text:
Bowman's capsule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus. (Bowman's capsule not labeled, but visible at top.)
Details
Precursor
Metanephric blastema
Identifiers
Latin
capsula glomeruli
MeSH
D050476
FMA
15626
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Bowman's capsule (or the Bowman capsule, capsula glomeruli, or glomerular capsule) is a cup-like sack at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine. A glomerulus is enclosed in the sac. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are collected in the Bowman's capsule (i.e., glomerular filtrate) and further processed along the nephron to form urine. This process is known as ultrafiltration.[citation needed]The Bowman's capsule is named after Sir William Bowman, who identified it in 1842.
Contents
1 Anatomy
2 Physiology
3 Clinical significance
4 Eponym
5 See also
6 Additional images
7 References
8 External links
Anatomy[edit]
Outside the capsule, there are two "poles":
The vascular pole is the side with the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole.
The urinary pole is the side with the proximal convoluted tubule.
Inside the capsule, the layers are as follows, from outside to inside:[citation needed]
Parietal layer—A single layer of simple squamous epithelium. Does not function in filtration.
Bowman's space (or "urinary space", or "capsular space")—Between the visceral and parietal layers, into which the filtrate enters after passing through the filtration slits.[1]
Visceral layer—Lies just above the thickened glomerular basement membrane and is made of podocytes. Beneath the visceral layer lie the glomerular capillaries.[citation needed]
Filtration barrier—The filtration barrier is composed of the fenestrated endothelium of the glomerular capillaries, the fused basal lamina of the endothelial cells and podocytes, and the filtration slits of the podocytes. The barrier permits the passage of water, ions, and small molecules from the bloodstream into the Bowman's space. The barrier prevents the passage of large and/or negatively charged proteins (such as albumin). The basal lamina of the filtration barrier is composed of three layers. The first layer is the lamina rara externa, adjacent to the podocyte processes. The second layer is the lamina rara interna, adjacent to the endothelial cells. The final layer is the lamina densa which is a darker central zone of the basal lamina. It consists of the meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin which act as a selective macromolecular filter.[citation needed]
A - Renal corpuscle
B - Proximal tubule
C - Distal convoluted tubule
D - Juxtaglomerular apparatus
1. Basement membrane (Basal lamina)
2. Bowman's capsule - parietal layer
3. Bowman's capsule - visceral layer
3a. Pedicels (podocytes)
3b. Podocyte or sometimes called Bowman's cells
4. Bowman's space (urinary space)
5a. Mesangium - Intraglomerular cell
5b. Mesangium - Extraglomerular cell
6. Granular cells (Juxtaglomerular cells)
7. Macula densa
8. Myocytes (smooth muscle)
9. Afferent arteriole
10. Glomerulus Capillaries
11. Efferent arteriole
Physiology[edit]
The process of filtration of the blood in the Bowman's capsule is ultrafiltration (or glomerular filtration), and the normal rate of filtration is 125 ml/min, equivalent to 80 times the daily blood volume.[citation needed]
Any proteins under roughly 30 kilodaltons can pass freely through the membrane, although there is some extra hindrance for negatively charged molecules due to the negative charge of the basement membrane and the podocytes.[citation needed]
Any small molecules such as water, glucose, salt (NaCl), amino acids, and urea pass freely into Bowman's space, but cells, platelets and large proteins do not.[citation needed]
As a result, the filtrate leaving the Bowman's capsule is very similar to blood plasma (filtrate or glomerular filtrate is composed of blood plasma minus plasma protein i.e. it contains all the components of blood plasma except the proteins) in composition as it passes into the proximal convoluted tubule.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Measuring the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a diagnostic test of kidney function.[citation needed]
A decreased GFR may be a sign of renal failure.[citation needed]
A number of diseases can result in various problems within the glomerulus. Examples include acute proliferative (endocapillary) glomerulonephritis, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis, acute crescentic glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, and diabetic glomerulosclerosis.[citation needed]
Eponym[edit]
Bowman's capsule is named after Sir William Bowman (1816–1892), a British surgeon and anatomist.[2] However, thorough microscopical anatomy of kidney including the nephronic capsule was described by the Ukrainian surgeon and anatomist from the Russian Empire, Prof. Alexander Shumliansky (1748–1795), in his 1788 doctoral thesis "De structura renum: Tractatus physiologico-anatomicus" ("About Kidney Structure: an Physiological-Anatomical Treatise", in Latin); thus, much prior to Bowman.[3]
Together with the glomerulus it is known as a renal corpuscle, or a Malpighian corpuscle, named after Marcello Malpighi (1628–1694), an Italian physician and biologist. This name is not used widely anymore, probably to avoid confusion with Malpighian bodies of the spleen.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Mesangium
Additional images[edit]
Glomerulus.
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Histology image:22401lba from Vaughan, Deborah (2002). A Learning System in Histology: CD-ROM and Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195151732.
Jump up ^ Bowman, William; Royal Society of London. Philosophical transactions, v. 32, p. 57-80, 1842 (1842). On the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney: with observations on the circulation through that gland. London: Taylor.
Jump up ^ Šumlanskij, Aleksandr; Würtz, Georg Christoph, ed. (1788). De structura renum tractatus physiologico-anatomicus: cum 2 Tab. aenis (in Latin). Argentorati: Treuttel. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
External links[edit]
Histology image: 16006loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University
Diagram at ircc.edu
hide
v
t
e
Anatomy of the urinary system
Kidneys
Layers
Fascia
Capsule
Cortex
column
Medulla
sinus
pyramids
medullary interstitium
Lobe
Cortical lobule
Medullary ray
Nephron
Circulation
Arteries
Renal artery
segmental
interlobar
arcuate
interlobular
afferent
Veins
Renal vein
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
arcuate
interlobar
efferent
Nephron
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte
Filtration slits
Mesangium
Intraglomerular mesangial cell
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Descending
Thin ascending
Thick ascending
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct system
Connecting tubule
Papillary duct
Tubular fluid
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Mesangium
Extraglomerular mesangial cell
Ureters
Ureteropelvic junction
Bladder
Apex
Uvula
Neck
Median umbilical ligament
Muscular layer
Trigone
Detrusor
Mucosa
Submucosa
Urethra
Urethral sphincters
External sphincter
male
female
Internal sphincter
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowman%27s_capsule&oldid=854467780"
Categories:
Kidney anatomy
Hidden categories:
Pages with unresolved properties
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
Articles needing additional references from June 2011
All articles needing additional references
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Español
Euskara
فارسی
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Slovenščina
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
11 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 August 2018, at 15:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Metanephric_blastema
mw-redirect
Metanephric blastema

values:
/wiki/Glomerular_filtrate
mw-redirect
Glomerular filtrate

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Vascular_pole
mw-redirect
Vascular pole

values:
/wiki/Afferent_arteriole
mw-redirect
Afferent arteriole

values:
/wiki/Urinary_pole
mw-redirect
Urinary pole

values:
/wiki/Proximal_convoluted_tubule
mw-redirect
Proximal convoluted tubule

values:
/wiki/Filtration_slits
mw-redirect
Filtration slits

values:
/wiki/Glomerular_capillaries
mw-redirect
Glomerular capillaries

values:
/wiki/Dalton_(unit)
mw-redirect
Dalton (unit)

values:
/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate
mw-redirect
Glomerular filtration rate

values:
/wiki/Renal_failure
mw-redirect
Renal failure

values:
/wiki/Sir_William_Bowman
mw-redirect
Sir William Bowman

values: ru:Шумлянский, Александр Михайлович

values:
/wiki/Splenic_lymphoid_nodules
mw-redirect
Splenic lymphoid nodules

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Renal_circulation
mw-redirect
Renal circulation

values:
/wiki/Renal_tubule
mw-redirect
Renal tubule

values:
/wiki/Ureteropelvic_junction
mw-redirect
Ureteropelvic junction

values:
/wiki/Apex_of_urinary_bladder
mw-redirect
Apex of urinary bladder

values:
/wiki/Uvula_of_urinary_bladder
mw-redirect
Uvula of urinary bladder

values:
/wiki/Neck_of_urinary_bladder
mw-redirect
Neck of urinary bladder

values:
/wiki/Detrusor_urinae_muscle
mw-redirect
Detrusor urinae muscle

values: External sphincter muscle of male urethra

values: External sphincter muscle of female urethra

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Pages with unresolved properties

values: Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bowman%27s_capsule
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: محفظة بومان – Arabic

values: Бауманова капсула – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کپسول بومن – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 사구체주머니 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bowman_s_capsule rootpage-Bowman_s_capsule skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Yona of the Dawn episodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Yona of the Dawn is an anime series produced by Pierrot and directed by Kazuhiro Yoneda. The series follows a princess of the Kouka Kingdom named Yona, her bodyguard and childhood friend Son Hak, and an oracle's caretaker named Yoon. They travel the lands to recruit the four dragon warriors in order to overthrow the kingdom from Yona's cousin Soo-Won, who killed Yona's father King Il. It aired between October 7, 2014 and March 24, 2015 on AT-X. Funimation has licensed the anime series for streaming and home video rights in North America. Beginning on March 17, 2015, Funimation streamed their dubbed version of the anime, starting with episode 13. The first opening theme is an instrumental song by Kunihiko Ryo, called Akatsuki no Yona (暁のヨナ, lit. meaning Yona of the Dawn), while the first ending theme is Yoru (夜, lit. meaning Night) by Vistlip. The second opening theme is "Akatsuki no Hana", by Cyntia,[1] and the second ending theme is "Akatsuki", by Akiko Shikata.[2] Three original video animations were bundled with the manga's 19th, 21st and 22nd limited edition volumes, respectively. The first OVA was released on September 18, 2015, the second OVA was released on August 19, 2016 and the third OVA was released on December 20, 2016.[3][4]
Episode list[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
1
"The Princess Yona"
"Ōjo Yona" (王女ヨナ) October 7, 2014
Princess Yona is the only daughter of King Il, the pacifistic ruler of the Kouka Kingdom. Yona worries about her red hair moments before the arrival of her older cousin and love interest Soo-Won. A flashback reveals that Soo-Won gave Yona a pear and slept by her side for one night to help her cope with her mother's death. The next day, Yona's childhood friend and bodyguard Son Hak practices mounted archery with Soo-Won, who later shows Yona how to ride a horse. Disapproving of Yona yearning to be with Soo-Won, King Il wants to decide his own successor to the kingdom. She later runs into Soo-Won and confesses to him, but he only sees her as a sister rather than a lover. Five days later, Yona celebrates her sixteenth birthday, and a party is held in the castle. Soo-Won gives Yona a hairpin as a gift, telling her that her crimson hair is like the color of the sky at dawn. At night when it rains, Yona witnesses Soo-Won stabbing King Il in the chest.
2
"Broken Bond"
"Chigireta Kizuna" (ちぎれた絆) October 14, 2014
Soo-Won tells Yona that he was avenging the death of his father Yu-Hon, who was killed by King Il in the past. Soo-Won's adviser Kye-Sook arrives and suggests for the castle guards to kill Yona in order to silence her. However, Hak appears and defends Yona from being attacked by the castle guards. Once Hak learns of King Il's death, he clashes with Soo-Won. Hak manages to injure Soo-Won, but the castle guards capture Yona and surround Hak. Yona's servant Min-Soo fires an arrow as a distraction, allowing Hak to retrieve Yona and evade the castle guards. Min-Soo disguises himself with a kimono and sacrifices his life as a decoy, giving Yona and Hak the chance to escape from Hiryuu Castle into the mountains. In response, Soo-Won sends the castle guards to search for the two.
3
"Faraway Sky"
"Tōi Sora" (遠い空) October 21, 2014
Three years ago, Hak declined King Il's offer to become Yona's bodyguard. Yona tried to avoid being seen by Lord Kan Tae-Jun of the Fire Clan. Hak later pretended to be Yona's lover in order to stop Tae-Jun from harassing Yona, thereafter vowing to protect her always and forever. A flashback reveals that Yona, Hak and Soo-Won played in the snow as children, but they all ended up feeling sick. After having not seen her father for many days, Yona cried tears of joy when King Il finally brought her some chicken porridge, even those it tasted rancid. In the present, while Yona briefly bathes in a lake, Hak finds her hairpin left on the ground and hides it from her, hoping that she will move on from the past. She later wanders off, upon noticing that her hairpin has gone missing, but finds herself in a snake pit. Hak rescues Yona, despite getting bitten by a snake, and returns the hairpin back to her, realizing that she cannot let go of her residual feelings for Soo-Won.
4
"The Wind Clan"
"Kaze no Buzoku" (風の部族) October 28, 2014
Hak takes Yona to the Capital of Fuuga, the hometown of the Wind Clan, to allow her to recuperate. Meanwhile at Hiryuu Castle, Soo-Won seeks approval from the five clan generals to appoint him as the new king of the Kouka Kingdom. However, Hak's adoptive grandfather Elder Son Mundok, one of the clan generals, defers from giving his support before taking his leave. Hak's younger adoptive brother Tae-Yeon feeds Yona with a hot meal, which reminds her of her father. When Yona and Hak prepare to do some laundry outside, they later learn that the Fire Clan has dammed up the river upstream, cutting off the water supply for the Wind Clan. Tae-Jun intercepts the merchants selling water, coincidentally the same ones delivering medicine for Tae-Yeon, who is now in dire health. Hak decides to dissociate from the Wind Clan in order to protect his hometown, but he first requests Mundok to accept Soo-Won as the new king of the Kouka Kingdom and to welcome Yona as a villager of the Wind Clan.
5
"Roar"
"Hōkō" (咆哮) November 4, 2014
After Tae-Yeon receives his medicine, Yona witnesses the injured merchants who are being treated for their wounds, giving her the resolve to prevent the Wind Clan from getting involved in the conflict any further. She humbly thanks Tae-Yeon for his hospitality, and she later convinces Hak to take her with him. Mundok directs them to find an oracle with the power to foresee the future of the Kouka Kingdom. Meanwhile, Tae-Jun's servant Heuk-Chi reports that Yona and Hak are headed toward the northern forest in the mountains. In response, Tae-Jun sends his soldiers after the two. Hak manages to deflect much of the soldiers, but he is eventually shot by a poisoned arrow while trying to protect Yona. Hak leaves Yona at a hidden spot and goes back to face a soldier alone, but Yona runs out and knocks down the soldier before confronting Tae-Jun about his recent actions.
6
"The Crimson Hair"
"Akai Kami" (紅い髪) November 11, 2014
Due to the poison, Hak becomes too weak to fight off more soldiers. He is driven off the cliff, yet he manages to perilously hang onto the edge with one arm. Tae-Jun grabs Yona by her hair in order to prevent her from moving, but Yona uses Tae-Jun's sword to cut her hair and free herself. Yona attempts to pull Hak up onto the ground, but they instead fall off the cliff into the valley below. At night, Tae-Jun reports to Soo-Won that Yona and Hak are assumed dead, showing Yona's recovered hair as proof. As dawn rises the next day, Soo-Won remembers when Hak promised to serve under him if he were to marry Yona. Soo-Won is finally crowned king during the coronation ceremony with his ambition to restore the kingdom to its former glory. Meanwhile, Yona wakes up in a hut to a caretaker named Yoon, who is currently treating Hak for his wounds as he is currently unconscious. As Yoon's guardian Ik-Soo arrives, it is revealed that Ik-Soo is the oracle.
7
"Fate"
"Tenmei" (天命) November 18, 2014
Yoon mentions that Yona never once thanked him for treating Hak thus far. After Yona later thanks Yoon, he tells her that the oracles were banished from the kingdom in the past for their higher authority over the kings. At night, a worried Yona finds Hak outside and expresses her concern of feeling abandoned. The next morning, Yona meets up with Ik-Soo near a waterfall, where they discuss about the kingdom's creation myth of the four dragons, the same story that King Il told Yona when she was younger. The four dragons bestowed their power upon four warriors to protect King Hiryuu, who was the human embodiment of the crimson dragon, until the kingdom was rid of evil. The four dragon warriors dispersed after King Hiryuu finally rested in peace. Ik-Soo instructs Yona to find the descendants of the four dragon warriors, lest Hak would be on the path to death. Wanting to become stronger, Yona asks Hak to teach her how to fight.
8
"The Chosen Door"
"Eranda Tobira" (選んだ扉) November 25, 2014
Yoon gives Yona a homemade dress and a haircut. When Yona later speaks with Ik-Soo, Yoon is surprised to overhear that he would accompany Yona and Hak on their journey. Seven years ago, Yoon lived alone on the verge of starvation in the Touka Village of the Fire Clan. Yoon attacked Ik-Soo, who was rumored to be a wanderer carrying gold nuggets, which led a guilty Yoon to bring Ik-Soo back to his house. After Yoon treated Ik-Soo with medicine at night, Ik-Soo traded his shoes for a potato to give to Yoon the next morning. Ik-Soo told Yoon about his job as an oracle, and also taught Yoon how to make sandals out of straw. Realizing that Ik-Soo has struggled throughout his travels, a worried Yoon pleaded to join him. In the present, Yoon makes new straw sandals for Ik-Soo, and the two tearfully bid each other farewell near the waterfall. The next day, Yoon sets off on a journey with Yona and Hak.
9
"Wavering Determination"
"Furueru Kakugo" (ふるえる覚悟) December 2, 2014
Yona, Hak and Yoon cross the territory of the Fire Clan to reach the Khai Empire in the mountains. On the way, they stop by a village to stock up on supplies. Also, they hear word that Soo-Won has been crowned king of the Kouka Kingdom. While continuing their travel, Hak agrees to teach Yona archery so can she learn how to fight in battle. Yona diligently practices day and night to improve her aim using a bow and arrow, though she struggles since King Il opposed the use of weaponry. Hak tells Yona to aim at him to motivate her to kill a human, but after he proves to be too swift, she grazes his face when he tells her to imagine him as Soo-Won. Although Yona wants to protect Hak, he considers himself as a tool, since it is his job to protect her. After Yoon has gone missing, Yona and Hak are ambushed by a group of archers, who soon realize that the two were sent by Ik-Soo. The group of archers are revealed to be the guardians of the descendant of the white dragon warrior.
10
"Yearn"
"Taibō" (待望) December 9, 2014
Yona and Hak are taken to the Village of Hakuryuu, where Yoon is released from captivity due to be associated with them. Yona is told that she may the descendant of King Hiryuu, the crimson dragon king. Kija is shown as the descendant of the white dragon warrior, with the power of the white dragon sealed in his right hand. As Kija approaches Yona, he recognizes her as the crimson dragon princess, the one that he was destined to protect. Although he agrees to leave the village to travel with her, this creates a conflict between Hak and Kija over who should protect Yona. At night, a banquet is held in honor of Kija. The next morning, Kija's grandmother tearfully says goodbye to Kija before he leaves with Yona, Hak and Yoon. It is revealed that Kija has the ability to sense the other dragon warriors when they are nearby.
11
"The Dragon's Claws"
"Ryū no Tsume" (龍の爪) December 16, 2014
Kija senses that the blue dragon warrior is the closest distance away. A group of bandits try the rob Yona, Hak, Yoon and Kija, but Hak and Kija gain some mutual respect and manage to defeat the bandits, despite their squabble about who is better in combat. After the four have dinner, Yoon deduces that there are six possible areas north-northeast from their location where the blue dragon warrior might be. The next day, the four go to all of those areas, but there is no sign of blue dragon warrior. After a whole day has gone by, Kija becomes frustrated because he cannot accurately sense the blue dragon warrior. While Yona strenuously practices archery at night, Hak tells Kija about how Yona wants to be strong enough to fight even though she is a princess. The following day, Yoon finally realizes where the blue dragon warrior is most likely located.
12
"The Blindfolded Dragon"
"Mekakushi no Ryū" (目隠しの龍) December 23, 2014
Yona, Hak, Yoon and Kija arrive at the Village of Seiryuu, shown as a network of caves, where many villagers are seen wearing masks. Although the villagers deny about the blue dragon warrior being around, the four are granted to stay at the village overnight. While exploring the caves, Yona gets separated from the group, and she encounters a male villager, who takes her deeper into the caves. After the villager tries to harm Yona, she is rescued by the blue dragon warrior, who scares off the villager. When Yona catches up to her friends, the blue dragon warrior runs away. Eighteen years ago, the blue dragon warrior was born with the power of the blue dragon sealed in his eyes. Four years ago, he was feared by the other villagers, due to his power to paralyze those who look in his eyes. He was taught how to fight with a sword and how to control his power by his guardian Ao, who slowly became blind over time before dying.
13
"The Rippling Fear"
"Hankyō Suru Kyōfu" (反響する恐怖) January 6, 2015
The blue dragon warrior dazedly escapes deep in the caves after feeling a strange aura when he touched Yona. In an effort to find the blue dragon warrior, Yona and Yoon eventually unveil a secret passageway, while Hak and Kija stay behind. When Yona and Yoon find the blue dragon warrior behaving agitated, Yona calmly asks him to be her ally. However, the blue dragon warrior tells the two to leave. Kija is surrounded by a group of hostile villagers, who intend to kill Yona and Yoon for knowing the identity of the blue dragon warrior. A earthquake separates Hak from the other three, who are trapped with the panicking villagers. When a male villager explains the curse of the village, the blue dragon warrior enters. The villager strikes the blue dragon warrior out of fear, knocking off his mask and exposing his eyes.
14
"Light"
"Hikari" (光) January 13, 2015
The blue dragon warrior retrieves his mask and begins digging a path out of the rubble. Yona, Yoon and Kija join the blue dragon warrior, while Hak starts digging from the outside, where the rest of the villagers are waiting. Despite being weakened by the thin air, Yona continues to dig, showing the blue dragon warrior that she does not give up. Hak finally breaks through the rubble and reunites with Yona. The blue dragon warrior agrees to travel with Yona, Hak, Yoon and Kija. Soon after, Kija collapses from exhaustion, so they set up camp and eat a meal. The blue dragon warrior surprisingly calls Yona by name, despite his lack of communication skills. Yona allows Yoon to call her by name as well, yet only permits Hak to address her as his princess. Yona decides to name the blue dragon warrior Shin-Ah, meaning "moonlight". The next morning, Kija tells Yona that the green dragon warrior is nearby.
15
"To a New Land"
"Aratana Chi e" (新たな地へ) January 20, 2015
As Yona, Hak, Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah search for the green dragon warrior, they enter a dilapidated village. They encounter a sickly man, who criticizes the late King Il, believed to have been a weak ruler. However, Yona later overhears Hak expressing to Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah that King Il was neither a fool nor a coward during his reign. Meanwhile, Soo-Won visits Chishin, the capital of the Earth Clan, and meets with Lord Lee Geun-Tae of the Earth Clan. Unimpressed with Soo-Won due to his young age and easygoing personality, Geun-Tae questions him if he would restore the kingdom to its former glory. Geun-Tae's advisor Chul-Rang later shares with Soo-Won about how Geun-Tae is idolized by the clan. With that in mind, Soo-Won declares that a mock battle festival should be held in a stadium at Chishin in a week, much to Geun-Tae's disagreement.
16
"Pretend-War"
"Ikusa Gokko" (戦ごっこ) January 27, 2015
Soo-Won and Geun-Tae lead and divide the participants in teams of white and red, respectively. The objective is for one team to score the most points by breaking the cup plates strapped on top of the heads of the opposing team. During the mock battle festival, Geun-Tae observes how Soo-Won appears to be cowardice, but instead leads his team to take out the opposing team. Geun-Tae is impressed after realizing that Soo-Won executed hidden techniques, such as using the gust of wind to his advantage. Even though the white team eventually defeat the red team, Geun-Tae beats Soo-Won in a duel, thereby winning the mock battle festival. Soo-Won later leaves Chishin, having stimulated demand for tea brewed by Geun-Tae's wife Yun-Ho to sell in the Khai Empire, reinvigorated production in the mines of the Earth Clan and inspired anew the Earth Clan of the strength of their leader.
17
"Pirate of Awa"
"Awa no Kaizoku" (阿波の海賊) February 3, 2015
Yona, Hak, Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah reach Port Awa. When Hak enters the city alone, he sees two male officers harassing a girl. Hak defeats them with the help of the green dragon warrior, but without realizing his identity before he suddenly disappears. The next day, Hak encounters the green dragon warrior again and hangs out with him at a brothel. Yona and Yoon finds Hak just when the green dragon warrior suddenly disappears again. The girl from before explains to the others that the officers have always been corrupt in the streets. It is shown that the green dragon warrior, later recognized as Jae-Ha, has the power of the green dragon sealed in his right leg. Thirteen years ago, Jae-Ha joined a band of good pirates led by an old woman named Gi-Gan. He assists in sinking a boat carrying drugs which belonged to Yang Kum-Ji, the feudal lord of Port Awa. Gi-Gan suggests for Jae-Ha to recruit Hak as part of the crew.
18
"Ties"
"Enishi" (縁) February 10, 2015
With Shin-Ah staying behind, Yona, Hak, Yoon and Kija hide from corrupt officers while walking in the streets. Hak and Jae-Ha secretly meet, and they burn wanted posters of themselves. However, Jae-Ha flees again after failing to convince Hak to join him. Yona, Hak and Yoon are shocked when the son of a married couple was attacked by the corrupt officers earlier. Meanwhile, Kija finally finds Jae-Ha, but Jae-Ha rejects his destiny to protect the crimson dragon alongside the other dragon warriors. While talking to Hak again, Jae-Ha discovers that Yona is the master of the dragon warriors. Although Jae-Ha turns down the invitation to accompany Yona, she agrees to meet with Gi-Gan the next day. At the pirate ship, Gi-Gan recruits Yona, Hak, Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah, eventually seeing all of them as potential assets.
19
"Trial of the Cheonsu Plant"
"Senjusō no Tameshi" (千樹草の試し) February 17, 2015
In order to prove herself with the will to fight, Yona is tasked to retrieve a cheonsu plant, a valuable medicinal herb only found inside the cave of a sea cliff called the Mist-Shrouded Cape. Yona manages to reach inside the cave and retrieve the cheonsu plant. She is then swept away by a large wave and is left hanging from a thorny tree branch, but Jae-Ha rescues her from falling. Yona and Jae-Ha return to Gi-Gan with the cheonsu plant. Even though she had help from Jae-Ha, Yona is proven worthy enough to join the pirates. Later, Hak is torn with mixed emotions for Yona when he pours honey on her hands in order to heal them. Since Gi-Gan is planning on disbanding the crew, she allows Yona to take Jae-Ha with her after this one last mission together. Shin-Ah spots seven ships with armed men across the horizon. Gi-Gan explains that Kum-Ji is planning a large-scale transaction with the Khai Empire with a deal in human trafficking.
20
"Chain of Courage"
"Yuki no Rensa" (勇気の連鎖) February 24, 2015
The plan is for the pirates to attack the mercenaries in the open waters between Port Awa and the Khai Empire in order to stop the transaction. However, it is unknown as to which of the seven ships is carrying the women. Yona is invited by Jae-Ha to scout the city streets with him. The two meet a woman disguised as a man, whose female friend was kidnapped in a rundown store, which actually belonged to Kum-Ji. Jae-Ha reports to Gi-Gan that the transaction will take place in two days at noon. Yona volunteers to infiltrate the store in order to signal with a firework which ship is harboring the hostages. Gi-Gan agrees with the condition that Yoon goes as well. After thanking Gi-Gan for this opportunity, Yona later tells Hak to let her go and allow her to make up for the people who have suffered thus far. One day later, Yona and Yoon go to the store dressed as women. A man sends Yona and Yoon in a dark room, where a trap door opens, sending the two underground.
21
"Spark"
"Hibana" (火花) March 3, 2015
Yona and Yoon are taken into a cellar with the other captured women, and Yona sprains her ankle in the process. When Kum-Ji arrives and abuses the two, he suspects that Yona is a princess. However, she manages to allay his fears and causes him to leave. A woman named Yu-Ri expresses herself as livestock, but Yona tells her that the women must have faith and fight for their lives in order to free themselves from the corruption. As the women are being transported into the open waters, the pirates raid Kum-Ji's main ship. Yona, Yoon and Yu-Ri try to escape to the deck of their ship, but they are apprehended by two men. Yoon is taken to the deck by more men after saying that a bomb is placed on the bow of the ship. Yona manages to escape to the deck and frightens the men with a bow and arrow. She then takes Yoon's firework and launches it by using a lantern, giving the signal for Shin-ah to see from a distance.
22
"History Is Made at Night"
"Rekishi wa Yoru Tsukurareru" (歴史は夜作られる) March 10, 2015
Yona and Yoon are rescued by Jae-Ha as well as Shin-Ah, while Hak, Kija and Gi-Gan continue to fight off the mercenaries. As the pirates nearly defeat all of the mercenaries, Kum-Ji attempts to flee on a rowboat. Shin-Ah directs Jae-Ha towards the rowboat, but before Jae-Ha can make it there, Kum-Ji shoots him in the shoulder with his bow and arrow. Kum-Ji is stricken with fear when Yona aims her bow and arrow at him from the transport ship. Kum-Ji is shot in the chest and falls into the sea. As dawn breaks, the pirates and women return to Port Awa to celebrate their success by drinking liquor gathered from all over town. As Yona wanders alone in the streets, she unexpectedly bumps into Soo-Won.
23
"Morning of Pledges"
"Chikai no Asa" (誓いの朝) March 17, 2015
Soo-Won tells Yona that he traveled to Port Awa to investigate the human trafficking incident. When Soo-Won's general Han Joo-Doh finds Soo-Won, the latter conceals Yona underneath his cloak while discussing with the former about what happened the night before. After Joo-Doh leaves, Soo-Won admits about being aware of Yona's desire of killing him, shown when she tried to draw his sword within his cloak, but he states that he cannot die yet. He leaves a speechless Yona in order to return to Hiryuu Castle, and Hak later finds her fallen on her knees while crying. Back at the pirate ship, Hak worries as Yona pretends to be positive around the other pirates. Yona tells Hak, Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah that she will be leaving Port Awa soon. At night, Jae-Ha reminisces about his time spent with the pirates and says his farewell to Gi-Gan. The next day, Gi-Gan gives Yona cheonsu plant as a parting gift. As Yona, Hak, Yoon, Kija and Shin-Ah continue their journey, Jae-Ha decides to tag along with them.
24
"From Here On"
"Korekara" (これから) March 24, 2015
Yona, Hak, Yoon, Kija, Shin-Ah and Jae-Ha set up camp, and the subject of the yellow dragon warrior is brought up. As a fawn is being prepared to be cooked, the yellow dragon warrior is drawn to the aroma. However, it is a surprise that the yellow dragon warrior, who casually introduces himself as Zeno, did not sense an awakening when he met Yona, was not hesitant to join the group and does not appear to have any special ability. The next day, the seven of them go to Yoon's hut, where Yoon scolds a careless Ik-Soo. As Yoon wonders what the "sword and shield to protect the sovereign" from the legend is referring to, Ik-Soo reassures that they will know when it will happen. Yona later admits to Ik-Soo that she still has mixed feelings for Soo-Won, recalling the encounter in Port Awa. At night when it rain, Hak finds Yona practicing with a sword, and they take shelter in a cave. Hak tells Yona that he wants her to be seen by everyone, due to how much she has changed as a person. The next day, Yona's group prepare for their journey back to the Kouka Kingdom.
OVA 1
"On That Back"
"Sono Se ni wa" (その背には) September 18, 2015
Yona and the gang head to a hot springs hotel, where they are greeting by the owner, an old women who always dozes off. Later on, Jae-Ha wonders why Kija has not entered the men's bath, discovering that Kija has a scar on his back shaped like claw marks and coming to the conclusion that the previous white dragon warrior scarred Kija's back. Jae-Ha does all he can to distract Hak while Kija washes up at a well. However, Kija exposes his back in front of his friends because a spider crawled down his back, and Jae-Ha painfully disposes of the spider. It is revealed that when Kija was born, he was attacked by his father, who was the predecessor. Kija was only allowed to see his father under supervision. When his father fell ill, Kija visited him alone, noticing that his father's dragon's claw turned into a human hand, and Kija embraced his father before he died. The next day, Yona and the gang leave the hot springs hotel and continue their travels.
OVA 2
"The Yellow Dragon Zeno's Past, Part 1: The Starting Dragon"
"Kō Ryū Zeno Kako-hen Zenpen 'Kajimari no Ryū'" (黄龍ゼノ過去編 前編 「はじまりの龍」) August 19, 2016
The gang has a drinking competition around the campfire, in which Jae-Ha eventually wins by default. A flashback reveals when Zeno first became the yellow dragon warrior, but he feels useless on the battlefield with King Hiryuu, who is the crimson king, and the other original dragon warriors. Gu-En is the first white dragon warrior, Abi the first blue dragon warrior and Shu-Ten the first green dragon warrior. Although Zeno possesses no combat skills, he has the power to heal very quickly. When Zeno demonstrates his power, King Hiryuu is shocked by this and gives him the crest bestowed by the dragon gods themselves. King Hiryuu and the dragon warriors are feared and targeted by more humans, who either perished or retreated due to the powers of the dragons. After King Hiryuu rests in peace, Gu-En, Abi and Shu-Ten give a heartfelt farewell to Zeno, who stays to look after the castle. As Gu-En, Abi and Shu-Ten disperse their separate ways for twenty years, Zeno realizes that the other three have died due to aging. Zeno takes out an entire army by himself as he mourns the death of his friends.
OVA 3
"The Yellow Dragon Zeno's Past, Part 2: The Red Star Rises"
"Kō Ryū Zeno Kako-hen Kōhen 'Akai Hoshi ga Noboru'" (黄龍ゼノ過去編 後編 「あかい星が昇る」) December 19, 2016
"Good Night for Today"
"Kyō wa Oyasumi" (「今日はおやすみ」)
Zeno leaves the castle to track down the descendants of the dragon warriors. He is shot with a bow and arrow by some archers, and he wakes up in a hut to a girl named Kaya. She reveals that she has a contagious disease, hence why she lives in a secluded area. Since Zeno cannot get ill, he spends time with her and takes care of her. He eventually asks for her hand in marriage, and she cries in response. Overnight, Zeno holds Kaya's hand as she dies and rots. After many years, Zeno sets out to find the descendants of the dragon warriors for the sake of King Hiryuu. Zeno visits the villages of the dragon warriors, meeting a four-year-old Kija after he bathes, meeting a two-year-old Shin-Ah while playing with a ball and meeting a nine-year-old Jae-Ha sleeping while shackled at his wrists and ankles. In the present, Zeno wakes up in his tent to his friends and gives them a group hug, making them uncomfortable. Since Yoon opted out of the drinking competition due to doing various chores, Jae-Ha forfeits his win to Yoon, with no objections from the others.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cyntia Performs Yona of the Dawn Anime's 2nd Opening". Anime News Network. January 17, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Akiko Shikata to Perform Yona of the Dawn Anime's 2nd Ending". Anime News Network. December 10, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Akatsuki no Yona OAD Ship With 19th Manga Volume in September". Anime News Network. May 24, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yona of the Dawn Gets New 2-Part OVA Adapting Manga's Zeno Arc". Anime News Network. March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official Hana to Yume Akatsuki no Yona manga site (in Japanese)
Official Akatsuki no Yona anime site (in Japanese)
List of Yona of the Dawn episodes (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yona_of_the_Dawn_episodes&oldid=814834446"
Categories:
Lists of anime episodes
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles with Japanese-language external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 05:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Kunihiko_Ryo
mw-redirect
Kunihiko Ryo

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: ja ja

values: text-align: center; font-weight: normal; background:#F2F2F2

values:
vevent
text-align: center; background:#F2F2F2

values:
description
border-bottom:3px solid #B22222
3

values:
vevent
text-align: center; background: #F2F2F2

values: height: 2em; border-bottom: 3px solid #B22222

values: width:100%; margin:auto; background:#FFF; table-layout:fixed;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.hanayume.com/hanayume/yona/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://marv.jp/special/yona/
external text

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles with Japanese-language external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Yona_of_the_Dawn_episodes
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Anexo:Episodios de Akatsuki no Yona – Spanish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Yona_of_the_Dawn_episodes rootpage-List_of_Yona_of_the_Dawn_episodes skin-vector action-view


text:
Compromise of 1850
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Before the compromise:
(Gold Rush) California applies to become a free state
Texas claims territory as far as the Rio Grande
New Mexico resists Texas, applies to become a free state
Territorial results of the Compromise:
California is admitted as a free state
Texas trades some territorial claims for debt relief
New Mexico becomes New Mexico Territory with slavery undecided
The Compromise of 1850 was a package of five separate bills passed by the United States Congress in September 1850, which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states on the status of territories acquired during the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The compromise, drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, reduced sectional conflict. Controversy arose over the Fugitive Slave provision. The Compromise was greeted with relief, but each side disapproved of some of its specific provisions:
Texas surrendered its claim to New Mexico as well as its claims north of 36°30'. It retained the Texas Panhandle, and the federal government took over the state's public debt.
California was admitted as a free state, with its current boundaries.
The South prevented adoption of the Wilmot Proviso that would have outlawed slavery in the new territories,[1] and the new Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory were allowed, under popular sovereignty, to decide whether to allow slavery in their borders. In practice, these lands were generally unsuited to plantation agriculture, and their settlers were uninterested in slavery.
The slave trade, but not slavery altogether, was banned in the District of Columbia.
A more stringent Fugitive Slave Law was enacted.
The Compromise became possible after the sudden death of President Zachary Taylor, who, although a slave owner, wanted to exclude slavery from the Southwest. Whig leader Henry Clay designed a compromise, which failed to pass in early 1850 because of opposition by both pro-slavery southern Democrats, led by John C. Calhoun, and anti-slavery northern Whigs. Upon Clay's instruction, Douglas then divided Clay's bill into several smaller pieces and narrowly won their passage, over the opposition of radicals on both sides.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Various proposals
2.1 Final proposed compromise
3 Division of Whigs
4 Debate and results
5 Implications
6 Issues
6.1 Texas
6.2 New Mexico and Utah Territories
6.3 California
6.4 Fugitive Slave Law
6.5 End of slave trade in District of Columbia
7 See also
8 References
9 Sources
10 External links
Background[edit]
Free states in early 1850
Slave states (without Texas' claims to New Mexico)
Territories (later state borders, Gadsden Purchase)
Missouri Compromise Line 36°30'
Soon after the start of the Mexican War, when the extent of the contested territories was still unclear, the question of whether to allow slavery in those territories polarized the Northern and the Southern United States in the most bitter sectional conflict until then. A state the size of Texas attracted interest from both state residents and pro-slavery and anti-slavery camps on a national scale. Texas claimed land north of the 36°30' demarcation line for slavery, set by the 1820 Missouri Compromise.
The Texas Annexation resolution had required that if any new states were formed out of Texas' lands, those north of the Missouri Compromise line would become free states.[2]
According to historian Mark Stegmaier, "The Fugitive Slave Act, the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia, the admission of California as a free state, and even the application of the formula of popular sovereignty to the territories were all less important than the least remembered component of the Compromise of 1850—the statute by which Texas relinquished its claims to much of New Mexico in return for federal assumption of the debts."[3]
Stegmaier also refers to "the principal Southern demand for a division of California at the line of 35° north latitude" and says that "Southern extremists made clear that a congressionally mandated division of California figured uppermost on their agenda."[4]
During the deadlock of four years, the Second Party System broke up, Mormon pioneers settled Utah, the California Gold Rush settled northern California, and New Mexico under a federal military government turned back Texas's attempt to assert control over territory Texas claimed as far west as the Rio Grande. The eventual compromise preserved the Union but only for another decade.
Various proposals[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Events leading to
the American Civil War
Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter
v
t
e
Proposals in 1846 to 1850 on the division of the Southwest included the following:
The Wilmot Proviso banning slavery in any new territory to be acquired from Mexico, not including Texas, which had been annexed the previous year. It passed the House in August 1846 and February 1847 but not the Senate. Later, an effort failed to attach the proviso to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
The Extension of the Missouri Compromise line was proposed by failed amendments to the Wilmot Proviso by William W. Wick and then Stephen Douglas to extend the Missouri Compromise line (36°30' parallel north) west to the Pacific (south of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California) to allow the possibility of slavery in most of present-day New Mexico and Arizona, and Southern California. That line was again proposed by the Nashville Convention of June 1850.
Popular sovereignty, developed by Lewis Cass and Douglas as the position of the Democratic Party, was to let each territory decide itself whether to allow slavery.
William L. Yancey's "Alabama Platform", endorsed by the Alabama and the Georgia legislatures and by Democratic state conventions in Florida and Virginia, called for no restrictions on slavery in the territories by the federal government or territorial governments before statehood, opposition to any candidates supporting either the Wilmot Proviso or popular sovereignty, and federal legislation to overrule Mexican anti-slavery laws.
Two free states were proposed by Zachary Taylor, who served as President from March 1849 to July 1850. As President, he proposed that the entire area become two free states, called California and New Mexico but much larger than the ones today. None of the area would be left as an unorganized or organized territory, which would avoid the question of slavery in the territories.
Changing Texas's borders was proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton in December 1849 or January 1850. Texas's western and northern boundaries would be the 102nd meridian west and the 34th parallel north.
Two southern states were proposed by Senator John Bell, with the assent of Texas, in February 1850. New Mexico would get all Texas land north of the 34th parallel north, including today's Texas Panhandle, while the area to the south, including the southeastern part of today's New Mexico, would be divided at the Colorado River of Texas into two Southern states, balancing the admission of California and New Mexico as free states.[5]
The first draft of the compromise of 1850 had Texas's northwestern boundary be a straight, diagonal line from the Rio Grande 20 miles north of El Paso to the Red River (Mississippi watershed) at the 100th meridian west, the southwestern corner of today's Oklahoma.
Final proposed compromise[edit]
"The United States Senate, A.D. 1850" (engraving by Peter F. Rothermel):
Henry Clay takes the floor of the Old Senate Chamber; Vice President Millard Fillmore presides as John C. Calhoun (to the right of the Speaker's chair) and Daniel Webster (seated to the left of Clay) look on.
On January 29, 1850, Whig Senator Henry Clay gave a speech for compromise on the issues dividing the Union. However, Clay's specific proposals for achieving a compromise, including his idea for Texas's boundary, were not adopted in a single bill.[6] Upon Clay's urging, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Democrat of Illinois, divided Clay's bill into several smaller bills and passed each separately. When he instructed Douglas, Clay was nearly dead and unable to guide the congressional debate any further. The Compromise came to coalesce around a plan dividing Texas at its present-day boundaries, creating territorial governments with "popular sovereignty", without the Wilmot Proviso, for New Mexico and Utah, admitting California as a free state, abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia, and enacting a new fugitive slave law.
The Compromise of 1850 was formally proposed by Clay and guided to passage by Douglas over Northern Whig and Southern Democrat opposition. It was enacted September 1850 with the following terms:
California admitted as a free state.
Utah Territory and New Mexico Territory organized with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty.
Texas dropped its claim to land north of the 32nd parallel north and west of the 103rd meridian west in favor of New Mexico Territory, and north of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west which became unorganized territory. Texas's boundaries were set at their present form. Senator James Pearce of Maryland drafted the final proposal[7] in which Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.[8][9] El Paso, where Texas had established county government, was left in Texas.
Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia but not slavery itself.
The Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened.
Division of Whigs[edit]
Most Northern Whigs, led by William Henry Seward, who delivered his famous "Higher Law" speech during the controversy, opposed the Compromise as well because it would apply the Wilmot Proviso to the western territories and because of the pressing of ordinary citizens into duty on slave-hunting patrols. That provision was inserted by Democratic Virginia Senator James M. Mason to entice border-state Whigs, who faced the greatest danger of losing slaves as fugitives but were lukewarm on general sectional issues related to the South on Texas's land claims.[10]
Zachary Taylor avoided the issue as the Whig candidate during the 1848 US presidential election but then as President, he attempted to sidestep the entire controversy by pushing to admit California and New Mexico as free states immediately to avoid the entire territorial process and the Wilmot Proviso question. Taylor was one of the few Southerners to support that idea.[11]
Northern Democrats and Southern Whigs supported the Compromise. Southern Whigs, many of whom were from the border states, supported the stronger fugitive slave law.
Debate and results[edit]
An animation showing slave and free states and territories, 1789–1861
On April 17, a "Committee of Thirteen" agreed on the border of Texas as part of Clay's plan. The dimensions were later changed. That same day, during debates on the measures in the Senate, Vice President Fillmore and Senator Benton verbally sparred, with Fillmore charging that the Missourian was "out of order," During the heated debates, Compromise floor leader Henry S. Foote of Mississippi drew a pistol on Benton.
In early June, nine slaveholding Southern states sent delegates to the Nashville Convention to determine their course of action if the compromise passed. While some delegates preached secession, the moderates ruled and proposed a series of compromises, including extending the dividing line designated by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 to the Pacific Coast.
The various bills were initially combined into one "omnibus" bill. Despite Clay's efforts, it failed in a crucial vote on July 31, opposed by southern Democrats and by northern Whigs. He announced on the Senate floor the next day that he intended to pass each individual part of the bill. The 73-year-old Clay, however, was physically exhausted as the effects of tuberculosis, which would eventually kill him, began to take their toll. Clay left the Senate to recuperate in Newport, Rhode Island, and Stephen A. Douglas wrote the separate bills and guided them through the Senate.[12]
The situation had been changed by the sudden death of Taylor and the accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency, on July 9, 1850. Fillmore, anxious to find a quick solution to the conflict in Texas over the border with New Mexico, which threatened to become armed conflict between Texas militia and the federal soldiers, reversed the administration's position late in July and threw its support to the compromise measures.[13] The Northern Democrats held together and supported each of the bills and gained enough Whigs or Southern Democrats to pass all of them. They were signed by Fillmore between September 9 and September 20, 1850.
California was admitted as a free state. It passed the House 150–56.[14][15] It passed the Senate 34–18.[16]
The slave trade was abolished (the sale of slaves, not the institution of slavery) in the District of Columbia.
The Territory of Utah was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty. It passed the House 97–85.[17]
The Territory of New Mexico was organized under the rule of popular sovereignty. It passed the House 108–97.[18] It passed the Senate 30–20.[19]
A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the Senate 27–12,[20] and by the House 109–76.[21]
Texas gave up much of the western land it claimed and received compensation of $10,000,000 to pay off its national debt.
Clay was still given much of the credit for success. It quieted the controversy between Northerners and Southerners over the expansion of slavery and delayed secession and civil war for another decade. Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi, who had suggested the creation of the Committee of Thirteen, later said, "Had there been one such man in the Congress of the United States as Henry Clay in 1860–'61 there would, I feel sure, have been no civil war."[22]
Implications[edit]
Map of free and slave states c. 1856
The Compromise proved widely popular politically, and both parties committed themselves in their platforms to the finality of the Compromise on sectional issues. The strongest opposition in the South occurred in the states of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, but Unionists soon prevailed, spearheaded by Georgians Alexander Stephens, Robert Toombs, and Howell Cobb and the creation of the Georgia Platform. The peace was broken only by the divisive Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 introduced by Stephen Douglas, which had the effect of repealing the Missouri Compromise and led directly to the formation of the Republican Party, whose capture of the national government in 1860 led directly to the secession crisis of 1860–1861.
Many historians argue that the Compromise played a major role in postponing the American Civil War for a decade, while the Northwest was growing more wealthy and more populous and was being brought into closer relations with the Northeast.[23] During that decade, the Whig Party had completely broken down, to be replaced with the new Republican Party dominant in the North and the Democrats in the South.[24]
Others argue that the Compromise only made more obvious the pre-existing sectional divisions and laid the groundwork for future conflict. They view the Fugitive Slave Law as helping to polarize the US, as shown in the enormous reaction to Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law aroused feelings of bitterness in the North. Furthermore, the Compromise of 1850 led to a breakdown in the spirit of compromise in the United States in the antebellum period, directly before the Civil War. The Compromise exemplifies that spirit, but the deaths of influential senators who worked on the compromise, primarily Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, contributed to the feeling of increasing disparity between the North and South.
The delay of hostilities for ten years allowed the free economy of the northern states to continue to industrialize. The southern states, largely based on slave labor and cash crop production, lacked the ability to industrialize heavily.[25] By 1860, the northern states had added many more miles of railroad, steel production, modern factories, and population to the advantages already possessed in 1850. The North was better able to supply, equip, and man its armed forces, which would prove decisive in the later stages of the war.
Issues[edit]
Three major types of issues were addressed by the Compromise of 1850: a variety of boundary issues, the status of territory issues, and the issue of slavery. While capable of analytical distinction, the boundary and territory issues were actually included in the overarching issue of slavery. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery interests were each concerned with both the amount of land on which slavery was permitted and with the number of States in the slave or free camps. Since Texas was a slave state, not only the residents of that state but also both camps on a national scale had an interest in the size of Texas.
The general solution that was adopted by the Compromise of 1850 was to transfer a considerable part of the territory claimed by the state to the federal government; to organize two new territories formally, the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah, which expressly would be allowed to locally determine whether they would become slave or free territories, to add another free state to the Union (California), to adopt a severe measure to recover slaves who had escaped to a free state or free territory (the Fugitive Slave Law); and to abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia.
Texas[edit]
Proposals for Texas northwestern boundary
The independent Republic of Texas won the decisive Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) against Mexico and captured Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. He signed the Treaties of Velasco, which recognized the Rio Grande as the boundary of the Republic of Texas. The treaties were then repudiated by the government of Mexico, which insisted that it was sovereign over Texas and promised to reclaim the lost territories. To the extent that there was a de facto recognition, Mexico treated the Nueces River as its northern boundary control. A huge, largely-unsettled area was between the two rivers. Neither Mexico nor the Republic of Texas had the military strength to assert its territorial claim. On December 29, 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed to the United States and became the 28th state. Texas was staunchly committed to slavery, with its constitution making illegal for the legislature to free slaves. With the annexation, the United States inherited the territorial claims of the former Republic of Texas against Mexico. The territorial claim to the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande and Mexican resistance to it both led to the Mexican–American War. On February 2, 1848, the war was concluded by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Among its provisos was the recognition by Mexico of the area between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande as part of the United States.
The Republic of Texas had claimed ownership of the eastern half of present-day New Mexico, along with sections of Colorado, Kansas and Wyoming, but Texas had never effectively controlled the area, which was dominated by hostile Indian tribes (see Comancheria). However, the federal government now controlled the area after 1846. The Compromise of 1850 solved the problem by setting the present boundaries of Texas, in return for $10 million in federal bonds paid to the State of Texas.[26]
The state was heavily burdened with debt, which had been contracted during its struggles as the Republic of Texas. The federal government agreed to pay $10 million of bonds in return for the transfer of a large portion of the claimed area of the state to the territory of the federal government and for the relinquishment of various claims of Texas had on the federal government. (The bonds bore interest at the rate of 5%, which interest was collectible by Texas every six months, and the principal was redeemable at the end of fourteen years.)[27]
The Constitution (Article IV, Section 3) does not permit Congress unilaterally to reduce the territory of any state, so the first part of the Compromise of 1850 had to take the form of an offer to the Texas State Legislature, rather than a unilateral enactment. This ratified the bargain and, in due course, the transfer of a large swath of land from the state of Texas to the federal government was accomplished.
Texas was allowed to keep the following portions of the disputed land: south of the 32nd parallel and south of the 36°30' parallel north and east of the 103rd meridian west. The rest of the disputed land was transferred to the Federal Government.
New Mexico and Utah Territories[edit]
New Mexico proposed boundary before Compromise of 1850
The Utah Territory is shown in blue and outlined in black. The boundaries of the provisional State of Deseret are shown with a dotted line.
The first law of the Compromise of 1850 also organized the Territory of New Mexico. The second law, also enacted September 9, 1850, organized the Territory of Utah.
Some of the land had been claimed by the Republic of Texas. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made no mention of the claims of the Republic of Texas; Mexico simply agreed to a Mexico-U.S. border south of both the "Mexican Cession" and the Republic of Texas claims.[28] Before the Compromise of 1850, the disputed land had been claimed but never controlled by the state of Texas. Of importance in 1850 was land included in present-day eastern New Mexico.
From the Mexican Cession, the New Mexico Territory received most of the present-day state of Arizona, most of the western part of the present-day state of New Mexico, and the southern tip of present-day Nevada (south of the 37th parallel). From Texas, the territory received most of present-day eastern New Mexico, a portion of present-day Colorado (east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains, west of the 103rd meridian, and south of the 38th parallel).
From the Mexican Cession, the Utah Territory received present-day Utah, most of present-day Nevada (everything north of the 37th parallel), a major part of present-day Colorado (everything west of the crest of the Rocky Mountains), and a small part of present-day Wyoming. That included the newly founded colony at Salt Lake, of Brigham Young. From Texas, the Utah Territory received most of present-day eastern New Mexico and some of present-day Colorado that is east of the crest of the Rocky Mountains.
A key provision of each of the laws respectively organizing the Territory of New Mexico and the Territory of Utah was that slavery would be decided by local option, called popular sovereignty. That was an important repudiation of the idea behind the failure to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.
California[edit]
Map of Mexico. S. Augustus Mitchell, Philadelphia, 1847. New California is depicted with a northeastern border at the meridian leading north of the Rio Grande headwaters.
California was part the Mexican Cession. After the Mexican War, California was essentially run by military governors. President James K. Polk tried to get Congress to establish a territorial government in California officially, but the increasingly-sectional debates prevented that.[29] The South wanted to extend slave territory to Southern California and to the Pacific Coast, but the North did not.
From late 1848, Americans and foreigners of many different countries rushed into California for the California Gold Rush, exponentially increasing the population. In response to growing demand for a better more representative government, a Constitutional Convention was held in 1849. The delegates unanimously outlawed slavery. They had no interest in extending the Missouri Compromise Line through California and splitting the state; the lightly-populated southern half never had slavery and was heavily Hispanic.[30]
The third statute of the Compromise of 1850 allowed California to be admitted to the Union, undivided, as a free state on September 9, 1850.[31]
Fugitive Slave Law[edit]
The fourth statute of the Compromise of 1850, enacted September 18, 1850, is informally known as the Fugitive Slave Law, or the Fugitive Slave Act. It bolstered the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. The new version of the Fugitive Slave Law required federal judicial officials in all states and federal territories, including in those states and territories in which slavery was prohibited, to assist with the return of escaped slaves to their masters actively in the states and territories permitting slavery. Any federal marshal or other official who did not arrest an alleged runaway slave was liable to a fine of $1000. Law enforcement everywhere in the US had a duty to arrest anyone suspected of being a fugitive slave on no more evidence than a claimant's sworn testimony of ownership. Suspected slaves could neither ask for a jury trial nor testify on their own behalf. In addition, any person aiding a runaway slave by providing food or shelter was to be subject to six months' imprisonment and a $1000 fine. Officers capturing a fugitive slave were entitled to a fee for their work.
In addition to federal officials, the ordinary citizens of free states could be summoned to join a posse and be required to assist in the capture, custody, and/or transportation of the alleged escaped slave.
The law was so rigorously pro-slavery as to prohibit the admission of the testimony of a person accused of being an escaped slave into evidence at the judicial hearing to determine the status of the accused escaped slave. Thus, if a freedman were claimed to be an escaped slave, they could not resist their return to slavery by truthfully telling their own actual history.
The Fugitive Slave Act was essential to meet Southern demands. In terms of public opinion in the North, the critical provision was that ordinary citizens were required to aid slave catchers. Many northerners deeply resented that requirement to help slavery personally. Resentment towards the Act continued to heighten tensions between the North and South, which were inflamed further by abolitionists such as Harriet Beecher Stowe. Her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, stressed the horrors of recapturing escaped slaves and outraged Southerners.[32]
End of slave trade in District of Columbia[edit]
The fifth law, enacted on September 20, 1850, prohibited the slave trade but allowed slavery itself in the District of Columbia.[33] Southerners in Congress were unanimous in opposing that provision, which was seen as a concession to the abolitionists, but they were outvoted.[34]
See also[edit]
Uncle Tom's Cabin – a reaction against the Fugitive Slave Law
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which reopened the slavery issue
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (2003) p. 252
Jump up ^ Joint Resolution of Congress, Mar. 1, 1845
Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the compromise of 1850: boundary dispute & sectional conflict. Kent State University Press.
Jump up ^ Stegmaier, p. 172 and p. 177
Jump up ^ W. J. Spillman (January 1904). "ADJUSTMENT OF THE TEXAS BOUNDARY IN 1850". Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association. 7.
Jump up ^ Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1993) pp 730–61
Jump up ^ Texas State Historical Association. "COMPROMISE OF 1850". The Handbook of Texas.
Jump up ^ Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ Cotton Culture from the Handbook of Texas Online
Jump up ^ John M. Taylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln's right hand (1996) p. 85
Jump up ^ Elbert B. Smith, President Zachary Taylor: the hero president (2007) p. 238
Jump up ^ Eaton (1957) pp. 192–193. Remini (1991) pp. 756–759
Jump up ^ Michael Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party (1999), pp. 529–530: "only rapid passage of the omnibus bill appeared to offer a timely escape from the crisis."
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 169. (P.1772-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict (University of Kentucky Press, 1965), p. 160
Jump up ^ "ON PASSAGE S. 169". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 225 (9 STAT. 453, APP. 9/9/1850), AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT FOR UTAH. (P.1776-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 307. (P.1764-3)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "ON PASSAGE OF THE BILL S. 307. (P. 1555-3)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "ON ORDERING ENGROSSMENT AND 3RD READING OF THE BILL S. 23. (P. 1630-2)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ "TO PASS S. 23. (P.1817-1)". GovTrack.us. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Remini (1991) pp. 761–62
Jump up ^ Robert Remini,The House: A History of the House of Representatives (2006) p. 147
Jump up ^ Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital (1983).
Jump up ^ Mark J. Stegmaier, Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary Dispute and Sectional Crisis (1998)
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Holman (1957). "Texas Bonds and Northern Profits: A Study in Compromise, Investment, and Lobby Influence". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Organization of American Historians. 43 (4): 579–94. doi:10.2307/1902274. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1902274 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Handbook of Texas Online: Compromise of 1850". Tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ California and New Mexico: Message from the President of the United States. By United States. President (1849–1850 : Taylor), United States. War Dept (Ex. Doc 17 page 1) Google eBook
Jump up ^ William Henry Ellison. A self-governing dominion, California, 1849–1860 (1950) online
Jump up ^ "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875". Memory.loc.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
Jump up ^ Larry Gara, "The Fugitive Slave Law: A Double Paradox," Civil War History, September 1964, vol. 10#3, pp. 229–240
Jump up ^ David L. Lewis, District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History, (W.W. Norton, 1976), 54-56.
Jump up ^ Damani Davis, "Slavery and Emancipation in the Nation'S Capital," Prologue, Spring 2010, vol. 42#1, pp. 52–59
Sources[edit]
Bell, John Frederick. "Poetry's Place in the Crisis and Compromise of 1850." Journal of the Civil War Era 5#3 (2015): 399–421.
Bordewich, Fergus M. America's Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union (2012) excerpt and text search
Foster, Herbert D. (1922). "Webster's Seventh of March Speech and the Secession Movement, 1850". American Historical Review. 27 (2): 245–270. doi:10.2307/1836156.
Heidler, David S., and Jeanne T. Heidler. Henry Clay: The Essential American (2010), major scholarly biography; 624 pp.
Hamilton, Holman. Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964), the standard historical study
Hamilton, Holman (1954). "Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 41 (3): 403–18. doi:10.2307/1897490. ISSN 0161-391X. JSTOR 1897490.
Holman Hamilton. Zachary Taylor, Soldier in the White House (1951).
Holt, Michael F. The Political Crisis of the 1850s (1978).
Holt, Michael F. The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War (2005).
Johannsen, Robert W. Stephen A. Douglas (1973) (ISBN 0195016203)
William Aloysius Keleher (1951). Turmoil in New Mexico. Santa Fe: Rydal Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-0632-6.
Knupfer, Peter B. "Compromise and Statesmanship: Henry Clay's Union." in Knupfer, The Union As It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise, 1787–1861 (1991), pp. 119–57.
Morrison, Michael A. Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (1997) (ISBN 0807823198)
Nevins, Allan. Ordeal of the Union (1947) v 2, highly detailed narrative
Potter, David M. The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (1977), pp 90–120; Pulitzer Prize
Remini, Robert. Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (1991)
Remini, Robert. At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise That Saved the Union (2010) 184 pages; the Compromise of 1850
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, vol. i. (1896). complegte text online
Rozwenc, Edwin C. ed. The Compromise of 1850. (1957) convenient collection of primary and secondary documents; 102 pp.
Russel, Robert R. (1956). "What Was the Compromise of 1850?". The Journal of Southern History. Southern Historical Association. 22 (3): 292–309. doi:10.2307/2954547. ISSN 0022-4642. JSTOR 2954547 – via JSTOR. (Registration required (help)).
Sewell, Richard H. Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States 1837–1860 New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.
Stegmaier, Mark J. (1996). Texas, New Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850: Boundary Dispute & Sectional Crisis. Kent State University Press.
Wiltse, Charles M. John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840–1850 (1951)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Compromise Measures of 1850.
Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850 and related resources from the Library of Congress
Texas Library and Archive Commission Page on 1850 Boundary Act
Smith, William Roy (1911). "Compromise Measures of 1850". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
Map of North America at the time of the Compromise of 1850 at omniatlas.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compromise_of_1850&oldid=837047160"
Categories:
31st United States Congress
1850 in American politics
1850 in California
1850 in New Mexico Territory
1850 in Texas
1850 in Utah Territory
1850 in the United States
1850 in law
History of the United States (1849–65)
History of United States expansionism
Presidency of Millard Fillmore
Pre-statehood history of California
New Mexico Territory
Slavery in the United States
United States federal territory and statehood legislation
Utah Territory
September 1850 events
Hidden categories:
Pages with login required references or sources
Articles needing additional references from January 2013
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Беларуская
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
16 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 11:53.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: li

values: U.S. provisional government of New Mexico

value: ul

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Slave_and_free_states
mw-redirect
Slave and free states

values:
/wiki/Stephen_Douglas
mw-redirect
Stephen Douglas

values:
/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%27_north
mw-redirect
Parallel 36°30' north

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #002255; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #d40000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #cccccf; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #008800; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values:
/wiki/Texas_Annexation
mw-redirect
Texas Annexation

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Negro_Fort
mw-redirect
Battle of Negro Fort

values: United States presidential election, 1860

values: Template:Events leading to American Civil War

values: Template talk:Events leading to American Civil War

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width: auto; font-size: 95%;

values:
/wiki/36%C2%B030%27_parallel_north
mw-redirect
36°30' parallel north

values:
/wiki/William_L._Yancey
mw-redirect
William L. Yancey

values:
/wiki/Organized_territory
mw-redirect
Organized territory

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)
mw-redirect
Thomas Hart Benton (senator)

values:
/wiki/Colorado_River_of_Texas
mw-redirect
Colorado River of Texas

values:
/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act
mw-redirect
Fugitive Slave Act

values:
/wiki/William_Henry_Seward
mw-redirect
William Henry Seward

values:
/wiki/James_M._Mason
mw-redirect
James M. Mason

values: United States presidential election, 1848

values:
/wiki/Territory_of_Utah
mw-redirect
Territory of Utah

values:
/wiki/Territory_of_New_Mexico
mw-redirect
Territory of New Mexico

values:
/wiki/Alexander_Stephens
mw-redirect
Alexander Stephens

values: History of the United States Republican Party

values:
/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna
mw-redirect
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

values: List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union

values: Edit section: New Mexico and Utah Territories

values:
/wiki/Mexico-U.S._border
mw-redirect
Mexico-U.S. border

values:
/wiki/Source_(river_or_stream)
mw-redirect
Source (river or stream)

values:
/wiki/US_Marshals_Service
mw-redirect
US Marshals Service

values:
/wiki/Fugitive_slave
mw-redirect
Fugitive slave

values: Edit section: End of slave trade in District of Columbia

values: The Mississippi Valley Historical Review

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1902274

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-391X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1902274

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values:
/wiki/American_Historical_Review
mw-redirect
American Historical Review

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1836156

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F1897490

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1897490

values:
/wiki/The_Journal_of_Southern_History
mw-redirect
The Journal of Southern History

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2954547

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4642

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2954547

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Compromise Measures of 1850

values: wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Compromise Measures of 1850

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: Category:History of the United States (1849–65)

values: Category:History of United States expansionism

values: Category:Pre-statehood history of California

values: Category:United States federal territory and statehood legislation

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2013

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Compromise_of_1850
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Кампраміс 1850 года – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: مصالحه ۱۸۵۰ – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Компромисс 1850 года – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Compromise_of_1850 rootpage-Compromise_of_1850 skin-vector action-view


text:
Joint Session of Indian Parliament
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions of Constitution
2 Exception to joint sittings
3 Bills referred to joint session
4 References
Provisions of Constitution[edit]
As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations.[1]
If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House—
(a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or (c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it, the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting, his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill
However, in calculating period of six months, those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days.
If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament.
Exception to joint sittings[edit]
Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception.
1. Money Bill
Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period. Therefore, a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill.
2. Constitution Amendment Bill
Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2/3 majority. In case of disagreement between both houses, there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament.
Bills referred to joint session[edit]
Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act, 1960, banking service commission act, 1977 and POTA, 2002. As per a senior member of NDA government they are considering for a joint session on Triple Talaq Bill (2018).

BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION: 1. Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1961 2. Banking Service Commission ( Repeal) Bill , 1978 3. Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Lawmin.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=821255595"
Categories:
Parliament of India
Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 19 January 2018, at 09:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: /wiki/Bicameral mw-redirect Bicameral

value: p

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

values: Edit section: Provisions of Constitution

values: Edit section: Exception to joint sittings

values:
/wiki/Constitution_Amendment_Bill
mw-redirect
Constitution Amendment Bill

values: Edit section: Bills referred to joint session

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Joint meetings of bicameral legislatures

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament rootpage-Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament skin-vector action-view