text:
Hibachi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the American basketball player, see Gilbert Arenas.
For the video game boss with the same name, see DoDonpachi.
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A porcelain hibachi
Primitive hibachi before Edo period (Fukagawa Edo Museum)
A traditional charcoal hibachi, made circa 1880~1900
House of Edo period (Fukagawa Edo Museum)
The hibachi (Japanese: 火鉢, "fire bowl") is a traditional Japanese heating device. It consists of a round, cylindrical or a box-shaped open-topped container, made from or lined with a heatproof material and designed to hold burning charcoal.
In North America, the term "hibachi" refers to a small cooking stove heated by charcoal (called shichirin in Japanese) or to an iron hot plate (teppan) used in teppanyaki restaurants.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Use
3 Usage in English
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
It is not known when the hibachi was first used in Japan. Written records suggest that it was in use by the Heian period (794–1185 AD).
Owing to the low availability of metal in Japan, early hibachis were made from dug-out cypress wood lined with clay. However, craftsmen soon began to make more decorative versions with lacquered finishes, gold leaf, and other artistic embellishments. Stronger materials such as metal and ceramics became popular over time. Traditional hibachis can be very attractive objects and are today sometimes sold as antiques. They were originally used mainly by the samurai classes and aristocrats but gradually spread among the general population. Their design developed throughout the Edo period.
For most of its history the hibachi was used for heating, but it has been put to many uses: for example, as a cigarette lighter and portable stove for Japanese troops during World War II.
The hibachi was a common sight in Japan before the Second World War and was often seen in waiting rooms at train stations; it became a rarity and was gradually replaced by the oil heaters now commonplace in Japan. (Central heating is relatively rare in Japanese homes.) Hibachis remain in use in some traditional settings, such as tea ceremony, older stores, and outdoor festivals in winter, such as setsubun.
Use[edit]
As with other braziers, charcoal often sits on a layer of ash. To handle the charcoal, most often a pair of metal chopsticks are used, similar to Western fire irons and tongs, called hibashi (火箸, fire chopsticks).
Usage in English[edit]
Teppanyaki chef cooks on a modern gas-powered griddle in a Japanese-themed steakhouse
The traditional Japanese hibachi is a heating device and not usually used for cooking. In English, however, "hibachi" often refers to small cooking grills typically made of aluminium or cast iron, with the latter generally being of higher quality. Owing to their small size, hibachi grills are popular as a form of portable barbecue. They resemble traditional, Japanese, charcoal-heated cooking utensils called shichirin. It has been suggested[by whom?] that these grills were confusingly marketed as "hibachi" when they were introduced to North America because that word was easier than "shichirin" for English speakers to pronounce. Click here to listen to the pronunciation of "shichirin" (help·info)
Alternatively, "hibachi-style" is often used in the United States as a term for Japanese teppanyaki cooking, in which gas-heated hotplates are integrated into tables around which many people (often multiple parties) can sit and eat at once. The chef performs the cooking in front of the diners, typically with theatrical flair—such as lighting a volcano-shaped stack of raw onion hoops on fire.
See also[edit]
Kotatsu
List of stoves
Stove
Portable stove
Grill
References[edit]
Koizumi, K. (1986). Traditional Japanese Furniture: A Definitive Guide. Tokyo: Kodansha International. ISBN 978-0-87011-722-0
Katoh, A. S. & Katoh, Y. (1996). Blue and White Japan. Hong Kong: Turtle Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-8048-2052-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibachi&oldid=799445126"
Categories:
Cooking techniques
Japanese pottery
Japanese words and phrases
Stoves
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2015
All articles lacking in-text citations
Articles needing additional references from April 2012
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Japanese-language text
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2010
Articles with hAudio microformats
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Čeština
Esperanto
Français
日本語
Русский
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 September 2017, at 19:45.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: /wiki/DoDonpachi mw-redirect DoDonpachi

value: img

value: td

value: b

values: Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Japanese_home
mw-redirect
Japanese home

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2010)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Grill_(cooking)
mw-redirect
Grill (cooking)

values: International Standard Book Number (identifier)

values: Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2015

values: Category:All articles lacking in-text citations

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2012

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2010

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hibachi
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Hibachi&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibachi
Hibachi – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: Хибати – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hibachi rootpage-Hibachi skin-vector action-view


text:
Kristen Schaal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Kristen Schaal
Schaal at the 2016 WonderCon in Los Angeles, California
Born
Kristen Joy Schaal
(1978-01-24) January 24, 1978 (age 40)
Longmont, Colorado, U.S.
Residence
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
voice actress
comedian
writer
Years active
1999–present
Spouse(s)
Rich Blomquist[1][2] (m. 2012)
Children
1
Comedy career
Medium
Stand-up
film
television
Genres
Observational comedy
satire
political satire
Kristen Joy Schaal (/ʃɑːl/;[3] born January 24, 1978) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian, and writer. She is best known for her current role as Louise Belcher on Bob's Burgers (since 2011), as well as for playing Mel on Flight of the Conchords, the over-sexed nurse Hurshe Heartshe on The Heart, She Holler, Carol on The Last Man on Earth, and Mabel Pines on Gravity Falls.
She also provides several voices for BoJack Horseman, most notably for the character of Sarah Lynn, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance. Other roles include Amanda Simmons on The Hotwives of Orlando, Hazel Wassername on 30 Rock, Victoria Best on WordGirl, Trixie in Toy Story 3, and Anne on Wilfred. She was also an occasional commentator on The Daily Show from 2008 to 2016.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Live comedy
2.2 Film, TV and radio
2.3 Books
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Schaal was born in Longmont, Colorado, to a Lutheran family of Dutch ancestry.[4] She was raised on her family's cattle ranch, in a rural area near Boulder.[4] Her father is a construction worker and her mother is a secretary.[5] She has a brother, David, who is three years older.[5] She graduated from Northwestern University and then moved to New York in 2000 to pursue a comedy career. In 2005, she had her first break when she was included in New York magazine's article "The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You've Never Heard Of".[6]
Career[edit]
Schaal and comedy partner Kurt Braunohler onstage in 2010
Live comedy[edit]
In 2006, Schaal performed at the 2006 HBO US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, where she won the award for "Best Alternative Comedian". She was also the winner of the second annual Andy Kaufman Award (hosted by the New York Comedy Festival), Best Female Stand-up at the 2006 Nightlife Awards in New York City, and "Best Female Stand Up Comedian" at the 2007 ECNY Awards.[7] At the 2008 Melbourne International Comedy Festival, she won the Barry Award for her show Kristen Schaal As You Have Probably Never Seen Her Before, tying with Nina Conti.[8] Also in 2006, Schaal appeared on the first season of the Comedy Central show Live at Gotham.[9] She co-hosts the weekly variety show Hot Tub in Los Angeles, which was voted "Best Variety Show of 2005" by Time-Out New York's readers poll. She also performs at the Peoples Improv Theater on the improv team, "Big Black Car", which was awarded best improv troupe of 2005 at the Emerging Comics of New York Awards. She is a founding member of the theatre company The Striking Viking Story Pirates, which adapts stories by children into sketches and songs.
Schaal performed live at the Edinburgh Fringe 2007 in Scotland, where she was one of six acts (chosen from over two hundred American productions at the Fringe) requested to perform at the US Consul General-sponsored "Fringe USA" Showcase.
On her return to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in August 2008, Schaal was nominated for the If.comedy award for Kristen Schaal And Kurt Braunohler: Double Down Hearts.[10]
Schaal has also performed at the Royal Albert Hall, London, as part of The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008 in aid of Amnesty International, and at the Bonnaroo 2009 music festival. In 2010, Schaal appeared as a stand-up comic on John Oliver's New York Stand Up Show and at the Solid Sound Festival at the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art.
Film, TV and radio[edit]
Schaal at the Brooklyn Book Festival (2010)
Schaal appeared on HBO's Flight of the Conchords as the stalker-fan Mel, a role which earned her an EWwy nomination for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2009. She was also a credited consultant and writer for Season 11 of South Park, appeared on the BBC's Never Mind the Buzzcocks and played the boss in Fuse's mockumentary The Intern. She made her first appearance as a "special commentator" on Comedy Central's The Daily Show on March 13, 2008, often presented in recurring appearances as its news team's "Senior Women's Issues Correspondent". On April 13, 2008, she made an appearance on Good News Week during the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and in October 2008 she appeared in Amnesty International's The Secret Policeman's Ball 2008.
Her other film and television credits include Kate and Leopold, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, Snake 'n' Bacon, Norbit, Get Him to the Greek, Conviction, Cheap Seats, Freak Show, Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant, Adam and Steve, The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard, Delirious, Australian show Good News Week, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, The Education of Max Bickford, Comedy Central's Contest Searchlight, Ugly Betty, How I Met Your Mother, MTV's Human Giant and Mad Men. She was also a contributor to the sketch/music series The Nighttime Clap on the Fuse music network. She also appeared on Fuse's original comedy series The P.A. Schaal appeared in two TV pilots written and directed by Jersey City comedian Dan McNamara -- The Calderons and Redeeming Rainbow, both of which were screened as official selections at the 2006 and 2007 New York Television Festivals. She was also in television commercials for Wendy's, RadioShack, Starburst and Zaxby's. She made an appearance, in April 2008, on the IFC sketch comedy show The Whitest Kids U' Know. On April 3, 2009 she taped an episode of Comedy Central Presents.[11] In 2010, she added her voice to the PBS Kids GO! series WordGirl as Victoria Best, a child prodigy whose parents taught her to be the best at everything that she does.[12] Schaal voiced 13-year-old Mabel Pines on Disney Channel's hit TV series Gravity Falls. She currently voices the character Louise on the FOX Network series Bob's Burgers.
She also stars in A. D. Miles' MyDamnChannel.com series Horrible People. In October 2008, Schaal appeared in an episode of Spicks and Specks. On June 10, 2009, Schaal broadcast her first radio show, High Five!!, on Sirius XM Radio's 'RawDog' channel with co-host Kurt Braunohler.[13] She played Gertha Teeth in the 2009 movie The Vampire's Assistant. Schaal stars in her own web series, Penelope Princess of Pets, one episode of which doubled as the video for the New Pornographers' "Mutiny, I Promise You".[14] She voiced Trixie the Triceratops in Toy Story 3 and Pumpkin Witch and Palace Witch in Shrek Forever After.[15] She was also in the music video for Joey Ramone's "New York City". She also guest starred in the Modern Family episode "Fifteen Percent", as well as the music video for "Conversation 16" by The National. Schaal guest starred on the MC Frontalot album Solved. She was featured with Kurt Braunohler on the Radiolab episode "Loops".[16] Schaal was in a commercial for the Xperia Play version of Minecraft.
Schaal guest starred on The Simpsons May 8, 2011 episode "Homer Scissorhands" in which she plays Taffy, a love interest of Milhouse. She is incorrectly listed in the credits as "Kristen Schall". This prompted Simpsons writers to issue her a unique apology on the next week's episode in which Bart's chalkboard joke in the intro to the show states "It's Kristen Schaal, not Kristen Schall." Schaal also appeared in a music video for "Weird Al" Yankovic's 2014 song "Tacky", a parody of Pharrell Williams's "Happy".
In 2013, Schaal guest starred in the two part episode "Sea Tunt" of Archer, lending her voice to a character named Tiffy.[17][18]
In 2014, Schaal co-starred alongside Casey Wilson, Danielle Schneider, Tymberlee Hill, Andrea Savage, and Angela Kinsey in the first season of the Hulu original series The Hotwives of Orlando. She co-starred alongside Will Forte in the FOX comedy The Last Man on Earth, which premiered on March 1, 2015.
Schaal also voices the character Sarah Lynn in the Netflix original animated series BoJack Horseman.[19] In 2017, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for her performance as Sarah Lynn.
Schaal appeared in A Walk in the Woods (2015) as hiker Mary Ellen.[20]
In 2016, Schaal was a panelist on episode 1 of the British comedy show The Big Fat Quiz of Everything, a spinoff of The Big Fat Quiz of the Year.
Books[edit]
Schaal wrote a book of humor, The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex, with her husband, former Daily Show writer Rich Blomquist. It was published in July 2010 by Chronicle Books.[1] She originally intended for them to write the book under pseudonyms, "because I don't want anyone to imagine me doing those things,"[21] but realized it would be harder to promote the book without using their real names.
Personal life[edit]
Schaal has been married to Daily Show staff writer Rich Blomquist since 2012.[1][2] On February 11, 2018, Schaal announced on Instagram that she had given birth to their first child, a daughter named Ruby.[22]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Kate & Leopold Miss Tree
2004 Poster Boy Bookstore Lady #14
2005 Adam & Steve Ruth
2006 Delirious Joelle
2007 Norbit Event Organizer
2009 The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard Stewardess Stacey
Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant Gertha Teeth
2010 When in Rome Ilona
Valentine's Day Ms. Gilroy
Shrek Forever After Pumpkin / Palace Witch Voice
Get Him to the Greek Production Assistant
Toy Story 3 Trixie Voice
Dinner for Schmucks Susana
Going the Distance Female Bartender
2011 Butter Carol-Ann Stevenson
Hawaiian Vacation Trixie Voice, short film
The Muppets Moderator
2012 Sleepwalk with Me Cynthia
2013 Despicable Me 2 Shannon Voice
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Barb
Welcome to the Jungle Brenda
2015 A Walk in the Woods Mary Ellen
2016 Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie Gloria / Deborah Voice
The Boss Sandy Haim
2017 All Nighter Roberta
Literally, Right Before Aaron Talula
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie Edith Voice
Austin Found Nancy
2018 Boundaries JoJo Jaconi
2019 Toy Story 4 Trixie Voice, in production
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Ntune: The Life of a Boyband Melissa Colby Short
2001–02 The Education of Max Bickford Valerie Holmes 3 episodes
2004 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Abby Episode: "Brotherhood"
2005 Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker Emily Episode: "Dog Show/World Beard and Mustache Championship"
2006 Conviction Allie Rubinoff Episode: "Madness"
Ugly Betty Nancy Episode: "Pilot"
Six Degrees Gail 2 episodes
Freak Show Various (voice) 7 episodes
2007 Scott Bateman Presents Various (voice) 2 episodes
Law & Order: Criminal Intent Alana Binder Episode: "30"
Human Giant Girl in Doritos Commercial Episode: "Lil 9-11"
Mad Men Nannette Episode: "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes"
How I Met Your Mother Laura Girard Episode: "The Platinum Rule"
2007–09 Flight of the Conchords Mel 21 episodes
2008 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Tammy Tangerine (voice) Episode: "Bible Fruit"
The Whitest Kids U'Know Homeless Woman Episode: "2.9"
2009 Xavier: Renegade Angel Various (voice) Episode: "Going Normal"
Snake 'n' Bacon The Green Fairy Episode: "Pilot"[23]
Comedy Showcase Tourist Episode: "The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret"
2010 Modern Family Whitney Episode: "Fifteen Percent"
Comedy Lab Penelope Episode: "Penelope Princess of Pets"
Fact Checkers Unit Paula Episode: "One Groundhog Day Dog"
Scared Shrekless Sugar the Gingerbread Girl (voice) Short
2010–15 WordGirl Victoria Best (voice) 5 episodes
2011 The Simpsons Taffy (voice) Episode: "Homer Scissorhands"[24]
The Penguins of Madagascar Muffy / Buffy / Fluffy (voice) Episode: "Operation: Neighbor Swap"
Soul Quest Overdrive Tammy (voice) 5 episodes
The Heart, She Holler Hershe Heartshe 6 episodes
2011–12 American Dad! Librarian / Girl (voices) 2 episodes
2011–present Bob's Burgers Louise Belcher (voice) Lead role
Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
2012 The Daily Show Mrs. Blomstein Episode: "Seth MacFarlane"
2012–13 30 Rock Hazel Wassername 11 episodes
2012–14 Adventure Time Jake Jr. (voice) 4 episodes
2012–16 Gravity Falls Mabel Pines (voice) Lead role; 39 episodes
2013 Archer Tiffy (voice) 2 episodes
Wilfred Anne 4 episodes
NTSF:SD:SUV:: Deborah Episode: "Trading Faces"
Toy Story of Terror Trixie (voice) Short
2013–16 Comedy Bang! Bang! Gina Guppies Episode: "Jessica Alba Wears a Jacket with Patent Leather Pumps"
2014 The Hotwives of Orlando Amanda Simmons Series regular; 7 episodes
Glee Mary Halloran Episode: "The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"
Toy Story That Time Forgot Trixie (voice) Short
2014–17 BoJack Horseman Sarah Lynn / Various (voices) 11 episodes
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
2015 Axe Cop God (voice) Episode: "Axe Cop Saves God"
The Hotwives of Las Vegas Amanda Simmons Episode: "Old Friends, New Enemies"
2015–18 The Last Man on Earth Carol Pilbasian Main role; 65 episodes
2016 Wander Over Yonder Mavis (voice) Episode: "The Cartoon"
Brad Neely's Harg Nallin' Sclopio Peepio Various (voice) Episode: "For Sarandon"
Great Minds with Dan Harmon Amelia Earhart Episode: "Amelia Earhart"
Transformers: Rescue Bots Chickadee (voice) Episode: "Camp Cody"
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaal, Kristen; Blomquist, Rich (July 28, 2010). The Sexy Book of Sexy Sex. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0811871266.
^ Jump up to: a b Friedlander, Whitney (6 May 2016). "'Daily Show's' Rich Blomquist Signs Overall with Fox TV". Variety. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson: The Science of Sex". Retrieved August 12, 2013. The original Dutch pronunciation would be /sxaːl/.
^ Jump up to: a b Patterson, John (October 15, 2010). "Kristen Schaal: The toast of American comedy". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Kooky Monster". The Age. Melbourne. March 23, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Todd, Charlie (September 26, 2005). "The Ten Funniest New Yorkers You've Never Heard Of". New York Magazine. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "4th Annual ECNY Award Winners". ECNY Awards. February 10, 2011. Archived from the original on May 1, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Kent, Melissa (April 13, 2008). "Top comics grin and share the main prize". The Age. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Strachan, Alex (October 17, 2009). "Live at Gotham a Prerequisite for the Big Time". Edmonton Journal. Archived from the original on May 23, 2012. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Edinburgh Festival If.comedy award shortlist announced". The List. August 20, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "COMEDY CENTRAL(R) Gets the New Year Rolling with Laughter!". PR Newswire. Bloomberg. January 5, 2009. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Liu, Ed (June 10, 2009). "Scholastic Media Renews "WordGirl" for 26 More Episodes". ToonZone.net. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brophy-Warren, Jamin (June 10, 2009). ""Flight of the Conchords" Meets "South Park" on Satellite Radio". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Schaal (COMEDIAN)". The Believer. June 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Chen, David (October 12, 2009). "Lee Unkrich Announces Kristen Schaal and Blake Clark Cast in Toy Story 3; Toy Story 3D Double Feature To Stay in Theaters". /Film. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kristen Schaal". Radiolab. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Quintana, Anna (June 13, 2016). "Danger Zone: Here Are 11 of the Best Celebrity Guest Stars to Ever Appear on 'Archer'!". Life & Style. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saraiya, Sonia (April 4, 2013). "Archer: "Sea Tunt: Part I"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Paskin, Willa (August 22, 2014). "The Longest Face". Slate. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bowman, Jordan (September 4, 2015). "What "A Walk in the Woods" Gets Wrong About Thru-Hiking and the Appalachian Trail". The Trek. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powers, Nicole (December 10, 2008). "Kristen Schaal: Confessions of a Disappointed Hillary Supporter". SuicideGirls. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schaal, Kristen (February 11, 2018). "After years of trying and some experimental fertility treatments, Rich and I had a baby! Everyone meet Ruby!". Instagram.
Jump up ^ "Snake'N'Bacon's Cartoon Cabaret". michaelkupperman.com. Retrieved November 16, 2017. Segments of the book were later animated, first for the Comedy Central show TV Funhouse in early 2001, then for the Adult Swim pilot Snake'N'Bacon in 2009.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (May 16, 2011). "Credit Where It's Due: A 'Simpsons' Spelling Lesson". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kristen Schaal.
Kristen Schaal on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 6294 4462
LCCN: no2009096111
VIAF: 90569873
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Schaal&oldid=856681130"
Categories:
1978 births
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Colorado
American film actresses
American Lutherans
American people of Dutch descent
American people of German descent
American stand-up comedians
American television actresses
American television writers
American voice actresses
American women comedians
Annie Award winners
Living people
Northwestern University alumni
People from Longmont, Colorado
Women television writers
Hidden categories:
Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
تۆرکجه
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
Kiswahili
Latina
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Norsk
Occitan
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
26 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 22:42 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

values: How this comedian performs, e.g. stand-up comedy, film or television actor, etc.

values:
/wiki/The_Hotwives_of_Orlando
mw-redirect
The Hotwives of Orlando

values:
/wiki/Hazel_Wassername
mw-redirect
Hazel Wassername

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/US_Comedy_Arts_Festival
mw-redirect
US Comedy Arts Festival

values:
/wiki/Hot_Tub_Variety_Show
mw-redirect
Hot Tub Variety Show

values:
/wiki/Improvisational_comedy
mw-redirect
Improvisational comedy

values:
/wiki/The_Striking_Viking_Story_Pirates
mw-redirect
The Striking Viking Story Pirates

values: Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art

values:
/wiki/Kate_and_Leopold
mw-redirect
Kate and Leopold

values: Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant

values:
/wiki/Jersey_City
mw-redirect
Jersey City

values:
/wiki/PBS_Kids_GO!
mw-redirect
PBS Kids GO!

values:
/wiki/The_Vampire%27s_Assistant
mw-redirect
The Vampire's Assistant

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Donald Trump's The Art of the Deal: The Movie

values: Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie

values: 30 (Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode)

values: The Platinum Rule (How I Met Your Mother)

values: The Marines (Aqua Teen Hunger Force Episode)

values:
/wiki/The_Whitest_Kids_U%27Know
mw-redirect
The Whitest Kids U'Know

values:
/wiki/Toy_Story_of_Terror
mw-redirect
Toy Story of Terror

values:
/wiki/Glee_(TV_Series)
mw-redirect
Glee (TV Series)

values: Brad Neely's Harg Nallin' Sclopio Peepio

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1102891/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000062944462

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/90569873

values: Category:American people of Dutch descent

values: Category:American people of German descent

values: Category:Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Kristen_Schaal
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: كريستين شال – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کریستین شال – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 크리스틴 셜 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Шаал, Кристен – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 克里斯汀·沙爾 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Kristen_Schaal rootpage-Kristen_Schaal skin-vector action-view


text:
Meanwhile (Futurama)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Meanwhile"
Futurama episode
Episode no.
Season 7
Episode 26
Directed by
Peter Avanzino
Written by
Ken Keeler
Featured music
Étude Op. 10, No. 3 by Frédéric Chopin
Production code
7ACV26
Original air date
September 4, 2013
Opening caption
"Avenge Us"
Episode chronology
← Previous
"Stench and Stenchibility" Next →
—
Futurama (season 7)
List of Futurama episodes
"Meanwhile" is the series finale of the American animated television series Futurama. It serves as the 26th episode of the seventh season, and the 140th episode of the series overall. The episode was written by Ken Keeler and directed by Peter Avanzino.[1] It premiered on Comedy Central in the United States on September 4, 2013, along with a talk show special called Futurama Live that was aired prior to and following the episode.
Set in a retro-futuristic 31st century, the series follows the adventures of the employees of Planet Express, an interplanetary delivery company. As the conclusion to the series, "Meanwhile" revolves around the romantic relationship between Fry and Leela. In the episode, Professor Farnsworth invents a button that allows the user to travel backwards in time by 10 seconds. However, the button is stolen and abused by Fry, who wants to use it to prolong the sunset during a romantic dinner after his marriage proposal to Leela.
Due to the recurrently uncertain production status of Futurama, "Meanwhile" is the fourth episode written to serve as an ending to the series. It follows "The Devil's Hands Are Idle Playthings", Into the Wild Green Yonder and "Overclockwise", all of which were also written by Ken Keeler.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 References
4 External links
Plot[edit]
The crew delivers a package to Luna Park, with Fry and Leela both mentioning that this is where they went on their first delivery. In the park, they go on a ride called the "Mecha-Hexadecapus". During the ride, Bender vomits out nuts and bolts and one of them jams the ride's gears, causing Leela to fly out of the ride and out of the park's glass dome and into space. Leela survives, however the worry of losing her again cements Fry’s decision to propose to her. Back at the Planet Express building, The Professor announces two new inventions: a time button that causes the entire universe to jump backward 10 seconds in time, and a shelter that shields people from the button's effects. Fry takes the button and uses it to repeatedly steal candidate diamonds for an engagement ring. After presenting the ring to Leela, he invites her to meet him atop the Vampire State Building at 6:30 pm if she agrees to marry him. If she does not arrive, he will infer rejection. His plan is to use the button to make the sunset last as long as he and Leela want. He is heartbroken when, at what his watch tells him is 7:02 pm, she has still not arrived. He jumps off the roof, but sees Leela is approaching and notes the building's clock reads 6:25; his watch has continued to run normally through all his uses of the button. He tries to undo the jump but, because he has been falling longer than 10 seconds, is unable to return to the rooftop. As the device takes 10 seconds to recharge, he continually loops falling toward the ground from several feet below the roof, never able to reach safety.
The Professor notices the device has been stolen and is repeatedly looping time, and worries the universe could be damaged. He also warns that anyone leaving the shelter could be destroyed if the device is subsequently reused less than 10 seconds later, because the anti-chronitons would not know where in ten seconds to send that person back. Bender betrays Fry's theft of the device, and, using the shelter, the crew approach the Vampire State Building to save him. By this time, Fry is tired after falling for so long and accidentally lets go of the button. He is instantly killed when he hits the ground, but Leela picks up the button from Fry's splattered remains and uses it to loop the final seconds of Fry's life. The Professor, being outside the time shelter, tries to stop her and is seemingly vaporized when Leela presses the button. After several loops, Bender engineers a method of saving Fry's life using an airbag he contains. Fry survives this time but lands on the button, smashing it and freezing time throughout the universe for everyone and everything except himself and Leela.
With the world theirs alone, Fry and Leela conduct their wedding themselves and spend what is, for them, decades romantically wandering the stationary world. A mysterious glimmer bothers them from time to time, but otherwise, they are very happy. In old age, they go to the top of the Vampire State Building to drink the champagne Fry had laid out there before the button was destroyed. The glimmer finally reveals itself to be the Professor, who was not killed, but was instead rotated into an orthogonal time that runs at right angles to the familiar one. He has been trying to find the button for decades and, since Fry has kept the pieces, is able to rebuild it with one key modification: the next press will release an enormous anti-chroniton blast, ripping everyone out of stasis and reverting the entire universe right back to the instant before the Professor conceived of the device, and no one will have any memory of what has happened since then. Despite having enjoyed growing old together, Fry and Leela both agree to "go around again" and the Professor presses the button.
Reception[edit]
The original American broadcast of "Meanwhile" on September 4, 2013 was watched by 2.21 million households, making it the 5th most watched episode ever to originally air on Comedy Central.[2] "Meanwhile" has received critical acclaim. Max Nicholson, for IGN, wrote that "Meanwhile" was "a fitting end to a classic animated series". He gave the episode a 9 out of 10.[3]
Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club, said that, "the first five minutes are passable but rushed, and the hook of Fry deciding he needed to ask Leela to marry him isn't all that exciting". However, he later went on to say that "this finale settles somewhere between the 'too happy' and the 'oh dear God when will it end', which makes it just about perfect. It has just about everything you could want from Futurama: there's a nifty time-travel plot, Fry and Leela get married, Bender is a jackass, Zoidberg loses $10, and Fry dies". He graded the episode an A.[4]
Sean Gardert, writing for Paste, was relatively more critical and summarized that, "Not to say that 'Meanwhile' was a bad episode, as it was truly great, an epic 22 minutes that stood up to anything the show's done before. But after toeing up to that line of doing something truly impressive and revolutionary for the show, they backed away again. I was disappointed, to say the least, but I still look forward to catching this episode as a rerun, and have already written fanfiction in my head as to what would happen were Fry and Leela allowed to return to the past with all of their memories still intact."[5]
Indiewire listed "Meanwhile" among their list of the best TV series finales.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ WebCite query result
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 5, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'Duck Dynasty' Wins Night, 'Modern Dads', 'Futurama', 'Royal Pains', 'The Bridge' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max. "FUTURAMA: "MEANWHILE" REVIEW". IGN. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Handlen, Zack. "Meanwhile | Futurama | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Gandert, Sean (5 September 2013). "Futurama: "Meanwhile" (Episode 7.26)".
Jump up ^ The Playlist Staff (October 1, 2013). "The 16 Best and Worst TV Series Finales". Indiewire. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
External links[edit]
"Meanwhile" on IMDb
"Meanwhile" at TV.com
"Meanwhile" at the Infosphere, the Futurama Wiki.
[hide]
v
t
e
Futurama episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Season 7
"The Bots and the Bees"
"A Farewell to Arms"
"Decision 3012"
"The Thief of Baghead"
"Zapp Dingbat"
"The Butterjunk Effect"
"The Six Million Dollar Mon"
"Fun on a Bun"
"Free Will Hunting"
"Near-Death Wish"
"31st Century Fox"
"Viva Mars Vegas"
"Naturama"
"Forty Percent Leadbelly"
"2-D Blacktop"
"T.: The Terrestrial"
"Fry and Leela's Big Fling"
"The Inhuman Torch"
"Saturday Morning Fun Pit"
"Calculon 2.0"
"Assie Come Home"
"Leela and the Genestalk"
"Game of Tones"
"Murder on the Planet Express"
"Stench and Stenchibility"
"Meanwhile"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meanwhile_(Futurama)&oldid=843624993"
Categories:
2013 American television episodes
Futurama (season 7) episodes
American television series finales
Time travel television episodes
Older versions of cartoon characters
Television episodes about weddings
Suicide in television
Hidden categories:
Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list
Tv.com template using numeric id
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 10:52.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-weight: normal; background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: text-align:center;font-weight: bold; font-size: 110%

value: abbr

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

values: text-align:center;background: #CCCCFF; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0.1em 0.2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width: 50%; padding: 0.2em 0 0.2em 0.1em; text-align: center;

values:
/wiki/Television_series
mw-redirect
Television series

values:
/wiki/Fry_(Futurama)
mw-redirect
Fry (Futurama)

values:
/wiki/Hubert_J._Farnsworth
mw-redirect
Hubert J. Farnsworth

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2005616/
external text

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #dedee2;

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #dedee2;;width:1%

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2013 American television episodes

values: Category:American television series finales

values: Category:Time travel television episodes

values: Category:Older versions of cartoon characters

values: Category:Television episodes about weddings

values: Category:Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list

values: Category:Tv.com template using numeric id

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Meanwhile_(Futurama)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanwhile
Meanwhile – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Meanwhile_Futurama rootpage-Meanwhile_Futurama skin-vector action-view


text:
History of Purgatory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Image of a fiery purgatory in the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry
Image of a non-fiery purgatory (Gustave Doré: illustration for Dante's Purgatorio, Canto 24)
The idea of purgatory has roots that date back into antiquity. A sort of proto-purgatory called the "celestial Hades" appears in the writings of Plato and Heraclides Ponticus and in many other pagan writers. This concept is distinguished from the Hades of the underworld described in the works of Homer and Hesiod. In contrast, the celestial Hades was understood as an intermediary place where souls spent an undetermined time after death before either moving on to a higher level of existence or being reincarnated back on earth. Its exact location varied from author to author. Heraclides of Pontus thought it was in the Milky Way; the Academicians, the Stoics, Cicero, Virgil, Plutarch, the Hermetical writings situated it between the Moon and the Earth or around the Moon; while Numenius and the Latin Neoplatonists thought it was located between the sphere of the fixed stars and the Earth.[1]
Perhaps under the influence of Hellenistic thought, we find another intermediate state entering Jewish religious thought in the last centuries B.C.E. In Maccabees we find the practice of prayer for the dead with a view to their after life purification[2] a practice accepted by some Christians. The same practice appears in other traditions, such as the medieval Chinese Buddhist practice of making offerings on behalf of the dead, who are said to suffer numerous trials.[3] Among other reasons, Catholic belief in purgatory is based on the practice of prayer for the dead.[4]
Descriptions and doctrine regarding purgatory developed over the centuries.[5] Those who believe in purgatory interpret Bible passages such as 2 Maccabees 12:41-46 (not accepted as Scripture by Protestants but recognized by Orthodox and Catholics), 2 Timothy 1:18, Matthew 12:32, Luke 16:19-16:26, Luke 23:43, 1 Corinthians 3:11-3:15 and Hebrews 12:29 as support for prayer for the dead, an active interim state for the dead prior to the resurrection, and purifying flames after death.[3] The first Christians looked forward to the imminent return of Christ and did not develop detailed beliefs about the interim state.[6] Gradually, Christians, especially in the West,[6] took an interest in circumstances of the interim state between one's death and the future resurrection. Christians both East and West prayed for the dead in this interim state, although theologians in the East refrained from defining it.[6] Augustine of Hippo distinguished between the purifying fire that saves and eternal consuming fire for the unrepentant.[3] Gregory the Great established a connection between earthly penance and purification after death. All Soul's Day, established in the 10th century, turned popular attention to the condition of departed souls.[3]
The idea of Purgatory as a physical place (like heaven and hell) was "born" in the late 11th century.[7] Medieval theologians concluded that the purgatorial punishments consisted of material fire. The Western formulation of purgatory proved to be a sticking point in the Great Schism between East and West. The Catholic Church believes that the living can help those whose purification from their sins is not yet completed not only by praying for them but also by gaining indulgences for them[8] as an act of intercession.[9] The later Middle Ages saw the growth of considerable abuses, such as the unrestricted sale of indulgences by professional "pardoners"[9] sent to collect contributions to projects such as the rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. These abuses were one of the factors that led to the Protestant Reformation. Most Protestants rejected the idea of purgatory, as never clearly mentioned in Luther's canon of the Bible, which excludes the Deuterocanonical books. Modern Catholic theologians have softened the punitive aspects of purgatory and stress instead the willingness of the dead to undergo purification as preparation for the happiness of heaven[3]
The English Anglican scholar John Henry Newman argued, in a book that he wrote before becoming Catholic, that the essence of the doctrine on purgatory is locatable in ancient tradition, and that the core consistency of such beliefs are evidence that Christianity was "originally given to us from heaven".[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Christian Antiquity
1.1 Prayer for the dead
1.2 Purification after death
1.3 Interim state
2 Early Middle Ages
2.1 Gregory the Great
2.2 Visions of purgatory
2.3 Other influential writers
3 High Middle Ages
3.1 East-West Schism
3.2 All Soul's Day
3.3 Twelfth century
3.4 "Birth of purgatory"
3.5 Thomas Aquinas
3.6 First Council of Lyon
3.7 Late Middle Ages
4 Subsequent history
4.1 Latin-Greek relations
4.2 Protestant Reformation
5 References
6 External links
Christian Antiquity[edit]
A procession in the Catacombs of St. Callistus, Rome. The catacombs contain inscriptions that are often prayers for the dead.[11]
See also: Early Christianity
Prayer for the dead[edit]
Offerings for the dead were known to ancient Jewish practice, and it has been speculated that Christianity may have taken its similar practice from its Jewish heritage.[12] In Christianity, prayer for the dead is attested since at least the 2nd century,[13] evidenced in part by the tomb inscription of Abercius, Bishop of Hierapolis in Phrygia (d. c. 200).[14] Celebration of the Eucharist for the dead is attested to since at least the 3rd century.[15]
Purification after death[edit]
Specific examples of belief in purification after death and of the communion of the living with the dead through prayer are found in many of the Church Fathers.[16] Irenaeus (c. 130-202) mentioned an abode where the souls of the dead remained until the universal judgment, a process that has been described as one which "contains the concept of... purgatory."[17] Both St. Clement of Alexandria (c. 150-215) and his pupil, Origen of Alexandria (c. 185-254), developed a view of purification after death;[18] this view drew upon the notion that fire is a divine instrument from the Old Testament, and understood this in the context of New Testament teachings such as baptism by fire, from the Gospels, and a purificatory trial after death, from St. Paul.[19] Origen, in arguing against soul sleep, stated that the souls of the elect immediately entered paradise unless not yet purified, in which case they passed into a state of punishment, a penal fire, which is to be conceived as a place of purification.[20] For both Clement and Origen, the fire was neither a material thing nor a metaphor, but a "spiritual fire".[21] An early Latin author, Tertullian (c. 160-225), also articulated a view of purification after death.[22] In Tertullian's understanding of the afterlife, the souls of martyrs entered directly into eternal blessedness,[23] whereas the rest entered a generic realm of the dead. There the wicked suffered a foretaste of their eternal punishments,[23] whilst the good experienced various stages and places of bliss wherein "the idea of a kind of purgatory… is quite plainly found," an idea that is representative of a view widely dispersed in antiquity.[24] Later examples, wherein further elaborations are articulated, include St. Cyprian (d. 258),[25] St. John Chrysostom (c. 347-407),[26] and St. Augustine (354-430),[27] among others.
Interim state[edit]
Main article: Interim state
The notion of an interim state of souls after death developed only gradually, partly because it was of little interest as long as Christians looked for an imminent end of the world. The Eastern Church came to admit the existence of an intermediate state, but refrained from defining it, while at the same time maintaining the belief in prayer for the dead that was a constant feature of both Eastern and Western liturgies, and which is unintelligible without belief in an interim state in which the dead may be benefited. Christians in the West demonstrated much more curiosity about this interim state than those in the East: The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity and occasional remarks by Saint Augustine give expression to their belief that sins can be purged by suffering in an afterlife and that the process can be accelerated by prayer.[6]
In the early 5th century, Augustine spoke of the pain that purgatorial fire causes as more severe than anything a man can suffer in this life.[28] And Gregory the Great said that those who after this life "will expiate their faults by purgatorial flames," and he adds "that the pain be more intolerable than any one can suffer in this life."[29]
Early Middle Ages[edit]
Gregory the Great with a dove alighting on his shoulder while the pontiff writes his homilies, an ancient tradition about the saint.[30]
During the Early Middle Ages, the doctrine of final purification developed distinctive features in the Latin-speaking West differing from its development in the Greek-speaking East.
Gregory the Great[edit]
Pope Gregory the Great's Dialogues, written in the late 6th century, evidence a development in the understanding of the afterlife distinctive of the direction that Latin Christendom would take:
As for certain lesser faults, we must believe that, before the Final Judgment, there is a purifying fire. He who is truth says that whoever utters blasphemy against the Holy Spirit will be pardoned neither in this age nor in the age to come. From this sentence we understand that certain offenses can be forgiven in this age, but certain others in the age to come.[31]
Visions of purgatory[edit]
Visions of purgatory abounded; Bede mentioned a vision of a beautiful Heaven and a lurid Hell with adjacent temporary abodes,[32] as did St. Boniface.[33] In the 7th century, the Irish abbot St. Fursa described his foretaste of the afterlife, where, though protected by angels, he was pursued by demons who said, "It is not fitting that he should enjoy the blessed life unscathed..., for every transgression that is not purged on earth must be avenged in heaven," and on his return he was engulfed in a billowing fire that threatened to burn him, "for it stretches out each one according to their merits... For just as the body burns through unlawful desire, so the soul will burn, as the lawful, due penalty for every sin."[34]
Other influential writers[edit]
Others who expounded upon purgatory include Haymo, Rabanus Maurus (c. 780 – 856), and Walafrid Strabo (c. 808 – 849).[35]
High Middle Ages[edit]
East-West Schism[edit]
In 1054, the Bishop of Rome and the four Greek-speaking patriarchs of the East excommunicated each other, triggering the East-West Schism. The schism split the church basically into the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. In the West, the understanding of purification through fire in the intermediate state continued to develop.
All Soul's Day[edit]
The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates several All Souls' Days in the year,[36] but in the West only one such annual commemoration is celebrated. The establishment, at the end of the 10th century, of this remembrance helped focus popular imagination on the fate of the departed, and fostered a sense of solidarity between the living and the dead. Then, in the 12th century, the elaboration of the theology of penance helped create a notion of purgatory as a place to complete penances unfinished in this life.[6]
Twelfth century[edit]
By the 12th century, the process of purification had acquired the Latin name, "purgatorium", from the verb purgare: to purge.[37] In that same century, around 1128, Diego Gelmírez, then Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela, berated his enemy, Arias Pérez, saying to him, "I fear, therefore, that if such that you are you leave this world, you will lose eternal life and incur the perpetual condemnation of your soul." These words make no mention of an intermediate state,[38] but deny its existence no more than does the Catechism of the Catholic Church, when it says: "Immediately after death the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into hell, where they suffer the punishments of hell, 'eternal fire'. The chief punishment of hell is eternal separation from God, in whom alone man can possess the life and happiness for which he was created and for which he longs."[39]
"Birth of purgatory"[edit]
Medievalist Jacques Le Goff defines the "birth of purgatory", i.e. the conception of purgatory as a physical place, rather than merely as a state, as occurring between 1170 and 1200.[40] Le Goff acknowledged that the notion of purification after death, without the medieval notion of a physical place, existed in antiquity, arguing specifically that Clement of Alexandria, and his pupil Origen of Alexandria, derived their view from a combination of biblical teachings, though he considered vague concepts of purifying and punishing fire to predate Christianity.[41] Le Goff also considered Peter the Lombard (d. 1160), in expounding on the teachings of St. Augustine and Gregory the Great, to have contributed significantly to the birth of purgatory in the sense of a physical place.
While the idea of purgatory as a process of cleansing thus dated back to early Christianity, the 12th century was the heyday of medieval otherworld-journey narratives such as the Irish Visio Tnugdali, and of pilgrims' tales about St. Patrick's Purgatory, a cavelike entrance to purgatory on a remote island in Ireland.[42] The legend of St Patrick's Purgatory (Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii) written in that century by Hugh of Saltry, also known as Henry of Sawtry, was "part of a huge, repetitive contemporary genre of literature of which the most familiar today is Dante's";[43] another is the Visio Tnugdali. Other legends localized the entrance to Purgatory in places such as a cave on the volcanic Mount Etna in Sicily.[44] Thus the idea of purgatory as a physical place became widespread on a popular level, and was defended also by some theologians.
Thomas Aquinas[edit]
What has been called the classic formulation of the doctrine of purgatory, namely the means by which any unforgiven guilt of venial sins is expiated and punishment for any kind of sins is borne, is attributed to Thomas Aquinas[6] although he ceased work on his Summa Theologica before reaching the part in which he would have dealt with Purgatory, which is treated in the "Supplement" added after his death. According to Aquinas and the other scholastics, the dead in purgatory are at peace because they are sure of salvation, and may be helped by the prayers of the faithful and especially the offering of the Eucharist, because they are still part of the Communion of Saints, from which only those in hell or limbo are excluded.[6]
First Council of Lyon[edit]
Dogmatic definition of purgatory was given in 1245: the First Council of Lyon declared that, on Scriptural grounds and because the Greeks too "are said to believe and to affirm that the souls of those who after a penance has been received yet not performed, or who, without mortal sin yet die with venial and slight sin, can be cleansed after death and can be helped by the suffrages of the Church, we, since they say a place of purgation of this kind has not been indicated to them with a certain and proper name by their teachers, we indeed, calling it purgatory according to the traditions and authority of the Holy Fathers, wish that in the future it be called by that name in their area. For in that transitory fire certainly sins, though not criminal or capital, which before have not been remitted through penance but were small and minor sins, are cleansed, and these weigh heavily even after death, if they have been forgiven in this life."[45]
Late Middle Ages[edit]
Through theology, literature, and indulgences, purgatory became central to late medieval religion[6] and became associated with indulgences and other penitential practices, such as fasting. This was another step in the development of this doctrine.
See also: Anima sola, Gertrude the Great, Sabbatine privilege
Subsequent history[edit]
Latin-Greek relations[edit]
Basil Bessarion (c. 1403-1472), Latin Patriarch of Constantinople.
The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "there is a state beyond death where believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization".[46] But in the 15th century, at the Council of Florence, authorities of the Eastern Orthodox Church identified some aspects of the Latin idea of purgatory as a point on which there were principal differences between Greek and Latin doctrine.[47] The Eastern Christians objected especially to the legalistic distinction between guilt and punishment[6] and to the fire of purgatory being material fire. The decrees of the Council, which contained no reference to fire and, without using the word "purgatory" ("purgatorium"), spoke only of "pains of cleansing" ("poenis purgatoriis"),[48] were rejected at the time by the Eastern churches but formed the basis on which certain Eastern communities were later received into full communion with the Roman Catholic Church.[49] At the Council itself, the Greek Metropolitan Bessarion argued against the existence of real purgatorial fire. In effecting full communion between the Roman Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church by the Union of Brest (1595), the two agreed, "We shall not debate about purgatory, but we entrust ourselves to the teaching of the Holy Church."[50] Furthermore, the Council of Trent, in its discussion of purgatory, instructed the bishops not to preach on such "difficult and subtle questions".[51]
Protestant Reformation[edit]
During the Protestant Reformation, certain Protestant theologians developed a view of salvation (soteriology) that excluded purgatory. This was in part a result from a doctrinal change concerning justification and sanctification on the part of the reformers. In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of divine grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works; however, in Martin Luther's doctrine, justification rather meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit.[52] In this process, good works done in faith (i.e. through penance) are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness; hence, in Protestant theology, "becoming perfect" came to be understood as an instantaneous act of God and not a process or journey of purification that continues in the afterlife.
John Calvin, unknown artist, British School, inscribed 1564
Thus, Protestant soteriology developed the view that each one of the elect (saved) experienced instantaneous glorification upon death. As such, there was little reason to pray for the dead. Luther wrote in Question No. 211 in his expanded Small Catechism: "We should pray for ourselves and for all other people, even for our enemies, but not for the souls of the dead." Luther, after he stopped believing in purgatory around 1530,[53] openly affirmed the doctrine of soul sleep.[54] Purgatory came to be seen as one of the "unbiblical corruptions" that had entered Church teachings sometime subsequent to the apostolic age. Hence, the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England produced during the English Reformation stated: "The Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory...is a fond thing vainly invented, and grounded upon no warranty of Scripture; but rather repugnant to the word of God" (article 22). Likewise, John Calvin, central theologian of Reformed Protestantism, considered purgatory a superstition, writing in his Institutes (5.10): "The doctrine of purgatory ancient, but refuted by a more ancient Apostle. Not supported by ancient writers, by Scripture, or solid argument. Introduced by custom and a zeal not duly regulated by the word of God… we must hold by the word of God, which rejects this fiction." In general, this position remains indicative of Protestant belief today, with the notable exception of certain Anglo-Catholics, such as the Guild of All Souls, which describe themselves as Reformed and Catholic (and specifically not Protestant) and believe in purgatory.
In response to Protestant Reformation critics, the Council of Trent reaffirmed purgatory as already taught by the First Council of Lyon, confining itself to the concepts of purification after death and the efficacy of prayers for the dead.[6] It simply affirmed the existence of purgatory and the great value of praying for the deceased, but sternly instructed preachers not to push beyond that and distract, confuse, and mislead the faithful with unnecessary speculations concerning the nature and duration of purgatorial punishments.[55] It thus forbade presentation as Church teaching of the elaborate medieval speculation that had grown up around the concept of purgatory.
Anglican apologist C. S. Lewis gave as an example of this speculation, which he interpreted as what the Church of England's Thirty-Nine Articles, XXII meant by "the Romish doctrine concerning Purgatory",[56] the depiction of the state of purgatory as just a temporary hell with horrible devils tormenting souls. The etymology of the word "purgatory", he remarked, indicates cleansing, not simply retributive punishment. Lewis declared his personal belief in purgatory, a process of after-death purification.[57]
Later speculations include the idea advocated by Saints Robert Bellarmine and Alphonsus Liguori of asking for the prayers of the souls in purgatory,[6] a notion not accepted by all theologians. Saint Francis de Sales argued that, in the mention in Philippians 2:10 of every knee bowing at the name of Jesus "in heaven, on earth, and under the earth", "under the earth" was a reference to those in purgatory, since it could not apply to those in hell.[58] Frederick William Faber said that there have been private revelations of souls who "abide their purification in the air, or by their graves, or near altars where the Blessed Sacrament is, or in the rooms of those who pray for them, or amid the scenes of their former vanity and frivolity".[59][60]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adrian Mihai,"L'Hadès céleste. Histoire du purgatoire dans l'Antiquité"(Garnier: 2015), pp.185-188
Jump up ^ cf. 2 Maccabees 12:42-44
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Purgatory in Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1032
Jump up ^ Isabel Moreira, Heaven's Purge (Oxford University Press, 2010) pp. 3-13
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3), article Purgatory
Jump up ^ Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984)
Jump up ^ CCC, 1479 Archived 6 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Cross, F. L., ed., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005), article indulgences
Jump up ^ John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, chapter 2, section 3, paragraph 2.
Jump up ^ Cabrol and Leclercq, Monumenta Ecclesiæ Liturgica. Volume I: Reliquiæ Liturgicæ Vetustissimæ (Paris, 1900-2) pp. ci-cvi, cxxxix.
Jump up ^ George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 106
Jump up ^ Gerald O' Collins and Mario Farrugia, Catholicism: the story of Catholic Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 36; George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 106; cf. Pastor I, iii. 7, also Ambrose, De Excessu fratris Satyri 80
Jump up ^ Gerald O' Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 217
Jump up ^ Gerald O' Collins and Mario Farrugia, Catholicism: the story of Catholic Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 36; George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 106
Jump up ^ Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27.
Jump up ^ Christian Dogmatics vol. 2 (Philadelphia : Fortress Press, 1984) p. 503; cf. Irenaeus, Against Heresies 5.31.2, in The Ante-Nicene Fathers eds. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979) 1:560 cf. 5.36.2 / 1:567; cf. George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 107
Jump up ^ Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27; cf. Adolph Harnack, History of Dogma vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London, Williams & Norgate, 1995) p. 337; Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 6:14
Jump up ^ Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984) p. 53; cf. Leviticus 10:1-2, Deuteronomy 32:22, 1Corinthians 3:10-15
Jump up ^ Adolph Harnack, History of Dogma vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London: Williams & Norgate, 1905) p. 377. read online.
Jump up ^ Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 55-57; cf. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 7:6 and 5:14
Jump up ^ Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27; cf. Adolph Harnack, History of Dogma vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London, Williams & Norgate, 1995) p. 296 n. 1; George Cross, "The Differentiation of the Roman and Greek Catholic Views of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912); Tertullian De Anima
^ Jump up to: a b A. J. Visser, "A Bird's-Eye View of Ancient Christian Eschatology", in Numen (1967) p. 13
Jump up ^ Adolph Harnack, History of Dogma vol. 2, trans. Neil Buchanan (London: Williams & Norgate, 1905) p. 296 n. 1. read online; cf. Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 58-59
Jump up ^ Cyprian, Letters 51:20; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27
Jump up ^ John Chrysostom, Homily on First Corinthians 41:5; Homily on Philippians 3:9-10; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27
Jump up ^ Augustine, Sermons 159:1, 172:2; City of God 21:13; Handbook on Faith, Hope, and Charity 18:69, 29:109; Confessions 2.27; Gerald O' Collins and Mario Farrugia, Catholicism: the story of Catholic Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003) p. 36; Gerald O'Collins and Edward G. Farrugia, A Concise Dictionary of Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 2000) p. 27
Jump up ^ "gravior erit ignis quam quidquid potest homo pati in hac vita" (P. L., col. 397), quoted in Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory.
Jump up ^ Ps. 3 poenit., n. 1, quoted in Catholic Encyclopedia: Purgatory
Jump up ^ Vita Gregorii, ed. B. Colgrave, chapter 26 (see also Colgrave's introduction p. 51); John the Deacon, Life of Saint Gregory, IV, 70.
Jump up ^ Gregory the Great, Dialogues 4, 39: PL 77, 396; cf. Matthew 12:31
Jump up ^ George Cross, "The Medieval Catholic Doctrine of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 192; cf. Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica 4.19
Jump up ^ George Cross, "The Medieval Catholic Doctrine of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 192; cf. Epistula ad Eadburgham 20
Jump up ^ Brown, Rise of Western Christendom (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003) p. 259; cf. Vision of Fursa 8.16, 16.5
Jump up ^ George Cross, "The Medieval Catholic Doctrine of the Future Life", in The Biblical World (1912) p. 192
Jump up ^ See the Wikipedia article for a list.
Jump up ^ See C. S. Watkins, "Sin, penance and purgatory in the Anglo-Norman realm: the evidence of visions and ghost stories", in Past and Present 175 (May 2002) pp. 3-33.
Jump up ^ Ermelindo Portela Silva (1985), "Muerte y sociedad en la Galicia medieval (siglos XII–XIV)", Anuario de estudios medievales, 15, 194, who quotes Diego, from the Historia compostelana, in Spanish: Temo, por tanto, que, si tal cual eres, te vas de este mundo, perderás la vida eterna e incurrirás en la perpetua condenación de tu alma.
Jump up ^ CCC, 1035 Archived 9 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jacques Le Goff, La naissance du purgatoire. (Bibliothèque des Histoires) Paris: Gallimard, 1981; an English translation is available under the title The Birth of Purgatory, published by the University of Chicago Press (the English is referenced here).
Jump up ^ Jacques Le Goff, The Birth of Purgatory (University of Chicago Press, 1984) pp. 55-57.
Jump up ^ Online Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Lough Derg: the spirit of a holy place; cf. Visions of the Other World in Middle English by Robert Easting, p. 16; The legend of the "Purgatory of Saint Patrick": from Ireland, until Dante and beyond.
Jump up ^ A History of the Church in the Middle Ages by F. Donald Logan
Jump up ^ Denzinger, 456
Jump up ^ Ted A. Campbell, Christian Confessions: a Historical Introduction (Westminster John Knox Press 1996 ISBN 0-664-25650-3), p. 54
Jump up ^ The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999) p. 201; cf. Orthodoxinfo.com, The Orthodox Response to the Latin Doctrine of Purgatory
Jump up ^ Denzinger, 1304
Jump up ^ The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999) p. 202
Jump up ^ Union of Brest (1595) Article 5
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), entry on Purgatory; cf. Council of Trent, Session XXV, "De Purgatorio"
Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 119
Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) p. 580; cf. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead pp. 34-39
Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch, The Reformation: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 2004) pp. 580-581; cf. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead p. 48
Jump up ^ Decree on Purgatory (1563)
Jump up ^ "Articles of Religion". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Lewis, C.S. (Cllive Staples) (2002). Letters to Malcolm: Chiefly on Prayer. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 108. ISBN 9780547541396. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Francis de Sales. "The Doctrine of Purgatory, chapter VII". Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Faber, Frederick William (1854). All for Jesus: or, The Easy Ways of Divine Love (40th American ed.). Baltimore and New York: John Murphy. p. 393. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Meynell (compiler), Wilfrid (1914). The Spirit of Father Faber, Apostle of London. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: Benziger Brothers. pp. 196–197. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
External links[edit]
"purgatory". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Purgatory&oldid=792585145"
Categories:
Catholic theology and doctrine
Christian eschatology
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use dmy dates from March 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Latina
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 July 2017, at 11:19.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead
mw-redirect
Resurrection of the Dead

values:
/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ
mw-redirect
Second Coming of Christ

values:
/wiki/Gregory_the_Great
mw-redirect
Gregory the Great

values:
/wiki/All_Soul%27s_Day
mw-redirect
All Soul's Day

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria
mw-redirect
Origen of Alexandria

values:
/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus
mw-redirect
Paul of Tarsus

values:
/wiki/Cyprian_of_Carthage
mw-redirect
Cyprian of Carthage

values:
/wiki/Interim_state
mw-redirect
Interim state

values:
/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity
mw-redirect
Perpetua and Felicity

values:
/wiki/World_to_Come
mw-redirect
World to Come

values:
/wiki/East-West_Schism
mw-redirect
East-West Schism

values:
/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Eastern Orthodox

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values:
/wiki/Peter_the_Lombard
mw-redirect
Peter the Lombard

values:
/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Purgatory
mw-redirect
St. Patrick's Purgatory

values:
/wiki/Communion_of_Saints
mw-redirect
Communion of Saints

values:
/wiki/Church_father
mw-redirect
Church father

values:
/wiki/Sabbatine_privilege
mw-redirect
Sabbatine privilege

values:
/wiki/Johannes_Bessarion
mw-redirect
Johannes Bessarion

values:
/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Constantinople
mw-redirect
Latin Patriarch of Constantinople

values:
/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles
mw-redirect
Thirty-Nine Articles

values:
/wiki/Reformed_Churches
mw-redirect
Reformed Churches

values: On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis

values:
/wiki/John,_deacon_of_Rome
mw-redirect
John, deacon of Rome

values:
/wiki/Historia_compostelana
mw-redirect
Historia compostelana

values:
nofollow
external text
http://catho.org/9.php?d=bx0#b1o

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_Purgatory
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_Purgatory rootpage-History_of_Purgatory skin-vector action-view