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Kelly Macdonald
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This article is about the actress. For the diver, see Kelly MacDonald (diver).
Kelly Macdonald
Macdonald in October 2007
Born
(1976-02-23) 23 February 1976 (age 42)
Glasgow, Scotland
Residence
Aberdeen, Scotland
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1996–present
Spouse(s)
Dougie Payne (m. 2003; separated 2017)
Children
2
Kelly Macdonald (born 23 February 1976) is a Scottish actress.
Macdonald is best known for her roles in the films Trainspotting (1996), Gosford Park (2001), Intermission (2003), Nanny McPhee (2005), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), and Brave (2012). For the 2005 TV film The Girl in the Cafe, she was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2003, she appeared in the acclaimed BBC miniseries State of Play as journalist Della Smith.
For her role in the 2007 film No Country for Old Men, she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She went on to star for five seasons in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014) as Margaret Thompson, for which she received a 2011 Emmy Award nomination.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 Awards and nominations
6 Honours
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Macdonald was born in Glasgow, and moved to Aberdeen when she was five years old. Her mother was a garment industry sales executive.[citation needed] Macdonald attended Eastwood High School 1987–1993.[1]
Career[edit]
Macdonald at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
Macdonald's career began while she was working as a barmaid in Glasgow.[2] She saw a leaflet advertising an open casting session for Trainspotting and decided to audition, winning the part of Diane,[3] the underage seductress to Ewan McGregor's Renton. Other roles include Mary O'Neary in Two Family House,[4] and an actress playing Peter Pan in Finding Neverland.[5] She had major roles in Robert Altman's British period piece Gosford Park,[6] where she played an aristocrat's maid, and in Intermission (2003), as Deirdre.[7]
On radio, she portrayed Mary in the 1999 BBC radio drama Lifehouse, based on Pete Townshend's abandoned rock opera, some of the songs for which were released on The Who's album Who's Next.[8] On television, her highest profile roles have been in two BBC dramas, the Paul Abbott serial State of Play (2003),[9] and the one-off Richard Curtis piece The Girl in the Café (2005).[10] Both of these were directed by David Yates, and both also starred Bill Nighy. For her performance in The Girl in the Café, she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film in 2006,[11] and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie.[12]
Macdonald starred in the 2005 film Nanny McPhee,[13] as the scullery maid Evangeline, and has since had supporting roles in A Cock and Bull Story (2006),[14] and the Coen brothers' Academy Award-winning No Country for Old Men (2007),[15] for which she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role.[16] It was reported that she had to fight her agent to be considered for the role, but in 2017 Macdonald denied the story.[17]
Other films where she had supporting roles include Choke (2008), as Paige Marshall, the film adapted by Clark Gregg from the 2001 Chuck Palahniuk novel; In the Electric Mist (2009) (based on James Lee Burke's In the Electric Mist with Confederate Dead (1993), as Kelly Drummond, alongside Tommy Lee Jones and John Goodman; and Skellig (2009), as Louise.[18] She played the lead in The Merry Gentleman (2008), as Kate Frazier.[19]
In 2010, she played her first comedy role, in the British independent romantic comedy film The Decoy Bride.[20] The Decoy Bride was released in 2012. In 2011, she played the "Grey Lady" (revealed to be Helena Ravenclaw) in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, the final instalment of the Harry Potter film franchise. She replaced Nina Young, the original actress in the role. In 2012, she provided the voice of Merida, the heroine of the Disney/Pixar film Brave, and starred as Dolly in Anna Karenina.
From 2010 until its ending in 2014, she starred in the HBO crime drama Boardwalk Empire as Margaret Thompson, the wife of Prohibition-era Atlantic City crime boss Nucky Thompson (Steve Buscemi). She appeared in all five seasons of the series. In 2011, she and the rest of the show's cast were awarded the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series. In 2016, she starred in Ricky Gervais' Special Correspondents as Claire Maddox,[21] and Swallows and Amazons as Mrs. Walker.[22] In 2016, she played the lead role in "Hated in the Nation", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror for which she received critical acclaim.[23] On 3 November 2016 Macdonald was featured in the trailer for Danny Boyle's T2 Trainspotting confirming she will reprise her role as Diane from the original film.
Personal life[edit]
In August 2003, Macdonald married musician Dougie Payne, bassist of rock band Travis. They have two children and moved back to their home town of Glasgow in 2014, after living in London and New York City.[24][25] They separated in 2017.[26]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 Trainspotting Diane Coulston
1996 Stella Does Tricks Stella McGuire
1997 Dead Eye Dick Wendy Short film
1998 Cousin Bette Hortense Hulot
1998 Elizabeth Isabel Knollys
1999 Splendor Mike
1999 Entropy Pia
1999 The Loss of Sexual Innocence Susan
1999 My Life So Far Elspeth Pettigrew
1999 Tube Tales Emma Segment: "Mr. Cool"
2000 Two Family House Mary O'Neary
2000 House! Linda
2000 Some Voices Laura
2001 Strictly Sinatra Irene
2001 Gosford Park Mary Maceachran
2003 Intermission Deirdre
2004 Finding Neverland Peter Pan
2005 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Jin Jenz Reporter
2005 All the Invisible Children Jonathan's wife Segment: "Jonathan"
2005 Nanny McPhee Evangeline
2005 Lassie Jeanie
2006 A Cock and Bull Story Jenny
2007 No Country for Old Men Carla Jean Moss
2008 The Merry Gentleman Kate Frazier
2008 Choke Paige Marshall
2009 In the Electric Mist Kelly Drummond
2011 The Decoy Bride Katie Nic Aodh
2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Helena Ravenclaw
2012 Brave Princess Merida Voice
2012 Anna Karenina Dolly Oblonskaya
2016 Special Correspondents Claire Maddox
2016 Swallows and Amazons Mrs. Walker
2016 The Journey Is the Destination Duff
2017 T2 Trainspotting Diane Coulston
2017 Goodbye Christopher Robin Olive Rand
2018 Puzzle Agnes
2018 Holmes and Watson Mrs. Hudson In post-production
2018 Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 Princess Merida In production; Voice
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1996 Flowers of the Forest Amy Ogilvie Television film
2003 Brush with Fate Aletta Pieters Television film
2003 State of Play Della Smith 6 episodes
2005 Alias Kiera MacLaine/Meghan Keene Episode: "Ice"
2005 The Girl in the Café Gina Television film
2009 Skellig Louise/Mum Television film
2010–2014 Boardwalk Empire Margaret Thompson 56 episodes
2016 Black Mirror Karin Parke Episode: "Hated in the Nation"
2017 The Child in Time Julie Television film
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012 Brave Merida Voice
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Nominated work
Award
Category
Result
1997 Trainspotting BAFTA Scotland Awards Best Film Actress Nominated
2000 Two Family House Independent Spirit Awards Best Female Lead Nominated
2002 Gosford Park Online Film Critics Society Best Cast Won
Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Acting Ensemble Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Cast – Motion Picture Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won
Critics' Choice Movie Awards Best Acting Ensemble Nominated
Florida Film Critics Circle Best Ensemble Cast Won
2003 Empire Awards Best British Actress Nominated
2006 The Girl in the Café Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Won
Golden Globe Awards Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
2008 Choke Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize for Best Dramatic Ensemble Cast Won
No Country for Old Men Online Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actress Nominated
British Academy Film Awards Best Actress in a Supporting Role Nominated
London Film Critics' Circle Supporting Actress of the Year Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Won
2011 Boardwalk Empire Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
2012 Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Won
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Nominated
Brave Annie Awards Outstanding Voice Acting in a Feature Production Nominated
2017 Goodbye Christopher Robin British Independent Film Awards Best Supporting Actress Nominated
Honours[edit]
Eastwood High School, where she was a pupil, has a Drama Studio And Theatre named in her honour.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nicoll, Vivienne (28 November 2013). "Star Kelly stages a comeback at school". Evening Times. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Cadwallader, Carole (5 April 2009). "Cinema's best-kept secret". The Guardian. London, UK.
Jump up ^ "Trainspotting". DVDMG. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Two Family House". Spirituality and Practice. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Finding Neverland". Yahoo Movies. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gosford Park". TV Guide. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Intermission". About.com. Retrieved 28 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Credits from the cassette release from the BBC Radio Collection
Jump up ^ "State of Play". BBC. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Girl in the Café". Qwipster. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "2006 Golden Globe". About.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Scots star wins Emmy for TV role". BBC News. 28 August 2006. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "nanny mcphee". About.com. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "A cock and bull story". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "No Country for Old Men". TV Guide. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "2008 baftas". British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kelly Macdonald: 'Never mind hangovers on the Trainspotting set, people were still drunk'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Benji (11 April 2009). "Kelly MacDonald's 'comeback' with Skellig". The Times. London, UK. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "the merry gentleman". Cinematical. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (14 May 2010). "Tennant, MacDonald, Eve walk down the aisle with "Decoy Bride"". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (30 May 2015). "'Boardwalk Empire's' Kelly Macdonald Joins Ricky Gervais' Netflix Movie 'Special Correspondents' (Exclusive)". TheWrap.
Jump up ^ Barraclough, Leo (29 June 2015). "'Sherlock's' Moriarty, Andrew Scott, Joins Cast of 'Swallows and Amazons' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joe Wright To Direct 'Black Mirror' Episode For Netflix; Bryce Dallas Howard & Alice Eve To Star". Deadline. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Actress Kelly Macdonald to pocket £500,000 from sale of plush New York apartment".
Jump up ^ "My London: Kelly Macdonald". Evening Standard.
Jump up ^ "Actress Kelly Macdonald, Travis Bassist Douglas Payne Have Separated". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
External links[edit]
Kelly Macdonald on IMDb
Kelly Macdonald at the TCM Movie Database
Kelly Macdonald at the British Film Institute's Screenonline
Kelly Macdonald in Skellig on Sky1, Easter 2009
[show]
Awards for Kelly Macdonald
[show]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
2000s
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
Hairspray
Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
2008
Milk
Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010s
2010
The Fighter
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Melissa Leo, Jack McGee, Mark Wahlberg
2011
The Help
Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Chris Lowell, Ahna O'Reilly, Sissy Spacek, Octavia Spencer, Mary Steenburgen, Emma Stone, Cicely Tyson, Mike Vogel
2012
Silver Linings Playbook
Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro, Anupam Kher, Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Tucker, Jacki Weaver
2013
American Hustle
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Louis C.K., Bradley Cooper, Jack Huston, Jennifer Lawrence, Alessandro Nivola, Michael Peña, Jeremy Renner, Elisabeth Röhm, Shea Whigham
2014
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)
Zach Galifianakis, Michael Keaton, Edward Norton, Andrea Riseborough, Amy Ryan, Emma Stone, Naomi Watts
2015
Spotlight
Billy Crudup, Brian d'Arcy James, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Mark Ruffalo, Liev Schreiber, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci
2016
Moonlight
Mahershala Ali, Patrick Decile, Alex R. Hibbert, Naomie Harris, André Holland, Jharrel Jerome, Janelle Monáe, Jaden Piner, Trevante Rhodes, Ashton Sanders
2017
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Abbie Cornish, Peter Dinklage, Woody Harrelson, John Hawkes, Lucas Hedges, Željko Ivanek, Caleb Landry Jones, Frances McDormand, Clarke Peters, Sam Rockwell, Samara Weaving
[show]
v
t
e
London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year
Minnie Driver (1997)
Kate Beckinsale / Minnie Driver (1998)
Lynn Redgrave (1999)
Samantha Morton (2000)
Helen Mirren (2001)
Emily Watson (2002)
Emma Thompson (2003)
Romola Garai (2004)
Thandie Newton (2005)
Emily Blunt (2006)
Kelly Macdonald / Vanessa Redgrave (2007)
Tilda Swinton (2008)
Anne-Marie Duff (2009)
Olivia Williams (2010)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Olivia Cole (1977)
Blanche Baker (1978)
Esther Rolle (1979)
Mare Winningham (1980)
Jane Alexander (1981)
Penny Fuller (1982)
Jean Simmons (1983)
Roxana Zal (1984)
Kim Stanley (1985)
Colleen Dewhurst (1986)
Piper Laurie (1987)
Jane Seymour (1988)
Colleen Dewhurst (1989)
Eva Marie Saint (1990)
Ruby Dee (1991)
Amanda Plummer (1992)
Mary Tyler Moore (1993)
Cicely Tyson (1994)
Judy Davis / Shirley Knight (1995)
Greta Scacchi (1996)
Diana Rigg (1997)
Mare Winningham (1998)
Anne Bancroft (1999)
Vanessa Redgrave (2000)
Tammy Blanchard (2001)
Stockard Channing (2002)
Gena Rowlands (2003)
Mary-Louise Parker (2004)
Jane Alexander (2005)
Kelly Macdonald (2006)
Judy Davis (2007)
Eileen Atkins (2008)
Shohreh Aghdashloo (2009)
Julia Ormond (2010)
Maggie Smith (2011)
Jessica Lange (2012)
Ellen Burstyn (2013)
Kathy Bates (2014)
Regina King (2015)
Regina King (2016)
Laura Dern (2017)
‹ The template below (ScreenActorsGuildAward CastMotionPicture 2001–2010) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
[show]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
No Country for Old Men
Javier Bardem, Josh Brolin, Garret Dillahunt, Tess Harper, Woody Harrelson, Tommy Lee Jones, Kelly Macdonald
2008
Slumdog Millionaire
Rubina Ali, Tanay Chheda, Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala, Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail, Anil Kapoor, Irrfan Khan, Ayush Mahesh Khedekar, Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar, Madhur Mittal, Dev Patel, Freida Pinto
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010
The King's Speech
Anthony Andrews, Helena Bonham Carter, Jennifer Ehle, Colin Firth, Michael Gambon, Derek Jacobi, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush, Timothy Spall
Complete list
(1995–2000)
(2001–2010)
(2011–2020)
[show]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
2010: Boardwalk Empire, season 1
Antonacci
Buscemi
Coleman
Graham
de la Huerta
Laciura
Macdonald
Mol
Palladino
Piazza
Pitt
Shannon
Sparks
Stuhlbarg
Weiner
Whigham
2011: Boardwalk Empire, season 2
Buscemi
Chianese
Clohessy
Coleman
Cox
J. Gallina
L. Gallina
Graham
Huston
Laciura
Lind
Macdonald
D. McTigue
R. McTigue
Mol
B. Noon
C. Noon
O'Rourke
Palladino
Pennewill
Piazza
Pitt
Shannon
Sparks
Stuhlbarg
Van Wagner
Whigham
Williams
Yusef
2012: Downton Abbey, series 2
Bonneville
Boyle
Carmichael
Carter
Coyle
Dockery
Findlay
Finneran
Froggatt
Glen
Howes
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Nicol
Nuttall
Robb
Smith
Stevens
Wilton
2013: Breaking Bad, season 5, part II
Bowen
Brandt
Cranston
Crawford
Fletcher
Fraser
Gunn
Metzler
Mitte
Norris
Odenkirk
Paul
Plemons
Quezada
Rankin
Sane
2014: Downton Abbey, series 4
Bonneville
Carmichael
Carter
Coyle
Dockery
Doyle
Froggatt
James
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Milne
Robb
Smith
Speleers
Theobold
Wilton
2015: Downton Abbey, series 5
Bonneville
Carmichael
Carter
Cassidy
Coyle
Dockery
Doyle
Froggatt
James
James-Collier
Leech
Logan
McGovern
McShera
Nicol
Ovenden
Smith
Wilton
2016: Stranger Things, season 1
M. B. Brown
Buono
Chrest
Dyer
Harbour
Heaton
Keery
Matarazzo
McLaughlin
Modine
Morgan
Reynolds
Ryder
Schnapp
Steger
Wolfhard
2017: This Is Us, season 1/season 2
Baker
Breckenridge
S. K. Brown
Chavis
Hartley
Herman
Jones
Metz
Moore
Sullivan
Ventimiglia
Watson
Zeile
Complete list
(1994–1999)
(2000–2009)
(2010–present)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 16862363
LCCN: no99066626
ISNI: 0000 0001 1468 3090
GND: 14053475X
SUDOC: 113727194
BNF: cb14030630x (data)
BIBSYS: 2066364
BNE: XX1228640
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Macdonald&oldid=829860172"
Categories:
1976 births
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Living people
People educated at Eastwood High School, Newton Mearns
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Dairy cattle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Milkcow" redirects here. For the German submarine, see German Type XIV submarine.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A Holstein cow with prominent udder and less muscle than is typical of beef breeds
Dairy cattle (also called dairy cows) are cattle cows bred for the ability to produce large quantities of milk, from which dairy products are made. Dairy cows generally are of the species Bos taurus.[1]
Historically, there was little distinction between dairy cattle and beef cattle, with the same stock often being used for both meat and milk production. Today, the bovine industry is more specialized and most dairy cattle have been bred to produce large volumes of milk.
The United States dairy herd produced 83.9 billion kg (185 billion lbs) of milk in 2007, up from 52.6 billion kg (116 billion lbs) in 1950,[2][3] yet there were only about 9 million cows on U.S. dairy farms—about 13 million fewer than there were in 1950.[3] The top breed of dairy cow within Canada's national herd category is Holstein, taking up 93% of the dairy cow population, have an annual production rate of 10 257 kg of milk per cow that contains 3.9% butter fat and 3.2% protein.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Management
2 Calf
3 Bull
4 Milk production levels
4.1 Cow comfort and its effects on milk production
5 By-products
6 Reproduction
7 Hormone use
8 Nutrition
9 Pesticide use
10 Breeds
11 Animal welfare
12 See also
13 References
Management[edit]
Cows on a dairy farm in Maryland, U.S.
Dairy cows may be found either in herds or dairy farms where dairy farmers own, manage, care for, and collect milk from them, or on commercial farms. Herd sizes vary around the world depending on landholding culture and social structure. The United States has 9 million cows in 75,000 dairy herds, with an average herd size of 120 cows. The number of small herds is falling rapidly with the 3,100 herds with over 500 cows producing 51% of U.S. milk in 2007.[5] The United Kingdom dairy herd overall has nearly 1.5 million cows, with about 100 head reported on an average farm.[6] In New Zealand, the average herd has more than 375 cows, while in Australia, there are approximately 220 cows in the average herd.[7][8]
Pasteurization is the process of heating milk to a high enough temperature for a short period of time to kill the microbes in the milk and increase keep time and decrease spoilage time by killing the microbes, decrease the transmission of infection and eliminates enzymes that reduce the quality and shelf life Pasteurization is either completed at 63 °C for 30 minutes or a flash pasteurization is completed for 15 seconds at 72 °C.[9]
To maintain lactation, a dairy cow must be bred and produce calves. Depending on market conditions, the cow may be bred with a "dairy bull" or a "beef bull." Female calves (heifers) with dairy breeding may be kept as replacement cows for the dairy herd. If a replacement cow turns out to be a substandard producer of milk, she then goes to market and can be slaughtered for beef. Male calves can either be used later as a breeding bull or sold and used for veal or beef. Dairy farmers usually begin breeding or artificially inseminating heifers around 13 months of age.[10] A cow's gestation period is approximately nine months.[11] Newborn calves are removed from their mothers quickly, usually within three days, as the mother/calf bond intensifies over time and delayed separation can cause extreme stress on both cow and calf.[12]
Domestic cows can live to 20 years; however, those raised for dairy rarely live that long, as the average cow is removed from the dairy herd around age four and marketed for beef.[11][13] In 2014, approximately 9.5% of the cattle slaughtered in the U.S. were culled dairy cows: cows that can no longer be seen as an economic asset to the dairy farm.[14] These animals may be sold due to reproductive problems or common diseases of milk cows such as mastitis and lameness.[13]
Calf[edit]
Market calves are generally sold at two weeks of age and bull calves may fetch a premium over heifers due to their size, either current or potential. Calves may be sold for veal, or for one of several types of beef production, depending on available local crops and markets. Such bull calves may be castrated if turnout onto pastures is envisaged, in order to render the animals less aggressive. Purebred bulls from elite cows may be put into progeny testing schemes to find out whether they might become superior sires for breeding. Such animals may become extremely valuable.
Most dairy farms separate calves from their mothers within a day of birth to reduce transmission of disease and simplify management of milking cows. Studies have been done allowing calves to remain with their mothers for 1, 4, 7 or 14 days after birth. Cows whose calves were removed longer than one day after birth showed increased searching, sniffing and vocalizations. However, calves allowed to remain with their mothers for longer periods showed weight gains at three times the rate of early removals as well as more searching behavior and better social relationships with other calves.[15][16]
After separation, some young dairy calves subsist on commercial milk replacer, a feed based on dried milk powder. Milk replacer is an economical alternative to feeding whole milk because it is cheaper, can be bought at varying fat and protein percentages, and is typically less contaminated than whole milk when handled properly. Some farms pasteurize and feed calves milk from the cows in the herd instead of using replacer. A day-old calf consumes around 5 liters of milk per day.
Bull[edit]
A bull calf with high genetic potential may be reared for breeding purposes. It may be kept by a dairy farm as a herd bull, to provide natural breeding for the herd of cows. A bull may service up to 50 or 60 cows during a breeding season. Any more and the sperm count will decline, leading to cows "returning to service" (to be bred again). A herd bull may only stay for one season since over two years old their temperament becomes too unpredictable.
Bull calves intended for breeding commonly are bred on specialized dairy breeding farms, not production farms. These farms are the major source of stocks for artificial insemination.
See also: Sexing
Milk production levels[edit]
Dairy cattle in Mangskog, Sweden, 1911.
Dairy Cows, Collins Center, New York, 1999
The dairy cow will produce large amounts of milk in its lifetime. Production levels peak at around 40 to 60 days after calving. Production declines steadily afterwards until milking is stopped at about 10 months. The cow is "dried off" for about sixty days before calving again. Within a 12 to 14-month inter-calving cycle, the milking period is about 305 days or 10 months long.[17][18][19] Among many variables, certain breeds produce more milk than others within a range of around 6,800 to 17,000 kg (15,000 to 37,500 lbs) of milk per year.[citation needed] The Holstein Friesian is the main breed of dairy cattle in Australia, and said to have the "world's highest" productivity, at 10000L of milk per year.[20] The average for a single dairy cow in the US in 2007 was 9164.4 kg (20,204 lbs) per year, excluding milk consumed by her calves,[2] whereas the same average value for a single cow in Israel was reported in the Philippine press to be 12,240 kg in 2009.[21] High production cows are more difficult to breed at a two-year interval. Many farms take the view that 24 or even 36 month cycles are more appropriate for this type of cow.[citation needed]
Dairy cows may continue to be economically productive for many lactation cycles. In theory a longevity of 10 lactations is possible. The chances of problems arising which may lead to a cow being culled are high, however; the average herd life of US Holstein is today fewer than 3 lactations. This requires more herd replacements to be reared or purchased. Over 90% of all cows are slaughtered for 4 main reasons:
Infertility - failure to conceive and reduced milk production.
Cows are at their most fertile between 60 and 80 days after calving. Cows remaining "open" (not with calf) after this period become increasingly difficult to breed, which may be due to poor health. Failure to expel the afterbirth from a previous pregnancy, luteal cysts, or metritis, an infection of the uterus, are common causes of infertility.
Mastitis - a persistent and potentially fatal mammary gland infection, leading to high somatic cell counts and loss of production.
Mastitis is recognized by a reddening and swelling of the infected quarter of the udder and the presence of whitish clots or pus in the milk. Treatment is possible with long-acting antibiotics but milk from such cows is not marketable until drug residues have left the cow's system, also called withdrawal period.
Lameness - persistent foot infection or leg problems causing infertility and loss of production.
High feed levels of highly digestible carbohydrate cause acidic conditions in the cow's rumen. This leads to Laminitis and subsequent lameness, leaving the cow vulnerable to other foot infections and problems which may be exacerbated by standing in faeces or water soaked areas.
Production - some animals fail to produce economic levels of milk to justify their feed costs.
Production below 12 to 15 litres of milk per day is not economically viable[citation needed].
Cow longevity is strongly correlated with production levels.[22] Lower production cows live longer than high production cows, but may be less profitable. Cows no longer wanted for milk production are sent to slaughter. Their meat is of relatively low value and is generally used for processed meat. Another factor affecting milk production is the stress the cow is faced with. Psychologists at the University of Leicester, UK, analyzed the musical preference of milk cows and found out that music actually influences the dairy cow's lactation. Calming music can improve milk yield, probably because it reduces stress and relaxes the cows in much the same way as it relaxes humans. [23]
Cow comfort and its effects on milk production[edit]
Certain behaviors such as eating, rumination, and lying down can be related to the health of the cow and cow comfort.[24] These behaviors can also be related to the productivity of the cows.[24] Likewise, stress, disease, and discomfort will have a negative effect on the productivity of the dairy cows.[24] Therefore, it can be said that it is in the best interest of the farmer to increase eating, rumination, and lying down and decrease stress, disease, and discomfort to achieve the maximum productivity possible.[24] Also, estrous behaviors such as mounting can be a sign of cow comfort, since if a cow is lame, nutritionally deficient, or are housed in an over crowded barn, the performance of estrous behaviors will be altered.[25]
Feeding behaviors are obviously important for the dairy cow, as feeding is how the cow will ingest dry matter, however, the cow must ruminate to fully digest the feed and utilize the nutrients in the feed.[26] Dairy cows with good rumen health will likely be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health, as a healthy rumen will aid in the digestion of nutrients.[24] An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production.[24]
Cows have a high motivation to lie down [26] so farmers should be conscious of this, not only because they have a high motivation to lie down, but also because lying down can increase milk yield.[27] When the lactating dairy cow lies down, blood flow is increased to the mammary gland which in return results in a higher milk yield.[27]
To ensure that the dairy cows lie down as much as needed, the stalls must be comfortable.[28] Put very simply, a stall should have a rubber mat, bedding, and be large enough for the cow to lie down and get up comfortably.[28] Signs that the stalls may not be comfortable enough for the cows are the cows are standing, either ruminating or not, instead of lying down, or perching, which is when the cow has its front end in the stall and their back end out of the stall.[28]
There are 2 types of housing systems in dairy production, free style housing and tie stall. Free style housing is where the cow is free to walk around and interact with its environment and other members of the herd. Tie stall housing is when the cow is chained to a stantion stall with the milking units and feed coming to them.[29]
By-products[edit]
By-products of milk include butterfat, cream, curds, and whey. Butterfat is the fat in milk. The cream is the yellowish part of the milk. The cream contains 18–40% butterfat. Whey is the watery part of the milk.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
The industry can be divided into 2 market territories; fluid milk and industrialized milk such as yogurt, cheeses, and ice cream.[30]
Reproduction[edit]
Since the 1950s, artificial insemination (AI) is used at most dairy farms; these farms may keep no bull. Artificial insemination uses estrus synchronization to indicate when the cow is going through ovulation and is susceptible to fertilization. Advantages of using AI include its low cost and ease compared to maintaining a bull, ability to select from a large number of bulls, elimination of diseases in the dairy industry, improved genetics and improved animal welfare [31] Rather than a large bull jumping on a smaller heifer or weaker cow, AI allows the farmer to complete the breeding procedure within 5 minutes with minimum stress placed on the individual female's body [31]
More recently, embryo transfer has been used to enable the multiplication of progeny from elite cows. Such cows are given hormone treatments to produce multiple embryos. These are then 'flushed' from the cow's uterus. 7-12 embryos are consequently removed from these donor cows and transferred into other cows who serve as surrogate mothers. The result will be between 3 and 6 calves instead of the normal single, or rarely, twins.
Hormone use[edit]
Hormone treatments are sometimes given to dairy cows in some countries to increase reproduction and to increase milk production.
The hormones are used to produce multiple embryos have to be administered at specific times to dairy cattle to induce ovulation. Frequently, for economic considerations, these drugs are also used to synchronise a group of cows to ovulate simultaneously. The hormones prostaglandin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and progesterone are used for this purpose and sold under the brand names Lutalyse, Cystorelin, Estrumate, Estroplan, Factrel, Prostamate, Fertagyl, Insynch, and Ovacyst. They may be administered by injection.[32]
About 17% of dairy cows in the United States are injected with Bovine somatotropin, also called recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST), recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), or artificial growth hormone.[33] The use of this hormone increases milk production from 11%–25%. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ruled that rBST is harmless to people. The use of rBST is banned in Canada, parts of the European Union, as well as Australia and New Zealand.
In Canada, Canadian Dairy farmers have high screening procedures they have to go through every time the milk is retrieved from the farm; if the regulations are not met the milk does not get loaded onto the truck for further processing. There is to be no medication or hormones in the milk for safety reasons [9]
Nutrition[edit]
Dairy cattle at feeding time
Nutrition plays an important role in keeping cattle healthy and strong.[34] Implementing an adequate nutrition program can also improve milk production and reproductive performance. Nutrient requirements may not be the same depending on the animal's age and stage of production.
Forages, which refer especially to hay or straw, are the most common type of feed used. Cereal grains, as the main contributors of starch to diets, are important in meeting the energy needs of dairy cattle. Barley is one example of grain that is extensively used around the world. Barley is grown in temperate to subarctic climates, and it is transported to those areas lacking the necessary amounts of grain. Although variations may occur, in general, barley is an excellent source of balanced amounts of protein, energy, and fiber.[35]
Ensuring adequate body fat reserves is essential for cattle to produce milk and also to keep reproductive efficiency. However, if cattle get excessively fat or too thin, they run the risk of developing metabolic problems and may have problems with calving.[36] Scientists have found that a variety of fat supplements can benefit conception rates of lactating dairy cows. Some of these different fats include oleic acids, found in canola oil, animal tallow, and yellow grease; palmitic acid found in granular fats and dry fats; and linolenic acids which are found in cottonseed, safflower, sunflower, and soybean.[37] It is also important to note that proper levels of fat also improve cattle longevity.
Using by-products is one way of reducing the normally high feed costs. However, lack of knowledge of their nutritional and economic value limits their use. Although the reduction of costs may be significant, they have to be used carefully because animal may have negative reactions to radical changes in feeds, (e.g. fog fever). Such a change must then be made slowly and with the proper follow up.[38]
Pesticide use[edit]
A survey of the primary dairy producing areas in the US indicated that 13 percent of lactating animals were treated with insecticides permethrin, pyrethrin, coumaphos, and dichlorvos primarily by daily or every-other-day coat sprays. Workers, particularly in stanchion barns, may be exposed to higher than recommended amounts of these pesticides.[39]
Breeds[edit]
See also: List of dairy cattle breeds
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2014)
According to the Purebred Dairy Cattle Association, PDCA, there are 7 major dairy breeds in the United States. These are: Holstein, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Ayrshire, Jersey, Red and White, and Milking Shorthorn.[40]
Holstein cows either have distinct white and black markings, or distinct red and white markings. Holstein cows are the biggest of all U.S. dairy breeds. A full mature Holstein cow usually weighs around 1,500 pounds and is 58 inches tall at the shoulder. They are known for their outstanding milk production among the main breeds of dairy cattle. An average Holstein cow produces around 23,000 pounds of milk each lactation. Of the 9 million dairy cows in the U.S., approximately 90% of them are of the Holstein descent.[41] The top breed of dairy cow within Canada's national herd category is Holstein, taking up 93% of the dairy cow population, have a production rate of 10 257 kg of milk per cow that contains 3.9% butter fat and 3.2% protein[4]
Brown Swiss cows are widely accepted as the oldest dairy cattle breed, originally coming from a part of northeastern Switzerland. Some experts think that the modern Brown Swiss skeleton is similar to one found that looks to be from around the year 4000 B.C. Also, there is evidence that monks started breeding these cows about 1000 years ago.[42]
The Ayrshire breed first originated in the County of Ayr in Scotland. It became regarded as a well established breed in 1812. The different breeds that were crossed to form the Ayrshire are not exactly known. However, there is evidence that several breeds were crossed with the native cattle to create the breed.[43]
Guernsey cows originated just off the coast of France on the small Isle of Guernsey. The breed was first known as a separate breed around 1700. Guernseys are known for their ability to produce very high quality milk from grass. Also, the term "Golden Guernsey" is very common as Guernsey cattle produce rich, yellow milk rather than the standard white milk other cow breeds produce.[44]
The Jersey breed of dairy cow originated on a small island located off the coast of France called Jersey.[45] Despite being one of the oldest breeds of dairy cattle they now only occupy 4% of the Canadian National Herd[46]. Purebred Jersey cows, according to available data, have been in the UK area since about the year 1741. When they were first bred in this area, they were not known as Jerseys, but rather as the related Alderneys. The period between 1860 and around 1914 was a popular time for Jerseys. In this time span, many countries other than the United States started importing this breed, including Canada, South Africa, and New Zealand, among others.[47] Among the smallest of the dairy breeds, the average Jersey cow matures at approximately 6699 kg, with a typical weight range between 800 and 1,200 pounds. According to North Dakota State University, the fat content of the Jersey cow's milk is 4.9 percent. It's also the highest in protein, at 3.8 percent.[48] This high fat content means the milk is often used for making ice cream and cheeses. According to the American Jersey Cattle Association, Jerseys are found on 20 percent of all US dairy farms and are the primary breed in about 4 percent of dairies.
Amongst the Bos indicus, the most popular dairy breed in the world is Sahiwal of the Indian subcontinent. It does not give as much milk as the Taurine breeds, but it is by far the most suitable breed for warmer climates. Australian Friesian Sahiwal and Australian Milking Zebu have been developed in Australia using Sahiwal genetics. Gir, another of the Bos Indicus breeds, has been improved in Brazil for its milk production and is widely used there for dairy.
Animal welfare[edit]
Animal welfare refers to both the physical and mental state of an animal, and how it is coping with its situation. An animal is considered in a good state of welfare if it is able to express its innate behaviour, comfortable, healthy, safe, well nourished, and is not suffering from negative states such as distress, fear and pain. Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, and humane handling. If said animal is slaughtered then it is no longer "good animal welfare". [49]
Proper animal handling, or stockmanship, is crucial to dairy animals' welfare as well as the safety of their handlers. Improper handling techniques can stress cattle leading to impaired production and health, such as increased slipping injuries. Additionally, the majority of nonfatal worker injuries on a dairy farm are from interactions with cattle. Dairy animals are handled on a daily basis for a wide variety of purposes including health-related management practices and movement from freestalls to the milking parlor. Due to the prevalence of human-animal interactions on dairy farms, researchers, veterinarians, and farmers alike have focused on furthering our understanding of stockmanship and educating agriculture workers. Stockmanship is a complex concept that involves the timing, positioning, speed, direction of movement, and sounds and touch of the handler. A recent survey of Minnesota dairy farms revealed that 42.6% of workers learned stockmanship techniques from a family members, and 29.9% had participated in stockmanship training. However, as the growing U.S. dairy industry increasingly relies on an immigrant workforce, stockmanship training and education resources will become more pertinent. Clearly communicating and managing a large culturally diverse workforce brings new challenges such as language barriers and time limitations.[50] Organizations like the Upper Midwest Agriculture Safety and Health Center (UMASH) offer resources such as bilingual training videos, fact sheets, and informational posters for dairy worker training. Additionally the Beef Quality Assurance Program offer seminars, live demonstrations, and online resources for stockmanship training.
The practice of dairy production in a factory farm environment has been criticized by animal rights activists. Some of the ethical reasons regarding dairy production cited include how often the dairy cattle are impregnated, the separation of calves from their mothers, and the fact that the cows are considered "spent" and culled at a relatively young age, as well as environmental concerns regarding dairy production.
The production of milk requires that the cow be in lactation, which is a result of the cow having given birth to a calf. The cycle of insemination, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation is followed by a "dry" period of about two months before calving, which allows udder tissue to regenerate. A dry period that falls outside this time frames can result in decreased milk production in subsequent lactation.[51] Dairy operations therefore include both the production of milk and the production of calves. Bull calves are either castrated and raised as steers for beef production or veal.
Animal rights groups such as Mercy for Animals also raise welfare concerns by citing undercover footage showing abusive practices at factory farms.[52]
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of Dairy cattle breeds
Estrous synchronization
Fog fever
Dairy cattle showmanship
Meat industry
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Wallace, Richard L. (2002-03-13). "Market Cows: A Potential Profit Center". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Statistics Service (April 2015). "Livestock Slaughter Annual Summary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
Jump up ^ Flower FC, Weary DM - Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, School of Agriculture, Edinburgh, UK. "Effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf: 2. Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth". Appl Anim Behav Sci. 70: 275–284. PMID 11179551. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Stehulova,, I; Lidfors, L; Spinka, M (2008). "Response of dairy cows and calves to early separation: effect of calf age and visual and auditory contact after separation". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 110: 144–165. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.03.028. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Hutjens, Mike (1999-02-24). "Managing the Transition Cow". University of Illinois Extension. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Life Cycle and Lactation Cycle of Dairy Cows: Life Cycle of Typical Milk Producing Dairy Cow". VET IN TRAINING - Veterinary Disease Information Blog. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Moran, John (May 18, 2015). "Managing Cow Lactation Cycles". The Cattle Site. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ 'Holstein' (AUSTREX website). Accessed 2016-10-30.
Jump up ^ 12,000 liters milk per cow!, 2009 Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Knaus (2009). "Dairy cows trapped between performance demands and adaptability". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 89 (7): 1107–1114. doi:10.1002/jsfa.3575.
Jump up ^ Relaxing music stimulates a cow's lactation http://uselessk.com/knowledge/relaxing-music-stimulates-a-cow-39-s-lactation/42
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Vanhoudt, Van Winden, Fishwick, and Bell, 2015. Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle-housed herd with an automatic milking system: A repeated measures approach. Irish Veterinary Journal, 68(1), 368-762.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, 1993. Heat detection and timing of insemination for cattle.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooper, Arney, and Phillips, 2007. Two- or four-hour laying deprivation on the behavior of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1149-1158.
^ Jump up to: a b Haley; Rushen (2001). "Assessing cow comfort: Effects of two floor types and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 71 (2): 105–117. doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00175-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anderson, 2014. Dairy Cow Comfort - Free-stall Dimensions.
Jump up ^ http://dairyinfo.gc.ca/index_e.php%3Fs1=dff-fcil&s2=farm-ferme&s3=db-el
Jump up ^ http://dairyinfo.gc.ca/index_e.php?s1=dff-fcil
^ Jump up to: a b http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d13c04f9-4d35-42eb-aea4-2097bb7e6b4e%40sessionmgr107&vid=1&hid=125
Jump up ^ David J. Miller. "Systematic Breeding Programs for the Dairy Herd" (PDF). Retrieved 5 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dairy 2007 Part II: Changes in the U.S. Dairy Cattle Industry, 1991–2007" (PDF). Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dairy cattle". Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Feeding Barley to Dairy Cattle". Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Feeding Dairy Cattle for Proper Body Condition Score". Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Fats Defined". Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ "By-Products and Regionally Available Alternative Feedstuffs for Dairy Cattle". Retrieved 2010-06-02.
Jump up ^ Dr. David R. Pike - USDA Office of Pest Management Policy (January 2004). "Pest Management Strategic Plan For Lactating (Dairy) Cattle" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-05-29.
Jump up ^ "Purebred Dairy Cattle Association". Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. Purebred Dairy Cattle Association. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Facts about Holstein Cattle" (PDF). Holstein Association USA Inc.
Jump up ^ "Breeds - Brown Swiss". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Breeds - Ayrshire". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Breeds - Guernsey". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/jersey
Jump up ^ http://dairyinfo.gc.ca/index_e.php?s1=dff-fcil&s2=mrr-pcle&s3=mpb-plr
Jump up ^ "Breeds - Jersey". The Cattle Site. Retrieved 2016-02-09.
Jump up ^ http://animals.mom.me/cows-highest-milk-fat-content-8041.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Moran, John; Doyle, Rebecca (2015). Cow Talk. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9781486301614.
Jump up ^ Sorge, US; Cherry, C; Bender JB (16 May 2014). "Perception of the Importance of Human-Animal Interactions on Cattle Flow and Worker Safety in Minnesota Dairy Farms". Journal of Dairy Science. 97 (7): 4632–4638. PMID 24835968. doi:10.3168/jds.2014-7971. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Invited Review: Bovine Studies on Optimal Lengths of Dry Periods. Bachman & Schairer. 2002. j Dairy Sci. 86:3027-3037.http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73902-2
Jump up ^ "Dairy's Dark Side: The Hidden Truth Behind Milk". Mercy for Animals. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
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Didn't We Almost Have It All
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Whitney Houston song. For the Grey's Anatomy episode, see Didn't We Almost Have It All?
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Didn't We Almost Have It All"
Single by Whitney Houston
from the album Whitney
B-side
"Shock Me" (Special Collector's Bonus Cut)
Released
August 13, 1987
Format
CD single
cassette single
7" single
Recorded
1986
Genre
R&B
soul
Length
5:07 (album version)
4:38 (single version)
Label
Arista
Songwriter(s)
Michael Masser
Will Jennings
Producer(s)
Michael Masser
Whitney Houston singles chronology
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
(1987) "Didn't We Almost Have It All"
(1987) "So Emotional"
(1987)
"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)"
(1987) "Didn't We Almost Have It All"
(1987) "So Emotional"
(1987)
Whitney track listing
"Love Will Save The Day"
(3) "Didn't We Almost Have It All"
(4) "So Emotional"
(5)
Music video
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" on YouTube
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" is the second single from Whitney Houston's second album Whitney. The song was written by Michael Masser and Will Jennings and was released in August 1987. It received a Grammy nomination for Song of the Year.
Originally, another song was to be released as the second single, "For the Love of You", but Arista Records decided to release "Didn't We Almost Have It All" instead because all Houston's singles had to be original material at this point of her career.[1]
The single was number one for two weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100. A live performance from her September 2, 1987 concert in Saratoga Springs, New York was used as the official video and played on MTV, VH1, and BET. The recorded performance was also televised along with her performance of "I Wanna Dance with Somebody" at the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards on September 11. It was widely speculated that the song is about Houston's relationship with then NFL star Randall Cunningham.
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Certifications
4 Personnel
5 Track listings and formats
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Critical reception[edit]
Rob Wynn of Allmusic highlighted the song.[2] L.A. Times editor Robert Hilburn wrote: "Houston's stardom will be boosted most by "Didn't We Almost Have It All," a sweeping Masser-Will Jennings ballad with the kind of big, emotional finish that will make Liza and hundreds of other singers wish they had been given first crack at the song. I'll save my champagne for pop singers who don't add that overblown song to their repertoire."[3] Rolling Stone's Vince Alleti wrote: "Masser reprises the show-tune schmaltz of "The Greatest Love of All" in his even cornier "Didn't We Almost Have It All."[4] According to Whitney fanpage: "But there is a cut on the album whose title inadvertently sums up Houston at this stage of her development -- "Didn't We Almost Have It All."[5] St. Petersburg Times editors Eric Snider and Annelise Wamsley described "Didn't We Almost Have It All" as "an overblown tune co-written by Michael Masser (...) that finds Houston stripped of subtlety - with her wire-to-wire belting, you can just see the fetching songstress looking skyward, arms outstretched."[6] Following Houston's death in 2012, Entertainment Weekly published a list of her 25 best songs and ranked "Didn't We Almost Have it All" at 16.[7]
Chart performance[edit]
It debuted at number forty one on the Hot 100 the week of August 22, 1987 and six weeks later reached number one. "Didn't We Almost Have It All" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, from September 26 to October 3, 1987, where the song became her fifth consecutive number one.[8] The song also topped both component charts, the Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot 100 Airplay, Houston's fourth song (and fourth consecutive release) to do so. The single stayed in the Top 40 for 13 weeks, and topped the Adult Contemporary chart for three weeks.[9] It also reached number two on the Hot Black Singles chart for one week (October 10, 1987), behind "(You're Puttin') A Rush on Me" by Stephanie Mills.
Internationally, the song hit the top ten in several markets, and reached the top 20 in the United Kingdom (#14); Switzerland (#18); and Germany (#20).
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" was ranked 22nd on the Billboard Hot 100 year-end charts (1987), and remained in the Billboard Hot 100 for 17 weeks. It was her fifth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100, her fourth on the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart, her fourth on the Hot 100 Airplay, and her fifth on the Adult Contemporary chart.
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[10] 27
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[11] 16
Canada (RPM 100 Singles)[12] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[13] 20
Iceland (RÚV)[14] 27
Ireland (IRMA)[15] 4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[16] 17
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[17] 49
Spain (AFYVE)[18] 12
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[19] 18
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[20] 14
US Billboard Hot 100[21] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[22] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[23] 2
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[24] 96
South Korea International Singles (Gaon)[25] 124
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Rank
Canadian Singles Chart[26] 44
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 22
US Adult Contemporary Singles[28] 7
US Black Singles[29] 38
Certifications[edit]
Country
Provider
Certification
Date
Shipments/sales
United States[30]
Personnel[edit]
John Robinson – drums
Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitar
Nathan East – bass
Robbie Buchanan – Yamaha DX7, acoustic piano, rhythm arrangement
Lee Holdridge – string arrangement
Produced by Michael Masser
Engineers – Michael DeLugg, Dean Burt, Jim Boyer, Mike Mancini, Russ Terrano, Fred Law
Assistant engineers – Fernando Kral, Tony Maserati
Mix engineer – Russ Torrano
Production coordinator – Alicia Winfield
Track listings and formats[edit]
US Vinyl 7" single
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" – 4:56
"Shock Me" (featuring Jermaine Jackson) – 5:05
UK 7" single
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" (Edit Remix) – 4:20
"For the Love of You" – 4:32
UK CD Maxi-single
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" – 5:05
"I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" (a cappella Mix) – 6:28
"Shock Me" (Collector's Bonus Cut) – 5:03
Australia, New Zealand Vinyl 7" single
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" (Edit Remix) – 3:59
"Shock Me" – 5:05
Spain Vinyl 12" Maxi-single
"Didn't We Almost Have It All" – 5:05
"I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" (a cappella Mix) – 5:18
"Shock Me" (Collector's Bonus Cut) – 5:03
"Shock Me" is a duet with Jermaine Jackson, and is listed as a bonus track. Written by Andrew Goldmark and Bruce Roberts. Produced by Michael Omartian.
See also[edit]
Whitney Houston Discography
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1987
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1987 (U.S.)
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1987
List of Hot 100 Airplay number-one singles of 1987 (U.S.)
List of Cash Box Top 100 number-one singles of 1987
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston - For The Love Of You (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. 2009-05-17. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/whitney-mw0000190356
Jump up ^ Hilburn, Robert (June 1, 1987). "Album Review : Houston: Commercial Sparkle, Artistic Fizz". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/whitney-19870813
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-09-23. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
Jump up ^ "Whitney pulls out another bag of hits Series: RECORDS". St. Petersburg Times. June 14, 1987.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Kyle; Goldblatt, Henry; Greenblatt, Leah; Rahman, Ray (17 February 2012). "Whitney Houston: Her 25 Best Songs". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Didn't We Almost Have It All - Whitney Houston". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 119.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. p. 143. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 26 June 1988.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost Have It All" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost Have It All". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston Chart History". RÚV. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=5
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost Have It All" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost Have It All". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. p. 678. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost Have It All". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston: Artist Chart History" Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Whitney Houston.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Whitney Houston.
Jump up ^ "Whitney Houston – Chart history" Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs for Whitney Houston.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts: The ARIA Report week commencing 20 February 2012 - Issue #1147" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association Ltd. Retrieved 2015-09-19.
Jump up ^ "South Korea Gaon International Chart (Week: February 12, 2012 to February 18, 2012)". Gaon Chart. January 5, 2013. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
Jump up ^ "Year-end Charts – Top Pop Singles of 1987". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 31, 1987. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Year-end Charts – Top Adult Contemporary Singles of 1987". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 31, 1987. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Year-end Charts – Top Black Singles of 1987 (Top R&B Singles)". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 31, 1987. Retrieved September 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Whitney Houston – Didn't We Almost". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 24, 2008. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Didn't We Almost Have It All at Discogs
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"Dance with Somebody"
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Waiting to Exhale
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Whitney: The Greatest Hits
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Just Whitney...
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I Look to You
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I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston
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Other/featured/promotional singles
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