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Identity formation
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Identity formation, also known as individuation, is the development of the distinct personality of an individual[1] regarded as a persisting entity (known as personal continuity) in a particular stage of life in which individual characteristics are possessed and by which a person is recognized or known (such as the establishment of a reputation). This process defines individuals to others and themselves. Pieces of the person's actual identity include a sense of continuity, a sense of uniqueness from others, and a sense of affiliation. Identity formation leads to a number of issues of personal identity and an identity where the individual has some sort of comprehension of themselves as a discrete and separate entity. This may be through individuation whereby the undifferentiated individual tends to become unique, or undergoes stages through which differentiated facets of a person's life tend toward becoming a more indivisible whole.[citation needed]
Identity is often described as finite and consisting of separate and distinct parts (family, cultural, personal, professional, etc.), yet according to Parker J. Palmer, it is an ever-evolving core within where our genetics (biology), culture, loved ones, those we cared for, people who have harmed us and people we have harmed, the deeds done (good and ill) to self and others, experiences lived, and choices made come together to form who we are at this moment.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Theories
1.1 Erikson
1.2 Marcia
2 Self-concept
2.1 Cultural identity
2.2 Professional identity
2.3 Ethnic and national identity
2.4 Religious identity
2.5 Gender identity
2.6 Disability identity
3 Interpersonal identity development
3.1 Interaction
3.2 Collective identity
3.3 Social support
3.4 Family
3.5 Peer relationships
4 Influences on identity
4.1 Cognitive influences
4.2 Scholastic influences
4.3 Sociocultural influences
4.4 Parenting influences
4.5 Cyber-socializing and the Internet
5 In business
6 See also
7 Sources
8 References
9 External articles and references
9.1 Further reading
9.2 Websites
Theories[edit]
Many theories of development have aspects of identity formation included in them. Two theories stand out in regards to this topic[why?]: Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development (specifically the "identity versus role confusion" stage of his theory) and James Marcia's identity status theory.
Erikson[edit]
Erikson's belief is that throughout each person's lifetime, they experience different crises or conflicts. Each of the conflicts arises at a certain point in life and must be successfully resolved for progression to the next of the eight stages. The particular stage relevant to identity formation takes place during adolescence, called "Identity versus Role Confusion."[3]
The "Identity versus Role Confusion" stage consists of adolescents trying to figure out who they are in order to form a basic identity that they will build on throughout their life, especially concerning social and occupational identities. They face the complexities of determining one's own identity. Erikson said this crisis is resolved with identity achievement, the point at which an individual has extensively considered various goals and values, accepting some and rejecting others, and understands who they are as a unique person.[4] Once an adolescent has attained identity achievement, they are ready to enter the next stage of Erikson's theory "Intimacy versus Isolation" where they will form strong friendships and a sense of companionship with others. If the "Identity versus Role Confusion" crisis is not solved, an adolescent will face confusion about future plans, particularly their roles in adulthood. Failure to form one's own identity leads to failure to form a shared identity with others, which could lead to instability in many areas as an adult. The identity formation stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development is a crucial stage in life.[3]
Marcia[edit]
James Marcia created a structural interview designed to classify adolescents into one of four statuses of identity. The identity statuses are used to describe and pinpoint the progression of an adolescent's identity formation process. In James Marcia's theory, the operational definition of identity is whether an individual has explored various alternatives and made firm commitments to: an occupation, religion, sexual orientation and a set of political values.
The four identity statuses in James Marcia's theory are:[5]
Identity Diffusion (also known as Role Confusion): This is the opposite of identity achievement. The individual has not yet resolved their identity crisis, failing to commit to any goals or values and establish future life direction. In adolescents, this stage is characterized by disorganized thinking, procrastination, and avoidance of issues and action.[4]
Identity Foreclosure: This occurs when teenagers accept traditional values and cultural norms, rather than determining their own values. In other words, the person conforms to an identity without exploration as to what really suits them best. For instance, teenagers might follow the values and roles of their parents or cultural norms. They might also foreclose on a negative identity, the direct opposite of their parent's values or cultural norms.[4]
Identity Moratorium: This postpones identity achievement by providing temporary shelter. This status provides opportunities for exploration, either in breadth or in depth. Examples of moratoria common in American society include college or the military.[4]
Identity Achievement: This status is attained when the person has solved the identity issues by making commitments to goals, beliefs and values after extensive exploration of different areas.
Self-concept[edit]
Self-concept or self-identity is the sum of a being's knowledge and understanding of their self. The self-concept is different from self-consciousness, which is an awareness of one's self. Components of the self-concept include physical, psychological, and social attributes, which can be influenced by the individual's attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas. These components and attributes can not be condensed to the general concepts of self-image and self-esteem[citation needed] as different types of identity coming together in one person. These types of identity can be broken down into the following.
Cultural identity[edit]
Main article: Cultural identity
Cultural identity is the (feeling of) identity of a group or culture, or of an individual as far as they are influenced by their belonging to a group or culture. Cultural identity is similar to and has overlaps with, but is not synonymous with, identity politics. There are modern questions of culture that are transferred into questions of identity. Historical culture also influences individual identity, and as with modern cultural identity, individuals may pick and choose aspects of cultural identity, while rejecting or disowning other associated ideas.
Professional identity[edit]
Professional identity is the identification with a profession, exhibited by an aligning of roles, responsibilities, values, and ethical standards as accepted by the profession.[6]
Ethnic and national identity[edit]
An ethnic identity is the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. Recognition by others as a distinct ethnic group is often a contributing factor to developing this bond of identification. Ethnic groups are also often united by common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, ritualistic, or religious traits.
Processes that result in the emergence of such identification are summarised as ethnogenesis. Various cultural studies and social theory investigate the question of cultural and ethnic identities. Cultural identity remarks upon: place, gender, race, history, nationality, sexual orientation, religious beliefs and ethnicity.
National identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations. Members of a "nation" share a common identity, and usually a common origin, in the sense of ancestry, parentage or descent.[citation needed]
Religious identity[edit]
A religious identity is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual, involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as faith and mystic experience. The term "religious identity" refers to the personal practices related to communal faith and to rituals and communication stemming from such conviction. This identity formation begins with association in the parents' religious contacts, and individuation requires that the person chooses to the same—or different—religious identity than that of their parents.[citation needed]
Gender identity[edit]
In sociology, gender identity describes the gender with which a person identifies (i.e., whether one perceives oneself to be a man, a woman, outside of the gender binary, etc.), but can also be used to refer to the gender that other people attribute to the individual on the basis of what they know from gender role indications (social behavior, clothing, hair style, etc.). Gender identity may be affected by a variety of social structures, including the person's ethnic group, employment status, religion or irreligion, and family.
Disability identity[edit]
Disability identity refers to the particular disabilities with which an individual identifies. This may be something as obvious as a paraplegic person identifying as such, or something less prominent such as an Deaf person regarding themselves as part of a local, national, or global community of Deaf People Culture.
Disability identity is almost always determined by the particular disabilities that an individual is born with, however it may change later in life if an individual later becomes disabled or when an individual later discovers a previously overlooked disability (particularly applicable to mental disorders), and in some rare cases it may be influenced by exposure to disabled people as with BIID.
Interpersonal identity development[edit]
Social relation can refer to a multitude of social interactions, regulated by social norms, between two or more people, with each having a social position and performing a social role. In sociological hierarchy, social relation is more advanced than behavior, action, social behavior, social action, social contact and social interaction. Social relations form the basis of concepts such as social organization, social structure, social movement and social system.
Interpersonal identity development is composed of three elements:
Categorisation: Labeling others (and ourselves) into categories. (Tajfel & Turner,1986)
Identification: Associating others with certain groups.
Comparison: Comparing groups.
Interpersonal identity development allows an individual to question and examine various personality elements, such as ideas, beliefs, and behaviors. The actions or thoughts of others create social influences that change an individual. Examples of social influence can be seen in socialisation and peer pressure. This is the effect of other people on a person's behavior, thinking about one's Self, and subsequent acceptance or rejection of how other people attempt to influence the individual. Interpersonal identity development occurs during exploratory self-analysis and self-evaluation, ending at various times with the establishment of an easy-to-understand and consolidative sense of self or identity.
Interaction[edit]
Main article: Hegelian dialectic
During the interpersonal identity development an exchange of propositions and counter-propositions occurs, resulting in a qualitative transformation of the individual in the direction of the interaction. The aim of the interpersonal identity development is to try to resolve the undifferentiated facets of an individual. The individual's existence is undifferentiated but this, upon examination, is found to be indistinguishable from others. Given this, and with other admissions, the individual is led to a contradiction between self and others, thus forcing the withdrawal of the undifferentiated self as a truth. In resolution of this incongruence, the person integrates or rejects the encountered elements. This process results in a new identity. During each of these exchanges which human beings encounter as they go through life, the person must resolve the exchange and then face future exchanges. The exchanges are recurring, since the changing world constantly presents exchanges between individuals and thus allows individuals to redefine themselves.
Collective identity[edit]
The term collective identity is a sense of belonging to a group (the collective) that is so strong that a person who identifies with the group will dedicate their life to the group over individual identity: they will defend the views of the group and assume risks for the group, sometimes as great as loss of life. The cohesiveness of the collective goes beyond community, as the collective suffers the pain of grief from the loss of a member.
Social support[edit]
Individuals gain a social identity and group identity by their affiliation. This is from membership in various groups. These groups include, among various categories,:
family
ethnic
education and occupational status[7]
friendship
dating
religion
Family[edit]
One of the most important affiliations is that of their family, whether they be biological, extended or even adoptive families. Each has their own influence on identity through the interaction that takes place between the family members and with the individual person.[8] "Information regarding possible identities of possible selves comes from various contexts that surround adolescents and temporal commitments are tested and practiced in interaction with others."[9] Researchers and theorists basically state that an individual's identity(more specifically an adolescent's identity) is influenced by the people around them and the environment in which they live. Also if a family does not have integration this seems to help create identity diffusion (this is one of James Marcia's 4 identity statuses, meaning that an individual has not made commitments and does not try to make commitments.[10]) This is true for both males and females.[11] These concepts prove that a family has influence on an individual no matter if the influence be good or bad.
Peer relationships[edit]
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of same-sex friendships in the development of one's identity. This study involved the use of 24 same-sex college student friendship triads, consisting of 12 males and 12 females, with a total of 72 participants. Each triad was required to have known each other for a minimum of six months. A qualitative method was chosen, as it is the most appropriate in assessing development of identity. Semi-structured group interviewers took place, where the students were asked to reflect on stories and experiences with relationship problems. The results showed 5 common responses when assessing these relationship problems. The responses involved joking about the relationship problems, providing support, offering advice, relating others' experiences to their own similar experiences, and providing encouragement. The results concluded that adolescents are actively constructing their identities through common themes of conversation between same-sex friendships, in this case, involving relationship issues. The common themes of conversation that close peers seem to engage in, help to further their identity formation in life.[12]
Influences on identity[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
There is an abundant amount of influences on identity formation. Some of which have already been touched on in other sections of this article. Among the many influences, four influences stand out to be especially important. Those include: cognitive influences, scholastic influences, sociocultural influences and parenting influences.
Cognitive influences[edit]
Cognitive development influences identity formation. When adolescents are able to think abstractly and reason logically they have an easier time exploring and contemplating possible identities. When an adolescent has advanced cognitive development and maturity they tend to resolve identity issues more so than age mates that are less cognitively developed. When identity issues are solved quicker and better, there is more time and effort put into developing that identity. Having a solid identity earlier is a preferred situation and is one of the first steps in forming the desired life and goals of the individual.
Scholastic influences[edit]
Adolescents that have a post-secondary education tend to make more concrete goals and stable occupational commitments. So going to college or university can influence identity formation in a productive way. Of course, the opposite can also be true, where identity influences education and academics. The two can influence each other, ultimately forming identity in the process. Education's effect on identity can be beneficial for the individual's identity; the individual will be getting educated on different approaches and paths to take in the process of identity formation. Ultimately scholastics are important for our brains as well as our identities.
Sociocultural influences[edit]
Sociocultural influences are those of a broader social and historical context. For example, in the past, adolescents would likely just adopt the job, religious beliefs, etc. that was expected of them or that were the same as their parents. In a society like today's, adolescents have more resources to explore identity choices as well as more options for commitments. This influence is becoming less significant due to the growing acceptance of identity options that were once less accepted. Also, more of the identity options from the past are becoming unrecognized and less popular today. The changing sociocultural situation is forcing individuals to develop a unique identity based on their own aspirations. Sociocultural influences are playing a different role identity formation now than they have in the past. However, it still affects identity, just in a different way.
Parenting influences[edit]
The type of relationship that adolescents have with their parents has a significant role in identity formation. For example, when there is a solid and positive relationship between parent and adolescent they are more likely to feel freedom in exploring identity options for themselves. A study found that for boys and girls, identity formation is positively influenced by parental involvement specifically in the areas of: support, social monitoring and school monitoring.[13] In contrast, when the relationship is not as close and the adolescent fears rejection from the parent, they are more likely to feel less confident in forming a separate identity from their parent(s).[citation needed] These are just examples; of course there are other outcomes possible in adolescent identity formation when examining the parenting as well as the parent-child relationship.[citation needed]
Cyber-socializing and the Internet[edit]
See also: Online identity, Cyberpsychology, and Sociology of the Internet
The internet is becoming an extension of the expressive dimension of the youth condition. There, youth talk about their lives and concerns, design the content that they make available to others and assess others reactions to it in the form of optimized and electronically mediated social approval. When connected, youth speak of their daily routines and lives. With each post, image or video they upload, they have the possibility of asking themselves who they are and to try out profiles differing from those they assume in the ‘real’ world. They thus negotiate their identity and create senses of belonging, putting the acceptance and censure of others to the test, an essential mark of the process of identity construction.[14]
In business[edit]
In business, a professional identity is the "persona" of a professional which is designed to accord with and facilitate the attainment of business objectives. A professional identity comes into being when there is a philosophy which is manifest in a distinct corporate culture - the corporate personality. A business professional is a person in a profession with certain types of skills that sometimes requires formal training or education.
The career development of an individual focuses on how individuals manage their careers within and between organisations and how organisations structure the career progress of their members, and can be tied into succession planning within some organizations.
Within the business realm and many careers is the role of management. Management tasks enhance leadership, by creating an environment where all team members know and assume responsibility for their roles. Employees' self-concept and affiliation are often aligned with their roles in the organization.
Training is a form of identity setting, since it has not only effects on knowledge, but also affects the team member's self-concept. Knowledge, on the other hand, of the position introduces a new path of less effort to the trainee, which prolong the effects of training and promote a stronger self-concept. Other forms of identity setting in an Organization include Business Cards, Specific Benefits by Role, and Task Forwarding.[15]
See also[edit]
Erving Goffman
Genealogical bewilderment
George Herbert Mead
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Lev Vygotsky
Moral development
Identification (psychology)
Identity crisis (psychology)
Self-discovery
Self-Schema
Social identity
Social theory
Symbolic interactionism
Otium
Sources[edit]
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 Licence statement: Youth and changing realities: rethinking secondary education in Latin America, 44-45, López, Néstor; Opertti, Renato; Vargas Tamez, Carlos, UNESCO. UNESCO.
To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles, please see the terms of use.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Free Dictionary (2012). "Individuation". Retrieved 11 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Palmer, P. J. (2008). "The heart of a teacher: Identity and integrity in teaching" (PDF). Retrieved October 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Erikson, Erik H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Berger, Kathleen Stassen (2014). Invitation to the Life Span, Second Edition. New York: Worth Publishers.
Jump up ^ Marcia, James E. (1966). "Development and validation of egoidentity status". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 3: 551–558. PMID 5939604. doi:10.1037/h0023281.
Jump up ^ Goltz, Heather Honoré; Smith, Matthew Lee (2014-11-01). "Forming and Developing Your Professional Identity Easy as PI". Health Promotion Practice. 15 (6): 785–789. ISSN 1524-8399. PMID 25015568. doi:10.1177/1524839914541279.
Jump up ^ Hurd, E (2010). "Confessions of Belonging: My Emotional Journey as a Medical Translator". Qualitative Inquiry. 16 (10): 783–791. doi:10.1177/1077800410383117.
Jump up ^ Grotevant, H. D. (1997). "Family processes, identity development, and behavioral outcomes for adopted adolescents". Journal of Adolescent Research. 12 (1): 139–161. doi:10.1177/0743554897121008.
Jump up ^ Goossens, L (2008). "Dynamics of perceived parenting and identity formation in late adolescence". Journal of Adolescence. 31 (2): 165–184. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.04.003.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescence. Boston: McGraw Hill.
Jump up ^ Willemsen; Waterman, K. (1991). "EGO IDENTITY STATUS AND FAMILY ENVIRONMENT: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY". Psychological Reports. 69: 1203–1212. doi:10.2466/pr0.1991.69.3f.1203.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Elizabeth M. & Korobov, Neill. (2011). Interpersonal Identity Formation in Conversations with Close Friends About Dating Relationships. "Journal of Adolescence".
Jump up ^ Sartor, Carolyn E. & Youniss, James. (2002). The relationship between positive parental involvement and identity achievement during adolescence. Adolescence, 37, 221-234.
Jump up ^ López, Néstor; Opertti, Renato; Vargas Tamez, Carlos (2017). Youth and changing realities: Rethinking secondary education in Latin America (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-92-31 00204-5.
Jump up ^ Salvador, José (2009). MBA CookBook.
External articles and references[edit]
Further reading[edit]
A Erdman,A Study of Bisexual Identity Formation. 2006.
A Portes, D MacLeod, What Shall I Call Myself? Hispanic Identity Formation in the Second Generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1996.
AS Waterman, Identity Formation: Discovery or Creation? The Journal of Early Adolescence, 1984.
AS Waterman, Finding Someone to be: Studies on the Role of Intrinsic Motivation in Identity Formation. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2004.
A Warde, Consumption, Identity-Formation and Uncertainty. Sociology, 1994.
A Wendt, Collective Identity Formation and the International State. The American Political Science Review, 1994.
CA Willard, 1996 — Liberalism and the Problem of Knowledge: A New Rhetoric for Modern Democracy, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226898452; OCLC 260223405
Schryer, CF (2005). "Genre Theory, Health-Care Discourse, and Professional Identity Formation". Journal of Business and Technical Communication. 19 (3): 249–278. doi:10.1177/1050651905275625.
CG Levine, JE Côté, JE Cãotâ, Identity Formation, Agency, and Culture: a social psychological synthesis. 2002.
Blustein, DL (1989). "Relationship between the Identity Formation Process and Career Development". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 36: 196–202. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.196.
Grotevant, HD (1987). "Toward a Process Model of Identity Formation". Journal of Adolescent Research. 2: 203–222. doi:10.1177/074355488723003.
G Robert, C Bate, C Pope, J Gabbay, A le May, Processes and dynamics of identity formation in professional organisations. 2007.
HL Minton, GJ McDonald, Homosexual identity formation as a developmental process.
Abu-Saad, I (2006). "State-Controlled Education and Identity Formation Among the Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel". American Behavioral Scientist. 49 (8): 1085–1100. doi:10.1177/0002764205284720.
Côté, JE (1996). "Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture-identity link and identity capital". Journal of Adolescence. 19: 417–428. doi:10.1006/jado.1996.0040.
Craig-Bray, L; Adams, GR; Dobson, WR (1988). "Identity formation and social relations during late adolescence". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 17: 173–187. doi:10.1007/bf01537966.
Boyes, MC; Chandler, M (1992). "Cognitive development, epistemic doubt, and identity formation in adolescence". Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 21: 277–304. doi:10.1007/bf01537019.
MD Berzonsky, Self-construction over the life-span: A process perspective on identity formation. Advances in personal construct theory, 1990.
RB Hall, (Reviewer) Uses of the Other: 'The East' in European Identity Formation (by IB Neumann) University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1999. 248 pages. ISBN 0-8166-3082-8 International Studies Review Vol.3, Issue 1, Pages 101-111
Sabatelli, RM; Mazor, A (1985). "Differentiation, individuation, and identity formation". Adolescence.
Schwartz, SJ; Kurtines, WM; Montgomery, MJ (2005). "A comparison of two strategies for facilitating identity formation processes in emerging adults". Journal of Adolescent Research. 20: 309–345. doi:10.1177/0743558404273119.
Postmes, T; Haslam, SA; Swaab, RI (2005). "Social influence in small groups: An interactive model of social identity formation". European Review of Social Psychology. 16: 1–42. doi:10.1080/10463280440000062.
Cass, VC (1979). "Homosexual identity formation: a theoretical model". J Homosex.
Cass, VC (1984). "Homosexual identity formation: Testing a theoretical model". Journal of Sex Research. 20: 143–167. doi:10.1080/00224498409551214.
VC Cass, Sexual orientation identity formation: A Western phenomenon. Textbook of homosexuality and mental health, 1996.
Penuel, WR; Wertsch, JV (1995). "Vygotsky and identity formation: A sociocultural approach". Educational Psychologist. 30: 83–92. doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3002_5.
Websites[edit]
A positive approach to identity formation of biracial children". ematusov.soe.udel.edu
Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research. "Identity" is the official journal of the Society for Research on Identity Formation.
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Mercedes Benz (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Mercedes Benz"
Single by Janis Joplin
from the album Pearl
Released
1970
Recorded
October 1, 1970
Songwriter(s)
Janis Joplin
Michael McClure
Bob Neuwirth
Producer(s)
Paul A. Rothchild
"Mercedes Benz" is an a cappella song written by singer Janis Joplin with the poets Michael McClure and Bob Neuwirth, and originally recorded by Joplin.[1] In the song, the singer asks the Lord to prove His love for her by buying her a Mercedes-Benz, a color TV, and a "night on the town." There is also a reference to Dialing for Dollars, a franchised format local television program, which required one to be watching the show to win when the show called your phone number, hence the singer's need for a TV.
The song is considered to be a rejection of consumerism.[1]
Contents
1 History
2 Cover versions
3 In popular culture
4 References
History[edit]
The song's lyrics were written at Vahsen's, a Port Chester, New York bar, on August 8, 1970 during an impromptu poetry jam between Joplin and songwriter Bob Neuwirth.[2] The lyrics were inspired by the first line of a song written by San Francisco beat poet Michael McClure, "Come on, God, and buy me a Mercedes Benz." Joplin heard it sung by a friend of McClure's, and she began to sing it, too. At the Port Chester bar, Joplin sang the line a few times and began riffing on the McClure lyrics, while Neuwirth copied the new lyrics onto bar napkins, which he kept for years. She sang the new version for the first time that night at her concert at the Capitol Theatre in Port Chester.[2][3]
The song was recorded in one take[4] on October 1, 1970. These were the last tracks Joplin ever recorded; she died three days later, on October 4. The song appeared on the album Pearl, released in 1971. The song title, as listed on that album, contains no hyphen although the actual automobile brand name is hyphenated.
In 2003, Joplin's recording was remixed, adding a beat and a background melody. The remixed version was included on collections of Joplin's greatest hits.
A Porsche 356 driven by Janis Joplin, customized with psychedelic art
Cover versions[edit]
1971 – Elton John covered the song briefly on his American tour
1972 – the song was covered by the Goose Creek Symphony, becoming their best-known recording
1974 – The Supremes covered the song with their own lyrics, with all four members (Cindy Birdsong, Mary Wilson and Scherrie Payne) singing on lead
1976 – the song was covered by the British folk group Swan Arcade
1980 – German singer-songwriter Klaus Lage recorded a version in German language
1992 – French-Canadian pop star Mitsou recorded a dance-pop version of the song on her EP Heading West
1992 – Norwegian vocal pop group Bjelleklang recorded a Norwegian-language version on their album Holiholihooo ...
1994 – Bob Rivers released a parody titled "Honda Accord"[5]
1994 – a cover version was made by a Dutch pop/dance band T-Spoon
1995 – a version was included on Gina Jeffreys' album, The Flame
1996 – a live cover version was included on the Concrete Blonde compilation Recollection: The Best of Concrete Blonde
1997 – American blues artist Taj Mahal covered the song for the compilation album Blues Down Deep: Songs of Janis Joplin
1997 – a cover version was made by the Italian pop/dance singer Spagna, and included as a ghost track on her album Indivisibili
1998 – former Guns N' Roses rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke included a version of the song on his album Rubber
1998 – Brazilian countertenor, pop and jazz singer Edson Cordeiro covered the song in his 1998 album Disco Clubbing ao Vivo
1999 – the EP Humppaorgiat by the Finnish comedy group Eläkeläiset featured a cover titled KELA, the lyrics requesting for a moped, a submachine gun, a blow-up doll, a stocked medicine cabinet and for "many things truly awesome" from the Social Insurance Institution
1999 – the Japanese adult video star Miki Sawaguchi included a cover version of the song on her album Big Boobs/Watashi no Mune de Onemurinasai. Her version is also a capella, and sung in thickly-accented English
2000 – a re-make by Hubert von Goisern on his album Fön (2000)
2001 – the key line was interpolated into the opera Jeppe: The Cruel Comedy
2006 – Pink covered the song on her I'm Not Dead Tour
2009 – a cover version was made by Kendel Carson and released on her album Alright Dynamite
2009 – the Portuguese Star Maria Ana Charrua covered the song in the Portuguese version of "the Idols"
2010 – a version recorded by Dave Clark & Friends in the early 1970s was released
2010 – the song was covered by Jon Boden as part of his A Folk Song a Day project
2010 – a cover version by Jackyl on the When Moonshine and Dynamite Collide album
2011 – a cover version by Chimène Badi on the Gospel & Soul album
2011 – hip-hop artist G-Eazy samples the song in "Mercedes Benz (The American Dream)"
2012 – the song was covered and translated into Ukrainian by singer-songwriter Yuriy Veres for the album 60/70
2012 – Singer Masha covered the song on her popular YouTube channel on September 22, 2012 [6]
2016 – a re-production feat. Janis Joplin by producer duo Hecchi & Kethmer as a single
2017 – The Spanish Folk Metal band Mägo de Oz performed a live version of the song in the concert with the Symphony Orchestra of Mexico Diabulus In Ópera. Previously they made a version like B Side of the song "Deja de llorar (y vuélvete a levantar)".
2018 – The German band AnnenMayKantereit published an a cappella cover of the song on their YouTube channel featuring the band's lead singer Henning May.[7]
In popular culture[edit]
The pianist Glenn Gould used the song prominently in the third and final radio documentary he made for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1977. The documentary, titled The Quiet In The Land, is part of what is often referred to as Gould's Solitude Trilogy.
The song was used in the 1989 mini-series Bangkok Hilton and in opening of the 2008 German film Der Baader Meinhof Komplex.
The song has been used several times in car advertisements. Mercedes-Benz used it in television commercials for their cars as early as 1995. The song appeared again in an advertisement which aired on February 6, 2011 during a Super Bowl commercial in addition to advertisements in 2007. Another commercial, for the BMW Z3, had the driver listening to a cassette tape of the song, frowning after Mercedes-Benz was mentioned, and throwing the tape out of the car after the Porsche is mentioned.
In 2011, on the initiative of the British music and lifestyle BLAG Magazine, singer and songwriter Estelle, rapper and producer David Banner and the musician Daley composed the new song "Benz", inspired by Joplin's "Mercedes Benz".[8][9][10]
In a 2012 episode of the British TV Series Citizen Khan, the title character sings his own version when driving his yellow Mercedes. "Oh lord bought me a Mercedes-Benz. My friends all drive Datsuns. They are infidels."
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Neal, Chris. "Janis Joplin's Mercedes Benz". Performing Songwriter. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Myers, Marc (7 July 2015). "The Story Behind Janis Joplin's 'Mercedes Benz'". Wall St. Journal. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Singer Bobby Womack asserts in his autobiography that Joplin was inspired to come up with the lyrics after going for a ride with him in his Mercedes-Benz. Womack, Bobby with Ashton, Robert (2006). "Midnight Mover: Autobiography". John Blake Publishing. We rode a couple of blocks while she fixed a tune in her head and then started singing. A line just spilled out. 'Oh Lord, won't you buy me a Mercedes Benz. 'My friends all drive Porsches, I must make amends.' CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Pearl album by Janis Joplin, Superseventies.com
Jump up ^ http://www.bobrivers.com/index.php/honda-accord/
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IVladJEWZ0
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCru0f128ic
Jump up ^ Estelle x David Banner x Daley – Making Of The New "Benz" Song | Behind The Scene Video
Jump up ^ Music project by the magazine BLAG – inspired by Janis Joplin: Estelle, David Banner and Daley create a new Mercedes song
Jump up ^ Artists Estelle, David Banner and Daley with BLAG Magazine Create "Benz" Inspired by Janis Joplin
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Janis Joplin
Studio albums
Big Brother & the Holding Company (1967)
Cheap Thrills (1968)
I Got Dem Ol' Kozmic Blues Again Mama! (1969)
Pearl (1971)
Live albums
In Concert (1972)
Live at Winterland '68 (1998)
The Woodstock Experience (2009)
Live at the Carousel Ballroom 1968 (2012)
Compilations
Janis Joplin's Greatest Hits (1973)
Janis (1975)
Wicked Woman (1976)
Farewell Song (1982)
Janis (1993)
This Is Janis Joplin (1995)
18 Essential Songs (1995)
Love, Janis (2001)
The Lost Tapes (2008)
Move Over! (2011)
Blow All My Blues Away (2012)
The Pearl Sessions (2012)
Songs
"Ball and Chain"
"Careless Love"
"Cry Baby"
"Down on Me"
"Flower in the Sun"
"Hesitation Blues"
"Kozmic Blues"
"Mary Jane"
"Me and Bobby McGee"
"Mercedes Benz"
"Move Over"
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out"
"Piece of My Heart"
"See See Rider"
"Silver Threads and Golden Needles"
"Summertime"
"Tell Mama"
"To Love Somebody"
"Trouble in Mind"
"What Good Can Drinkin' Do"
"Work Me, Lord"
Related
Big Brother and the Holding Company
Full Tilt Boogie Band
Janis (1974 documentary)
Love, Janis (2001 musical)
Nine Hundred Nights (2001 documentary)
Janis: Little Girl Blue (2015 documentary)
Sam Andrew
Jorma Kaukonen
Gabriel Mekler
Michael Monarch
Book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes_Benz_(song)&oldid=849147505"
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List of English football champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Leicester City celebrate winning the Premier League in the 2015–16 season.
The English football champions are the winners of the highest league in English men's football, which since 1992-1993 is the Premier League.
Following the legalisation of professional football by the Football Association in 1885,[1] the English Football League was established in 1888, after a series of meetings initiated by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[2] At the end of the 1888–89 season, Preston North End were the first club to be crowned champions after completing their fixtures unbeaten.[3]
Representing the first fully professional football competition in the world the league saw its early years dominated by teams from the North and Midlands, where professionalism was embraced more readily than in the South.[4] Its status as the country's pre-eminent league was strengthened in 1892, when the rival Football Alliance was absorbed into the Football League.[5] Former Alliance clubs comprised the bulk of a new Second Division, from which promotion to the top level could be gained. It was not until 1931 that a Southern club were crowned champions, when Herbert Chapman's Arsenal secured the title. Arsenal scored 127 goals in the process, a record for a title-winning side (though runners-up Aston Villa scored one goal more, a record for the top division).[6]
Rules stipulating a maximum wage for players were abolished in 1961. This resulted in a shift of power towards bigger clubs.[7] Financial considerations became an even bigger influence from 1992, when the teams then in the First Division defected to form the FA Premier League. This supplanted the Football League First Division as the highest level of football in England,[8] and due to a series of progressively larger television contracts, put wealth into the hands of top flight clubs in a hitherto unprecedented manner.[9] The first five champions in the Premier League era - Arsenal, Blackburn Rovers, Chelsea, Manchester City and Manchester United - had all won the title at least once prior to 1992. Leicester City were crowned champions for the first time in 2016, becoming the first (and to date only) team to win the Premier League without having previously won the First Division.
All the clubs which have ever been crowned champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system - the football pyramid. Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles.
Manchester United have won 20 titles, the most of any club.[10] United's rivals Liverpool are second with 18. Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s, while United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under Sir Alex Ferguson. Arsenal are third; their 13 titles all came after 1930. Everton (nine) have enjoyed success throughout their history, and both Aston Villa (seven) and Sunderland (six) secured the majority of their titles before World War I. Huddersfield Town in 1924–26, Arsenal in 1933–35, Liverpool in 1982–84 and Manchester United in 1999–2001 and 2007–09 are the only sides to have won the League title in three consecutive seasons.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 List
1.1 Football League (1888–1892)
1.2 Football League First Division (1892–1992)
2 Premier League (1992–present)
3 Total titles won
4 Total titles won by region
4.1 By City / Town
5 Multiple trophy wins
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
List[edit]
Teams in bold are those who won the double of League Championship and FA Cup, or the European Double of League Championship and European Cup in that season.
Football League (1888–1892)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Runners-up
Third place
Leading goalscorer
Goals
1888–89 Preston North End[1] Aston Villa Wolverhampton Wanderers John Goodall (Preston North End) 21
1889–90 Preston North End (2) Everton Blackburn Rovers Jimmy Ross (Preston North End) 24
1890–91 Everton Preston North End Notts County Jack Southworth (Blackburn Rovers) 26
1891–92 Sunderland Preston North End Bolton Wanderers John Campbell (Sunderland) 32
Football League First Division (1892–1992)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Runners-up
Third place
Leading goalscorer
Goals
1892–93 Sunderland (2) Preston North End Everton John Campbell (Sunderland) 31
1893–94 Aston Villa Sunderland Derby County Jack Southworth (Everton) 27
1894–95 Sunderland (3) Everton Aston Villa John Campbell (Sunderland) 22
1895–96 Aston Villa (2) Derby County Everton Johnny Campbell (Aston Villa)
Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 20
1896–97 Aston Villa (3) Sheffield United Derby County Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 22
1897–98 Sheffield United Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers Fred Wheldon (Aston Villa) 21
1898–99 Aston Villa (4) Liverpool Burnley Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 23
1899–1900 Aston Villa (5) Sheffield United Sunderland Billy Garraty (Aston Villa) 27
1900–01 Liverpool Sunderland Notts County Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 23
1901–02 Sunderland (4) Everton Newcastle United Jimmy Settle (Everton) 18
1902–03 The Wednesday[8] Aston Villa Sunderland Sam Raybould (Liverpool) 31
1903–04 The Wednesday[8] (2) Manchester City Everton Steve Bloomer (Derby County) 20
1904–05 Newcastle United Everton Manchester City Arthur Brown (Sheffield United) 22
1905–06 Liverpool (2) Preston North End The Wednesday Albert Shepherd (Bolton Wanderers) 26
1906–07 Newcastle United (2) Bristol City Everton Alex Young (Everton) 30
1907–08 Manchester United Aston Villa Manchester City Enoch West (Nottingham Forest) 27
1908–09 Newcastle United (3) Everton Sunderland Bert Freeman (Everton) 38
1909–10 Aston Villa (6) Liverpool Blackburn Rovers Jack Parkinson (Liverpool) 30
1910–11 Manchester United (2) Aston Villa Sunderland Albert Shepherd (Newcastle United) 25
1911–12 Blackburn Rovers Everton Newcastle United Harry Hampton (Aston Villa)
George Holley (Sunderland)
David McLean (The Wednesday) 25
1912–13 Sunderland (5) Aston Villa The Wednesday David McLean (The Wednesday) 30
1913–14 Blackburn Rovers (2) Aston Villa Middlesbrough George Elliot (Middlesbrough) 32
1914–15 Everton (2) Oldham Athletic Blackburn Rovers Bobby Parker (Everton) 35
1915/16–1918/19 League suspended owing to the First World War
1919–20 West Bromwich Albion Burnley Chelsea Fred Morris (West Bromwich Albion) 37
1920–21 Burnley Manchester City Bolton Wanderers Joe Smith (Bolton Wanderers) 38
1921–22 Liverpool (3) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Andy Wilson (Middlesbrough) 31
1922–23 Liverpool (4) Sunderland Huddersfield Town Charlie Buchan (Sunderland) 30
1923–24 Huddersfield Town Cardiff City Sunderland Wilf Chadwick (Everton) 28
1924–25 Huddersfield Town (2) West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Frank Roberts (Manchester City) 31
1925–26 Huddersfield Town (3) Arsenal Sunderland Ted Harper (Blackburn Rovers) 43
1926–27 Newcastle United (4) Huddersfield Town Sunderland Jimmy Trotter (The Wednesday) 37
1927–28 Everton (3) Huddersfield Town Leicester City Dixie Dean (Everton) 60
1928–29 The Wednesday[8] (3) Leicester City Aston Villa Dave Halliday (Sunderland) 43
1929–30 Sheffield Wednesday (4) Derby County Manchester City Vic Watson (West Ham United) 41
1930–31 Arsenal Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Tom Waring (Aston Villa) 49
1931–32 Everton (4) Arsenal Sheffield Wednesday Dixie Dean (Everton) 44
1932–33 Arsenal (2) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Jack Bowers (Derby County) 35
1933–34 Arsenal (3) Huddersfield Town Tottenham Hotspur Jack Bowers (Derby County) 34
1934–35 Arsenal (4) Sunderland Sheffield Wednesday Ted Drake (Arsenal) 42
1935–36 Sunderland (6) Derby County Huddersfield Town W. G. Richardson (West Bromwich Albion) 39
1936–37 Manchester City Charlton Athletic Arsenal Freddie Steele (Stoke City) 33
1937–38 Arsenal (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End Tommy Lawton (Everton) 28
1938–39 Everton (5) Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Tommy Lawton (Everton) 35
1939/40–1945/46 League suspended owing to the Second World War
1946–47 Liverpool (5) Manchester United Wolverhampton Wanderers Dennis Westcott (Wolverhampton Wanderers) 37
1947–48 Arsenal (6) Manchester United Burnley Ronnie Rooke (Arsenal) 33
1948–49 Portsmouth Manchester United Derby County Willie Moir (Bolton Wanderers) 25
1949–50 Portsmouth (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunderland Dickie Davis (Sunderland) 25
1950–51 Tottenham Hotspur Manchester United Blackpool Stan Mortensen (Blackpool) 30
1951–52 Manchester United (3) Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal George Robledo (Newcastle United) 33
1952–53 Arsenal (7) Preston North End Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlie Wayman (Preston North End) 24
1953–54 Wolverhampton Wanderers West Bromwich Albion Huddersfield Town Jimmy Glazzard (Huddersfield Town) 29
1954–55 Chelsea Wolverhampton Wanderers Portsmouth Ronnie Allen (West Bromwich Albion) 27
1955–56 Manchester United (4) Blackpool Wolverhampton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse (Bolton Wanderers) 33
1956–57 Manchester United (5) Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End John Charles (Leeds United) 38
1957–58 Wolverhampton Wanderers (2) Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur Bobby Smith (Tottenham Hotspur) 36
1958–59 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3) Manchester United Arsenal Jimmy Greaves (Chelsea) 33
1959–60 Burnley (2) Wolverhampton Wanderers Tottenham Hotspur Dennis Viollet (Manchester United) 32
1960–61 Tottenham Hotspur (2) Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton Wanderers Jimmy Greaves (Chelsea) 41
1961–62 Ipswich Town Burnley Tottenham Hotspur Ray Crawford (Ipswich Town)
Derek Kevan (West Bromwich Albion) 33
1962–63 Everton (6) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 37
1963–64 Liverpool (6) Manchester United Everton Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 35
1964–65 Manchester United (6) Leeds United Chelsea Andy McEvoy (Blackburn Rovers)
Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 29
1965–66 Liverpool (7) Leeds United Burnley Willie Irvine (Burnley) 29
1966–67 Manchester United (7) Nottingham Forest Tottenham Hotspur Ron Davies (Southampton) 37
1967–68 Manchester City (2) Manchester United Liverpool George Best (Manchester United)
Ron Davies (Southampton) 28
1968–69 Leeds United Liverpool Everton Jimmy Greaves (Tottenham Hotspur) 27
1969–70 Everton (7) Leeds United Chelsea Jeff Astle (West Bromwich Albion) 25
1970–71 Arsenal (8) Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Tony Brown (West Bromwich Albion) 28
1971–72 Derby County Leeds United Liverpool Francis Lee (Manchester City) 33
1972–73 Liverpool[2] (8) Arsenal Leeds United Pop Robson (West Ham United) 28
1973–74 Leeds United (2) Liverpool Derby County Mick Channon (Southampton) 21
1974–75 Derby County (2) Liverpool Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald (Newcastle United) 21
1975–76 Liverpool[2] (9) Queens Park Rangers Manchester United Ted MacDougall (Norwich City) 23
1976–77 Liverpool[3] (10) Manchester City Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald (Arsenal)
Andy Gray (Aston Villa) 25
1977–78 Nottingham Forest[4] Liverpool Everton Bob Latchford (Everton) 30
1978–79 Liverpool (11) Nottingham Forest West Bromwich Albion Frank Worthington (Bolton Wanderers) 24
1979–80 Liverpool (12) Manchester United Ipswich Town Phil Boyer (Southampton) 23
1980–81 Aston Villa (7) Ipswich Town Arsenal Peter Withe (Aston Villa)
Steve Archibald (Tottenham Hotspur) 20
1981–82 [5] Liverpool[5](13) Ipswich Town Manchester United Kevin Keegan (Southampton) 26
1982–83 Liverpool[4] (14) Watford Manchester United Luther Blissett (Watford) 27
1983–84 Liverpool[3][4] (15) Southampton Nottingham Forest Ian Rush (Liverpool) 32
1984–85 Everton[6] (8) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Kerry Dixon (Chelsea)
Gary Lineker (Leicester City) 24
1985–86 Liverpool (16) Everton West Ham United Gary Lineker (Everton) 30
1986–87 Everton (9) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Clive Allen (Tottenham Hotspur) 33
1987–88 Liverpool (17) Manchester United Nottingham Forest John Aldridge (Liverpool) 26
1988–89 Arsenal (9) Liverpool Nottingham Forest Alan Smith (Arsenal) 23
1989–90 Liverpool (18) Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur Gary Lineker (Tottenham Hotspur) 24
1990–91 Arsenal (10) Liverpool Crystal Palace Alan Smith (Arsenal) 22
1991–92 Leeds United (3) Manchester United Sheffield Wednesday Ian Wright (Crystal Palace/Arsenal) 29
Premier League (1992–present)[edit]
Year
Champions
(number of titles)
Points
Runners-up
Points
Third place
Points
Top goalscorer
Goals
1992–93 Manchester United (8) 84 Aston Villa 74 Norwich City 72 Teddy Sheringham (Nottingham Forest/Tottenham) 22
1993–94 Manchester United (9) 92 Blackburn Rovers 84 Newcastle United 77 Andrew Cole (Newcastle United) 34
1994–95 Blackburn Rovers (3) 89 Manchester United 88 Nottingham Forest 77 Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers) 34
1995–96 Manchester United (10) 82 Newcastle United 78 Liverpool 71 Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers) 31
1996–97 Manchester United (11) 75 Newcastle United 68 Arsenal 68 Alan Shearer (Newcastle United) 25
1997–98 Arsenal (11) 78 Manchester United 77 Liverpool 65 Chris Sutton (Blackburn Rovers)
Dion Dublin (Coventry City)
Michael Owen (Liverpool) 18
1998–99 Manchester United[7] (12) 79 Arsenal 78 Chelsea 75 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (Leeds United)
Michael Owen (Liverpool)
Dwight Yorke (Manchester United) 18
1999–2000 Manchester United (13) 91 Arsenal 73 Leeds United 69 Kevin Phillips (Sunderland) 30
2000–01 Manchester United (14) 80 Arsenal 70 Liverpool 69 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink (Chelsea) 23
2001–02 Arsenal (12) 87 Liverpool 80 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 24
2002–03 Manchester United (15) 83 Arsenal 78 Newcastle United 69 Ruud van Nistelrooy (Manchester United) 25
2003–04 Arsenal[1] (13) 90 Chelsea 79 Manchester United 75 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 30
2004–05 Chelsea[4] (2) 95 Arsenal 83 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 25
2005–06 Chelsea (3) 91 Manchester United 83 Liverpool 82 Thierry Henry (Arsenal) 27
2006–07 Manchester United (16) 89 Chelsea 83 Liverpool 68 Didier Drogba (Chelsea) 20
2007–08 Manchester United[3] (17) 87 Chelsea 85 Arsenal 83 Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United) 31
2008–09 Manchester United[4] (18) 90 Liverpool 86 Chelsea 83 Nicolas Anelka (Chelsea) 19
2009–10 Chelsea (4) 86 Manchester United 85 Arsenal 75 Didier Drogba (Chelsea) 29
2010–11 Manchester United (19) 80 Chelsea 71 Manchester City 71 Dimitar Berbatov (Manchester United)
Carlos Tevez (Manchester City) 20
2011–12 Manchester City (3) 89 Manchester United 89 Arsenal 70 Robin van Persie (Arsenal) 30
2012–13 Manchester United (20) 89 Manchester City 78 Chelsea 75 Robin van Persie (Manchester United) 26
2013–14 Manchester City[4] (4) 86 Liverpool 84 Chelsea 82 Luis Suárez (Liverpool) 31
2014–15 Chelsea[4] (5) 87 Manchester City 79 Arsenal 75 Sergio Agüero (Manchester City) 26
2015–16 Leicester City 81 Arsenal 71 Tottenham Hotspur 70 Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur) 25
2016–17 Chelsea (6) 93 Tottenham Hotspur 86 Manchester City 78 Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur) 29
Bold indicates Double winners – i.e. League and FA Cup winners OR League and European Cup winners
Bold Italic indicates Treble winners – i.e. League, FA Cup and European Cup winners
Total titles won[edit]
Teams in bold compete in the Premier League as of the 2017–18 season.
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Winning seasons
Manchester United 20 15 1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13
Liverpool 18 13 1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90
Arsenal 13 9 1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04
Everton 9 7 1890–91, 1914–15, 1927–28, 1931–32, 1938–39, 1962–63, 1969–70, 1984–85, 1986–87
Aston Villa 7 10 1893–94, 1895–96, 1896–97, 1898–99, 1899–1900, 1909–10, 1980–81
Sunderland 6 5 1891–92, 1892–93, 1894–95, 1901–02, 1912–13, 1935–36
Chelsea 6 4 1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15, 2016–17
Manchester City 4 5 1936–37, 1967–68, 2011–12, 2013–14
Newcastle United 4 2 1904–05, 1906–07, 1908–09, 1926–27
Sheffield Wednesday 4 1 1902–03, 1903–04, 1928–29, 1929–30
Leeds United 3 5 1968–69, 1973–74, 1991–92
Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 5 1953–54, 1957–58, 1958–59
Huddersfield Town 3 3 1923–24, 1924–25, 1925–26
Blackburn Rovers 3 1 1911–12, 1913–14, 1994–95
Preston North End 2 6 1888–89, 1889–90
Tottenham Hotspur 2 5 1950–51, 1960–61
Derby County 2 3 1971–72, 1974–75
Burnley 2 2 1920–21, 1959–60
Portsmouth 2 0 1948–49, 1949–50
Ipswich Town 1 2 1961–62
Nottingham Forest 1 2 1977–78
Sheffield United 1 2 1897–98
West Bromwich Albion 1 2 1919–20
Leicester City 1 1 2015–16
Bristol City 0 1
Oldham Athletic 0 1
Cardiff City 0 1
Charlton Athletic 0 1
Blackpool 0 1
Queen's Park Rangers 0 1
Watford 0 1
Southampton 0 1
Total titles won by region[edit]
Region
Number of titles
Clubs
North West 58 Manchester United (20), Liverpool (18), Everton (9), Manchester City (4) Blackburn Rovers (3), Burnley (2), Preston North End (2)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Yorkshire 11 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Huddersfield Town (3), Leeds United (3), Sheffield United (1)
West Midlands 11 Aston Villa (7), Wolverhampton Wanderers (3), West Bromwich Albion (1)
North East 10 Sunderland (6), Newcastle United (4)
East Midlands 4 Derby County (2), Leicester City (1), Nottingham Forest (1)
South East 2 Portsmouth (2)
East of England 1 Ipswich Town (1)
South West –
Wales –
By City / Town[edit]
City / Town
Championships
Clubs
Liverpool 27 Liverpool (18), Everton (9)
Manchester 24 Manchester United (20), Manchester City (4)
London 21 Arsenal (13), Chelsea (6), Tottenham Hotspur (2)
Birmingham 7 Aston Villa (7)
Sunderland 6 Sunderland (6)
Sheffield 5 Sheffield Wednesday (4), Sheffield United (1)
Newcastle 4 Newcastle United (4)
Blackburn 3 Blackburn Rovers (3)
Huddersfield 3 Huddersfield Town (3)
Leeds 3 Leeds United (3)
Wolverhampton 3 Wolverhampton Wanderers (3)
Burnley 2 Burnley (2)
Derby 2 Derby County (2)
Portsmouth 2 Portsmouth (2)
Preston 2 Preston North End (2)
Ipswich 1 Ipswich Town (1)
Leicester 1 Leicester City (1)
Nottingham 1 Nottingham Forest (1)
West Bromwich 1 West Bromwich Albion (1)
Multiple trophy wins[edit]
See The Double and The Treble.
See also[edit]
English football first tier top scorers
For English women's football champions, see FA Women's Premier League National Division: History
List of First Division and Premier League winning managers
List of football players with a Premier League winner's medal
List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won
List of FA Cup winners
Notes[edit]
a b Completed the season unbeaten.
a b Also won the UEFA Cup.
a b Also won the European Cup.
a b c d e f g Also won the League Cup.
a From the 1981–82 season onwards three points were awarded for a win. Prior to this a win gave two points.
a Also won the Cup Winners Cup.
a In addition to the double of League and FA Cup, Manchester United also won the European Cup in 1999. This achievement is referred to as the Treble.
a b c Sheffield Wednesday were known as The Wednesday until 1929.
References[edit]
General
"Past winners–The Football League". Football League website. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
"England - List of Champions". RSSSF. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
"English League Leading Goalscorers". RSSSF. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
Specific
Jump up ^ "The History of the Football League". Football League website. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Inglis, Simon (1988). League Football and the Men Who Made It. Willow Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 0-00-218242-4.
Jump up ^ Titford, Roger (November 2005). "Football League, 1888–89". When Saturday Comes. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Goldblatt, David (2007). The Ball is Round: A Global History of Football. London: Penguin. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8.
Jump up ^ Inglis, League Football and the Men Who Made It, p25
Jump up ^ "Free-scoring Gunners clinch first title". Arsenal.com. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Dart, Tom (25 May 2009). "Burnley: little town, big traditions". The Times. London. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "A History of The Premier League". Premier League. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Harris, Nick (7 February 2009). "£1.78bn: Record Premier League TV deal defies economic slump". Independent. London. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Nurse, Howard (14 May 2011). "Blackburn 1 – 1 Man Utd". BBC Sport. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sideline". London: The Times. 16 May 2003. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
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