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Battle of Trenton
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For the battle that took place in Trenton, New Jersey on January 2, 1777, see Battle of the Assunpink Creek.
Battle of Trenton
Part of the American Revolutionary War

Battle of Trenton, by H. Charles McBarron, Jr., 1975
Date
December 26, 1776 (1776-12-26)
Location
Trenton, New Jersey
Result
American victory[1]
Belligerents
United States Hesse-Kassel
Commanders and leaders
George Washington
Nathanael Greene Johann Rall †
Strength
2,400 plus supporting troops and artillery across the Delaware River
18 guns[2] 1,500
6 guns[3]
Casualties and losses
2 dead (of exposure during march)
5 wounded[4]
Additional non-combat casualties likely 22 killed
83 wounded
800–900 captured[5]
[show]
v
t
e
Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey
1776–1777
Long Island
The Turtle
Staten Island Peace Conference
Kip's Bay
Harlem Heights
Pell's Point
White Plains
Fort Washington
Fort Lee
Geary Ambush
Iron Works Hill
Delaware crossing
Trenton
Assunpink Creek
Princeton
Forage War
Millstone
The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal battle during the American Revolutionary War which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey. [6] After General George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River north of Trenton the previous night, Washington led the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments.
The Continental Army had previously suffered several defeats in New York and had been forced to retreat through New Jersey to Pennsylvania. Morale in the army was low; to end the year on a positive note, George Washington—Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army—devised a plan to cross the Delaware River on the night of December 25–26 and surround the Hessian garrison.
Because the river was icy and the weather severe, the crossing proved dangerous. Two detachments were unable to cross the river, leaving Washington with only 2,400 men under his command in the assault, 3,000 less than planned. The army marched 9 miles (14.5 km) south to Trenton. The Hessians had lowered their guard, thinking they were safe from the American army, and had no long-distance outposts or patrols. Washington's forces caught them off guard and, after a short but fierce resistance, most of the Hessians surrendered. Almost two thirds of the 1,500-man garrison was captured, and only a few troops escaped across Assunpink Creek.
Despite the battle's small numbers, the American victory inspired rebels in the colonies. With the success of the revolution in doubt a week earlier, the army had seemed on the verge of collapse. The dramatic victory inspired soldiers to serve longer and attracted new recruits to the ranks.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Prelude
2.1 Intelligence
2.2 American plan
2.3 Hessian moves
2.4 Crossing and march
3 Battle
3.1 American attack
3.2 Hessian resistance collapses
3.3 Casualties and Capture
3.4 Hessians drinking
3.5 After effect
4 Aftermath & legacy
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
Main article: New York and New Jersey campaign
In early December 1776, American morale was very low. The Americans had been ousted from New York by the British and their Hessian auxiliaries, and the Continental Army was forced to retreat across New Jersey. Ninety percent of the Continental Army soldiers who had served at Long Island were gone. Men had deserted, feeling that the cause for independence was lost. Washington, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, expressed some doubts, writing to his cousin in Virginia, "I think the game is pretty near up."[7]
At the time a small town in New Jersey, Trenton was occupied by four regiments of Hessian soldiers (numbering about 1,400 men) commanded by Colonel Johann Rall. Washington's force comprised 2,400 men, with infantry divisions commanded by Major Generals Nathanael Greene and John Sullivan, and artillery under the direction of Brigadier General Henry Knox.[8]
Prelude[edit]
Intelligence[edit]
George Washington had stationed a spy named John Honeyman, posing as a Tory, in Trenton. Honeyman had served with Major General James Wolfe in Quebec at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759, and had no trouble establishing his credentials as a Tory. Honeyman was a butcher and bartender, who traded with the British and Hessians. This enabled him to gather intelligence, and also to convince the Hessians that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton. Shortly before Christmas, he arranged to be captured by the Continental Army, who had orders to bring him to Washington unharmed. After being questioned by Washington, he was imprisoned in a small hut, to be tried as a Tory in the morning, but a small fire broke out nearby, enabling him to "escape."[9]
American plan[edit]
The American plan of attack under Washington
The American plan relied on launching coordinated attacks from three directions. General John Cadwalader would launch a diversionary attack against the British garrison at Bordentown, New Jersey, to block off reinforcements from the south. General James Ewing would take 700 militia across the river at Trenton Ferry, seize the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and prevent enemy troops from escaping. The main assault force of 2,400 men would cross the river 9 mi (14 km) north of Trenton and split into two groups, one under Greene and one under Sullivan, to launch a pre-dawn attack.[10] Sullivan would attack the town from the south, and Greene from the north.[11] Depending on the success of the operation, the Americans would possibly follow up with separate attacks on Princeton and New Brunswick.[12]
During the week before the battle, American advance parties began to ambush enemy cavalry patrols, capturing dispatch riders and attacking Hessian pickets. The Hessian commander, to emphasize the danger to his men, sent 100 infantry and an artillery detachment to deliver a letter to the British commander at Princeton.[12] Washington ordered Ewing and his Pennsylvania militia to try to gain information on Hessian movements and technology.[13] Ewing instead made three successful raids across the river. On December 17 and 18, 1776, they attacked an outpost of jägers and on the 21st, they set fire to several houses.[13] Washington put constant watches on all possible crossings near the Continental Army encampment on the Delaware, as he believed William Howe would launch an attack from the north on Philadelphia if the river froze over.[14]
On December 20, 1776, some 2,000 troops led by General Sullivan arrived in Washington's camp.[15] They had been under the command of Charles Lee, and had been moving slowly through northern New Jersey when Lee was captured. That same day, an additional 800 troops arrived from Fort Ticonderoga under the command of Horatio Gates.[15]
Hessian moves[edit]
The Hessian Sketch of the Battle of Trenton
On December 14, 1776, the Hessians arrived in Trenton to establish their winter quarters.[16] At the time, Trenton was a small town with about 100 houses and two main streets, King (now Warren) Street and Queen (now Broad) Street.[17] Carl von Donop, Rall's superior, had marched south to Mount Holly on December 22 to deal with the resistance in New Jersey, and had clashed with some New Jersey militia there on December 23.[18]
Donop, who despised Rall, was reluctant to give command of Trenton to him.[19] Rall was known to be loud and unacquainted with the English language,[19] but he was also a 36-year soldier with a great deal of battle experience. His request for reinforcements had been turned down by British commander General James Grant, who disdained the American rebels and thought them poor soldiers. Despite Rall's experience, the Hessians at Trenton did not admire their commander.[20] They believed that he was too nice, and not ruthless enough to be successful.[20] His officers complained, "His love of life was too great, a thought came to him, then another, so he could not settle on a firm decision ..."[21] Rall avoided hard work and had little concern for his troops' comfort.[21]
Trenton lacked city walls or fortifications, which was typical of American settlements.[22] Some Hessian officers advised Rall to fortify the town, and two of his engineers advised that a redoubt be constructed at the upper end of town, and fortifications be built along the river.[22] The engineers went so far as to draw up plans, but Rall disagreed with them.[22] When Rall was again urged to fortify the town, he replied, "Let them come ... We will go at them with the bayonet."[22]
As Christmas approached, Loyalists came to Trenton to report the Americans were planning action.[7] American deserters told the Hessians that rations were being prepared for an advance across the river. Rall publicly dismissed such talk as nonsense, but privately in letters to his superiors, he said he was worried about an imminent attack.[7] He wrote to Donop that he was "liable to be attacked at any moment". Rall said that Trenton was "indefensible" and asked that British troops establish a garrison in Maidenhead (now Lawrenceville). Close to Trenton, this would help defend the roads from Americans. His request was denied.[23] As the Americans disrupted Hessian supply lines, the officers started to share Rall's fears. One wrote, "We have not slept one night in peace since we came to this place."[24] On December 22, 1776, a spy reported to Grant that Washington had called a council of war; Grant told Rall to "be on your guard".[25]
The main Hessian force of 1,500 men was divided into three regiments: Knyphausen, Lossberg and Rall. That night, they did not send out any patrols because of the severe weather.[26]
Crossing and march[edit]
Main article: Washington's crossing of the Delaware River
Passage of the Delaware, painting by American Thomas Sully, 1819
Before Washington and his troops left, Benjamin Rush came to cheer up the General. While he was there, he saw a note Washington had written, saying, "Victory or Death".[24] Those words would be the password for the surprise attack.[27] Each soldier carried 60 rounds of ammunition, and three days of rations.[28] When the army arrived at the shores of the Delaware, they were already behind schedule, and clouds began to form above them.[29] It began to rain. As the air's temperature dropped, the rain changed to sleet, and then to snow.[29] The Americans began to cross the river, with John Glover in command. The men went across in Durham boats, while the horses and artillery went across on large ferries.[30] The 14th Continental Regiment of Glover manned the boats. During the crossing, several men fell overboard, including Colonel John Haslet. Haslet was quickly pulled out of the water. No one died during the crossing, and all the artillery pieces made it over in good condition.[31]
Two small detachments of infantry of about 40 men each were ordered ahead of main columns.[32] They set roadblocks ahead of the main army, and were to take prisoner whoever came into or left the town.[32] One of the groups was sent north of Trenton, and the other was sent to block River Road, which ran along the Delaware River to Trenton.[33]
Cannon at Washington's Crossing Historic Park
The terrible weather conditions delayed the landings in New Jersey until 3:00 am; the plan was that they were supposed to be completed by 12:00 am. Washington realized it would be impossible to launch a pre-dawn attack. Another setback occurred for the Americans, as generals Cadwalader and Ewing were unable to join the attack due to the weather conditions.[10]
At 4:00 am, the soldiers began to march towards Trenton.[34] Along the way, several civilians joined as volunteers, and led as guides (see Captain John Mott) because of their knowledge of the terrain.[35] After marching 1.5 miles (2.4 km) through winding roads into the wind, they reached Bear Tavern, where they turned right.[36] The ground was slippery, but it was level, making it easier for the horses and artillery. They began to make better time.[36] They soon reached Jacobs Creek, where, with difficulty, the Americans made it across.[37] The two groups stayed together until they reached Birmingham, where they split apart.[11] Soon after, they reached the house of Benjamin Moore, where the family offered food and drink to Washington.[38] At this point, the first signs of daylight began to appear.[38] Many of the troops did not have boots, so they were forced to wear rags around their feet. Some of the men's feet bled, turning the snow to a dark red. Two men died on the trip.[39]
As they marched, Washington rode up and down the line, encouraging the men to continue.[30] General Sullivan sent a courier to tell Washington that the weather was wetting his men's gunpowder. Washington responded, "Tell General Sullivan to use the bayonet. I am resolved to take Trenton."[40]
About 2 miles (3 km) outside the town, the main columns reunited with the advance parties.[41] They were startled by the sudden appearance of 50 armed men, but they were American. Led by Adam Stephen, they had not known about the plan to attack Trenton, and had attacked a Hessian outpost.[42] Washington feared the Hessians would have been put on guard, and shouted at Stephen, "You sir! You Sir, may have ruined all my plans by having them put on their guard."[42] Despite this, Washington ordered the advance continue to Trenton. In the event, Rall thought the first raid was the attack which Grant had warned him about, and that there would be no further action that day.[43]
Battle[edit]
See also: Order of battle of the Battle of Trenton
American attack[edit]
The Battle of Trenton, December 26, 1776
At 8 am, the outpost was set up by the Hessians at a cooper shop on Pennington Road about one mile north-west of Trenton. Washington led the assault, riding in front of his soldiers.[44] As the Hessian commander of the outpost, Lieutenant Andreas Wiederholdt, left the shop, an American fired at him but missed.[44] Wiederholdt shouted, "Der Feind!" (The Enemy!) and other Hessians came out.[45] The Americans fired three volleys and the Hessians returned one of their own.[44] Washington ordered Edward Hand's Pennsylvania Riflemen and a battalion of German-speaking infantry to block the road that led to Princeton. They attacked the Hessian outpost there.[45] Wiederholdt soon realized that this was more than a raiding party; seeing other Hessians retreating from the outpost, he led his men to do the same.[46] Both Hessian detachments made organized retreats, firing as they fell back.[45] On the high ground at the north end of Trenton, they were joined by a duty company from the Lossberg Regiment.[45] They engaged the Americans, retreating slowly, keeping up continuous fire and using houses for cover.[47] Once in Trenton, they gained covering fire from other Hessian guard companies on the outskirts of the town. Another guard company nearer to the Delaware River rushed east to their aid, leaving open the River Road into Trenton. Washington ordered the escape route to Princeton be cut off, sending infantry in battle formation to block it, while artillery formed at the head of King and Queen streets.[48]
Leading the southern American column, General Sullivan entered Trenton by the abandoned river road and blocked the only crossing over the Assunpink Creek to cut off the Hessian escape.[49] Sullivan briefly held up his advance to make sure Greene's division had time to drive the Hessians from their outposts in the north.[49] Soon after, they continued their advance, attacking the Hermitage, home of Philemon Dickinson, where 50 Jägers under the command of Lieutenant von Grothausen were stationed.[49] Lieutenant von Grothausen brought 12 of his Jägers into action against the advanced guard, but had only advanced a few hundred yards when he saw a column of Americans advancing to the Hermitage.[49] Pulling back to the Hessian barracks, he was joined by the rest of the Jägers. After the exchange of one volley, they turned and ran, some trying to swim across the creek, while others escaped over the bridge, which had not yet been cut off. The 20 British Dragoons also fled.[49] As Greene and Sullivan's columns pushed into the town, Washington moved to high ground north of King and Queens streets to see the action and direct his troops.[50] By this time, American artillery from the other side of the Delaware River had come into action, devastating the Hessian positions.[51]
With the sounding of the alarm, the three Hessian regiments began to prepare for battle.[52] The Rall regiment formed on lower King Street along with the Lossberg Regiment, while the Knyphausen Regiment formed at the lower end of Queen Street.[52] Lieutenant Piel, Rall's brigade adjutant, woke his commander, who found that the rebels had taken the "V" of the main streets of the town. This is where the engineers had recommended building a redoubt. Rall ordered his regiment to form up at the lower end of King Street, the Lossberg regiment to prepare for an advance up Queen Street, and the Knyphausen regiment to stand by as a reserve for Rall's advance up King Street.[49]
The American cannon stationed at the head of the two main streets soon came into action. In reply, Rall directed his regiment, supported by a few companies of the Lossberg regiment, to clear the guns.[53] The Hessians formed ranks and began to advance up the street, but their formations were quickly broken by the American guns and fire from Mercer's men who had taken houses on the left side of the street.[53] Breaking ranks, the Hessians fled. Rall ordered two three-pound cannon into action. After getting off six rounds each, within just a few minutes, half of the Hessians manning their guns were killed by the American cannon.[53] After the men fled to cover behind houses and fences, their cannons were taken by the Americans.[54] Following capture of the cannon, men under the command of George Weedon advanced down King Street.[49]
On Queen Street, all Hessian attempts to advance up the street were repulsed by guns under the command of Thomas Forrest. After firing four rounds each, two more Hessian guns were silenced. One of Forrest's Howitzers was put out of action with a broken axle.[49] The Knyphausen Regiment became separated from the Lossberg and the Rall regiments. The Lossberg and the Rall fell back to a field outside town, taking heavy losses from grapeshot and musket fire. In the southern part of the town, Americans under command of Sullivan began to overwhelm the Hessians. John Stark led a bayonet charge at the Knyphausen regiment, whose resistance broke because their weapons would not fire. Sullivan led a column of men to block off escape of troops across the creek.[54]
Hessian resistance collapses[edit]
The Hessians in the field attempted to reorganize, and make one last attempt to retake the town so they could make a breakout.[1] Rall decided to attack the American flank on the heights north of the town.[55] Rall yelled "Forward! Advance! Advance!", and the Hessians began to move, with the brigade's band playing fifes, bugles and drums to help the Hessians' spirit.[55][56]
Washington, still on high ground, saw the Hessians approaching the American flank. He moved his troops to assume battle formation against the enemy.[55] The two Hessian Regiments began marching toward King Street, but were caught in American fire that came at them from three directions.[55] Some Americans had taken up defensive positions inside houses, reducing their exposure. Some civilians joined the fight against the Hessians.[57] Despite this, they continued to push, recapturing their cannon. At the head of King Street, Knox saw the Hessians had retaken the cannon and ordered his troops to take them. Six men ran and, after a brief struggle, seized the cannon, turning them on the Hessians.[58] With most of the Hessians unable to fire their guns, the attack stalled. The Hessians' formations broke, and they began to scatter.[57] Rall was mortally wounded.[59] Washington led his troops down from high ground while yelling, "March on, my brave fellows, after me!"[57] Most of the Hessians retreated into an orchard, with the Americans in close pursuit. Quickly surrounded,[60] the Hessians were offered terms of surrender, to which they agreed.
Although ordered to join Rall, the remains of the Knyphausen Regiment mistakenly marched in the opposite direction.[60] They tried to escape across the bridge, but found it had been taken. The Americans quickly swept in, defeating a Hessian attempt to break through their lines. Surrounded by Sullivan's men, the regiment surrendered, just minutes after the rest of the brigade.[61]
Casualties and Capture[edit]
George Washington at the Battle of Trenton engraving by the Illman Brothers in 1870
The Hessian forces lost 22 killed in action, 83 wounded, and 896 captured–including the wounded.[62] The Americans suffered only two deaths from bare feet causing frostbite and five wounded from battle, including a near-fatal wound to future president James Monroe. Other losses incurred by the Patriots due to exhaustion, exposure, and illness in the following days may have raised their losses above those of the Hessians.[63]
The captured Hessians were sent to Philadelphia and later Lancaster. In 1777 they were moved to Virginia.[64] Rall was mortally wounded and died later that night at his headquarters.[63] All four Hessian colonels in Trenton were killed in the battle. The Lossberg regiment was effectively removed from the British forces. Parts of the Knyphausen regiment escaped to the south, but Sullivan captured some 200 additional men, along with the regiment's cannon and supplies. They also captured approximately 1,000 arms and much-needed ammunition.[65] Last, but not least, was the capture from the Hessians of their entire store of provisions—tons of flour, dried and salted meats, ale and other liquors, but also shoes, boots, clothing and bedding—things that were as much needed by the ragtag Continental forces as weapons and horses.
Hessians drinking[edit]
An officer in Washington's staff wrote before the battle, "They make a great deal of Christmas in Germany, and no doubt the Hessians will drink a great deal of beer and have a dance to-night. They will be sleepy to-morrow morning."[66] Popular history commonly portrays the Hessians as drunk from Christmas celebrations. However, historian David Hackett Fischer quotes Patriot John Greenwood, who fought in the battle and supervised Hessians afterward, who wrote, "I am certain not a drop of liquor was drunk during the whole night, nor, as I could see, even a piece of bread eaten."[67] Military historian Edward G. Lengel wrote, "The Germans were dazed and tired but there is no truth to the legend claiming that they were helplessly drunk."[68]
After effect[edit]
After the Hessians' surrender, Washington is reported to have shaken the hand of a young officer and said, "This is a glorious day for our country."[69] On December 28. General Washington interviewed Lieutenant (later Colonel) Andreas Wiederhold, who detailed the failures of Rall's preparation.[70] Washington soon learned however that Cadwalader and Ewing had been unable to complete their crossing, leaving his worn-out army of 2,400 men isolated.[71] Without their 2,600 men, Washington realized he did not have the forces to attack Princeton and New Brunswick.[71]
This small but decisive battle, as with the later Battle of Cowpens, had an effect disproportionate to its size. The colonial effort was galvanized, and the Americans overturned the psychological dominance achieved by the British Government troops in the previous months. Howe was stunned that the Patriots so easily surprised and overwhelmed the Hessian garrison.[61] Colonial support for the rebellion was also buoyed significantly at this time by writings of Thomas Paine and additional successful actions by the New Jersey Militia.[72]
Aftermath & legacy[edit]
The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776 by John Trumbull
By noon, Washington's force had moved across the Delaware back into Pennsylvania, taking their prisoners and captured supplies with them.[71] This battle gave the Continental Congress a new confidence, as it proved colonial forces could defeat regulars. It also increased re-enlistments in the Continental Army forces. By defeating a European army, the colonials reduced the fear which the Hessians had caused earlier that year after the fighting in New York.[1]
Two notable American officers were wounded: William Washington, cousin of the General, and Lieutenant James Monroe, the future President of the United States. Monroe was carried from the field bleeding badly after he was struck in the left shoulder by a musket ball, which severed an artery. Doctor John Riker clamped the artery, preventing him from bleeding to death.[58]
The hours before the battle served as the inspiration for the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware by German American artist Emanuel Leutze. The image in the painting, in which Washington stands majestic in his boat as it crosses the Delaware River, is generally believed to be more symbolic than historically accurate. The waters of the river were icy and treacherous, and the flag Monroe holds was not created until six months after the battle.[73] In addition, contrary to the painting, the crossing occurred before dawn.[73] On the other hand, Fischer argues that because the crossing took place in a storm, people may have stood to avoid sitting in icy water in the boats.[74] Because of its emotional content, the painting has become an icon of American history.[73]
The Trenton Battle Monument, erected at "Five Points" in Trenton, stands as a tribute to this American victory.[75] The crossing of the Delaware and battle are reenacted by local enthusiasts every year (unless the weather is too severe on the river).[73]
Eight current Army National Guard units (101st Eng Bn,[76] 103rd Eng Bn,[77] A/1-104th Cav,[78] 111th Inf,[79] 125th QM Co,[80] 175th Inf,[81] 181st Inf[82] and 198th Sig Bn[83]) and one currently-active Regular Army Artillery battalion (1–5th FA[84] ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Trenton. There are only thirty current units of the U.S. Army with colonial roots.
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
List of American Revolutionary War battles
New Jersey during the American Revolution
Battle of the Assunpink Creek - also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, fought one week later
Battle of Princeton - fought the day after the Battle of the Assunpink Creek
Battle of Yorktown
Battle of Saratoga
Battle of Bennington
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood p. 72
Jump up ^ Fischer p.391-393
Jump up ^ Fischer p.396
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 406
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 254—Casualty numbers vary slightly with the Hessian forces, usually between 21–23 killed, 80–95 wounded and 890–920 captured (including the wounded), but it is generally agreed that the casualties were in this area.
Jump up ^ Battle of Trenton
^ Jump up to: a b c Ketchum p. 235
Jump up ^ Stanhope p. 129
Jump up ^ Van Dyke, John (1873), "An Unwritten Account of a Spy of Washington", Our Home
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks p. 56
^ Jump up to: a b Savas p. 84
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks p. 55
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 195
Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 242
^ Jump up to: a b Savas p. 83
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 188
Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 233
Jump up ^ Rosenfeld p. 177
^ Jump up to: a b Ketchum p. 229
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 183
^ Jump up to: a b Lengel p. 185
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fischer p. 189
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 197
^ Jump up to: a b Ketchum p. 236
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 203
Jump up ^ Wood p. 65
Jump up ^ McCullough p. 273
Jump up ^ McCullough p. 274
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 212
^ Jump up to: a b Ferling p. 176
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 219
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 221
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 222
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 223
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 225
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 226
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 227
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 228
Jump up ^ Scheer p. 215
Jump up ^ Kevin Wright. "The Crossing And Battle At Trenton – 1776". Bergen County Historical Society. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fischer p.231
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 232
Jump up ^ McCullough p. 279
^ Jump up to: a b c Fischer p. 235
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fischer p. 237
Jump up ^ Andreas Wiederholdt (edited by M.D. Learned and C. Grosse): Tagebuch des Capt. Wiederholdt Vom 7 Oktober bis 7 December 1780; The MacMillan Co, New York, ~1862; reprinted by the University of Michigan Library, 17 August 2015
Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 255
Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 256
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wood p. 68
Jump up ^ McCullough p. 280
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 239
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 240
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood p. 70
^ Jump up to: a b Wood p. 71
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fischer p. 246
Jump up ^ Ketchum p. 262
^ Jump up to: a b c Fischer p. 249
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 247
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 248
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 251
^ Jump up to: a b Wood p. 74
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 254
^ Jump up to: a b Fischer p. 255
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 379
Jump up ^ Mitchell p. 43
Jump up ^ Stryker p. 361
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 426
Jump up ^ Lengel p. 186
Jump up ^ Ferling p. 178
Jump up ^ Andreas Wiederholdt (edited by M.D. Learned and C. Grosse: Tagebuch des Capt. Widerholdt Vom 7 Oktober bis 7 December 1780; The MacMillan Co, New York, ~1862;reprinted by the University of Michigan Library, 17 August 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood p. 75
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 143
^ Jump up to: a b c d "What's wrong with this painting?". Washington Crossing Historic Park. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fischer p. 216
Jump up ^ Burt p. 439
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 103rd Engineer Battalion.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, Troop A/1st Squadron/104th Cavalry.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 111th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981. pp. 217–219.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 175th Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1982, pp. 343–345.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 198th Signal Battalion.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 1st Battalion, 5th Field Artillery. [1].
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Brooks, Victor (1999). How America Fought Its Wars. New York: De Capo Press. ISBN 1-58097-002-8.
Burt, Daniel S. (2001). The Biography Book. New York: Oryx Press. ISBN 1-57356-256-4.
Elson, William Henry (1908). History of the United States of America. Macmillan.
Ferling, John (2007). Almost a Miracle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-518121-2.
Fischer, David Hackett (2006). Washington's Crossing. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517034-2.
Ketchum, Richard (1999). The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton (1st Owl books ed.). Holt Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8050-6098-7.
Lengel, Edward (2005). General George Washington. New York: Random House Paperbacks. ISBN 0-8129-6950-2.
McCullough, David (2006). 1776. New York: Simon and Schuster Paperback. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
Mitchell, Craig (2003). George Washington's New Jersey. Middle Atlantic Press. ISBN 0-9705804-1-X.
Rosenfeld, Lucy (2007). George Washington's New Jersey. Rutgers. ISBN 0-8135-3969-2.
Savas, Theodore (2003). Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution. Savas Beatie. ISBN 1-932714-12-X.
Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
Scheer, George (1987). Rebels and Redcoats. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-80307-0.
Stanhope, Phillip Henry (1854). History of England: From the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles. GB, Murray.
Wiederholdt, Andreas (2015) [1862]. M.D. Learned; C. Grosse, eds. Tagebuch des Capt. Wiederholdt vom 7 Oktober bis 7 December 1780. The University of Michigan Library: The MacMillan Co, New York.
Wood, W.J. Henry (2003). Battles of the Revolutionary War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81329-7.
Tucker, Philip Thomas (2014), George Washington's Surprise Attack: A New Look at the Battle That Decided the Fate of America, Skyhorse Publishing (ISBN 978-1628736526)
Further reading[edit]
Maloy, Mark. Victory or Death: The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, December 25, 1776–January 3, 1777. Emerging Revolutionary War Series. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2018. ISBN 978-1-61121-381-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Trenton.
"The Two Battles of Trenton". The Trenton Historical Society.
"The Winter Patriots: The Trenton-Princeton Campaign of 1776–1777". George Washington's Mount Vernon.
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Hillsong Young & Free
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Hillsong Young & Free
Also known as
Hillsong Y&F, Young & Free, Y&F
Origin
Sydney, NSW, Australia
Genres
Contemporary worship music
Christian pop
Christian EDM
electropop
dance-pop
Years active
2012 (2012)–present
Labels
Sparrow, Hillsong, Capitol CMG
Associated acts
Hillsong United, Hillsong Worship
Website
hillsong.com/youngandfree
Members
Tyler Douglass
Tom Furby
Alexander Epa Iosefa
Aodhan King
Jack McGrath
Alexander Pappas
Tracy Pratt
Renee Sieff
Ben Tan
Brendan Tan
Laura Toggs
Melodie Wagner
Karina Wykes
Past members
Taya Smith
Hillsong Young & Free (also known as Hillsong Y&F or simply Y&F) is an Australian contemporary worship music group from Sydney, Australia, where they started making Christian music in 2012 at Hillsong Church. They have released two live albums, We Are Young & Free (2013), Youth Revival (2016) and their first studio album, III (Three) (2018) with two extended plays, This Is Living (2015) and We Are Young & Free (The Remixes) - EP (2015).
Contents
1 Background
2 History
3 Members
4 Awards
5 Discography
5.1 Albums
5.2 EPs
6 Singles
6.1 Featured songs
6.2 Music videos
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
The group formed in 2012 out of Sydney, Australia, where they were located at Hillsong Church. Their members are worship leaders, Aodhan King, Alexander Pappas, Tyler Douglass, Renee Sieff, Ben Tan, and Melodie Wagner. Hillsong United [launched in 1998], the original group, got underway when the members were all pretty young, because it was started as part of the youth ministry at Hillsong Church. As they evolved and started to mature, have families of their own and take on adulthood, many people at the church felt that there was a need for a new group that would aim its message at younger people with a stimulating new sound.[1][2][3][4]
History[edit]
Hillsong Young & Free released their first live album, We Are Young & Free, on 1 October 2013.[5][6][7] The album debuted and peaked at No. 6 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia,[8] also charting on several Billboard magazine charts in the United States, peaking at No. 22 on the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart.[9] Their subsequent release an extended play, This Is Living, was released on 11 January 2015.[10][11][12] The release charted on the Billboard 200 at No. 38 and No. 1 on the Christian Albums chart. Their second extended play, The Remixes, was released on 4 December 2015. The second live album, Youth Revival, was released on 26 February 2016.[13][14][15][16] On 6 December 2016, it was announced that Hillsong Young and Free would be nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Contemporary Christian Music Album category for their latest album Youth Revival.[17] Hillsong Young and Free featured on the track, "Marching On", from Rend Collective's album, Good News, which was released on 19 January 2018.[18]
Members[edit]
Current[2]
Aodhan King
Alexander Pappas
Tyler Douglass
Renee Sieff
Ben Tan
Melodie Wagner
Brendan Tan
Laura Toggs
Alexander Epa losefa
Tom Furby
Karina Wykes
Jack McGrath
Tracy Pratt
Past[2]
Taya Smith
Awards[edit]
On 6 December 2016, it was announced that Hillsong Young and Free would be nominated for a Grammy Award in the Best Contemporary Christian Music Album category for their latest album Youth Revival.
Discography[edit]
Albums[edit]
List of selected albums, with selected chart positions
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
AUS
[8]
US
[19]
US
Chr
[20]
We Are Young & Free
Released: 1 October 2013
Formats: CD, download
6 22 1
Youth Revival
Released: 26 February 2016
Formats: CD, download
3 45 2
Youth Revival Acoustic
Released: 24 February 2017
Formats: CD, download
37 — 24
III (Three)
Released: 29 June 2018[21]
Formats: CD, download
12
[22] 131 2
EPs[edit]
List of selected EPs, with selected chart positions
Title
EP details
Peak chart positions
AUS
[23]
US
[19]
US
Chr
[20]
This Is Living
Released: 13 January 2015
Formats: CD, download
— 38 1
We Are Young & Free: The Remixes EP
Released: 4 December 2015
Formats: CD, download
83 — 31
Singles[edit]
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Album
US
Christ
[24]
US
Christ Air.
[25]
US Christ Digital
[26]
US Christ Stream.
[27]
Holiday
Digital
[28]
2013 "Alive" 19 20 5 24 — We Are Young & Free
"Wake" 22 30 2 — —
"Vivo Estás (Live)" — — — — —
2014 "The Stand" — — — — — Non-album single
2015 "Noel" 40 32 23 — 3 Non-album single
"Vida Tú Me Das" — — — — — Non-album single (Spanish version of 'This is Living')
"Where You Are" 16 25 17 15 — Youth Revival
2016 "Real Love (Studio Version)" — — — — —
"Real Love (Live)" 27 35 30 — —
"Falling into You (Studio Version)" ** 29 23 — — —
2017 "Where You Are (Reimagined)" — — — — — Non-album single
"Love Won't Let Me Down" 22 30 11 — — III (Three)
2018 "Love Won't Let Me Down (Reimagined)" — — — — — Love Won't Let Me Down (The Remixes) EP
"Love Won't Let Me Down (YxYA London Remix)" — — — — —
"Love Won't Let Me Down (Eat More Cake Remix)" — — — — —
"P E A C E" 20 — 8 — — III (Three)
"Let Go" 23 31 23 — —
"Just Jesus" 37 — — — —
Statistics as of 21 July 2018
Note: Charts do not specify whether 'Falling into You' is the Studio or Live version. The charts also do not specify whether 'Real Love' is the Studio or Live version.
Featured songs[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Hillsong Young & Free" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Relentless (Young & Free Remix)" (2014) / Hillsong UNITED – The White Album
"Alive" (2014) / Hillsong Worship – No Other Name (only DVD)
"Sinking Deep" (2014) / Hillsong Worship – No Other Name (only DVD)
"This Is Living" (2015) / Hillsong Worship – Open Heaven / River Wild (digital deluxe edition and DVD)
"Pursue/All I Need Is You" (2015) / Hillsong Worship – Open Heaven / River Wild (digital deluxe edition and DVD)
"Marching On (featuring Hillsong Young & Free)" (2018) / Rend Collective – Good News
Music videos[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Hillsong Young & Free" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Alive" (2013)
"Wake" (2013)
"Back to Life" (2013)
"Gracious Tempest" (special performance) (2014)
"This Is Living" (2015)
"Where You Are" (2016)
"Real Love" (2016)
"Falling Into You" (2016)
"Love Won't Let Me Down" (2017)
"P E A C E" (2018)
"Let Go" (2018)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mountford, Chris (11 December 2013). "Hillsong Young & Free: The latest offshoot of the Australian movement". Cross Rhythms. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jeffries, David. "Hillsong Young & Free : Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Askar, Jim (28 February 2016). "Hillsong Young & Free on New Live Album 'Youth Revival': 'The Focus Is on the Message'". Billboard. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Ritchie, Daniel (31 March 2016). "Hillsong Young & Free Q&A". CCM Magazine. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Farias, Andree. "We Are Young & Free - Hillsong Young & Free : Review". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Hathcock, Marcus (1 October 2013). "Singing a Song to Fill the Void". New Release Today. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Davies, Jono (6 September 2013). "Reviews - Hillsong Young & Free - We Are Young & Free". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "australian-charts.com - Discography Hillsong Y&F". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Billboard. "Hillsong Young & Free : Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Prout, Brendan (10 February 2015). "Hillsong Young & Free: This Is Living". Worship Leader. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Lassiter, Caitlin (15 January 2015). "The Voice of A New Generation". New Release Today. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Davies, Jono (21 January 2015). "Reviews - Hillsong Young & Free - This Is Living". Louder Than the Music. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Jeremy (24 February 2016). "Hillsong Young & Free: Youth Revival". Worship Leader. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Shriver, Mikayla (18 February 2016). "Worship for the Next Generation". New Release Today. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Major, Chris (29 February 2016). "Hillsong Young & Free's "Youth Revival:" Unrivaled, Contagious & Game Changing". The Christian Beat. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Laura (25 February 2016). "Hillsong Young & Free 'Youth Revival'". Today's Christian Entertainment. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Here Is the Complete List of Nominees for the 2017 Grammys". Retrieved 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Good News by Rend Collective on Apple Music". 19 January 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History: Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History: Top Christian Albums". Billboard. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Hallels. "Listen to Hillsong Young and Free's New Single "Let Go" Here". hallels.com. Retrieved 2018-05-20.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. 16 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (12 December 2015). "ARIA Albums: Adele Blocks Coldplay from a Number One Debut". Noise11. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hillsong Young & Free Chart History". Retrieved 25 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
Hillsong
Churches
Hillsong Church (Hillsong Brisbane Campus)
Hillsong Church UK
Hillsong Church Kiev
Hillsong Church São Paulo
Ministries
Hillsong College
Hillsong Channel
Hillsong Conference
Hillsong Music
Albums
Musicians
Songs
Hillsong Worship
Hillsong United
Hillsong Young & Free
Leadership
Brian Houston
Bobbie Houston
Other
Hillsong: Let Hope Rise
show
v
t
e
Hillsong albums
Hillsong Worship
Albums
The Power of Your Love
Stone's Been Rolled Away
People Just Like Us
Friends in High Places
God Is in the House
Touching Heaven Changing Earth
By Your Side
For This Cause
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List of current National Football League stadiums
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, the newest stadium in the National Football League opened in 2017. It is the home of the Atlanta Falcons.
This article is a list of current National Football League stadiums, sorted by capacity, their locations, their first year of usage and home teams. Though there are 32 teams in the National Football League (NFL), there are only 31 full-time NFL stadiums because the New York Giants and New York Jets share MetLife Stadium. This number is scheduled to decrease to 30 when the Los Angeles Rams and the Los Angeles Chargers will begin to share the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in 2020.
The newest NFL stadium is Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, home of the Atlanta Falcons, which opened for the 2017 season. Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in Los Angeles, home of the Los Angeles Rams, is the oldest, having opened in 1923.
The NFL uses several other stadiums on a regular basis in addition to the teams' designated regular home sites. In England, Wembley Stadium in London is contracted to host at least two games per season, as part of the NFL International Series which runs through 2020, and Twickenham Stadium, also in London, is scheduled to host at least one game. Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Mexico, will also host a NFL International Series game in 2018. In addition, Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, is the location of the annual exhibition Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. Since 2016, Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida has hosted the Pro Bowl.
The majority of NFL stadiums have sold naming rights to corporations. As of the 2017 season, there are six exceptions: Arrowhead Stadium, Lambeau Field, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (which has a naming rights agreement pending),[1] Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, Paul Brown Stadium, and Soldier Field.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stadium characteristics
1.1 Seating
2 Legend
3 List of current stadiums
3.1 Map of current stadiums
4 Additional stadiums
5 Future stadiums
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Stadium characteristics[edit]
Stadiums represent a considerable expense to a community, and thus their construction, use, and funding often enters the public discourse.[2] Also, given the perceived advantage a team gets to playing in its home stadium, particular attention is given in the media to the peculiarities of each stadium's environment. Climate, playing surface (either natural or artificial turf), and the type of roof all contribute to giving each team its home-field advantage.
Stadiums are either open, enclosed, or have a retractable roof. For retractable roofs, the home team determines if the roof is to be opened or closed 90 minutes before kickoff. The roof remains open unless precipitation or lightning is within the vicinity of the stadium, the temperature drops below 40 °F (4 °C), or wind gusts are greater than 40 miles per hour (64 km/h), in which case the roof operators will close the roof.[3]
Seating[edit]
With a peak capacity of over 100,000 spectators, AT&T Stadium has the highest capacity of any NFL stadium, while MetLife Stadium has the highest listed seating capacity at 82,500. The smallest stadium is StubHub Center, which is hosting the Los Angeles Chargers in 2017 with a capacity of 26,000 seats; it is the smallest stadium to host a full NFL season for a team since a 25,000-seat City Stadium hosted its last Green Bay Packers games in 1956.
In their normal configurations, 29 of the league's 31 stadiums have a seating capacity of at least 60,000 spectators; of those, a majority (16) have less than 70,000 seats, while eight have between 70,000 and 80,000 and five can seat 80,000 or more. In contrast to college football stadiums, the largest of which can and regularly do accommodate over 100,000 spectators, no stadium in the league currently has a listed seating capacity of more than 82,500. Teams rarely build their stadiums far beyond the 80,000 seat threshold (and even then, only in the largest markets) because of the league's blackout policy, which prohibited the televising of any NFL game within 75 miles of its home market if a game does not sell all of its non-premium seating. For this reason, until the blackout was suspended in 2015, the Cowboys restricted capacity to 80,000 seats at AT&T Stadium, a stadium that can hold over 100,000 spectators at full capacity; likewise, the Los Angeles Rams cap capacity at the 93,607-seat Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum to 80,000 seats for most games. Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, the stadium that hosts the Oakland Raiders, has over 60,000 seats, but the team has restricted capacity to under 57,000 in more recent seasons.[4] In the opposite direction, the league has a firm minimum on the number of seats an NFL stadium should have; since 1971 the league has not allowed any stadium under 50,000 seats to host a full-time NFL team (not counting the StubHub Center, there have been two exceptions to this; 45,000-seat Metropolitan Stadium in Minnesota was not replaced until 1982, and 40,000-seat Vanderbilt Stadium hosted the Tennessee Oilers for one season in 1998 after a planned two-year residency in Memphis was cut in half). In normal circumstances, all NFL stadiums are all-seaters.
Legend[edit]
Denotes stadium with a retractable roof.
Denotes stadium with a fixed roof.
List of current stadiums[edit]
Some stadiums can be expanded to fit larger crowds for other events such as concerts or conventions. Official seating capacities do not include standing room.
Image
Name
Seating capacity
Location
Playing surface
Roof type
Team(s)
Opened
Ref(s)
Arrowhead Stadium
76,416 Kansas City, Missouri Latitude 36 Bermuda Grass Open Kansas City Chiefs 1972 [5]
AT&T Stadium
80,000 Arlington, Texas Matrix RealGrass artificial turf Retractable Dallas Cowboys 2009 [6][7]
Bank of America Stadium
75,419 Charlotte, North Carolina Voyager Bermuda Grass Open Carolina Panthers 1996 [8]
CenturyLink Field
68,000 Seattle, Washington FieldTurf Revolution Open Seattle Seahawks 2002 [9]
EverBank Field
67,246 Jacksonville, Florida Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass Open Jacksonville Jaguars 1995 [10]
FedExField
82,000 Landover, Maryland Latitude 36 Bermuda Grass Open Washington Redskins 1997 [11]
FirstEnergy Stadium
67,895 Cleveland, Ohio Kentucky Bluegrass Open Cleveland Browns 1999 [12][13]
Ford Field
65,000 Detroit, Michigan FieldTurf Classic HD Fixed Detroit Lions 2002 [14]
Gillette Stadium
66,829 Foxborough, Massachusetts FieldTurf Revolution Open New England Patriots 2002 [15]
Hard Rock Stadium
65,326 Miami Gardens, Florida Platinum TE Paspalum Open Miami Dolphins 1987 [16]
Heinz Field
68,400 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Kentucky Bluegrass Open Pittsburgh Steelers 2001 [17]
Lambeau Field
81,435 Green Bay, Wisconsin Desso GrassMaster[18] Open Green Bay Packers 1957 [19]
Levi's Stadium
68,500 Santa Clara, California Tifway II Bermuda Grass / Perennial Ryegrass mixture Open San Francisco 49ers 2014 [20]
Lincoln Financial Field
69,596 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Desso GrassMaster Open Philadelphia Eagles 2003 [21]
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
93,607 Los Angeles, California Santa Ana Bermuda Grass Open Los Angeles Rams 1923 [22]
Lucas Oil Stadium
67,000 Indianapolis, Indiana FieldTurf Classic HD Retractable Indianapolis Colts 2008 [23]
M&T Bank Stadium
71,008 Baltimore, Maryland Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass Open Baltimore Ravens 1998 [24]
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
73,208 New Orleans, Louisiana UBU Sports Speed Series S5-M Synthetic Turf[25] Fixed New Orleans Saints 1975 [26]
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
71,000 Atlanta, Georgia FieldTurf Revolution[27] Retractable Atlanta Falcons 2017 [28]
MetLife Stadium
82,500 East Rutherford, New Jersey UBU Sports Speed Series S5-M Synthetic Turf[29] Open New York Giants
New York Jets 2010 [30]
New Era Field
71,608 Orchard Park, New York A-Turf Titan 50 (artificial)[31] Open Buffalo Bills 1973 [31]
Nissan Stadium
69,143 Nashville, Tennessee TifSport Bermuda Grass Open Tennessee Titans 1999 [32]
NRG Stadium
72,220 Houston, Texas UBU Sports Speed Series S5-M Synthetic Turf [33] Retractable Houston Texans 2002 [34]
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
53,286 Oakland, California Tifway II Bermuda Grass Open Oakland Raiders 1966 [35]
Paul Brown Stadium
65,515 Cincinnati, Ohio UBU Speed Series S5-M Synthetic Turf Open Cincinnati Bengals 2000 [36]
Raymond James Stadium
65,890 Tampa, Florida Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass Open Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1998 [37]
Soldier Field
61,500 Chicago, Illinois Kentucky Bluegrass Open Chicago Bears 1924[nb 1] [38]
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
76,125 Denver, Colorado Kentucky Bluegrass Open Denver Broncos 2001 [39]
StubHub Center
26,000 Carson, California Bandera Bermuda Grass Open Los Angeles Chargers 2003 [40]
University of Phoenix Stadium
63,400 Glendale, Arizona Tifway 419 Bermuda Grass Retractable Arizona Cardinals 2006 [41]
U.S. Bank Stadium
66,655 Minneapolis, Minnesota UBU Speed Series S5-M Synthetic Turf[42] Fixed Minnesota Vikings 2016 [43]
Map of current stadiums[edit]
Oakland–Alameda
County Coliseum
Levi's
Stadium
CenturyLink Field
Los Angeles
Memorial Coliseum
StubHub
Center
University of Phoenix
Stadium
Paul Brown
Stadium
Soldier Field
Lucas Oil Stadium
Arrowhead Stadium
Sports Authority
Field
Ford Field
U.S. Bank Stadium
Lambeau
Field
New Era
Field
Gillette Stadium
MetLife Stadium
NRG Stadium
Mercedes-Benz
Superdome
Mercedes-Benz
Stadium
EverBank Field
AT&T Stadium
Nissan Stadium
Hard Rock
Stadium
Raymond James
Stadium
Heinz
Field
FirstEnergy
Stadium
Lincoln Financial Field
FedEx
Field

M&T
Bank
Stadium
Bank of America
Stadium
Additional stadiums[edit]
Image
Stadium
Capacity
Location
Playing surface
Roof type
Event(s)
Opened
Ref(s)
Camping World Stadium
65,000 Orlando, Florida AstroTurf GameDay Grass 3D Open Pro Bowl 1936[nb 2]
Estadio Azteca
110,000 Mexico City, Mexico Grass Open NFL International Series 1966
Northumberland Development Project
61,000 London, England Artificial turf Open NFL International Series 2018 [44]
Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium
22,364 Canton, Ohio FieldTurf Classic HD Open Hall of Fame Game 1938 [45]
Twickenham Stadium
75,000[nb 3] London, England Desso GrassMaster Open NFL International Series 1909 [46]
Wembley Stadium
86,000[nb 4] London, England Desso GrassMaster Partially retractable NFL International Series 2007
Future stadiums[edit]
Under construction
Stadium
Capacity
Location
Playing surface
Roof type
Team(s)/Events
Opening
Ref(s)
Las Vegas Stadium
65,000 Paradise, Nevada Grass Fixed Las Vegas Raiders 2020 [47]
Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park
70,240 Inglewood, California Artificial turf Fixed Los Angeles Rams
Los Angeles Chargers 2020 [48]
Proposed
Stadium
Capacity
Location
Playing surface
Roof type
Team(s)/Events
Opening
Ref(s)
New Era Field II
Buffalo, New York Grass Open Buffalo Bills
See also[edit]
Chronology of home stadiums for current National Football League teams
National Football League
Stadiums to host the Super Bowl (including future years)
List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums
List of NCAA Division I FCS football stadiums
List of American football stadiums by capacity
List of U.S. stadiums by capacity
List of North American stadiums by capacity
List of Canadian Football League stadiums
List of current Major League Baseball stadiums
List of Major League Soccer stadiums
List of Major League Lacrosse stadiums
List of National Basketball Association arenas
List of National Hockey League arenas
List of quarterbacks with consecutive regular season games with at least two touchdown passes at a stadium
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Soldier Field opened in 1924; Bears became tenants in 1971; playing field and seating bowl renovated in 2003.
Jump up ^ Camping World Stadium opened in 1936 as Orlando Stadium; lower seating bowl renovated in 2014.
Jump up ^ Twickenham Stadium seating reduced from 82,000 to 75,000 for NFL games
Jump up ^ Wembley Stadium seating reduced from 90,000 for NFL games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "United Gets L.A. Coliseum Naming Rights In College-Record Deal - SportsBusiness Daily | SportsBusiness Journal | SportsBusiness Daily Global". sportsbusinessdaily.com. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "In a league of its own". The Economist. April 27, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Adopted Playing Rules Change Proposals, Resolutions & Bylaws" (PDF). NFL Communications. March 25, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts" (PDF). 2015 Oakland Raiders Media Guide. Oakland Raiders. July 27, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Homes of the Chiefs" (PDF). 2016 Kansas City Chiefs Media Guide. Kansas City Chiefs. August 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dallas Cowboys Team Capsule" (PDF). 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. National Football League. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fingertip Information" (PDF). 2015 Dallas Cowboys Media Guide. Dallas Cowboys. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Stadium Facts Overview". Carolina Panthers. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stadium Facts - CenturyLink Field". CenturyLink Field. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stadium History". Jacksonville Jaguars. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "FedExField" (PDF). 2015 Washington Redskins Media Guide. Washington Redskins. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cleveland Browns Team Capsule" (PDF). 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. National Football League. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About Us". FirstEnergy Stadium. 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ford Field Facts & History". Detroit Lions. August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gillette Stadium - Venue Information". Gillette Stadium. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "FAQs". Hard Rock Stadium. Retrieved August 19, 2016. What is capacity in the new Stadium? The capacity is being reduced from 76,018 to approximately 65,326 seats.
Jump up ^ "Heinz Field Facts". Heinz Field. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Tom. "Lambeau surface kept safe and soft through technology". jsonline.com. Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2015 Green Bay Packers Media Guide". Green Bay Packers. August 4, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ "About - Levi's® Stadium". Levi’s® Stadium. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lincoln Financial Field" (PDF). 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide. Philadelphia Eagles. July 19, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Rams Team Capsule" (PDF). 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book. National Football League. July 15, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "About". Lucas Oil Stadium. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "M&T Stadium". Baltimore Ravens. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nunez, Tammy (February 1, 2013). "Super Bowl 2013 teams ponder Superdome turf -- who has the advantage?". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A-Z Guide". Mercedes-Benz Superdome. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mercedes-Benz Stadium Will Have FieldTurf". Retrieved April 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fast Facts". Mercedes-Benz Stadium. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill. "NFL Turf Gurus Start Preparing MetLife Field for Super Bowl XLVIII". nfl.com. National Football League. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "MetLife Stadium". MetLife Stadium. August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Kelly (August 18, 2016). "A look through history of the home of the Buffalo Bills". Buffalo Bills. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Titans Fingertip Information" (PDF). 2016 Tennessee Titans Media Guide. Tennessee Titans. July 21, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Reese, Joshua. "NRG Stadium Unveils New Playing Field". CBS Houston. Retrieved August 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NRG Stadium". NRG Park. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts" (PDF). 2015 Oakland Raiders Media Guide. Oakland Raiders. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Facts and Stats". Cincinnati Bengals. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Raymond James Stadium. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Bears Media Guide" (PDF). Chicago Bears. August 22, 2014. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Facts - Figures – Sports Authority Field at Mile High". Denver Broncos. August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stadium Fact Guide". City of San Diego. August 7, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "History - University of Phoenix Stadium". University of Phoenix Stadium. Archived from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Peters, Craig. "9 Things to Know about Vikings New Turf at U.S. Bank Stadium". vikings.com. Minnesota Vikings. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Stadiums by the Numbers". Minnesota Vikings. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Stadium". Tottenham Hotspur. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium". Pro Football Hall of Fame. November 24, 2014. Archived from the original on November 28, 2014. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NFL action at Twickenham". England Rugby. Rugby Football Union. Retrieved November 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas stadium proposal details revealed: Raiders get naming rights, one dollar rent, pick preferred site, more". Silver And Black Pride. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/stadium/construction-activity-begins-at-las-vegas-raiders-stadium-site-video/
External links[edit]
Map of NFL Stadiums
Aerial Views of NFL Stadiums
Stadiums of Pro Football
NFL Map
Ranking the NFL Stadiums - Yahoo! Sports
NFL stadiums on Ballparks.com
Best NFL stadiums
Power Ranking NFL Stadiums, 2014 Edition - Yard Barker
[show]
v
t
e
Current stadiums of the National Football League
American Football
Conference
East
Gillette Stadium
Hard Rock Stadium
MetLife Stadium1
New Era Field
North
FirstEnergy Stadium
Heinz Field
M&T Bank Stadium
Paul Brown Stadium
South
EverBank Field
Lucas Oil Stadium
Nissan Stadium
NRG Stadium
West
Arrowhead Stadium
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Sports Authority Field at Mile High
StubHub Center
National Football
Conference
East
AT&T Stadium
FedExField
Lincoln Financial Field
MetLife Stadium1
North
Ford Field
Lambeau Field
Soldier Field
U.S. Bank Stadium
South
Bank of America Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Raymond James Stadium
West
CenturyLink Field
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Levi's Stadium
University of Phoenix Stadium
Hall of Fame Game
Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium
International Series
Wembley Stadium
Twickenham Stadium
Estadio Azteca
1 Both the New York Giants (NFC) and the New York Jets (AFC) share the same venue.
[show]
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Miami Dolphins
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_National_Football_League_stadiums&oldid=821736950"
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This page was last edited on 22 January 2018, at 09:20.
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