film The Little Mermaid, located in Paradise Pier at Disney California Adventure and in Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom, where it is titled Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid (stylized Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid). The ride opened on June 3, 2011 at Disney California Adventure,[4] and on December 6, 2012 at Magic Kingdom.[1][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Summary
2.1 Exterior and queue
2.2 Ride
3 Music
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
In the early-to-mid-1990s, Walt Disney Imagineering attempted to develop a Little Mermaid dark ride for Disneyland Paris and Magic Kingdom parks. Early plans for Tokyo DisneySea and Hong Kong Disneyland also included this ride. None of these versions were actually built, although a computer-generated ride-through animatic was included on the Platinum Edition DVD of The Little Mermaid in 2006.[6]
Disney later went on to design and build a different version of the attraction for Disney California Adventure, as part of an effort to revitalize that park in the 2000s. The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure opened on June 3, 2011[4] in an area of Paradise Pier formerly occupied by Golden Dreams.
In September 2009, Disney announced that Mickey's Toontown Fair at the Magic Kingdom would be demolished to make room for an expansion of Fantasyland.[7] One of the new elements would be a Little Mermaid dark ride, much like the one slated for construction in California. Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid opened on December 6, 2012.
On March 20, 2014, the attraction at Disney California Adventure closed for maintenance.[8] It reopened May 10, 2014 with several enhancements; new sea creature figures were added throughout the ride, a view of King Triton's castle was added, the "Under the Sea" scene was given a blacklight treatment, and the Ariel and Prince Eric figures' sculpted hair was replaced with realistic hair in the "kiss the girl" and "finale" scenes.
Summary[edit]
The exterior of the show building at Disney California Adventure is modeled after a 20th-century aquarium.
Exterior and queue[edit]
At Disney California Adventure, the building is modeled after a 20th-century aquarium. The Palace of Fine Arts rotunda replica that served as an entrance for Golden Dreams was kept as the entrance for the new attraction. The queue passes beneath a series of canopies and into the building itself. The loading area features a large, hand-painted mural depicting the story's major characters.
The Magic Kingdom attraction has a different exterior and queue, featuring Prince Eric's castle and the surrounding cliffs. Guests enter through an underground cavern at low tide, and part of the queue includes an interactive scavenger hunt with Scuttle. The mural in the loading area is also substantially different from the one at Disney California Adventure.
Ride[edit]
At both parks, guests board Omnimover vehicles themed as large, colorful clamshells. These proceed through an opening in the broken hull of Prince Eric's ship. Scuttle greets the guests and makes a muddled attempt to tell them Ariel's story. The clamshells then rotate backwards as they make their way along the beach and descend "underwater" (an effect achieved through projections and blasts of cold air). As they continue their descent, the clamshells travel through rocky underwater passages filled with seaweed and coral (in Disney California Adventure, clams, fish, seahorses, and starfish can be seen in the passages as well.) Ariel and Flounder can be seen briefly through an opening overhead.
Facade of the attraction at the Magic Kingdom.
The underwater passage opens to reveal Ariel in her grotto, singing "Part of Your World." She is surrounded by her collection of treasures from the human world. Flounder floats along beside her while Sebastian occasionally appears among the bric-à-brac. As he reminds Ariel about the wonders of being under the sea, King Triton's castle can be seen in the distance, and the scene opens up to a large underwater garden where Sebastian conducts dozens of singing, dancing sea creatures through the song "Under the Sea."
The celebration fades as Flotsam and Jetsam, Ursula's pet eels, welcome the guests to the sea witch's lair. The clamshells pass into the mouth of an enormous beast's skeleton and find Ursula singing "Poor, Unfortunate Souls" inside, standing at her crystal ball and surrounded by her collection of lost souls. Ahead, a vortex of light surrounds Ariel as she trades her voice for a pair of human legs.
The clamshells ascend among projected bubbles and splash onto the shore of a lagoon. Sebastian sings "Kiss the Girl" while Eric and Ariel sit together in a boat, leaning in to kiss each other before backing away sheepishly. After leaving the lagoon, the clamshells pass before a doorway to Prince Eric's castle, where silhouettes of Ariel and Eric are seen finally kissing. A golden orb glows from within Ariel's neck, signifying that she has regained her voice. The orb proceeds to encircle the two, creating a heart shape as Ariel and Eric kiss. The smoking silhouette of a giant, defeated Ursula is visible on the horizon.
The clamshells proceed into the final scene of the attraction, where King Triton, Sebastian, Flounder, and several sea creatures celebrate the wedding of Ariel and Eric. The couple waves goodbye from a gazebo on the ocean's edge. Fireworks explode in the sky overhead. As the clamshells pass into the unload area, Scuttle finishes his story by exclaiming that he's "not such a bird-brain after all."
Music[edit]
Arranger Danny Troob adapted Alan Menken's original songs for the attraction. He also wrote an orchestral medley for the loading area, several transitional cues, and a new arrangement for the finale. Some of the scenes use the original vocal performances from the film, with Jodi Benson providing the voice of Ariel and Pat Carroll providing the voice of Ursula. There are also new performances by Phillip Lawrence as Sebastian, Chris Edgerly as Scuttle,[9] and Tress MacNeille as Flotsam and Jetsam
See also[edit]
2011 in amusement parks
2012 in amusement parks
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Disney opens New Fantasyland early for 'dress rehearsal'". Bay News 9. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Fickley-Baker, Jennifer (7 August 2012). "New Fantasyland Grand Opening Set For December 6 at Magic Kingdom Park at Walt Disney World Resort". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Little Mermaid - Ariel's Undersea Adventure". Mouseplanet.com. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Himmelberg, Michele (February 25, 2011). "From Under the Sea to Galaxies Far, Far Away…Opening Dates Are Set For A Soundsational Summer at Disneyland Resort". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brigante, Ricky (May 29, 2011). "New Fantasyland art, models and details unveiled featuring The Little Mermaid, Be Our Guest restaurant, Belle meet-and-greet and Dumbo update". Inside the Magic. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ The Little Mermaid Ride (YouTube). November 1, 2009. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ Keating, Gina (September 12, 2009). "Disney to expand Fantasyland at Walt Disney World". Reuters. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Glover, Erin (February 25, 2014). "Alice in Wonderland and The Little Mermaid ~ Ariel's Undersea Adventure at Disneyland Resort to Close Temporarily Beginning in March". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Full Voices of the Disney Theme Parks presentation from D23 Expo 2011 (YouTube). Attractions Magazine. August 27, 2011. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official page at Disneyland Resort's website
Official page at Walt Disney World Resort's website
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Films
The Daydreamer (1966)
The Little Mermaid (1968)
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Mermaid (2007)
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