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The Book of Eli
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For the 12th-century English chronicle, see Book of Ely.
The Book of Eli
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
The Hughes brothers
Produced by
Joel Silver
Susan Downey
Andrew Kosove
Broderick Johnson
Denzel Washington
Written by
Gary Whitta
Starring
Denzel Washington
Gary Oldman
Mila Kunis
Ray Stevenson
Jennifer Beals
Music by
Atticus Ross
Leopold Ross
Claudia Sarne
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Edited by
Cindy Mollo
Production
company
Alcon Entertainment
Silver Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures (United States)
Summit Entertainment (International)
Release date
January 15, 2010 (2010-01-15)
Running time
117 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$80 million[2]
Box office
$157,107,755[3]
The Book of Eli is a 2010 American post-apocalyptic neo-Western action film directed by the Hughes brothers, written by Gary Whitta, and starring Denzel Washington, Gary Oldman, Mila Kunis, Ray Stevenson, and Jennifer Beals. The story revolves around Eli, a nomad in a post-apocalyptic world, who is told by a voice to deliver his copy of a mysterious book to a safe location on the West Coast of the United States. The history of the post-war world is explained along the way, as is the importance of Eli's task. Filming began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico.[4]
The film was released in theaters in January 2010. Alcon Entertainment financed and co-produced the film with Silver Pictures, while it was distributed by Warner Bros. in the United States; international sales were handled by Summit Entertainment.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
5 Home media
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot
Thirty years after a nuclear apocalypse,[5] Eli (Denzel Washington) travels on foot toward the west coast of the former United States. Along the way he demonstrates uncanny survival and fighting skills, hunting wildlife and swiftly defeating a group of desert bandits who try to ambush him. Searching for water, he arrives in a ramshackle town rebuilt and overseen by Carnegie (Gary Oldman). Carnegie dreams of building more towns and of controlling the people by using the power of a certain book. His henchmen scour the desolate landscape daily in search of it, but to no avail.
In town Eli barters with a store owner, the Engineer (Tom Waits), to recharge the battery of his portable music player. While waiting, he goes across the street to the town bar, where a gang of bikers attack, but he quickly kills all fifteen. Realizing Eli is a literate man like himself, Carnegie asks Eli to stay, making it clear that the offer is non-negotiable. After Carnegie's blind mistress Claudia (Jennifer Beals) gives Eli some food and water, Carnegie orders Claudia's daughter Solara (Mila Kunis) to seduce Eli, but he turns her down. While killing time, she finds his book. Unperturbed, Eli offers to share his food with her, and before they eat, he says grace. The following day, Solara repeats the prayer, but Carnegie overhears them and realizes Solara's words relate to the book he has been seeking. He soon forces Solara to tell him if Eli was reading a book, and realizes Eli's book is the one he wants—a Bible.
Eli sneaks out of his room and Carnegie has his henchmen shoot at Eli, but the bullets seemingly just graze him, as if he is being protected. Eli shoots most of Carnegie's men and hits Carnegie in the leg with a ricocheted shotgun blast. Solara, having left the town, leads Eli to a cave which is the town's water supply, hoping she can accompany him on his travels. Eli traps her inside and continues on alone. Solara escapes and soon finds herself ambushed by two bandits who attempt to rape her, but Eli reappears and kills them. As they continue on, Eli explains his mission to Solara. According to Eli, his book is the last remaining copy of the Bible, as all other copies were intentionally destroyed following the nuclear war thirty years ago. He says he was led to the book by a voice in his head, which then directed him to travel westward to a place where it would be safe. The voice assured him that he would be protected and guided on his journey.
Eventually, Eli and Solara investigate an isolated house. They fall into a trap, but manage to allay the suspicions of the residents, George (Michael Gambon) and Martha (Frances de la Tour), who invite them in for tea. When Eli realizes that the couple are cannibals, they attempt to leave just as Carnegie and his henchmen arrive. In the ensuing shootout, George, Martha and many of Carnegie's men are killed. While Eli and Solara are captured, Carnegie threatens to kill Solara unless Eli surrenders the Bible. With the Bible now in his possession, Carnegie shoots Eli, leaving him for dead. Solara escapes and drives back to help Eli. Rather than chase her, Carnegie returns to the town, since his sole remaining vehicle is running low on fuel. Solara finds Eli, and they drive until they reach the Golden Gate Bridge, and then row to Alcatraz Island, where they find a group intent on preserving what they can of literature and music. Eli tells the guards that he has a copy of the King James Version of the Bible. Once inside, Eli, revealed to be blind, begins to dictate the Bible from memory to Lombardi (Malcolm McDowell), the leader of the group.[6][5]
Meanwhile, back in the town, the Engineer opens the locked Bible where Carnegie discovers, to his dismay, that it is in Braille, and orders Claudia to read it to him. She pretends that she cannot remember how to read it, telling Carnegie his leg wound has become infected and his men have begun to run amok. At the sanctuary, Eli has died, but not before he finished reciting the entire book. The printing press at Alcatraz begins producing copies of the Bible, and Lombardi places one on a bookshelf between the Torah and Tanakh on one side and the Quran on the other. Solara, though offered sanctuary, chooses to return home, taking with her Eli's machete and other possessions.
Cast
Denzel Washington as Eli
Gary Oldman as Carnegie
Mila Kunis as Solara
Ray Stevenson as Redridge
Jennifer Beals as Claudia
Evan Jones as Martz
Joe Pingue as Hoyt
Frances de la Tour as Martha
Michael Gambon as George
Tom Waits as Engineer
Chris Browning as Hijack Leader
Malcolm McDowell as Lombardi (uncredited)
Production
In May 2007, Columbia Pictures and Warner Bros. signed the Hughes brothers to direct The Book of Eli, based on a script by Gary Whitta. (The brothers had last directed the 2001 film From Hell.)[7] Subsequently, Anthony Peckham rewrote the script, and in September 2008 Denzel Washington won the lead role.[8] The following October, Gary Oldman was cast to star alongside Washington.[9] Principal photography began in February 2009 and took place in New Mexico.[10] Alcon Entertainment financed the film and co-produced with Silver Pictures.[11]
Jeff Imada choreographed the complex fight scenes, which feature the Filipino martial art of Kali. Washington trained for months with Dan Inosanto and Imada for his role.[12]
Reception
Box office
The film was released in North America on January 15, 2010 in 3,111 theaters. It took in $11,672,970—$3,752 per theater, its opening day.[13] By the end of its opening four-day holiday weekend it grossed $38,437,553—$12,355 per theater. It ranked number two, behind Avatar.[14] On its second weekend, it placed third with Legion taking its number two place and grossed $15,732,493—$5,057 per theater.[15] By its third weekend it dropped down to number five and made $8,908,286—$2,897 per theater.[16] The film has come to gross $94,835,059 in the United States and Canada, and $62,256,659 in other markets, with an estimated worldwide total of $157,091,718.[3]
Critical reception
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 47% of 201 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.4/10. The site's consensus is that "It's certainly uneven, and many viewers will find that its reach exceeds its grasp, but The Book of Eli finds the Hughes brothers injecting some fresh stylish fun into the kind of post-apocalyptic wasteland filmgoers have seen more than enough of lately."[17] Based on 33 critics reviews, Metacritic (another review aggregator) has assigned the film a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]
Todd McCarthy of Variety predicted "this will not be one of ... Denzel Washington's bigger grossers."[19] Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 of 4 stars and said of the film: "You won't be sorry you went. It grips your attention, and then at the end throws in several WTF! moments, which are a bonus."[20] Reviewing the film for The A.V. Club, Scott Tobias graded the film a B, and wrote "At a time when theaters are experiencing a glut of doomsday scenarios, the Hughes' ashen, bombed-out future world looks a little too familiar, no matter how crisply they present it. But the showdown between Washington and a deliciously hammy Oldman complicates the film's overt religiosity...".[21] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a D, calling it "a ponderous dystopian bummer that might be described as The Road Warrior without car chases, or The Road without humanity.[22]
Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on May 31, 2010 in the UK and on June 15, 2010 in the United States and Canada. The DVD took the top spot on all three national home video market charts in its first week. It premiered No. 1 on Home Media Magazine's Rental Chart, the Nielsen VideoScan Blu-ray chart, and the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert Sales Chart, where it outdistanced its nearest competitor in sales by a 3 to 1 margin.[23]
See also
Eli (biblical figure)
References
Jump up ^ THE BOOK OF ELI rated 15 by the BBFC
Jump up ^ "Movie projector: 'Book of Eli' first major challenger to 'Avatar'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. January 14, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010. Alcon spent $80 million to produce the movie, which stars Denzel Washington.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Book of Eli (2010)". Box Office Mojo. Internet Movie Database. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Goundry, Nick (February 1, 2010). "The Book of Eli shoots in New Mexico". The Location Guide. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Giroux, Jack (18 January 2010). "Interview, Part 1: Gary Whitta on 'The Book of Eli'". The Film Stage. Retrieved 2 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Bakhshian, Sara (January 2010). "'The Book of Eli': Interview with Denzel Washington, Mila Kunis, and Gary Oldman". Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael (May 21, 2007). "Hughes brothers set for 'Book of Eli'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Michael; Dave McNary (September 4, 2008). "Denzel Washington picks up 'Book'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (October 29, 2008). "Gary Oldman joins 'Book of Eli'". Variety. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (February 2009). "Jack Black Rocks 'Yo Gabba Gabba' and More First Looks". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved February 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gary Oldman joins Denzel on 'Eli'". Reel Suave. October 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli – Behind the Scenes:Stunts". Yahoo! Movies. Yahoo!. 2010.
Jump up ^ "Daily Box Office for Friday, January 15, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 15–18, 2010 (4-day weekend)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 18, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 22–24, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 24, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 29–31, 2010". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. January 31, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli (2010)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli: Reviews". Metacritic. CNET Networks. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (January 10, 2010). "The Book of Eli Review". 'Variety. Reed Business Information. Retrieved January 13, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (January 14, 2010). "The Book of Eli review". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group.
Jump up ^ Tobias, Scott (January 14, 2010). "The Book of Eli". The AV Club. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (January 15, 2010). "The Book of Eli". Entertainment Weekly. Time Warner. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Book of Eli Sweeps Video Charts". wowcelebrities.us. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2010.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Book of Eli
The Book of Eli at the American Film Institute Catalog
The Book of Eli on IMDb
The Book of Eli at AllMovie
The Book of Eli at Box Office Mojo
The Book of Eli at Rotten Tomatoes
The Book of Eli at Metacritic
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Nissan Rogue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the USDM Nissan Rogue Sport, see Nissan Qashqai § J11.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nissan Rogue
Overview
Manufacturer
Nissan
Production
2007–present
Model years
2008–present
Body and chassis
Class
Compact crossover SUV
Body style
5-door SUV
Chronology
Predecessor
Nissan Mistral
Nissan X-Trail (Canada, Philippines & Mexico)
Nissan Xterra
The Nissan Rogue is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automaker Nissan. It made its debut in October 2007 for the 2008 model year.[1] The current model, the second generation launched in 2013, is the United States of America and Canada version of the Nissan X-Trail. It is currently Nissan's best-selling vehicle in the United States.[2][3]
The Rogue is powered by a 170 hp (127 kW; 172 PS), 2.5 L four-cylinder QR25DE engine mated to a standard continuously variable transmission,[4] and comes standard with front-wheel-drive. The Rogue costs less than Nissan's Murano crossover SUV, but at 105.8 cu ft (3.00 m3) vs. 108.1 cu ft (3.06 m3)[5] offers only slightly less passenger volume than its V6-powered sibling, and a nearly equal cargo area of 39.3 cu ft (1,110 L) vs. 39.6 cu ft (1,120 L).
The first generation Rogue remained in production for the 2013–2015 model years as the Rogue Select.[citation needed]
The Rogue is manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna assembly plant in Tennessee, United States.
Contents
1 First generation (2007–2013)
1.1 Initial release
1.1.1 Safety
1.1.2 Awards and recognition
1.2 2011 model year update
1.2.1 Equipment
1.2.2 Recalls
1.3 2012 model year update
1.3.1 Recalls
1.4 Rogue Select
2 Second generation (2014–present)
2.1 Production
2.2 Safety
2.3 2017 model year facelift
2.4 2018 model year update
2.5 Rogue Hybrid
2.6 Marketing
2.6.1 Star Wars Edition
3 Rogue Sport
4 Sales
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
First generation (2007–2013)[edit]
First Generation
2011 Nissan Rogue S
Overview
Also called
Nissan Rogue Select (2014-2015)
Production
2007–2015
Model years
2008–2013 (as Rogue)
2014–2015 (as Rogue Select)
Assembly
Nissan Shatai, Kanda, Fukuoka, Japan
Body and chassis
Layout
Front engine, front-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
Platform
Nissan C platform
Related
Nissan Qashqai
Nissan Murano
Nissan X-Trail
Renault Koleos
Powertrain
Engine
2.5 L QR25DE I4
Transmission
CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase
105.9 in (2,690 mm)
Length
2008–2010: 182.9 in (4,646 mm)
2011–2013: 183.3 in (4,656 mm)
2011–2013 Krom: 184.3 in (4,681 mm)
Width
70.9 in (1,801 mm)
Height
65.3 in (1,659 mm)
Curb weight
3,529 lb (1,601 kg)
The Nissan Rogue made its debut at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on January 7, 2007. It replaces the Nissan X-Trail in Canada as Nissan's entry-level SUV and the body-on-frame Nissan Xterra in Mexico due to the Smyrna plant freeing capacity for the 2009 Suzuki Equator, but the Xterra continued on sale in the United States and Canada through 2015 after being withdrawn from the Mexican market after the 2008 model year.
Initial release[edit]
2008 Nissan Rogue SL
The Rogue comes in three trims in the United States: S,SV and SL. S is the base model, which comes factory equipped with anti-lock brakes; air conditioning; cruise control; power windows, locks, and mirrors; remote keyless entry; and AM/FM/CD stereo with four speakers and auxiliary input jack.[6]
An optional "360 Value" package on the S model adds 16-inch alloy wheels, auto-dimming rear-view mirror with rear-view monitor, body-color rear spoiler, chrome grille, and rear privacy glass. An S Krōm trim edition includes Krōm integrated body design, center-exit exhaust, body-color rear spoiler, 17-inch brilliant-finish aluminum-alloy wheels, and rear privacy glass.[7]
Both trims are available with Front-wheel drive and All-wheel drive.[8]
Safety[edit]
Safety features in the Rogue include front airbags, side-impact airbags, side-curtain airbags with rollover sensors, tire-pressure monitor, ABS with brake-assist and electronic brake-force distribution, traction control, and anti-skid control. The following summarizes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Crash Test Ratings[9]
Frontal Driver (5 stars out of 5)
Frontal Passenger (4 stars out of 5)
Side Impact (5 stars out of 5)
Rollover (4 stars out of 5)
In the IIHS evaluation of the 2013 model year, the Rogue achieved a "Good" crashworthiness rating for Head Restraints & Seats, Side, and Moderate Overlap Front, while achieving an “Acceptable” rating in Roof Strength, and a "Poor" rating in Small Overlap Front. Modifications were made starting in the 2014 model year which increased the Small Overlap Front and Roof Strength ratings to "Good".[10]
Awards and recognition[edit]
2010 Rogue Awarded Consumers Digest's Automotive Best Buy Award.
2010 Rogue Received the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)'s Highest Side-Impact Safety Rating(five stars).
2011 model year update[edit]
2011 Nissan Rogue "Krom"
Changes to the Rogue include redesigned gauges recolored from orange to black, redesigned center dash for addition of the navigation system, redesigned exterior featuring a new front fascia and grille, new front and rear spoilers, new chrome side door guard molding trim accents, new front and rear tire deflectors and a new chrome license plate finisher; new 18-inch aluminum-alloy wheels for the Rogue S Krōm Edition and Rogue SL Package, new low rolling resistance tires (available with the 17-inch aluminum-alloy wheels) and a new under-body cover.
The Rogue S Krōm Edition is a version of Rogue S with more aggressive styling, sport-tuned exhaust, 18-inch polished wheels and tires, a unique grille and bumper with fog lamps, and other styling tweaks. The vehicle was unveiled at the 23rd Annual International Z Car Convention in Nashville.
US models went on sale at Nissan dealers nationwide beginning August 13, 2010. Early models include S and SV.[11]
Equipment[edit]
The SV is available with an optional SL package, adding leather seats, touch screen navigation system and 18" alloy wheels, along with other premium features.
Recalls[edit]
Nissan vehicles with Garmin Navi 750, 760 and 765 GPS devices, which included Rogue sold with the Garmin devices between 2008 and 2010, were recalled in 2010 due to overheating.[12] On November 23, 2011 Nissan announced a recall of 7,365 2011 Rogue vehicles for improperly manufactured electric power steering (EPS) assist units, which over time could cause the power assist feature to fail, causing a loss of power assist and an increased risk of an accident.[13][14]
2012 model year update[edit]
Changes to 2012 Rogue includes new aluminum-alloy wheels design, sport mode to the CVT, one new exterior color (Graphite Blue), Around View Monitor for SL package, which creates a composite top-view of the vehicle's surrounding and displays it through a LCD monitor.[15]
"Special Edition" (replaced "Krom" edition) adds 16-inch alloy wheels, a premium audio system, satellite radio, privacy glass, rearview monitor, and fog lamps to the S trim.[16][17]
In Canada, the Rogue comes in S and SV trim in front- or all-wheel-drive, and in a top-line SL trim in all-wheel-drive.
Recalls[edit]
In February 2012, Nissan recalled 2,983 MY 2012 versions of the Murano and Rogue, because the tire pressure monitoring system was not activated when the cars were assembled.[18]
Rogue Select[edit]
The Select was a continuation of the first generation Rogue sold alongside an all-new Rogue that went on sale in 2013 as a 2014 model. Since the production capacity allowed for the first generation to be built in conjunction with the 2nd generation, it allowed for a lower entry price to Rogue customers as well as fleet sales. It went on sale in January 2014 as a 2014 model year vehicle and was continued through 2015. Nissan then announced that 2015 would be the final year.[19] The Rogue Select was not offered in Canada.
The Rogue Select was built in Nissan's Kyushu, Japan plant.[20]
Second generation (2014–present)[edit]
See also: Nissan X-Trail
Nissan Rogue
2014 S AWD
Overview
Production
2013–present
Assembly
Smyrna, Tennessee, United States (Nissan USA)[21]Gangseo District, Busan, South Korea (Renault Samsung)
Designer
Keisuke Otsuki
Body and chassis
Platform
Nissan CMF platform (CMF-CD)
Related
Nissan Rogue
Nissan Qashqai
Renault Koleos
Powertrain
Engine
Petrol
2.0L MR20DD 143 hp (106 kW) I4 (144 hp for X-Trail Hybrid)
2.5L QR25DE 170 hp (126 kW) I4
Diesel
2.0L 177 bhp (130kW) I4]
1.6L Y9M 130 bhp (96 kW) I4
Transmission
6-speed manual
6-speed automatic
CVT
Dimensions
Wheelbase
2,705 mm (106.5 in)
Length
4,641 mm (182.7 in)
Width
1,820 mm (71.65 in)
Height
1,709 mm (67.3 in)
Chronology
Predecessor
Nissan Qashqai +2 (7 passenger models only)
The second generation Rogue is a version of Nissan X-Trail and inspired by the Hi-Cross Concept to adapt to the US and Canada markets.[22] Changes include optional third row 7 passenger seating, standard 4-wheel independent suspension, electric power-assisted Steering, 4-wheel disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system. This generation has an interior size similar to Nissan's Murano, Altima, and Maxima.
The vehicle was unveiled in 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show.[23] US models went on sale in November 2013 as a 2014 model year vehicle. Early models included 2.5 L 4-Cylinder QR25DE engine rated 170 hp (127 kW) and 175 pound-feet (237 N⋅m), Xtronic CVT [(Continuously Variable Transmission) Jatco CVT8][24][better source needed] with standard Sport Mode switch, 3 trims (S, SV and SL, each in a choice of front-wheel or all-wheel drive).[25][26][27][28]
The 2016 model comes with technology such as NissanConnect with Navigation, Siri Eyes Free and many other new features. Eight exterior colors are offered.[29]
Production[edit]
Manufacture of the 2014 Rogue began at Smyrna, Tennessee as the facility's 10 millionth vehicle.[30]
Production of the Rogue crossover at South Korean manufacturer Renault Samsung Motors's Busan plant started in September 2014, with an annual capacity of about 80,000 units.[31][32] The 2014 Rogue received the distinction of being the first automobile to be manufactured in South Korea for a Japanese automaker and sold under a Japanese brand, thanks to the Renault–Nissan Alliance, in which the Rogue is built by Renault Samsung Motors in Busan.[33]
In calendar year 2016 the Rogue became Nissan's top-selling model for the 1st time, a total of 329,904 sales reflecting a 14.9 percent increase.[34]
Safety[edit]
The Rogue is currently holding the Top Safety Pick For IIHS Ratings. With the safety features from the first generation, it also includes Lane departure warning, frontal collision warning, object detection warning (SL Trim Only), and a 360 degree backup camera.
2014–Present Model years (Not including Rogue Select)
Small Overlap Front Driver: Good
Small Overlap Front Passenger: Good
Moderate Overlap Front Driver: Good
Side Impact: Good
Roof Strength: Good
The Small Overlap Test, introduced in 2012 by the IIHS simulates a frontal collision on 25% of the driver's side. Since its adoption, the IIHS has noticed several automakers making non-symmetrical modifications to their vehicles, the Rogue being one of them. Another Small Overlap Test was conducted on a number of vehicles including a 2014 Rogue, but was conducted on the passenger side instead. Based on this test, the Rogue would have received a "Marginal" rating if the IIHS were to provide ratings for passenger-side protection. The crash test's intrusion was 10 inches further into the vehicle on the passenger's side than on the driver's side and completely tore off the structural door hinge pillar on the passenger side.[35]
The Rogue was redesigned for the 2014 model year. The redesigned Rogue shares no ratings with the previous design, built since the 2008 model year and given a new name for 2014-15, the Rogue Select. Starting with the 2014 year, the Rogue was awarded Top Safety Pick+ by IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety).[36]
Nissan vehicles built 2014 to 2017 were put under a recall as the occupant classification sensor (OCS) would think that an adult in the passenger seat is a child. They recalled over 6 million vehicles for either reprogramming or replacing.
2017 model year facelift[edit]
The Rogue was facelifted for the 2017 model year, with restyled headlights and taillights, and LED daytime running lights standard on all trim levels. The SL trim will also be available with full LED headlamps with HID as part of the SL Premium Package. The front grill plastics also changed, with the wider V-Motion Grille, that Nissan has throughout its lineup.
2018 model year update[edit]
Automatic Emergency Braking, Blind Spot Warning and Rear Cross Traffic Alert became standard safety features for MY 2018 both in US and Canadian markets. Propilot Assist is an option on the SL trim.[37]
Rogue Hybrid[edit]
A hybrid Rogue debuted January 2017, with limited availability for the 2017 model year. The hybrid features regenerative braking, pure drive hybrid emblems, energy monitor, hybrid battery status, under-floor storage area replacing Divide-N-Hide@ Cargo System, a 2.0 Liter 4 cylinder gasoline engine (power: 141 hp and torque: 141 lb-ft) and Xtronic CVT combined with an electric motor (power: 40 hp) and Lithium-Ion battery, for a combined power of 176 hp. The Lithium-Ion battery is located below the thick flooring of the under-floor cargo storage area. The Rogue Hybrid is available in 2 trim levels SV and SL, but the Rogue Hybrid is not available with Third Row Seating (Family Package) and Divide-N-Hide@ Cargo System due to the Lithium-Ion battery.[38]
Marketing[edit]
In 2007 the Rogue was featured on the television series Heroes, and in 2014, Nissan became the exclusive automotive partner for the launch of Apple's iTunes Radio, with the campaign theme "Make the Ordinary Extraordinary."[39]
Star Wars Edition[edit]
2017 Rogue One Edition
A special edition model known as the "2017 Nissan Rogue: Rogue One Star Wars Limited Edition" inspired by the 2016 film Rogue One was released for the 2017 model year. Available with the glacier white or the magnetic black exterior color and charcoal interior, the Rogue One Edition is only available on the SV trim levels and features a panoramic moonroof, BOSE Audio System, black glossed front grille, black gloss accents on the front and rear bumper, black chrome door handles, black roof rails, black smoked twin LED projector headlights with HID, black wheels, death trooper helmet replica, and Rogue One Edition badging and emblems on the exterior and the interior door sill panels as additional standard features for the Rogue One model versus the regular Nissan Rogue. Only 5,000 units of this limited edition were built.[40]
Rogue Sport[edit]
Rogue Sport
Main article: Nissan Qashqai
A version of the Nissan Qashqai was released for the 2017 model year as the Nissan Rogue Sport. A replacement for the Rogue Select,[citation needed] it is sightly smaller than the regular Rogue and comes with a 2.0 liter engine. Trim levels include S, SV, and SL with FWD or AWD. The Nissan Rogue Sport is only sold in the United States.
Sales[edit]
Calendar year
U.S.
Canada
2007 17,808[41] 7503[41]
2008 75,053 13,163
2009 77,222 11,056
2010 99,515 13,199
2011 124,543[42] 14,191
2012 142,349[42] 14,329
2013 162,751[43] 16,878
2014 199,199[44] 28,827
2015 287,190[44] 35,841
2016 329,904[34] 40,055[45]
2017 403,465[46] 43,418[47]
See also[edit]
Rambler Rogue
References[edit]
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Pure Food and Drug Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the United States law. For the band, see Pure Food and Drug Act (band).
Not to be confused with Food and Drugs Act.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Acronyms (colloquial)
PFDA
Enacted by
the 59th United States Congress
Effective
January 1, 1907
Citations
Public law
59-384
Statutes at Large
34 Stat. 768, Chapter 3915
Codification
Acts repealed
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
37 U.S. Stat. 416 (1912) (Sherley Amendment)
37 U.S. Stat. 732 (1913) (Gould Amendment)
41 U.S. Stat. 271 (1919) (Kenyon Amendment)
42 U.S. Stat. 1500 (1923)
44 U.S. Stat. 976-1003 (1927)
46 U.S. Stat. 1019 (1930) (McNary-Mapes Amendment)
48 U.S. Stat. 1204 (1934) (21 U.S.C. §§ 1-15)
Titles amended
21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S. 88 by Weldon Heyburn (R–ID) on December 14, 1905
Passed the Senate on February 21, 1906 (63-4)
Passed the House on June 20, 1906 (143-72)
Reported by the joint conference committee on June 23, 1906; agreed to by the House on June 23, 1906 (Did not agree) and by the Senate on June 23, 1906 (241-17)
Signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906
Major amendments
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938)
Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
United States Supreme Court cases
United States v. Johnson (1911)
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was the first of a series of significant consumer protection laws which was enacted by Congress in the 20th century and led to the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. Its main purpose was to ban foreign and interstate traffic in adulterated or mislabeled food and drug products, and it directed the U.S. Bureau of Chemistry to inspect products and refer offenders to prosecutors. It required that active ingredients be placed on the label of a drug’s packaging and that drugs could not fall below purity levels established by the United States Pharmacopeia or the National Formulary. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair was an inspirational piece that kept the public's attention on the important issue of unsanitary meat processing plants that later led to food inspection legislation. Sinclair quipped, "I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach," as readers demanded and got the pure food law.[1]
Contents
1 Historical significance
2 Particular drugs deemed dangerous
3 History of passage
4 Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration
5 Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications
6 References
6.1 Sources
7 External links
Historical significance[edit]
The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a key piece of Progressive Era legislation, signed by President Theodore Roosevelt on the same day as the Federal Meat Inspection Act. Enforcement of the Pure Food and Drug Act was assigned to the Bureau of Chemistry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture which was renamed the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1930. The Meat Inspection Act was assigned to what is now known as the Food Safety and Inspection Service, which remains in the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The first federal law regulating foods and drugs, the 1906 Act's reach was limited to foods and drugs moving in interstate commerce. Although the law drew upon many precedents, provisions, and legal experiments pioneered in individual states, the federal law defined "misbranding" and "adulteration" for the first time and prescribed penalties for each. The law recognized the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as standards authorities for drugs, but made no similar provision for federal food standards.[2] The law was principally a "truth in labeling" law designed to raise standards in the food and drug industries and protect the reputations and pocketbooks of honest businessmen.
Particular drugs deemed dangerous[edit]
Under the law, drug labels, for example, had to list any of 10 ingredients that were deemed "addictive" and/or "dangerous" on the product label if they were present, and could not list them if they were not present. Alcohol, morphine, opium, and cannabis were all included on the list of these "addictive" and/or "dangerous" drugs. The law also established a federal cadre of food and drug inspectors that one Southern opponent of the legislation criticized as "a Trojan horse with a bellyful of inspectors and other employees."[3] Penalties under the law were modest, but an under-appreciated provision of the Act proved more powerful than monetary penalties. Goods found in violation of various areas of the law were subject to seizure and destruction at the expense of the manufacturer. That, combined with a legal requirement that all convictions be published as Notices of Judgment, proved to be important tools in the enforcement of the statute and had a deterrent effect upon would-be violators.[4] Deficiencies in this original statute[example needed], which had become noticeable by the 1920s, led to the replacement of the 1906 statute with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act which was enacted in 1938 and signed by President Franklin Roosevelt. This act, along with its numerous amendments, remains the statutory basis for federal regulation of all foods, drugs, biological products, cosmetics, medical devices, tobacco, and radiation-emitting devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
History of passage[edit]
It took 27 years to the 1906 statute, during which time the public was made aware of many problems with foods and drugs in the U.S. Muckraking journalists, such as Samuel Hopkins Adams, targeted the patent medicine industry with its high-alcoholic content patent medicines, soothing syrups for infants with opium derivatives, and "red clauses" in newspaper contracts providing that patent medicine ads (upon which most newspapers of the time were dependent) would be withdrawn if the paper expressed support for food and drug regulatory legislation. The Chief Chemist of the Bureau of Chemistry, Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, captured the country's attention with his hygienic table studies, which began with a modest Congressional appropriation in 1902. The goal of the table trial was to study the human effects of common preservatives used in foods during a period of rapid changes in the food supply brought about by the need to feed cities and support an industrializing nation increasingly dependent on immigrant labor. Wiley recruited young men to eat all their meals at a common table as he added increased "doses" of preservatives including borax, benzoate, formaldehyde, sulfites, and salicylates. The table trials captured the nation's fancy and were soon dubbed "The Poison Squad" by newspapers covering the story. The men soon adopted the motto "Only the Brave dare eat the fare" and at times the publicity given to the trials became a burden. Though many results of the trial came to be in dispute, there was no doubt that formaldehyde was dangerous and it disappeared quickly as a preservative. Wiley himself felt that he had found adverse effects from large doses of each of the preservatives and the public seemed to agree with Wiley. In many cases, most particularly with ketchup and other condiments, the use of preservatives was often used to disguise insanitary production practices. Although the law itself did not proscribe the use of some of these preservatives, consumers increasingly turned away from many products with known preservatives.
The 1906 statute regulated food and drugs moving in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of poisonous patent medicines.[5] The Act arose due to public education and exposés from public interest guardians such as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams, social activist Florence Kelley, researcher Harvey W. Wiley, and President Theodore Roosevelt.
Beginnings of the Food and Drug Administration[edit]
The 1906 Act paved the way for the eventual creation of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and is generally considered to be that agency's founding date, though the agency existed before the law was passed and was not named FDA until later. "While the Food and Drug act remains a foundational law of the FDA mission, it's not the law that created the FDA. [Initially,] the Bureau of Chemistry (the precursor to the FDA) regulated food safety. In 1927, the Bureau was reorganized into the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration and the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. The FDIA was renamed the FDA in 1930."[6]
The law itself was largely replaced by the much more comprehensive Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.
Enforcement of labeling and future ramifications[edit]
The Pure Food and Drug Act was initially concerned with ensuring products were labeled correctly. Later efforts were made to outlaw certain products that were not safe, followed by efforts to outlaw products which were safe but not effective. For example, there was an attempt to outlaw Coca-Cola in 1909 because of its excessive caffeine content; caffeine had replaced cocaine as the active ingredient in Coca-Cola in 1903.[7] In the case United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola, the judge found that Coca-Cola had a right to use caffeine as it saw fit, although Coca-Cola eventually lost when the government appealed to the Supreme Court.[8] It reached a settlement with the United States government to reduce the caffeine amount.
In addition to caffeine, the Pure Food and Drug Act required that drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and cannabis, be accurately labeled with contents and dosage. Previously many drugs had been sold as patent medicines with secret ingredients or misleading labels. Cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and other such drugs continued to be legally available without prescription as long as they were labeled. It is estimated that sale of patent medicines containing opiates decreased by 33% after labeling was mandated.[9] The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is cited by drug policy reform advocates such as James P. Gray as a successful model for re-legalization of currently prohibited drugs by requiring accurate labels, monitoring of purity and dose, and consumer education.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arlene F. Kantor, "Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906: 'I aimed at the public's heart and by accident I hit it in the stomach,'" American Journal of Public Health 66.12 (1976): 1202-1205.
Jump up ^ Swann, Ph.D., John P. "The 1906 Food and Drugs Act and Its Enforcement". FDA History - Part I. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 10 April 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Young, James H. Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989, p. 98.
Jump up ^ FDA Notices of Judgment Collection, 1908-1966
Jump up ^ Ayers, Edward A. (August 1907). "What The Food Law Saves Us From: Adulterations, Substitutions, Chemical Dyes, and Other Evils". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XIV: 9316–9322. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History - Significant Dates in U.S. Food and Drug Law History". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Jump up ^ Hamblin M.D., James (January 31, 2013). "Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda". The Atlantic's Health Editorial. The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved April 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pop psychology: The man who saved Coca-Cola", by Ludy T. Benjamin, Monitor on Psychology, February 2009, Vol 40, No. 2, p. 18
Jump up ^ Musto, David F. (1999). The American Disease: Origins of Narcotic Control (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512509-6.
Jump up ^ Gray, James P. (May 2, 2001). "Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed and What We Can Do About It: A Judicial Indictment of the War on Drugs". Temple University Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-1566398602. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Sources[edit]
Barkan, I. D. (January 1985). "Industry invites regulation: the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906". American Journal of Public Health. 75 (1): 18–26. doi:10.2105/AJPH.75.1.18. PMC 1646146  . PMID 3881052.
The State of Connecticut. Connecticut Agricultural & Experiment Station Annual Reports. New Haven. For years preceding and following passage of the Act:
1896, First report of the station on adulterated food products; 1897; 1898; 1899; 1900; 1901; 1902; 1903; 1904; 1905; 1906; 1907: Food, Food, Drugs; 1908: Not located; 1909: Not located; 1910: Not located; 1911: Food, Drugs
Dunn, Arthur Wallace (September 1911). "Dr. Wiley And Pure Food, First Article: A Twenty-Year's Fight, The Long Struggle Against "Influence" to Enact the Law, The Harder Struggle to Enforce It, An Amazing Story of Obstruction". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXII: 14958–14965. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Dunn, Arthur Wallace (November 1911). "Dr. Wiley and Pure Food, Second Article: The Chief of the Bureau of Chemistry as Washington Knows Him". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIII: 29–40. Retrieved 2009-07-10.
Greeley, Arthur Philip (1907). The Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906: A Study with Text of the Act, Annotated, the Rules and Regulations for the Enforcement of the Act, Food Inspection, Decisions and Official Food Standards. Washington, D.C.: J. Byrne & Company.
James Harvey Young, Pure Food: Securing the Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906 (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1989).
Mitchell Okun, Fair Play in the Marketplace: The First Battle for Pure Food and Drugs (Dekalb: University of Illinois Press, 1986).
Suzanne White Junod, Chemistry and Controversy: Food Additive Regulation, unpublished dissertation, Emory University, 1994.
Andrew F. Smith, Pure Ketchup: A History of America's National Condiment (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996)
Goodwin, Pure Food, Drug, and Drink Crusaders
External links[edit]
59th U.S. Congress (December 14, 1905). "S. 88, Draft bill of the Pure Food and Drug Act". Chapter 3915, cited 34 U.S. Stats. 768. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
59th U.S. Congress (1906). "THE WILEY ACT". Public Law Number 59-384, 34 Stat. 768. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
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