text:
Government of Ontario
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Government of Ontario
Gouvernement de l'Ontario (French)

Coat of arms of Ontario
Wordmark
Formation
1867
Country
Canada
Website
ontario.ca
Legislative branch
Legislature
Legislative Assembly
Meeting place
Legislative Building
Executive branch
Main body
Executive Council
Head of Government
Premier
Viceregal Representative
Lieutenant Governor
Meeting place
Whitney Block
Judicial branch
Court
Superior Court of Justice
Seat
Toronto
Ontario
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Ontario
Monarch
Elizabeth II
Lieutenant governor (list)
Elizabeth Dowdeswell
Legislative Assembly
Speaker: Dave Levac
Current assembly (list)
Premier (list)
Kathleen Wynne
Opposition Leader
Patrick Brown
Cabinet
Political parties
Liberal
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Recent elections
General: next
2014
2011
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Equalization payments
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The Government of Ontario (French: Gouvernement de l'Ontario), or more formally Her Majesty's Government of Ontario,[1] is the provincial government of the province of Ontario, Canada. Its powers and structure are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.
The government includes the cabinet (formally the Executive Council of Ontario) of the day, selected from members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and the non-political civil service staff within each provincial department or agency. The civil service that manages and delivers government policies, programs, and services is called the Ontario Public Service.
The province of Ontario is governed by a unicameral legislature, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, which operates in the Westminster system of government. The province's head of government, known as the Premier of Ontario, is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier, invariably the leader of a political party represented in the Legislative Assembly, selects members of the Cabinet, who are also appointed by the Lieutenant Governor. The Premier and Cabinet, who are responsible for the overall direction and functioning of the government, are entitled to remain in office so long as it maintains the confidence of the elected Legislative Assembly. The Premier has usually been the leader of the party holding the largest number of seats in the Legislative Assembly, but this is not a constitutional requirement.
Owing to the location of the Ontario Legislative Building on the grounds of Queen's Park, the Ontario government is frequently referred to by the metonym "Queen's Park".[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario
2 Executive powers
3 Legislative powers
4 Budget
4.1 Debt
5 Awards and recognition
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario[edit]
Further information: Monarchy in Ontario
The functions of the Sovereign, Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, and known in Ontario as the Queen in Right of Ontario, are exercised by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada.
Executive powers[edit]
The Ontario Government Buildings, in downtown Toronto, contain the head offices of several provincial ministries.
The executive powers in the province lie with the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, but these are exercised almost always on the advice of the Premier of Ontario and the rest of the Executive Council of Ontario (Cabinet).
Legislative powers[edit]
The Ontario Legislative Building is the seat of the Legislative Assembly.
The legislative powers in the province lie with the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. The premier and other ministers in the Cabinet are also members of, and responsible to, the Legislative Assembly.
Budget[edit]
For the 2013-2014 fiscal year, the Ontario government planned to spend C$127,600,000,000, including a deficit of C$11,700,000,000.[3]
Debt[edit]
As of March 31, 2014, the total Ontario debt stood at $295.80 billion.[4]
Awards and recognition[edit]
The Ontario Public Service was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Maclean's newsmagazine in 2009, and again in 2010. The Ontario Public Service was also named one of Greater Toronto's Top Employers by the Toronto Star in 2009, and was named one of "Canada's Best Diversity Employers" in 2009 by Bank of Montreal[5]
See also[edit]
Politics of Ontario
Ontario general election, 2007
Cabinet of Ontario
Association of Management, Administrative and Professional Crown Employees of Ontario
Ontario Public Service Employees Union
Family Responsibility Office
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Order in Council 1681/2016". Government of Ontario. 2017-01-03. PURSUANT TO the prerogative of Her Majesty The Queen in Right of Ontario to appoint advisors to serve Her Majesty's Government of Ontario in the discharge of its executive obligations and responsibilities...
Jump up ^ "Legacy of a People's Park". Education Portal. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "2013 Ontario Budget" (PDF). www.ofina.on.ca. Ontario Financing Authority. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ontario 2014 Budget" (PDF). www.ofina.on.ca. Ontario Financing Authority. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers and 2009 Canada's Best Diversity Employers Competitions".
External links[edit]
Government of Ontario official website
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text:
Arctic fox
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Arctic fox (disambiguation).
Arctic fox
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Caniformia
Family: Canidae
Genus: Vulpes
Species: V. lagopus
Binomial name
Vulpes lagopus
Linnaeus, 1758[2]
Arctic fox range
Synonyms
Alopex lagopus
Linnaeus, 1758
Canis lagopus
Linnaeus, 1758
Canis fuliginosus
Bechstein, 1799
Canis groenlandicus
Bechstein, 1799
Vulpes arctica
Oken, 1816[3]
Vulpes hallensis
Merriam, 1900[4]
Vulpes pribilofensis
Merriam, 1903[5]
Vulpes beringensis
Merriam, 1903[6]
The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome.[1][7] It is well adapted to living in cold environments. It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. Its body length ranges from 46 to 68 cm (18 to 27 in), with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat.
The Arctic fox preys on any small creatures such as: lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous pairs during the breeding season and they stay together to raise their young in complex underground dens. Occasionally, other family members may assist in raising their young.
Contents
[hide]
1 Adaptations
2 Reproduction
3 Diet
4 Size
5 Taxonomy
5.1 Subspecies
6 Distribution and habitat
7 Conservation status
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Adaptations
Arctic fox sleeping with its tail wrapped around itself
The Arctic fox lives in some of the most frigid extremes on the planet but does not start to shiver until the temperature drops to −70 °C (−94 °F). Among its adaptations for survival in the cold is its dense, multilayered pelage, which provides excellent insulation,[8][9] a system of countercurrent heat exchange in the circulation within the paws to retain core temperature, and a good supply of body fat. The fox has a low surface area to volume ratio, as evidenced by its generally compact body shape, short muzzle and legs, and short, thick ears. Since less of its surface area is exposed to the Arctic cold, less heat escapes from its body. Its paws have fur on the soles for additional insulation and to help it walk on ice. Its fur changes color with the seasons: in most populations it is white in the winter to blend in with snow, while in the summer it is greyish-brown or darker brown. In some populations, however, it is a steely bluish-gray in the winter and a paler bluish-gray in summer.[8] The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal.[10] The Arctic fox has such keen hearing, it can determine exactly where a small animal is moving under the snow. When it has located its prey, it pounces and punches through the snow to catch its victim. [11]
Reproduction
Arctic foxes do not hibernate and are active all year round. They build up their fat reserves in the autumn, sometimes increasing their body weight by more than 50%. This provides greater insulation during the winter and a source of energy when food is scarce. They live in large dens in frost-free, slightly raised ground. These are complex systems of tunnels covering as much as 1,000 m2 (1,200 sq yd) and are often in eskers, long ridges of sedimentary material deposited in formerly glaciated regions. They have multiple entrances and may have been in existence for many decades and used by many generations of foxes.[12]
Arctic foxes tend to form monogamous pairs in the breeding season and maintain a territory around the den. Breeding usually takes place in April and May, and the gestation period is about 52 days. Litters tend to average five to eight kits, but exceptionally contain as many as 25 (the largest litter size in the order Carnivora).[13] Both the mother and father help to raise the young which emerge from the den when 3 to 4 weeks old and are weaned by 9 weeks of age.[12]
Diet
Arctic foxes generally eat any small animal they can find, including lemmings, voles, other rodents, hares, birds, eggs, fish, and carrion. They scavenge on carcasses left by larger predators such as wolves and polar bears, and in times of scarcity even eat their feces. In areas where they are present, lemmings are their most common prey,[12] and a family of foxes can eat dozens of lemmings each day. In some locations in northern Canada, a high seasonal abundance of migrating birds that breed in the area may provide an important food source. On the coast of Iceland and other islands, their diet consists predominantly of birds. During April and May, the Arctic fox also preys on ringed seal pups when the young animals are confined to a snow den and are relatively helpless. They also consume berries and seaweed, so they may be considered omnivores.[14] This fox is a significant bird-egg predator, consuming eggs of all except the largest tundra bird species.[15] When food is overabundant, the Arctic fox buries (caches) the surplus as a reserve.
Size
The average head-and-body length of the male is 55 cm (22 in), with a range of 46 to 68 cm (18 to 27 in), while the female averages 52 cm (20 in) with a range of 41 to 55 cm (16 to 22 in).[8][16] In some regions, no difference in size is seen between males and females. The tail is about 30 cm (12 in) long in both sexes. The height at the shoulder is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in).[17] On average males weigh 3.5 kg (7.7 lb), with a range of 3.2 to 9.4 kg (7.1 to 20.7 lb), while females average 2.9 kg (6.4 lb), with a range of 1.4 to 3.2 kg (3.1 to 7.1 lb).[8]
Taxonomy
Vulpes lagopus is a 'true fox' belonging to the genus Vulpes of the fox tribe Vulpini. It is classified under the subfamily Caninae of the canid family Canidae. Although it has previously been assigned to its own monotypic genus Alopex, recent genetic evidence now places it in the genus Vulpes along with the majority of other foxes.[7][18]

Arctic fox[19](Fig. 10)

Kit fox

Swift fox[20]

Corsac fox

Rüppell's fox

Red fox

Cape fox

Blanford's fox

Fennec fox

Raccoon dog

Bat-eared fox

It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae in 1758 as Canis lagopus. The type specimen was recovered from Lapland, Sweden. The generic name vulpes is Latin for "fox".[21] The specific name lagopus is derived from Ancient Greek λαγώς (lagōs, "hare") and πούς (pous, "foot"), referring to the hair on its feet similar to those found in cold-climate species of hares.[20]
Subspecies
Besides the nominate subspecies, V. l. lagopus, four other subspecies of this fox are described:
Bering Islands Arctic fox, V. l. beringensis
Iceland Arctic fox, V. l. fuliginosus
Pribilof Islands Arctic fox, V. l. pribilofensis
Greenland Arctic fox, V. l. foragorapusis
Distribution and habitat
The Arctic fox's seasonal furs, summer (top), "blue" (middle), and winter (bottom)
The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in Arctic tundra habitats in northern Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Its range includes Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia, Svalbard, Jan Mayen and other islands in the Barents Sea, northern Russia, islands in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and Canada as far south as Hudson Bay. In the late 19th century, it was introduced into the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska. It mostly inhabits tundra and pack ice, but is also present in boreal forests in Canada and the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. They are found at elevations up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level and have been seen on sea ice close to the North Pole.[22]
The Arctic fox is the only land mammal native to Iceland.[23] It came to the isolated North Atlantic island at the end of the last ice age, walking over the frozen sea. The Arctic Fox Center in Súðavík contains an exhibition on the Arctic fox and conducts studies on the influence of tourism on the population.[24] Its range during the last ice age was much more extensive than it is now, and fossil remains of the Arctic fox have been found over much of northern Europe and Siberia.[1]
Arctic fox in winter pelage, Iceland
Arctic fox
Conservation status
Skull
The conservation status of the species is in general good and several hundred thousand individuals are estimated to remain in total. The IUCN has assessed it as being of "least concern".[1] However, the Scandinavian mainland population is acutely endangered, despite being legally protected from hunting and persecution for several decades. The estimate of the adult population in all of Norway, Sweden, and Finland is fewer than 200 individuals.[12] As a result, the populations of arctic fox have been carefully studied and inventoried in places such as the Vindelfjällens Nature Reserve (Sweden), which has the arctic fox as its symbol.
The abundance of the Arctic fox tends to fluctuate in a cycle along with the population of lemmings and voles (a 3- to 4-year cycle).[15] The populations are especially vulnerable during the years when the prey population crashes, and uncontrolled trapping has almost eradicated two subpopulations.[12]
The pelts of Arctic foxes with a slate-blue coloration—an expression of a recessive gene—were especially valuable. They were transported to various previously fox-free Aleutian Islands during the 1920s. The program was successful in terms of increasing the population of blue foxes, but their predation of Aleutian Canada geese conflicted with the goal of preserving that species.[25]
The Arctic fox is losing ground to the larger red fox. This has been attributed to climate change—the camouflage value of its lighter coat decreases with less snow cover.[26] Red foxes dominate where their ranges begin to overlap by killing Arctic foxes and their kits.[27] An alternate explanation of the red fox's gains involves the gray wolf. Historically, it has kept red fox numbers down, but as the wolf has been hunted to near extinction in much of its former range, the red fox population has grown larger, and it has taken over the niche of top predator.[citation needed] In areas of northern Europe, programs are in place that allow the hunting of red foxes in the Arctic fox's previous range.
As with many other game species, the best sources of historical and large-scale population data are hunting bag records and questionnaires. Several potential sources of error occur in such data collections.[28] In addition, numbers vary widely between years due to the large population fluctuations. However, the total population of the Arctic fox must be in the order of several hundred thousand animals.[29]
The world population of Arctic foxes is thus not endangered, but two Arctic fox subpopulations are. One is on Medny Island (Commander Islands, Russia), which was reduced by some 85–90%, to around 90 animals, as a result of mange caused by an ear tick introduced by dogs in the 1970s.[30] The population is currently under treatment with antiparasitic drugs, but the result is still uncertain.
The other threatened population is the one in Fennoscandia (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Kola Peninsula). This population decreased drastically around the start of the 20th century as a result of extreme fur prices, which caused severe hunting also during population lows.[31] The population has remained at a low density for more than 90 years, with additional reductions during the last decade.[32] The total population estimate for 1997 is around 60 adults in Sweden, 11 adults in Finland, and 50 in Norway. From Kola, there are indications of a similar situation, suggesting a population of around 20 adults. The Fennoscandian population thus numbers around 140 breeding adults. Even after local lemming peaks, the Arctic fox population tends to collapse back to levels dangerously close to nonviability.[29]
The Arctic fox is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.[33]
See also
Arctic rabies virus
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d Angerbjörn, A.; Hersteinsson, P.; Tannerfeldt, M. (2008). "Alopex lagopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Linnæus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (10th ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 40. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Oken, Lorenz (1816). Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte. 3. Jena, Germany: August Schmid und Comp. p. 1033.
Jump up ^ Merriam, C. Hart (1900). "Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. I. Descriptions of twenty-six new mammals from Alaska and British North America". Proceedings of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 2: 15–16. JSTOR 24525852.
Jump up ^ Merriam, C. Hart (1902). "Four New Arctic Foxes". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 15: 171.
Jump up ^ Merriam 1902, pp. 171–172.
^ Jump up to: a b Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Alopex lagopus at the Smithsonian
Jump up ^ Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Michael Hoffmann and David W. Macdonald (eds.) (2004). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
Jump up ^ "Adaptations by the arctic fox to the polar winter" (PDF). Arctic, vol.44 no.2. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
Jump up ^ Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Angerbjörn, A.; Berteaux, D.; Ims, R. (12 November 2012). "Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus)". Arctic report card: Update for 2012. NOAA Arctic Research Program. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ MacDonald, David W. (2004). Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-851556-1.
Jump up ^ Bockstoce, John R. (2009). Furs and frontiers in the far north: the contest among native and foreign nations for the Bering Strait fur trade. Yale University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-300-14921-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Truett, Joe Clyde; Johnson, Stephen R. (2000). The natural history of an Arctic oil field: development and the biota. Academic Press. pp. 160–163. ISBN 978-0-12-701235-3.
Jump up ^ "Arctic fox: Alopex lagopus". National Geographic. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Boitani, Luigi (1984). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books, ISBN 978-0-671-42805-1
Jump up ^ Bininda-Emonds, ORP; JL Gittleman; A Purvis (1999). "Building large trees by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia)". Biol. Rev. 74 (2): 143–175. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.328.7194  . doi:10.1017/S0006323199005307. PMID 10396181. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C. M.; Mikkelsen, T. S.; Karlsson, E. K.; Jaffe, D. B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J. L.; Kulbokas, E. J.; Zody, M. C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R. K.; Ostrander, E. A.; Ponting, C. P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D. R.; Dejong, P. J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C. W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M. J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
^ Jump up to: a b Audet, Alexander M.; Robbins, C. Brian; Larivière, Serge (2002). "Alopex lagopus" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 713 (713): 1–10. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2002)713<0001:AL>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ Larivière, Serge (2002). "Vulpes zerda" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 714 (714): 1–5. doi:10.1644/1545-1410(2002)714<0001:VZ>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ George A. Feldhamer; Bruce C. Thompson; Joseph A. Chapman (2003). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation. JHU Press. pp. 511–540. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1.
Jump up ^ "Wildlife". Iceland Worldwide. iww.is. 2000. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Arctic Fox Center". Retrieved 19 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Bolen, Eric G. (1998). Ecology of North America. John Wiley and Sons. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-471-13156-4.
Jump up ^ Hannah, Lee (2010). Climate Change Biology. Academic Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-12-374182-0.
Jump up ^ Macdonald, David Whyte; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio (2004). The biology and conservation of wild canids. Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-19-851556-2.
Jump up ^ Garrott, R. A.; Eberhardt, L. E. (1987). "Arctic fox". In Novak, M.; et al. Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. pp. 395–406. ISBN 0774393653.
^ Jump up to: a b Tannerfeldt, M. (1997). Population fluctuations and life history consequences in the Arctic fox. Stockholm, Sweden: Dissertation, Stockholm University.
Jump up ^ Goltsman, M.; Kruchenkova, E. P.; MacDonald, D. W. (1996). "The Mednyi Arctic foxes: treating a population imperilled by disease". Oryx. 30 (4): 251–258. doi:10.1017/S0030605300021748.
Jump up ^ Lönnberg, E. (1927). Fjällrävsstammen i Sverige 1926. Uppsala, Sweden: Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Jump up ^ Angerbjörn, A.; et al. (1995). "Dynamics of the Arctic fox population in Sweden". Annales Zoologici Fennici. 32: 55–68.
Jump up ^ "Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms". New Zealand Government. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
Further reading
Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). Walker's Carnivores of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0-8018-8032-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alopex lagopus.
Wikispecies has information related to: Vulpes lagopus
State of the Environment Norway: Arctic fox
Smithsonian Institution – North American Mammals: Vulpes lagopus
Photo Gallery by islandsmyndir.is
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Carnivora species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
[show]
Suborder Feliformia
Nandiniidae
Nandinia
African palm civet (N. binotata)
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)
Atilax
Marsh mongoose (A. paludinosus)
Bdeogale
Bushy-tailed mongoose (B. crassicauda)
Jackson's mongoose (B. jacksoni)
Black-footed mongoose (B. nigripes)
Crossarchus
Alexander's kusimanse (C. alexandri)
Angolan kusimanse (C. ansorgei)
Common kusimanse (C. obscurus)
Flat-headed kusimanse (C. platycephalus)
Cynictis
Yellow mongoose (C. penicillata)
Dologale
Pousargues's mongoose (D. dybowskii)
Galerella
Angolan slender mongoose (G. flavescens)
Black mongoose (G. nigrata)
Somalian slender mongoose (G. ochracea)
Cape gray mongoose (G. pulverulenta)
Slender mongoose (G. sanguinea)
Helogale
Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (H. hirtula)
Common dwarf mongoose (H. parvula)
Herpestes
Short-tailed mongoose (H. brachyurus)
Indian gray mongoose (H. edwardsii)
Indian brown mongoose (H. fuscus)
Egyptian mongoose (H. ichneumon)
Small Asian mongoose (H. javanicus)
Long-nosed mongoose (H. naso)
Collared mongoose (H. semitorquatus)
Ruddy mongoose (H. smithii)
Crab-eating mongoose (H. urva)
Stripe-necked mongoose (H. vitticollis)
Ichneumia
White-tailed mongoose (I. albicauda)
Liberiictus
Liberian mongoose (L. kuhni)
Mungos
Gambian mongoose (M. gambianus)
Banded mongoose (M. mungo)
Paracynictis
Selous' mongoose (P. selousi)
Rhynchogale
Meller's mongoose (R. melleri)
Suricata
Meerkat (S. suricatta)
Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)
Crocuta
Spotted hyena (C. crocuta)
Hyaena
Brown hyena (H. brunnea)
Striped hyena (H. hyaena)
Proteles
Aardwolf (P. cristatus)
Felidae
Large family listed below
Viverridae
Large family listed below
Eupleridae
Small family listed below
[show]
Family Felidae
Felinae
Acinonyx
Cheetah (A. jubatus)
Caracal
Caracal (C. caracal)
African golden cat (C. aurata)
Catopuma
Bay cat (C. badia)
Asian golden cat (C. temminckii)
Felis
Wildcat (F. silvestris)
Jungle cat (F. chaus)
Black-footed cat (F. nigripes)
Sand cat (F. margarita)
Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti)
Domestic cat (F. catus)
Leopardus
Pantanal cat (L. braccatus)
Colocolo (L. colocolo)
Geoffroy's cat (L. geoffroyi)
Kodkod (L. guigna)
Southern tigrina (L. guttulus)
Andean mountain cat (L. jacobita)
Pampas cat (L. pajeros)
Ocelot (L. pardalis)
Oncilla (L. tigrinus)
Margay (L. wiedii)
Leptailurus
Serval (L. serval)
Lynx
Canadian lynx (L. canadensis)
Eurasian lynx (L. lynx)
Iberian lynx (L. pardinus)
Bobcat (L. rufus)
Otocolobus
Pallas's cat (O. manul)
Pardofelis
Marbled cat (P. marmorata)
Prionailurus
Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)
Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)
Sundaland leopard cat (P. javanensis)
Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)
Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)
Puma
Cougar (P. concolor)
Jaguarundi (P. yagouaroundi)
Pantherinae
Panthera
Lion (P. leo)
Jaguar (P. onca)
Leopard (P. pardus)
Tiger (P. tigris)
Snow leopard (P. uncia)
Neofelis
Clouded leopard (N. nebulosa)
Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi)
[show]
Family Viverridae (includes Civets)
Paradoxurinae
Arctictis
Binturong (A. binturong)
Arctogalidia
Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata)
Macrogalidia
Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii)
Paguma
Masked palm civet (P. larvata)
Paradoxurus
Golden wet-zone palm civet (P. aureus)
Asian palm civet (P. hermaphroditus)
Jerdon's palm civet (P. jerdoni)
Golden palm civet (P. zeylonensis)
Hemigalinae
Chrotogale
Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni)
Cynogale
Otter civet (C. bennettii)
Diplogale
Hose's palm civet (D. hosei)
Hemigalus
Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus)
Prionodontinae
(Asiatic linsangs)
Prionodon
Banded linsang (P. linsang)
Spotted linsang (P. pardicolor)
Viverrinae
Civettictis
African civet (C. civetta)
Genetta
(Genets)
Abyssinian genet (G. abyssinica)
Angolan genet (G. angolensis)
Bourlon's genet (G. bourloni)
Crested servaline genet (G. cristata)
Common genet (G. genetta)
Johnston's genet (G. johnstoni)
Rusty-spotted genet (G. maculata)
Pardine genet (G. pardina)
Aquatic genet (G. piscivora)
King genet (G. poensis)
Servaline genet (G. servalina)
Haussa genet (G. thierryi)
Cape genet (G. tigrina)
Giant forest genet (G. victoriae)
Poiana
African linsang (P. richardsonii)
Leighton's linsang (P. leightoni)
Viverra
Malabar large-spotted civet (V. civettina)
Large-spotted civet (V. megaspila)
Malayan civet (V. tangalunga)
Large Indian civet (V. zibetha)
Viverricula
Small Indian civet (V. indica)
[show]
Family Eupleridae
Euplerinae
Cryptoprocta
Fossa (C. ferox)
Eupleres
Eastern falanouc (E. goudotii)
Western falanouc (E. major)
Fossa
Malagasy civet (F. fossana)
Galidiinae
Galidia
Ring-tailed mongoose (G. elegans)
Galidictis
Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (G. fasciata)
Grandidier's mongoose (G. grandidieri)
Mungotictis
Narrow-striped mongoose (M. decemlineata)
Salanoia
Brown-tailed mongoose (S. concolor)
Durrell's vontsira (S. durrelli)
[show]
Suborder Caniformia (cont. below)
Ursidae
(Bears)
Ailuropoda
Giant panda (A. melanoleuca)
Helarctos
Sun bear (H. malayanus)
Melursus
Sloth bear (M. ursinus)
Tremarctos
Spectacled bear (T. ornatus)
Ursus
American black bear (U. americanus)
Brown bear (U. arctos)
Polar bear (U. maritimus)
Asian black bear (U. thibetanus)
Mephitidae
Conepatus
(Hog-nosed
skunks)
Molina's hog-nosed skunk (C. chinga)
Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (C. humboldtii)
American hog-nosed skunk (C. leuconotus)
Striped hog-nosed skunk (C. semistriatus)
Mephitis
Hooded skunk (M. macroura)
Striped skunk (M. mephitis)
Mydaus
Sunda stink badger (M. javanensis)
Palawan stink badger (M. marchei)
Spilogale
(Spotted skunks)
Southern spotted skunk (S. angustifrons)
Western spotted skunk (S. gracilis)
Eastern spotted skunk (S. putorius)
Pygmy spotted skunk (S. pygmaea)
Procyonidae
Bassaricyon
(Olingos)
Eastern lowland olingo (B. alleni)
Northern olingo (B. gabbii)
Western lowland olingo (B. medius)
Olinguito (B. neblina)
Bassariscus
Ring-tailed cat (B. astutus)
Cacomistle (B. sumichrasti)
Nasua
(Coatis inclusive)
White-nosed coati (N. narica)
South American coati (N. nasua)
Nasuella
(Coatis inclusive)
Western mountain coati (N. olivacea)
Eastern mountain coati (N. meridensis)
Potos
Kinkajou (P. flavus)
Procyon
Crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus)
Raccoon (P. lotor)
Cozumel raccoon (P. pygmaeus)
Ailuridae
Ailurus
Red panda (A. fulgens)
[show]
Suborder Caniformia (cont. above)
Otariidae
(Eared seals)
(includes fur seals
and sea lions)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Arctocephalus
South American fur seal (A. australis)
Australasian fur seal (A. forsteri)
Galápagos fur seal (A. galapagoensis)
Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella)
Juan Fernández fur seal (A. philippii)
Brown fur seal (A. pusillus)
Guadalupe fur seal (A. townsendi)
Subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis)
Callorhinus
Northern fur seal (C. ursinus)
Eumetopias
Steller sea lion (E. jubatus)
Neophoca
Australian sea lion (N. cinerea)
Otaria
South American sea lion (O. flavescens)
Phocarctos
New Zealand sea lion (P. hookeri)
Zalophus
California sea lion (Z. californianus)
Galápagos sea lion (Z. wollebaeki)
Odobenidae
(Pinniped inclusive)
Odobenus
Walrus (O. rosmarus)
Phocidae
(Earless seals)
(Pinniped inclusive)
Cystophora
Hooded seal (C. cristata)
Erignathus
Bearded seal (E. barbatus)
Halichoerus
Gray seal (H. grypus)
Histriophoca
Ribbon seal (H. fasciata)
Hydrurga
Leopard seal (H. leptonyx)
Leptonychotes
Weddell seal (L. weddellii)
Lobodon
Crabeater seal (L. carcinophagus)
Mirounga
(Elephant seals)
Northern elephant seal (M. angustirostris)
Southern elephant seal (M. leonina)
Monachus
Mediterranean monk seal (M. monachus)
Hawaiian monk seal (M. schauinslandi)
Ommatophoca
Ross seal (O. rossi)
Pagophilus
Harp seal (P. groenlandicus)
Phoca
Spotted seal (P. largha)
Harbor seal (P. vitulina)
Pusa
Caspian seal (P. caspica)
Ringed seal (P. hispida)
Baikal seal (P. sibirica)
Canidae
Large family listed below
Mustelidae
Large family listed below
[hide]
Family Canidae (includes dogs)
Atelocynus
Short-eared dog (A. microtis)
Canis
Side-striped jackal (C. adustus)
African golden wolf (C. anthus)
Golden jackal (C. aureus)
Coyote (C. latrans)
Gray wolf (C. lupus)
Black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas)
Red wolf (C. rufus)
Ethiopian wolf (C. simensis)
Cerdocyon
Crab-eating fox (C. thous)
Chrysocyon
Maned wolf (C. brachyurus)
Cuon
Dhole (C. alpinus)
Lycalopex
Culpeo (L. culpaeus)
Darwin's fox (L. fulvipes)
South American gray fox (L. griseus)
Pampas fox (L. gymnocercus)
Sechuran fox (L. sechurae)
Hoary fox (L. vetulus)
Lycaon
African wild dog (L. pictus)
Nyctereutes
Raccoon dog (N. procyonoides)
Otocyon
Bat-eared fox (O. megalotis)
Speothos
Bush dog (S. venaticus)
Urocyon
Gray fox (U. cinereoargenteus)
Island fox (U. littoralis)
Vulpes
(Foxes)
Bengal fox (V. bengalensis)
Blanford's fox (V. cana)
Cape fox (V. chama)
Corsac fox (V. corsac)
Tibetan sand fox (V. ferrilata)
Arctic fox (V. lagopus)
Kit fox (V. macrotis)
Pale fox (V. pallida)
Rüppell's fox (V. rueppelli)
Swift fox (V. velox)
Red fox (V. vulpes)
Fennec fox (V. zerda)
[show]
Family Mustelidae
Lutrinae
(Otters)
Aonyx
African clawless otter (A. capensis)
Oriental small-clawed otter (A. cinerea)
Enhydra
Sea otter (E. lutris)
Hydrictis
Spotted-necked otter (H. maculicollis)
Lontra
North American river otter (L. canadensis)
Marine otter (L. felina)
Neotropical otter (L. longicaudis)
Southern river otter (L. provocax)
Lutra
Eurasian otter (L. lutra)
Hairy-nosed otter (L. sumatrana)
Lutrogale
Smooth-coated otter (L. perspicillata)
Pteronura
Giant otter (P. brasiliensis)
Mustelinae
(including badgers)
Arctonyx
Hog badger (A. collaris)
Eira
Tayra (E. barbara)
Galictis
Lesser grison (G. cuja)
Greater grison (G. vittata)
Gulo
Wolverine (G. gulo)
Ictonyx
Saharan striped polecat (I. libyca)
Striped polecat (I. striatus)
Lyncodon
Patagonian weasel (L. patagonicus)
Martes
(Martens)
American marten (M. americana)
Yellow-throated marten (M. flavigula)
Beech marten (M. foina)
Nilgiri marten (M. gwatkinsii)
European pine marten (M. martes)
Japanese marten (M. melampus)
Fisher (M. pennanti)
Sable (M. zibellina)
Meles
Japanese badger (M. anakuma)
Asian badger (M. leucurus)
European badger (M. meles)
Mellivora
Honey badger (M. capensis)
Melogale
(Ferret-badgers)
Bornean ferret-badger (M. everetti)
Chinese ferret-badger (M. moschata)
Javan ferret-badger (M. orientalis)
Burmese ferret-badger (M. personata)
Mustela
(Weasels and Ferrets)
Amazon weasel (M. africana)
Mountain weasel (M. altaica)
Stoat (M. erminea)
Steppe polecat (M. eversmannii)
Colombian weasel (M. felipei)
Long-tailed weasel (M. frenata)
Japanese weasel (M. itatsi)
Yellow-bellied weasel (M. kathiah)
European mink (M. lutreola)
Indonesian mountain weasel (M. lutreolina)
Black-footed ferret (M. nigripes)
Least weasel (M. nivalis)
Malayan weasel (M. nudipes)
European polecat (M. putorius)
Siberian weasel (M. sibirica)
Back-striped weasel (M. strigidorsa)
Egyptian weasel (M. subpalmata)
Neovison
(Minks)
American mink (N. vison)
Poecilogale
African striped weasel (P. albinucha)
Taxidea
American badger (T. taxus)
Vormela
Marbled polecat (V. peregusna)
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q82738
ADW: Vulpes_lagopus
EoL: 1053894
GBIF: 5219303
iNaturalist: 233598
ITIS: 622025
IUCN: 899
MSW: 14000873
NCBI: 494514
ARKive: arctic-fox/vulpes-lagopus
WoRMS: 404130
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arctic_fox&oldid=800900278"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Arctic land animals
Holarctic fauna
Mammals described in 1758
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Greenland
Mammals of Iceland
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Russia
Mammals of the Arctic
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Vulpes
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NFL season ticket waiting lists
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The National Football League has enjoyed success in selling out many of their venues from season ticket sales alone. Out of 32 teams in the league, 24 claim to have waiting lists from under 1,000 people to over 150,000. For some fans, this means a wait not just of years, but decades. This is due mostly to the NFL's short window of play; there are only eight regular-season home games, forcing the most devoted fans into a desperate and sometimes costly search for a limited number of events.[1]
From 1973 to 2014, the waiting lists also had the by-product of preventing any home games of certain teams from being blacked out on local television. Under the league's blackout policy, home games were required to be sold out within 72 hours of kickoff before a telecast was allowed, and the longest waiting lists have ensured every home game of the applicable teams being locally televised. Prior to 1973, home games could not be locally televised even if they were sold out. Four teams have had the benefit of not seeing any blackouts at all since 1972 (excluding playoff games, which are not covered under season ticket purchases). This restriction was lifted by the FCC in October 2014, and the league followed suit by suspending its blackout policy for 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal seat licenses (PSLs)
2 Criticism related to waiting lists
3 Lengthiest waiting lists
4 Waiting lists
5 References
Personal seat licenses (PSLs)[edit]
A personal seat license (PSL) is a license which grants the holder the right to buy season tickets for a particular team. PSLs were first used in the NFL by the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1993 to help finance their new stadium. Since that time, several teams have used the mechanism to finance new stadium projects including the Chicago Bears remodel of Soldier Field and more recently the Dallas Cowboys. The New York Jets and the New York Giants used PSL programs to finance the construction of the New Meadowlands Stadium, now MetLife Stadium.[2]
Criticism related to waiting lists[edit]
In 2003, the New York Jets changed their waiting list policy to require a $50 annual maintenance fee to remain on the waiting list. However, due to the long list of names and high renewal rates among existing ticket holders, there was uncertainty about the fees a person may possibly have to pay if they remained on the list for many years. After attention from the media and the New York Attorney General's Office, the Jets agreed to cap the maintenance fees at $500, allow the transfer of the waiting list position if the person moved out of state and provide at least 80% of non-renewed season tickets to waiting list members. In 2008, the Jets sent notices to those on the waiting list that the $50 annual maintenance fee would be waived and any money already accrued would be either refunded or credited toward the purchase of Jets merchandise.
In 2004, the New England Patriots, who have a substantial season ticket waiting list, received media attention for not allowing the son of a deceased season ticket holder to retain his father's season tickets. The following year, the New England Patriots introduced the "Pass It On" transfer program, which allows season ticket holders to transfer season tickets to immediate family members for $2,000 to $5,000 per ticket, depending on the location of the seat.[3]
The NFL requires that season ticket purchasers not only purchase the regular season games, but also typically two preseason games whether they want the exhibition games or not. The legality of requiring the purchase of the preseason games has been challenged all the way to the Supreme Court but it has not resulted in a change of policy for the NFL.[4]
Lengthiest waiting lists[edit]
Annual postcard sent out by the Green Bay Packers organization to those on the waiting list for season tickets
The Green Bay Packers have the longest waiting list, with more than 100,000 names. The team's website says the wait is 30 years.[5] It is a common custom in Green Bay and other Wisconsin cities to put a baby's name on the list as soon as the birth certificate is obtained.[6][7][8] Transfer of standing to surviving relatives is permitted by the Packers.[5]
The Washington Redskins were reported to have the longest waiting list, with more than 150,000 names. However, recent investigations question whether a waiting list exists at all,[9] which would seem to be contradicted by the fact that FedExField demolished 10,000 seats heading into the 2011 season, and has since removed many upper deck sections. The New York Giants, New York Jets, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Denver Broncos historically have also maintained long waiting lists for season tickets.[1]
Waiting lists[edit]
Team
Year waiting list was started
Approx. number of names on waiting list
Approx. wait time
Personal Seat License
Arizona Cardinals N/A No Waiting List[10] None No
Atlanta Falcons 2008 No Waiting List[11] Unknown Yes[12]
Baltimore Ravens 2004[13] 3000 20 years[14] Yes
Buffalo Bills N/A 0[15][16] None No
Carolina Panthers N/A No Waiting List None Yes
Chicago Bears 1985 Unknown Unknown Yes, PSL purchase optional
Cincinnati Bengals N/A No waiting list None Yes
Cleveland Browns N/A No waiting list None No
Dallas Cowboys N/A No waiting list None Yes AT&T Stadium only
Denver Broncos Unknown 73,000+[17] Unknown[17] No
Detroit Lions N/A No waiting list None No
Green Bay Packers 1960 123,000[18] 30 years Yes (One-time, $2,100 per seat—Green Package. One-time, $900 per seat—Gold Package.)
Houston Texans 2002 28,000[19] 4 years Yes
Indianapolis Colts 2013 Unknown[20] Unknown No
Jacksonville Jaguars N/A No waiting list None No
Kansas City Chiefs N/A No waiting list None No
Los Angeles Chargers 2017 Unknown Unknown No
Los Angeles Rams N/A No waiting list None Yes
Miami Dolphins N/A No waiting list None No
Minnesota Vikings 2013 unknown 1 year Yes
New England Patriots 1994 60,000[21] 12 years No
New Orleans Saints 2006 70,000[22] Unknown No
New York Giants 1976 70,000[23] N/A Yes, MetLife Stadium only
New York Jets N/A No waiting list None Yes, upper level has no PSLs MetLife Stadium only
Oakland Raiders N/A No waiting list None No
Philadelphia Eagles 2002 40,000+ 30 years[24] Yes
Pittsburgh Steelers 1972 Unknown Unknown Yes
San Francisco 49ers N/A No waiting list None Yes, Levi's Stadium only
Seattle Seahawks 2012 12,000 Blue Pride + 58,000 waiting for Blue Pride[25] 10-12 Years Yes
Tampa Bay Buccaneers N/A No waiting list None No
Tennessee Titans Unknown 22,000 20 years Yes
Washington Redskins N/A None None No
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sherman, Lauren (2007-09-07). "Toughest NFL Waiting Lists - Forbes.com". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Mascarenhas, Rohan (2010-08-17). "New Meadowlands Stadium opens to Giants, Jets fans in East Rutherford". The Star-Ledger. Newark. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
Jump up ^ Mohl, Bruce (2005-02-25). "Season ticket transfer fees irk fans". The Boston Globe.
Jump up ^ Angelo F. Coniglio v. Highwood Services, Inc. , 495 F.2d 1286 (2d Cir. 1974-04-17).
^ Jump up to: a b "Packers.com FAQ".
Jump up ^ Packers.com - Fan Zone - Faq - Tickets
Jump up ^ File:Waitlist Postcard.jpg
Jump up ^ "SI.com - Be the 74,659th In Line! - Oct 9, 2007". CNN. 2007-10-09. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
Jump up ^ Farmer, Liz (2011-09-01). "Redskins season ticket waiting list is a mystery to fans, sports experts". The Washington Examiner.
Jump up ^ "NFL Season Ticket Waiting Lists: Which Teams Have Them & Which Wish They Did". seatacular.com. 2017-03-09.
Jump up ^ http://www.seasonticketwaitinglist.com/2008/01/atlanta-falcons-season-tickets-waiting.html
Jump up ^ "Falcons’ PSL sales reach $233 million". ajc.com. 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ http://www.baltimoreravens.com/gameday/tickets/psls-season-tickets/buy-sell-psls.html
Jump up ^ http://forum.russellstreetreport.com/showthread.php?149535-Ravens-Wait-List
Jump up ^ The Bills' waiting list takes effect when 60,000 tickets have been sold.[1], [2]
Jump up ^ Bills sell 58,500 season tickets
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.denverbroncos.com/tickets-and-stadium/season-tickets/waiting-list.html
Jump up ^ http://gnb.247sports.com/Bolt/Packers-season-ticket-waiting-list-grows-44208181
Jump up ^ http://www.houstontexans.com/news/article-2/Houston-Texans-announce-2014-ticket-prices/75eee730-0b05-4ecb-af6c-b28aeb5996b0
Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303561504577495083707417526. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ http://www.seasonticketwaitinglist.com/2010/03/new-england-patriots-season-tickets.html
Jump up ^ http://www.foxsportssouthwest.com/story/Saints-Season-Tickets-In-The-Mail?blockID=921687&
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/2007/09/07/nfl-football-tickets-forbeslife-cx_ls_0907tickets_slide_4.html
Jump up ^ http://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/tickets/season-tickets-waiting-list.html
Jump up ^ "Seahawks Announce 2016 Ticket Information". seahawks.com. 2016-03-08.
13 https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/01/AR2009090103984_pf.html www.packers.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFL_season_ticket_waiting_lists&oldid=802533178"
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This page was last edited on 26 September 2017, at 19:29.
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