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Anne of Cleves
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Anne of Cleves
Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger, c. 1539. Oil and Tempera on Parchment mounted on canvas, Musée du Louvre, Paris.
Queen consort of England
Tenure
6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540
Born
(1515-09-22)22 September 1515
Düsseldorf, Duchy of Berg,
Holy Roman Empire
Died
16 July 1557(1557-07-16) (aged 41)
Chelsea Manor, England
Burial
3 August 1557
Westminster Abbey
Spouse
Henry VIII of England
(m. 1540; annulled 1540)
House
La Marck
Father
John III, Duke of Cleves
Mother
Maria of Jülich-Berg
Religion
Lutheran, then Anglican, then Roman Catholicism
Signature
Anne of Cleves (German: Anna von Kleve; 22 September 1515 – 16 July 1557)[1] was Queen of England from 6 January to 9 July 1540 as the fourth wife of King Henry VIII.[1] The marriage was declared never consummated and, as a result, she was not crowned queen consort. Following the annulment, she was given a generous settlement by the King, and thereafter referred to as the King's Beloved Sister.[2][3] She lived to see the coronation of Queen Mary I, outliving the rest of Henry's wives.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
1.1 Wedding preparations
1.2 Marriage
2 After the annulment
3 Death
4 Literature
5 In film and television
6 Ancestry
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Anne was born on 22 September 1515[1][5] in Düsseldorf,[6] the second daughter of John III of the House of La Marck, Duke of Jülich jure uxoris, Cleves, Berg jure uxoris, Count of Mark, also known as de la Marck and Ravensberg jure uxoris (often referred to as Duke of Cleves) who died in 1538, and his wife Maria, Duchess of Julich-Berg (1491–1543). She grew up living in Schloss Burg on the edge of Solingen.
Anne's father was influenced by Erasmus and followed a moderate path within the Reformation. He sided with the Schmalkaldic League and opposed Emperor Charles V. After John's death, Anne's brother William became Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, bearing the promising epithet "The Rich". In 1526, her elder sister Sibylle was married to John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, head of the Protestant Confederation of Germany and considered the "Champion of the Reformation".
At the age of 11 (1527), Anne was betrothed to Francis, son and heir of the Duke of Lorraine while he was only 10.[7] Thus the betrothal was considered unofficial and was cancelled in 1535. Her brother William was a Lutheran but the family was unaligned religiously with her mother, the Duchess Maria, described as a "strict Catholic".[8] The Duke's ongoing dispute over Gelderland with Emperor Charles V made them suitable allies for England's King Henry VIII in the wake of the Truce of Nice. The match with Anne was urged on the King by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell.
Wedding preparations[edit]
The artist Hans Holbein the Younger was dispatched to Duren to paint portraits of Anne and her younger sister, Amalia, each of whom Henry was considering as his fourth wife. Henry required the artist to be as accurate as possible, not to flatter the sisters. The two versions of Holbein's portrait are in the Musée du Louvre in Paris and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Another 1539 portrait, by the school of Barthel Bruyn the Elder, is in the collection of Trinity College, Cambridge.[9]
Negotiations with Cleves were in full swing by March 1539. Cromwell oversaw the talks and a marriage treaty was signed on 4 October of that year.
Henry valued education and cultural sophistication in women, but Anne lacked these. She had received no formal education but was skilled in needlework and liked playing card games. She could read and write, but only in German.[10] Nevertheless, Anne was considered gentle, virtuous and docile, qualities that recommended her as a suitable candidate for Henry.
Anne was described by the French ambassador, Charles de Marillac, as tall and slim, "of middling beauty and of very assured and resolute countenance".[11] She was fair haired and was said to have had a lovely face. In the words of the chronicler Edward Hall, "Her hair hanging down, which was fair, yellow and long ... she was apparelled after the English fashion, with a French hood, which so set forth her beauty and good visage, that every creature rejoiced to behold her".[12] She appeared rather solemn by English standards, and looked old for her age. Holbein painted her with high forehead, heavy-lidded eyes and a pointed chin.
Henry met her privately on New Year's Day 1540 at Rochester Abbey in Rochester on her journey from Dover.[13] Henry and some of his courtiers, following a courtly-love tradition, went disguised into the room where Anne was staying.[13] Eustace Chapuys reported:
The Six Wives of
Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon
Anne Boleyn
Jane Seymour
Anne of Cleves
Catherine Howard
Catherine Parr
[The King] so went up into the chamber where the said Lady Anne was looking out of a window to see the bull-baiting which was going on in the courtyard, and suddenly he embraced and kissed her, and showed her a token which the king had sent her for New Year’s gift, and she being abashed and not knowing who it was thanked him, and so he spoke with her. But she regarded him little, but always looked out the window…. and when the king saw that she took so little notice of his coming he went into another chamber and took off his cloak and came in again in a coat of purple velvet. And when the lords and knights saw his grace they did him reverence.[14]
According to the testimony of his companions, he was disappointed with Anne, feeling she was not as described. According to the chronicler Charles Wriothesley, Anne "regarded him little",[15] though it is unknown if she knew if this was the king or not.[16] Henry did then reveal his true identity to Anne, although he is said to have been put off the marriage from then on. Henry and Anne then met officially on 3 January on Blackheath outside the gates of Greenwich Park, where a grand reception was laid out.[17]
Most historians believe that he later used Anne's alleged "bad" appearance and failure to inspire him to consummate the marriage as excuses, saying how he felt he had been misled, for everyone had praised Anne's attractions: "She is nothing so fair as she hath been reported", he complained.[18] Cromwell received some of the blame for the portrait by Holbein which Henry believed had not been an accurate representation of Anne and for some of the exaggerated reports of her beauty. When the king finally met Anne, he was reportedly shocked by her plain appearance; the marriage was never consummated.[19][20]
Henry urged Cromwell to find a legal way to avoid the marriage but, by this point, doing so was impossible without endangering the vital alliance with the Germans. In his anger and frustration the King finally turned on Cromwell, to his subsequent regret.[21] Cromwell's enemies, who had long waited for him to make his first false step, began to close in.
Marriage[edit]
A portrait of Anne in the 1540s by Bartholomäus Bruyn the elder.
Despite Henry's very vocal misgivings, the two were married on 6 January 1540 at the royal Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, London by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer. The phrase "God send me well to keep" was engraved around Anne's wedding ring. Immediately after arriving in England, Anne conformed to the Anglican form of worship, which Henry expected.[22] The couple's first night as husband and wife was not a successful one. Henry confided to Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage, saying, "I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse." He described her as having unpleasant body odour and sagging breasts, among other complaints.[23]
In February 1540, speaking to the Countess of Rutland, Anne praised the King as a kind husband, saying: "When he comes to bed he kisseth me, and he taketh me by the hand, and biddeth me 'Good night, sweetheart'; and in the morning kisseth me and biddeth 'Farewell, darling.'" Lady Rutland responded: "Madam, there must be more than this, or it will be long ere we have a duke of York, which all this realm most desireth."[5]
Anne was commanded to leave the Court on 24 June, and on 6 July she was informed of her husband's decision to reconsider the marriage. Witness statements were taken from a number of courtiers and two physicians which register the king's disappointment at her appearance. Henry had also commented to Thomas Heneage and Anthony Denny that he could not believe she was a virgin.[24]
Shortly afterwards, Anne was asked for her consent to an annulment, to which she agreed. Cromwell, the moving force behind the marriage, was attainted for treason. The marriage was annulled on 9 July 1540, on the grounds of non-consummation and her pre-contract to Francis of Lorraine. Henry VIII's physician stated that after the wedding night, Henry said he was not impotent because he experienced "duas pollutiones nocturnas in somno" (two nocturnal pollutions while in sleep; i.e., two wet dreams).[25][26] On 28 July, Henry married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard: on the same day Thomas Cromwell was executed, in theory for treason, but in practice as a scapegoat for the doomed German marriage.
After the annulment[edit]
Anne of Cleves' arms as queen consort.[27]
The former queen received a generous settlement, including Richmond Palace, and Hever Castle, home of Henry's former in-laws, the Boleyns. Anne of Cleves House, in Lewes, East Sussex, is just one of many properties she owned; she never lived there. Henry and Anne became good friends—she was an honorary member of the King's family and was referred to as "the King's Beloved Sister". She was invited to court often and, out of gratitude for her not contesting the annulment, Henry decreed that she would be given precedence over all women in England save his own wife and daughters.[2]
After Catherine Howard was beheaded, Anne and her brother, the Duke of Cleves, pressed the king to remarry Anne. Henry quickly refused to do so.[28] She seems to have disliked Catherine Parr, and reportedly reacted to the news of Henry's sixth marriage with the remark "Madam Parr is taking a great burden on herself."[29]
In March 1547, Edward VI's Privy Council asked her to move out of Bletchingley Palace, her usual residence, to Penshurst Place to make way for Thomas Cawarden, Master of Revels. They pointed out that Penshurst was nearer to Hever and the move had been Henry VIII's will.[30][31]
On 4 August 1553, Anne wrote to Mary I to congratulate her on her marriage to Philip of Spain.[32] On 28 September 1553, when Mary left St James's Palace for Whitehall, she was accompanied by her sister Elizabeth and Anne of Cleves.[33] Anne also took part in Mary I's coronation procession,[34][35] and may have been present at her coronation at Westminster Abbey.[36] These were her last public appearances. As the new Queen was a strict Catholic, Anne yet again changed religion, now becoming a Roman Catholic.[37][38]
After a brief return to prominence, she lost royal favour in 1554, following Wyatt's rebellion. According to Simon Renard, the imperial ambassador, Anne's close association with Elizabeth had convinced the Queen that "the Lady [Anne] of Cleves was of the plot and intrigued with the Duke of Cleves to obtain help for Elizabeth: matters in which the king of France was the prime mover".[39] There is no evidence that Anne was invited back to court after 1554.[40] She was compelled to live a quiet and obscure life on her estates.[40] After her arrival as the King's bride, Anne never left England. Despite occasional feelings of homesickness, Anne was generally content in England and was described by Holinshed as "a ladie of right commendable regards, courteous, gentle, a good housekeeper and verie bountifull to hir seruants."[4]
Death[edit]
When Anne's health began to fail, Mary allowed her to live at Chelsea Old Manor, where Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, had lived after her remarriage.[41] Here, in the middle of July 1557, Anne dictated her last will. In it, she mentions her brother, sister, and sister-in-law, as well as the future Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of Suffolk, and the Countess of Arundel.[42] She left some money to her servants and asked Mary and Elizabeth to employ them in their households.[43] She was remembered by everyone who served her as a particularly generous and easy-going mistress.[4]
Anne died at Chelsea Old Manor on 16 July 1557, eight weeks before her forty-second birthday. The most likely cause of her death was cancer.[41] She was buried in Westminster Abbey, on 3 August,[44] in what has been described as a "somewhat hard to find tomb" on the opposite side of Edward the Confessor's shrine and slightly above eye level for a person of average height. She is the only wife of Henry VIII to be buried in the Abbey.
Anne's epitaph in Westminster Abbey, which is in English, reads simply:[45]
ANNE OF CLEVES QUEEN OF ENGLAND BORN 1515 * DIED 1557
She also has the distinction of being the last of Henry VIII's wives to die,[4] as she outlived Henry's last wife, Catherine Parr, by 9 years. She was not the longest-lived, however, since Catherine of Aragon was 50 at the time of her death.[43]
Literature[edit]
Anne is the subject of three biographies: Julia Hamilton's Anne of Cleves (1972), and Mary Saaler's Anne of Cleves: Fourth Wife of Henry VIII (1995), and Elizabeth Norton's Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride (2009). Retha Warnicke has written an academic study on Anne's marriage called The Marrying of Anne of Cleves. Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (2000).
Anne of Cleves appears as a character in many historical novels about Henry's reign. In The Fifth Queen (1906) by Ford Madox Ford she is portrayed as a sensible, practical woman who happily settles for an annulment in return for the material benefits it brings. Anne of Cleves is the main character of My Lady of Cleves (1946) by Margaret Campbell Barnes. About a third of The Boleyn Inheritance (2006) by Philippa Gregory is recounted from Anne's point of view, covering the period of Henry VIII's marriages to her and to her successor Catherine Howard. The book concludes with Anne living away from court, and avoiding the execution ceremonies of Howard and of Jane Boleyn, sister-in-law to one of Henry's queens and lady-in-waiting to all the others, including Anne. Gregory includes Anne in a non-fictional review of the period at the end of the book.
Anne and her Holbein portrait in the Louvre are the focus of the novel Amenable Women (2009) by Mavis Cheek.[46] Anne and Catherine Howard are the subject of The Queen's Mistake by Diane Haeger (2009), while Anne and Jane Seymour are covered in Volume 3 of Dixie Atkins's tetralogy A Golden Sorrow (2010). D. Lawrence-Young authored a biographical novel "Anne of Cleves - Henry's Luckiest Wife" published by GMTA/Celestial Press. N.C. USA, 2013.
In film and television[edit]
The role of Anne of Cleves was played by Elsa Lanchester in The Private Life of Henry VIII, which was released in 1933. Lanchester's husband Charles Laughton played Henry VIII and won an Academy Award for his portrayal. The film received a Best Picture nomination; the first for a picture made outside the U.S.
Rick Wakeman composed the piece "Anne of Cleves" for his 1973 album, The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Anne of Cleves was played by Elvi Hale in the episode Anne of Cleves in the 1971 television series The Six Wives of Henry VIII. This series portrays Anne as a personally naive yet politically clever woman who convinces Henry against consummating the union so that he can get out of his alliance with the Germans should the need arise. When Anne's predictions prove true, it is she who suggests becoming "the King's beloved sister".
Pia Girard played Anne of Cleves in the 2003 ITV series Henry VIII.
She appeared as a ghost in The Simpsons episode "Father Knows Worst" in 2009 to encourage Homer to let Bart learn from experience.[47]
The role of Anne of Cleves was played by actress and singer Joss Stone in the Showtime cable television series The Tudors. The series downplays Anne's naiveté and exaggerates her popularity so as to provide a foil for the immature, unpopular Catherine Howard. The series also has an anachronistically svelte Henry engaging in an affair with Anne after his marriage to Catherine Howard, realizing too late that he "like[s] her after all."
In 2014, 2015, an episode of Horrible Histories and its reboot called "Ridiculous Romances" and "Horrid Henry VIII" featured Martha Howe-Douglas and Katherine Jakeways, portraying Anne of Cleves.
In the Blackadder Season II episode "Money", Lord Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson), reminisces that his father wasted the family fortune "... on wine, women and amateur dramatics until he had to make out a living by doing humorous impressions of Anne of Cleves"[citation needed]
Ancestry[edit]
‹ The template below (Ahnentafel top) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
[show]Ancestors of Anne of Cleves
‹ The template below (Ahnentafel-compact5) is being considered for deletion. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
16. Adolph I, Duke of Cleves
8. John I, Duke of Cleves
17. Marie of Burgundy
4. John II, Duke of Cleves
18. John II, Count of Nevers
9. Elizabeth of Nevers
19. Jacqueline d'Ailly
2. John III, Duke of Cleves
20. Louis I, Landgrave of Hesse
10. Henry III, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg
21. Anna of Saxony
5. Mathilde of Hesse
22. Philip I, Count of Katzenelnbogen
11. Anna of Katzenelnbogen
23. Anna of Württemberg
1. Anne of Cleves
24. William VIII of Jülich, Count of Ravensberg
12. Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
25. Adelheid of Tecklenburg
6. William IV, Duke of Jülich-Berg
26. Bernard II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg
13. Sophie of Saxe-Lauenburg
27. Adelheid of Pomerania
3. Maria of Jülich-Berg
28. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg
14. Albert III Achilles, Elector of Brandenburg
29. Elisabeth of Bavaria-Landshut
7. Sibylle of Brandenburg
30. Frederick II, Elector of Saxony
15. Anna of Saxony
31. Margarete of Austria
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Weir 2009, p. 155.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 108.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 252.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Norton 2010, p. 165.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 7.
Jump up ^ At the time, the area was in the Duchy of Berg.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 12–13.
Jump up ^ Fraser 1992, p. 364.
Jump up ^ "Trinity College, University of Cambridge". BBC Your Paintings.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 10-11.
Jump up ^ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII 15: 1540 no. 22.
Jump up ^ Hall 1809, pp. 836–837.
^ Jump up to: a b Warnicke 2000, p. 138.
Jump up ^ "Anne of Cleves – Not Love at First Sight" The History Jar retrieved February 6, 2017
Jump up ^ Wriothesley 1875, pp. 109–110.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 132.
Jump up ^ Warnicke 2000, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Schofield 2011, p. 361.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=Z15sBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157&dq=cromwell+anne+of+cleves+downfall&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiIktfDyZ3VAhXG7IMKHb-cCXM4ChDoAQgtMAE#v=onepage&q=cromwell%20anne%20of%20cleves%20downfall&f=false
Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=P1PrjR79wzgC&pg=PA77&dq=cromwell+anne+of+cleves+Duchess+of+Milan+%22as+the+golden+sun+did+the+silver&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjz1ZC0z53VAhUN0IMKHWSfAnkQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=cromwell%20anne%20of%20cleves%20Duchess%20of%20Milan%20%22as%20the%20golden%20sun%20did%20the%20silver&f=false
Jump up ^ https://books.google.ca/books?id=MhY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA127&dq=Henry+VIII+execution+of+cromwell+later+regretted&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiH8P_L0Z3VAhVJ44MKHdxECwQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Henry%20VIII%20execution%20of%20cromwell%20later%20regretted&f=false
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 412.
Jump up ^ Schofield 2011, p. 240.
Jump up ^ Strype I(II) 1822, pp. 450–463.
Jump up ^ Strype I(II) 1822, p. 461.
Jump up ^ "Holbein en Angleterre". Amateur d'Art, par Lunettes Rouge (in French). La Vie–Le Monde Group. 29 November 2006. Retrieved 4 January 2014. .
Jump up ^ Boutell 1863, p. 243.
Jump up ^ Farquhar 2001, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 498.
Jump up ^ Acts of the Privy Council 2, pp. 82–83, 471-472.
Jump up ^ Ellis 1817, pp. 131–132.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 153.
Jump up ^ Whitelock 2010, p. 192.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 144–145.
Jump up ^ Porter 2007, pp. 256, 260–261.
Jump up ^ Porter 2007, p. 260 According to Antoine de Noailles, Elizabeth and Anne followed Mary into the Abbey.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 146.
Jump up ^ Weir 2007, p. 388.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, p. 151.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b Fraser 1992, p. 504.
Jump up ^ Norton 2010, pp. 158-161.
^ Jump up to: a b Norton 2010, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Machyn 1968, pp. 145-146.
Jump up ^ Google Images
Jump up ^ Annis. "Amenable Women by Mavis Cheek". HistoricalNovels.info. Retrieved 2 April 2012. ; "Amenable Women, Mavis Cheek". Faber & Faber. Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
Jump up ^ https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves
References[edit]
Boutell, Charles (1863). A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular. London: Winsor and Newton.
Dasent, John Roche, ed. (1890). "Acts of the Privy Council". British-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Ellis, Henry (1817). "Extracts from the Proceedings of Privy Council from the Year 1545 to the Year 1558". Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity. XVIII. London: Society of Antiquaries of London.
Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasury of Royal Scandals: The Shocking True Stories of History's Wickedest, Weirdest, Most Wanton Kings, Queens, Tsars, Popes, and Emperors (hardback). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
Fraser, Antonia (2002). The Wives of Henry VIII. London: Phoenix. ISBN 9781842126332.
Hall, Edward (1809). Hall's chronicle; containing the history of England, during the reign of Henry the Fourth, and the succeeding monarchs, to the end of the reign of Henry the Eighth, in which are particularly described the manners and customs of those periods. London: Printed for J. Johnson; F. C. and J. Rivington; T. Payne; Wilkie and Robinson; Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme; Cadell and Davies; and J. Mawman.
"Henry VIII: January 1540, 1-10". Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII. 15: 1540. British-history.ac.uk. 1896. pp. 1–19. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
Machyn, Henry (1968). Nichols, John Gough, ed. The Diary of Henry Machyn, Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London, from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563. Camden Society. Series I. 42. New York ; London: AMS Press.
Norton, Elizabeth (2010). Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride. Stroud: Amberley. ISBN 9781445601830.
Porter, Linda (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6.
Schofield, John (2011). The Rise & Fall of Thomas Cromwell: Henry VIII's Most Faithful Servant. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-5866-3.
Strype, John (1822). Ecclesiastical Memorials, Relating Chiefly to Religion and the Reformation of it, and the Emergencies of the Church of England, under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI and Queen Mary I. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Warnicke, Retha M. (2000). The Marrying of Anne of Cleves: Royal Protocol in Early Modern England (hardback). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521770378.
Weir, Alison (2009). Britain's Royal Families:The Complete Genealogy. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099539735.
Weir, Alison (2007). The Six Wives of Henry VIII. London: Vintage. ISBN 9780099523628.
Whitelock, Anna (2010). Mary Tudor: England's First Queen. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781400066094.
Wriothesley, Charles (1875). Hamilton, William Douglas, ed. "A Chronicle Of England During The Reigns Of The Tudors: From A.D. 1485 To 1559". Camden Society. New Series. London: Camden Society.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Anne of Cleves.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anne of Cleves.
A quick overview of Anne's life, including a very good portrait gallery
A more in-depth examination of Anne's political career
More information on Anne's life after her annulment
A Google Earth biography tour of the Six Wives of Henry VIII on the Google Earth Community
Anne of Cleves
House of La Marck
Born: 22 September 1515 Died: 16 July 1557
English royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Jane Seymour Queen consort of England
Lady of Ireland
6 January – 9 July 1540 Vacant
Title next held by
Catherine Howard
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Category:Municipal corporations in Karnataka
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Municipal corporations in Karnataka.
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B
► Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (1 C, 2 P)
Pages in category "Municipal corporations in Karnataka"
The following 10 pages are in this category, out of 10 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
B
Belgaum City Corporation
Bellary
D
Davanagere
Doddaballapura City Municipal Council
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Gulbarga
H
Hubli-Dharwad Municipal Corporation
K
Kalaburagi Mahanagara Palike
M
Mangalore City Corporation
Mysore
U
Ullal City Municipal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Municipal_corporations_in_Karnataka&oldid=831944400"
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I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing" redirects here. For the Lea Salonga album, see I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (album).
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)"
Single by The Hillside Singers
from the album I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing
B-side
"I Believed It All"
Released
November 1971
Label
Metromedia
Songwriter(s)
Bill Backer
Billy Davis
Roger Cook
Roger Greenaway
Producer(s)
Al Ham
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing"
Single by The New Seekers
from the album We'd Like to Teach the World to Sing
B-side
"Boom Town"
Released
November 1971
Length
2:20
Label
Philips (Germany)
Polydor (UK)
Elektra (USA/Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Roger Cook, Roger Greenaway, Bill Backer and Billy Davis
Producer(s)
David Mackay
The New Seekers singles chronology
"Never Ending Song of Love"
(1971) "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing"
(1971) "Beg, Steal or Borrow"
(1972)
"Never Ending Song of Love"
(1971) "'I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)"
(1971) "Beg, Steal or Borrow"
(1972)
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)" is a pop song that originated as the jingle "Buy the World a Coke"[1] in the groundbreaking 1971 "Hilltop" television commercial for Coca-Cola. "Buy the World a Coke" was produced by Billy Davis and portrayed a positive message of hope and love, featuring a multicultural collection of teenagers on top of a hill appearing to sing the song.
The popularity of the jingle led to it being re-recorded by The New Seekers and by The Hillside Singers as a full-length song, dropping references to Coca-Cola. The song became a hit record in the US and the UK.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 TV commercial
2.1 Lyrics
2.2 Versions as an ad
2.3 Significance and reception
3 Singles
3.1 The Hillside Singers
3.2 The New Seekers
4 Chart performance
4.1 New Seekers version
4.1.1 Weekly charts
4.1.2 Year-end charts
4.2 Hillside Singers version
4.2.1 Weekly charts
4.2.2 Year-end charts
5 Covers and inspiration for other music
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Origins[edit]
The idea originally came to Bill Backer, an advertising executive working for McCann Erickson, the agency responsible for Coca-Cola. Backer, Roger Cook and Billy Davis were delayed at Shannon Airport in Ireland. After a forced layover with many hot tempers, they noticed their fellow travelers the next morning were talking and joking while drinking Coca-Cola. Backer wrote the line "I'd like to buy the world a Coke" on a napkin and shared it with British hit songwriters Cook and Roger Greenaway.
The melody was derived from a previous jingle by Cook and Greenaway, originally called "True Love and Apple Pie"[2] that was recorded in 1971 by Susan Shirley.
The commercial ended with the statement:
On a hilltop in Italy,
We assembled young people
From all over the world...
To bring you this message
From Coca-Cola Bottlers
All over the world.
It's the real thing. Coke.
The song became so popular that it was recorded by The New Seekers and by The Hillside Singers as a full-length song—without the mention of Coke—and both versions became huge hits. A version of the song was rerecorded by Susan Shirley and released in 1971. Cook, Greenaway, Backer, and Billy Davis reworked the song and recorded it as a Coca-Cola radio commercial.
TV commercial[edit]
Lyrics[edit]
"Buy the World a Coke" contains the line "I'd like to buy the world a Coke" and repeats "It's the real thing", which was Coca-Cola's marketing slogan at the time. Coca Cola introduced that slogan in October 1969.
Versions as an ad[edit]
Several versions of the ad have been made.
The song first aired on American radio on February 12, 1971, but failed.[clarification needed][2] When the feedback was favorable, Backer persuaded McCann-Erickson to film a commercial using the song.[2] The TV commercial, titled "Hilltop", was directed by Roberto Malenotti.[3] The ad cost $250,000, the most expensive commercial in history at that time.[4]
The first attempt at shooting was ruined by rain and other location problems.[5] The finished product, first aired in July 1971, featured a multicultural group of young people lip syncing the song on a hill in Manziana, outside Rome, Italy. The global unity of the singers is emphasized by showing that the bottles of Coke they are holding are labelled in a variety of languages. The South African government asked for a version of the commercial without the black actors. Coca Cola refused their request. The company later reduced its investment in that country with the (then) CEO saying "We have been reducing our investment in South Africa since 1976, and we have now decided to sell our remaining holdings in that country".[6]
In the mid-1970s, another version of the commercial was filmed for the holiday season. This reworking featured the same song but showed the group at night, with each person holding a lit white candle. In the final zoom-out crane shot, only the candle flames remain visible, forming a triangle reminiscent of a Christmas tree; this impression is cemented by a Coke bottle logo superimposed at the top of the "tree", and the words "Happy Holidays from your Coca-Cola bottler" below. This version was reused for many years during the holiday season.[citation needed]
Starting in 1983, for several years, the Christmas version, translated into Italian, was broadcast in Italy.
Yet another variation had a different ending, with Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters decorating a giant Christmas tree in front of the Sleeping Beauty Castle before the establishing crane shot captures an animated Tinker Bell lighting it up with her wand.[citation needed]
In 1990, a follow-up to this commercial, called "Hilltop Reunion" and directed by Jeff Lovinger, aired during coverage of Super Bowl XXIV. It featured the original singers (now adults) and their children, and culminated in a medley of this song and the then-current "Can't Beat the Real Thing" jingle.[7]
In 1996 the hilltop commercial was referenced in the rap lyrics of the "Get Real" Coca-Cola campaign.
G. Love remade the song for the Coca-Cola Zero commercial "Everybody Chill", which aired in 2005.[8]
In 2006, the song was used again in a Coca-Cola commercial in the Netherlands, performed by Dutch singer Berget Lewis.[9]
In 2010, Coca-Cola once again used the song in a television commercial featuring the entire line of its sponsored NASCAR Sprint Cup drivers. The commercial included the drivers singing the song while driving in a race.[10]
In 2011, information on how many dollars it would take "to buy the world a Coke" was given in a commercial featuring the red silhouette of a Coke bottle and the melody of the song.[11]
Significance and reception[edit]
In 2007, Campaign magazine called it "one of the best-loved and most influential ads in TV history".[12] It served as a milestone—the first instance of the recording industry's involvement with advertising.[13]
Marketing analysts have noted Coca-Cola's strategy of marrying the idea of happiness and universal love of the product illustrated by the song.[14][15]
The commercial has continued receiving accolades in more recent times. In 2000, Channel 4 and The Sunday Times ranked the song 16th in the 100 Greatest TV Ads,[16] while ITV ranked the advertisement 10th in their list of the greatest advertisements of all time by in 2005.[17]
Singles[edit]
The Hillside Singers[edit]
After the TV commercial aired, radio stations began to get calls from people who liked it. Billy Davis' friends in radio suggested he record the song, but not as an advertising jingle.[5] It became so popular that the song was rewritten without brand name references and expanded to three verses. Davis recruited a group of studio singers to take it on because The New Seekers did not have time to record it. The studio group named themselves The Hillside Singers to identify with the ad, and within two weeks the song was on the national charts. The Hillside Singers' version reached #13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #5 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked this version as the No. 97 song for 1972.
The New Seekers[edit]
The New Seekers later recorded the song[2] and sold 96,000 copies of their record in one day, eventually selling 12 million total. "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)" climbed to UK #1 and US #7 in 1971 and 1972. The song became a gold record in the U.S., and has also sold over a million copies in the UK.[18] The Coca-Cola Company waived royalties to the song and instead donated $80,000 in payments to UNICEF.[2] Billboard ranked this version as the No. 93 song for 1972.
Chart performance[edit]
New Seekers version[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971–72)
Peak
position
Australia 7
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[19] 3
Japan (Oricon Singles Chart)[20] 1
New Zealand[21] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[22] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
Australia[24] 66
Canada 29
UK [25] 5
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[26] 93
Hillside Singers version[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971–72)
Peak
position
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[27] 58
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[28] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[29] 13
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[30] 5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[26] 97
Covers and inspiration for other music[edit]
A Japanese version was recorded in 1972, 3 people would later become members of The Candies the following year.
The British rock band Oasis was sued after their recording "Shakermaker" borrowed its melody and some lyrics directly; they were forced to change their composition.[31]
Oasis tribute band No Way Sis released a cover of "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing", entering the British charts at number 27 in 1996.
In 1997, the rock band Smash Mouth put a reference of the song in early lines of their first major single Walkin' on the Sun.
A version of the song was included in a Kidsongs video.[citation needed]
The VeggieTales covered the song on their album Bob and Larry Sing the 70's.[citation needed]
Gordon Webster recorded a live cover of the song on his 2013 album Live at Boston Swing Central.
In 2017, The Canadian vocal group The Tenors used parts of 'Teach the World' in the song "Santa's Wish (Teach the World)" on their Album 'Christmas Together'
In popular culture[edit]
The commercial was used as the final scene in the Mad Men series finale, "Person to Person" (airdate May 17, 2015), which was set in November 1970, at an oceanside spiritual retreat in California.
The song was also used in Jeremy Paxman's final edition of Newsnight in 2014.
See also[edit]
Advertising management
Brand management
"First Time" (Robin Beck song), which also came to prominence via a Coca-Cola TV commercial
Share a Coke - Coca-Cola Campaign running from 2010 - 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The New Seekers: Buy The World a Coke (single release) at Discogs
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ryan, Ted (2012-01-01). "The Making of Coca-Cola's "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke" Ad". The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Coca Cola "Hilltop"". Coloribus.
Jump up ^ Marlow Stern (18 May 2015). "Mad Men's Series Finale: Don Draper's Moment of Zen and the Betrayal of Peggy". The Daily Beast.
^ Jump up to: a b "Moving Image Research Center (Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division, Library of Congress)". Lcweb2.loc.gov. 2016-07-14. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Sing, Bill (18 September 1986). "Coca-Cola Acts to Cut All Ties With S. Africa". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Dale, Arden (December 22, 1989). "'Hilltop Reunion' has McCann and Coke Humming". Backstage.
Jump up ^ Williams, Damon C. (2005-06-16). "G. Love, Coke Zero take '71's 'Hilltop' to another level". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Jump up ^ "Berget Lewis, Biografie". Berget Lewis Music. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coke Nascar Harmony Ad". YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Coca-Cola – I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke (the story of Hilltop)". This is Not Advertising. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, James; Tylee, John (May 18, 2007). "Ten ads that changed advertising". Campaign. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "All about ... Advertiser-funded music". Campaign. February 8, 2008. p. 15.
Jump up ^ Gieryn, Thomas F. (Spring 1987). "Science and Coca-Cola". Science & Technology Studies. 5 (1). pp. 12–31.
Jump up ^ Holbrook, Morris (July 1987). "Mirror, Mirror, on the Wall, What's Unfair in the Reflections on Advertising?". The Journal of Marketing. 51 (3). pp. 95–103.
Jump up ^ "100 Greatest TV Ads". UK TV Adverts. 2000.
Jump up ^ "Greatest advertisements of all time". thinkbox.TV. 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-03-05.
Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi (4 November 2012). "UK's million-selling singles: the full list". Guardian. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5306." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Japan #1 IMPORT DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles". Hbr3.sakura.ne.jp. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "New Seekers: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "The New Seekers Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Australian Chart Book". Austchartbook.com.au. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music#Best-selling_singles
^ Jump up to: a b "Top 100 Hits of 1972/Top 100 Songs of 1972". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5329." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 5294." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Hillside Singers Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Hillside Singers Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Mundy, Chris (May 2, 1996). "Ruling Asses: Oasis". Rolling Stone. pp. 32–35, 68.
External links[edit]
Coca-Cola Company, The Making of 'I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke'
Lyrics: New Seekers, I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing
Brian Wolly (May 18, 2015). "American History Museum Scholar on the History of the "I'd Like to Buy the World a Coke" Advertisement". Smithsonian Magazine.
Preceded by
"Chiisana Koi" (ja) by Mari Amachi (ja) Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number-one single
(The New Seekers version)
April 10, 1972 Succeeded by
"Yoake no Teishaba" by Shouji Ishibashi (ja)
Preceded by
"Slaney Valley" by Larry Cunningham Irish Singles Chart number-one single
(The New Seekers version)
January 8, 1972 – January 15, 1972 Succeeded by
"Men Behind the Wire" by Barleycorn
Preceded by
"Ernie (The Fastest Milkman in the West)" by Benny Hill UK Singles Chart number-one single
(The New Seekers version)
January 8, 1972 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"Telegram Sam" by T.Rex
[hide]
v
t
e
Super Bowl commercials
1970s
"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)" (Coca-Cola)
Hey Kid, Catch! (Coca-Cola)
1980s
"1984" (Apple Inc.)
I'm going to Disney World! (The Walt Disney Company)
Spuds MacKenzie (Bud Light)
1990s
Bud Bowl (Budweiser)
"You Got the Right One, Baby" (Diet Pepsi)
2000s
The Man Your Man Could Smell Like (Old Spice)
2010s
"Born of Fire" (Chrysler)
The Force (Volkswagen)
Never Miss a Super Bowl Club (Visa Inc.)
Halftime in America (Chrysler)
"So God Made a Farmer" (Ram Trucks)
"The '80s Called" (RadioShack)
"Invisible" (Product Red)
Puppy monkey baby (Mountain Dew)
List
Dot-com commercials during Super Bowl XXXIV
Super Bowl Ad Meter
Adbowl
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Like_to_Teach_the_World_to_Sing_(In_Perfect_Harmony)&oldid=825728399"
Categories:
1971 singles
1972 singles
Advertising campaigns
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Promotional campaigns by Coca-Cola
Songs against racism and xenophobia
Songs based on jingles
Songs written by Roger Cook (songwriter)
Songs written by Roger Greenaway
Super Bowl advertising
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015
Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
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values: I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (in Perfect Harmony) – Indonesian

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