text:
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
UK quad poster
Directed by
Terry Gilliam
Terry Jones[n 1]
Produced by
Mark Forstater
Michael White
Written by
Monty Python
Starring
Graham Chapman
John Cleese
Terry Gilliam
Eric Idle
Terry Jones
Michael Palin
Music by
Dewolfe
Songs:
Neil Innes
Cinematography
Terry Bedford
Edited by
John Hackney
Production
companies
Michael White Productions
Python (Monty) Pictures
National Film Trustee Company
Distributed by
EMI Films
Release date
3 April 1975 (1975-04-03) (United Kingdom[1])
27 April 1975 (1975-04-27) (United States)
[2]
Running time
92 minutes[3]
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$400,000[4]
Box office
$5 million[4]
Monty Python and the Holy Grail is a 1975 British surreal comedy film concerning the Arthurian legend, written and performed by the Monty Python comedy group (Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Terry Gilliam, Eric Idle, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin), and directed by Gilliam and Jones.[n 1] It was conceived during the hiatus between the third and fourth series of their BBC television series Monty Python's Flying Circus.
In contrast to the group's first film, And Now for Something Completely Different, a compilation of sketches from the first two television series, Holy Grail draws on new material. It parodies the legend of King Arthur's quest to find the Holy Grail. Idle used the film as the basis for the musical Spamalot 30 years later.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail grossed more than any British film exhibited in the US in 1975. The film received a 97% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[6] In the US, the film was selected as the second best comedy of all time in the ABC special Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time; in the UK, readers of Total Film magazine ranked the film the fifth greatest comedy film of all time, and a similar poll of Channel 4 viewers placed the film sixth (2000).[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Soundtrack
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reaction and legacy
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
Plot[edit]
In 932 AD, King Arthur and his squire, Patsy, travel throughout Britain searching for men to join the Knights of the Round Table. In Arthur's travels, he recruits Sir Bedevere the Wise, Sir Lancelot the Brave, Sir Galahad the Pure, and Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir-Lancelot, along with their squires and Robin's troubadours. Arthur leads the men to Camelot, but decide it is "a silly place" and set off elsewhere. As they turn away, God speaks to them and instruct Arthur to find the Holy Grail.
Arthur and his men search the land for clues to the Grail. They come to a castle occupied by French soldiers who claim to have the Grail but otherwise insult the Englishmen. Arthur and his men come up with a plan to sneak in using a Trojan Rabbit, but they completely mishandle its execution and are forced away. Arthur decides that the knights should go their separate ways to search for clues to the Grail's location. A modern-day historian being filmed for a documentary and describing the Arthurian legends is abruptly killed by a knight on horseback, triggering a police investigation.
Arthur and Bedevere attempt to satisfy the strange requests of the dreaded Knights Who Say Ni. Sir Robin avoids a fight with the Three-headed Giant by running away while the heads are arguing. Sir Galahad is led by a grail-shaped beacon to Castle Anthrax, populated by women, but to Galahad's chagrin, he is "rescued" by Lancelot. Sir Lancelot, after finding a note from Swamp Castle believed to be from a lady being forced to marry against her will, rushes the castle and kills nearly the entire wedding party within, only to discover that the note was sent by an effeminate prince.
Arthur and his knights regroup and are joined by other knights and followers. They meet Tim the Enchanter, who directs them to a cave where the location of the Grail is said to be written, but guarded by the deadly Rabbit of Caerbannog. After the Rabbit kills several of the knights, Arthur uses the Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch to destroy the creature. Inside, they find the inscription from Joseph of Arimathea, directing them to the Castle of Aarrgh. They arrive at the Bridge of Death and must answer three questions from the bridge-keeper to pass. Lancelot answers first and correctly, and passes on. Sirs Robin and Galahad fail to answer correctly and are thrown over the bridge, while Arthur tricks the bridge-keeper, allowing him and Bedevere to pass.
When Arthur and Bedevere finish crossing, they cannot find Lancelot, unaware he was arrested by modern-day policemen investigating the historian's death. Arthur and Bedevere find the Castle of Aarrgh, but discover it is occupied by the French. They amass a large army of knights to assault the castle, when suddenly a large police force shows up, arrests Arthur and Bedevere for the historian's death, and shuts down the film's production.
Cast[edit]
Actor
Main role
Other roles (in order of appearance)
Chapman, GrahamGraham Chapman
Arthur, King of the Britons Voice of God / Middle Head of Three-Headed Knight / Hiccuping Guard at Swamp Castle
Cleese, JohnJohn Cleese
Sir Lancelot the Brave Swallow-Savvy Guard #2 / Man with "Dead" Body / Black Knight / Witch-hunting Villager #3 / Singing Camelot Knight #4 / French Taunter / Tim the Enchanter
Gilliam, TerryTerry Gilliam
Patsy, Arthur's Servant Green Knight / Singing Camelot Knight #3 / Gorilla Hand / Old Man in Scene 24 (Soothsaying Bridgekeeper) / Sir Bors / Weak-Hearted Animator (Himself)
Idle, EricEric Idle
Sir Robin the Not-Quite-So-Brave-as-Sir-Lancelot Dead Collector / Witch-Hunting Villager #1 / Singing Camelot Knight #2 / Confused Guard at Swamp Castle / Concorde (Lancelot's squire) / Roger the Shrubber / Brother Maynard
Jones, TerryTerry Jones
Sir Bedevere the Wise Dennis' Mother / French Knight / Left Head of Three-Headed Knight / Voice of Cartoon Scribe / Prince Herbert
Palin, MichaelMichael Palin
Sir Galahad the Pure Swallow-Savvy Guard #1 / Dennis / Witch-Hunting Villager #2 / Narrator / Singing Camelot Knight #5 / French Knight / Right Head of Three-Headed Knight / Leader of the Knights Who Say Ni / King of Swamp Castle / Guest at Swamp Castle / Monk (Maynard's Assistant)
Booth, ConnieConnie Booth
Miss Islington, the Witch
Cleveland, CarolCarol Cleveland
Zoot Dingo (Zoot's identical twin sister)
Innes, NeilNeil Innes
Leader of Robin's Minstrels Leader of Chanting Monks / Witch-Hunting Villager #4 / Singing Camelot Knight #1 / Page Crushed by Wooden Rabbit / French Knight
Duffell, BeeBee Duffell
Old Crone
Young, JohnJohn Young
Frank, the Historian "Dead" body
Davies, RitaRita Davies
Frank's Wife
Stewart, AvrilAvril Stewart
Dr. Piglet
Kinghorn, SallySally Kinghorn
Dr. Winston
Zycon, MarkMark Zycon
Sir Robin (stand-in) Prisoner in Camelot Dungeon
Johnson, SandySandy Johnson
Knight Who Says Ni Witch-Hunting Villager / Musician at Swamp Castle / Monk / Knight in Final Battle
Doyle, JulianJulian Doyle
Police Sergeant who stops the film
Burton !Richard Burton
One-legged Black Knight (Stand-in)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
The legend of the Holy Grail provided a unifying motif for the film.
Fifteen months before BBC visited the set in December 1974, the Monty Python troupe assembled the first version of the screenplay.[8] When half of the resulting material was set in the Middle Ages, and half was set in the present day, the group opted to focus on the Middle Ages, revolving on the legend of the Holy Grail. By the fourth or fifth version of their screenplay, the story was complete, and the cast joked the fact that the Grail was never retrieved would be "a big let-down ... a great anti-climax".[8] Graham Chapman said a challenge was incorporating scenes that did not fit the Holy Grail motif.[9]
Neither Terry Gilliam nor Terry Jones had directed a film before, and described it as a learning experience in which they would learn to make a film by making an entire full-length film.[10] The cast humorously described the novice directing style as employing the level of mutual disrespect always found in Monty Python's work.[8]
Filming[edit]
Doune Castle, used in several scenes.
Castle Stalker, the location of the final scene
Monty Python and the Holy Grail was mostly shot on location in Scotland,[11] particularly around Doune Castle, Glen Coe, and the privately owned Castle Stalker.[12] The many castles seen throughout the film were mainly either Doune Castle shot from different angles or hanging miniatures.[13] There are several exceptions to this: the very first exterior shot of a castle at the beginning of the film is Kidwelly Castle in South Wales, and the single exterior shot of the Swamp Castle during "Tale of Sir Lancelot" is Bodiam Castle in East Sussex;[14] all subsequent shots of the exterior and interior of those scenes were filmed at Doune Castle. Production designer Julian Doyle recounted that his crew constructed walls in the forest near Doune.[15] Terry Jones later recalled the crew had selected more castles around Scotland for locations, but during the two weeks prior to principal photography, the Scottish Department of the Environment declined permission for use of the castles in its jurisdiction, for fear of damage.[13]
At the start of "The Tale of Sir Robin", there is a slow camera zoom in on rocky scenery (that in the voice over is described as "the dark forest of Ewing"). This is actually a still photograph of the Gorge at Mount Buffalo National Park in Victoria, Australia. Doyle stated in 2000 during an interview with Hotdog magazine[16] that it was a still image filmed with candles underneath the frame (to give a heat haze). This was a low-cost method of achieving a convincing location effect.
On the DVD audio commentary, Cleese described challenges shooting and editing Castle Anthrax in "The Tale of Sir Galahad", with what he felt the most comedic take being unused because an anachronistic coat was visible in it.[17] Castle Anthrax was also shot in one part of Doune, where costume designer Hazel Pethig advised against nudity, dressing the girls in shifts.[13]
In the scene where the knights were combatting the Rabbit of Caerbannog, a real white rabbit was used, switched with puppets for its killings.[18] It was covered with red liquid to simulate blood, though the rabbit's owner did not want the animal dirty and was kept unaware. The liquid was difficult to remove from the fur.[18] He also stated that he thought that, had they been more experienced in filmmaking, the crew would have just purchased a rabbit instead. Otherwise, the rabbit himself was unharmed. Also, the rabbit-bite effects were done by special puppetry by both Gilliam and SFX technician John Horton.
As chronicled in The Life of Python, The First 20 Years of Monty Python, and The Pythons' Autobiography, it was revealed that Chapman was suffering from acrophobia, trembling, and bouts of forgetfulness during filming. These were the results of Chapman's long-standing alcohol addiction, and he decided from that moment on to remain "on an even keel" while the production continued. Nearly three years after Holy Grail, Chapman vowed to quit drinking altogether (which he successfully achieved in December 1977).
Originally the knight characters were going to ride real horses, but after it became clear that the film's small budget precluded real horses, the Pythons decided that their characters would mime horse-riding while their porters trotted behind them banging coconut shells together. The joke was derived from the old-fashioned sound effect used by radio shows to convey the sound of hooves clattering. This was later referred to in the German release of the film, which translated the title as Die Ritter der Kokosnuß[19] ('The Knights of the Coconut').
The opening credits of the film feature pseudo-Swedish subtitles, which soon turn into an appeal to visit Sweden and see the country's moose. The subtitles are soon stopped, but moose references continue throughout the actual credits until the credits are stopped again and restarted in a different visual style and with references to llamas, animals often mentioned in Flying Circus. The subtitles were written by Michael Palin as a way to "entertain the 'captive' audience" at the beginning of the film.[20]
Soundtrack[edit]
In addition to several songs written by Python regular Neil Innes, several pieces of music were licensed from De Wolfe Music Library. These include:
"Ice Floe 9", composed by Pierre Arvay. Used during the beginning titles.
"Countrywide",[21] composed by Anthony Mawer. Used during the beginning titles after the first titlers are sacked.
"Homeward Bound", composed by Jack Trombey. Used as King Arthur's heroic theme.
"Crossed Swords",[22] composed by Dudley Matthew. Played during King Arthur's battle with the Black Knight.
"The Flying Messenger",[23] composed by Oliver Armstrong. Played during Sir Lancelot's misguided storming of Swamp Castle.
"The Promised Land",[24] composed by Stanley Black. Used in the scene where Arthur approaches the castle on the island.
"Starlet in the Starlight",[25] composed by Kenneth Essex. Briefly used for Prince Herbert's attempt to express himself in song.
"Love Theme",[26] composed by Peter Knight. Also used briefly for Prince Herbert.
"Revolt",[27] composed by Eric Towren. Used as the army charges on Castle Aaargh.
Release[edit]
Monty Python and the Holy Grail had its theatrical debut in the United Kingdom in 3 April 1975,[1] followed by a United States release on 27 April 1975.[2] It was re-released on 14 October 2015 in the United Kingdom.[28]
The film had its television premiere 25 February 1977 on the CBS Late Movie.[29] Reportedly, the Pythons were displeased to discover a number of edits were done by the network to reduce use of profanity and the showing of blood. The troupe pulled back the rights and thereafter had it broadcast in the United States only on PBS and later other channels such as IFC, where it runs uncut.[30]
Home media[edit]
In Region 1, The Criterion Collection released a laserdisc version of the film featuring audio commentary from directors Jones and Gilliam.[31] In 2001, Columbia Tristar published a two-disc Special Edition DVD. Disc One included two commentary tracks featuring Idle, Palin, and Cleese in the first, and Jones and Gilliam in the second, and "Subtitles for People Who Don't Like the Film", consisting of lines taken from William Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part 2.[31] Disc Two includes Monty Python and the Holy Grail in Lego (also known as Lego Knights or It's Only a Model), a "brickfilm" version of the "Camelot Song" as sung by Lego minifigures.[32] It was created by Spite Your Face Productions on commission from the Lego Group and Python Pictures. The project was conceived by the original film's respective Producer and Co-Director, John Goldstone and Terry Gilliam.[33] Disc Two also includes two scenes from the film's Japanese dub, literally translated back into English through subtitles. "The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations", hosted by Palin and Jones,[34] shows places in Scotland used for the setting titled as "England 932 A.D." (as well as the two Pythons purchasing a copy of their own script as a guide). Also included is a who's who page, advertising galleries and sing-alongs.[34]
A limited-edition DVD release additionally included a copy of the screenplay, a limited-edition film cell/senitype, and limited-edition art cards;[35] however, a few of the bonus features from the Extraordinarily Deluxe Edition were omitted. A 35th anniversary edition on Blu-ray was released in the US on 6 March 2012.[36] Special features include "The Holy Book of Days," a second-screen experience that can be downloaded as an app on an iOS device and played with the Blu-ray to enhance its viewing; lost animation sequences with a new intro from animator Terry Gilliam; outtakes; and extended scenes with Python member and the movie's co-director Terry Jones.[37]
Reaction and legacy[edit]
In 2000, readers of Total Film magazine voted Holy Grail the fifth greatest comedy film of all time.[7] The next Python film, Life of Brian, was ranked first.[7] A similar poll of Channel 4 viewers in 2005 placed Holy Grail in sixth (with Life of Brian again topping the list).
Hank Azaria in a production of Spamalot.
In 2005, the film spawned a Tony Award-winning Broadway musical smash hit knockoff, Spamalot. Written primarily by Idle, the show has more of an overarching plot and leaves out certain portions of the movie due to difficulties in rendering certain effects on stage. However, the same gags are there for the majority of the show.[38]
In 2011, an ABC prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People. Holy Grail was selected as the second best comedy after Airplane!.
In 2013, the Pythons lost a legal case to Mark Forstater, the film's producer, over royalties for the derivative work, Spamalot. They owed a combined £800,000 in legal fees and back royalties to Forstater.[39][40] To help cover the cost of these royalties and fees, the group arranged and performed in a stage show, Monty Python Live (mostly), held at The O2 arena in London in July 2014.
See also[edit]
List of films considered the best
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Though the opening credits comedically identify the directors as "40 Specially Trained Ecuadorian Mountain Llamas, 6 Venezuelan Red Llamas, 142 Mexican Whooping Llamas, 14 North Chilean Guanacos (Closely Related to the Llama), Reg Llama of Brixton, 76000 Battery Llamas From 'Llama-Fresh' Farms Ltd. Near Paraguay, and Terry Gilliam and Terry Jones".[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Palin 2006, p. 225.
^ Jump up to: a b Palin 2006, p. 231.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python and the Holy Grail (12A)". British Board of Film Classification. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Monty Python and the Holy Grail - Box Office Data, DVD Sales, Movie News, Cast Information. The Numbers. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Sean (16 June 2015). "15 Facts about Monty Python and the Holy Grail". Mental Floss. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 18 January 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c "Life of Brian tops comedy poll". BBC News. Retrieved 18 January 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Monty Python troupe (2001). BBC Film Night: Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report (DVD) (in Monty Python and the Holy Grail). Columbia Tristar. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Chapman, Graham (2001). BBC Film Night: Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report (DVD) (in Monty Python and the Holy Grail). Columbia Tristar. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Gilliam, Terry; Jones, Terry (2001). BBC Film Night: Monty Python & the Holy Grail Location Report (DVD) (in Monty Python and the Holy Grail). Columbia Tristar. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Monty Python and the Holy Grail filming locations". Ukonscreen.com. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Li 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Terry (2001). The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations (DVD) (in Monty Python and the Holy Grail). Columbia Tristar. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Bodiam Castle, East Sussex". London: Guardian News and Media Limited. 5 June 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Julian (2001). The Quest for the Holy Grail Locations (DVD) (in Monty Python and the Holy Grail). Columbia Tristar. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ "Never have so few suffered for the enjoyment of so many: the making of Monty Python And The Holy Grail". Hotdog. October 2000. via Angelfire.com (convenience link).
Jump up ^ Cleese, John (2001). Monty Python and the Holy Grail commentary (DVD). Columbia Tristar.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilliam, Terry; Jones, Terry (2001). Monty Python and the Holy Grail commentary (DVD). Columbia Tristar.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) – Premierendaten". German.imdb.com. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mindhole Blowers: 20 Facts About Monty Python and the Holy Grail That Might Make You Say "Ni!"". pajiba.com. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Countrywide". Dewolfemusic.co.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Crossed Swords". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Flying Messenger". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Promised Land". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Starlet In The Starlight". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Love Theme". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Revolt". Dewolfe.co.uk. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python and the Holy Grail returning to theaters for 40th anniversary". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ McCall 2013.
Jump up ^ Monty Python... Films[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Conrad, Jeremy (25 October 2001). "MONTY PYTHON AND THE HOLY GRAIL: SPECIAL EDITION". IGN. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Monty Python LEGO". Spike.com. 13 September 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
Jump up ^ NEWS 2004_12_14 - Monty Python is Animators' Delight. Daily Llama. Retrieved on 3 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Galbraith, Stuart IV (3 October 2006). "Monty Python and the Holy Grail (Extraordinarily Deluxe Two-Disc Edition)". DVD Talk. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buy Monty Python and the Holy Grail Box Set online at Play.com and read reviews. Free delivery to UK and Europe!". Play.com. 23 January 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blu-ray Review: Monty Python and the Holy Grail | High-Def Digest". Bluray.highdefdigest.com. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitman, Howard. "Blu-ray Review: Monty Python and the Holy Grail". Technologytell. www.technologytell.com. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
Jump up ^ McGuigan, Cathleen (24 January 2005). "A Very Swordid Affair". Newsweek. 145 (4): 64–65.
Jump up ^ "John Cleese: Monty Python reunion is happening because of my £800,000 legal bill". Daily Mirror. 23 May 2014. Retrieved 28 December 2014. Last July, the Pythons lost a royalties case to Mark Forstater, who produced 1975 film Monty Python And The Holy Grail. ...
Jump up ^ "Monty Python sued over Spamalot royalties". BBC News Online. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012. Mr Forstater claimed he was entitled to one-seventh of this figure, the same share enjoyed by each of the other Pythons - but was told he was only entitled to one-fourteenth, and has been paid accordingly since 2005. ...
Bibliography[edit]
Larsen, Darl. A Book About the Film Monty Python and the Holy Grail: All the References From African Swallows to Zoot. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. ISBN 9781442245532
Li, Martin (2011). "Scotland on Film". Glasgow & the River Clyde. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 158843785X.
McCall, Douglas (2013). Monty Python: A Chronology, 1969-2012 (2 ed.). McFarland. ISBN 9780786478118 – via Google Books.
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (Book), Eyre Methuen, 1977, ISBN 0 413 38520 5. Contains screenplay, photographs, and other material.
Palin, Michael (2006). Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Monty Python and the Holy Grail on IMDb
Monty Python and the Holy Grail at Rotten Tomatoes
Monty Python and the Holy Grail at Metacritic
Monty Python and the Holy Grail in Lego on IMDb
2012 interview with Carol Cleveland, covering Holy Grail and the TV series
Estimating the Airspeed Velocity of an Unladen Swallow
[show]
v
t
e
Monty Python
Graham Chapman
John Cleese
Terry Gilliam
Eric Idle
Terry Jones
Michael Palin
Carol Cleveland
Neil Innes
Television series
Flying Circus
episodes
Fliegender Zirkus
Personal Best
Films
And Now for Something Completely Different
Holy Grail
Life of Brian
Live at the Hollywood Bowl
The Meaning of Life
The Crimson Permanent Assurance
Studio albums
Another Record
Previous Record
Matching Tie and Handkerchief
Holy Grail
Life of Brian
Contractual Obligation
The Meaning of Life
Compilation albums
Instant Record Collection
Final Rip Off
Sings
Ultimate Rip Off
Instant CD Collection
Total Rubbish
Live albums
Flying Circus
Live at Drury Lane
Live at City Center
Specials
Parrot Sketch Not Included
Live at Aspen
Python Night
Documentaries
The Pythons
Life of Python
Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)
And Now for Something Rather Similar
The Meaning of Live
Stage productions
Spamalot
Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)
An Evening Without Monty Python
Live (Mostly)
Literature
Big Red Book
Brand New Bok
Holy Grail (Book)
Life of Brian/SCRAPBOOK
The Meaning of Life
Just the Words
Song Book
A Pocketful of Python
The Pythons Autobiography
Live!
Video games
Flying Circus
Complete Waste of Time
Quest for the Holy Grail
The Meaning of Life
Cow Tossing
Characters
Mr Praline
Gumbys
The Colonel
Mr Creosote
Rabbit of Caerbannog
Ron Obvious
Other characters
Sketches
Albatross!
Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses
Architects
Argument Clinic
Bishop
Bruces
Cheese Shop
Colin "Bomber" Harris vs Colin "Bomber" Harris
Crunchy Frog
Dead Parrot
Dirty Fork
Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook
Election Night Special
Fish Licence
Fish-Slapping Dance
Four Yorkshiremen
The Funniest Joke in the World
How Not to Be Seen
Kilimanjaro Expedition
Lifeboat
Marriage Guidance Counsellor
Ministry of Silly Walks
Mouse Problem
Nudge Nudge
Patient Abuse
Philosophers' Football Match
Piranha Brothers
Sam Peckinpah's "Salad Days"
Seduced Milkmen
Self Defence Against Fresh Fruit
Spam
Spanish Inquisition
Undertakers
Upper Class Twit of the Year
Vocational Guidance Counsellor
World Forum/Communist Quiz
Songs
"Always Look on the Bright Side of Life"
"Brian Song"
"Bruces' Philosophers Song"
"Decomposing Composers"
"Eric the Half-a-Bee"
"Every Sperm Is Sacred"
"Finland"
"Galaxy Song"
"I Bet You They Won't Play This Song on the Radio"
"I Like Chinese"
"I've Got Two Legs"
"The Lumberjack Song"
"Medical Love Song"
"Never Be Rude to an Arab"
"Oliver Cromwell"
"Sit on My Face"
Related articles
Filmography
Cambridge Circus
I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again
The Frost Report
At Last the 1948 Show
Twice a Fortnight
Do Not Adjust Your Set
We Have Ways of Making You Laugh
How to Irritate People
The Complete and Utter History of Britain
Teach Yourself Heath
Tiny Black Round Thing
Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls
Rutland Weekend Television
Fawlty Towers
Ripping Yarns
Out of the Trees
The Secret Policeman's Ball
Python On Song
All You Need Is Cash
The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album
Monty Python Live
Concert for George
Diaries 1969–1979: The Python Years
The Seventh Python
Holy Flying Circus
A Liar's Autobiography: The Untrue Story of Monty Python's Graham Chapman
[show]
v
t
e
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Characters
King Arthur
Sir Lancelot
Sir Galahad
Sir Bedevere
Knights who say Ni
Black Knight
Rabbit of Caerbannog
Patsy
Locations
Castle Stalker
Doune Castle
Miscellaneous
The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (Book)
Spamalot
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Terry Gilliam
Feature films
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Jabberwocky (1977)
Time Bandits (1981)
Brazil (1985)
The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988)
The Fisher King (1991)
12 Monkeys (1995)
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
The Brothers Grimm (2005)
Tideland (2005)
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009)
The Zero Theorem (2013)
The Man Who Killed Don Quixote (2018)
Short films
Story Time (1968)
Miracle of Flight (1974)
The Crimson Permanent Assurance (1983)
The Legend of Hallowdega (2010)
The Wholly Family (2011)
Other
Filmography
Lost in La Mancha
Getting Gilliam
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Terry Jones
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Personal Services (1987)
Erik the Viking (1989)
The Wind in the Willows (1996)
Absolutely Anything (2015)
[show]
v
t
e
Films based on Arthurian legends
Live-action
Army of Darkness
Arthur and Merlin
Avalon High
The Black Knight
Camelot
Dragonheart
Dragons of Camelot
Dr. Strange (1978)
Excalibur
First Knight
The Four Diamonds
Gawain and the Green Knight
Guinevere
King Arthur
King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)
Knights of the Round Table
Lancelot and Guinevere
Lancelot du Lac
The Last Legion
Merlin and the War of the Dragons
Merlin: The Return
Merlin: The Quest Begins
Perceval le Gallois
Prince Valiant (1954)
Prince Valiant (1997)
Siege of the Saxons
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Sword of the Valiant
Young Arthur
Films from Twain's
Connecticut Yankee
A Connecticut Yankee (1931)
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1921)
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949)
A Kid in King Arthur's Court
A Knight in Camelot
New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court
Unidentified Flying Oddball
Films based on
Tristan and Iseult legend
Fire and Sword
Lovespell
Tristan & Isolde
Films based on
Wagner's Parsifal
Parsifal (1904)
The Evil Forest (1951)
Parsifal (1982)
Comedies
King Arthur Was a Gentleman
Knutzy Knights
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
Squareheads of the Round Table
Animation
Knight-mare Hare
Merlin and the Dragons
Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw
Quest for Camelot
The Sword in the Stone
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail&oldid=819216089"
Categories:
1975 films
English-language films
Monty Python and the Holy Grail
1970s comedy films
1970s fantasy films
British comedy films
British fantasy films
British films
Directorial debut films
EMI
Fantasy-comedy films
Films directed by Terry Gilliam
Films directed by Terry Jones
Films set in 932
Films shot in Scotland
Films with live action and animation
Films adapted into plays
Films adapted into video games
Self-reflexive films
Monty Python films
Screenplays by Eric Idle
Screenplays by Graham Chapman
Screenplays by John Cleese
Screenplays by Michael Palin
Screenplays by Terry Gilliam
Screenplays by Terry Jones
Holy Grail in fiction
God in fiction
Wizards in film
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Unrecognized language
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from July 2011
EngvarB from June 2016
Use dmy dates from June 2016
Articles with hCards
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 January 2018, at 03:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

value: li

value: sup

value: ul

values:
/wiki/Surreal_comedy
mw-redirect
Surreal comedy

values:
/wiki/Arthurian_legend
mw-redirect
Arthurian legend

values: And Now for Something Completely Different

values: Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time

values:
/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table
mw-redirect
Knights of the Round Table

values:
col
width:110px;
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Police_Sergeant
mw-redirect
Police Sergeant

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/Shift_(clothing)
mw-redirect
Shift (clothing)

values:
/wiki/CBS_Late_Movie
mw-redirect
CBS Late Movie

values:
/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service
mw-redirect
Public Broadcasting Service

values:
/wiki/Independent_Film_Channel
mw-redirect
Independent Film Channel

values:
/wiki/Columbia_Tristar
mw-redirect
Columbia Tristar

values:
/wiki/People_(American_magazine)
mw-redirect
People (American magazine)

values:
/wiki/Monty_Python_Live_(mostly)
mw-redirect
Monty Python Live (mostly)

values:
/wiki/The_O2_(London)
mw-redirect
The O2 (London)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Monty Python and the Holy Grail

values: q:Special:Search/Monty Python and the Holy Grail

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0071853/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0353751/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.style.org/unladenswallow/
external text

values: List of Monty Python's Flying Circus episodes

values: The Monty Python Matching Tie and Handkerchief

values: Monty Python's Contractual Obligation Album

values: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (album)

values: The Monty Python Instant Record Collection

values: Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python

values: Monty Python: Almost the Truth (Lawyers Cut)

values: Monty Python: And Now for Something Rather Similar

values: Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)

values: Monty Python's The Life of Brian / Monty Python Scrapbook

values: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (book)

values: Monty Python's Flying Circus: Just the Words

values: The Fairly Incomplete & Rather Badly Illustrated Monty Python Song Book

values: The Pythons Autobiography by The Pythons

values: Monty Python's Flying Circus: The Computer Game

values: Monty Python & the Quest for the Holy Grail

values: Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (video game)

values: List of recurring Monty Python's Flying Circus characters

values:
/wiki/The_Bishop_(Monty_Python)
mw-redirect
The Bishop (Monty Python)

values: The Complete and Utter History of Britain

values: Bert Fegg's Nasty Book for Boys and Girls

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template:Monty Python and the Holy Grail

values: Template talk:Monty Python and the Holy Grail

values:
/wiki/Knights_who_say_Ni
mw-redirect
Knights who say Ni

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Films based on Arthurian legends

values: Template talk:Films based on Arthurian legends

values: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

values: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1921 film)

values: A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1949 film)

values: Category:Monty Python and the Holy Grail

values: Category:Films directed by Terry Gilliam

values: Category:Films with live action and animation

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2011

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: مونتي بايثون والكأس المقدسة – Arabic

values: Монти Пайтън и Свещеният граал – Bulgarian

values: Monty Python og de skøre riddere – Danish

values: Οι Ιππότες της Ελεεινής Τραπέζης – Greek

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Spanish

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Basque

values: مانتی پایتون و جام مقدس – Persian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Galician

values: 몬티 파이톤과 성배 – Korean

values: Monty Python i Sveti gral (1975.) – Croatian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Indonesian

values: מונטי פייתון והגביע הקדוש – Hebrew

values: Monty Python ir šventasis Gralis – Lithuanian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Монти Пајтон и Светиот грал – Macedonian

values: Filem Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Malay

values: モンティ・パイソン・アンド・ホーリー・グレイル – Japanese

values: Monty Python og ridderne av det runde bord – Norwegian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Low German

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Portuguese

values: Монти Пайтон и Священный Грааль – Russian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Simple English

values: Монти Пајтон и Свети грал – Serbian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Serbo-Croatian

values: Monty Python and the Holy Grail – Turkish

values: Монті Пайтон і Священний Грааль – Ukrainian

values: Monty Python và cái Chén Thánh – Vietnamese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail rootpage-Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail skin-vector action-view


text:
Earth's rotation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the duration of daylight and night, see Daytime and Night.
An animation of Earth's rotation around the planet's axis
This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky over the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates.
Earth's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion. As viewed from the north pole star Polaris, Earth turns counter clockwise.
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.
Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to the stars (see below). Earth's rotation is slowing slightly with time; thus, a day was shorter in the past. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation. Atomic clocks show that a modern day is longer by about 1.7 milliseconds than a century ago,[1] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Analysis of historical astronomical records shows a slowing trend of about 2.3 milliseconds per century since the 8th century BCE.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Empirical tests
2 Periods
2.1 True solar day
2.2 Mean solar day
2.3 Stellar and sidereal day
2.4 Angular speed
3 Changes
3.1 In rotational axis
3.2 In rotational velocity
3.2.1 Tidal interactions
3.2.2 Resonant stabilization
3.2.3 Global events
3.3 Measurement
3.4 Ancient observations
4 Origin
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Among the ancient Greeks, several of the Pythagorean school believed in the rotation of the earth rather than the apparent diurnal rotation of the heavens. Perhaps the first was Philolaus (470–385 BCE), though his system was complicated, including a counter-earth rotating daily about a central fire.[3]
A more conventional picture was that supported by Hicetas, Heraclides and Ecphantus in the fourth century BCE who assumed that the earth rotated but did not suggest that the earth revolved about the sun. In the third century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos suggested the sun's central place.
However, Aristotle in the fourth century BCE criticized the ideas of Philolaus as being based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth.[4] This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated.[5]
In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in one direction sees the stationary things on the bank as moving in the opposite direction, in the same way to a man at Lanka the fixed stars appear to be going westward."[6][7]
In the 10th century, some Muslim astronomers accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis.[8] According to al-Biruni, Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi (d. circa 1020) invented an astrolabe called al-zūraqī based on the idea believed by some of his contemporaries "that the motion we see is due to the Earth's movement and not to that of the sky."[9][10] The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] (muhandisīn), the earth is in constant circular motion, and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars."[9] Treatises were written to discuss its possibility, either as refutations or expressing doubts about Ptolemy's arguments against it.[11] At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories, the Earth's rotation was discussed by Tusi (b. 1201) and Qushji (b. 1403); the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus.[12]
In medieval Europe, Thomas Aquinas accepted Aristotle's view[13] and so, reluctantly, did John Buridan[14] and Nicole Oresme[15] in the fourteenth century. Not until Nicolaus Copernicus in 1543 adopted a heliocentric world system did the contemporary understanding of earth's rotation begin to be established. Copernicus pointed out that if the movement of the earth is violent, then the movement of the stars must be very much more so. He acknowledged the contribution of the Pythagoreans and pointed to examples of relative motion. For Copernicus this was the first step in establishing the simpler pattern of planets circling a central sun.[16]
Tycho Brahe, who produced accurate observations on which Kepler based his laws, used Copernicus's work as the basis of a system assuming a stationary earth. In 1600, William Gilbert strongly supported the earth's rotation in his treatise on the earth's magnetism[17] and thereby influenced many of his contemporaries.[18] Those like Gilbert who did not openly support or reject the motion of the earth about the sun are often called "semi-Copernicans".[19] A century after Copernicus, Riccioli disputed the model of a rotating earth due to the lack of then-observable eastward deflections in falling bodies;[20] such deflections would later be called the Coriolis effect. However, the contributions of Kepler, Galileo and Newton gathered support for the theory of the rotation of the Earth.
Empirical tests[edit]
The earth's rotation implies that the equator bulges and the poles are flattened. In his Principia, Newton predicted this flattening would occur in the ratio of 1:230, and pointed to the 1673 pendulum measurements by Richer as corroboration of the change in gravity,[21] but initial measurements of meridian lengths by Picard and Cassini at the end of the 17th century suggested the opposite. However measurements by Maupertuis and the French Geodesic Mission in the 1730s established the flattening, thus confirming both Newton and the Copernican position.[22]
In the Earth's rotating frame of reference, a freely moving body follows an apparent path that deviates from the one it would follow in a fixed frame of reference. Because of the Coriolis effect, falling bodies veer slightly eastward from the vertical plumb line below their point of release, and projectiles veer right in the northern hemisphere (and left in the southern) from the direction in which they are shot. The Coriolis effect is mainly observable at a meteorological scale, where it is responsible for the differing rotation direction of cyclones in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Hooke, following a 1679 suggestion from Newton, tried unsuccessfully to verify the predicted eastward deviation of a body dropped from a height of 8.2 meters, but definitive results were only obtained later, in the late 18th and early 19th century, by Giovanni Battista Guglielmini in Bologna, Johann Friedrich Benzenberg in Hamburg and Ferdinand Reich in Freiberg, using taller towers and carefully released weights.[n 1] A ball dropped from a height of 158.5 m (520 ft) departed by 27.4 mm (1.08 in) from the vertical compared with a calculated value of 28.1 mm (1.11 in).
The most celebrated test of Earth's rotation is the Foucault pendulum first built by physicist Léon Foucault in 1851, which consisted of a lead-filled brass sphere suspended 67 m from the top of the Panthéon in Paris. Because of the Earth's rotation under the swinging pendulum, the pendulum's plane of oscillation appears to rotate at a rate depending on latitude. At the latitude of Paris the predicted and observed shift was about 11 degrees clockwise per hour. Foucault pendulums now swing in museums around the world.
Periods [edit]
Starry circles arc around the south celestial pole, seen overhead at ESO's La Silla Observatory.[23]
True solar day[edit]
Main article: Solar time
Earth's rotation period relative to the Sun (solar noon to solar noon) is its true solar day or apparent solar day. It depends on the Earth's orbital motion and is thus affected by changes in the eccentricity and inclination of Earth's orbit. Both vary over thousands of years, so the annual variation of the true solar day also varies. Generally, it is longer than the mean solar day during two periods of the year and shorter during another two.[n 2] The true solar day tends to be longer near perihelion when the Sun apparently moves along the ecliptic through a greater angle than usual, taking about 10 seconds longer to do so. Conversely, it is about 10 seconds shorter near aphelion. It is about 20 seconds longer near a solstice when the projection of the Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic onto the celestial equator causes the Sun to move through a greater angle than usual. Conversely, near an equinox the projection onto the equator is shorter by about 20 seconds. Currently, the perihelion and solstice effects combine to lengthen the true solar day near 22 December by 30 mean solar seconds, but the solstice effect is partially cancelled by the aphelion effect near 19 June when it is only 13 seconds longer. The effects of the equinoxes shorten it near 26 March and 16 September by 18 seconds and 21 seconds, respectively.[24][25][26]
Mean solar day[edit]
Main article: Mean solar day
The average of the true solar day during the course of an entire year is the mean solar day, which contains 86,400 mean solar seconds. Currently, each of these seconds is slightly longer than an SI second because Earth's mean solar day is now slightly longer than it was during the 19th century due to tidal friction. The average length of the mean solar day since the introduction of the leap second in 1972 has been about 0 to 2 ms longer than 86,400 SI seconds.[27][28][29] Random fluctuations due to core-mantle coupling have an amplitude of about 5 ms.[30][31] The mean solar second between 1750 and 1892 was chosen in 1895 by Simon Newcomb as the independent unit of time in his Tables of the Sun. These tables were used to calculate the world's ephemerides between 1900 and 1983, so this second became known as the ephemeris second. In 1967 the SI second was made equal to the ephemeris second.[32]
The apparent solar time is a measure of the Earth's rotation and the difference between it and the mean solar time is known as the equation of time.
Stellar and sidereal day[edit]
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the stellar day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again but the Sun is not (1→2 = one stellar day). It is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day).
Earth's rotation period relative to the fixed stars, called its stellar day by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), is 86,164.098 903 691 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.098 903 691s, 0.997 269 663 237 16 mean solar days).[33][n 3] Earth's rotation period relative to the precessing or moving mean vernal equinox, named sidereal day, is 86,164.090 530 832 88 seconds of mean solar time (UT1) (23h 56m 4.090 530 832 88s, 0.997 269 566 329 08 mean solar days).[33] Thus the sidereal day is shorter than the stellar day by about 8.4 ms.[35]
Both the stellar day and the sidereal day are shorter than the mean solar day by about 3 minutes 56 seconds. The mean solar day in SI seconds is available from the IERS for the periods 1623–2005[36] and 1962–2005.[37]
Recently (1999–2010) the average annual length of the mean solar day in excess of 86,400 SI seconds has varied between 0.25 ms and 1 ms, which must be added to both the stellar and sidereal days given in mean solar time above to obtain their lengths in SI seconds (see Fluctuations in the length of day).
Angular speed[edit]
Plot of latitude vs tangential speed. The dashed line shows that the Kennedy Space Center example. The dot-dash line denotes typical airliner cruise speed.
The angular speed of Earth's rotation in inertial space is (7.2921150 ± 0.0000001) ×10−5 radians per SI second (mean solar second).[33] Multiplying by (180°/π radians)×(86,400 seconds/mean solar day) yields 360.9856°/mean solar day, indicating that Earth rotates more than 360° relative to the fixed stars in one solar day. Earth's movement along its nearly circular orbit while it is rotating once around its axis requires that Earth rotate slightly more than once relative to the fixed stars before the mean Sun can pass overhead again, even though it rotates only once (360°) relative to the mean Sun.[n 4] Multiplying the value in rad/s by Earth's equatorial radius of 6,378,137 m (WGS84 ellipsoid) (factors of 2π radians needed by both cancel) yields an equatorial speed of 465.1 m/s (1,526 ft/s), or 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph).[38] Some sources state that Earth's equatorial speed is slightly less, or 1,669.8 km/h.[39] This is obtained by dividing Earth's equatorial circumference by 24 hours. However, the use of only one circumference unwittingly implies only one rotation in inertial space, so the corresponding time unit must be a sidereal hour. This is confirmed by multiplying by the number of sidereal days in one mean solar day, 1.002 737 909 350 795,[33] which yields the equatorial speed in mean solar hours given above of 1,674.4 km/h.
The tangential speed of Earth's rotation at a point on Earth can be approximated by multiplying the speed at the equator by the cosine of the latitude.[40] For example, the Kennedy Space Center is located at latitude 28.59° N, which yields a speed of: cos 28.59° × 1,674.4 km/h (1,040.4 mph; 465.1 m/s) = 1,470.23 km/h (913.56 mph; 408.40 m/s)
Changes[edit]
Main articles: Fluctuations in the length of day and ΔT
Earth's axial tilt is about 23.4°. It oscillates between 22.1° and 24.5° on a 41,000-year cycle and is currently decreasing.
In rotational axis[edit]
The Earth's rotation axis moves with respect to the fixed stars (inertial space); the components of this motion are precession and nutation. It also moves with respect to the Earth's crust; this is called polar motion.
Precession is a rotation of the Earth's rotation axis, caused primarily by external torques from the gravity of the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The polar motion is primarily due to free core nutation and the Chandler wobble.
In rotational velocity[edit]
Tidal interactions[edit]
Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to r − 6 {\displaystyle r^{-6}} , where r {\displaystyle r} is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth.
This gradual rotational deceleration is empirically documented with estimates of day lengths obtained from observations of tidal rhythmites and stromatolites; a compilation of these measurements[41] found the length of day to increase steadily from about 21 hours at 600Myr ago[42] to the current 24 hour value. By counting the microscopic lamina that form at higher tides, tidal frequencies (and thus day lengths) can be estimated, much like counting tree rings, though these estimates can be increasingly unreliable at older ages.[43]
Resonant stabilization[edit]
The current rate of tidal deceleration is anomalously high, implying the Earth's rotational velocity must have decreased more slowly in the past. Empirical data[41] tentatively shows a sharp increase in rotational deceleration about 600Myr ago. Some models suggest that the Earth maintained a constant day length of 21 hours throughout much of the Precambrian.[42] This day length corresponds to the semidiurnal resonant period of the thermally-driven atmospheric tide; at this day length, the decelerative lunar torque could have been canceled by an accelerative torque from the atmospheric tide, resulting in no net torque and a constant rotational period. This stabilizing effect could have been broken by a sudden change in global temperature. Recent computational simulations support this hypothesis and suggest the Marinoan or Sturtian glaciations broke this stable configuration about 600Myr ago, citing the resemblance of simulated results and existing paleorotational data.[44]
Deviation of day length from SI based day
Global events[edit]
Additionally, some large-scale events, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, have caused the length of a day to shorten by 3 microseconds by affecting the Earth's moment of inertia.[45] Post-glacial rebound, ongoing since the last Ice age, is also changing the distribution of the Earth's mass thus affecting the moment of inertia of the Earth and, by the conservation of angular momentum, the Earth's rotation period.[46]
Measurement[edit]
The primary monitoring of the Earth's rotation is performed with very-long-baseline interferometry coordinated with the Global Positioning System, satellite laser ranging, and other satellite techniques. This provides an absolute reference for the determination of universal time, precession, and nutation.[47]
Ancient observations[edit]
There are recorded observations of solar and lunar eclipses by Babylonian and Chinese astronomers beginning in the 8th century BCE, as well as from the medieval Islamic world and elsewhere. These observations can be used to determine changes in the Earth's rotation over the last 27 centuries, since the length of the day is a critical parameter in the calculation of the place and time of eclipses. A change in day length of milliseconds per century shows up as a change of hours and thousands of kilometers in eclipse observations. The ancient data is consistent with a shorter day, meaning the Earth was turning faster throughout the past.[48][49]
Origin[edit]
An artist's rendering of the protoplanetary disk.
The Earth's original rotation was a vestige of the original angular momentum of the cloud of dust, rocks, and gas that coalesced to form the Solar System. This primordial cloud was composed of hydrogen and helium produced in the Big Bang, as well as heavier elements ejected by supernovas. As this interstellar dust is heterogeneous, any asymmetry during gravitational accretion resulted in the angular momentum of the eventual planet.[50]
However, if the giant-impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon is correct, this primordial rotation rate would have been reset by the Theia impact 4.5 billion years ago. Regardless of the speed and tilt of the Earth's rotation before the impact, it would have experienced a day some five hours long after the impact.[51] Tidal effects would then have slowed this rate to its modern value.
See also[edit]
Allais effect
Axial precession
Diurnal cycle
Earth's orbit
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Geodesic (in mathematics)
Geodesics in general relativity
Geodesy
Giant-impact hypothesis
History of Earth
History of geodesy, Space techniques
List of important publications in geology
Newcomb's Tables of the Sun
Nychthemeron
Spherical Earth
World Geodetic System
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation (German Wikipedia article).
Jump up ^ When Earth's eccentricity exceeds 0.047 and perihelion is at an appropriate equinox or solstice, only one period with one peak balances another period that has two peaks.[24]
Jump up ^ Aoki, the ultimate source of these figures, uses the term "seconds of UT1" instead of "seconds of mean solar time".[34]
Jump up ^ In astronomy, unlike geometry, 360° means returning to the same point in some cyclical time scale, either one mean solar day or one sidereal day for rotation on Earth's axis, or one sidereal year or one mean tropical year or even one mean Julian year containing exactly 365.25 days for revolution around the Sun.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCarthy; Kenneth P. Seidelmann (18 September 2009). Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics. John Wiley & Sons. p. 232. ISBN 978-3-527-62795-0.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, F. Richard (2003). "Historical eclipses and Earth's rotation". Astronomy & Geophysics. 44 (2). pp. 2.22–2.27. Bibcode:2003A&G....44b..22S. doi:10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44222.x.
Jump up ^ Burch, George Bosworth (1954). "The Counter-Earth". Osiris. 11: 267–294. doi:10.1086/368583. JSTOR 301675.
Jump up ^ Aristotle. Of the Heavens. Book II, Ch 13. 1.
Jump up ^ Ptolemy. Almagest Book I, Chapter 8.
Jump up ^ http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b61_51.pdf
Jump up ^ Kim Plofker (2009). Mathematics in India. Princeton University Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-691-12067-6.
Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani (1973). "Cosmology and Religion in Islam". Scientia/Rivista di Scienza. 108 (67): 762.
^ Jump up to: a b Young, M. J. L., ed. (2 November 2006). Religion, Learning and Science in the 'Abbasid Period. Cambridge University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780521028875.
Jump up ^ Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (1 January 1993). An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines. SUNY Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781438414195.
Jump up ^ Ragep, Sally P. (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". In Thomas Hockey; et al. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer. pp. 570–2. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. (PDF version)
Jump up ^ Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a), "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context", Science in Context, Cambridge University Press, 14 (1–2): 145–163, doi:10.1017/s0269889701000060
Jump up ^ Aquinas, Thomas. Commentaria in libros Aristotelis De caelo et Mundo. Lib II, cap XIV. trans in Grant, Edward, ed. (1974). A Source Book in Medieval Science. Harvard University Press. pages 496–500
Jump up ^ Buridan, John (1942). Quaestiones super libris quattuo De Caelo et mundo. pp. 226–232. in Grant 1974, pp. 500–503
Jump up ^ Oresme, Nicole. Le livre du ciel et du monde. pp. 519–539. in Grant 1974, pp. 503–510
Jump up ^ Copernicus, Nicolas. On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. Book I, Chap 5–8.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, William. De Magnete, On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth. pp. 313–347.
Jump up ^ Russell, John L. "Copernican System in Great Britain". In J. Dobrzycki. The Reception of Copernicus' Heliocentric Theory. p. 208.
Jump up ^ J. Dobrzycki 1972, p. 221
Jump up ^ Almagestum novum, chapter nine, cited in Graney, Christopher M. (2012). "126 arguments concerning the motion of the earth. GIOVANNI BATTISTA RICCIOLI in his 1651 ALMAGESTUM NOVUM" (PDF). Journal for the History of Astronomy. volume 43, pages 215–226.
Jump up ^ Newton, Isaac (1846). Newton's Principia. Translated by A. Motte. p. 412.
Jump up ^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. U of Chicago Press. pp. 324, 355.
Jump up ^ "Starry Spin-up". Retrieved 24 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Meeus; J. M. A. Danby (January 1997). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels. Willmann-Bell. pp. 345–346. ISBN 978-0-943396-51-4.
Jump up ^ Equation of time in red and true solar day in blue
Jump up ^ The duration of the true solar day
Jump up ^ http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eoppc/eop/eopc04_05/eopc04.62-now
Jump up ^ Physical basis of leap seconds
Jump up ^ Leap seconds Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Prediction of Universal Time and LOD Variations
Jump up ^ R. Hide et al., "Topographic core-mantle coupling and fluctuations in the Earth's rotation" 1993.
Jump up ^ Leap seconds by USNO Archived 12 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d IERS EOP Useful constants
Jump up ^ Aoki, et al., "The new definition of Universal Time", Astronomy and Astrophysics 105 (1982) 359–361.
Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, ed. P. Kenneth Seidelmann, Mill Valley, Cal., University Science Books, 1992, p.48, ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ IERS Excess of the duration of the day to 86,400s … since 1623 Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Graph at end.
Jump up ^ IERS Variations in the duration of the day 1962–2005
Jump up ^ Arthur N. Cox, ed., Allen's Astrophysical Quantities p.244.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Bakich, The Cambridge planetary handbook, p.50.
Jump up ^ Butterworth & Palmer. "Speed of the turning of the Earth". Ask an Astrophysicist. NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, George E. (1 February 2000). "Geological constraints on the Precambrian history of Earth's rotation and the Moon's orbit". Reviews of Geophysics. 38 (1): 37–59. Bibcode:2000RvGeo..38...37W. doi:10.1029/1999RG900016. ISSN 1944-9208.
^ Jump up to: a b Zahnle, K.; Walker, J. C. (1 January 1987). "A constant daylength during the Precambrian era?". Precambrian Research. 37: 95–105. Bibcode:1987PreR...37...95Z. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90073-8. ISSN 0301-9268. PMID 11542096.
Jump up ^ Scrutton, C. T. (1 January 1978). Brosche, Professor Dr Peter; Sündermann, Professor Dr Jürgen, eds. Periodic Growth Features in Fossil Organisms and the Length of the Day and Month. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 154–196. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67097-8_12. ISBN 9783540090465.
Jump up ^ Bartlett, Benjamin C.; Stevenson, David J. (1 January 2016). "Analysis of a Precambrian resonance-stabilized day length". Geophysical Research Letters: 2016GL068912. arXiv:1502.01421  . Bibcode:2016GeoRL..43.5716B. doi:10.1002/2016GL068912. ISSN 1944-8007.
Jump up ^ Sumatran earthquake sped up Earth's rotation, Nature, 30 December 2004.
Jump up ^ Wu, P.; W.R.Peltier (1984). "Pleistocene deglaciation and the earth's rotation: a new analysis". Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 76 (3): 753–792. Bibcode:1984GeoJ...76..753W. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01920.x.
Jump up ^ Permanent monitoring
Jump up ^ Sid Perkins (6 December 2016). "Ancient eclipses show Earth's rotation is slowing". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aa10469.
Jump up ^ FR Stephenson; LV Morrison; CY Hohonkerk (7 December 2016). "Measurement of the Earth's rotation: 720 BC to AD 2015". Proceedings of the Royal Society A. 472 (2196). Bibcode:2016RSPSA.47260404S. doi:10.1098/rspa.2016.0404.
Jump up ^ "Why do planets rotate?". Ask an Astronomer.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, D. J. (1987). "Origin of the moon–The collision hypothesis". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 15 (1): 271–315. Bibcode:1987AREPS..15..271S. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.15.050187.001415.
External links[edit]
USNO Earth Orientation new site, being populated
USNO IERS old site, to be abandoned
IERS Earth Orientation Center: Earth rotation data and interactive analysis
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS)
If the Earth's rotation period is less than 24 hours, why don't our clocks fall out of sync with the Sun?
[hide]
v
t
e
Earth-related topics
History
Age of the Earth
Evolutionary history of life
Faint young Sun paradox
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Future of Earth
Geologic time scale
Geological history of Earth
History of Earth
Timeline of evolution
Geography
Geology
Clairaut's theorem
Continents
Earthquake
Equatorial bulge
Extremes on Earth
Geology of solar terrestrial planets
Geophysics
Plate tectonics
Structure of the Earth
Time zones
Ecology
Earth Day
Global warming
Human impact on the environment
Imaging
Apple Maps
Baidu Maps
Bhuvan
Bing Maps
Global Map
Google Earth
Google Maps
MapmyIndia
NASA World Wind
Here
OpenStreetMap
Wikimapia
Remote sensing
Yahoo! Maps
Yandex Maps
Arts
Culture
Society
Earth in culture
Earth in science fiction
Etymology of the word "Earth"
History of the world
International law
Landscape painting
List of countries
World economy
Other topics
Biosphere
Earth's orbit
Earth trojan
The ecliptic
Flag of Earth
Gravity
Magnetic field
The Moon
Claimed moons of Earth
2006 RH120
Kordylewski cloud
Solar System
Earth's location in the Universe
Theia
Earth sciences portal
Solar System portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_rotation&oldid=842927578"
Categories:
Dynamics of the Solar System
Earth
Rotation
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from April 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
עברית
Кыргызча
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Shqip
සිංහල
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
39 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 16:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

values:
/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy
mw-redirect
Claudius Ptolemy

values:
/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam
mw-redirect
Astronomy in medieval Islam

values:
/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Sijzi
mw-redirect
Abu Sa'id al-Sijzi

values:
/wiki/John_Buridan
mw-redirect
John Buridan

values:
/wiki/Coriolis_effect
mw-redirect
Coriolis effect

values: Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

values:
/wiki/History_of_Geodesy#Europe
mw-redirect
History of Geodesy

values:
/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Benzenberg
mw-redirect
Johann Friedrich Benzenberg

values:
/wiki/Freiberg,_Saxony
mw-redirect
Freiberg, Saxony

values:
/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_(Paris)
mw-redirect
Panthéon (Paris)

values:
/wiki/Mean_solar_day
mw-redirect
Mean solar day

values:
/wiki/Tidal_friction
mw-redirect
Tidal friction

values:
/wiki/Ephemeris_second
mw-redirect
Ephemeris second

values:
/wiki/Direct_motion
mw-redirect
Direct motion

values:
/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)
mw-redirect
Precession (astronomy)

values:
/wiki/Fluctuations_in_the_length_of_day
mw-redirect
Fluctuations in the length of day

values:
/wiki/Cruise_speed
mw-redirect
Cruise speed

values:
/wiki/Inertial_space
mw-redirect
Inertial space

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.381ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;

values:
/wiki/Tidal_rhythmites
mw-redirect
Tidal rhythmites

values:
/wiki/Resonance_frequency
mw-redirect
Resonance frequency

values:
/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake
mw-redirect
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

values:
/wiki/Conservation_of_angular_momentum
mw-redirect
Conservation of angular momentum

values:
/wiki/Universal_time
mw-redirect
Universal time

values:
/wiki/Interstellar_dust
mw-redirect
Interstellar dust

values: Formation and evolution of the Solar System

values: List of important publications in geology

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: de:Fallexperimente zum Nachweis der Erdrotation

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F368583

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/301675

values: Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers

values:
/wiki/Almagestum_novum
mw-redirect
Almagestum novum

values:
nofollow
external text
http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/leapsec.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2F1999RG900016

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-9208

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0301-9268

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11542096

values:
nofollow
external text
//arxiv.org/abs/1502.01421

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2F2016GL068912

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aa10469

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.2016.0404

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://hpiers.obspm.fr/eop-pc/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.iers.org/
external text

values:
row
navbox-group
text-align: center;;width:1%

values: Timeline of evolutionary history of life

values:
/wiki/Etymology_of_the_word_%22Earth%22
mw-redirect
Etymology of the word "Earth"

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
text-align: center;;font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: دوران الأرض – Arabic

values: পৃথিবীর আহ্নিক গতি – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Сутачнае вярчэнне Зямлі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी के घूर्णन – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Движения на Земята – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: حرکت وضعی زمین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 지구의 자전 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: כדור הארץ – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Жердин айлануусу – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Земјино вртење – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: पृथ्वीचे परिवलन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Суточное вращение Земли – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values: පෘථිවියෙහි භ්‍රමණය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values: ڌرتي جي چرپر – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: புவியின் சுழற்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Җирнең тәүлеклек әйләнүе – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: భూభ్రమణం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Обертання Землі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: Hiện tượng tự quay của Trái Đất – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Earth_s_rotation rootpage-Earth_s_rotation skin-vector action-view