text:
Orlando Brown (American football)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people with the same name, see Orlando Brown.
Orlando Brown
No. 77, 78
Position:
Tackle
Personal information
Born:
(1970-12-12)December 12, 1970
Washington, D.C.
Died:
September 23, 2011(2011-09-23) (aged 40)
Baltimore, Maryland
Height:
6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
Weight:
360 lb (163 kg)
Career information
High school:
Washington (DC) Woodson
College:
South Carolina State
Undrafted:
1993
Career history
Cleveland Browns (1993–1995)
Baltimore Ravens (1996–1998)
Cleveland Browns (1999)
Baltimore Ravens (2003–2005)
Career NFL statistics
Games played:
129
Games started:
119
Fumble recoveries:
3
Player stats at NFL.com
Orlando Claude "Zeus" Brown (December 12, 1970 – September 23, 2011) was an American football player who played offensive tackle in the NFL. He attended Howard D. Woodson High School. He was released by the Baltimore Ravens in March 2006, and previously played for the Cleveland Browns. He played college football for Willie Jeffries at South Carolina State University.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 NFL career
2.1 First stint with Browns
2.2 First stint with Ravens
2.3 Second stint with Browns
2.4 Out of football, injuries, and lawsuits
2.5 Second stint with Ravens
3 After football
4 Death
5 References
Early years[edit]
Orlando Brown was born in 1970 in Washington, D.C. Brown attended H. D. Woodson Senior High School. He went to South Carolina State University and played offensive tackle.
NFL career[edit]
First stint with Browns[edit]
Orlando Brown signed with the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 1993. He spent three seasons with the Browns.
First stint with Ravens[edit]
In 1996, the Browns franchise was suspended, and former Browns owner Art Modell moved most of his players, including Brown, to Baltimore to become the Baltimore Ravens. In his first stint as a Raven, Brown who, at 6-foot-7, 360 pounds, was known as an energetic and intimidating player, earned the nickname "Zeus".[2] In his prime he was one of the highest-paid offensive linemen in the NFL.[2]
Second stint with Browns[edit]
Brown was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the "reactivated" Cleveland Browns before the 1999 season. During a December 19, 1999 game against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Brown was accidentally hit in the right eye by a penalty flag weighted with ball bearings thrown by referee Jeff Triplette.[2] Triplette immediately apologized to Brown. Brown left the game temporarily, then returned to the field only to shove Triplette, knocking him to the ground. Brown was ejected from the game and had to be escorted off the field by his teammates. Brown was subsequently suspended by the NFL, but the suspension was lifted when the severity of his injury became apparent. Brown would miss three seasons due to temporary blindness. Brown was one of only two players to have played for the original Cleveland Browns and the Browns after the team was revived in 1999, as most of the Browns roster was moved to Baltimore. The other player is Antonio Langham.
Out of football, injuries, and lawsuits[edit]
Brown sat out the entire 2000 season waiting for his right eye to heal. The Browns released him after the season. In 2001, he sued the NFL for $200 million in damages. According to reports, he settled for a sum between $15 million and $25 million in 2002.[2]
Second stint with Ravens[edit]
Brown spent the 2001 and 2002 seasons in rehabilitation before he was picked back up by the Ravens in 2003.
During the 2003 season while playing for the Ravens, Brown started at both offensive and defensive tackle in a game against the Oakland Raiders. He remained with the team until shortly before the 2006 NFL season, when he was released. Following his retirement, Brown retained ties with the Ravens and mentored players.[2]
After football[edit]
After retiring from football, Brown went into the restaurant business, and became the owner of the first Fatburger franchise in Maryland.[3]
In September 2009, Brown was arrested and charged with third-degree burglary and destruction of property.[4] The charges were later dropped.[5]
Death[edit]
Brown was found dead on September 23, 2011, in his Baltimore townhouse.[6][7] The state medical examiner ruled that Brown died of diabetic ketoacidosis, an ailment common among diabetics and caused by high blood sugar and lack of insulin.[8] He is survived by three sons: Orlando, Jr., Justin and Braxton; and two daughters: Tanisha and India.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Orlando Brown Stats, News, Photos". ESPN.com. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Slotnik, Daniel E. (23 September 2011). "Orlando Brown, Who Sued N.F.L. Over Errant Flag, Dies at 40". The New York Times. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fog Cutter Capital Group, Inc.'s Fatburger Unit Opens First Maryland Restaurant with Former NFL Player Orlando Brown" (Press release). Fatburger. January 12, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2010. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Orlando Brown arrested, charged twice". ESPN. September 4, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Charges dismissed against Orlando Brown". Scout.com. January 9, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Former Ravens Player Orlando Brown Found Dead". WBALTV.com. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Ex-Ravens tackle Orlando Brown dies". ESPN.com. September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Medical examiner: Orlando Brown died of diabetes complications". October 3, 2011. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
[hide]
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Baltimore Ravens 1996 inaugural season roster
Vashone Adams
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Herman Arvie
Randy Baldwin
Harold Bishop
Jeff Blackshear
Issac Booth
Donny Brady
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Orlando Brown Sr.
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Earnest Byner
Mike Caldwell
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Mike Croel
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Steve Everitt
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Tim Goad
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Earnest Hunter
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Jermaine Lewis
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Head coach: Ted Marchibroda
Assistant coaches: Maxie Baughan
Jacob Burney
Kirk Ferentz
Pat Hill
Al Lavan
Marvin Lewis
Eric Mangini
Scott O'Brien
Alvin Reynolds
John Settle
Jerry Simmons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Brown_(American_football)&oldid=815818208"
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Visible spectrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Color spectrum" redirects here. For The Dear Hunter album, see The Color Spectrum.
White light is dispersed by a prism into the colors of the visible spectrum.
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light. A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nanometers.[1] In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770 THz.
The spectrum does not contain all the colors that the human eyes and brain can distinguish. Unsaturated colors such as pink, or purple variations like magenta, for example, are absent because they can only be made from a mix of multiple wavelengths. Colors containing only one wavelength are also called pure colors or spectral colors.
Visible wavelengths pass largely unattenuated through the Earth's atmosphere via the "optical window" region of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this phenomenon is when clean air scatters blue light more than red light, and so the midday sky appears blue. The optical window is also referred to as the "visible window" because it overlaps the human visible response spectrum. The near infrared (NIR) window lies just out of the human vision, as well as the Medium Wavelength IR (MWIR) window, and the Long Wavelength or Far Infrared (LWIR or FIR) window, although other animals may experience them.
Contents
1 History
2 Animal color vision
3 Spectral colors
4 Spectroscopy
5 Color display spectrum
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
Newton's color circle, from Opticks of 1704, showing the colors he associated with musical notes. The spectral colors from red to violet are divided by the notes of the musical scale, starting at D. The circle completes a full octave, from D to D. Newton's circle places red, at one end of the spectrum, next to violet, at the other. This reflects the fact that non-spectral purple colors are observed when red and violet light are mixed.
In the 13th century, Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.[2]
In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks. He was the first to use the word spectrum (Latin for "appearance" or "apparition") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle, some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (refracted) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.
Newton's observation of prismatic colors (David Brewster 1855)
Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. He chose seven colors out of a belief, derived from the ancient Greek sophists, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the solar system, and the days of the week.[3] The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including Isaac Asimov,[4] have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. However, the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas "blue" corresponds to cyan.[5][6][7]
In the 18th century, Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours. Goethe used the word spectrum (Spektrum) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage, as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap.
In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel (infrared) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter (ultraviolet), Thomas Young, Thomas Johann Seebeck, and others.[8] Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light, in 1802.[9]
The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century. Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.
Animal color vision[edit]
See also: Color vision § Physiology of color perception
Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.[10][11] Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths. Bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start.[12] Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans.[13] The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light [14] is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.[15] Similarly, dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors, though not as many as humans.[16]. Some snakes can "see"[17] radiant heat at wavelengths between 5 and 30 μm to a degree of accuracy such that a blind rattlesnake can target vulnerable body parts of the prey at which it strikes,[18] and other snakes with the organ may detect warm bodies from a metre away.[19] It may also be used in thermoregulation and predator detection.[20][21] (See Infrared sensing in snakes)
Spectral colors[edit]
Color
Wavelength
Frequency
Photon energy
Violet 380–450 nm 668–789 THz 2.75–3.26 eV
Blue 450–495 nm 606–668 THz 2.50–2.75 eV
Green 495–570 nm 526–606 THz 2.17–2.50 eV
Yellow 570–590 nm 508–526 THz 2.10–2.17 eV
Orange 590–620 nm 484–508 THz 2.00–2.10 eV
Red 620–750 nm 400–484 THz 1.65–2.00 eV
Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (monochromatic light) are called pure spectral colors. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.[22]
Spectroscopy[edit]
Rough plot of Earth's atmospheric opacity to various wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light
Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy, where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Typically, astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun. Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines.
The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects.
Color display spectrum[edit]
Approximation of spectral colors on a display results in somewhat distorted chromaticity
A rendering of the visible spectrum on a gray background produces non-spectral mixtures of pure spectrum with gray, which fit into the sRGB color space.
Color displays (e.g. computer monitors and televisions) cannot reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye. Colors outside the color gamut of the device, such as most spectral colors, can only be approximated. For color-accurate reproduction, a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field. The resulting mixed colors can have all their R,G,B coordinates non-negative, and so can be reproduced without distortion. This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background.[23]
See also[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Definition of the Color Indigo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visible spectrum.
High-energy visible light
Electromagnetic absorption by water#Visible region, why water is blue
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Cecie Starr (2005). Biology: Concepts and Applications. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-534-46226-X.
Jump up ^ Coffey, Peter (1912). The Science of Logic: An Inquiry Into the Principles of Accurate Thought. Longmans.
Jump up ^ Isacoff, Stuart (16 January 2009). Temperament: How Music Became a Battleground for the Great Minds of Western Civilization. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-0-307-56051-3. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Asimov, Isaac (1975). Eyes on the universe : a history of the telescope. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-395-20716-1.
Jump up ^ Evans, Ralph M. (1974). The perception of color (null ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-24785-2.
Jump up ^ McLaren, K. (March 2007). "Newton's indigo". Color Research & Application. 10 (4): 225–229. doi:10.1002/col.5080100411.
Jump up ^ Waldman, Gary (2002). Introduction to light : the physics of light, vision, and color (Dover ed.). Mineola: Dover Publications. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-486-42118-6.
Jump up ^ Mary Jo Nye (editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science: The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences. 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-521-57199-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ John C. D. Brand (1995). Lines of light: the sources of dispersive spectroscopy, 1800–1930. CRC Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 978-2-88449-163-1.
Jump up ^ Cuthill, Innes C (1997). "Ultraviolet vision in birds". In Peter J.B. Slater. Advances in the Study of Behavior. 29. Oxford, England: Academic Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-12-004529-7.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Barrie G. M. (2007). Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Birds. Charlottesville VA: University of Virginia. p. 128. ISBN 1-57808-386-9.
Jump up ^ Skorupski, Peter; Chittka, Lars (10 August 2010). "Photoreceptor Spectral Sensitivity in the Bumblebee, Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". PLoS ONE. 5 (8): e12049. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...512049S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012049.
Jump up ^ Varela, F. J.; Palacios, A. G.; Goldsmith T. M. "Color vision of birds" in Ziegler & Bischof (1993) 77–94
Jump up ^ "True or False? "The common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infra-red and ultra-violet light." – Skeptive". Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Neumeyer, Christa (2012). "Chapter 2: Color Vision in Goldfish and Other Vertebrates". In Lazareva, Olga; Shimizu, Toru; Wasserman, Edward. How Animals See the World: Comparative Behavior, Biology, and Evolution of Vision. Oxford Scholarship Online. ISBN 978-0-19-533465-4.
Jump up ^ "Colour cues proved to be more informative for dogs than brightness". Retrieved November 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Newman, EA; Hartline, PH (1981). "Integration of visual and infrared information in bimodal neurons in the rattlesnake optic tectum". Science. 213: 789–91. Bibcode:1981Sci...213..789N. doi:10.1126/science.7256281. PMC 2693128  . PMID 7256281.
Jump up ^ Kardong, KV; Mackessy, SP (1991). "The strike behavior of a congenitally blind rattlesnake". Journal of Herpetology. 25: 208–211. doi:10.2307/1564650.
Jump up ^ "Snake infrared detection unravelled". Archived from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Krochmal, Aaron R.; George S. Bakken; Travis J. LaDuc (15 November 2004). "Heat in evolution's kitchen: evolutionary perspectives on the functions and origin of the facial pit of pitvipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 207 (Pt 24): 4231–4238. doi:10.1242/jeb.01278. PMID 15531644.
Jump up ^ Greene HW. 1992. The ecological and behavioral context for pitviper evolution. In Campbell JA, Brodie ED Jr. 1992. Biology of the Pitvipers. Texas: Selva. 467 pp. 17 plates. ISBN 0-9630537-0-1.
Jump up ^ Thomas J. Bruno, Paris D. N. Svoronos. CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts. CRC Press, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Reproducing Visible Spectra". RepairFAQ.org. Retrieved 2011-02-09.
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