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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Not to be confused with Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, a second declaration, written in 1793 but never formally adopted.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 is a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human rights.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is a important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.[1] The Declaration was directly influenced by Thomas Jefferson, working with General Lafayette, who introduced it.[2] Influenced also by the doctrine of "natural right", the rights of man are held to be universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. It became the basis for a nation of free individuals protected equally by the law. It is included in the beginning of the constitutions of both the Fourth French Republic (1946) and Fifth Republic (1958) and is still current. Inspired by the Enlightenment philosophers, the Declaration was a core statement of the values of the French Revolution and had a major impact on the development of freedom and democracy in Europe and worldwide.[3]
The Declaration, together with Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, and the United States Bill of Rights, inspired in large part the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Philosophical and theoretical context
3 Substance
3.1 Active and passive citizenship
3.2 Women's rights
3.3 Slavery
4 Legacy
4.1 Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
5 See also
5.1 Other early declarations of rights
6 Notes
7 References
7.1 Other languages
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The content of the document emerged largely from the ideals of the Enlightenment.[5] The key drafts were prepared by Lafayette, working at times with his close friend Thomas Jefferson.[6][7] In August 1789, Honoré Mirabeau played a central role in conceptualizing and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[8]
The last article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was adopted on 26 August 1789 by the National Constituent Assembly, during the period of the French Revolution, as the first step toward writing a constitution for France. Inspired by the Enlightenment, the original version of the Declaration was discussed by the representatives on the basis of a 24 article draft proposed by the sixth bureau[clarify],[9][10] led by Jérôme Champion de Cicé. The draft was later modified during the debates. A second and lengthier declaration, known as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793, was written in 1793 but never formally adopted.[11]
Philosophical and theoretical context[edit]
The concepts in the Declaration come from the philosophical and political duties of the Enlightenment, such as individualism, the social contract as theorized by the Genevan philosopher Rousseau, and the separation of powers espoused by the Baron de Montesquieu. As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration was heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment and principles of human rights as was the U.S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it (4 July 1776).
The declaration is in the spirit of "secular natural law", which does not base itself on religious doctrine or authority, in contrast with traditional natural law theory, which does.[12]
The declaration defines a single set of individual and collective rights for all men. Influenced by the doctrine of natural rights, these rights are held to be universal and valid in all times and places. For example, "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good."[13] They have certain natural rights to property, to liberty, and to life. According to this theory, the role of government is to recognize and secure these rights. Furthermore, government should be carried on by elected representatives.[12]
At the time of writing, the rights contained in the declaration were only awarded to men. Furthermore, the declaration was a statement of vision rather than reality. The declaration was not deeply rooted in either the practice of the West or even France at the time. The declaration emerged in the late 18th century out of war and revolution. It encountered opposition as democracy and individual rights were frequently regarded as synonymous with anarchy and subversion. The declaration embodies ideals and aspirations towards which France pledged to struggle in the future.[14]
Substance[edit]
The Declaration is introduced by a preamble describing the fundamental characteristics of the rights which are qualified as being "natural, unalienable and sacred" and consisting of "simple and incontestable principles" on which citizens could base their demands. In the second article, "the natural and imprescriptible rights of man" are defined as "liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression". It called for the destruction of aristocratic privileges by proclaiming an end to feudalism and to exemptions from taxation, freedom and equal rights for all "Men", and access to public office based on talent. The monarchy was restricted, and all citizens were to have the right to take part in the legislative process. Freedom of speech and press were declared, and arbitrary arrests outlawed.[15]
The Declaration also asserted the principles of popular sovereignty, in contrast to the divine right of kings that characterized the French monarchy, and social equality among citizens, "All the citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents," eliminating the special rights of the nobility and clergy.[16]
Articles:
Article I – Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can be founded only on the common good.
Article II – The goal of any political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, safety and resistance against oppression.
Article III – The principle of any sovereignty resides essentially in the Nation. No body, no individual can exert authority which does not emanate expressly from it.
Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by the law.
Article V – The law has the right to forbid only actions harmful to society. Anything which is not forbidden by the law cannot be impeded, and no one can be constrained to do what it does not order.
Article VI – The law is the expression of the general will. All the citizens have the right of contributing personally or through their representatives to its formation. It must be the same for all, either that it protects, or that it punishes. All the citizens, being equal in its eyes, are equally admissible to all public dignities, places, and employments, according to their capacity and without distinction other than that of their virtues and of their talents.
Article VII – No man can be accused, arrested nor detained but in the cases determined by the law, and according to the forms which it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders, must be punished; but any citizen called or seized under the terms of the law must obey at once; he renders himself culpable by resistance.
Article VIII – The law should establish only penalties that are strictly and evidently necessary, and no one can be punished but under a law established and promulgated before the offense and legally applied.
Article IX – Any man being presumed innocent until he is declared culpable if it is judged indispensable to arrest him, any rigor which would not be necessary for the securing of his person must be severely reprimanded by the law.
Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law.
Article XI – The free communication of thoughts and of opinions is one of the most precious rights of man: any citizen thus may speak, write, print freely, except to respond to the abuse of this liberty, in the cases determined by the law.
Article XII – The guarantee of the rights of man and of the citizen necessitates a public force: this force is thus instituted for the advantage of all and not for the particular utility of those in whom it is trusted.
Article XIII – For the maintenance of the public force and for the expenditures of administration, a common contribution is indispensable; it must be equally distributed to all the citizens, according to their ability to pay.
Article XIV – Each citizen has the right to ascertain, by himself or through his representatives, the need for a public tax, to consent to it freely, to know the uses to which it is put, and of determining the proportion, basis, collection, and duration.
Article XV – The society has the right of requesting an account from any public agent of its administration.
Article XVI – Any society in which the guarantee of rights is not assured, nor the separation of powers determined, has no Constitution.
Article XVII – Property being an inviolable and sacred right, no one can be deprived of private usage, if it is not when the public necessity, legally noted, evidently requires it, and under the condition of a just and prior indemnity.
Active and passive citizenship[edit]
While the French Revolution provided rights to a larger portion of the population, there remained a distinction between those who obtained the political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and those who did not. Those who were deemed to hold these political rights were called active citizens. Active citizenship was granted to men who were French, at least 25 years old, paid taxes equal to three days work, and could not be defined as servants (Thouret).[17] This meant that at the time of the Declaration only male property owners held these rights.[18] The deputies in the National Assembly believed that only those who held tangible interests in the nation could make informed political decisions.[19] This distinction directly affects articles 6, 12, 14, and 15 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen as each of these rights is related to the right to vote and to participate actively in the government. With the decree of 29 October 1789, the term active citizen became embedded in French politics.[20]
The concept of passive citizens was created to encompass those populations that had been excluded from political rights in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Because of the requirements set down for active citizens, the vote was granted to approximately 4.3 million Frenchmen[20] out of a population of around 29 million.[21] These omitted groups included women, slaves, children, and foreigners. As these measures were voted upon by the General Assembly, they limited the rights of certain groups of citizens while implementing the democratic process of the new French Republic (1792–1804).[19] This legislation, passed in 1789, was amended by the creators of the Constitution of the Year III in order to eliminate the label of active citizen.[22] The power to vote was then, however, to be granted solely to substantial property owners.[22]
Tensions arose between active and passive citizens throughout the Revolution. This happened when passive citizens started to call for more rights, or when they openly refused to listen to the ideals set forth by active citizens. This cartoon clearly demonstrates the difference that existed between the active and passive citizens along with the tensions associated with such differences.[23] In the cartoon, a passive citizen is holding a spade and a wealthy landowning active citizen is ordering the passive citizens to go to work. The act appears condescending to the passive citizen and it revisits the reasons why the French Revolution began in the first place.
Women, in particular, were strong passive citizens who played a significant role in the Revolution. Olympe de Gouges penned her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in 1791 and drew attention to the need for gender equality.[24] By supporting the ideals of the French Revolution and wishing to expand them to women, she represented herself as a revolutionary citizen. Madame Roland also established herself as an influential figure throughout the Revolution. She saw women of the French Revolution as holding three roles; "inciting revolutionary action, formulating policy, and informing others of revolutionary events."[25] By working with men, as opposed to working separate from men, she may have been able to further the fight of revolutionary women. As players in the French Revolution, women occupied a significant role in the civic sphere by forming social movements and participating in popular clubs, allowing them societal influence, despite their lack of direct political influence.[26]
Women's rights[edit]
The Declaration recognized many rights as belonging to citizens (who could only be male). This was despite the fact that after The March on Versailles on 5 October 1789, women presented the Women's Petition to the National Assembly in which they proposed a decree giving women equal rights.[27] In 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet and Etta Palm d'Aelders unsuccessfully called on the National Assembly to extend civil and political rights to women.[28] Condorcet declared that "he who votes against the right of another, whatever the religion, color, or sex of that other, has henceforth abjured his own".[29] The French Revolution did not lead to a recognition of women's rights and this prompted Olympe de Gouges to publish the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in September 1791.[30]
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen is modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that:
“This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights, they have lost in society”.
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen follows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as "almost a parody... of the original document". The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility." The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: "Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utility".
De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights, declaring "Women have the right to mount the scaffold, they must also have the right to mount the speaker's rostrum".[31]
Slavery[edit]
The declaration did not revoke the institution of slavery, as lobbied for by Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs and defended by the group of colonial planters called the Club Massiac because they met at the Hôtel Massiac.[32] Despite the lack of explicit mention of slavery in the Declaration, slave uprisings in Saint-Domingue in the Haitian Revolution took inspiration from its words, as discussed in C. L. R. James' history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins.[33]
Deplorable conditions for the thousands of slaves in Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony in the world, led to the uprisings which would be known as the first successful slave revolt in the New World. Slavery in the French colonies was abolished by the Convention dominated by the Jacobins in 1794. However, Napoleon reinstated it in 1802. In 1804, the colony of Saint-Domingue became an independent state, the Republic of Haiti.
Legacy[edit]
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The Declaration has also influenced and inspired rights-based liberal democracy throughout the world. It was translated as soon as 1793–1794 by Colombian Antonio Nariño, who published it despite the Inquisition and was sentenced to be imprisoned for ten years for doing so. In 2003, the document was listed on UNESCO's Memory of the World register.
Constitution of the French Fifth Republic[edit]
Main article: Constitution of the French Fifth Republic
According to the preamble of the Constitution of the French Fifth Republic (adopted on 4 October 1958, and the current constitution), the principles set forth in the Declaration have constitutional value. Many laws and regulations have been canceled because they did not comply with those principles as interpreted by the Conseil Constitutionnel ("Constitutional Council of France") or by the Conseil d'État ("Council of State").
Taxation legislation or practices that seem to make some unwarranted difference between citizens are struck down as unconstitutional.
Suggestions of positive discrimination on ethnic grounds are rejected because they infringe on the principle of equality since they would establish categories of people that would, by birth, enjoy greater rights.
See also[edit]
Human rights in France
Universality
Other early declarations of rights[edit]
Magna Carta (England, 1215)
Statute of Kalisz (Poland, 1264)
Henrician Articles and Pacta Conventa (Poland, 1573)
Petition of Right (England, 1628)
Bill of Rights (England, 1689)
Claim of Right (Scotland, 1689)
Bill of Rights (United States, 1789)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of Franchimont (modern-day Belgium, 1789)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The French title can be also translated as "Declaration of Human and Civic Rights".
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood. p. 190.
Jump up ^ Kopstein Kopstein (2000). Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order. Cambridge UP. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), American Life and Institutions, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34
Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre (2005). The Coming of the French Revolution. Princeton UP. p. 212.
Jump up ^ George Athan Billias, ed. (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776-1989: A Global Perspective. NYU Press. p. 92. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Susan Dunn, Sister Revolutions: French Lightning, American Light (1999) pp 143-45
Jump up ^ Keith Baker, "The Idea of a Declaration of Rights" in Dale Van Kley, ed. The French Idea of Freedom: The Old Regime and the Declaration of Rights of 1789 (1997) pp 154-96.
Jump up ^ The original draft is an annex to the 12 August report (Archives parlementaires, 1,e série, tome VIII, débats du 12 août 1789, p. 431).
Jump up ^ Archives parlementaires, 1e série, tome VIII, débats du 19 août 1789, p. 459.
Jump up ^ Gregory Fremont-Barnes, ed. (2007). Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760-1815. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 159 vol 1. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Merryman, John Henry; Rogelip Perez-Perdomo (2007). The civil law tradition: an introduction to the legal system of Europe and Latin America. Stanford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780804755696.
Jump up ^ First Article, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights: visions seen. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 32. ISBN 9780812218541.
Jump up ^ Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2008). Western Civilization: 1300 to 1815. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 580. ISBN 978-0-495-50289-0.
Jump up ^ von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. pp. 85–88.
Jump up ^ Thouret 1789, http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/282/
Jump up ^ Censer and Hunt 2001, p. 55.
^ Jump up to: a b Popkin 2006, p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ "Social Causes of the Revolution"
^ Jump up to: a b Doyle 1989, p. 420.
Jump up ^ "Active/Passive Citizen", http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/75/.
Jump up ^ De Gouges, "Declaration of the Rights of Women", 1791.
Jump up ^ Dalton 2001, p. 1.
Jump up ^ Levy and Applewhite 2002, pp. 319–20, 324.
Jump up ^ Women's Petition to the National Assembly
Jump up ^ Williams, Helen Maria; Neil Fraistat; Susan Sniader Lanser; David Brookshire (2001). Letters written in France. Broadview Press Ltd. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-55111-255-8.
Jump up ^ Lauren, Paul Gordon (2003). The evolution of international human rights. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0-8122-1854-1.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ Naish, Camille (1991). Death comes to the maiden: Sex and Execution, 1431–1933. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-415-05585-7.
Jump up ^ The club of reactionary colonial proprietors meeting since July 1789 were opposed to representation in the Assemblée of France's overseas dominions, for fear "that this would expose delicate colonial issues to the hazards of debate in the Assembly", as Robin Blackburn expressed it (Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776–1848 [1988:174f]); see also the speech of Jean-Baptiste Belley
Jump up ^ Cf. Heinrich August Winkler (2012), Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert, Third Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 386
References[edit]
Jack Censer and Lynn Hunt, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001.
Susan Dalton, Gender and the Shifting Ground of Revolutionary Politics: The Case of Madame Roland, Canadian Journal of History, 36, no. 2 (2001): 259–83.
William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Darline Levy and Harriet Applewhite, A Political Revolution for Women? The Case of Paris, In The French Revolution: conflicting interpretations. 5th ed. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co., 2002. 317–46.
Jeremy Popkin, A History of Modern France, Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006.
"Active Citizen/Passive Citizen", Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution (accessed 30 October 2011).
Other languages[edit]
Giorgio Del Vecchio, La déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen dans la Révolution française: contributions à l’histoire de la civilisation européenne, Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, Paris,1968.
Stéphane Rials, ed, La déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, Hachette, Paris, 1988, ISBN 2-01-014671-9.
Claude-Albert Colliard, La déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789, La Documentation française, Paris, 1990, ISBN 2-11-002329-5.
Gérard Conac, Marc Debene, Gérard Teboul, eds, La Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789; histoire, analyse et commentaires, Economica, Paris, 1993, ISBN 978-2-7178-2483-4.
Realino Marra, La giustizia penale nei princìpi del 1789, «Materiali per una storia della cultura giuridica», XXXI–2, 2001, 353–64.
Further reading[edit]
Blackburn, Robin (October 2006) "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution" The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 63, No. 4, Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, pp. 643–74.
Dittrich, Horst, actor, and translator (2012). Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen translated into Austrian übertragen, edited by ARBOS – Company for Music and Theatre, ISBN 978-3-9503173-2-9, ARBOS-Edition 2012
Kates, Gary and Hufton, Olwen. (1998) "In Search of Counter-Revolutionary Women." The French Revolution: Recent Debates and New Controversies. London: Routledge
McLean, Iain. "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and the Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen" in The Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson and the Contemporary World (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) online
Smith, George H. (2008). "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 115–17. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n73.
Wallerstein, Immanuel (2003). "Citizens all? Citizens some! The making of the citizen". Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, (4): 650
External links[edit]
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Frank Maloy Anderson The Constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1907 contains the text of the rights of man on page 59
Jacques-Guillaume Thouret, "Report on the Basis of Political Eligibility" (29 September 1789), Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, accessed 26 October 2011.
Olympe de Gouges, Declaration of the Rights of Woman, 1791, College of Staten Island Library (accessed 30 October 2011). <link is broken>
"Social Causes of the Revolution". Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, accessed 26 October 2011.
"Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789". Conseil constitutionnel (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen de 1789". Légifrance (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Déclaration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen de 1789". Ministère de la Justice et des Libertés : TEXTES & RÉFORMES (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
"Declaration of human and civic rights of 26 August 1789" (PDF). Conseil constitutionnel. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
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Second Battle of Zurich (25–26 Sep 1799)
1800
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Battle of Hohenlinden (3 Dec 1800)
League of Armed Neutrality (1800–02)
1801
Treaty of Lunéville (9 Feb 1801)
Treaty of Florence (18 Mar 1801)
Algeciras Campaign (8 Jul 1801)
1802
Treaty of Amiens (25 Mar 1802)
[show]
Military leaders
French Army
Eustache Charles d'Aoust
Pierre Augereau
Alexandre de Beauharnais
Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
Louis-Alexandre Berthier
Jean-Baptiste Bessières
Guillaume-Marie-Anne Brune
Jean François Carteaux
Jean Étienne Championnet
Chapuis de Tourville
Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
Louis-Nicolas Davout
Louis Desaix
Jacques François Dugommier
Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
Charles François Dumouriez
Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
Louis-Charles de Flers
Paul Grenier
Emmanuel de Grouchy
Jacques Maurice Hatry
Lazare Hoche
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
François Christophe de Kellermann
Jean-Baptiste Kléber
Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
Jean Lannes
Charles Leclerc
Claude Lecourbe
François Joseph Lefebvre
Jacques MacDonald
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Michel Ney
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Nicolas Oudinot
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Jean-Charles Pichegru
Józef Poniatowski
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József Alvinczi
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Grace Elliott
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Jean-Sifrein Maury
Jacques Necker
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Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
Antoine Barnave
Lafayette
Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
Charles Malo François Lameth
André Chénier
Jean-François Rewbell
Camille Jordan
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Boissy d'Anglas
Jean-Charles Pichegru
Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
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Étienne Clavière
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Charlotte Corday
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Jean Baptiste Treilhard
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Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
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Jean Debry
Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
Olympe de Gouges
Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
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The Plain
Abbé Sieyès
de Cambacérès
Charles François Lebrun
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Louis Philippe I
Mirabeau
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Jean-Henri Voulland
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and Enragés
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Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
Charles-Philippe Ronsin
Antoine-François Momoro
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François Chabot
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François Hanriot
Jacques Roux
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Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States (1801–1809)
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A Summary View of the Rights of British America (1774)
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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (1775)
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authored
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Other placenames
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Ben and Me (1953 short)
1776 (1969 musical
1972 film)
Jefferson in Paris (1995 film)
Thomas Jefferson (1997 film)
Liberty! (1997 documentary series)
Liberty's Kids (2002 animated series)
John Adams (2008 miniseries)
Jefferson's Garden (2015 play)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Jefferson–Eppes Trophy
Wine bottles controversy
Family
Peter Jefferson (father)
Jane Randolph Jefferson (mother)
Lucy Jefferson Lewis (sister)
Randolph Jefferson (brother)
Isham Randolph (grandfather)
William Randolph (great-grandfather)
Martha Jefferson (wife)
Martha Jefferson Randolph (daughter)
Mary Jefferson Eppes (daughter)
Harriet Hemings (daughter)
Madison Hemings (son)
Eston Hemings (son)
Thomas J. Randolph (grandson)
Francis Eppes (grandson)
George W. Randolph (grandson)
John Wayles Jefferson (grandson)
Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. (son-in-law)
John Wayles Eppes (son-in-law)
John Wayles (father-in-law)
Dabney Carr (brother-in-law)
Dabney Carr (nephew)
← John Adams
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Category
[show]
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George Mason
United States
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1958 (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ∙ Charter for the Environment)
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LCCN: no90010771
GND: 4200626-0
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List of NBA champions
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 23 October 2018.
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hideNational Basketball Association awards and honors
Championship
O'Brien Trophy
Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
All-Star Game MVP
Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
Community Assist Award
Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year
Lifetime Achievement Award
Honors
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
v
t
e
The National Basketball Association (NBA) (formerly Basketball Association of America (BAA) from 1946 to 1949) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA's postseason. All Finals have been played in a best-of-seven format, and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference (formerly Divisions before 1970), except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions. Prior to 1949, the playoffs were instituted a three-stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals.[1][2][3] The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
The home-and-away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2–2–1–1–1 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 5 and 7) during 1947–1948, 1950–1952, 1957–1970, 1972–1974, 1976–1977, 1979–1984, 2014–present. It was previously in a 2–3–2 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 6 and 7) during 1949, 1953–1955, and 1985–2013,[4][5][6][7][8][9] in a 1–1–1–1–1–1–1 format during 1956 and 1971[10][11] and in a 1–2–2–1–1 format during 1975 and 1978.[12][13]
The Eastern Conference/Division leads the Western Conference/Division in series won (38–32). The defunct Central Division won one championship. The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles, having won a combined 33 of 72 championships.
Contents
1 Champions
2 Results by teams
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Champions
The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams' playoff seed. The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team's NBA Finals record to date.
Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals
Year
Western Champion
Coach
Result
Eastern Champion
Coach
Reference
1947 Chicago Stags (1) (1, 0–1) Harold Olsen 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors (2) (1, 1–0) Eddie Gottlieb [14]
1948 Baltimore Bullets (2) (1, 1–0) Buddy Jeannette 4–2 Philadelphia Warriors (1) (2, 1–1) Eddie Gottlieb [15]
1949 Minneapolis Lakers (2) (1, 1–0) John Kundla 4–2 Washington Capitols (1) (1, 0–1) Red Auerbach [16]
1950 Minneapolis Lakers (1) [a] (2, 2–0) John Kundla 4–2 Syracuse Nationals (1) (1, 0–1) Al Cervi [17][18]
1951 Rochester Royals (2) (1, 1–0) Les Harrison 4–3 New York Knicks (3) (1, 0–1) Joe Lapchick [19]
1952 Minneapolis Lakers (2) (3, 3–0) John Kundla 4–3 New York Knicks (3) (2, 0–2) Joe Lapchick [20]
1953 Minneapolis Lakers (1) (4, 4–0) John Kundla 4–1 New York Knicks (1) (3, 0–3) Joe Lapchick [21]
1954 Minneapolis Lakers (1) (5, 5–0) John Kundla 4–3 Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 0–3) Al Cervi [22]
1955 Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (1, 0–1) Charles Eckman 3–4 Syracuse Nationals (1) (3, 1–2) Al Cervi [23]
1956 Fort Wayne Pistons (1) (2, 0–2) Charles Eckman 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors (1) (3, 2–1) George Senesky [24]
1957 St. Louis Hawks (1) (1, 0–1) Alex Hannum 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) (1, 1–0) Red Auerbach [25]
1958 St. Louis Hawks (1) (2, 1–1) Alex Hannum 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) (2, 1–1) Red Auerbach [26]
1959 Minneapolis Lakers (2) (6, 5–1) John Kundla 0–4 Boston Celtics (1) (3, 2–1) Red Auerbach [27]
1960 St. Louis Hawks (1) (3, 1–2) Ed Macauley 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) (4, 3–1) Red Auerbach [28]
1961 St. Louis Hawks (1) (4, 1–3) Paul Seymour 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) (5, 4–1) Red Auerbach [29]
1962 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (7, 5–2) Fred Schaus 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) (6, 5–1) Red Auerbach [30]
1963 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (8, 5–3) Fred Schaus 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) (7, 6–1) Red Auerbach [31]
1964[b] San Francisco Warriors (1) (4, 2–2) Alex Hannum 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) (8, 7–1) Red Auerbach [32]
1965 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (9, 5–4) Fred Schaus 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) (9, 8–1) Red Auerbach [33]
1966 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (10, 5–5) Fred Schaus 3–4 Boston Celtics (2) (10, 9–1) Red Auerbach [34]
1967 San Francisco Warriors (1) (5, 2–3) Bill Sharman 2–4 Philadelphia 76ers (1) (4, 2–2) Alex Hannum [35]
1968 Los Angeles Lakers (2) (11, 5–6) Butch van Breda Kolff 2–4 Boston Celtics (2) (11, 10–1) Bill Russell [36]
1969 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (12, 5–7) Butch van Breda Kolff 3–4 Boston Celtics (4) (12, 11–1) Bill Russell [37]
1970 Los Angeles Lakers (2) (13, 5–8) Joe Mullaney 3–4 New York Knicks (1) (4, 1–3) Red Holzman [38]
1971 Milwaukee Bucks (1) (1, 1–0) Larry Costello 4–0 Baltimore Bullets (1) (1, 0–1) Gene Shue [39]
1972 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (14, 6–8) Bill Sharman 4–1 New York Knicks (2) (5, 1–4) Red Holzman [40]
1973 Los Angeles Lakers (2) (15, 6–9) Bill Sharman 1–4 New York Knicks (2) (6, 2–4) Red Holzman [41]
1974 Milwaukee Bucks (1) (2, 1–1) Larry Costello 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) (13, 12–1) Tom Heinsohn [42]
1975 Golden State Warriors (1) (6, 3–3) Al Attles 4–0 Washington Bullets (2) (2, 0–2) K.C. Jones [43]
1976 Phoenix Suns (3) (1, 0–1) John MacLeod 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) (14, 13–1) Tom Heinsohn [44]
1977[c] Portland Trail Blazers (3) (1, 1–0) Jack Ramsey 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (1) (5, 2–3) Gene Shue [47]
1978 Seattle SuperSonics (4) (1, 0–1) Lenny Wilkens 3–4 Washington Bullets (3) (3, 1–2) Dick Motta [48]
1979 Seattle SuperSonics (1) (2, 1–1) Lenny Wilkens 4–1 Washington Bullets (1) (4, 1–3) Dick Motta [49]
1980 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (16, 7–9) Paul Westhead 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (3) (6, 2–4) Billy Cunningham [50]
1981 Houston Rockets (6) (1, 0–1) Del Harris 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) (15, 14–1) Bill Fitch [51]
1982 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (17, 8–9) Pat Riley 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (3) (7, 2–5) Billy Cunningham [52]
1983 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (18, 8–10) Pat Riley 0–4 Philadelphia 76ers (1) (8, 3–5) Billy Cunningham [53]
1984[d] Los Angeles Lakers (1) (19, 8–11) Pat Riley 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) (16, 15–1) K.C. Jones [54]
1985 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (20, 9–11) Pat Riley 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) (17, 15–2) K.C. Jones [55]
1986 Houston Rockets (2) (2, 0–2) Bill Fitch 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) (18, 16–2) K.C. Jones [56]
1987 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (21, 10–11) Pat Riley 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) (19, 16–3) K.C. Jones [57]
1988 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (22, 11–11) Pat Riley 4–3 Detroit Pistons (2) (3, 0–3) Chuck Daly [58]
1989 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (23, 11–12) Pat Riley 0–4 Detroit Pistons (1) (4, 1–3) Chuck Daly [59]
1990 Portland Trail Blazers (3) (2, 1–1) Rick Adelman 1–4 Detroit Pistons (1) (5, 2–3) Chuck Daly [60]
1991 Los Angeles Lakers (3) (24, 11–13) Mike Dunleavy 1–4 Chicago Bulls (1) (1, 1–0) Phil Jackson [61]
1992 Portland Trail Blazers (1) (3, 1–2) Rick Adelman 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) (2, 2–0) Phil Jackson [62]
1993 Phoenix Suns (1) (2, 0–2) Paul Westphal 2–4 Chicago Bulls (2) (3, 3–0) Phil Jackson [63]
1994 Houston Rockets (2) (3, 1–2) Rudy Tomjanovich 4–3 New York Knicks (2) (7, 2–5) Pat Riley [64]
1995 Houston Rockets (6) (4, 2–2) Rudy Tomjanovich 4–0 Orlando Magic (1) (1, 0–1) Brian Hill [65]
1996 Seattle SuperSonics (1) (3, 1–2) George Karl 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) (4, 4–0) Phil Jackson [66]
1997 Utah Jazz (1) (1, 0–1) Jerry Sloan 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) (5, 5–0) Phil Jackson [67]
1998 Utah Jazz (1) (2, 0–2) Jerry Sloan 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) (6, 6–0) Phil Jackson [68]
1999[e] San Antonio Spurs (1) (1, 1–0) Gregg Popovich 4–1 New York Knicks (8) (8, 2–6) Jeff Van Gundy [70]
2000 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (25, 12–13) Phil Jackson 4–2 Indiana Pacers (1) (1, 0–1) Larry Bird [71]
2001 Los Angeles Lakers (2) (26, 13–13) Phil Jackson 4–1 Philadelphia 76ers (1) (9, 3–6) Larry Brown [72]
2002 Los Angeles Lakers (3) (27, 14–13) Phil Jackson 4–0 New Jersey Nets (1) (1, 0–1) Byron Scott [73]
2003 San Antonio Spurs (1) (2, 2–0) Gregg Popovich 4–2 New Jersey Nets (2) (2, 0–2) Byron Scott [74]
2004 Los Angeles Lakers (2) (28, 14–14) Phil Jackson 1–4 Detroit Pistons (3) (6, 3–3) Larry Brown [75]
2005 San Antonio Spurs (2) (3, 3–0) Gregg Popovich 4–3 Detroit Pistons (2) (7, 3–4) Larry Brown [76]
2006 Dallas Mavericks (4) (1, 0–1) Avery Johnson 2–4 Miami Heat (2) (1, 1–0) Pat Riley [77]
2007 San Antonio Spurs (3) (4, 4–0) Gregg Popovich 4–0 Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (1, 0–1) Mike Brown [78]
2008 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (29, 14–15) Phil Jackson 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) (20, 17–3) Doc Rivers [79]
2009 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (30, 15–15) Phil Jackson 4–1 Orlando Magic (3) (2, 0–2) Stan Van Gundy [80]
2010 Los Angeles Lakers (1) (31, 16–15) Phil Jackson 4–3 Boston Celtics (4) (21, 17–4) Doc Rivers [81]
2011 Dallas Mavericks (3) (2, 1–1) Rick Carlisle 4–2 Miami Heat (2) (2, 1–1) Erik Spoelstra [82]
2012[f] Oklahoma City Thunder (2) (4, 1–3) Scott Brooks 1–4 Miami Heat (2) (3, 2–1) Erik Spoelstra [85]
2013 San Antonio Spurs (2) (5, 4–1) Gregg Popovich 3–4 Miami Heat (1) (4, 3–1) Erik Spoelstra [86]
2014 San Antonio Spurs (1) (6, 5–1) Gregg Popovich 4–1 Miami Heat (2) (5, 3–2) Erik Spoelstra [87]
2015 Golden State Warriors (1) (7, 4–3) Steve Kerr 4–2 Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (2, 0–2) David Blatt [88]
2016 Golden State Warriors (1) (8, 4–4) Steve Kerr 3–4 Cleveland Cavaliers (1) (3, 1–2) Tyronn Lue [89]
2017 Golden State Warriors (1) (9, 5–4) Steve Kerr 4–1 Cleveland Cavaliers (2) (4, 1–3) Tyronn Lue [90]
2018 Golden State Warriors (2) (10, 6–4) Steve Kerr 4–0 Cleveland Cavaliers (4) (5, 1–4) Tyronn Lue [91]
Results by teams
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost
Boston Celtics 17 4 21 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008 1958, 1985, 1987, 2010
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008
Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors 6 4 10 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017, 2018 1948, 1964, 1967, 2016
Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 —
San Antonio Spurs 5 1 6 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014 2013
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 3 6 9 1955, 1967, 1983 1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001
Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons 3 4 7 1989, 1990, 2004 1955, 1956, 1988, 2005
Miami Heat 3 2 5 2006, 2012, 2013 2011, 2014
New York Knicks 2 6 8 1970, 1973 1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999
Houston Rockets 2 2 4 1994, 1995 1981, 1986
Cleveland Cavaliers 1 4 5 2016 2007, 2015, 2017, 2018
St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks 1 3 4 1958 1957, 1960, 1961
Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards 1 3 4 1978 1971, 1975, 1979
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder 1 3 4 1979 1978, 1996, 2012
Portland Trail Blazers 1 2 3 1977 1990, 1992
Milwaukee Bucks 1 1 2 1971 1974
Dallas Mavericks 1 1 2 2011 2006
Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g] 1 0 1 1948 —
Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings 1 0 1 1951 —
Phoenix Suns 0 2 2 — 1976, 1993
New Orleans/Utah Jazz 0 2 2 — 1997, 1998
New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets 0 2 2 — 2002, 2003
Orlando Magic 0 2 2 — 1995, 2009
Chicago Stags (folded in 1950) 0 1 1 — 1947
Washington Capitols (folded in 1951) 0 1 1 — 1949
Indiana Pacers 0 1 1 — 2000
Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers — — —
Charlotte Hornets/Bobcats — — —
Denver Nuggets — — —
Minnesota Timberwolves — — —
New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans — — —
Toronto Raptors — — —
Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies — — —
See also
National Basketball Association portal
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
List of NBA Development League champions
List of NBA championship head coaches
List of NBA players with most championships
Notes
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[17]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.
Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[45][46]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.[69]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[83][84]
Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.
References
Jump up ^ Rosen, Charley (2008). The First Tip-Off: The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA. Mc-Graw Hill. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-07-148785-6.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Corrie; Reheuser, Rob; et al. (2006). Sporting News Official 2006–2007 NBA Guide. Sporting News Books. ISBN 978-0-89204-854-0.
Jump up ^ Brown, Donald H. (2007). A Best of Basketball Story. AuthorHouse. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-1-4343-4193-8.
Jump up ^ "1948–49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1952–53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1953–54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1954–55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Bob (June 23, 2005). "Time to turn back clock on format". Boston Globe. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Windhorst, Brian (October 23, 2013). "Vote is unanimous to change Finals". ESPN.com. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "1955–56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1970–71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1974–75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "1977–78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Win Inaugural Finals". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "NBA & ABA Champions". Basketball-Reference.com.
Jump up ^ "Mikan, Lakers Begin Championship Run". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "1949–50 NBA Season Summary". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers: First Champs of Newly Formed NBA". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Royals Reign, Despite Knicks' Unlikely Comeback". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Nats Win First Title of Shot-Clock Era". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Warriors Reign Over League's 10th Season". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hawks Force Game 7, But Celtics Repeat". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics, Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Cousy Retires as Six-Time Champion". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boston 'D' at Center of Title Defense". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boston is Alive and Well". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "West's Heroics Can't Deprive Russell of 11th Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Big O' Completes Bucks' Championship Run". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Knicks Win One for the 'Aged'". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Barry's Warriors Produce Epic Upset". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Triple-OT Classic Highlights Boston's 13th Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy". NBA.com. National Basketball Association. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The trophies". St. Petersburg Times. Times Publishing Company. April 10, 2003. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Walton, Lucas Ignite 'Blazermania'". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Fat Lady' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "DJ Leads the Way for Sonics". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Return to Glory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers' Arduous Season Ends in Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Moses Helps Dr. J, Sixers Reach Promised Land". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Win First Bird-Magic Finals Showdown". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kareem, Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bad Boys Still the Best". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Paxson's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Houston's Championship: Dream Come True". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bulls' Record-Setting Season Ends in Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Jordan's Jumper Secures Chicago's Sixth Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ Donovan, John (February 4, 1999). "Let the semi-season begin: Expect injuries, intensity and a new champion in '99". CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Little General' Marches Spurs to First Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Take Two for Tinseltown". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "A Sweeping Statement". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Storybook Spurs!". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Motown back at #1". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Winning is fundamental". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Wade's world is Title Town". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Sweeping success: Spurs win it!". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Return to Glory: Celtics Win NBA Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ "L.A. Finishes Off Magic, Claims 15th Championship". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Revenge! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cuban finally ends silence, emerges as a champion". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Beck, Howard (November 28, 2011). "Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011–12 NBA Season Summary". Basketball-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian (June 21, 2012). "Champs! James' triple-double lifts Heat to title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian (June 20, 2013). "LeBron leads Heat to second straight title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian (June 15, 2014). "Spurs beat Heat 104-87 in Game 5 to win NBA title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Withers, Tom (June 16, 2015). "Warriors win NBA title, down LeBron, Cavs 105-97 in Game 6". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016 NBA Finals". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2017 NBA Finals – Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 NBA Finals – Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
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NBA.com: List of champions
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1974: Boston Celtics
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