text:
Uncle Tom's Cabin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the mid-19th century novel. For other uses, see Uncle Tom's Cabin (disambiguation).
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin, Boston edition
Author
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Original title
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly
Illustrator
Hammatt Billings (1st edition)
Country
United States
Language
English
Genre
Novel
Published
Serialized in The National Era for ten months, beginning with the June 5, 1851 issue. Published as a book in two volumes on March 20, 1852, John P. Jewett and Company.
Followed by
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
Events leading to
the American Civil War
Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter
v
t
e
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly,[1][2] is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman.[3]
Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, featured the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black slave around whom the stories of other characters revolve. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavement of fellow human beings.[4][5][6]
Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible.[7][8] It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s.[9] In the first year after it was published, 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the United States; one million copies in Great Britain.[10] In 1855, three years after it was published, it was called "the most popular novel of our day."[11] The impact attributed to the book is great, reinforced by a story that when Abraham Lincoln met Stowe at the start of the Civil War, Lincoln declared, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."[12] The quote is apocryphal; it did not appear in print until 1896, and it has been argued that "The long-term durability of Lincoln's greeting as an anecdote in literary studies and Stowe scholarship can perhaps be explained in part by the desire among many contemporary intellectuals ... to affirm the role of literature as an agent of social change."[13]
The book and the plays it inspired helped popularize a number of stereotypes about black people.[14] These include the affectionate, dark-skinned "mammy"; the "pickaninny" stereotype of black children; and the "Uncle Tom", or dutiful, long-suffering servant faithful to his white master or mistress. In recent years, the negative associations with Uncle Tom's Cabin have, to an extent, overshadowed the historical impact of the book as a "vital antislavery tool."[15]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources
2 Publication
3 Plot
3.1 Eliza escapes with her son, Tom sold "down the river"
3.2 Eliza's family hunted, Tom's life with St. Clare
3.3 Tom sold to Simon Legree
3.4 Final section
4 Major characters
4.1 Uncle Tom
4.2 Eliza
4.3 Eva
4.4 Simon Legree
5 Other characters
6 Major themes
7 Style
8 Reactions to the novel
8.1 Contemporary and world reaction
8.2 Literary significance and criticism
9 Creation and popularization of stereotypes
10 Anti-Tom literature
11 Dramatic adaptations
11.1 Tom shows
11.2 On the plays
11.3 Film adaptations
12 See also
13 Collections
14 Notes
15 References
16 External links
Sources
Stowe, a Connecticut-born teacher at the Hartford Female Seminary and an active abolitionist, wrote the novel as a response to the passage, in 1850, of the second Fugitive Slave Act. Much of the book was composed in Brunswick, Maine, where her husband, Calvin Ellis Stowe, taught at his alma mater, Bowdoin College.
An engraving of Harriet Beecher Stowe from 1872, based on an oil painting by Alonzo Chappel
Stowe was partly inspired to create Uncle Tom's Cabin by the slave narrative The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself (1849). Henson, a formerly enslaved black man, had lived and worked on a 3,700 acres (15 km2) tobacco plantation in North Bethesda, Maryland, owned by Isaac Riley.[16] Henson escaped slavery in 1830 by fleeing to the Province of Upper Canada (now Ontario), where he helped other fugitive slaves settle and become self-sufficient, and where he wrote his memoirs. Stowe acknowledged in 1853 that Henson's writings inspired Uncle Tom's Cabin.[17] When Stowe's work became a best-seller, Henson republished his memoirs as The Memoirs of Uncle Tom and traveled on lecture tours extensively in the United States and Europe.[16] Stowe's novel lent its name to Henson's home—Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site, near Dresden, Canada—which since the 1940s has been a museum. The cabin where Henson lived while he was enslaved no longer exists, but a cabin on the Riley farm erroneously thought to be the Henson Cabin was purchased by the Montgomery County, Maryland, government in 2006.[18] It is now a part of the National Park Service National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom program,[19] and plans are underway to build a museum and interpretive center on the site.
American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, a volume co-authored by Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters, is also a source of some of the novel's content.[20] Stowe said she based the novel on a number of interviews with people who escaped slavery during the time when she was living in Cincinnati, Ohio, across the Ohio River from Kentucky, a slave state. In Cincinnati the Underground Railroad had local abolitionist sympathizers and was active in efforts to help runaway slaves on their escape route from the South.
Stowe mentioned a number of the inspirations and sources for her novel in A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853). This non-fiction book was intended to verify Stowe's claims about slavery.[21] However, later research indicated that Stowe did not read many of the book's cited works until after she had published her novel.[21]
Publication
The National Era, June 5, 1851
Uncle Tom's Cabin first appeared as a 40-week serial in The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851, issue. It was originally intended as a shorter narrative that would run for only a few weeks. Stowe expanded the story significantly, however, and it was instantly popular, such that several protests were sent to the Era office when she missed an issue.[22] Because of the story's popularity, the publisher John P. Jewett contacted Stowe about turning the serial into a book. While Stowe questioned if anyone would read Uncle Tom's Cabin in book form, she eventually consented to the request.
Convinced the book would be popular, Jewett made the unusual decision (for the time) to have six full-page illustrations by Hammatt Billings engraved for the first printing.[23] Published in book form on March 20, 1852, the novel sold 3,000 copies on that day alone,[22] and soon sold out its complete print run. A number of other editions were soon printed (including a deluxe edition in 1853, featuring 117 illustrations by Billings).[24]
In the first year of publication, 300,000 copies of Uncle Tom's Cabin were sold. At that point, however, "demand came to an unexpected halt.... No more copies were produced for many years, and if, as is claimed, Abraham Lincoln greeted Stowe in 1862 as 'the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war,' the work had effectively been out of print for many years." Jewett went out of business, and it was not until Ticknor and Fields put the work back in print in November 1862 that demand began again to increase.[25]
The book was translated into all major languages, and in the United States it became the second best-selling book after the Bible.[7] A number of the early editions carried an introduction by Rev James Sherman, a Congregational minister in London noted for his abolitionist views. Uncle Tom's Cabin sold equally well in Britain, with the first London edition appearing in May 1852 and selling 200,000 copies.[26] In a few years over 1.5 million copies of the book were in circulation in Britain, although most of these were infringing copies (a similar situation occurred in the United States).[27]
Plot
Eliza escapes with her son, Tom sold "down the river"
Full-page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin depicts Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and she is running away to save her child (first edition: Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1852).
The book opens with a Kentucky farmer named Arthur Shelby facing the loss of his farm because of debts. Even though he and his wife Emily Shelby believe that they have a benevolent relationship with their slaves, Shelby decides to raise the needed funds by selling two of them—Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children, and Harry, the son of Emily Shelby's maid Eliza—to a slave trader. Emily Shelby is averse to this idea because she had promised her maid that her child would never be sold; Emily's son, George Shelby, hates to see Tom go because he sees the man as his friend and mentor.
When Eliza overhears Mr. and Mrs. Shelby discussing plans to sell Tom and Harry, Eliza determines to run away with her son. The novel states that Eliza made this decision because she fears losing her only surviving child (she had already miscarried two children). Eliza departs that night, leaving a note of apology to her mistress.
Tom is sold and placed on a riverboat which sets sail down the Mississippi River. While on board, Tom meets and befriends a young white girl named Eva. Eva's father Augustine St. Clare buys Tom from the slave trader and takes him with the family to their home in New Orleans. Tom and Eva begin to relate to one another because of the deep Christian faith they both share.
Eliza's family hunted, Tom's life with St. Clare
Illustration of Tom and Eva by Hammatt Billings for the 1853 deluxe edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin.
During Eliza's escape, she meets up with her husband George Harris, who had run away previously. They decide to attempt to reach Canada. However, they are tracked by a slave hunter named Tom Loker. Eventually Loker and his men trap Eliza and her family, causing George to shoot him in the side. Worried that Loker may die, Eliza convinces George to bring the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for medical treatment.
Back in New Orleans, St. Clare debates slavery with his Northern cousin Ophelia who, while opposing slavery, is prejudiced against black people. St. Clare, however, believes he is not biased, even though he is a slave owner. In an attempt to show Ophelia that her views on blacks are wrong, St. Clare purchases Topsy, a young black slave, and asks Ophelia to educate her.
After Tom has lived with the St. Clares for two years, Eva grows very ill. Before she dies she experiences a vision of heaven, which she shares with the people around her. As a result of her death and vision, the other characters resolve to change their lives, with Ophelia promising to throw off her personal prejudices against blacks, Topsy saying she will better herself, and St. Clare pledging to free Tom.
Tom sold to Simon Legree
Before St. Clare can follow through on his pledge, however, he dies after being stabbed outside of a tavern. His wife reneges on her late husband's vow and sells Tom at auction to a vicious plantation owner named Simon Legree. Legree (a transplanted northerner) takes Tom and Emmeline (whom Legree purchased at the same time) to rural Louisiana, where they meet Legree's other slaves.
Full page illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin (first edition: Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1852). Cassy, another of Legree's slaves, is shown ministering to Uncle Tom after his whipping.
Legree begins to hate Tom when Tom refuses Legree's order to whip his fellow slave. Legree beats Tom viciously and resolves to crush his new slave's faith in God. Despite Legree's cruelty, however, Tom refuses to stop reading his Bible and comforting the other slaves as best he can. While at the plantation, Tom meets Cassy, another of Legree's slaves. Cassy was previously separated from her son and daughter when they were sold; unable to endure the pain of seeing another child sold, she killed her third child.
At this point Tom Loker returns to the story. Loker has changed as the result of being healed by the Quakers. George, Eliza, and Harry have also obtained their freedom after crossing into Canada. In Louisiana, Uncle Tom almost succumbs to hopelessness as his faith in God is tested by the hardships of the plantation. However, he has two visions, one of Jesus and one of Eva, which renew his resolve to remain a faithful Christian, even unto death. He encourages Cassy to escape, which she does, taking Emmeline with her. When Tom refuses to tell Legree where Cassy and Emmeline have gone, Legree orders his overseers to kill Tom. As Tom is dying, he forgives the overseers who savagely beat him. Humbled by the character of the man they have killed, both men become Christians. Very shortly before Tom's death, George Shelby (Arthur Shelby's son) arrives to buy Tom's freedom but finds he is too late.
Final section
On their boat ride to freedom, Cassy and Emmeline meet George Harris' sister and accompany her to Canada. Cassy discovers that Eliza is her long-lost daughter who was sold as a child. Now that their family is together again, they travel to France and eventually Liberia, the African nation created for former American slaves. George Shelby returns to the Kentucky farm and frees all his slaves. George tells them to remember Tom's sacrifice and his belief in the true meaning of Christianity.
Major characters
Uncle Tom
Main article: Uncle Tom
Simon Legree assaults Uncle Tom.
Uncle Tom, the title character, was initially seen as a noble, long-suffering Christian slave. In more recent years, however, his name has become an epithet directed towards African-Americans who are accused of selling out to whites. Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero"[28] and praiseworthy person. Throughout the book, far from allowing himself to be exploited, Tom stands up for his beliefs and is grudgingly admired even by his enemies.
Eliza
Eliza is a slave and personal maid to Mrs. Shelby who escapes to the North with her five-year-old son Harry after he is sold to Mr. Haley. Her husband, George, eventually finds Eliza and Harry in Ohio and emigrates with them to Canada, then France and finally Liberia.
The character Eliza was inspired by an account given at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati by John Rankin to Stowe's husband Calvin, a professor at the school. According to Rankin, in February 1838 a young slave woman, Eliza Harris, had escaped across the frozen Ohio River to the town of Ripley with her child in her arms and stayed at his house on her way further north.[29]
Eva
Little Eva and Uncle Tom by Edwin Longsden Long
Evangeline St. Clare is the daughter of Augustine St. Clare. Eva enters the narrative when Uncle Tom is traveling via steamship to New Orleans to be sold, and he rescues the five- or six-year-old girl from drowning. Eva begs her father to buy Tom, and he becomes the head coachman at the St. Clare house. He spends most of his time with the angelic Eva. Eva often talks about love and forgiveness, even convincing the dour slave girl Topsy that she deserves love. She even touches the heart of her Aunt Ophelia.
Eventually Eva falls terminally ill. Before dying, she gives a lock of her hair to each of the slaves, telling them that they must become Christians so that they may see each other in Heaven. On her deathbed, she convinces her father to free Tom, but because of circumstances the promise never materializes.
A similar character, also named Little Eva, later appeared in the children's novel Little Eva: The Flower of the South by Philip J. Cozans (although this ironically was an anti-Tom novel).
Simon Legree
Simon Legree on the cover of the comic book adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin (Classic Comics No. 15, November 1943 issue).
Simon Legree is a cruel slave owner—a Northerner by birth—whose name has become synonymous with greed. He is arguably the novel's main antagonist. His goal is to demoralize Tom and break him of his religious faith; he eventually orders Tom whipped to death out of frustration for his slave's unbreakable belief in God. The novel reveals that, as a young man, he had abandoned his sickly mother for a life at sea and ignored her letter to see her one last time at her deathbed. He sexually exploits Cassy, who despises him, and later sets his designs on Emmeline.
It is unclear if Legree is based on any actual individuals. Reports surfaced after the 1870s that Stowe had in mind a wealthy cotton and sugar plantation owner named Meredith Calhoun, who settled on the Red River north of Alexandria, Louisiana. Generally, however, the personal characteristics of Calhoun ("highly educated and refined") do not match the uncouthness and brutality of Legree. Calhoun even edited his own newspaper, published in Colfax (originally "Calhoun's Landing"), which was renamed The National Democrat after Calhoun's death. However, Calhoun's overseers may have been in line with the hated Legree's methods and motivations.[30]
Other characters
The more notable of the secondary and minor characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin are:
Arthur Shelby – Tom's master in Kentucky. Shelby is characterized as a "kind" slaveowner and a stereotypical Southern gentleman.
Emily Shelby – Arthur Shelby's wife. She is a deeply religious woman who strives to be a kind and moral influence upon her slaves and is appalled when her husband sells his slaves with a slave trader. As a woman, she has no legal way to stop this, as all property belongs to her husband.
George Shelby – Arthur and Emily's son, who sees Tom as a friend and as the perfect Christian.
Chloe – Tom's wife and mother of his children.
Augustine St. Clare – Tom's third owner and father of Eva. St. Clare is complex, often sarcastic, with a ready wit. After a rocky courtship he marries a woman he grows to hold in contempt, though he is too polite to let it show. St. Clare recognizes the evil in chattel slavery but is not willing to relinquish the wealth it brings him. After his daughter's death he becomes more sincere in his religious thoughts and starts to read the Bible to Tom. He plans on finally taking action against slavery by freeing his slaves, but his good intentions ultimately come to nothing.
Marie St. Clare – Wife of Augustine, she is a self-absorbed woman without a hint of compassion for those around her, including her own family. Given to an unending list of (apparently imaginary) physical maladies, she continually complains about the lack of sympathy she is receiving. She has separated her personal maid, Mammy, from her own two children because they would interfere with her duties. As Marie drives Mammy to exhaustion, she criticizes her for selfishly seeking to attend her own family. Upon the unexpected death of Augustine, Marie countermands the legal process that would have given Tom his freedom.
George Harris – Eliza's husband. An intelligent and clever half-white slave who is fiercely loyal to his family.
Little Eva and Topsy by John R. Neill, 1908
Topsy – A young slave girl. When asked if she knows who made her, she professes ignorance of both God and a mother, saying "I s'pect I growed. Don't think nobody never made me." She is transformed by Eva's love. During the early-to-mid 20th century, several doll manufacturers created Topsy and Topsy-type dolls. The phrase "growed like Topsy" (later "grew like Topsy") passed into the English language, originally with the specific meaning of unplanned growth, later sometimes just meaning enormous growth.[31]
Miss Ophelia – Augustine St. Clare's pious, hard-working, abolitionist cousin from Vermont. She displays the ambiguities towards African-Americans felt by many Northerners at the time. She argues against the institution of slavery yet, at least initially, feels repulsed by the slaves as individuals.
Prue – A depressed slave who was forced to let her child starve to death. She takes up drinking in her misery, and is ultimately beaten and killed for it.
Quimbo and Sambo – slaves of Simon Legree who act as overseers of the plantation. On orders from Legree, they savagely whip Tom but afterward tearfully repent of their deeds to Tom, who forgives them as he lies dying.
Major themes
Uncle Tom's Cabin is dominated by a single theme: the evil and immorality of slavery.[32] While Stowe weaves other subthemes throughout her text, such as the moral authority of motherhood and the redeeming possibilities offered by Christianity,[5] she emphasizes the connections between these and the horrors of slavery. Stowe sometimes changed the story's voice so she could give a "homily" on the destructive nature of slavery[33] (such as when a white woman on the steamboat carrying Tom further south states, "The most dreadful part of slavery, to my mind, is its outrages of feelings and affections—the separating of families, for example.").[34] One way Stowe showed the evil of slavery[26] was how this "peculiar institution" forcibly separated families from each other.[35] One of the subthemes presented in the novel is temperance. Stowe made it somewhat subtle and in some cases she weaved it into events that would also support the dominant theme. One example of this is when Augustine St. Clare is killed, he attempted to stop a brawl between two inebriated men in a cafe and was stabbed. One other example is the death of the slave woman Prue who was whipped to death for being drunk on a consistent basis; however, her reasons for doing so is due to the loss of her baby. In the opening of the novel, the fates of Eliza and her son are being discussed between slave owners over wine. Considering that Stowe intended this to be a subtheme, this scene could foreshadow future events that put alcohol in a bad light.
"The fugitives are safe in a free land." Illustration by Hammatt Billings for Uncle Tom's Cabin, first edition. The image shows George Harris, Eliza, Harry, and Mrs. Smyth after they escape to freedom.
Because Stowe saw motherhood as the "ethical and structural model for all of American life"[36] and also believed that only women had the moral authority to save[37] the United States from the demon of slavery, another major theme of Uncle Tom's Cabin is the moral power and sanctity of women. Through characters like Eliza, who escapes from slavery to save her young son (and eventually reunites her entire family), or Eva, who is seen as the "ideal Christian",[38] Stowe shows how she believed women could save those around them from even the worst injustices. While later critics have noted that Stowe's female characters are often domestic clichés instead of realistic women,[39] Stowe's novel "reaffirmed the importance of women's influence" and helped pave the way for the women's rights movement in the following decades.[40]
Stowe's puritanical religious beliefs show up in the novel's final, overarching theme—the exploration of the nature of Christianity[5] and how she feels Christian theology is fundamentally incompatible with slavery.[41] This theme is most evident when Tom urges St. Clare to "look away to Jesus" after the death of St. Clare's beloved daughter Eva. After Tom dies, George Shelby eulogizes Tom by saying, "What a thing it is to be a Christian."[42] Because Christian themes play such a large role in Uncle Tom's Cabin—and because of Stowe's frequent use of direct authorial interjections on religion and faith—the novel often takes the "form of a sermon."[43]
Style
Eliza crossing the icy river, in an 1881 theater poster
Uncle Tom's Cabin is written in the sentimental[44] and melodramatic style common to 19th century sentimental novels[8] and domestic fiction (also called women's fiction). These genres were the most popular novels of Stowe's time and tended to feature female main characters and a writing style which evoked a reader's sympathy and emotion.[45] Even though Stowe's novel differs from other sentimental novels by focusing on a large theme like slavery and by having a man as the main character, she still set out to elicit certain strong feelings from her readers.[46] The power in this type of writing can be seen in the reaction of contemporary readers. Georgiana May, a friend of Stowe's, wrote a letter to the author, saying: "I was up last night long after one o'clock, reading and finishing Uncle Tom's Cabin. I could not leave it any more than I could have left a dying child."[47] Another reader is described as obsessing on the book at all hours and having considered renaming her daughter Eva.[48] Evidently the death of Little Eva affected a lot of people at that time, because in 1852, 300 baby girls in Boston alone were given that name.[48]
Despite this positive reaction from readers, for decades literary critics dismissed the style found in Uncle Tom's Cabin and other sentimental novels because these books were written by women and so prominently featured "women's sloppy emotions."[49] One literary critic said that had the novel not been about slavery, "it would be just another sentimental novel,"[50] while another described the book as "primarily a derivative piece of hack work."[51] In The Literary History of the United States, George F. Whicher called Uncle Tom's Cabin "Sunday-school fiction", full of "broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos."[52]
However, in 1985 Jane Tompkins expressed a different view of Uncle Tom's Cabin with her book In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction.[49] Tompkins praised the style so many other critics had dismissed, writing that sentimental novels showed how women's emotions had the power to change the world for the better. She also said that the popular domestic novels of the 19th century, including Uncle Tom's Cabin, were remarkable for their "intellectual complexity, ambition, and resourcefulness"; and that Uncle Tom's Cabin offers a "critique of American society far more devastating than any delivered by better-known critics such as Hawthorne and Melville."[52]
This view remains the subject of dispute. Writing in 2001, legal scholar Richard Posner described Uncle Tom's Cabin as part of the mediocre list of canonical works that emerges when political criteria are imposed on literature.[53]
Reactions to the novel
Uncle Tom's Cabin has exerted an influence equaled by few other novels in history.[54] Upon publication, Uncle Tom's Cabin ignited a firestorm of protest from defenders of slavery (who created a number of books in response to the novel) while the book elicited praise from abolitionists. As a best-seller, the novel heavily influenced later protest literature.
Contemporary and world reaction
Part of a series on
Slavery
Contemporary[show]
Child labour
Child soldiers
Conscription
Debt
Forced marriage
Bride buying
Wife selling
Forced prostitution
Human trafficking
Peonage
Penal labour
Sexual slavery
Wage slavery
Historical[show]
Antiquity
Ancient Rome
Babylonia
Ancient Greece
Topics and practices
Atlantic slave trade
Middle Passage
Arab slave trade
Ghilman
Mamluk
Saqaliba
Aztec
Blackbirding
Byzantine Empire
Coolie
Corvée labor
Field slaves in the United States
House slaves
Kholop
Medieval Europe
Panyarring
Thrall
Serfs
History
Russia
Slave market
Slave raiding
Child soldiers
Naval
Galley slave
Impressment
Pirates
Shanghaiing
Slave ship
By country or region[show]
Sub-Saharan Africa
Contemporary Africa
Slavery on the Barbary Coast
Barbary slave trade
Slave Coast
Angola
Chad
Ethiopia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Seychelles
North and South America
Americas indigenous
U.S. Natives
Brazil
Lei Áurea
Canada
Caribbean
Barbados
Code Noir
Cuba
Haiti
revolt
Restavek
Latin America
Puerto Rico
Trinidad
United States
colonial
maps
female
partus
penal labor
Slave codes
interregional
Human trafficking
Virgin Islands
Central, East, and South Asia
Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
Bhutan
China
Booi Aha
Laogai
India
Debt bondage
Chukri System
Japan
comfort women
South Korea
Yankee princess
North Korea
Vietnam
Australia and Oceania
Blackbirding in Australia
Human trafficking in Australia
Slave raiding in Easter Island
Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
Blackbirding in Polynesia
Europe and North Asia
Sex trafficking in Europe
Britain
Denmark
Dutch Republic
Germany in World War II
Malta
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Spain
colonies
Sweden
North Africa and West Asia
Iran
Libya
Human trafficking in the Middle East
Ottoman Empire
Yemen
Religion[show]
Bible
Christianity
Catholicism
Mormonism
Islam
21st century
Judaism
Bahá'í Faith
Opposition and resistance[show]
Timeline
Abolitionism
U.K.
U.S.
Anti-Slavery International
Blockade of Africa
U.K.
U.S.
Colonization
Liberia
Sierra Leone
Compensated emancipation
Freedman
manumission
Freedom suit
Abolitionists
Slave Power
Underground Railroad
songs
Slave rebellion
Slave Trade Acts
International law
13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
Related[show]
Common law
Indentured servitude
Unfree labour
Fugitive slaves
laws
Great Dismal Swamp maroons
List of slaves
owners
Slave narrative
films
songs
Slave name
Slave catcher
Slave patrol
Slave Route Project
Treatment in U.S.
breeding
court cases
Washington
Jefferson
Adams
Lincoln
40 acres
Freedmen's Bureau
bit
Emancipation Day
v
t
e
Uncle Tom's Cabin outraged people in the American South.[26] The novel was also roundly criticized by slavery supporters.
Acclaimed Southern novelist William Gilmore Simms declared the work utterly false,[55] while others called the novel criminal and slanderous.[56] Reactions ranged from a bookseller in Mobile, Alabama, being forced to leave town for selling the novel[26] to threatening letters sent to Stowe (including a package containing a slave's severed ear).[26] Many Southern writers, like Simms, soon wrote their own books in opposition to Stowe's novel.[57]
Some critics highlighted Stowe's paucity of life-experience relating to Southern life, saying that it led her to create inaccurate descriptions of the region. For instance, she had never been to a Southern plantation. However, Stowe always said she based the characters of her book on stories she was told by runaway slaves in Cincinnati. It is reported that "She observed firsthand several incidents which galvanized her to write [the] famous anti-slavery novel. Scenes she observed on the Ohio River, including seeing a husband and wife being sold apart, as well as newspaper and magazine accounts and interviews, contributed material to the emerging plot."[58]
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, first edition cover, 1853
In response to these criticisms, in 1853 Stowe published A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, an attempt to document the veracity of the novel's depiction of slavery. In the book, Stowe discusses each of the major characters in Uncle Tom's Cabin and cites "real life equivalents" to them while also mounting a more "aggressive attack on slavery in the South than the novel itself had."[21] Like the novel, A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin was a best-seller. However, while Stowe claimed A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin documented her previously consulted sources, she actually read many of the cited works only after the publication of her novel.[21] A major part of the Key was Stowe's critique of how the legal system supported slavery and licensed owners' mistreatment of slaves. Thus, Stowe put more than slavery on trial; she put the law on trial. This continued an important theme of Uncle Tom's Cabin—that the shadow of law brooded over the institution of slavery and allowed owners to mistreat slaves and then avoid punishment for their mistreatment. In some cases, as Stowe pointed out, it even prevented kind owners from freeing their slaves.[56]
Despite these criticisms, the novel still captured the imagination of many Americans. According to Stowe's son, when Abraham Lincoln met her in 1862 Lincoln commented, "So this is the little lady who started this great war."[12] Historians are undecided if Lincoln actually said this line, and in a letter that Stowe wrote to her husband a few hours after meeting with Lincoln no mention of this comment was made.[59] Since then, many writers have credited this novel with focusing Northern anger at the injustices of slavery and the Fugitive Slave Law[59] and helping to fuel the abolitionist movement.[9] Union general and politician James Baird Weaver said that the book convinced him to become active in the abolitionist movement.[60]
Uncle Tom's Cabin also created great interest in the United Kingdom. The first London edition appeared in May 1852 and sold 200,000 copies.[26] Some of this interest was because of British antipathy to America. As one prominent writer explained, "The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or vengeance [of slavery], but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America—we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most enlightened country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system—our Tories hate her democrats—our Whigs hate her parvenus—our Radicals hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition. All parties hailed Mrs. Stowe as a revolter from the enemy."[61] Charles Francis Adams, the American minister to Britain during the war, argued later that "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly, published in 1852, exercised, largely from fortuitous circumstances, a more immediate, considerable and dramatic world-influence than any other book ever printed."[62]
A French edition, translated by M. L. Carion (or by [Anne-]Louise Swanton-Belloc? (1796–1881)), appeared by 1853 published in Cambrai and in Paris.[63] By 1857, the novel had been translated into 20 languages,[64] including two independent translations into Slovene just one year after its original publication,[65] which started the since-then uninterrupted dialogue between American authors and Slovene translators and readers.[66] Later, it was translated into almost every major language, including Chinese (with translator Lin Shu creating the first Chinese translation of an American novel in 1901) and Amharic (with the 1930 translation created in support of Ethiopian efforts to end the suffering of blacks in that nation).[67] The book was so widely read that Sigmund Freud reported a number of patients with sado-masochistic tendencies who he believed had been influenced by reading about the whipping of slaves in Uncle Tom's Cabin.[68] A short article which was published in the oficial newspaper of the Salvadoran government in July 22, 1853 praised Harriet Beecher Stowe and her book's success.[69]
Literary significance and criticism
As the first widely read political novel in the United States,[70] Uncle Tom's Cabin greatly influenced development of not only American literature but also protest literature in general. Later books which owe a large debt to Uncle Tom's Cabin include The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Silent Spring by Rachel Carson.[71]
Eliza crosses the Ohio on the cover of Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin, Boston: John P. Jewett & Co., 1853.
Despite this undisputed significance, Uncle Tom's Cabin has been called "a blend of children's fable and propaganda."[72] The novel has also been dismissed by a number of literary critics as "merely a sentimental novel,"[50] while critic George Whicher stated in his Literary History of the United States that "Nothing attributable to Mrs. Stowe or her handiwork can account for the novel's enormous vogue; its author's resources as a purveyor of Sunday-school fiction were not remarkable. She had at most a ready command of broadly conceived melodrama, humor, and pathos, and of these popular sentiments she compounded her book."[52]
Other critics, though, have praised the novel. Edmund Wilson stated that "To expose oneself in maturity to Uncle Tom's Cabin may ... prove a startling experience."[72] Jane Tompkins states that the novel is one of the classics of American literature and wonders if many literary critics dismiss the book because it was simply too popular during its day.[52]
Over the years scholars have postulated a number of theories about what Stowe was trying to say with the novel (aside from the obvious themes, such as condemning slavery). For example, as an ardent Christian and active abolitionist, Stowe placed many of her religious beliefs into the novel.[73] Some scholars have stated that Stowe saw her novel as offering a solution to the moral and political dilemma that troubled many slavery opponents: whether engaging in prohibited behavior was justified in opposing evil. Was the use of violence to oppose the violence of slavery and the breaking of proslavery laws morally defensible? Which of Stowe's characters should be emulated, the passive Uncle Tom or the defiant George Harris?[74] Stowe's solution was similar to Ralph Waldo Emerson's: God's will would be followed if each person sincerely examined his principles and acted on them.[74]
Scholars have also seen the novel as expressing the values and ideas of the Free Will Movement.[75] In this view, the character of George Harris embodies the principles of free labor, while the complex character of Ophelia represents those Northerners who condoned compromise with slavery. Dinah, who operates on passion. During the course of the novel Ophelia is transformed, just as the Republican Party (three years later) proclaimed that the North must transform itself and stand up for its antislavery principles.[75]
Feminist theory can also be seen at play in Stowe's book, with the novel as a critique of the patriarchal nature of slavery.[76] For Stowe, blood relations rather than paternalistic relations between masters and slaves formed the basis of families. Moreover, Stowe viewed national solidarity as an extension of a person's family, thus feelings of nationality stemmed from possessing a shared race. Consequently, she advocated African colonization for freed slaves and not amalgamation into American society.
The book has also been seen as an attempt to redefine masculinity as a necessary step toward the abolition of slavery.[77] In this view, abolitionists had begun to resist the vision of aggressive and dominant men that the conquest and colonization of the early 19th century had fostered. In order to change the notion of manhood so that men could oppose slavery without jeopardizing their self-image or their standing in society, some abolitionists drew on principles of women's suffrage and Christianity as well as passivism, and praised men for cooperation, compassion, and civic spirit. Others within the abolitionist movement argued for conventional, aggressive masculine action. All the men in Stowe's novel are representations of either one kind of man or the other.[77]
Creation and popularization of stereotypes
Illustration of Sam from the 1888 "New Edition" of Uncle Tom's Cabin. The character of Sam helped create the stereotype of the lazy, carefree "happy darky".
Some modern scholars and readers have criticized the book for supposedly condescending racist descriptions of the black characters' appearances, speech, and behavior, as well as the passive nature of Uncle Tom in accepting his fate.[78] The novel's creation and use of common stereotypes about African Americans[14] is significant because Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel in the world during the 19th century.[7] As a result, the book (along with illustrations from the book[79] and associated stage productions) was accused of playing a major role in permanently ingraining such stereotypes into the American psyche.[78] In the 1960s and 1970s, the Black Power and Black Arts Movements attacked the novel, claiming that the character of Uncle Tom engaged in "race betrayal", and that Tom made slaves out to be worse than slave owners.[80]
Among the stereotypes of blacks in Uncle Tom's Cabin are[15] the "happy darky" (in the lazy, carefree character of Sam); the light-skinned tragic mulatto as a sex object (in the characters of Eliza, Cassy, and Emmeline); the affectionate, dark-skinned female mammy (through several characters, including Mammy, a cook at the St. Clare plantation); the pickaninny stereotype of black children (in the character of Topsy); the Uncle Tom, an African American who is too eager to please white people. Stowe intended Tom to be a "noble hero" and a Christ-like figure who, like Jesus at his crucifixion, forgives the people responsible for his death. The false stereotype of Tom as a "subservient fool who bows down to the white man", and the resulting derogatory term "Uncle Tom", resulted from staged "Tom Shows", which replaced Tom's grim death with an upbeat ending where Tom causes his oppressors to see the error of their ways, and they all reconcile happily. Stowe had no control over these shows and their alteration of her story.[28]
These negative associations have to some extent obscured the historical impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin as a "vital antislavery tool".[15]. James Baldwin, in a 1949 essay "Everybody's Protest Novel", called Uncle Tom's Cabin a "very bad novel"... "ruined by its “self-righteous, virtuous sentimentality", and stated that Stowe was less a novelist than an "impassioned pamphleteer", i.e., a propagandist for the antislavery cause.[80] Edward Rothstein has claimed that Baldwin missed the point and that the purpose of the novel was "to treat slavery not as a political issue but as an individually human one — and ultimately a challenge to Christianity itself"[80]; as a propaganda work it need not necessarily be great literature in order to succeed in its goals.
In recent years, however, scholars such as Henry Louis Gates Jr. have re-examined Uncle Tom's Cabin, stating that the book is a "central document in American race relations and a significant moral and political exploration of the character of those relations".[80]
Anti-Tom literature
Title page for Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Eastman, one of many examples of anti-Tom literature
In response to Uncle Tom's Cabin, writers in the Southern United States produced a number of books to rebut Stowe's novel. This so-called Anti-Tom literature generally took a pro-slavery viewpoint, arguing that the issues of slavery as depicted in Stowe's book were overblown and incorrect. The novels in this genre tended to feature a benign white patriarchal master and a pure wife, both of whom presided over childlike slaves in a benevolent extended family style plantation. The novels either implied or directly stated that African Americans were a childlike people[81] unable to live their lives without being directly overseen by white people.[82]
Among the most famous anti-Tom books are The Sword and the Distaff by William Gilmore Simms, Aunt Phillis's Cabin by Mary Henderson Eastman, and The Planter's Northern Bride by Caroline Lee Hentz,[83] with the last author having been a close personal friend of Stowe's when the two lived in Cincinnati. Simms' book was published a few months after Stowe's novel, and it contains a number of sections and discussions disputing Stowe's book and her view of slavery. Hentz's 1854 novel, widely read at the time but now largely forgotten, offers a defense of slavery as seen through the eyes of a northern woman—the daughter of an abolitionist, no less—who marries a southern slave owner.
In the decade between the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin and the start of the American Civil War, between twenty and thirty anti-Tom books were published. Among these novels are two books titled Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is (one by W. L. Smith and the other by C. H. Wiley) and a book by John Pendleton Kennedy. More than half of these anti-Tom books were written by white women, with Simms commenting at one point about the "Seemingly poetic justice of having the Northern woman (Stowe) answered by a Southern woman."[84]
Dramatic adaptations
George Aiken's original manuscript for his stage adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852. From the George C. Howard and Family Collection at the Harry Ransom Center.[85]
Tom shows
Main article: Tom show
Even though Uncle Tom's Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, far more Americans of that time saw the story as a stage play or musical than read the book.[86] Eric Lott, in his book Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production, estimates that at least three million people saw these plays, ten times the book's first-year sales.
Given the lax copyright laws of the time, stage plays based on Uncle Tom's Cabin—"Tom shows"—began to appear while the novel was still being serialized. Stowe refused to authorize dramatization of her work because of her distrust of drama (although she did eventually go to see George L. Aiken's version and, according to Francis Underwood, was "delighted" by Caroline Howard's portrayal of Topsy).[87] Aiken's stage production continued as "the most popular play in England and America for seventy-five years."[88] Stowe's refusal to authorize a particular dramatic version left the field clear for any number of adaptations, some launched for (various) political reasons and others as simply commercial theatrical ventures.
No international copyright laws existed at the time. The book and plays were translated into several languages; Stowe received no money, which could have meant as much as "three fourths of her just and legitimate wages."[89]
On the plays
All Tom shows appear to have incorporated elements of melodrama and blackface minstrelsy.[90] These plays varied tremendously in their politics—some faithfully reflected Stowe's sentimentalized antislavery politics, while others were more moderate, or even pro-slavery.[87] Many of the productions featured demeaning racial caricatures of Black people,[90] while a number of productions also featured songs by Stephen Foster (including "My Old Kentucky Home", "Old Folks at Home", and "Massa's in the Cold Ground").[86] The best-known Tom Shows were those of George Aiken and H.J. Conway.[87]
The version by Aiken is perhaps the best known stage adaptation, released just a few months after the novel was published. This six-act behemoth also set an important precedent by being the first show on Broadway to stand on its own, without the performance of other entertainments or any afterpiece.[91] Most of Aiken's dialogue is lifted verbatim from Stowe's novel and it included four full musical numbers written by the producer, George C. Howard.[92] Another legacy of this adaptation is its reliance upon very different locations all portrayed on the same stage. This reliance led to large sets and set a precedent for the future days of film.[93] By focusing on the stark and desperate situations of his characters, Aiken appealed to the emotions of his audiences.[94] By combining this melodramatic approach with the content of Stowe's novel, Aiken helped to create a powerful visual indictment against the institution of slavery.
The many stage variants of Uncle Tom's Cabin "dominated northern popular culture... for several years" during the 19th century,[87] and the plays were still being performed in the early 20th century.
One of the unique and controversial variants of the Tom Shows was Walt Disney's 1933 Mickey's Mellerdrammer. Mickey's Mellerdrammer is a United Artists film released in 1933. The title is a corruption of "melodrama", thought to harken back to the earliest minstrel shows, as a film short based on a production of Uncle Tom's Cabin by the Disney characters. In that film, Mickey Mouse and friends stage their own production of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Mickey Mouse was already black-colored, but the advertising poster for the film shows Mickey dressed in blackface with exaggerated, orange lips; bushy, white sidewhiskers made out of cotton; and his trademark white gloves.
Film adaptations
Main article: Uncle Tom's Cabin (film adaptations)
Uncle Tom's Cabin has been adapted several times as a film. Most of these movies were created during the silent film era (Uncle Tom's Cabin was the most-filmed book of that time period).[95] Because of the continuing popularity of both the book and "Tom" shows, audiences were already familiar with the characters and the plot, making it easier for the film to be understood without spoken words.[95] There has been no Hollywood treatment since the end of the silent era.
The first film version of Uncle Tom's Cabin was one of the earliest full-length movies (although full-length at that time meant between 10 and 14 minutes).[96] This 1903 film, directed by Edwin S. Porter, used white actors in blackface in the major roles and black performers only as extras. This version was evidently similar to many of the "Tom Shows" of earlier decades and featured numerous stereotypes about blacks (such as having the slaves dance in almost any context, including at a slave auction).[96]
Still from Edwin S. Porter's 1903 version of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was one of the first full-length movies. The still shows Eliza telling Uncle Tom that he has been sold and that she is running away to save her child.
In 1910, a three-reel Vitagraph Company of America production was directed by J. Stuart Blackton and adapted by Eugene Mullin. According to The Dramatic Mirror, this film was "a decided innovation" in motion pictures and "the first time an American company" released a dramatic film in three reels. Until then, full-length movies of the time were 15 minutes long and contained only one reel of film. The movie starred Florence Turner, Mary Fuller, Edwin R. Phillips, Flora Finch, Genevieve Tobin and Carlyle Blackwell, Sr.[97]
At least four more movie adaptations were created in the next two decades. The last silent film version was released in 1927. Directed by Harry A. Pollard (who played Uncle Tom in a 1913 release of Uncle Tom's Cabin), this two-hour movie was more than a year in production and was the third most expensive picture of the silent era (at a cost of $1.8 million). The black actor Charles Gilpin was originally cast in the title role, but he was fired after the studio decided his "portrayal was too aggressive."[98] James B. Lowe took over the character of Tom. The screenplay takes many liberties with the original book, including altering the Eliza and George subplot, introducing the Civil War and Emancipation, and combining the characters of Eliza and Emmeline.[98] Another difference occurs after Tom dies: Simon Legree is haunted by an apparitional vision of the late Tom and falls to his death in a futile effort to attack the ghostly image.
Black media outlets of the time praised the film, but the studio—fearful of a backlash from Southern and white film audiences—ended up cutting out controversial scenes, including the film's opening sequence at a slave auction (in which a mother is torn away from her baby).[99] The story was adapted by Harvey F. Pollard, Thew and A. P. Younger, with titles by Walter Anthony. It starred James B. Lowe, Virginia Grey, George Siegmann, Margarita Fischer, Mona Ray and Madame Sul-Te-Wan.[98]
For several decades after the end of the silent film era, the subject matter of Stowe's novel was judged too sensitive for further film interpretation. In 1946, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer considered filming the story but ceased production after protests led by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.[100]
A movie poster from Kroger Babb's 1965 production of Uncle Tom's Cabin
A German-language version, Onkel Toms Hütte, directed by Géza von Radványi, was released in 1965 and was presented in the United States by exploitation film presenter Kroger Babb.
The most recent film version was a television broadcast in 1987, directed by Stan Lathan and adapted by John Gay. It starred Avery Brooks, Phylicia Rashad, Edward Woodward, Jenny Lewis, Samuel L. Jackson and Endyia Kinney.
In addition to film adaptations, versions of Uncle Tom's Cabin have been produced in other formats. In Brazil, the adapted version A Cabana do Pai Tomás was produced as a TV soap opera by Rede Globo; with 205 episodes, it was aired from July 1969 to March 1970.
A number of animated cartoons were produced, including the Bugs Bunny cartoon Southern Fried Rabbit (1953), in which Bugs disguises himself as Uncle Tom and sings My Old Kentucky Home in order to cross the Mason-Dixon line; Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937), a Warner Brothers cartoon supervised by Tex Avery; Eliza on Ice (1944), one of the earliest Mighty Mouse cartoons produced by Paul Terry; and Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947), an eight-minute cartoon directed by Tex Avery.[100]
Uncle Tom's Cabin has influenced numerous movies, including The Birth of a Nation. This controversial 1915 film set the dramatic climax in a slave cabin similar to that of Uncle Tom, where several white Southerners unite with their former enemy (Yankee soldiers) to defend, according to the film's caption, their "Aryan birthright." According to scholars, this reuse of such a familiar image of a slave cabin would have resonated with, and been understood by, audiences of the time.[101]
Other movies influenced by or making use of Uncle Tom's Cabin include Dimples (a 1936 Shirley Temple film),[100] Uncle Tom's Uncle, (a 1926 Our Gang episode),[100] its 1932 remake Spanky, the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I (in which a ballet called "Small House of Uncle Thomas" is performed in traditional Siamese style), and Gangs of New York (in which Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis's characters attend an imagined wartime adaptation of Uncle Tom's Cabin).
See also
Twelve Years a Slave (1853), bestselling narrative of free negro Solomon Northup published soon after Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which documents facts supporting Stowe's fictional narrative in detail, as the area where Northup was enslaved was close to the fictional setting of the plantation where much of Stowe's narrative takes place.[102][103]
History of slavery in the United States
Origins of the American Civil War
Ramona, an 1884 novel that attempted to do for Native Americans in California what Uncle Tom's Cabin had done for African Americans
Riley-Bolten House, North Bethesda, Montgomery County, Maryland, plantation house of Isaac Riley listed on the National Register of Historic Places
Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement
Collections
Major collections of Uncle Tom's Cabin books, ephemera, and artifacts reside at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin.
Notes
Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe, Harriet (1852). Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly. I. Boston: John P. Jewitt. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Beecher Stowe, Harriet (1852). Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly. II. Boston: John P. Jewitt. Retrieved October 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Will Kaufman, The Civil War in American Culture, Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Spark Publishers, 2002, p. 19, states the novel is about the "destructive power of slavery and the ability of Christian love to overcome it..."
^ Jump up to: a b c Laurie E. Rozakis, The Complete Idiot's Guide to American Literature, Alpha Books, 1999, p. 125, says one of the book's main messages is that "The slavery crisis can only be resolved by Christian love."
Jump up ^ Deborah C. de Rosa, Domestic Abolitionism and Juvenile Literature, 1830–1865, SUNY Press, 2003, p. 121. De Rosa quotes Jane Tompkins that Stowe's strategy was to destroy slavery through the "saving power of Christian love." This quote is from "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History" Archived December 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. by Jane Tompkins, from In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. pp. 122–146. In that essay, Tompkins also writes: "Stowe conceived her book as an instrument for bringing about the day when the world would be ruled not by force, but by Christian love."
^ Jump up to: a b c "Introduction to Uncle Tom's Cabin Study Guide". BookRags.com. Retrieved May 16, 2006. (Registration required (help)).
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sentimental Novel: The Example of Harriet Beecher Stowe" by Gail K. Smith, The Cambridge Companion to Nineteenth-Century American Women's Writing by Dale M. Bauer and Philip Gould, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 221.
^ Jump up to: a b Goldner, Ellen J. "Arguing with Pictures: Race, Class and the Formation of Popular Abolitionism Through Uncle Tom's Cabin." Journal of American & Comparative Cultures 2001 24(1–2): 71–84. ISSN 1537-4726 Fulltext: online at Ebsco.
Jump up ^ Geoffrey Wheatcroft, "The Cousins' War: review of Amanda Foreman, 'A World on Fire'", New York Times Book Review, July 3, 2011, p. 1
Jump up ^ Everon, Ernest. "Some Thoughts Anent Dickens and Novel Writing" The Ladies' Companion and Monthly Magazine London, 1855 Volume VII Second Series:259.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles Edward Stowe, Harriet Beecher Stowe: The Story of Her Life (1911) p. 203.
Jump up ^ Vollaro, Daniel R. (Winter 2009), Lincoln, Stowe, and the "Little Woman/Great War" Story: The Making, and Breaking, of a Great American Anecdote, 30 (1), Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, archived from the original on October 15, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b Hulser, Kathleen. "Reading Uncle Tom's Image: From Anti-slavery Hero to Racial Insult." New-York Journal of American History 2003 65(1): 75–79. ISSN 1551-5486.
^ Jump up to: a b c Henry Louis Gates, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Africana: Arts and Letters: An A-to-Z Reference of Writers, Musicians, and Artists of the African American Experience, Running Press, 2005, p. 544.
^ Jump up to: a b Susan Logue, "Historic Uncle Tom's Cabin Saved", VOA News, January 12, 2006. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Harriet Beecher Stowe, A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 1853, p. 42, in which Stowe states: "A last instance parallel with that of Uncle Tom is to be found in the published memoirs of the venerable Josiah Henson]..." This also is cited in Debra J. Rosenthal, A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Routledge, 2003, pp. 25–26.
Jump up ^ Annys Shin, "After buying historic home, Md. officials find it wasn't really Uncle Tom's Cabin", Washington Post, October 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Official Montgomery Parks Josiah Henson Park site
Jump up ^ "Weld, Theodore Dwight". Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2007. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001–2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Applegate, Debby (2006). The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Three Leaves Press. p. 261.
Jump up ^ First Edition Illustrations, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ Illustrations for the "Splendid Edition", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
Jump up ^ Michael Winship, "Uncle Tom's Cabin: History of the Book in the 19th-Century United States."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Slave narratives and Uncle Tom's Cabin", Africans in America, PBS, accessed February 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ "publishing, history of." (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 18, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
^ Jump up to: a b Debra J. Rosenthal, A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Routledge, 2003, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Hagedorn, Ann. Beyond The River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground Railroad. Simon & Schuster, 2002, pp. 135–139.
Jump up ^ J. E. Dunn (August 31, 1896). "About Uncle Tom's Cabin: A Louisianian Says Meredith Calhoun Was Not a Model for Legree". Washington Post. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ The Word Detective Archived May 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., issue of May 20, 2003, accessed February 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ Homelessness in American Literature: Romanticism, Realism, and Testimony by John Allen, Routledge, 2004, p. 24, where it states in regards to Uncle Tom's Cabin that "Stowe held specific beliefs about the 'evils' of slavery and the role of Americans in resisting it." The book then quotes Ann Douglas describing how Stowe saw slavery as a sin.
Jump up ^ Drawn With the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War by James Munro McPherson, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, Vintage Books, Modern Library Edition, 1991, p. 150.
Jump up ^ James Munro McPherson, Drawn With the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 29.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Ammons, "Stowe's Dream of the Mother-Savior: Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s", in Eric J. Sundquist (ed.), New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin, Cambridge University Press, 1986, p. 159.
Jump up ^ Joy Jordan-Lake, Whitewashing Uncle Tom's Cabin: Nineteenth-Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe, Vanderbilt University Press, 2005, p. 61.
Jump up ^ Somatic Fictions: imagining illness in Victorian culture by Athena Vrettos, Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 101.
Jump up ^ Mason I. Lowance, Jr., Ellen E. Westbrook, R. C. De Prospo, The Stowe Debate: Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom's Cabin, University of Massachusetts Press, 1994, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Linda Eisenmann, Historical Dictionary of Women's Education in the United States, Greenwood Press, 1998, p. 3.
Jump up ^ David L. Larsen, The Company of the Creative: A Christian Reader's Guide to Great Literature and Its Themes, Kregel Publications, 2000, pp. 386–387.
Jump up ^ Larsen, The Company of the Creative (2000), p. 387.
Jump up ^ Sacvan Bercovitch and Cyrus R. K. Patell, The Cambridge History of American Literature, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 119.
Jump up ^ Marianne Noble, "The Ecstasies of Sentimental Wounding In Uncle Tom's Cabin," from Debra J. Rosenthal (ed.), A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Routledge, 2003, p. 58.
Jump up ^ "Domestic or Sentimental Fiction, 1820–1865" American Literature Sites, Washington State University. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Uncle Tom's Cabin" Archived August 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., The Kansas Territorial Experience. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ Janet Badia and Jennifer Phegley, Reading Women: Literary Figures and Cultural Icons from the Victorian Age to the Present, University of Toronto Press, 2005, p. 67.
^ Jump up to: a b Badia and Phegley, Reading Women (2005), p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenthal, A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (2003), p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas F. Gossett, "Review of The Building of Uncle Tom's Cabin by E. Bruce Kirkham", American Literature, Vol. 50, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 123–124.
Jump up ^ Charles Nichols, "The Origins of Uncle Tom's Cabin", The Phylon Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (3rd Qtr, 1958), p. 328.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jane Tompkins, "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History" Archived December 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., from In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, pp. 122–146.
Jump up ^ Posner, R., Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline, Harvard University Press (2002), p. 239. ISBN 0-674-00633-X.
Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins, Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Matter of Influence", Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Simms's Review of Uncle Tom's Cabin" by Charles S. Watson, American Literature, Vol. 48, No. 3 (November 1976), pp. 365–368
^ Jump up to: a b Alfred L. Brophy, "Over and above ... There Broods a Portentous Shadow,—The Shadow of Law: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Critique of Slave Law in Uncle Tom's Cabin", Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1995–1996), pp. 457–506.
Jump up ^ Joseph V. Ridgely, "Woodcraft: Simms's First Answer to Uncle Tom's Cabin", American Literature, Vol. 31, No. 4 (January 1960), pp. 421–433.
Jump up ^ The Classic Text: Harriett Beecher Stowe. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Library. Special collection page on traditions and interpretations of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Retrieved May 15, 2007. Archived May 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Uncle Tom's Cabin, introduction by Amanda Claybaugh, Barnes and Noble Classics, New York, 2003, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ A. M. Arnett, "Review of James Baird Weaver by Fred Emory Haynes", Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1920), pp. 154–157; and profile of James Baird Weaver Archived January 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., accessed February 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Nassau Senior, quoted in Ephraim Douglass Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War (1958), p. 33.
Jump up ^ Charles Francis Adams, Trans-Atlantic Historical Solidarity: Lectures Delivered before the University of Oxford in Easter and Trinity Terms, 1913, 1913, p. 79.
Jump up ^ Its title was La Case de l'Oncle Tom, ou Sort des nègres esclaves. Its publication was noted in the weekly periodical Bibliographie de la France ou Journal général de l'Imprimerie et de la Librairie, November 5, 1853, p. 723. See also OCLC 811741 which disagrees as to the translators name – perhaps Carion was a pseudonym.
Jump up ^ "Uncle Tom's Cabin: A 19th-Century Bestseller". The University of Alabama. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
Jump up ^ Drnovšek, Marjan (1998). Usodna privlačnost Amerike: pričevanja izseljencev o prvih stikih z novim svetom [The Fatal Attractiveness of America: The Testimonies of Expatriates About the First Contacts with the New World]. Korenine (in Slovenian). Nova revija. ISBN 961-6017-56-X. COBISS 73608960.
Jump up ^ Mazi-Leskovar, Darja (May 2003). "Domestication and Foreignization in Translating American Prose for Slovenian Children". Meta: Translator's Journal. Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal. 48 (1–2): 250–265. ISSN 1492-1421.
Jump up ^ Richard Pankhurst, Economic History of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University Press, 1968), p. 122.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Ian, The English Vice: Beating, Sex and Shame in Victorian England and After (1978) The passage which seems most likely to have interested them is the start of chapter 29.
Jump up ^ "La Cabaña del Tío Tomás" (PDF). Gaceta del Gobierno del Salvador en la América Central (in Spanish). Tomo 4 Número 17. July 22, 1853. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tompkins, Jane. Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. See chapter five, "Sentimental Power: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Politics of Literary History."
Jump up ^ Cindy Weinstein, The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b Darryl Lorenzo Wellington, "Uncle Tom's Shadow", The Nation, December 25, 2006.
Jump up ^ Smylie, James H. "Uncle Tom's Cabin Revisited: the Bible, the Romantic Imagination, and the Sympathies of Christ." American Presbyterians 1995 73(3): 165–175. ISSN 0886-5159.
^ Jump up to: a b Bellin, Joshua D. "Up to Heaven's Gate, down in Earth's Dust: the Politics of Judgment in Uncle Tom's Cabin", American Literature 1993 65(2): 275–295. ISSN 0002-9831 Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco.
^ Jump up to: a b Grant, David, "Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Triumph of Republican Rhetoric", New England Quarterly 1998 71(3): 429–448. ISSN 0028-4866 Fulltext online at Jstor.
Jump up ^ Riss, Arthur. "Racial Essentialism and Family Values in Uncle Tom's Cabin." American Quarterly 1994 46(4): 513–544. ISSN 0003-0678 Fulltext in JSTOR.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. "Masculinity in Uncle Tom's Cabin," American Quarterly 1995 47(4): 595–618. ISSN 0003-0678. Fulltext online at JSTOR.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith; Jessie Carney; Images of Blacks in American Culture: A Reference Guide to Information Sources Greenwood Press. 1988.
Jump up ^ Illustrations, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive. Retrieved April 18, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Edward Rothstein, "Digging Through the Literary Anthropology of Stowe's Uncle Tom", The New York Times, October 23, 2006.
Jump up ^ Linda Williams, Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson, Princeton University Press, 2001, p. 113.
Jump up ^ Joy Jordan-Lake, Whitewashing Uncle Tom's Cabin: nineteenth-century women novelists respond to Stowe, Vanderbilt University Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ Beidler, Philip D. (Winter 2005). "Caroline Lee Hentz's Long Journey". Alabama Heritage (75).
Jump up ^ Henry Louis Gates, Figures in Black: words, signs, and the "racial" self, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 134.
Jump up ^ "George C. (George Cunnibell) Howard and Family: An Inventory of Their Collection at the Harry Ransom Center". norman.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "People & Events: Uncle Tom's Cabin Takes the Nation by Storm" Archived February 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine., Stephen Foster – The American Experience, PBS. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lott, Eric, Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-19-507832-2. The information on "Tom shows" comes from chapter 8: "Uncle Tomitudes: Racial Melodrama and Modes of Production" (pp. 211–233)
Jump up ^ Hollis Robbins, "'Uncle Tom's Cabin' and the Matter of Influence", History by Era: Literature and Language Arts, Gilder Lehrman Center, accessed June 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Parton, James (October 1867). "International Copyright". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Henry Louis Gates, Kwame Anthony Appiah, Africana: arts and letters: an A-to-Z reference of writers, musicians, and artists of the African American Experience, Running Press, 2005, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Wilmeth, Don B. (ed.), Staging the Nation: Plays from the American Theater, 1787–1909. Boston: Bedford Books, 1998, p. 181.
Jump up ^ Aiken, George L. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Garland, 1993.
Jump up ^ Gerould, Daniel C. (ed.), American Melodrama. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1983, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Gerould, American Melodrama (1983), p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Uncle Tom's Cabin on Film", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia, Retrieved April 19, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b "The First Uncle Tom's Cabin Film: Edison-Porter's 'Slavery Days' (1903)", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia, Retrieved April 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ "The 3-Reel Vitagraph Production (1910)", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Universal Super Jewel Production (1927)", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Thomas Cripps, Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900–1942, Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Uncle Tom's Cabin in Hollywood: 1929–1956", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia. Retrieved April 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Linda Williams, Playing the Race Card (2001), p. 115. Also "H. B. Stowe's Cabin in D. W. Griffith's Movie", Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, a Multi-Media Archive, University of Virginia, retrieved April 19, 2007.
Jump up ^ Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave: Summary, online text at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina, accessed July 19, 2012
Jump up ^ "'12 Years a Slave' prompts effort to recognize work of UNO historian in reviving tale". NOLA. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
References
External video
Presentation by Reynolds on Mightier Than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America at the Harriet Beecher Stowe Center, May 19, 2011, C-SPAN
Aiken, George L. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: Garland, 1993.
Gates, Henry Louis; and Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Africana: Arts and Letters: an A-to-Z reference of writers, musicians, and artists of the African American Experience, Running Press, 2005.
Gates, Henry Louis; and Hollis Robbins. The Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin, W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-05946-4
Gerould, Daniel C., ed. American Melodrama. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications, 1983.
Jordan-Lake, Joy. Whitewashing Uncle Tom's Cabin: Nineteenth-Century Women Novelists Respond to Stowe, Vanderbilt University Press, 2005.
Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Lowance, Mason I. (Jr.); Westbrook, Ellen E.; De Prospo, R., The Stowe Debate: Rhetorical Strategies in Uncle Tom's Cabin, University of Massachusetts Press, 1994.
Parfait, Claire. The Publishing History of Uncle's Tom's Cabin, 1852–2002, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.
Reynolds, David S. Mightier Than the Sword: Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Battle for America, Norton, 2011. 351 pp.
Rosenthal, Debra J. Routledge Literary Sourcebook on Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Routledge, 2003.
Sundquist, Eric J., ed. New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Tompkins, Jane. In Sensational Designs: The Cultural Work of American Fiction, 1790–1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Weinstein, Cindy. The Cambridge Companion to Harriet Beecher Stowe, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Williams, Linda. Playing the Race Card: Melodramas of Black and White from Uncle Tom to O. J. Simpson, Princeton University Press, 2001.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin on In Our Time at the BBC.
University of Virginia Web site "Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture: A Multi-Media Archive" – edited by Stephen Railton, covers 1830 to 1930, offering links to primary and bibliographic sources on the cultural background, various editions, and public reception of Harriet Beecher Stowe's influential novel. The site also provides the full text of the book, audio and video clips, and examples of related merchandising.
Uncle Tom's Cabin: or Life among the lowly; frontispiece by John Gilbert; ornamental title-page by Phiz; and 130 engravings on wood by Matthew Urlwin Sears, 1853 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
Pictures and stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin; "The purpose of the editor of this little work, has been to adapt it for the juvenile family circle. The verses have accordingly been written by the authoress for the capacity of the youngest readers ..." 1853 (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVu & layered PDF format)
Uncle Tom's Cabin at Project Gutenberg
Uncle Tom's Cabin, available at Internet Archive. Scanned, illustrated original editions.
Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site
Free audiobook of Uncle Tom's Cabin at Librivox
More on the lack of international copyright
Uncle Tom's Cabin for Children From the Collections at the Library of Congress
[hide]
v
t
e
Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin
Characters
Uncle Tom
Film adaptations
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1910)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1918)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1927)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1965)
Related works
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
Tom show
Animation
Hittin' the Trail for Hallelujah Land (1931)
Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933)
Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937)
Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947)
Southern Fried Rabbit (1953)
Anti-Tom literature
Aunt Phillis's Cabin
The Planter's Northern Bride
Little Eva: The Flower of the South
Uncle Tom's Cabin As It Is
Uncle Robin's Cabin
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home
Ellen; or, The Fanatic's Daughter
The Ebony Idol
Frank Freeman's Barber Shop
The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts
Mr. Frank, the Underground Mail-Agent
The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters
The Black Gauntlet
White Acre vs. Black Acre
Antifanaticism: A Tale of the South
The Lofty and the Lowly, or Good in All and None All Good
Related
Josiah Henson
1849 autobiography
Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site
The Birth of a Nation
Dimples
Tit for Tat
Uncle Tom syndrome
Underground Railroad
The National Era
Onkel Toms Hütte (Berlin U-Bahn)
[show]
v
t
e
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Works
"Let Every Man Mind His Own Business" (1839)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
Dred, A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
The Minister's Wooing (1859)
Old Town Folks (1869)
Palmetto Leaves (1873)
Related articles
Lyman Beecher
Catharine Beecher
Henry Ward Beecher
Charles Beecher
Edward Beecher
Isabella Beecher Hooker
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio)
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Maine)
Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Connecticut)
[show]
v
t
e
Underground Railroad
People
William L. Chaplin
Levi Coffin
Richard Dillingham
Calvin Fairbank
Thomas Garrett
Laura Smith Haviland
Daniel Hughes
William Cooper Nell
Harriet Forten Purvis
Robert Purvis
John Rankin
Hetty Reckless
Gerrit Smith
William Still
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Charles Turner Torrey
Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
Frances Harper
Delia Webster
Places
List of Underground Railroad sites
houses
churches
Levi Coffin House
Bialystoker Synagogue
Bilger's Rocks
Wilson Bruce Evans House
Cyrus Gates Farmstead
Sites in Indiana
Allen Chapel
Town Clock Church
Kelton House
F. Julius LeMoyne House
John Rankin House
Gerrit Smith Estate
John Freeman Walls Historic Site
Events
Pearl incident (1848)
Jerry Rescue (1851)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852 book)
Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856 book)
Oberlin–Wellington Rescue (1858)
Thirteenth Amendment (1865)
Topics
Songs of the Underground Railroad
Abolitionism in the United States
Abolitionism
opponents of slavery
African-American opponents
publications
Fugitive slaves
Fugitive slave laws
1850
Quilts
Signals
lawn jockey
Slave catcher
The Underground Railroad Records (1872 book)
Related
National Underground Railroad Freedom Center
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
visitor center
The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War (1932 book)
A Woman Called Moses (1978 miniseries)
Roots of Resistance (1989 documentary)
The Quest for Freedom (1992 film)
Freedom: The Underground Railroad (2013 board game)
Underground (2016 TV series)
See also: Slavery in the United States and Slavery in Canada
[show]
v
t
e
American Civil War
[show]
Origins
Origins
Issues
Timeline leading to the War
Antebellum era
Bleeding Kansas
Border states
Compromise of 1850
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Lincoln-Douglas debates
Missouri Compromise
Popular sovereignty
Secession
States' rights
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
Slavery
African Americans
Cornerstone Speech
Emancipation Proclamation
Fugitive slave laws
Plantations in the American South
Slave Power
Slavery in the United States
Treatment of slaves in the United States
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Abolitionism
Susan B. Anthony
John Brown
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Elijah Parish Lovejoy
J. Sella Martin
Lysander Spooner
George Luther Stearns
Thaddeus Stevens
Charles Sumner
Harriet Tubman
Underground Railroad
[show]
Combatants
Theaters
Campaigns
Battles
States
Combatants
Union (USA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Revenue Cutter Service
Confederacy (CSA)
Army
Navy
Marine Corps
Theaters
Eastern
Western
Lower Seaboard
Trans-Mississippi
Pacific Coast
Union naval blockade
Major Campaigns
Anaconda Plan
Blockade runners
New Mexico
Jackson's Valley
Peninsula
Northern Virginia
Maryland
Stones River
Vicksburg
Tullahoma
Gettysburg
Morgan's Raid
Bristoe
Knoxville
Red River
Overland
Atlanta
Valley 1864
Bermuda Hundred
Richmond-Petersburg
Franklin–Nashville
Price's Raid
Sherman's March
Carolinas
Appomattox
Major battles
Fort Sumter
1st Bull Run
Wilson's Creek
Fort Donelson
Pea Ridge
Hampton Roads
Shiloh
New Orleans
Corinth
Seven Pines
Seven Days
2nd Bull Run
Antietam
Perryville
Fredericksburg
Stones River
Chancellorsville
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
Chickamauga
Chattanooga
Wilderness
Fort Pillow
Spotsylvania
Cold Harbor
Atlanta
Mobile Bay
Franklin
Nashville
Five Forks
Involvement (by
state or territory)
AL
AR
AZ
CA
CO
CT
DC
DE
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
RI
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
WI
WY
[show]
Leaders
Confederate
Military
R. H. Anderson
Beauregard
Bragg
Buchanan
Cooper
Early
Ewell
Forrest
Gorgas
Hill
Hood
Jackson
A. S. Johnston
J. E. Johnston
Lee
Longstreet
Morgan
Mosby
Polk
Price
Semmes
E. K. Smith
Stuart
Taylor
Wheeler
Civilian
Benjamin
Bocock
Breckinridge
Davis
Hunter
Mallory
Memminger
Seddon
Stephens
Union
Military
Anderson
Buell
Burnside
Butler
Du Pont
Farragut
Foote
Frémont
Grant
Halleck
Hooker
Hunt
McClellan
McDowell
Meade
Meigs
Ord
Pope
D. D. Porter
Rosecrans
Scott
Sheridan
Sherman
Thomas
Civilian
Adams
Chase
Ericsson
Hamlin
Lincoln
Pinkerton
Seward
Stanton
Stevens
Wade
Welles
[show]
Aftermath
U.S. Constitution
Reconstruction amendments
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
Reconstruction
Alabama Claims
Brooks–Baxter War
Carpetbaggers
Colfax Riot of 1873
Eufaula Riot of 1874
Freedmen's Bureau
Freedman's Savings Bank
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Kirk-Holden War
Knights of the White Camelia
Ku Klux Klan
Memphis Riot of 1866
Meridian Riot of 1871
New Orleans Riot of 1866
Pulaski (Tennessee) Riot of 1867
Reconstruction acts
Habeas Corpus Act 1867
Enforcement Act of 1870
Enforcement Act of February 1871
Enforcement Act of April 1871
Reconstruction treaties
Indian Council at Fort Smith
Red Shirts
Redeemers
Confederate refugees
Confederados
Scalawags
South Carolina riots of 1876
Southern Claims Commission
Homestead acts
Southern Homestead Act of 1866
Timber Culture Act of 1873
White League
post-Reconstruction
Commemoration
Centennial
Civil War Discovery Trail
Civil War Roundtables
Civil War Trails Program
Civil War Trust
Confederate History Month
Confederate monuments and memorials
Historical reenactment
Robert E. Lee Day
Disenfranchisement
Black Codes
Jim Crow
Lost Cause mythology
Modern display of the Confederate flag
Sons of Confederate Veterans
Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War
Southern Historical Society
United Daughters of the Confederacy
Monuments and memorials
Union
List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials
List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
Confederate
List of Confederate monuments and memorials
Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials
List of memorials to Robert E. Lee
List of memorials to Jefferson Davis
Annapolis
Roger B. Taney Monument
Baltimore
Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
Confederate Women's Monument
Roger B. Taney Monument
Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument
Durham, North Carolina
Robert E. Lee Monument
New Orleans
Battle of Liberty Place Monument
Jefferson Davis Monument
General Beauregard Equestrian Statue
Robert E. Lee Monument
Cemeteries
Confederate Memorial Day
Ladies' memorial associations
U.S. Memorial Day
U.S. national cemeteries
Veterans
1913 Gettysburg Reunion
Confederate Veteran
Grand Army of the Republic
Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.
Old soldiers' homes
Southern Cross of Honor
United Confederate Veterans
[show]
Related topics
Related topics
Military
Arms
Campaign Medal
Cavalry
Confederate Home Guard
Confederate railroads
Confederate Revolving Cannon
Field artillery
Medal of Honor recipients
Medicine
Leadership
Naval battles
Official Records
Partisan rangers
POW camps
Rations
Signal Corps
Turning point
Union corps badges
U.S. Balloon Corps
U.S. Home Guard
U.S. Military Railroad
Political
Committee on the Conduct of the War
Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1861
Confiscation Act of 1862
Copperheads
Emancipation Proclamation
Habeas Corpus Act of 1863
Hampton Roads Conference
National Union Party
Radical Republicans
Trent Affair
Union leagues
U.S. Presidential Election of 1864
War Democrats
Music
Battle Hymn of the Republic
Dixie
John Brown's Body
A Lincoln Portrait
Marching through Georgia
Maryland, My Maryland
When Johnny Comes Marching Home
Other topics
Bibliography
Confederate war finance
Confederate States dollar
Espionage
Confederate Secret Service
Great Revival of 1863
Naming the war
Native Americans
Cherokee
Choctaw
New York City Gold Hoax of 1864
New York City Riot of 1863
Photographers
Richmond Riot of 1863
Sexuality
Supreme Court cases
Tokens
U.S. Sanitary Commission
[show]
v
t
e
Slave narratives
Slave Narrative Collection
Captivity narrative
Individuals
by continent
of enslavement
Africa
Robert Adams (c. 1790 – ?)
Francis Bok (b. 1979)
James Leander Cathcart (1767 – 1843)
Ólafur Egilsson (1564 – 1639)
Hark Olufs (1708 – 1754)
Mende Nazer (b. 1982)
Thomas Pellow (1705 – ?)
Joseph Pitts (1663–1735?)
Guðríður Símonardóttir (1598 – 1682)
Europe
Lovisa von Burghausen (1698–1733)
Olaudah Equiano (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
Ukawsaw Gronniosaw (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
Roustam Raza (1783–1845)
Brigitta Scherzenfeldt (1684–1736)
North America:
Canada
Marie-Joseph Angélique (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
John R. Jewitt (1783 England – 1821 United States)
North America:
Caribbean
Juan Francisco Manzano (1797–1854, Cuba)
Esteban Montejo (1860–1965, Cuba)
Mary Prince
Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
Marcos Xiorro (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
North America:
United States
Sam Aleckson
Jordan Anderson
William J. Anderson
Jared Maurice Arter
Solomon Bayley
Polly Berry
Henry Bibb
Leonard Black
Henry "Box" Brown
John Brown
William Wells Brown
Peter Bruner (1845 KY – 1938 OH)
Ellen and William Craft
Hannah Crafts
Lucinda Davis
Noah Davis
Lucy Delaney
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
Frederick Douglass
Kate Drumgoold
Jordan Winston Early (1814 – after 1894)
Sarah Jane Woodson Early
David George
Moses Grandy
William Green (19th century MD)
William Grimes
Josiah Henson
Fountain Hughes (1848/1854 VA – 1957)
John Andrew Jackson
Harriet Ann Jacobs
John Jea
Thomas James (minister)
Paul Jennings (1799–1874)
Elizabeth Keckley
Boston King
Lunsford Lane
J. Vance Lewis
Jermain Wesley Loguen
Solomon Northup
John Parker (1827 VA – 1900)
William Parker
James Robert
Moses Roper
Omar ibn Said
William Henry Singleton
Venture Smith
Austin Steward (1793 VA – 1860)
Venerable Pierre Toussaint (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
Harriet Tubman
Wallace Turnage
Bethany Veney
Booker T. Washington
Wallace Willis (19th century Indian Territory)
Harriet E. Wilson
Zamba Zembola (b. c. 1780 Congo)
South America
Osifekunde (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua (1845–1847, Brazil)
Miguel de Buría (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
Non-fiction books
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789)
The Narrative of Robert Adams (1816)
American Slavery as It Is (1839)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845)
The Life of Josiah Henson (1849)
Twelve Years a Slave (1853)
My Bondage and My Freedom (1855)
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861)
The Underground Railroad Records (1872)
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1881)
Up from Slavery (1901)
The Peculiar Institution (1956)
The Slave Community (1972)
Fiction/novels
Oroonoko (1688)
Sab (1841)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)
The Heroic Slave (1852)
Clotel (1853)
Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856)
The Bondwoman's Narrative (1853?–1861?)
Our Nig (1859)
Jubilee (1966)
The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967)
Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976)
Underground to Canada (1977)
Kindred (1979)
Dessa Rose (1986)
Beloved (1987)
Middle Passage (1990)
Queen: The Story of an American Family (1993)
Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons (1996)
Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade (2001)
Walk Through Darkness (2002)
The Known World (2003)
Unburnable (2006)
Copper Sun (2006)
The Book of Negroes (2007)
The Underground Railroad (2016)
Young adult books
Amos Fortune, Free Man (1951)
I, Juan de Pareja (1965)
The Slave-Girl from Jerusalem (2007)
Essay
To a Southern Slaveholder (1848)
A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
Plays
The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom (1858)
The Octoroon (1859)
Related
African-American literature
Caribbean literature
Films featuring slavery
Songs of the Underground Railroad
Book of Negroes (1783)
Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book (1847)
Slave Songs of the United States (1867)
Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery (2002)
The Hemingses of Monticello (2008)
Documentaries
Unchained Memories (2003)
Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb120080111 (data)
GND: 4305373-7
LCCN: n96072966
SUDOC: 028195744
VIAF: 184680467
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin&oldid=842775045"
Categories:
1852 American novels
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Cultural history of the American Civil War
Novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Novels about American slavery
Novels first published in serial form
Sentimental novels
Southern United States in fiction
Works originally published in American magazines
Works originally published in political magazines
Novels adapted into comics
American novels adapted into films
American novels adapted into plays
Red River of the South
Novels adapted into television programs
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages with login required references or sources
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use mdy dates from March 2018
Featured articles
Articles with Project Gutenberg links
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Български
Català
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
40 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 May 2018, at 15:49.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a featured article. Click here for more information.

values: mw-indicator-featured-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

values: Uncle Tom's Cabin, CLEVELAND, OHIO: JEWETT, PROCTOR & WORTHINGTON edition

values: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Negro_Fort
mw-redirect
Battle of Negro Fort

values: United States presidential election, 1860

values: Template:Events leading to American Civil War

values: Template talk:Events leading to American Civil War

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: auto; font-size: 95%;

values:
/wiki/Christian_love
mw-redirect
Christian love

values: John P. Jewett and Company (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Edwin_Longsden_Long
mw-redirect
Edwin Longsden Long

values:
/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement
mw-redirect
Women's rights movement

values:
/wiki/Literary_critic
mw-redirect
Literary critic

values: IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_Chad
mw-redirect
Slavery in Chad

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas
mw-redirect
Slavery in the Americas

values: Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

values: Slavery in the British and French Caribbean

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad
mw-redirect
Slavery in Trinidad

values: Prostitutes in South Korea for the U.S. military

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania
mw-redirect
Slavery in Oceania

values:
/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Australia
mw-redirect
Blackbirding in Australia

values:
/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island
mw-redirect
Slave raiding in Easter Island

values:
/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia
mw-redirect
Blackbirding in Polynesia

values: Forced labour under German rule during World War II

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_Norway
mw-redirect
Slavery in Norway

values: Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies

values: Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Treatment of slaves in the United States

values:
/wiki/American_South
mw-redirect
American South

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/James_Baird_Weaver
mw-redirect
James Baird Weaver

values:
/wiki/British_Whig_Party
mw-redirect
British Whig Party

values:
/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Charles Francis Adams, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Amharic_language
mw-redirect
Amharic language

values: Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Literary_critics
mw-redirect
Literary critics

values:
/wiki/U.S._Republican_Party
mw-redirect
U.S. Republican Party

values:
/wiki/African-American_stereotypes
mw-redirect
African-American stereotypes

values:
/wiki/James_Baldwin_(writer)
mw-redirect
James Baldwin (writer)

values:
/wiki/The_Sword_and_the_Distaff
mw-redirect
The Sword and the Distaff

values:
/wiki/Mary_Henderson_Eastman
mw-redirect
Mary Henderson Eastman

values:
/wiki/John_Pendleton_Kennedy
mw-redirect
John Pendleton Kennedy

values:
/wiki/International_copyright
mw-redirect
International copyright

values:
/wiki/Minstrel_shows
mw-redirect
Minstrel shows

values:
/wiki/Extra_(actor)
mw-redirect
Extra (actor)

values:
/wiki/Mason-Dixon_line
mw-redirect
Mason-Dixon line

values: Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement

values: Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values:
nofollow
http://www.josiahhensonsite.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.kuce.org/kt/session1/bg.html

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/273254

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/811741

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1492-1421

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: width:22em;float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em

values:
nofollow
http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PS2954xU5/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PS2954xU5/1f/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PS2954xU52/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://fax.libs.uga.edu/PS2954xU52/1f/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.uncletomscabin.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://librivox.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/juv.23094

values: Uncle Tom's Cabin (1910 Thanhouser film)

values: Life at the South; or, "Uncle Tom's Cabin" As It Is

values: Uncle Robin, in His Cabin in Virginia, and Tom Without One in Boston

values: The North and the South; or, Slavery and Its Contrasts

values: The Cabin and Parlor; or, Slaves and Masters

values: The Black Gauntlet: A Tale of Plantation Life in South Carolina

values: The Lofty and the Lowly, or Good in All and None All Good

values:
/wiki/Dimples_(1935_film)
mw-redirect
Dimples (1935 film)

values:
/wiki/Tit_for_Tat_(1856_novel)
mw-redirect
Tit for Tat (1856 novel)

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Old_Town_Folks
mw-redirect
Old Town Folks

values: Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Cincinnati, Ohio)

values: Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Brunswick, Maine)

values: Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Hartford, Connecticut)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Category:Houses on the Underground Railroad

values: Category:Churches on the Underground Railroad

values: Allen Chapel African Methodist Episcopal Church (Terre Haute, Indiana)

values: Signals of the Underground Railroad (page does not exist)

values: National Underground Railroad Freedom Center

values: Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park

values: Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Visitor Center

values: The Railroad to Freedom: A Story of the Civil War

values: Roots of Resistance: The Story of the Underground Railroad

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: History of the United States (1789–1849)

values:
/wiki/Lincoln-Douglas_debates
mw-redirect
Lincoln-Douglas debates

values: Popular sovereignty in the United States

values: Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values: Eastern Theater of the American Civil War

values: Western Theater of the American Civil War

values: Lower Seaboard Theater of the American Civil War

values: Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War

values: Pacific Coast Theater of the American Civil War

values: Blockade runners of the American Civil War

values: Territory of Arizona (Confederate States)

values: Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War

values: New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War

values: North Carolina in the American Civil War

values: Indian Territory in the American Civil War

values: South Carolina in the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)
mw-redirect
Benjamin Butler (politician)

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Reconstruction_Era
mw-redirect
Reconstruction Era

values:
/wiki/Kirk-Holden_war
mw-redirect
Kirk-Holden war

values:
/wiki/New_Orleans_riot
mw-redirect
New Orleans riot

values:
/wiki/First_Enforcement_Act_of_1871
mw-redirect
First Enforcement Act of 1871

values:
/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871
mw-redirect
Second Enforcement Act of 1871

values: South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876

values: List of Confederate monuments and memorials

values: Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era

values: List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials

values: List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic

values: Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials

values: Roger B. Taney Monument (Annapolis, Maryland)

values: Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument

values: Stonewall Jackson and Robert E. Lee Monument

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (Durham, North Carolina)

values: Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana)

values: Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States

values:
Related_topics
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values: List of weapons in the American Civil War

values: Confederate railroads in the American Civil War

values: Field artillery in the American Civil War

values: List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients

values: Military leadership in the American Civil War

values: Official Records of the American Civil War

values: United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War

values: Confederate States presidential election, 1861

values:
/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1863
mw-redirect
Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863

values: United States presidential election, 1864

values:
/wiki/War_Democrats
mw-redirect
War Democrats

values:
/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait
mw-redirect
A Lincoln Portrait

values:
/wiki/Marching_through_Georgia
mw-redirect
Marching through Georgia

values: Native Americans in the American Civil War

values: Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

values: Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade

values: Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book

values: Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4305373-7

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/028195744

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/184680467

values: Category:Cultural history of the American Civil War

values: Category:Novels by Harriet Beecher Stowe

values: Category:Novels first published in serial form

values: Category:Southern United States in fiction

values: Category:Works originally published in American magazines

values: Category:Works originally published in political magazines

values: Category:American novels adapted into films

values: Category:American novels adapted into plays

values: Category:Novels adapted into television programs

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كوخ العم توم – Arabic

values: Tom dayının daxması (roman) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: আঙ্কল টমস্ কেবিন – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Чичо Томовата колиба – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Η Καλύβα του Μπαρμπα-Θωμά – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کلبه عمو تام – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values: 톰 아저씨의 오두막 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: אוהל הדוד תום – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ბიძია ტომის ქოხი – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Колибата на чичо Том – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: അങ്കിൾ ടോംസ് ക്യാബിൻ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: アンクル・トムの小屋 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Хижина дяди Тома – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Чича Томина колиба – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: அங்கிள் டாம்’ஸ் கேபின் (நூல்) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: అంకుల్ టామ్స్ క్యాబిన్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: กระท่อมน้อยของลุงทอม – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Хатина дядька Тома – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 汤姆叔叔的小屋 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Uncle_Tom_s_Cabin rootpage-Uncle_Tom_s_Cabin skin-vector action-view