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Pinochle
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Pinochle
The jack of diamonds and the queen of spades are the "pinochle" meld of pinochle.
Type
Trick-taking
Players
4 in partnerships or 3 individually, variants exist for 2-6 or 8 players
Skills required
Strategy
Social skills
Teamwork
Card counting
Cards
48 (double 24 card deck) or 80 (quadruple 20 card deck)
Deck
French
Play
Clockwise
Card rank (highest first)
A 10 K Q J 9
Playing time
1 to 5 hours
Random chance
Medium
Related games
Bezique, Marjolet, Binokel
Pinochle (English: /ˈpiːnʌkəl/) or binocle (sometimes pinocle, or penuchle) is a trick-taking card game typically for two to four players and played with a 48-card deck. It is derived from the card game bezique; players score points by trick-taking and also by forming combinations of cards into melds. It is thus considered part of a "trick-and-meld" category which also includes the game belote. Each hand is played in three phases: bidding, melds, and tricks. The standard game today is called "partnership auction pinochle."
Contents
1 History
2 Deck
3 Partnership auction pinochle
3.1 Dealing
3.2 Auction pinochle
3.3 Passing cards
3.4 Melding
3.5 Playing tricks
3.6 Scoring tricks
4 Game variations
4.1 Two-handed pinochle
4.2 Three-handed pinochle
4.3 Renege
4.4 Cutthroat pinochle
4.5 Four-handed pinochle
4.6 Five-handed and larger pinochle
4.7 Check pinochle
4.8 Double-deck pinochle
4.9 Triple deck, six handed pinochle
4.10 Internet pinochle
4.11 Racehorse pinochle
4.12 Double-deck pinochle for eight players
5 Notable pinochle players
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Pinochle derives from the game bezique. Its name comes from the French word binocle meaning "eyeglasses".[1] The word is also possibly derived from the French word binage for the combination of cards called "binocle".[2] This latter pronunciation of the game was adopted by German speakers. German immigrants brought the game to America, where it was later mispronounced and misspelled "pinochle."[3]
Auction pinochle for three players has some similarities with the German game skat, although the bidding is more similar to that of bid whist.
During World War I, the city of Syracuse, New York outlawed the playing of pinochle in a fit of anti-German sentiment.[4] Pinochle was the favorite card game of American Jews and Irish immigrants[citation needed], while skat was the preferred game of a majority of German immigrants.
Deck[edit]
A pinochle deck consists of two copies of each of the 9, 10, jack, queen, king, and ace cards of all four suits, for 48 cards per deck. Aces are always considered high. Pinochle follows a nonstandard card ordering. The complete ordering from highest to lowest is A, 10, K, Q, J, 9. The game can also be played using standard ranking with a simple change to scoring.
Originally, the deck had to be composed by combining two poker, piquet or euchre decks and removing unneeded cards (a piquet deck does not have the 2-6, making it easier to modify, and a euchre deck is exactly half a pinochle deck), but with the game's popularity in the United States in the early 1900s, a single boxed deck with the necessary cards was marketed, and these specialized pinochle decks are now widely available in similar styles to common 52-card counterparts. Variants of pinochle can be played with five, six, eight or more players. These larger variations can combine two pinochle decks called a "double deck". The double deck can also be used when playing with four players; hand sizes, average scores and minimum bids are doubled.
Partnership auction pinochle[edit]
Dealing[edit]
The game is played with a deck of 48 cards and four players; one player is the dealer.
After the shuffle, the dealer will offer a cut to the player on their right, then distribute the cards. All the cards are dealt in partnership pinochle. In variations for odd numbers of players like three, a "widow's hand" (also called a "kitty", "talon", or "stock") of cards remain. Traditionally, the deal is done clockwise, dealing a packet of three or four cards at a time, starting with the player to the left (the eldest hand) and ending with the dealer. The deal rotates clockwise, so the dealer's left-hand opponent will deal next.
Auction pinochle[edit]
In auction pinochle, players bid for the points they predict their hand could earn. The highest bidder earns the right to declare the trump suit. One of the players, usually the player to the left of the dealer, or the dealer themselves, is obligated to open with a first bid. The size of bids is based on the point scale and number of decks used; traditionally, points are in multiples of 10, thus a minimum opening bid might be agreed to be 100[5] or 250.[6] However, many alternate scoring rules drop the unnecessary trailing zero; in that case, bids of 10 and 25, respectively, have the same values. When a player has the turn to bid, the player may either bid or pass.
Each bid must be greater than the previous one, and be a multiple of 10 or 25 (if playing without trailing zeroes, the bid must be one or two greater respectively). When a player passes, they can no longer bid. The auction ends when all subsequent players in rotation have passed after the last bid. The last bid becomes the "contract". The player that made this final bid will then declare trump in the suit that is desired. In some house rules, trump cannot be declared in any suit not containing a "run", "marriage" or "dix" meld.
In order for the winning bidder to win the hand, the combined total of melding and trick points must be equal to or greater than the winning bid. Thus bidding involves anticipating the points that will be accumulated from melds and from the points accumulated from winning tricks. If the combined score is lower than the bid, then the bidding team or player has been "set". This means that the total bid amount is subtracted from the total game score, often accompanied by losing the points scored in meld for that hand as well. This can result in a negative score.[5]
A related though different style of bidding is for the players to bid individually, and partners' bids are then summed. The winning bid only decides trump; both (or all) teams' bids become their contract, meaning any team can score or be set. This creates a more balanced game.
Passing cards[edit]
In some versions of pinochle, after the bid has been taken and trump declared in a partnership game, the bid winning team exchanges cards. It may be two, three, or four cards, depending on the version of the game. The partner of the bid winner passes first. The objective of the partner is either to add to the total points in meld or to pass trick-winning cards. After receiving the cards, the bid winner examines what will create the strongest hand and then discards an equal number of cards back to their partner. Variations are for the bid winner and partner to exchange the designated number of cards simultaneously, or for no passing to occur.
Melding[edit]
Melding consists of displaying specific combinations of cards to all players. Typically this is done by placing the combination of cards face up on the playing surface until all players have had the opportunity to examine them. All players meld after the bid winner shows meld first. The types of melds include "arounds", "marriages", "flushes" and "pinochles". These melds are placed under "headings" where a card which is melded under a particular heading can be used again under another heading, but cannot be melded again under the same heading.
The group melds containing four of the same face cards – ace, king, queen or jack – must include one card from each of the different suits. They are scored as follows:
"100 aces" or "aces around" - four aces of different suits - 100 or 10 points
"80 kings" or "kings around" - four kings of different suits - 80 or 8 points
"60 queens" or "queens around" - four queens of different suits - 60 or 6 points
"40 jacks" or "jacks around" - four jacks of different suits - 40 or 4 points
"1000 aces" or "aces abound" - all eight aces - 1000 or 100 points
"800 kings" or "kings abound" - all eight kings - 800 or 80 points
"600 queens" or "queens abound" - all eight queens - 600 or 60 points
"400 jacks" or "jacks abound" - all eight jacks - 400 or 40 points
The marriages and flush are the "sequence melds":
"Trump marriage" - king and queen of trump suit - 40 or 4 points, 80 or 8 for double
"Marriage" - king and queen of a suit other than trump - 20 or 2 points, 40 or 4 for double
"Flush", "family", "rope", "book", or "run" - A, 10, K, Q, and J of trump suit only - 150 or 15 points. Similar to the arounds, a double run – or two runs in trump in the same hand – is worth 1500 points.
A marriage in each suit is worth 240 or 24 total points, which is nothing more than the sum of the marriages, plus kings around and queens around. As a shortcut, this is called a "roundtable", "marriages around", "round house", or a "round robin".
The pinochle and dix are the "special melds".
"Pinochle" - jack of diamonds and queen of spades - 40 or 4 points
"Double pinochle" - both jacks of diamonds and both queens of spades - 300 or 30 points
"Dix" - nine of trumps - 10 or 1 points each
In the most common form of the game (see variations below), any one card may be used in only one meld of each type. Thus, a queen can be used in one marriage with one king, regardless of if the player has the other king of the same suit. However, a queen can be used to score a marriage and a pinochle if the player also has the correct jack.
After the melds are displayed, the points are counted and each player totals their individual meld scores.
Meld name
Example
Point value
Simplified
Run in trump (A 10 K Q J) 150 15
Double run in trump (A A 10 10 K K Q Q J J) 1500 150
Marriage in trump (K Q) 40 4
Dix in trump (9) 10 1
Hundred aces (A♠ A♥ A♦ A♣) 100 10
Thousand aces (A♠ A♠ A♥ A♥ A♦ A♦ A♣ A♣) 1000 100
Eighty kings (K♠ K♥ K♦ K♣) 80 8
Eight hundred kings (K♠ K♠ K♥ K♥ K♦ K♦ K♣ K♣) 800 80
Sixty queens (Q♠ Q♥ Q♦ Q♣) 60 6
Six hundred queens (Q♠ Q♠ Q♥ Q♥ Q♦ Q♦ Q♣ Q♣) 600 60
Forty jacks (J♠ J♥ J♦ J♣) 40 4
Four hundred jacks (J♠ J♠ J♥ J♥ J♦ J♦ J♣ J♣) 400 40
Marriage in non-trump (K Q) 20 2
Pinochle (J♦ Q♠) 40 4
Double pinochle (J♦ J♦ Q♠ Q♠) 300 30
Because all of these values are multiples of ten, one can arrive at simplified values by removing the trailing zero from each point total. For instance, a pinochle has a simplified score of 4, a double Pinochle would score 30.
Playing tricks[edit]
In playing cards for tricks, there are strict rules of forced play, which limit a player's ability to strategically retain high cards. The high bidder leads the play with the first card, which can be any card in the contract winner's hand, although some rules require the first card led to be a trump card. Then there are two variations of following suit depending if you are playing post-1945 or pre-1945 rules.
According to the pre-1945 rules, every player must follow the lead suit if possible. Usually every player must play a winning card against those played so far, if it is possible to do so, even when the current player expects a later player to win the hand with a better card. The only exception is if a player played a trump card when trump was not the suit led. In that case, those following that player may play any card of the lead suit, since they must follow the lead suit but are already losing to the player who played trump. Likewise, if a player cannot follow suit, but has trump, they must play trump. Again, if a player does not have any cards of the lead suit and can play a trump card higher than any other trump played so far, the player must do so, even if the player expects that a later player will beat the card. If another trump has already been played that a player cannot beat, then they can play any trump in their hand, but they still must play a trump card if they can. Only when a player has no cards in suit, and has no trump, can the player choose to play any card in their hand.
Most books of post-1945 rules say that unless trump is led, there is no requirement to try to win the trick. It is only when trump is led that "heading" the trick is mandatory. In pinochle circles and tournaments the post-1945 rules are played about half of the time according to Pagat and Hoyle.[7]
If two identical cards are played, the first one outranks the second.
After the first trick, the winner of each trick leads the first card for the next trick, until all the cards are played.
Scoring tricks[edit]
Points are scored based on the tricks won in the hand. There are several ways to count up the points for play, but they always add up to 250 points. The last trick is always worth an additional 10 points added to any existing points in the actual trick cards. The classic counting system of pinochle is where aces are worth 11, tens are worth 10, kings are worth four, queens are worth three, jacks are worth two, and nines are worth zero. This method takes longer to count the score at the end of each hand.
A simpler method is to count aces and tens for 10 points, kings and queens for five points, and jacks and nines are worth zero.
An even simpler method has aces, tens, and kings worth 10 (and known as "counters"), and everything else zero ("garbage"). Since all points are multiples of ten in the third method, most players drop the redundant zero. Aces, tens, and kings won in tricks are worth one point. The meld scoring can also avoid the zero in the tenth place. Melds like 1,000 aces are thus worth 100. The terms "1,000 aces", "800 kings" and so on are often used, even though the point values are one-tenth.
Method 1
Method 2
Method 3
Method 4
Aces 11 10 10 1
Tens 10 10 10 1
Kings 4 5 10 1
Queens 3 5 0 0
Jacks 2 0 0 0
Nines 0 0 0 0
Last trick 10 10 10 1
Game variations[edit]
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Two-handed pinochle[edit]
Two-handed pinochle[8] is the original pinochle game, while partnership, auction, and all other variants are derived from it. It is the game most similar to the original bezique game, whence pinochle derived. The only significant difference in its rules from bezique is the scoring.
The original version of pinochle involves a partial deal of twelve cards to both players in packets of four, leaving a stock of 24 cards. A player can score one meld after each trick won of the first 12 tricks. Melded cards can even be used to win tricks. After each trick, players draw one card from the stock into their hand starting with the trick-winning player. For the last 12 tricks, melds are taken into each player's hand and are no longer announced by the player who wins the trick. The traditional trick-taking rules apply only for these last 12 tricks.
In variations of two-handed play, no cards are initially dealt, a distinction from all other variations. Instead, the entire deck is placed face-down on the playing surface between the two players to form the widow. One player begins the hand-building process by drawing the top card of the widow. The player can either keep that card for her or his hand or reject the card. If the player chooses to hold the initial card, the player then draws a second card from the widow, then places it face-down, without looking at it, creating a discard pile. If the player rejects the first card, the card becomes the first card in the discard pile. The second card drawn from the widow must be kept, regardless of whether she or he preferred the first card. Players alternate turns in this hand-building process until all cards are chosen.
With bidding, the player winning the bid declares trump, then lays all meld face-up on the table. The other player shows her or his melds as well. Meld points are tallied, and players return meld cards to their hands. Some varieties accept a "round house", kings and queens of each suit, and earn a bonus 10 points awarding a total of 250 points.
Trick-taking commences and continues until all held cards have been played. One variation has no "leading" requirement for the bid winner or subsequent trick winner to lead a specific card, however the rules of "following" are still observed.
When adding counters, cards from each player's discard pile are included in totals for a total of 240 counters per round, plus one counter for winning the final trick. One variation to make it more difficult for the bid-winning player, the discard pile created by drawing cards is used by the non-bidding player to score towards tricks.
Three-handed pinochle[edit]
In Three-handed pinochle[8] each player plays for him or herself. The dealer deals 15 cards to each player and three cards to the kitty—a separate pile in the middle.
All players review their cards and silently determine their bids. The player to the dealer's left initiates the bidding process. If the player has a meld, he or she is required to open the bidding; otherwise, they may pass or bid. If he or she passes, the obligation to bid passes to the next player, if meld is held. Once a player passes, he or she is out of the auction.
Bidding begins at 20, or as little as 19 if dealer, and increases in multiples of 1. The highest bidder wins the auction and turns up the three-card kitty for all to see. The three widow cards are placed in the bid winner's hand. The bid winner then declares trump and lays down meld. The other two players also lay meld face-up for count. After the appropriate points have been tallied the bid winner must set aside any three cards that have not been melded. This will reduce the bid winner's hand to 15 cards. For all three players, meld is now returned to each respective player's hand, and the round is played. During the round, a player must take at least one trick to "save one's meld", even if the trick contains no points; otherwise, no meld points will be counted for that player during that round.
After all tricks are taken, counters are tallied for each player. The three discards by the highest bidder count toward their counter score for the hand, so there is always a total of 25 points for the trick score among the three players. If the highest bidder fails to make their contract by adding meld points and trick points from the play, then their score is negative the amount of the bid for that hand. The meld count is cancelled.
After viewing the kitty, the highest bidder may concede the hand and take a negative score for the amount of their bid; however, they still must name trump and the other two players score their meld. Conceding the hand does save the trick points opponents would score playing their hands, although opponents will not have an opportunity to lose their meld by failing to take a trick.

The game is won when one player reaches 100 points. It is possible for two or all three players to go over 100 on the same hand. There are three methods of resolving ties:
Playing another hand
The game is extended becomes a contest to 125 points. If two players exceed 125 points on the same hand, the contest lengthens to 150 points. This rule holds regardless of score fluctuations (players "going minus" - failing to reach their bid amounts — and falling below 100 points.
If two players exceed 100 points on the same hand, then the high bidder for that round automatically is declared the winner. If two non-bidders exceed 100 points on the same hand, then either of the other methods apply.
Renege[edit]
Any time a player accidentally misplays during the play portion of the hand, it is called a renege. There are various forms of misplay:
Playing out of suit
Sloughing on a trick when holding trump
Playing out of turn
Failure to discard three cards prior to the play portion of the hand — this constitutes a renege if bidder has led to the first trick
Purposely exposing any portion of your hand to another player (during the play portion of the game for all players and also during the meld portion of the hand for nonbidders with the exception of meld cards)
Failure to kill (Not going over the played card when required to during the hand)
Any other action that disrupts the harmony of the game
After play begins, any discovered misdeal not caused by a card-fault in the deck constitutes a renege for the dealer and any player on the dealer's team.
If the bidder reneges, they automatically takes a double set and the amount of the bid is subtracted from their score. The two opposing players get to count their meld points and the remainder of the hand is thrown in.
If either of the two nonbidders misplay, the bidder automatically makes their bid. The bidder gets to score the amount of their bid and meld, the player that misplayed loses all meld and takes a single set, and the third player scores only their meld.
Card-Fault Misdeal
If at any point during melding or play it is determined that a non-standard deck is being used, any player may declare a card-fault misdeal. This results in the nullification of the entire hand including all meld and points obtained.
Cutthroat pinochle[edit]
Similar to three-handed pinochle, cutthroat is a simple modification. The dealer deals the entire deck out (16 cards to each player), in packets of four. The player to the left of the dealer begins the bidding once meld has been silently determined by all players. Play continues normally in terms of scoring and trick taking. The only way to win in cutthroat pinochle, however, is to "bid and out", or to have taken the bid and surpassed the predetermined winning score. It is then possible for multiple players to go over the winning score, yet if none has taken a bid and met the resulting contract, a win has not happened and play continues. It is also possible for a person to lose with the high score if they do not take a winning bid.
Four-handed pinochle[edit]
Four-handed pinochle, or "partnership pinochle"[8] is played with two teams of two players each. Partners are seated opposite from each other. Each player is dealt 12 cards. The opening bid is typically 150, but can be a higher agreed on value. All four players may bid. Both the bidder and his partner have their score count towards making the contract. High bidder names trump. There typically is no kitty. With a kitty, the four cards are distributed, one to each player, by the bid winner. Each hand must meld separately. As in the three-handed version, the first player is forced to bid when holding meld. Play is often to 1000 but can increase to 1500 during partnership.
Five-handed and larger pinochle[edit]
Games with five hands or more typically modify partnership pinochle in a variety of ways. They are generally played with 1 1/2 or doubled decks, with extra dix added or withheld to make an even deal. With an odd number of players, the bidder asks for a desired card in the trump suit, with the first matching player being partner for that hand. Everyone else plays against the team. In larger groups, one or more players can sit out each hand allowing the remaining players to follow the appropriate rules for the respective number of players.
Check pinochle[edit]
Check pinochle[8] is a gambling variant of three-hand. It is the same as to 1000, except that players keep track of "checks". If playing for $1 stakes, each check gained means that the other two players owe a dollar. The following events cause a gain or loss of checks.
Flush or run +1 check
Aces +1 check
Roundtable +2 checks (marriage in each suit)
Note that checks for meld can be earned either by the bidder or non-bidder. Checks are kept even if the bid is not made.
Looking at the "talon" and losing the hand (either by conceding or playing) -1 check
Playing the hand and losing -1 additional check
Not looking at the talon and conceding 300 points. - no gain or loss of checks (happens when forced to bid)
Double marriage (two marriages in same suit) +1 check
Double pinochle +1 check
Double aces, double kings, double queens, or double jacks +2 checks
Winning the game +5 or +10 checks
7 nines +5 or +10 checks (do not need to win the bid to get credit)
Double-deck pinochle[edit]
Today "double-deck" pinochle[8] is a popular form of the game, exclusively played by the National Pinochle Association, the American Pinochle Association, the Cambridge Pinochle Association, and in the "World Series of Pinochle".[9]
Double-deck pinochle is played with two pinochle decks, without the nines. This makes for an 80 card deck.
Play is similar to regular pinochle, except 20 cards are dealt to each person and minimum bid is increased to 500 points. In some variations, bids are made in increments of 10 or more points until 600 is reached, then by 50 points. This version often features "meld bidding", a bid made to let a partner know what is in the bidder's hand. The only communication during bidding should be a numerical number or "pass", any other way of communicating is called "talking across the table" and is forbidden.
There are occasionally different meld values for a run and a pinochle; a run being 250 or 150 points, and a pinochle being 150 or 40 points. All other aspects of the game generally remain the same.
Technical Misdeal
If a player is dealt 13 or more non-counters and no aces, the player may declare a technical misdeal. This must declared before he or she plays the first trick. A technical misdeal nullifies all points melded for all players. The hand is then re-dealt by the original dealer of that hand.
Triple deck, six handed pinochle[edit]
(note:follow all rules of double deck pinochle)
In triple-deck pinochle[8] six play in two partnerships of three each; each player has an opponent at their right and left. Three pinochle decks with no nines are mixed together, making a pack of 120 cards. Each player is dealt 20 cards, and the rules of double deck pinochle apply, except that the minimum bid is 75, and the last trick is worth 3 points. most of the extra melds made possible by the triple pack do not count extra. i.e. if a player should hold twenty aces, five of each suit, the value would be that of double aces and triple aces combined.[10]
Internet pinochle[edit]
Internet pinochle is almost always "double deck" except for a few applications for some smart phones.[11][12] Today the Internet is host to many live professional cash tournaments,[13] although many are still cautious about playing online because of potential cheating.
Racehorse pinochle[edit]
Note that this use of the term "racehorse" is inconsistent with the commonly understood meaning of the term when applied to Pinochle. As summarized by Dave LeVasseur: "Racehorse means that, after the winning bidder has named trump, that player's partner passes cards across the table"[14]
Played much the same as "double deck" but to six hands, the point values are inflated.
Two teams are formed, 20 cards are then dealt to each player and 4 cards are dealt to the blind. Bidding commences with the person immediately to the left of the dealer automatically bidding 500. The winner of the bid includes the blind into their hand, calls trump and melds.
Around (1 of each suit)
Twice around
4 of a kind
Aces
100 1000 1000
Kings
80 800 800
Queens
60 600 600
10s or 9s
0 0 0
Note: all runs, double, triple, and quadruple, marriages must be in trump
Not trump
Trump
Double
Triple
Quadruple
Marriage
20 40 300 900 the game
Pinochle
40 - 300 900 the game
Run
- 150 300 900 the game
The game continues with the standard rules of play. When the play is over each team adds up their points in the count with kings, 10s, and aces worth ten points, while queens and jacks are worth zero. If a team count plus meld does not equal their bid, they "go set". By going set the amount of the bid is subtracted from the team's score and their count is discarded. The other team retains both their meld and their count provided they took at least 10 points in the count.
Double-deck pinochle for eight players[edit]
Two full decks are dealt between eight players, forming four teams. Team members are spaced so that they are not able to see any other hands. The game is usually played to a score of 5,000 or higher. Other than this, the four player rules apply, and any variations may also be used. There is an increased possibility that when one team declares trump another team may have an equal number of trump also, which may lead to an interesting game. An optional scoring rule rewards 1,000 points for a quadruple pinochle—four jacks of diamonds and four queens of spades in a meld.
Alternate end games
One variation on winning allows a team or individual to win instantly from any score by taking all the tricks in a hand. To win in this fashion, the winning player or team must play very skillfully to prevent opposing players from taking even one lowly (even zero-point) trick. This victory is known as "pinochling". A player or team can play for this victory even if they are not the highest bidder. "pinochling" does not require a bidder to make their bid. They also can play for this victory even if their bid cannot be made with the maximum number of trick points available plus their meld. However, the highest bidding player or team can prevent other players from attempting this if they elect to "throw in" the hand before the first card is played.
When playing "bid-out" rules, a team can win without bidding if their score reaches (and remains above) the agreed upon game-ending score while their opponents fail to make their bid three times. This is known as a "slide-out".
Notable pinochle players[edit]
Anthony Collins, champion pinochle player, member of the National Pinochle Association, and author of Winning Pinochle Strategies Morris Publishing (2001).[15]
L Roy Ram, Champion pinochle player, member of the National Pinochle Association and American Pinochle Association, author of "The Complete Guide to DoubleDeck Pinochle". Pinochle Press (2004) A 256-page reference work, indexed with a glossary.
Joe Andrews, master of most trick taking games, author of various books for the U.S. Playing Card Company on trick taking card games and head of Grand Prix Tournaments-"The World Series of Pinochle",[16] he also has various YouTube videos on playing pinochle.
Tobor Leigh, founder of The Cambridge Pinochle Association, winner various card tournaments with over a dozen in pinochle.[17]
Sierra Carey, Treasurer of the National Pinochle Association 2015-current. Co-founder of Pinochle for Proud Papas.
James "Bernie" Walker, the President of the National Pinochle Association.[18] Bill Walker, founder/owner of The American Pinochle Association.[19]
Walter B. Gibson, 1897–1985, magician, author, and pinochle expert, wrote various book in the 1970s on pinochle including Pinochle, how to play, how to win (1974).
See also[edit]
Belote
Bezique
Marjolet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ French wiktionary entry for "binocle"
Jump up ^ Deborah Doyle (edited). Hoyle's Official Rules of Card Games. Redwood: Dingley. 2000. Page 420.
Jump up ^ John Scarne. Scarne on Cards. Signet: New York. 1965. Pages 310-311.
Jump up ^ Rensselaer County Historical Society. Online Exhibitions: "Grüß Gott" in Rensselaer County: The Twentieth Century. 17 October 2002. Downloaded 12 February 2007.[1]
^ Jump up to: a b Joli Kansil. Bicycle Official Rules of Card Games. 90th Edition. Cincinnati: US Playing Card Company. 2004. Page 208.
Jump up ^ Page 344
Jump up ^ McLeod, John. "Card Games". www.pagat.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Morehead, Albert; Frey, Richard; Mott-Smith, Geoffrey. "Pinochle". The New Complete Hoyle Revised (5th ed.). Doubleday. pp. 327–361. ISBN 0-385-24962-4.
Jump up ^ Grand Prix Tournament s
Jump up ^ Bicycle Official Rules of Card Games. 60th Edition. Cincinnati: US Playing Card Company. 1966.
Jump up ^ yahoo games
Jump up ^ games.com
Jump up ^ American Pinochle Association
Jump up ^ "Pinochle Rules, Six Card Racehorse".
Jump up ^ Collins, Anthony. Winning Pinochle Strategies. Morris Publishing (2001)
Jump up ^ grandprixtournments.com
Jump up ^ "Cambridge Pinochle Association".
Jump up ^ "National Pinochle Association (NPA)". npapinochle.org.
Jump up ^ http://www.playpin.org
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Pinochle.
Pinochle is also available as an app
Play Multiplayer Pinochle Online hassle free (without ads, flash, download or signup).
American Pinochle Association
National Pinochle Association
Comprehensive Pinochle Documentation
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Main-group element
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The periodic table of the chemical elements. The columns represent the groups. Groups 1, 2 and 13 to 18 constitute the main group. Sometimes groups 3 and 12, as well as the lanthanides and actinides (the two rows at the bottom), are also included in the main group.
In chemistry and atomic physics, the main group is the group of elements whose lightest members are represented by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine as arranged in the periodic table of the elements. The main group includes the elements (except hydrogen, which is sometimes not included) in groups 1 and 2 (s-block), and groups 13 to 18 (p-block). The s-block elements are primarily characterised by one main oxidation state, and the p-block elements, when they have multiple oxidation states, often have common oxidation states separated by two units.
Group 12 elements are often considered to be transition metals; however, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) share some properties of both groups, and many scientists believe they should be included in the main group.[1][2] Occasionally, even the group 3 elements as well as the lanthanides and actinides have been included, because especially the group 3 elements and lanthanides are electropositive elements with only one main oxidation state like the group 1 and 2 elements. The position of the actinides is more questionable, but the most common and stable of them, thorium (Th) and uranium (U), are similar to main-group elements as thorium is an electropositive element with only one main oxidation state (+4), and uranium has two main ones separated by two oxidation units (+4 and +6).[3]
In older nomenclature the main-group elements are groups IA and IIA, and groups IIIB to 0 (CAS groups IIIA to VIIIA). Group 12 is labelled as group IIB in both systems. Group 3 is labelled as group IIIA in the older nomenclature (CAS group IIIB).
Main-group elements (with some of the lighter transition metals) are the most abundant elements on Earth, in the Solar System, and in the Universe. They are sometimes also called the representative elements.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Jensen, William B. (2003). "The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 80 (8): 952. Bibcode:2003JChEd..80..952J. doi:10.1021/ed080p952.
Jump up ^ King, R. Bruce (1995). Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements. Wiley-VCH. ISBN 0-471-18602-3.
Bibliography[edit]
Ralf Steudel, "Chemie der Nichtmetalle" (Chemistry of the nonmetals), 2nd Edition. Walter deGruyter, Berlin 1998. ISBN 3-11-012322-3
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A Registered Disability Savings Plan (RDSP) is a Government of Canada program designed to enable individuals with disabilities, with assistance from family and friends to save for their future financial security. The Government of Canada assists people to save with the Canada Disability Savings Program, consisting of the Canada Disability Savings Grant and Canada Disability Savings Bond. The Canada Disability Savings Grant matches personal contributions. The Canada Disability Savings Bond provides funding to RDSPs of people with low and moderate incomes.[1][2]
The RDSP is similar to a Registered Education Savings Plan. A person who establishes an RDSP can make contributions to the plan up to a lifetime limit of $200,000 for the benefit of the person named the beneficiary.[3]
Contributions are not tax-deductible, and earnings and growth accrue on a tax-deferred basis. Anyone can contribute. The contributions grow tax-free until withdrawn – at which time a proportion of the plan (earnings and growth received) is taxable and will need to be declared as income in the hands of the beneficiary at that time. In most cases it should not affect eligibility for provincial disability benefits. There are no maximum annuations. Contributions can be up to the end of the year in which the beneficiary turns 59 years old.
This is not an alternative to setting up a trust for a person with disabilities, but should be used in conjunction with other vehicles, such as Henson trusts, insurance products, segregated funds and Lifetime Benefits Trusts to build a solid financial plan.
Contents
[hide]
1 Eligibility
2 Benefits
3 History
4 References
5 External links
Eligibility[edit]
To open an RDSP, a person must:
be eligible for the Disability Tax Credit
be 49 or younger as of December 31 of the current year
be resident of Canada
have a valid Social Insurance Number
To qualify for the Disability Tax Credit the individual must be “markedly restricted” in at least one of the following categories: speaking, hearing, walking, elimination (bowel or bladder functions), feeding, dressing, performing the mental functions of everyday life, life-sustaining therapy to support vital function and the recently introduced cumulative effects of significant restrictions.
Only one RDSP account may be set up per qualifying individual, and only that beneficiary is entitled to any payments. An RDSP arrangement must be between the issuer and either the beneficiary, a qualifying person in relation to the beneficiary or a legal parent who is not a qualifying person, but who is a holder of another RDSP of the beneficiary. A qualifying person can only establish and administer an RDSP on behalf of the beneficiary if the beneficiary lacks the mental capacity to do so himself of herself. A disabled adult with mental capacity who wished to benefit from an RDSP must establish the plan himself or herself, however, family members, friends or others could contribute to a plan established by the disabled person, with his or her permission.
Benefits[edit]
Person receiving provincial disability benefits can set up an RDSP, without going through an asset-test and without it affecting provincial disability benefits, where applicable.
If the beneficiary’s income level is less than $21,287, the beneficiary should receive annual Government of Canada Disability Savings Bonds, to a lifetime maximum of $20,000 per RDSP. Add also the Canada Disability Savings Grant, if the beneficiary’s income is $75,769 or less for an additional $3,500/yr, to a lifetime maximum of $70,000. This works out such that, if the beneficiary over the age of 18 meets the appropriate income levels, an initiation contribution of $1,500 can result in $3,500 in matching government funds. There are complex rules governing the withdrawal of funds from RDSPs that could potentially see the beneficiary having to repay government grant and bond moneys if withdrawals are made before the funds have vested for a period of 10 years.
Beneficiaries will only receive grant and bond moneys up until the year in which they turn 49 years old. Monies can be contributed to the RDSP until the end of the year in which the beneficiary turns 59. Payments to the beneficiary must begin when the beneficiary turn 60.
If maximum matching contributions have been made since the child turned 18, then when he/she turns 38, there will be no further federal contributions available. The total of $90,000 grants and bonds available will already have been maximized. The growth on the total contributed will presumably be larger than if the plan is set up at a later age.
RDSP payments are “blended” on a pro-rata basis, since the contributions were made with after-tax dollars, while the grants and bonds, as well as interest/earnings on the whole plan, and are taxable.
RDSP income will not affect entitlement to: Old Age Security (OAS) payments and GST credits.
In the event of the RDSP beneficiary’s death, the plan’s value is paid out to the beneficiary’s estate, subject to the 10 year assistance holdback rule.
History[edit]
The RDSP was announced by the Government of Canada in its 2007 Budget and became available in 2008.
The federal Minister of Finance commissioned an Expert Panel Report on Financial Security for Children with Severe Disabilities, titled A New Beginning[4]
The funds within the RDSP grow on a tax deferred basis. Most federal, provincial and municipal social programs exempt these assets when means testing the client's entitlement to their services.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Thanks to Jim Flaherty, disabled Canadians can fulfill their dreams". Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ "Government launches review of the Registered Disability Savings Plan". actionplan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
Jump up ^ nurun.com. "Raising awareness of disability savings plan". Peterborough Examiner. Retrieved 2016-09-22.
Jump up ^ MINISTER OF FINANCE. "A New Beginning" (PDF). Department of Finance Canada. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
External links[edit]
Canada Revenue Agency - Registered Disability Savings Plan
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Registered_Disability_Savings_Plan&oldid=799910847"
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Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
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Nurse
Romeo and Juliet character
Information
Family
Unnamed (husband)
Susan (daughter)
Other name(s)
Angelica (possible real name)
Associate(s)
Juliet (surrogate daughter)
The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama Romeo and Juliet. She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante.
She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal history outside of the Capulet estate is unknown, other than that she once had a husband and a daughter, both of whom are deceased. Juliet is considered by many, historians and fans alike, to be her surrogate daughter in many respects because she raised Juliet in Lady Capulet's absence.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Role in the play
3 Literary interpretations
4 Analysis
5 Performance history
6 Notes
7 References
Origins[edit]
The Nurse is a character in Arthur Brooke's poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, as Shakespeare's main source text. She is like family to the Capulets. The Nurse plays a similar role in the poem by Brooke, though she is less critical of Paris and is banished for the events that took place.[1]
Role in the play[edit]
The Nurse tries to convince Juliet to marry Paris.
The Nurse delivering her "Yet I cannot choose but laugh" line in Act I scene III in an 1847 drawing
The Nurse is sent by Juliet in act two, scene four to seek out Romeo the night after their first kiss and exchange of vows. The Nurse finds Romeo and soon after returns to Juliet with news of Romeo's continued affection. It is because of the Nurse's approval that Juliet ultimately decides to go through with marrying Romeo.
Later, the Nurse is overcome with grief at the death of Tybalt, and she runs to Juliet and cries, "He's dead, he's dead, he's dead! We are undone, lady, we are undone! Alack the day, he's gone, he's killed, he's dead!"[2] The Nurse is the one to deliver the news of Romeo's banishment to Juliet; in spite of Tybalt's murder coming from Romeo's hands, Juliet bids the Nurse to seek out Romeo for her at Friar Lawrence's cell for one final night with him before he flees to Mantua.
When Juliet learns that her parents expect her to marry Paris, the Nurse urges the girl to go ahead with the marriage. Even though Juliet was already married to Romeo, the Nurse felt that Juliet would never see her husband again. Following this, Juliet feels betrayed and decides never to share any more of her secrets with the Nurse.
The Nurse discovers Juliet under the spell of Friar Lawrence's potion in act four, scene five, and the grief of her death as seriously as she mourned Tybalt. She is, finally, present at the real deathbed of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris, though speechless. Indeed, she loses perhaps the dearest friends of anyone, having suffered through the deaths of her husband, Susan, Tybalt, Romeo, and Juliet.
The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play; only the eponymous characters have more lines.[3]
Literary interpretations[edit]
In 2014, Simon & Schuster published Juliet's Nurse (ISBN 9781476757445), a novel by historian and former college professor Lois Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse.[3]
Analysis[edit]
In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character that uses it. Friar Lawrence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms, and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech.[4]
Friar Lawrence agrees to marry Romeo to Juliet in an attempt to mend the dispute between the two families; the Nurse sees their union as one of legitimate romance. The Nurse recognizes that Juliet shows no interest in Paris' courting and is the only member of the older generation to take Juliet's feelings into consideration…that is, until she suddenly betrays Juliet's trust by saying that she should marry Paris. Only to the nurse does Juliet confide her feelings about both Paris and Romeo. The formal language Juliet uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo.[5]
The Nurse also admits to being something of a fool, proclaiming, "were not I thine [Juliet's] only nurse, I would say thou hadst suck'd wisdom from thy teat."[6] She is implied to be ugly by Mercutio, who urges the Nurse's servant Peter to fetch her fan quickly, "to hide her face; for her fan's the fairer face." Mercutio also mentions her age, calling her an "ancient lady" as he exits from the same scene. Some illustrations even depict her as an obese or big boned woman, because of how Mercutio insults her. He calls "A sail! A sail!" Meaning he thinks that the nurse is as big as a ship.
The Nurse is also a frequent user of malapropisms. Her view of romance is very pragmatic, much like Mercutio's views. When Juliet says that marriage is an honour she did not yet think of, the nurse laughs and exclaims, what an honour it is. The nurse's humour is very crude, which is shown when she makes a rude joke about the way Juliet will 'fall down' when she is older.
The Nurse's given name may be Angelica. In Act 4, scene 4, Lord Capulet, alone with the Nurse and Lady Capulet, tells "good Angelica" to order baked meats for Juliet's upcoming wedding to Count Paris. It is unclear from the text whether he is addressing the Nurse or Lady Capulet.
Performance history[edit]
Edna May Oliver as the nurse in the 1936 film.
A short sample of famous Nurses follows:
Miriam Margolyes in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.
Pat Heywood in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film.
Edna May Oliver in the 1936 film.
Flora Robson in the 1954 film.
Debbie Rochon in Tromeo & Juliet.
Chita Rivera (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (1957 Original Broadway Cast)
Rita Moreno (as Anita) the Nurse role in "West Side Story (film)"
Karen Olivo (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (2009 Revival Original Broadway Cast)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Arthur J. Roberts (February 1902). "The Sources of Romeo and Juliet". Modern Language Notes. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 17, No. 2. 17 (2): 41–44. JSTOR 2917639. doi:10.2307/2917639.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 2
^ Jump up to: a b Simon & Schuster author page, retrieved 4/19/2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445
Jump up ^ Halio, 48-60.
Jump up ^ Halio, 20-30.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 67-68
References[edit]
Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-30089-5.
[show]
v
t
e
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1953
1954
1955
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2007
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet (1969)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Gnomeo & Juliet: Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Foreign
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Romeo and Juliet (Spanish 1940)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
Los Tarantos (Spanish 1963)
Fury of Johnny Kid (Italian 1967)
Ma che musica maestro (Italian 1971)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 1978)
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 1979)
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (Hindi 1981)
The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (Hindi 1988)
Saudagar (Hindi 1991)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (Telugu 1996)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Kalisundam Raa (Telugu 2000)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (Hindi 2002)
Bollywood Queen (English/Hindi 2002)
Amar te duele (Spanish 2002)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 2005)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Maro Charitra (Telugu 2010)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (Hindi 2013)
Issaq (Hindi 2013)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
TV series
Sons and Daughters (1982)
Family and Friends (1990)
Villa Quintana (1995)
Yo amo a Paquita Gallego (1998)
Skin (2003)
A Touch Away (2006)
Dangerous (2007)
Romeo × Juliet (2007)
Romeo y Julieta (2007)
Saints & Sinners (2007)
Harina de otro costal (2010)
Villa Quintana (2013)
Westside (2013 pilot)
Star-Crossed (2014)
Still Star-Crossed (2017)
Plays
Romanoff and Juliet (1956)
Romeo and Juliet (2013)
Songs
Lan và Điệp (1930s)
"Montagues and Capulets" (1935)
"Fever" (1956)
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet (1968)
"(Don't Fear) The Reaper" (1976)
"Angelo" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1978)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1981)
"Cherish" (1989)
"Amor Prohibido" (1994)
"Kissing You" (1996)
"Exit Music" (1997)
"Romeo and Juliet" (1998)
"Starcrossed" (2004)
"Peut-être toi" (2006)
"Mademoiselle Juliette" (2007)
"Love Story" (2008)
"Love Me Again" (2013)
Albums
Romeo and Juliet (1968)
Romeo + Juliet (1996)
Romeo & Julia (2006)
Tragic Lovers (2008)
Literature
Les Chouans
The Wandering Jew (1844)
The Stolen Dormouse (1941)
The Faraway Lurs (1963)
Romiette and Julio (2001)
New Moon (2006)
Warm Bodies (2010)
Art
Romeo and Juliet: the Tomb Scene (1790)
Romeo and Juliet (1978)
Phrases
"Star-crossed"
"A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"
Story within
a story
Nicholas Nickleby
1912 film
1947 film
1980 play
2001 film
2002 film
The Picture of Dorian Gray
1910 film
1913 film
1915 film
1916 film
1917 film
1918 film
1945 film
1976 TV special
2009 film
Harlequinade
W Juliet
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
Panic Button
Bare: A Pop Opera
""Into the Light"
Bolji život
The Sky Is Everywhere
Pay as You Exit
The White Mercedes
She Died a Lady
"Moonshine River"
Rendez-vous
Fame
"I Am Unicorn"
The Frog Prince
Molly
Smart Girls Get What They Want
Tumbleweeds
"The Thief of Baghead"
The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke
Prince Charming
Km. 0
Phileine Says Sorry
Hamateur Night
"Say You'll Be Mine"
Into the Gauntlet
Wandering Son
K-On!
Foreign
stories
Adam Khan and Durkhanai
Tum Teav
Yusuf Khan and Sherbano
Solomon & Gaenor
Butterfly Lovers
Hani and Sheh Mureed
Lục Vân Tiên
film
Teav Aek
Layla and Majnun
Lovers of Teruel
film
Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie
Ishaqzaade
Other
Such Tweet Sorrow
Romeo and Juliet effect
After Juliet
"Upper West Side Story" (2012)
Millennium Dome Show
Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn
Boys Don't Cry
My Wedding and Other Secrets
Donkey in Lahore
Upside Down
Letters to Juliet
Book:Romeo and Juliet
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A pilot study, pilot project or pilot experiment is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and effect size (statistical variability) in an attempt to predict an appropriate sample size and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project.[1] Pilot studies, therefore, may not be appropriate for case studies.
Contents
[hide]
1 Implementation
2 Other applications
3 See also
4 References
Implementation[edit]
Pilot experiments are frequently carried out before large-scale quantitative research, in an attempt to avoid time and money being wasted on an inadequately designed project. A pilot study is usually carried out on members of the relevant population, but not on those who will form part of the final sample. This is because it may influence the later behaviour of research subjects if they have already been involved in the research.[2]
A pilot experiment/study is often used to test the design of the full-scale experiment which then can be adjusted. It is a potentially valuable insight and should anything be missing in the pilot study it can be added to the full-scale (and more expensive) experiment to improve the chances of a clear outcome.
Other applications[edit]
In sociology, pilot studies can be referred to as small-scale studies that will help identify design issues before the main research is done.
Although pilot experiments have a well-established tradition in public action, their usefulness as a strategy for change has been questioned, at least in the domain of environmental management.[3] It is argued that extrapolation from a pilot study to large scale environmental strategy cannot be assumed to be possible, partly due to the exceptional resources and favourable conditions that often accompany a pilot study.
See also[edit]
Dry run (testing)
Mass production
Mock-up
Pilot plant
Proof of concept
Prototype
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hulley, Stephen B. Designing Clinical Research. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007, p.168-169.
Jump up ^ Haralambos and Holborn (2000); p.998
Jump up ^ Billé, R. (2010) “Action without change? On the use and usefulness of pilot experiments in environmental management.”. S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (1)
Haralambos, M.; M. Holborn (2000). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. Hammersmith, London: HarperCollins Publishers.
van Teijlingen, E. R; V. Hundley (2001). The importance of pilot studies. Social research UPDATE, (35).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_experiment&oldid=779446402"
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