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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
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For the Broadway play, see One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play).
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Miloš Forman
Produced by
Saul Zaentz
Michael Douglas
Screenplay by
Lawrence Hauben
Bo Goldman
Based on
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
by Ken Kesey
Starring
Jack Nicholson
Louise Fletcher
William Redfield
Music by
Jack Nitzsche
Cinematography
Haskell Wexler
Bill Butler[1]
Edited by
Richard Chew[2]
Sheldon Kahn
Lynzee Klingman
Production
company
Fantasy Films
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
November 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)
Running time
133 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$3 million[3]
Box office
$109 million[3]
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a 1975 American comedy-drama film directed by Miloš Forman, based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey. The film stars Jack Nicholson, and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher, William Redfield, Will Sampson, and Brad Dourif. The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut.
Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards (Best Picture, Actor in Lead Role, Actress in Lead Role, Director, and Screenplay) following It Happened One Night in 1934, an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs. It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards.
In 1993, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Casting
3.2 Rehearsals
3.3 Filming
4 Reception
5 Awards and honors
5.1 Others
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1963 Oregon, recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15-year-old. Though not actually mentally ill, McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment. Upon arriving at the hospital, he finds the ward run by the steely, strict Nurse Ratched, who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive-aggressive routine, intimidating the patients.
The other patients include anxious, stuttering Billy Bibbit; Charlie Cheswick, who is prone to childish tantrums; delusional Martini; the well-educated, paranoid Dale Harding; belligerent Max Taber; epileptic Jim Sefelt; and “Chief” Bromden, a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute. Ratched soon sees McMurphy’s lively, rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority, confiscating the patients’ cigarettes and rationing them. During his time in the ward, McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched. He steals a hospital bus, escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip, encouraging his friends to become more self-confident.
McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite, and he makes plans to escape, exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window. He, Chief, and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes. Ratched sends them to the “shock shop,” and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak, feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone. After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy, McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage, but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more. McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape, but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night.
McMurphy sneaks two women, Candy and Rose, into the ward, and bribes the night guard. After a night of partying, McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape, inviting Billy to come with them. He refuses, not ready to leave the hospital. McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy. Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients passed out drunk. She discovers Billy and Candy together, the former now free of his stutter, until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade. Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor’s office and commits suicide. The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched, before being knocked out by an orderly.
Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice. Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped, rather than be taken "upstairs". Later that night, Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed. He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead, and smothers his friend with a pillow. Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night, cheered on by Taber.
Cast[edit]
Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy
Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched
Will Sampson as "Chief" Bromden
William Redfield as Dale Harding
Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit
Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick
Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber
Danny DeVito as Martini
Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey
William Duell as Jim Sefelt
Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson
Michael Berryman as Ellis
Nathan George as Attendant Washington
Marya Small as Candy
Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle
Louisa Moritz as Rose
Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson
Production[edit]
Actor Kirk Douglas—who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963–1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel—had purchased the film rights to the story, and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen, but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him. Eventually, he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas, who succeeded in getting the film produced—but the elder Douglas, by then nearly 60, was considered too old for the McMurphy role, which ultimately went to 38-year-old Jack Nicholson.
Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer.[4]
The film's first screenwriter, Lawrence Hauben, introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman, whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for. Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do, in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming. Forman wrote in 2012: "To me [the story] was not just literature but real life, the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968. The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched, telling me what I could and could not do; what I was or was not allowed to say; where I was and was not allowed to go; even who I was and was not."[5]
Saul Zaentz, a voracious reader, felt an affinity with Kesey, and so after Hauben's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay, and promised him a piece of the action, but it didn’t work out and ended in a financial dispute.[4]
Hal Ashby, who had been an early consideration for director, suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy. Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson's schedule. However, Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing, as it gave more time to get the ensemble right.[4]
Casting[edit]
Danny DeVito, who was Douglas's oldest friend, was the first to be cast as he had played Martini, one of the patients, in the 1971 off-Broadway production. Douglas found Will Sampson, who played Chief Bromden, through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft. Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief. He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later called Douglas to say: “the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day!”[4]
Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy. While screening Thieves Like Us (1974) to see if she was right for the role, he became interested in Louise Fletcher, who had a supporting role, for the role of Nurse Ratched. A mutual acquaintance, the casting director Fred Roos, had already mentioned her name as a possibility. Even so it took four or five meetings, over a year, (during which the role was offered to other actresses) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched. Her final audition was late in 1974, with Forman, Zaentz and Douglas. The day after Christmas, her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals.[6]
Rehearsals[edit]
Prior to commencement of filming, a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon, during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy. Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient.[4]
Filming[edit]
Other than Nicholson, the rest of the cast were working for scale, or a little above that.[clarification needed] Fletcher worked for 11 weeks, and made $10,000 before taxes.[6]
Filming began in January 1975, and concluded approximately three months later, and was shot on location in Salem, Oregon, and the surrounding area, as well as on the Oregon coast.[7][8][9]
The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital, an actual mental hospital, as this was also the setting of the novel.[10] The hospital’s director, Dean Brooks, was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film. Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow, and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night. He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew, to which the producers agreed. Douglas recalls that it wasn't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane.[4]
As Forman didn't allow the actors to see the day's filming, this led to the cast losing confidence in him, while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance. Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something, which he did, and restored the actor's confidence.[4]
Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler. Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground, in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law. However, Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences. Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, though Wexler said there was "only about a minute or two minutes in that film I didn't shoot.”[11]
According to Butler, Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman: "...[Jack] never talked to Miloš at all, he only talked to me."[1]
Filming went over the initial budget of $2m and over-schedule, but Saul Zaentz, who was personally financing the movie, was able to fund this by borrowing against his company, Fantasy Records. The movie cost in total $4.4m to make.[4]
Reception[edit]
The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim; Roger Ebert said "Miloš Forman's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong. But it does go wrong, insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry, so that at the end, the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all. And yet there are those moments of brilliance."[12] Ebert would later put the film on his "Great Movies" list.[13] A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well,[14] as did Vincent Canby: Writing in The New York Times, Canby called the film "a comedy that can't quite support its tragic conclusion, which is too schematic to be honestly moving, but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors".[15]
The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche, featuring an eerie bowed saw (performed by Robert Armstrong) and wine glasses. Commenting on the score, reviewer Steven McDonald has said, "The edgy nature of the film extends into the score, giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal. The music has a tendency to always be a little off-kilter, and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ..."[16]
The film went on to win the "Big Five" Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony. These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson, Best Actress for Louise Fletcher, Best Direction for Forman, Best Picture, and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman. The film currently has a 95% "Certified Fresh" rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average rating of 9/10.[17] Its consensus states: "The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later."
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films. Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development, but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement.[18] Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie, but said he disliked what he knew of it,[19] a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote, "The first time I heard this story, it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson. A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked."[20]
In 1993, this film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[21]
Awards and honors[edit]
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Academy Award Academy Award for Best Picture Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
Academy Award for Best Director Miloš Forman Won
Academy Award for Best Actor Jack Nicholson Won
Academy Award for Best Actress Louise Fletcher Won
Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won
Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Brad Dourif Nominated
Academy Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated
Academy Award for Best Film Editing Richard Chew, Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Nominated
Academy Award for Original Music Score Jack Nitzsche Nominated
Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture Miloš Forman Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jack Nicholson Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama Louise Fletcher Won
Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won
Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor Brad Dourif Won
BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Film Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won
BAFTA Award for Best Direction Miloš Forman Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jack Nicholson Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Louise Fletcher Won
BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Brad Dourif Won
BAFTA Award for Best Editing Richard Chew, Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Won
BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Nominated
Others[edit]
American Film Institute
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies - #20
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Nurse Ratched - #5 Villain
Randle Patrick McMurphy - Nominated Hero[22]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers - #17
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) - #33
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
1970s portal
List of Academy Award records
List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees
Mental illness in film
White savior narrative in film
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Townsend, Sylvia (19 December 2014). "Haskell Wexler and the Making of 'One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'". Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Chew was listed as "supervising editor" in the film's credits, but was included in the nomination for an editing Academy Award.
^ Jump up to: a b "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hood, Phil (April 11, 2017). "Michael Douglas: how we made One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". The Guardian. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/11/opinion/obama-the-socialist-not-even-close.html
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Tim (January 22, 2016). "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest: Louise Fletcher recalls the impact of landing the Oscar-winning role of Nurse Ratched". The Independent. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at the American Film Institute
Jump up ^ Story Notes for One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Jump up ^ "Hollywood's Love Affair with Oregon Coast Continues". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Oregon State Hospital – A documentary film (Mental Health Association of Portland)
Jump up ^ Anderson, John. "Haskell Wexler, Oscar-Winning Cinematographer, Dies at 93." The New York Times, December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review, Chicago Sun-Times, January 1, 1975
Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review, Chicago Sun-Times, February 2, 2003.
Jump up ^ Variety.com - A.D. Murphy, Variety, November 7, 1975
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (November 28, 1975). "Critic's Pick: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ AllMusic: Review by Steven McDonald
Jump up ^ "One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Retrieved 2010-08-19.
Jump up ^ Carnes, Mark Christopher, Paul R. Betz, et al. (1999). American National Biography, Volume 26. New York: Oxford University Press USA. ISBN 0-19-522202-4. p. 312,
Jump up ^ Carnes, p. 312
Jump up ^ Foreword of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Copyright 2007 by Chuck Palahniuk. Available in the 2007 Edition published by Penguin Books
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Film Registry -- Titles". Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains Nominees
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest on IMDb
One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest at the TCM Movie Database
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at Rotten Tomatoes
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
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Films directed by Miloš Forman
Black Peter (1964)
Loves of a Blonde (1965)
The Firemen's Ball (1967)
Taking Off (1971)
Visions of Eight (1973)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
Hair (1979)
Ragtime (1981)
Amadeus (1984)
Valmont (1989)
The People vs. Larry Flynt (1996)
Man on the Moon (1999)
Goya's Ghosts (2006)
[show]
v
t
e
Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Novel
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Adaptations
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963 play)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975 film)
Thalavattam (1986 film)
Manasukkul Mathappu (1988 film)
Kyon Ki (2005 film)
Characters
Randle McMurphy
Nurse Ratched
See also
Institutionalisation
[show]
v
t
e
Ken Kesey
Novels
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962)
Sometimes a Great Notion (1964)
Caverns (1989)
Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear (1990)
Sailor Song (1992)
Last Go Round with Ken Babbs (1994)
Collections
Kesey's Garage Sale (1973)
Demon Box (1986)
Kesey's Jail Journal (2003)
Plays
Over the Border (1973)
The Furthur Enquiry (1990)
Twister (1994)
Adaptations
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1963 play)
Sometimes a Great Notion (1971 film)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975 film)
Related
Merry Pranksters
Further bus
Acid Tests
Neal Cassady
Carolyn Garcia
Lee Quarnstrom
Ken Babbs
Paul Foster
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
Kesey Square
Magic Trip
The Storyteller: Ken Kesey Memorial
[show]
Awards for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
[show]
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Anne of the Thousand Days (1969)
Love Story (1970)
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The Exorcist (1973)
Chinatown (1974)
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Born on the Fourth of July (1989)
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 316751608
LCCN: no2007050259
GND: 7512848-2
SUDOC: 180849603
BNF: cb16732665j (data)
BNE: XX3870952
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)&oldid=836786412"
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text:
Oceanic climate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
World map showing oceanic climate zones
Cfb
Cfc
Cwb
Cwc
An oceanic or highland climate, also known as a marine or maritime climate, is the Köppen classification of climate typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, and generally features cool summers (relative to their latitude) and cool winters, with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature, with the exception for transitional areas to continental, subarctic and highland climates. Oceanic climates are defined as having a monthly mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F) in the warmest month, and above 0 °C (32 °F) in the coldest month.
It typically lacks a dry season, as precipitation is more evenly dispersed throughout the year. It is the predominant climate type across much of Western Europe, the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada, portions of central Mexico, southeastern South America, southeastern Australia, including Tasmania, New Zealand as well as isolated locations elsewhere. Oceanic climates generally have warm summers and cool (but not cold) winters. They are characterised by a narrower annual range of temperatures than are encountered in other places at a comparable latitude, and generally do not have the extremely dry summers of Mediterranean climates or the hot summers of humid subtropical.[1] Oceanic climates are most dominant in Europe, where they spread much farther inland than in other continents.[2]
Oceanic climates can have much storm activity as they are located in the belt of the stormy westerlies. Many oceanic climates have frequent cloudy or overcast conditions due to the near constant storms and lows tracking over or near them. The annual range of temperatures is smaller than typical climates at these latitudes due to the constant stable marine air masses that pass through oceanic climates, which lack both very warm and very cool fronts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precipitation
2 Temperature
3 Causation
4 Locations
4.1 Europe
4.2 The Americas
4.3 Africa
4.4 Asia and Oceania
4.5 Indian Ocean
5 Varieties
5.1 Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)
5.2 Temperate (Cfb)
5.3 Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Precipitation[edit]
Precipitation in an oceanic climate must have at least 40 millimeters per month. All months must have adequate rain and cloudy conditions are common in oceanic climates. London is an example of an oceanic climate. It experiences reliable and constant precipitation throughout the entire year. In most areas with an oceanic climate, precipitation comes in the form of rain for the majority of the year. However, some areas with this climate see some snowfall annually during winter. Most oceanic climate zones, or at least a part of them, experience at least one snowfall per year. In the poleward locations of the oceanic climate zone ("subpolar oceanic climates," described in greater detail below), snowfall is more frequent and commonplace.
Temperature[edit]
Overall temperature characteristics of the oceanic climates feature cool temperatures and infrequent extremes of temperature. In the Köppen climate classification, Oceanic climates have a mean temperature of 0 °C (32 °F) or higher in the coldest month, compared to continental climates where the coldest month has a mean temperature of below 0 °C (32 °F). Summers are cool, with the warmest month having a mean temperature below 22 °C (72 °F). Poleward of the latter is a zone of the aforementioned subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc),[3] with long but relatively mild (for their latitude) winters and cool and short summers (average temperatures of at least 10 °C (50 °F) for one to three months). Examples of this climate include parts of coastal Iceland in the Northern Hemisphere and extreme southern Chile and Argentina in the Southern Hemisphere (examples include Ushuaia and Punta Arenas).
Causation[edit]
Oceanic climates are not necessarily always found in coastal locations on the aforementioned parallels; however, in most cases oceanic climates parallel higher middle latitude oceans. The polar jet stream, which moves in a west to east direction across the middle latitudes, advancing low pressure systems, storms, and fronts. In coastal areas of the higher middle latitudes (45–60° latitude), the prevailing onshore flow creates the basic structure of most oceanic climates. Oceanic climates are a product and reflection of the ocean adjacent to them. In the fall, winter, and early spring, when the polar jet stream is most active, the frequent passing of marine weather systems creates the frequent fog, cloudy skies, and light drizzle often associated with oceanic climates. In summer, high pressure often pushes the prevailing westerlies north of many oceanic climates, often creating a drier summer climate (for example in the Northwest coast of America, bathed by the Pacific Ocean).
The North Atlantic Gulf Stream, a tropical oceanic current that passes north of the Caribbean and up the East Coast of the United States to North Carolina, then heads east-northeast to the Azores, is thought to greatly modify the climate of Northwest Europe.[4] As a result of the Gulf Stream, west-coast areas located in high latitudes like Ireland, the UK, and Norway have much milder winters (for their latitude) than would otherwise be the case. The lowland attributes of western Europe also help drive marine air masses into continental areas, enabling cities such as Dresden, Prague, and Vienna to have maritime climates in spite of being located well inland from the ocean.
Locations[edit]
London, England, UK
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Met Office[5]
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2.2
47
36
1.6
47
36
1.6
52
39
1.7
58
42
1.9
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48
1.8
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1.9
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1.9
68
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2.7
60
47
2.3
50
41
2.2
47
37
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Europe[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Oceanic climates in Europe occur mostly in Northwest Europe, from Ireland and Great Britain eastward to central Europe. Most of France (away from the Mediterranean), Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Norway, the north coast of Spain (Basque Country, north of Navarre[6], Galicia, Asturias and Cantabria), the western Azores off the coast of Portugal, the south of Kosovo and southern portions of Sweden, also have oceanic climates. Examples of oceanic climates are found in Glasgow, London, Bergen, Dublin, Berlin, Bilbao, Donostia-San Sebastian, Biarritz, Bayonne, Zürich, Copenhagen, Skagen and Paris. With decreasing distance to the Mediterranean Sea, the oceanic climate of Northwest Europe gradually changes to the subtropical dry-summer or Mediterranean climate of southern Europe. The line between Oceanic and Continental climate in Europe runs in a generally north to south direction. For example, western Germany is more impacted by milder Atlantic air masses than is eastern Germany. Thus, winters across Europe become colder to the east, and (in some locations) summers become hotter. The line between oceanic Europe and Mediterranean Europe normally runs west to east and is related to changes in precipitation patterns and differences to seasonal temperatures.
The Americas[edit]
Tofino, British Columbia, Canada
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Environment Canada[7]
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
19
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36
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48
35
13
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37
11
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39
6
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44
5.1
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
The oceanic climate exists in an arc spreading across the north-western coast of North America from the Alaskan panhandle to northern California, in general the coastal areas of the Pacific Northwest. It includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon, the Alaskan panhandle, western portions of British Columbia, and north-western California. In addition, some east coast areas such as some higher elevations along the southern Appalachian Mountains as well as Block Island, Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket have a similar climate.[8] The oceanic climate is found in isolated pockets in eastern Mexico. An extensive area of oceanic climates distinguishes the coastal regions of southern Chile and extends into bordering Argentina.
All mid-latitude oceanic climates are classified as humid. However, some rainshadow climates feature thermal régimes similar to those of oceanic climates but with steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of precipitation. Despite the oceanic-like thermal regimes, these areas are generally classified as steppe or desert climates. These arid versions of oceanic climates are found in eastern Washington and Oregon to the east of the Cascade Range in the United States, in the Okanagan Valley in British Columbia in Canada, Patagonia in southern Argentina, and the Atacama Desert in northern Chile.
Africa[edit]
The only noteworthy area of Maritime Climate at or near sea-level within Africa is in South Africa from Mossel Bay on the Western Cape coast to Plettenberg Bay, with additional pockets of this climate inland of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal coast. It is usually warm most of the year with no pronounced rainy season, but slightly more rain in autumn and spring. The Tristan da Cunha archipelago in the South Atlantic also has an oceanic climate.
Asia and Oceania[edit]
Auckland, New Zealand
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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86
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NIWA Climate Data[9]
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2.9
74
59
2.6
75
60
3.4
72
58
3.9
68
54
4.4
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47
5.7
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4.7
59
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4.1
62
48
3.9
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51
3.4
67
54
3.7
71
57
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
The oceanic climate is prevalent in the more southerly parts of Oceania. A mild maritime climate is in existence in New Zealand. It occurs in a few areas of Australia, namely in the southeast, although average high temperatures during summers there tend to be higher and the summers drier than is typical of subtropical highland climates, with summer maxima sometimes exceeding 40 °C (104 °F),[10] Tasmania, Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. It can also be found along the western areas of the south coast of Western Australia,[citation needed] parts with steppe-like (BSk) or even desert-like (BWk) scarcity of precipitation.
This climate is found on the Asian mainland in mountainous areas of the tropics, such as the foothills of the Himalayas and south-west China.
Indian Ocean[edit]
Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul, both part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, are located in the subtropics and have an oceanic climate (akin to Tristan da Cunha; see above).
Varieties[edit]
Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)[edit]
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Mexico City
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
11
21
6
4.3
23
7
10
26
9
26
27
11
56
27
12
135
25
12
175
23
12
169
23
12
145
22
12
67
22
10
12
22
8
6
21
7
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: WMO
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.4
70
42
0.2
73
45
0.4
78
49
1
80
51
2.2
80
53
5.3
76
54
6.9
73
53
6.7
74
53
5.7
72
53
2.6
72
50
0.5
71
46
0.2
69
44
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Addis Ababa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
17
23
9
36
24
9
68
25
11
89
25
12
76
25
13
124
23
12
259
21
12
278
20
12
174
22
12
41
23
10
8.3
23
8
10
22
8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: NMAE
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.7
74
48
1.4
76
49
2.7
76
51
3.5
77
54
3
77
55
4.9
74
54
10
69
54
11
68
53
6.9
71
53
1.6
73
50
0.3
73
47
0.4
72
46
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
São Joaquim, Brazil
Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka
The subtropical highland variety of the oceanic climate exists in elevated portions of the world that are within either the tropics or subtropics, though it is typically found in mountainous locations in some tropical countries. Despite the latitude, the higher altitudes of these regions mean that the climate tends to share characteristics with oceanic climates, though it also tends to experience noticeably drier weather during the lower-sun "winter" season. In locations outside the tropics, other than the drying trend in the winter, subtropical highland climates tend to be essentially identical to an oceanic climate, with mild summers and noticeably cooler winters, plus, in some instances, some snowfall. In the tropics, a subtropical highland climate tends to feature spring-like weather year-round. Temperatures there remain relatively constant throughout the year and snowfall is seldom seen.
Areas with this climate feature monthly averages below 22 °C (72 °F) but above −3 °C (27 °F) (or 0 °C (32 °F) using American standards). At least one month's average temperature is below 18 °C (64 °F). Without their elevation, many of these regions would likely feature either tropical or humid subtropical climates. These regions are usually designated Cwb (or even Cfb "temperate highland").
This type of climate exists in parts of east, south and southeastern Africa, interior southern Africa and elevated portions of eastern Africa as far north as Mozambique and of western Africa up to the southwestern Angola highlands also share this climate type. The exposed areas of High Atlas, some mountainous areas across southern Europe, mountainous sections of North, Central and South America and in the highest parts of the states of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo, in Brazil, some mountainous areas across Southeast Asia, parts of the Himalayas and parts of Sri Lanka.
Temperate (Cfb)[edit]
Temperate oceanic climates, also known as "marine mild winter" climates[11] or simply oceanic climates, are found either at middle latitudes or in equatorial areas at higher altitudes. They are often found on or near the west coast of continents; hence another name for Cfb, i.e. "marine west coast" climates.
Cfb climates are predominant in central parts of Western Europe, including Belgium, Britain, France, Ireland and the Netherlands. They are the main climate type in New Zealand and the Australian states of Tasmania, Victoria and southeastern New South Wales (starting from the Illawarra region). In North America, they are found mainly in Washington State, Oregon, Vancouver Island and neighbouring parts of British Columbia, as well as many coastal areas of southwest Alaska. There are pockets of Cfb in most South American countries, including many parts of Southern Chile, parts of the provinces of Chubut, Santa Cruz and Buenos Aires in Argentina. In Western Asia small pockets are found close to sea level on the Black Sea coast of northern Turkey and Georgia. While Cfb zones are rare in Africa, one dominates the coastline of the Eastern Cape in South Africa.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2017)
Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)[edit]
Areas with subpolar oceanic climates feature an oceanic climate but are usually located closer to polar regions. As a result of their location, these regions tend to be on the cool end of oceanic climates. Snowfall tends to be more common here than in other oceanic climates. Subpolar oceanic climates are less prone to temperature extremes than subarctic climates or continental climates, featuring milder winters than these climates. Subpolar oceanic climates feature only one to three months of average monthly temperatures that are at least 10 °C (50 °F). As with oceanic climates, none of its average monthly temperatures fall below -3.0 °C (26.6 °F) or 0 °C depending on the isotherm used. Typically, these areas in the warmest month experience daytime maximum temperatures below 17 °C (63 °F), while the coldest month features highs near or slightly above freezing and lows just below freezing. It typically carries a Cfc designation, though very small areas in Yunnan, Sichuan and parts of Argentina and Bolivia have summers sufficiently short to be Cwc with fewer than four months over 10 °C (50 °F).[12] Copacabana, Bolivia, is one the few confirmed towns that features this rare variation of the subpolar oceanic climate.
This variant of an oceanic climate is found in parts of coastal Iceland, the Faroe Islands, small sections of the Scottish Highlands, northwestern coastal areas of Norway such as Lofoten and reaching to 70°N on some islands,[13] uplands near the coast of southwestern Norway, the Aleutian Islands of Alaska and northern parts of the Alaskan Panhandle, the far south of Chile and Argentina, and a few highland areas of Tasmania, and the Australian and Southern Alps.[14] This type of climate is even found in the very remote parts of the Papuan Highlands in Indonesia. The classification used for this regime is Cfc.[3] In the most marine of those areas affected by this regime, temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F) are extreme weather events, even in the midst of summer. Temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) have been recorded on rare occasions in some areas of this climate, and in winter temperatures down to −20 °C (−4 °F) have seldom been recorded in some areas.
Punta Arenas, Chile
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
42
14
7
31
14
7
38
12
5
40
10
3
41
7
1
27
4
−1
29
4
−1
30
5
0
27
8
1
27
10
3
30
12
5
33
14
6
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[15]
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
1.6
58
44
1.2
57
44
1.5
54
41
1.6
49
38
1.6
44
34
1.1
39
30
1.1
39
30
1.2
41
32
1
46
34
1.1
50
37
1.2
54
40
1.3
56
43
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
158
6
2
115
6
1
132
6
2
90
7
3
63
9
5
58
11
7
74
13
9
96
13
9
120
12
8
147
9
5
139
7
3
135
6
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Danish Meteorological Institute[16]
[show]Imperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
6.2
42
35
4.5
42
34
5.2
43
35
3.5
45
37
2.5
49
41
2.3
52
45
2.9
55
48
3.8
56
49
4.7
53
46
5.8
49
42
5.5
45
38
5.3
43
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
See also[edit]
Climate classification
Temperate climate
Polar climate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lauren Springer Ogden (2008). Plant-Driven Design. Timber Press. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-88192-877-8.
Jump up ^ Climate (19 June 2009). "Oceanic Climate". Retrieved 30 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom L. McKnight & Darrel Hess (2000). Climate Zones and Types: The Köppen System. Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation. Prentice Hall. pp. 226–235. ISBN 0-13-020263-0.
Jump up ^ "The Gulf Stream". About Education – Geography. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b
Jump up ^ "Standard climate values for Pamplona". Aemet.es. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Calculation Information for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Normals Data". Environment Canada. Archived from the original on 14 June 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
Jump up ^ M. C. Peel; B. L. Finlayson & T. A. McMahon (11 October 2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11: 1638–1643. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Auckland 1981–2010 averages". NIWA. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Bureau of Meteorology (2011). "Climate of Canberra Area". Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Michael Pidwirny, 2017, Appendix 3: Köppen Climate Classification: Single appendix from the eBook Understanding Physical Geography. Kelowna BC, Canada; Our Planet Earth Publishing, pp. 8, 24.
Jump up ^ [hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/29/88/18/PDF/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf]
Jump up ^ Weather statistics for Hasvik (Finnmark)
Jump up ^ Tapper, Andrew; Tapper, Nigel (1996). Gray, Kathleen, ed. The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand (First ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-19-553393-3.
Jump up ^ "Estadistica Climatologica Tomo III (pg 512–537)" (PDF) (in Spanish). Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil. March 2001. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Monthly means and extremes 1961–1990 and 1981–2010 for air temperature, atmospheric pressure, hours of bright sunshine and precipitation–Denmark, The Faroe Islands and Greenland" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. pp. 16–19. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
External links[edit]
University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point: Marine (Humid) West Coast Climate
EPIC Data Collection On-line ocean observational data collection
NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer Plot and download ocean observations
https://web.archive.org/web/20061206100140/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Climate/Older/Maritime_Climate.html
[hide]
v
t
e
Climate types under the Köppen climate classification
Class A
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Tropical monsoon (Am)
Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B
Desert (BWh, BWk, BWn)
Semi-arid (BSh, BSk, BSn)
Class C
Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)
Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D
Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)
Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)
Class E
Tundra (ET)
Ice cap (EF)
Alpine (ET, EF)
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