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Footprints in the Sand (Leona Lewis song)
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"Footprints in the Sand"
Single by Leona Lewis
from the album Spirit
A-side
"Better in Time"
B-side
"You Bring Me Down"
Released
9 March 2008 (2008-03-09)
Format
CD single, digital download, maxi single
Recorded
2007, Rokstone Studios (London, England)
Genre
R&B, pop
Length
4:09
Label
Sony BMG, Syco
Songwriter(s)
Richard Page, Per Magnusson, David Kreuger, Simon Cowell
Producer(s)
Steve Mac
Leona Lewis singles chronology
"Bleeding Love"
(2007) "Better in Time" / "Footprints in the Sand"
(2008) "Forgive Me"
(2008)
"Bleeding Love"
(2007) "Better in Time"/"Footprints in the Sand"
(2008) "Forgive Me"
(2008)
"Footprints in the Sand" is a song recorded by British singer Leona Lewis for her debut studio album Spirit (2007). It was written by Simon Cowell, David Kreuger, Per Magnusson, Richard Page, and produced by Steve Mac. The song was digitally released as Lewis's third single on 9 March 2008 in the United Kingdom. Sony BMG and Syco Music launched it as a double A-side with "Better in Time", and "You Bring Me Down" as the B-side.
It is a R&B and pop song composed with a tempo of sixty beats per minute. It was written in a period of one day at Page's home in Malibu, California, with Cowell giving the idea to base it on the Christian poem "Footprints". The single's music video was filmed by British director Sophie Muller in Johannesburg, South Africa. The video describes social problems within the city, but ends with a message of hope. "Footprints in the Sand" became the official theme of the 2008 version of biennial charity programme Sport Relief, by BBC.
The song received positive reviews from music critics, some of them noting its gospel sounds and Lewis's vocals being compared to American R&B singer Mariah Carey. "Footprints in the Sand" charted as a separate single in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the European Hot 100 Singles, whilst the double A-side appeared in Germany and Switzerland, and was certified silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), in 2008. In the same year, Lewis performed the song for the first time in the UK live on the television programme Dancing on Ice. In 2009, the song was covered by Lucie Jones, a contestant of The X Factor, and by Julia Star from Swiss programme Die grössten Schweizer Talente.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production and composition
2 Release and promotion
2.1 Music video
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Chart performance
4 Covers and use in popular culture
5 Track listings and formats
6 Credits and personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Certifications
8 Release history
9 References
10 External links
Production and composition[edit]
"Footprints in the Sand" was written by Simon Cowell, David Kreuger, Per Magnusson and Richard Page, whilst the production was helmed by Steve Mac. It was recorded in 2007 at Rokstone Studios in London, England.[1][2] Cowell originally came up with the idea to base a song around the Christian poem "Footprints",[3] and suggested it to Kreuger and Magnusson.[4] They had a scheduled session in Page's home in Malibu, California and finished the song the next day.[4] Cowell secured a songwriting credit for coming up with the idea.[5] In an interview with HitQuarters, Magnusson said they had thought the song would be a good idea for Irish boy band Westlife, but it was offered to British singer Leona Lewis instead.[4] When Cowell mentioned the song concept to Lewis, she agreed that it could be "really quite interesting".[5] Regarding the song, Lewis commented: "Originally it was a poem; it's very inspirational so we put it into a song. I think it is very moving, with a very emotional lyric and I really love to sing this song";[6] and added that the poem "[is] about standing by someone and being there for people who need your help."[7]
"Footprints in the Sand" was included on Lewis's debut studio album Spirit, which was released in 2007 by Syco and J Records.[1] The song has a duration of 4:09 and was composed using common time in the key of A♭ major with a larghetto tempo of sixty beats per minute; Lewis's vocals spanned from the low note of E♭3 to the high note of G♯5.[8] The song follows the sequence of A♭5–A♭5/B♭–Fm7–E♭ in the verses and A♭–B♭–B♭m–Fm–G♭–D♭ in the chorus as its chord progression.[8] It incorporates four instruments: keyboard instruments (a piano, an organ and synthesizers), guitar, bass and drums, and includes a choir performance made by The Tuff Session Singers.[1] It incorporates elements of R&B and pop musical genres,[8][9] and, according to music critics, contains a gospel production performed by a choir and features "crashing drums".[10][11][12]
Release and promotion[edit]
On 29 January 2008, Lewis announced on her website that "Footprints in the Sand", along with "Better in Time", would be released as a double A-side.[13] The single was launched with the song "You Bring Me Down" as the B-side,[14] and was released in the United Kingdom as a digital download on 9 March 2008, and a physical release on the following day,[13] with proceeds going to the charity.[15][16] The song was remixed for the single release ("Single Mix"),[9] which, unlike the original version, begins with Lewis's voice only, and music starts after she performs the first verse[17]—the album version of "Footprints in the Sand" starts with a piano tune before she starts to sing the lyrics—,[1] and lasts at 3:58.[18]
"Footprints in the Sand" became the official song of the charity Sport Relief, a biennial charity organised by Comic Relief and BBC Sport, for their 2008 broadcast.[14][19][20] In her performance, Lewis sang the song to the Sports Relief event. Also, there were musicians that played violas, violins, and a piano, and The Tuff Session Singers performed the chorus. Whilst she sang, images of "sadness and desperation" were shown to the public. But, as the Tuff Session Singers began, the third chorus, those images became pictures of "happiness".[21] As part of promotion, Lewis performed the song live on the British television programme Dancing on Ice on 9 March 2008;[22] her song accompanied Torvill and Dean's ice dance routine.[23] In 2013, Lewis added the song to the setlist of her Glassheart Tour.[24]
Music video[edit]
The music video was filmed in Johannesburg, South Africa. In it, images of poverty of the city (an urban area pictured) are shown.
The accompanying music video was filmed in Johannesburg, South Africa,[7][25] and was directed by British director Sophie Muller back-to-back with the video for "Better in Time".[7][26] It premiered on Lewis official website and BBC Radio 1's website on 27 February 2008.[27] The video begins with the message "Working to change lives across the world, in support of Sport Relief". Then, it intercuts a performance of Lewis in front of a wall and greyscale scenes: an image of a child walking on a landfill site, a funeral, a child lying in the street, and a kid sat in a traffic island. As the first chorus begins, the video continues showing scenes of poverty and AIDS issues in the country. Whilst the second verse goes, pictures of malnourished people appears. As the second chorus and the bridge elapse people crying still coming on the scene. But whereas The Tuff Session Singers start to sing the third chorus, the video begins to show images of kids playing association football and cricket. The video ends with children smiling as Lewis sings the outro of the song. It was released on the US iTunes Store on 3 February 2009.[28]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Upon the release of Spirit, "Footprints in the Sand" received generally positive reviews by music critics, with some of them comparing Lewis's performance to other singers such as Mariah Carey and Christina Aguilera.[29] In his review of the album, Chris Elwell-Sutton of the Evening Standard commented that the song would be perfect as a "theme to a Disney movie".[30] Whilst reviewing Spirit, Chad Grischow of IGN Music described "Footprints in the Sand", along with "Here I Am", as a "sleeper ballad".[31] Lyndsey Winship, a reviewer from BBC Music, noted that the song "is a piano warbler that brings Leona's voice to the forefront".[32]
Sarah-Louise James of Daily Star commented that it contains some Westlife elements, and it would be perfect for a chick flick soundtrack.[33] A reviewer for South African news site iafrica.com described the song as a "show-stopping [...] lush Mariah-style ballad [...] that utilises Lewis'[s] full vocal range and sounds uncannily like Carey at her best.[34] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it "drippy", and added that with "Footprints" Lewis would receive comparisons to Carey.[35] Digital Spy's reviewers gave similar opinions about "Footprints in the Sand". Nick Levine in his review of the album called the song an "histrionic finale" of Spirit, and added that it "seems hellbent on revisiting Mariah Carey's schlock-pop masterwork 'Anytime You Need a Friend'".[36] After it was released as a single Alex Fletcher claimed it has "the sort of ludicrous outro even Mariah Carey might consider over-the-top" and that its lyrics "will have your granny in tears".[29]
Chart performance[edit]
With the double A-side "Better in Time"/"Footprints in the Sand", Lewis gained her third consecutive top-five single in the United Kingdom.
"Footprints in the Sand" charted in Europe, reaching position seventy-three on the European Hot 100 Singles.[37] In November 2007, the song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number sixty-five, staying on the chart for another week. On 15 March 2008, the single re-entered it at number sixty-three. "Footprints in the Sand" claimed its peak position next week at number twenty-five, staying on the chart for eleven weeks.[38] On the Irish Singles Chart the song debuted and peaked at number fifty;[39] whilst on the Swiss Singles Chart, it debuted on 15 November 2009 at thirty-five, and it stayed there three weeks.[40]
The double A-side "Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand" debuted at number seventy-four on the UK Singles Chart on 1 March 2008.[41] After selling 40,476 copies it peaked at number two on 22 March 2008,[38] the same week "Footprints in the Sand" debuted in the top forty.[38] It was Lewis's third single to reach the top five in the UK.[42] It was certified as silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on 16 January 2009.[43] The single debuted on the German Singles Chart on 16 June 2008 at number five, and reached its peak position, at number two, on 28 July 2008.[44] It also peaked on the European Hot 100 at number eight.[37]
Covers and use in popular culture[edit]
Welsh singer Lucie Jones sang "Footprints in the Sand" on the British singing competition programme The X Factor. She performed it on the first show of its sixth edition (2009)[45][46] Jones received generally positive reviews by her performance, but Cowell criticised her voice for not reach her highest pitch at the end of the song.[47] Swiss singer Julia Star, a Die grössten Schweizer Talente (de) programme participant, which is part of the global British Got Talent franchise, covered the song in 2009.[48] In 2011, British easy listening group FourNurses included the song on their album Guiding You.[49] On 1 June 2013, Hungarian shadow theatre group Attraction used "Footprints in the Sand" during their live semi-final performance on Britain's Got Talent.[50]
In 2015 wildlife expert Bindi Irwin danced a contemporary freestyle to the song in the finals of season 21 of Dancing with the Stars.
Track listings and formats[edit]
CD single (Syco), CD single (RCA) and Swiss CD single[51]
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58
German premium single[52]
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58
"Bleeding Love" (Moto Blanco Remix Radio Edit) – 3:40
"Better in Time" (Video) – 3:58
Sony single;[53] Swiss maxi single[54]
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58
"Bleeding Love" (Moto Blanco Remix Radio Edit) – 3:40
UK Sport Relief CD single[14]
"Better in Time" – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" – 4:09
"You Bring Me Down" – 3:54
Credits and personnel[edit]
Footprints in the Sand[1]
Leona Lewis – vocals
Carmen Reese – background vocals
The Tuff Session Singers – choirs
Steve Mac – arranger, producer, keyboards and synthesizers
Steve Pearce – bass
Dave Arch – piano, organ, strings arranger
John Paricelli – guitars
Chris Laws – recorder, drums, pro–tools editor
Daniel Pursey – recorder
Hayden Bendall – strings recorder
Richard Page – writer
Per Magnusson – writer
David Kreuger – writer
Simon Cowell – writer
You Bring Me Down[18]
Leona Lewis – vocals, writer
Salaam Remi – bass, piano, drums, writer
Vincent Henry – saxophone, flute, clarinet
Bruce Purse – trumpet, bass trumpet, flugelhorn
Vlado Meller – master
Manny Marroquin – mixer
Taj Jackson – vocal producer, writer
Gleyder "Gee" Disla – recorder
Franklin "Esoses" Socorro – recorder
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2008–09)
Peak
position
European Hot 100 Singles[37]
73
Irish Singles Chart[39]
50
Swiss Singles Chart[40]
35
UK Singles Chart[38]
25
Certifications[edit]
Country (provider)
Certifications
United Kingdom (BPI)
Silver[43]
with "Better in Time"
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Label
Format
United Kingdom
9 March 2008[13] Syco Music Digital download
10 March 2008[13][14] CD single
Canada
11 March 2008[17][55] Sony BMG, Syco Music CD single, digital download
United States
Australia
8 April 2008[56] Digital download
19 April 2008[57] CD single
Switzerland
16 May 2008[54] Maxi single
23 May 2008[51] CD single, digital download
Germany
30 May 2008[52] Ariola CD single, maxi single
Europe
3 June 2008[58] Sony BMG Europe CD single, digital download
Japan
6 June 2008[59] CD single, maxi single
Australia
5 July 2008[60] Sony BMG, Syco Music Maxi single
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Spirit (Compact Disc). Leona Lewis. Los Angeles, California: Sony BMG, J Records, Syco. 2007. 8 86970 25542 4.
Jump up ^ "Song list: Footprints in the Sand". American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Chinen, Nate (7 April 2008). "Critics' Choice New CDs". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Per Magnusson, producer and songwriter for Leona Lewis, Il Divo, Britney Spears, Westlife". HitQuarters. 31 August 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Paphides, Pete (8 March 2008). "Leona Lewis - the X Factor star with more staying power". The Times. London: Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Leona to perform on ice show". Metro. Associated Newspapers Limited. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Allen, Liam (15 February 2008). "Lewis makes footprints in States". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Footprints in the Sand – Leona Lewis Digital Sheet Music" (Digital Download)|format= requires |url= (help). Musicnotes Inc. MN0063217. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Better in Time/Footprints in the Sand". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Segal, Victoria (2 November 2007). "Leona Lewis: Spirit". The Sunday Times. News International. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Footprints In The Sand - Leona Lewis". Pandora Radio. Pandora Media, Inc. Retrieved 12 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (4 February 2010). "'Footprints In The Sand': The Story Behind The 'American Idol' Audition". MTV News. MTV (Viacom). Retrieved 12 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "New single announcement!". Leona Lewis Official Website. Sony Music Entertainment. 29 January 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Better in Time: Official Sport Relief Single 2008 (Single)". Amazon.com (United Kingdom). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sign up for the Sport Relief Mile". BBC News. BBC. 15 January 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (30 January 2008). "Leona reveals new single details". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Better in Time/Footprints in the Sand (Single, Import)". Amazon.com (United States). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Leona (2008). Better In Time / Footprints In The Sand (Compact Disc). Leona Lewis. Miami, Florida: Sony BMG, Syco. Back cover. 88697 27200 2.
Jump up ^ "Leona Lewis is heading into the top ten again". The Sun. News International. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Better in Time' / 'Footprints in the Sand' out today!". Leona Lewis Official Website. Sony Music Entertainment. 10 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sports Relief 2008". Sport Relief. 10 March 2008. BBC. BBC Sport / Comic Relief.
Jump up ^ "Dancing on Ice performance". Leona Lewis Official Website. Sony Music Entertainment. 6 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Leona Lewis' blades of glory". The Sun. News International. 29 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
Jump up ^ Corner, Lewis (17 April 2013). "Leona Lewis begins 'Glassheart' tour in Germany - pictures". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi UK. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Ford, Louise (2 March 2008). "Leona Lewis can't afford to buy her own house, says dad". Sunday Mirror. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Leona (11 February 2008). "Grammy Party!". Leona Lewis Official Website. Sony Music Entertainment. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Footprints in the Sand' exclusive video!". Leona Lewis Official Website. Sony Music Entertainment. 27 February 2008. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Footprints In the Sand – Leona Lewis". The iTunes Store (United States). Apple Inc. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Fletcher, Alex (10 March 2008). "Leona Lewis: 'Better In Time' / 'Footprints In The Sand'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Elwell-Sutton, Chris (5 November 2011). "CDs of the week". Evening Standard. Evening Standard London Limited. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Grischow, Chris (23 April 2008). "Leona Lewis - Spirit. UK Songstress worthy of the hype on sparkling debut". IGN Music. IGN Entertainment, Inc. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Winship, Lyndsey (2 November 2007). "Spirit is just the sound of a generic diva". BBC Music. BBC. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
Jump up ^ James, Sarah-Louise (1 November 2007). "Leona Lewis: Spirit". Daily Star. Northern and Shell Media Publications. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Geffen, Justine (19 February 2011). "Leona Lewis Spirit". iafrica.com. Primedia Online. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Cinquemani, Sal (1 April 2008). "Leona Lewis Spirit". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Levine, Nick (12 November 2007). "Leona Lewis: 'Spirit'". Digital Spy. Hachette Filipacchi (UK) Ltd. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Leona Lewis Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "2008 Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive". UK Singles Chart. The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Discography Leona Lewis". Irish Recorded Music Association. Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Leona Lewis - Footprints In The Sand (Song)". Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chart Stats – Leona Lewis – Better In Time / Footprints in the Sand". Chart Stats. The Official UK Charts Company. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Charts Stats - Leona Lewis". Chart Stats. The Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Certifified Awards Search". British Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time/Premium - Leona Lewis" (in German). Musicline.de. Media Control Charts. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "The X Factor". The X Factor. Season six. Episode 11. 10 October 2009. ITV. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Lucie has rugby fella... just like Charlotte". The Sun. News International. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "The X Factor: 2009 – Lucie Jones – Live Show 1 (itv.com/xfactor)". The X-Factor Official YouTube Channel. YouTube. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Leona Lewis – Footprints in the sand". Julia Star Official Website. 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Jump up ^ O'Brien, Jon. "Guiding You – FourNurses". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Attraction shadow dance to Leona Lewis' Footprints In The Sand". Britain's Got Talent. Syco. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Better in Time – 2track" (in German). CeDe. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Better in Time/Premium (Single, Maxi)" (in German). Amazon.com (Germany). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time [Sony Single]". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Better in Time" (in German). CeDe. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time/Footprints in the Sand (Import, Single)". Amazon.com (Canada). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time – EP". The iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time – EP". The iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. Archived from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time". Amazon.com (Europe). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better in Time (Single, Enhanced, Maxi, Import, from US)" (in Japanese). Amazon.com (Japan). Amazon.com Inc. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Better In Time – EP". The iTunes Store (Australia). Apple Inc. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
External links[edit]
Book: Spirit
Music video at YouTube
Lyrics at Leona Lewis Official Website
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Sugar Act
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The Sugar Act 1764
Parliament of Great Britain
Long title
An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in America, for continuing, amending, and making perpetual, a act in the sixth year of the reign of his late majesty King George the Second, (initituled, An act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty’s sugar colonies in America) for applying the produce of such duties, and of the duties to arise by virtue of the said act, towards defraying and disallowing several drawbacks on exports from this kingdom, and more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and from the said colonies and plantation, and improving and securing the trade between the same and Great Britain.
Citation
4 Geo 3 c.15
Introduced by
The Rt. Hon. George Grenville, MP
Prime Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons
Territorial extent
British America and the British West Indies
Dates
Royal assent
5 April 1765
Commencement
29 September 1764
Repealed
1766
Other legislation
Amended by
None
Repealed by
Revenue Act 1766
Relates to
Molasses Act
Status: Repealed
This article is part of a series about the
American Revolution
1765–1783
Origins[show]
Sugar Act
Currency Act
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Stamp Act 1765
Declaratory Act
No taxation without representation
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The Sugar Act, also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act, was a revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764.[1] The preamble to the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same."[2] The earlier Molasses Act 1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected.[3]These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Passage
3 Effect on the American colonies
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Background[edit]
The Molasses Act 1733 was passed by Parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. Molasses from French, Dutch, and Spanish West Indian possessions was inexpensive. Sugar (from the British West Indies) was priced much higher than its competitors and they also had no need for the large quantities of lumber, fish, and other items offered by the colonies in exchange. Sometimes colonists would pay Molasses Act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had. In the first part of the 18th Century, the British West Indies were Great Britain's most important trading partner, so Parliament was attentive to their requests. However, rather than acceding to the demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands, Parliament passed the prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands. If actually collected, the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry. Instead, smuggling, bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law.[5]
During the Seven Years' War, known in Colonial America as the French and Indian War, the British government substantially increased the national debt to pay for the war. In February 1763, as the war ended, the ministry headed by John Stuart, the Earl of Bute, decided to maintain a standing army of ten thousand British regular troops in the colonies. Shortly thereafter, George Grenville replaced Bute. Grenville supported his predecessor's policy, even more so after the outbreak of Pontiac's Rebellion in May 1763. Grenville faced the problem of not only paying for these troops but servicing the national debt. The debt grew from £75,000,000 before the war to £122,600,000 in January 1763, and almost £130,000,000 by the beginning of 1764.[6]
George Grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt, but he did expect the Americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense. Estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the Continental colonies and the West Indies to be approximately £200,000 annually, Grenville devised a revenue-raising program that would raise an estimated £79,000 per year.[7]
Passage[edit]
The Molasses Act was set to expire in 1763. The Commissioners of Customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of Canada. They believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible. When passed by Parliament, the new Sugar Act of 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses. In addition to promising stricter enforcement, the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade (as the Molasses Act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non-British suppliers) but to raise revenue.[3]
The new act listed specific goods, the most important being lumber, which could only be exported to Britain. Ship captains were required to maintain detailed manifests of their cargo and the papers were subject to verification before anything could be unloaded from the ships. Customs officials were empowered to have all violations tried in vice admiralty courts rather than by jury trials in local colonial courts, where the juries generally looked favorably on smuggling as a profession.[8]
Historian Fred Anderson wrote that the purpose of the Act was “to resolve the problems of finance and control that plagued the postwar empire.” To do this “three kinds of measures” were implemented -- “those intended to make customs enforcement more effective, those that placed new duties on items widely consumed in America, and those that adjusted old rates in such a way as to maximize revenues.”[9]
Effect on the American colonies[edit]
The Sugar Act was passed by Parliament on 5 April 1764,[1] and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression. It was an indirect tax, although the colonists were well informed of its presence. A good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the Seven Years' War was involved with supplying food and supplies to the British Army. Colonials, however, especially those affected directly as merchants and shippers, assumed that the highly visible new tax program was the major culprit. As protests against the Sugar Act developed, it was the economic impact rather than the constitutional issue of taxation without representation that was the main focus for the colonists.[10]
New England ports especially suffered economic losses from the Sugar Act as the stricter enforcement made smuggling molasses more dangerous and risky. Also they argued that the profit margin on rum was too small to support any tax on molasses. Forced to increase their prices, many colonists feared being priced out of the market. The British West Indies, on the other hand, now had undivided access to colonial exports. With supply of molasses well exceeding demand, the islands prospered with their reduced expenses while New England ports saw revenue from their rum exports decrease. Also the West Indies had been the primary colonial source for hard currency, or specie, and as the reserves of specie were depleted the soundness of colonial currency was threatened.[11]
Two prime movers behind the protests against the Sugar Act were Samuel Adams and James Otis, both of Massachusetts. In May 1764 Samuel Adams drafted a report on the Sugar Act for the Massachusetts assembly, in which he denounced the act as an infringement of the rights of the colonists as British subjects:
For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands? Why not the Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves – It strikes our British Privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain: If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?[12]
In August 1764 fifty Boston merchants agreed to stop purchasing British luxury imports, and in both Boston and New York City there were movements to increase colonial manufacturing. There were sporadic outbreaks of violence, most notably in Rhode Island.[13] Overall, however, there was not an immediate high level of protest over the Sugar Act in either New England or the rest of the colonies. That would begin in the later part of the next year when the Stamp Act 1765 was passed.[14]
The Sugar Act was repealed in 1766 and replaced with the Revenue Act 1766, which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports, British or foreign. This occurred around the same time that the Stamp Act 1765 was repealed.[15]
See also[edit]
Soda tax for modern excises on sugar products and sugary soft drinks.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Sugar Act; Titled The American Revenue Act 1764". U.S.history.org. Independence Hall Association. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
Jump up ^ Miller pg. 101
^ Jump up to: a b Miller pg. 100-101
Jump up ^ Daniella Garran (2010-07-19). "Steps to the American Revolution". Lesson Planet. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
Jump up ^ Miller pg. 96-99
Jump up ^ Gary Nash pg. 45. Middlekauff pg. 55-63.
Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 62.
Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 65.
Jump up ^ Anderson pg. 574
Jump up ^ Middlekauff pg. 66-67. Miller pg. 101. Miller wrote, "The legislation was declared to have caused greater alarm in New England than the forays of the French and Indians during the darkest days of the Seven Years' War."
Jump up ^ Miller pg. 101-102.
Jump up ^ Draper pg. 219
Jump up ^ Alexander pg. 24. Middlekauff pg. 67-73.
Jump up ^ Miller pg 149-50.
Jump up ^ Draper pg. 290-291
Bibliography[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Sugar Act
Alexander, John K. Samuel Adams: America’s Revolutionary Politician. (2002) ISBN 0-7425-2114-1
Anderson, Fred, 'Crucible of War, 2000, ISBN 0-375-40642-5
Draper, Theodore. A Struggle For Power:The American Revolution. (1996) ISBN 0-8129-2575-0
Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789. (2005) ISBN 978 0-19-516247-9
Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution. (1943)
Nash, Gary BThe Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America. (2005) ISBN 0-670-03420-7
"The Sugar Act". Retrieved 6 December 2005.
External links[edit]
Text of the Sugar Act 1764
Recorded summary of passage of the Sugar Act
[show]
v
t
e
British law and the American Revolution
Royal Proclamations, Acts of Parliament, and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution
Before 1763
Navigation Acts
Wool Act (1699)
Hat Act (1732)
Molasses Act (1733)
Iron Act (1750)
Grenville ministry
(1763–1765)
Royal Proclamation of 1763
Sugar Act (1764)
Currency Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
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Repeal Act (March 1766)
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Revenue Act (June 1766)
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Proclamation of Rebellion (August 1775)
Prohibitory Act (December 1775)
Taxation of Colonies Act (1778)
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