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Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016 film)
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Alice Through the Looking Glass
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
James Bobin
Produced by
Joe Roth
Suzanne Todd
Jennifer Todd
Tim Burton
Written by
Linda Woolverton
Based on
Characters
by Lewis Carroll
Starring
Johnny Depp
Anne Hathaway
Mia Wasikowska
Matt Lucas
Rhys Ifans
Helena Bonham Carter
Sacha Baron Cohen
Music by
Danny Elfman
Cinematography
Stuart Dryburgh
Edited by
Andrew Weisblum
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Roth Films
Team Todd
Tim Burton Productions
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10) (London)
May 27, 2016 (2016-05-27) (United States)
Running time
113 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$170 million[2]
Box office
$299.5 million[1]
Alice Through the Looking Glass is a 2016 American fantasy adventure film directed by James Bobin, written by Linda Woolverton and produced by Tim Burton, Joe Roth, Suzanne Todd, and Jennifer Todd. It is based on the characters created by Lewis Carroll and is the sequel to the 2010 film Alice in Wonderland. The film stars Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Mia Wasikowska, Matt Lucas, Rhys Ifans, Helena Bonham Carter, and Sacha Baron Cohen and features the voices of Stephen Fry, Michael Sheen, Timothy Spall, and Alan Rickman, in his final film role.
In the film, Alice comes across a magical looking glass that takes her back to Wonderland, where she finds that the Mad Hatter is acting madder than usual and wants to discover the truth about his family. Alice then travels through time (with the "Chronosphere"), comes across friends and enemies at different points of their lives, and embarks on a race to save the Hatter before time runs out.
The film premiered in London on May 10, 2016, and was theatrically released by Walt Disney Pictures on May 27, 2016. Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $299.5 million on a budget of $170 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voice cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.1.1 North America
6.1.2 Other countries
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Alice Kingsleigh has spent the past three years following in her father's footsteps and sailing the high seas. Upon her return to London from China, Alice discovers that her ex-fiancé, Hamish Ascot, has married her look-alike and taken over her father's company and plans to have her sell him her father's ship, "the Wonder", in exchange for her family home. Unable to make a choice, Alice runs away, and comes across her butterfly friend Absolem, who disappears through a mysterious mirror in one of the upstairs rooms, returning to Wonderland.
There, Alice is greeted by Mirana of Marmoreal the White Queen, Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit, the Tweedles, Mallymkun the Dormouse, Thackery Earwicket the March Hare, Bayard, and the Cheshire Cat. They inform her that Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter is in poor health because his family is missing following the Attack of the Jabberwocky. The attack occurred shortly after his father, Zanik, a hat retailer, seemed to reject Tarrant's gift of a hat creation.
The White Queen persuades Alice to convince Time himself to save the Mad Hatter's family in the past, believing her to be the only one who can save the Hatter. However, she cautions Alice about Time, and that if her past self sees her future self, everything will be history. As Alice sets out, she ends up in a dreary castle, where Time himself, a demigod that is part-human, part-clock, resides. As Alice tries to consult Time, she finds the Chronosphere, an object that powers all time in Wonderland and will allow her to travel to any time in the past.
Alice ignores Time's warning that the past is unchangeable, and steals the Chronosphere, shortly after finding Iracebeth of Crims, the exiled Red Queen, in the care of Time. Alice accidentally flies to the day of Iracebeth's coronation, where a younger Mad Hatter mocks the Red Queen when the royal crown doesn't fit on her abnormally large head. This causes Iracebeth to melt down, and her father deems her emotionally unqualified to rule and passes the title of queen to her younger sister, the White Queen.
Alice learns of an event in Iracebeth's and Mirana's past that caused friction between the two and travels back in time again, hoping it will change Iracebeth's ways and stop the Jabberwocky from killing the Hatter's family. She learns that the hat that the Mad Hatter thought his father threw away was actually treasured by him. Meanwhile, at the White Queen and Red Queen's castle, at the time they are children, Mirana steals a tart from her mother and eats it. When confronted by their mother, Mirana lies about eating the tart, and Iracebeth is accused, causing her to run out of the castle. Alice sees that Iracebeth is about to run into a clock, thinking that's the event that deforms her head and personality. Alice prevents that collision but fails to change the past, as Iracebeth trips and slams her head into a stone wall instead.
A weakened Time then confronts Alice after relentless searching, and scolds her for putting all of time in danger. Out of panic, Alice runs into a nearby mirror back in the real world, where she wakes up in a mental hospital, diagnosed with female hysteria. As Dr. Addison Bennett, a psychiatric doctor, tries to inject her with a sedative, with her mother Helen's encouragement and help, she escapes and returns to Wonderland via the mirror, where she travels to Horevendush Day, when the Hightopp family was killed. Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter's family was captured by the Red Queen instead and never died. Returning to the present, however, Alice discovers that the Mad Hatter is on the brink of death.
Alice, close to tears, says that she believes him, and Tarrant transforms back to his normal self. The Wonderlandians go to the Red Queen's new organic plant castle, where the Mad Hatter finds his family shrunk and trapped in an ant farm. However, the Red Queen apprehends them and steals the Chronosphere from Alice. Ignoring Time's warning, she takes her sister back to the day she lied about the tart. By the time the Mad Hatter and Alice get there, the Red Queen and her younger self have seen each other. Time becomes a paradox, and Wonderland begins to freeze in rust. As a powerless Time's pleas, Alice and the Mad Hatter, with the White Queen and now-frozen Red Queen, use the Chronosphere to race back to the present as the rust proceeds to spread all over the ocean of Time and the castle, where Alice places the Chronosphere in its original place in time.
With the Chronosphere stabilized, Wonderland, including those frozen, are reverted to normal. The Mad Hatter reunites with his family, and the White Queen and Red Queen make amends, while Time forgives Alice for the trouble she caused, but forbids her to return. Alice bids farewell to her friends and returns to the real world through another mirror. Alice finds her mother, Helen, about to sign over the Wonder to Hamish and reassures her that it's only a ship. Helen decides to support her daughter regardless. Hamish seizes the Kingsleigh family home but not the ship. Alice and her mother set out to travel the world together with their own shipping company.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp, the Mad Hatter[3]
Louis Ashbourne Serkis as a young Tarrant Hightopp[4]
Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal, the White Queen[3]
Amelia Crouch as a young Mirana[5]
Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh[3]
Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims, the Red Queen.[3]
Leilah de Meza as a young Iracebeth[6]
Sacha Baron Cohen as Time, a powerful Father Time-godlike human clockwork hybrid who speaks in a German accent and rules over of time in Underland using the Chronosphere in his castle[3]
Rhys Ifans as Zanik Hightopp, the Hatter's father[3]
Matt Lucas as Tweedledum and Tweedledee[3]
Lindsay Duncan as Helen Kingsleigh, Alice's mother
Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot, now "Lord Ascot" following his father's death
Geraldine James as Lady Ascot, Hamish's mother
Andrew Scott as Dr. Addison Bennett,[7] a cruel psychiatric doctor
Ed Speleers as James Harcourt,[3] an employee of the Ascots
Richard Armitage as King Oleron, Iracebeth and Mirana's father
Hattie Morahan as Queen Elsemere, Iracebeth and Mirana's mother
Joanna Bobin as Lady Alexandra Ascot, Hamish's wife
Simone Kirby as Tyva Hightopp, the Hatter's mother
Joe Hurst as Bim Hightopp
Oliver Hawkes as a young Bim Hightopp
Siobhan Redmond as Bumalic Hightopp
Frederick Warder as Poomally Hightopp
Eve Hedderwick Turner as Baloo Hightopp
Tom Godwin as Pimlick Hightopp
Voice cast[edit]
Alan Rickman as Absolem, the Butterfly[3]
Stephen Fry as Cheshire, the Cheshire Cat[3]
Michael Sheen as Nivens McTwisp, the White Rabbit[3]
Timothy Spall as Bayard, the Bloodhound[3]
Kyle Hebert as a young Bayard[8]
Barbara Windsor as Mallymkun, the Dormouse[3]
Matt Vogel as Wilkins, Time's long-suffering manservant. Toby Jones was originally announced in the role[9]
Paul Whitehouse as Thackery Earwicket, the March Hare[3]
Wally Wingert as Humpty Dumpty. John Sessions was originally slated to voice the character[10]
Meera Syal as Nobody
Edward Petherbridge as Gentleman Fish
Owain Rhys Davies as Delivery Frog
Paul Hunter as the White Chess King, a chess piece
Production[edit]
Tall ships in Gloucester Docks for the filming of Alice Through the Looking Glass. August 2014
The film was announced via Variety in December 2012.[11] Bobin was first approached about the project while doing post-production work on Muppets Most Wanted,[12] Of being asked, Bobin has said that "I just couldn't pass it up", as he has a passion for the works of Lewis Carroll as well as history in general.[13] In July 2013, it was announced that Johnny Depp would return as the Hatter,[14] with Mia Wasikowska's return confirmed the following November.[15] In January 2014 Sacha Baron Cohen joined the cast to play Time.[16] In May 2014, Rhys Ifans joined the cast to play Zanik Hightopp, the Mad Hatter's father.[17] In developing the character of "Time", Bobin sought to avoid creating a "straight-up bad guy", noting that it would be "a bit dull", and also that the role in that universe already existed in the form of The Red Queen.[12] Instead, Bobin sought to make Time a "Twit", further explaining that "There's no one better at playing the confident idiot trope than Sacha Baron Cohen", and adding that "it was very much with Sacha in mind".[12]
Principal photography began on August 4, 2014, at Shepperton Studios.[18] In August 2014, filming took place in Gloucester Docks, which included the use of at least four historic ships: Kathleen and May, Irene, Excelsior, and the Earl of Pembroke, the last of which was renamed The Wonder for filming.[19][20][21][22][23] Principal photography ended on October 31, 2014.[24]
Soundtrack[edit]
Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by Danny Elfman
Released
May 27, 2016
Recorded
2016
Studio
Abbey Road Studios
Genre
Orchestral, pop rock
Length
76:53
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Danny Elfman
Danny Elfman film scores chronology
Goosebumps
(2015)Goosebumps2015 Alice Through the Looking Glass
(2016) Before I Wake
(2016)Before I Wake2016
Singles from Alice Through the Looking Glass: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
"Just Like Fire"
Released: April 15, 2016
"Alice"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Saving the Ship"
Released: May 27, 2016
"Looking Glass"
Released: June 1, 2016
"Truth"
Released: July 28, 2016
"Story of Time"
Released: August 7, 2016
"The Red Queen"
Released: October 18, 2016
"The Chronosphere"
Released: October 20, 2016
The film’s score was composed by Danny Elfman. The soundtrack was released on May 27, 2016, by Walt Disney Records. Pink recorded the song "Just Like Fire" for the film, and also covered Jefferson Airplane's "White Rabbit", only used in the film's promotional material.
Track listing[edit]
All music composed by Danny Elfman.
No.
Title
Length
1. "Alice" 6:35
2. "Saving the Ship" 3:40
3. "Watching Time" 5:10
4. "Looking Glass" 3:30
5. "To the Rescue" 0:56
6. "Hatter House" 3:47
7. "The Red Queen" 2:29
8. "The Chronosphere" 4:15
9. "Warning Hightopps" 2:23
10. "Tea Time Forever" 1:45
11. "Oceans of Time" 1:15
12. "Hat Heartbreak" 2:27
13. "Asylum Escape" 4:06
14. "Hatter's Deathbed" 3:22
15. "Finding the Family" 2:04
16. "Time Is Up" 4:24
17. "World's End" 1:50
18. "Truth" 4:09
19. "Goodbye Alice" 2:13
20. "Kingsleigh & Kingsleigh" 1:19
21. "Seconds Song" 0:11
22. "Friends United" 1:06
23. "Time's Castle" 1:49
24. "The Seconds" 1:55
25. "Clock Shop" 0:50
26. "They're Alive" 2:23
27. "Story of Time" 3:03
28. "Just Like Fire" (performed by Pink) 3:35
Total length: 76:53
Release[edit]
Alice Through the Looking Glass premiered in London on May 10, 2016, and was theatrically released on May 27, 2016, in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.
Home media[edit]
Alice Through the Looking Glass was released on Blu-ray, DVD and digital download on October 18, 2016, by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[25][26] It debuted at No. 2 in the Blu-ray Disc sales charts.[27]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Alice Through the Looking Glass grossed $77 million in the United States and Canada and $222.4 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $299.5 million, against a budget of $170 million.[1]
North America[edit]
Alice Through the Looking Glass opened in the United States and Canada on May 27, 2016, alongside X-Men: Apocalypse, and was initially projected to gross $55–60 million from 3,763 theaters over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend, but projections were continuously revised downwards due to poor word of mouth.[28] It had the added benefit of playing in over 3,100 3D theaters, 380 IMAX screens, 77 premium large formats and 79 D-box locations.[29][30] It made $1.5 million from Thursday previews (to the first film's $3.9 million)[31] and just $9.7 million on its first day, compared to the $41 million opening Friday of its predecessor.[32] Through its opening weekend, it earned $27 million, which when compared to its predecessor's $116 million opening is down 70%.[28] While 3D represented 71% ($82 million) of the original film's opening gross, 3D constituted only 41% ($11 million) for this sequel, with 29% coming from traditional 3D shows, 11% from IMAX, and 1% from premium large formats.[33] It became the studio's third Memorial Day opening flop following Tomorrowland in 2015 and Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time in 2010.[33] During its first week, the film grossed $40.1 million.[34] In its second weekend, the film grossed $11.3 million (a 55.1% drop), finishing 4th at the box office.[35]
Other countries[edit]
The film was released across 43 countries (72% of its total market place) the same weekend as the US, and was estimated to gross $80–100 million in its opening weekend. It faced competition from Warcraft and X-Men: Apocalypse.[36] It ended up grossing $62.7 million, which is well below the projections of which $4.1 million came from IMAX shows.[37] It had an opening weekend gross in Mexico ($4.5 million), Brazil ($4.1 million), and Russia ($3.9 million).[37] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it had an unsuccessful opening by grossing just £2.23 million ($3.1 million) during its opening weekend, a mere 21% of the first film's £10.56 million ($15.2 million) opening from 603 theaters. It debuted in second place behind X-Men: Apocalypse which was on its second weekend of play.[38] In China, it had an opening day of an estimated $7.3 million[39] and went on to score the second biggest Disney live-action (non-Marvel or Lucasfilm) opening ever with $26.6 million, behind only The Jungle Book.[37] However, this was down from its $35–45 million projections.[40] It debuted at the No. 1 spot among newly released film in Japan with $5.2 million and $4.1 million on Saturday and Sunday. By comparison, the first film opened with $14 million on its way to a $133.6 million a total.[41][42]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 29% based on 234 reviews, and an average rating of 4.6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Alice Through the Looking Glass is just as visually impressive as its predecessor, but that isn't enough to cover for an underwhelming story that fails to live up to its classic characters."[43] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 42 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade earned by its predecessor.[45]
Stephen Holden of The New York Times wrote in his review, "What does all this have to do with Lewis Carroll? Hardly anything" and that overall, "It's just an excuse on which to hang two trite overbearing fables and one amusing one".[46] Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the movie 1.5 out of 4 stars and called the film, "gaudy, loud, complacent, and vulgar."[47] Stephen Whitty of New York Daily News called the film "hugely expensive and extravagantly stupid" and that, overall, the movie "is just one more silly Hollywood mashup, an innocent fantasy morphed into a noisy would-be blockbuster".[48]
Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com was deeply critical of Through the Looking Glass, describing it as "the most offensive kind of film...one that spends an enormous amount of money yet seems to have nothing on its mind but money. You give it, they take it. And you get nothing in return but assurances that you're seeing magic and wonder. The movie keeps repeating it in your ear, and flashing it onscreen in big block letters: MAGIC AND WONDER. MAGIC AND WONDER. But there is no magic, no wonder, just junk rehashed from a movie that was itself a rehash of Lewis Carroll, tricked out with physically unpersuasive characters and landscapes and 'action scenes', with blockbuster 'journey movie' tropes affixed to every set-piece as blatantly as Post-It Notes."[49]
Kyle Smith of New York Post gave the film a positive review: "The screenplay (by Linda Woolverton) isn't exactly heaving with brilliant ideas, but it works well enough as a blank canvas against which the special-effects team goes bonkers".[50] Matthew Lickona of San Diego Reader said that while he found the visual effects to be "stupidly expensive" and the story familiar, he called it, "a solid kids’ movie in the old style".[51]
Accolades[edit]
List of awards and nominations
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)
Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated [52]
Worst Supporting Actor Johnny Depp
Worst Screen Combo Johnny Depp and His Vomitously Vibrant Costume
Golden Trailer Awards Best Animation Family "Poem" [53]
The Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over "Poem"
Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot "Grammys"
Best Original Score TV Spot "Grammys"
Grammy Awards Best Song Written For Visual Media "Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback [54]
Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Song – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Film "Just Like Fire" – Oscar Holter, Max Martin, Pink and Shellback Won [55][56]
People's Choice Awards Favorite Family Movie Alice Through the Looking Glass Nominated [57]
Satellite Awards Best Art Direction and Production Design Dan Hennah [58]
Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood
Saturn Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood [59]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show "Just Like Fire" by Pink [60]
Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature Jacob Clark, Joseph Pepper, Klaus Seitschek and Cosku Turhan [61]
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Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vulpo, Mike (May 24, 2016). "Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners". E!. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 10, 2016). "'Rogue One' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As 'Doctor Strange,' 'Jungle Book' Grab 6 Each". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
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[show]
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Nine-Dash Line
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Nine-Dash Line
The Nine-Dash Line (highlighted in green) as claimed by the PRC
Simplified Chinese
九段线
Literal meaning
Nine-Segment Line
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
Jiǔduàn Xiàn
The Nine-Dash Line—at various times also referred to as the "10-dash line" and the "11-dash line"—refers to the undefined[1], vaguely located, demarcation line used initially by the government of the Republic of China (ROC / Taiwan) and subsequently also by the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), for their claims of the major part of the South China Sea.[2][3] The contested area in the South China Sea includes the Paracel Islands,[a] the Spratly Islands,[b][4] and various other areas including the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank and the Scarborough Shoal. The claim encompasses the area of Chinese land reclamation known as the "great wall of sand".[5][6][7][8]
An early map showing a U-shaped eleven-dash line was published in the then Republic of China on 1 December 1947.[9] Two of the dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin were later removed at the behest of Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, reducing the total to nine.[10] Subsequent editions added a dash to the other end of the line, extending it into the East China Sea.[11]
Despite having made the vague claim public in 1947, China had not (as of 2014[update]) filed a formal and specifically defined claim to the area within the dashes.[12] China added a tenth-dash line to the east of Taiwan island in 2013 as a part of its official sovereignty claim to the disputed territories in the South China Sea.[11][13][14]
On 12 July 2016, an arbitral tribunal constituted under Annex VII to the 1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea ruled that China has no legal basis to claim "historic rights" within its nine-dash line in a case brought by the Philippines. The tribunal judged that there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources within the Nine-Dash Line. The ruling was rejected by both Taiwan and China.[15][16]

Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ongoing disputes
2.1 Arbitral tribunal's ruling
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
5.1 Citations
5.2 Sources
6 External links
History[edit]
China's 1947 map depicting the "eleven-dash line".
Following the defeat of Japan at the end of World War II, the Republic of China (Taiwan) reclaimed the entirety of the Paracels, Pratas and Spratly Islands after accepting the Japanese surrender of the islands based on the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations.[17] However, under the 1943 Cairo Declaration and 1945 Potsdam Proclamation, the Republic of China's sovereignty over the archipelagos and waters of South China Sea was not stated.[18]
In November 1946, the Republic of China sent naval ships to take control of these islands after the surrender of Japan. When the Peace Treaty with Japan was being signed at the San Francisco Conference, on 7 September 1951, both China and Vietnam asserted their rights to the islands. Later the Philippine government also laid claim to some islands of the archipelagoes.[19]
The Nine-Dash Line was originally an eleven-dash line first shown on a map published by the government of the then Republic of China (1912–49) in December 1947 to justify its claims in the South China Sea.[10] The 1947 map, titled "Map of South China Sea Islands," originated from an earlier one titled "Map of Chinese Islands in the South China Sea" (Zhongguo nanhai daoyu tu) published by the Republic of China's Land and Water Maps Inspection Committee in 1935.[13] After the Communist Party of China took over mainland China and formed the People's Republic of China in 1949, the line was adopted and revised to nine as endorsed by Zhou Enlai.[10] After evacuating to Taiwan, the Republic of China has continued its claims, and the Nine-Dash Line remains as the rationale for Taiwan's claims to the Spratly and Paracel Islands.
Under President Lee Teng-hui, Republic of China (R.O.C) stated that "legally, historically, geographically, or in reality", all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were R.O.C's territory and under R.O.C sovereignty, and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines, in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan.[20] Taiwan and China's claims mirror each other.[21] During international talks involving the Spratly islands, P.R.C and R.O.C have cooperated with each other since both have the same claims.[21][22]
Dash 4 location in Chinese 2009 (solid red) & 1984 maps. Dash 4 is 24 nm from the coast of Malaysia on the island of Borneo and 133 nm from Louisa Reef.[23] James Shoal (Zeng-mu Ansha), the "Southernmost point of China", lay 21 meters under the sea, according to the 1984 map.
The Republic of China (Taiwan) rejected all rival claims to the Paracel islands, repeating its position that all of the Paracel, Spratly, Zhongsha (Macclesfield Bank grouped with Scarborough Shoal) and Pratas Islands Islands belong to the Republic of China along with "their surrounding waters and respective seabed and subsoil", and that Taiwan views other claims as illegitimate, in a statement released by Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs which added – "There is no doubt that the Republic of China has sovereignty over the archipelagos and waters."[24]
The Nine-Dash Line has been used by China to show the maximum extent of its claim without indicating how the dashes would be joined if it was continuous and how that would affect the extent of the area claimed by China.[10] The Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia have all officially protested over the use of such a line.[25] Immediately after China submitted a map to the UN including the Nine-Dash Line's territorial claim in the South China Sea on 7 May 2009, the Philippines lodged a diplomatic protest against China for claiming the whole of South China Sea illegally. Vietnam and Malaysia filed their joint protest a day after China submitted its map to the UN. Indonesia also registered its protest, even though it did not have a claim on the South China Sea.[4]
In 2013 the PRC extended their claims with a new ten-dash map. The "new" dash, however, is to the east of Taiwan and not in the South China Sea.[11]
Although China has not provided an official account, the first dashed-line map is widely reported by scholars and commentators to pre-date the existence of the People's Republic of China, having been published in 1947 by the Nationalist government of the Republic of China. That map, which shows 11 dashes. Scholarly accounts indicate that the 1947 map, titled "Map of South China Sea Islands," originated from an earlier one titled "Map of Chinese Islands in the South China Sea" (Zhongguo nanhai daoyu tu) published by the Republic of China's Land and Water Maps Inspection Committee in 1935, and that Chinese maps produced after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 "appear to follow the old maps." The maps published by the People's Republic of China, however, removed the two dashes originally depicted inside the Gulf of Tonkin. Although not visible on the 2009 map, modern Chinese maps since at least 1984, including the vertically oriented maps published by China in 2013 and 2014 also include a tenth dash located to the east of Taiwan.[23]
Ongoing disputes[edit]
South China Sea claims and agreements.
According to former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III, "China's nine-dash line territorial claim over the entire South China Sea is against international laws, particularly the United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea (UNCLOS)".[26] Vietnam also rejected the Chinese claim, citing that it is baseless and against the UNCLOS.[27] In 2010, at a regional conference in Hanoi, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton announced that "The United States has a national interest in freedom of navigation, open access to Asia's maritime commons, and respect for international law in the South China Sea".[28] The United States has also called for unfettered access to the area that China claims as its own, and accused Beijing of adopting an increasingly aggressive stance on the high seas.[28]
Parts of China's Nine-Dash Line overlap Indonesia's exclusive economic zone near the Natuna islands. Indonesia believes China's claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis. In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief Luhut Panjaitan said Indonesia could take China before an international court if Beijing's claim to the majority of the South China Sea and part of Indonesian territory is not resolved through dialogue.[29]
The map from China's 2009 Note Verbale submitted to the UN[30] contains some errors:
* The scale at the bottom is wrong; 1 km is misrepresented as 635 meters yielding 200 nautical miles (370 km) versus the actual 127 NM (235 km)
* Lý Sơn District islands is virtually invisible while similar sized islands such Cu Lao Cham are clearly represented
* Triton Island in the Paracel archipelago is not on the map
As early as 1958, the Chinese government released a document pertaining to its territorial limits,[31] stating that China's territorial waters cover twelve nautical miles, and announcing that this provision applies to "all the territory of People's Republic of China, including the Chinese mainland and offshore islands, Taiwan and its surrounding islands, the Penghu Islands, the Dongsha Islands, Xisha Islands, Zhongsha Islands, the Nansha Islands and other islands belonging to China".[32][33]
Some parties have questioned the jurisdiction of the United Nations Convention of the Laws of the Sea on the dispute, arguing that the convention does not support claims based on sovereignty or title, and instead raises the right to continue using the waters for traditional purpose.[34][35]
China's map submission to the UN in 2009 heightened the dispute. The first page addresses China's claim to the "islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters", the second page, the Nine-Dash Map, is not clear as to the meaning of the map[30]
While China has never used the nine-dash line as an inviolable border to its sovereignty,[citation needed] this strategy together with the fact that China's government has never officially explained the meaning of the line has led many researchers to try to derive the exact meanings of the Nine-Dash Map in the Chinese strategy in the South China Sea. Some scholars believe that this line cannot be considered as a maritime boundary line because it violates maritime laws,[citation needed] which states that a national boundary line must be a stable and defined one. The Nine-Dash Line is not stable because it has been reduced from eleven to nine dashes in the Gulf of Tonkin as endorsed by Zhou Enlai without any reasons given. It is also not a defined line because it does not have any specific geographic coordinates and does not tell how it can be connected if it was a continuous line.[36]
A study of the Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, US Department of State in 2014 said about a possible interpretation that "the placement of the dashes within open ocean space would suggest a maritime boundary or limit".[23]
A 2012 Chinese eighth grade geography textbook includes a map of China with the Nine-Dash Line and the text "The southernmost point of our country's territory is Zengmu Ansha (James Shoal) in the Nansha Islands." Shan Zhiqiang, the executive chief editor of the Chinese National Geography magazine, wrote in 2013: "The nine-dashed line... is now deeply engraved in the hearts and minds of the Chinese people."[37]
In October 2008, the website WikiLeaks published a cable from the US Embassy in Beijing reporting that Yin Wenqiang, a senior Chinese government maritime law expert, had "admitted" he was unaware of the historical basis for the nine dashes.[38]
According to the Kyodo News, in March 2010 PRC officials told US officials that they consider the South China Sea a "core interest" on par with Taiwan, Tibet and Xinjiang,[39] but subsequently backed away from that assertion[40][41][42] In July 2010 the Communist Party-controlled Global Times stated that "China will never waive its right to protect its core interest with military means"[43] and a Ministry of Defense spokesman said that "China has indisputable sovereignty of the South Sea and China has sufficient historical and legal backing" to underpin its claims.[44]
At the Conference on Maritime Study organised by the US-based Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in June 2011, Su Hao of the China Foreign Affairs University in Beijing delivered a speech on China's sovereignty and policy in the South China Sea, using history as the main argument. However, Termsak Chalermpalanupap, Assistant Director for Program Coordination and External Relations of the ASEAN Secretariat, said: “I don’t think that the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) recognizes history as the basis to make sovereignty claims". Peter Dutton of the US Naval War College agreed, saying, "The jurisdiction over waters does not have connection to history. It must observe the UNCLOS." Dutton stressed that using history to explain sovereignty erodes the rules of the UNCLOS.[45] It is understood that China ratified the UNCLOS in 1996.[46]
Maritime researcher Carlyle Thayer, Emeritus Professor of Politics of the University of New South Wales, said that Chinese scholars using historical heritage to explain its claim of sovereignty shows the lack of legal foundation under the international law for the claim.[47] Caitlyn Antrim, Executive Director, Rule of Law Committee for the Oceans of the USA, commented that "The U-shaped line has no ground under the international law because [the] historical basis is very weak". She added "I don't understand what China claims for in that U-shaped line. If they claim sovereignty over islands inside that line, the question is whether they are able to prove their sovereignty over these islands. If China claimed sovereignty over these islands 500 years ago and then they did not perform their sovereignty, their claim of sovereignty becomes very weak. For uninhabited islands, they can only claim territorial seas, not exclusive economic zones (EEZ) from the islands".[45]
Arbitral tribunal's ruling[edit]
Main article: Philippines v. China
In January 2013, the Philippines formally initiated arbitration proceedings against China's territorial claim on the "nine-dash line", which it said is unlawful under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) convention. China however refused to participate in the arbitration.[48][49] A arbitration tribunal was constituted under Annex VII of UNCLOS and it was decided in July 2013 that the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) would function as registry in the proceedings.[50]
On 12 July 2016, the five arbitrators of the tribunal agreed unanimously with the Philippines. They concluded in the award that there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources, hence there was "no legal basis for China to claim historic rights" over the Nine-Dash Line.[51][52] The tribunal also judged that China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights and caused "severe harm to the coral reef environment".[15][53] China however rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded"; the Chinese President Xi Jinping said that "China's territorial sovereignty and marine rights in the South China Sea will not be affected by the so-called Philippines South China Sea ruling in any way", but China was still "committed to resolving disputes" with its neighbours.[15][54] Taiwan, which currently administers Taiping Island which is the largest of the Spratly Islands, also rejected the ruling.[55]
See also[edit]
Vietnam portal
China portal
Taiwan portal
Southeast Asia portal
International relations portal
Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea
First island chain
List of irredentist claims or disputes
Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Paracel Islands are occupied by the PRC, but are also claimed by Vietnam and the ROC.
Jump up ^ The Spratly Islands are disputed by the Philippines, PRC, ROC, Brunei, Malaysia, and Vietnam, who each claim either part or all the islands, which are believed (hoped) to sit on vast mineral resources, including oil and gas.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Raul (Pete) Pedrozo (19 August 2014). "China versus Vietnam: An Analysis of the Competing Claims in the South China Sea".
Jump up ^ Martin Riegl, Jakub Landovský, Irina Valko, eds. (26 November 2014). Strategic Regions in 21st Century Power Politics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9781443871341. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Michaela del Callar (26 July 2013). "China's new '10-dash line map' eats into Philippine territory". GMA News.
^ Jump up to: a b Jamandre, Tessa (14 April 2011). "PH protests China's '9-dash line' Spratlys claim". Malaya. Archived from the original on 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "China building 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea". BBC. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "US Navy: Beijing creating a 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea". The Guardian. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "China building a 'great wall of sand' in South China Sea– US Navy". RT. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Marcus, Jonathan (29 May 2015). "US-China tensions rise over Beijing's 'Great Wall of Sand'". BBC. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Wu 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brown, Peter J. (8 December 2009). "Calculated ambiguity in the South China Sea". Asia Times. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Euan Graham. "China's New Map: Just Another Dash?". RUSI. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Cheney-Peters, Scott (14 December 2014). "CHINA'S NINE-DASHED LINE FACES RENEWED ASSAULT". Retrieved 15 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Limits in the Seas" (PDF). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, U.S. Department of State.
Jump up ^ "New ten-dashed line map revealed China's ambition".
^ Jump up to: a b c "South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines". BBC News. 12 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Jun Mai, Shi Jiangtao (12 July 2016). "Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling". South China Morning Post. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Gao, Zhiguo; Jia, Bing Bing (January 2013). "The nine-dash line in the South China Sea: history, status, and implications". American Journal of International Law: 98.
Jump up ^ Florian, Dupuy; Pierre, Marie (January 2013). "A Legal Analysis of China's Historic Rights Claim in the South China Sea": 124.
Jump up ^ Chen, King C. (1979). China's War with Vietnam, 1979: Issues, Decisions, and Implications. Hoover Press. p. 43. ISBN 0817985719.
Jump up ^ STRATFOR's Global Intelligence Update (14 July 1999). "Taiwan sticks to its guns, to U.S. chagrin". Asia Times. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sisci, Francesco (29 June 2010). "US toe-dipping muddies South China Sea". Asia Times. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Pak 2000, p. 91.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baumert, Kevin; Melchior, Brian (5 December 2014). "Limits in the seas No. 143. China. Maritime claims in the South China sea" (PDF). Office of Ocean and Polar Affairs, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, United States Department of State. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Taiwan reiterates Paracel Islands sovereignty claim". Taipei Times. 11 May 2014, p. 3
Jump up ^ Esplanada, Jerry E. (15 April 2011). "PH runs to UN to protest China's '9-dash line' Spratlys claim".
Jump up ^ Bengco, Regina (2 June 2011). "Aquino mulls UN protest on Spratlys". Maritime Security Asia.
Jump up ^ Hoang Viet (19 May 2009). "Is the Ox's tongue line legal?". BBC.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beijing hits out at US comments on South China Sea". Agence-France Presse. 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Indonesia says could also take China to court over South China Sea". Reuters. 11 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "CML/17/2009 – Submission by the PRC to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf" (PDF). United Nations. 7 May 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Annex 2/5: Declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China on China's Territorial Sea". fmprc.gov.cn. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China (FMPRC). 4 September 1958. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Operation of the HYSY 981 Drilling Rig: Vietnam's Provocation and China's Position". 16 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "1958 'The People's Republic of China government's statement on the Territorial Sea' study". 24 January 2003.
Jump up ^ Sourabh Gupta, Samuels International (11 January 2015). "Why US analysis of China's nine-dash line is flawed".
Jump up ^ Sourabh Gupta (15 December 2014). "Testing China's – and the State Department's -nine-dash line claims" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Foreign Press Center of Vietnam (25 July 2010). "The "9-dashed line" – an irrational claim".
Jump up ^ Zheng Wang. "The Nine-Dashed Line: 'Engraved in Our Hearts'". The Diplomat.
Jump up ^ "Analysis: China's nine-dashed line in [the] South China Sea". Reuters. 25 May 2012. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Clinton Signals US Role in China Territorial Disputes After Asean Talks, Bloomberg, 23 July 2010
Jump up ^ Wong, Edward (30 March 2011). "China Hedges Over Whether South China Sea Is a 'Core Interest' Worth War". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Armed Clash in the South China Sea – Council on Foreign Relations". Cfr.org. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. sees crisis fears easing over South China Sea". Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "American shadow over South China Sea", Global Times, 26 July 2010, archived from the original on 29 July 2010
Jump up ^ China Says Its South Sea Claims Are 'Indisputable', Bloomberg, 29 July 2010
^ Jump up to: a b "International scholars discuss maritime security in the East Sea". vietnamne. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Declarations or Statements upon UNCLOS Ratification". Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations Office of Legal Affairs. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Thayer, Carlyle A. (14 July 2011). "South China Sea disputes: ASEAN and China". Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Timeline: South China Sea dispute". Financial Times. 12 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Beech, Hannah (11 July 2016). "China's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision". Time.
Jump up ^ "Press Release: Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China: Arbitral Tribunal Establishes Rules of Procedure and Initial Timetable". PCA. 27 August 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China)" (PDF). PCA. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China's claims in the South China Sea". The Economist. 12 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Perez, Jane (12 July 2016). "Beijing's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Tom Phillips, Oliver Holmes, Owen Bowcott (12 July 2016). "Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case". The Guardian. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Jun Mai, Shi Jiangtao (12 July 2016). "Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling". South China Morning Post. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Sources[edit]
Wu, Shicun (2013). Solving Disputes for Regional Cooperation and Development in the South China Sea: A Chinese Perspective. Chandos Asian Studies Series. Elsevier Reed. ISBN 1780633556.
External links[edit]
China's 2009 two-page document submission to the U.N. introducing the nine-dash line map (archived here)
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