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SeaWorld Orlando
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For the SeaWorld chain of parks, see SeaWorld.
SeaWorld Orlando
Slogan
Real. Amazing.
Location
7007 SeaWorld Drive, Orlando, Florida, United States
Coordinates
28°24′39″N 81°27′45″W / 28.41083°N 81.46250°W / 28.41083; -81.46250Coordinates: 28°24′39″N 81°27′45″W / 28.41083°N 81.46250°W / 28.41083; -81.46250
Theme
Conservation and the Ocean
Owner
SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment
Opened
December 15, 1973; 44 years ago (1973-12-15)[1]
Previous names
Sea World of Florida
Operating season
Year-round
Visitors per annum
3.962 million (2017)
Area
200 acres (81 ha)
Rides
Total
13
Roller coasters
5
SeaWorld Orlando is a theme park and marine zoological park, in Orlando, Florida. It is owned and operated by SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. When combined with its neighbor Discovery Cove and Aquatica, it forms SeaWorld Parks and Resorts Orlando, an entertainment complex consisting of the three parks and many hotels. In 2017, SeaWorld Orlando hosted an estimated 3,962,000 guests, ranking it the 11th most visited amusement park in the United States.
Contents
1 Park layout
2 Attractions
2.1 Rides and attractions
2.2 Live entertainment
3 Killer whale incident
4 Attendance
5 Aquatica
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
Park layout[edit]
In summer 2014, SeaWorld Orlando was separated into different areas, called "seas".[2] Each with a unique themed element. Starting at the lower center and continuing clockwise they are:
Port of Entry: The main entrance of the park features a Florida-inspired theme with tropical landscaping and a large artificial freshwater marina with a Shamu-themed iconic lighthouse.[2]
Sea of Shallows: This area showcases most of the shallow water sea animal exhibits at the park as well as the Dolphin Theater. In addition, the Manta rollercoaster travels through this section and Turtle Trek, a dome theater show also reside here. All of the Key West at SeaWorld area is inside of the Sea of Shallows. It is designed to mimic the appearance of the city of Key West, Florida with architecture and landscaping reminiscent of the area. Animal exhibits in this portion of the park include cownose rays, southern stingrays, green sea turtles, hawksbill sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, greater flamingos, West Indian manatees, American alligators, and brown pelicans. The stingray and dolphin habitats offer opportunities for guests to feed the animals.[2]
Sea of Legends: Journey to Atlantis, a boat ride with roller-coaster elements, bases its story from the legend of the lost city of Atlantis. Also found here is Kraken, a floorless roller-coaster.[2]
Sea of Ice: Sea of Ice, originally named Antarctica, is themed around the Antarctic continent. Antarctica: Empire of the Penguin is the sole attraction in this area. The ride exits into the penguin exhibit area.[2]
Sky Tower
Sea of Delight: Sea of Delight includes a sub-area named The Waterfront, which resembles a seaside Mediterranean village. The park's Sky Tower ride is also here, it was integrated into the theme of The Waterfront village when the area opened in 2003. The only land animal show at the park, Pets Ahoy, is located here inside of the Seaport Theater. Outside of the Waterfront is where the Sea Lion and Otter Stadium viewing area stands.[2]
Sea of Mystery: The Sea of Mystery houses the Shark Encounter exhibit and the Shark's Underwater Grill, as well as the Nautilus Theater, which is currently used for seasonal shows and events. It also includes the Sea Garden, a landscaped area with themed structures that are made from trash found on beaches. Mako, a Bolliger & Mabillard steel hypercoaster opened in the area on June 10, 2016,[2] The current shark exhibit and the surrounding area has been renovated to become Shark Wreck Reef.
Sea of Fun: Formerly Shamu's Happy Harbor, Sea of Fun is a children's area hosted by Shamu, the park's orca mascot. The area is located adjacent to Shamu Stadium and features family activities including Shamu Express (a junior rollercoaster), a net climbing structure, and a water play area.[3] Signage here still refers to it as Shamu's Happy Harbor, although management and the map use the updated name.[2] In May 2017, it was announced that this area would be overhauled into a new Sesame Street themed land, set to open in spring 2019.[4][5]
Sea of Power: Sea of Power is host area of the SeaWorld's killer whale shows. The Shamu Stadium is located in the center with the Wild Arctic indoor pavilion nextdoor. Wild Arctic is a combined attraction which includes a motion simulator followed by an indoor animal exhibit hosting beluga whales, Pacific walrus, harbor seals, and formerly polar bears. Shamu Stadium currently hosts "One Ocean" as its main show with "Shamu Celebration: Light up the Night" and "Shamu Christmas Miracles" showing seasonally.[2]
Attractions[edit]
SeaWorld Orlando has many live shows and attractions including rides and animal exhibits. Many of these attractions, such as Manta and Wild Arctic, combine the two, with both animal exhibits and a ride.
Rides and attractions[edit]
#
Name
Opened
Description
Image
1 Mako 2016 A hypercoaster named after the fastest species of shark in the oceans. Dubbed the longest, tallest and fastest roller coaster in the Orlando area.
2 Kraken 2000 A floorless roller coaster themed after the legend of the Kraken sea monster.
3 Manta 2009 A flying roller coaster and aquarium exhibit featuring rays, sea dragons and other species.
4 Antarctica: Empire of the Penguin 2013 A themed area headlined by a motion-based trackless dark ride featuring live penguin and alcid exhibits.
5 Journey to Atlantis 1998 A water coaster with dark ride elements themed to the mythical Atlantis.
6 Infinity Falls 2018 A river rapids ride that will feature a vertical elevator lift and the world's tallest river rapids drop.
7 Shamu Express 2006[6] A Zierer family roller coaster with cars themed as Shamu.
8 Sky Tower 1973 400-foot tall rotating Gyro tower.
9 Wild Arctic 1992 An indoor series of exhibits featuring beluga whales, walruses and harbor seals that is designed to resemble a research station in the Arctic Ocean. Guests can take a motion-simulated helicopter journey to the exhibit, or may bypass the ride and watch the film without the motion and proceed directly to the animal exhibits.
10 TurtleTrek 2012 An outdoor/indoor exhibit featuring sea turtles, West Indian manatees, and American alligators. The highlight of the exhibit is a theater dome where a 3D computer-animated film details the average journey of a sea turtle. The theater is a 360° dome with 3D content completely surrounded the audience. The theater and media was developed by Falcon's Treehouse, LLC.
11 Pacific Ocean 2007[7] A carousel themed with caricatured marine mammals and fish.
12 2006[6] A balloon tower style ride that lifts up and spins controlled by riders with a disk.
13 Swishy Fishies 2006[6] A spinning spin ride themed with eel.
14 2007[7] A Playground.
15 2007[7] A kiddie crab-themed Frog Hopper-style freefall attraction.
16 Flamingo Paddle Boats 1978 Boats that can travel all around the park's central lake. Additional fee is required.
17 Net Climb 2006[8] A four-story net climb play area with tire swings and slides.
Live entertainment[edit]
#
Name
Opened
Description
17 Shamu Stadium 1984
The 7,000,000 US gallons (26,000,000 l) home to the park's six killer whales and recently introduced 4 Pilot Whales opened in September 1984.[9] The park's current production is One Ocean, which is joined by the seasonal Shamu's Celebration: Light Up The Night and Shamu Christmas Miracles night shows. An educational presentation called Ocean Discovery also shows on select dates. In 2009, it was also home to a special show for Wheel of Fortune
18 Dolphin Theater 1973 The 2,000,000 US gallons (7,600,000 l) former Shamu Stadium, Dolphin and Whale Stadium, and current Dolphin Theater features dolphins, macaws, a marabou stork, and formerly an Andean condor in Dolphin Days, which also included Pilot Whales on occasion. False killer whales were once part of the Theater until the eventual death of the park's two specimens.[10] Four rescued pilot whales were also housed here and seen occasionally during the preshow (about 15-20 mins before the show) or sometimes during the show itself until they were moved to Shamu Stadium on April 28, 2017 due to space.[11]
19 The Sea Lion and Otter Theater 1990 Hosts "Clyde and Seamore," a pair of California sea lions in the presentation Clyde and Seamore's Sea Lion High. Asian small-clawed otters and a Walrus also partake in the show. This production is joined by the seasonal show Sea Lions Tonight.
20 Bayside Stadium 1983 Formerly hosted water skiing shows on the park's central lagoon. Today, the stage is used for SeaWorld's numerous music concert series and other special events as well as the official viewing area for the seasonal Reflections firework show.
21 The Nautilus Theatre 1995 An acrobatic show similar in style and presentation to the works of Cirque du Soleil.
22 Seaport Theatre 1998 Features animals that have been rescued from local animal shelters in Pets Ahoy. This venue is also home to Abby's Treasure Hunt.
23 Seafire Grill 2001 Is both a restaurant and a theatre in the style of a dinner theatre. This venue was home to the Makahiki Luau until its closure in 2010.
24 Reflections 2006 A seasonal firework show on the park's central lagoon featuring fireworks, dancing fountains, and mist screens synchronized and inspired by the musical soundtracks of the park's shows and attractions. The show was formerly called Mistify. During the Holidays, there is a Holiday Reflections.
Killer whale incident[edit]
In February 2010, during a training session, one of the orca whales, Tilikum, pulled trainer Dawn Brancheau into the water and ultimately killed her.[12] An autopsy determined that Brancheau's death was attributed to blunt force trauma and drowning; injuries included her scalp being removed and her left arm being severed below the shoulder.[13] In August 2010, the United States Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration cited SeaWorld of Florida LLC for three safety violations, following the death of an animal trainer in February. The total penalty was $75,000 and SeaWorld was initially required to keep a barrier between its trainers and the whales during shows.[14][15]
Attendance[edit]
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Worldwide rank
5,926,000[16] 5,800,000[17] 5,100,000[18] 5,202,000[18] 5,358,000[19] 5,090,000[19] 4,683,000[20] 4,777,000[21] 4,402,000[22] 3,962,000[23] 26
Aquatica[edit]
Main article: Aquatica Orlando
SeaWorld Orlando has a nearby sister park named Aquatica Orlando, part of the greater chain of Aquatica water parks.
See also[edit]
Incidents at SeaWorld Orlando
Amusement parks portal
Zoos and aquariums portal
Florida portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Seaworld–Page Info". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Entertainment, SeaWorld Parks &. "SeaWorld Park Map | SeaWorld Orlando". seaworldparks.com. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Shamu's Happy Harbor". seaworldparks.com. SeaWorld. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.orlandoweekly.com/Blogs/archives/2017/05/18/seaworld-announces-new-sesame-street-land-coming-to-orlando
Jump up ^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/business/tourism/os-bz-seaworld-seasame-street-20180502-story.html
^ Jump up to: a b c "SeaWorld Florida". Screamscape. August 11, 2006. Archived from the original on August 11, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "SeaWorld Florida". Screamscape. May 29, 2007. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Photo TR: SeaWorld, IOA/Universal Updates!". Theme Park Review. May 24, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sea World Whale Capture Plans Attacked". Ocala Star-Banner. Associated Press. September 23, 1984.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Jason (5 June 2012). "False killer whale Jozu dies at SeaWorld Orlando". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Kirley, James (16 September 2012). "Too soon to tell if surviving pilot whales can be released". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Blackfish: when killer whales attack". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Autopsy report" (PDF). Autopsy report. Office of the Medical examiner, district nine, FL. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kuo, Vivian. "SeaWorld appeal of OSHA citations denied - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "SeaWorld won't appeal ruling pulling trainers from water at killer whale shows". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on 2016-04-21. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2008 Global Attractions Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2009 Global Attractions Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "TEA/AECOM 2011 Global Attractions Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "TEA/AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2014 Global Attractions Attendance Report Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 4, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 18, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2016 Global Attractions Attendance Report Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 2, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "TEA/AECOM 2017 Global Attractions Attendance Report Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to SeaWorld Orlando.
Official website
Aquatica Website
SeaWorld Orlando at the Roller Coaster DataBase
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text:
Today I Started Loving You Again
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"Today I Started Loving You Again" is a song written by Merle Haggard and Bonnie Owens. Haggard first recorded it as a B-side to his number 1 hit "The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde", but it failed to chart. The song was later recorded by Al Martino, followed by many other artists, including Waylon Jennings, Martina McBride, Gene Summers, Charlie McCoy, David Peters, Kenny Rogers and the First Edition, Bettye Swann, Connie Smith, Sammi Smith, Bobby Bland, Emmylou Harris and Dolly Parton. More recently it was recorded by Jeff Carson and Merle Haggard for Carson's 1997 Album Butterfly Kisses.
Contents
1 Chart peaks
1.1 Al Martino
1.2 Charlie McCoy
1.3 David Peters
1.4 Kenny Rogers and the First Edition
1.5 Bettye Swann
1.6 Sammi Smith
1.7 Bobby Bland
1.8 Emmylou Harris
Chart peaks[edit]
Al Martino[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot 100 Singles 86
US Billboard Adult Contemporary 19
US Billboard Hot Country Singles 69
Canada RPM Top Tracks 44
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 21
Charlie McCoy[edit]
Chart (1972)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles 16
Canada RPM Country Singles 13
David Peters[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak position
Canada RPM Country Singles 75
Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 83
Kenny Rogers and the First Edition[edit]
Chart (1973)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles 69
Bettye Swann[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot 100 Singles 46
US Billboard R&B Singles 26
Sammi Smith[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles 9
Bobby Bland[edit]
Chart (1976)
Peak position
US Billboard Bubbling Under-Hot Singles 3
US Billboard R&B Singles 34
Emmylou Harris[edit]
Chart (1986)
Peak position
US Billboard Hot Country Singles 43
Canada RPM Country Singles 49
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Yo-yo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the toy. For other uses, see Yo-yo (disambiguation).
Yo-yo
Availability
500 BC–present
Yo-yo (also spelled yoyo) is a toy consisting of an axle connected to two disks, and a string looped around the axle. It has some similarities to a slender spool.
Yo-yo is played by holding the free end of the string known as the handle (by inserting one finger—usually the middle or index finger—into a slip knot) allowing gravity (or the force of a throw and gravity) to spin the yo-yo and unwind the string (similar to how a pullstring works). The player then allows the yo-yo to wind itself back to the player's hand, exploiting its spin (and the associated rotational energy). This is often called "yo-yoing".
Yo-yo was first made popular in the 1920s, yo-yoing remains a popular pastime of many generations and cultures. It was known in ancient Greece, but it is often associated with Japanese culture, because it is very popular in Japan. The World Yo-Yo Contest has historically been dominated by the Japanese—taking home 71 World Titles in the past 22 years. Shinji Saito remains the most decorated yo-yoer of all-time with 13 World Titles. Takeshi Matsuura is second with 6.
In the simplest play, the string is intended to be wound on the spool by hand; The yo-yo is thrown downwards, hits the end of the string, then winds up the string toward the hand, and finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again. One of the most basic tricks is called the sleeper, where the yo-yo spins at the end of the string for a noticeable amount of time before returning to the hand.
Many yo-yo tricks are done while the yo-yo is said to be sleeping.[1] One of the most famous tricks on the yo-yo is "walk the dog".[citation needed] This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yo-yo to roll across the floor, before tugging it back to the hand. English historical names for the yo-yo include bandalore (from French) and quiz. French historical terms include bandalore, incroyable, de Coblenz, emigrette, and joujou de Normandie (joujou meaning little toy).[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Birth of the modern yo-yo
2.2 1960s resurgence
2.3 Rise of the ball bearing
3 Contemporary culture
3.1 Yo-yo contests
3.2 Contest divisions
3.3 Contest Result
4 Techniques
4.1 Sleeping
4.2 Looping
4.3 Off-string
4.4 Freehand
5 Shapes
5.1 Traditional shapes
5.1.1 Modified
5.1.2 Butterfly
5.2 Modern shapes
5.2.1 V shape
5.2.2 W shape/stepped V
5.2.3 O shape/organic
5.2.4 H shape
5.2.5 Weight distribution
6 Body
6.1 Axle/bearing differentiation
6.2 Hubstacks
7 Physical mechanism
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Etymology[edit]
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary states that the word "yo-yo" likely derives from the northern Philippine Ilocano language word "yóyo".[3]
History[edit]
Boy playing with a terracotta yo-yo, Attic kylix, c. 440 BC, Antikensammlung Berlin (F 2549)
A 1791 illustration of a woman playing with an early version of the yo-yo, then known as a "bandalore"
Lady with a yo-yo, Northern India (Rajasthan, Bundi or Kota), c. 1770 Opaque watercolor and gold on paper
A Greek vase painting from 500 BC shows a boy playing with a yo-yo (see right).[4] Greek records from the period describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta (fired clay).[4] The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age—discs of other materials were used for actual play.
Birth of the modern yo-yo[edit]
After the yo-yo was introduced to the United States, it spread to Mexico—a pile of handmade wood Mexican yo-yos is pictured
In 1928, Pedro Flores, a Filipino immigrant to the United States, opened the Yo-yo Manufacturing Company in Santa Barbara, California.[5] The business started with a dozen handmade toys; by November 1929, Flores was operating two additional factories in Los Angeles and Hollywood, which altogether employed 600 workers and produced 300,000 units daily.[5]
The principal distinction between the Filipino design popularized by Flores and more primitive yo-yos is in the way the yo-yo is strung. In older (and some remaining inexpensive) yo-yo designs, the string is tied to the axle using a knot. With this technique, the yo-yo just goes back-and-forth; it returns easily, but it is impossible to make it sleep. In Flores's design, one continuous piece of string, double the desired length, is twisted around something to produce a loop at one end which is fitted around the axle. Also termed a looped slip-string, this seemingly minor modification allows for a far greater variety and sophistication of motion, thanks to increased stability and suspension of movement during free spin.
Shortly thereafter (c. 1929), an entrepreneur named Donald F. Duncan recognized the potential of this new fad and purchased the Flores yo-yo Corporation and all its assets, including the Flores name, which was transferred to the new company in 1932.
The name "Yo-yo" was registered in 1932 as a trademark by Sam Dubiner in Vancouver, Canada[6] and Harvey Lowe won the first World Yo-Yo Contest in London, England.[7] In 1932, Swedish Kalmartrissan yo-yos started to be manufactured as well.[8][9][10] In 1946, the Duncan Toys Company opened a yo-yo factory in Luck, Wisconsin. The Duncan yo-yo was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong in Rochester, New York, in 1999.
1960s resurgence[edit]
Declining sales after the Second World War prompted Duncan to launch a comeback campaign for his trademarked "Yo-Yo" in 1962 with a series of television advertisements.
In a trademark case in 1965, a federal court's appeals ruled in favor of the Royal Tops Company, determining that yo-yo had become a part of common speech and that Duncan no longer had exclusive rights to the term. As a result of the expenses incurred by this legal battle as well as other financial pressures, the Duncan family sold the company name and associated trademarks in 1968 to Flambeau, Inc, who had manufactured Duncan's plastic models since 1955.[citation needed] As of 2014[update], Flambeau Plastics continued to run the company.
Rise of the ball bearing[edit]
Modern yo-yos
As popularity spread through the 1970s and 1980s, there were a number of innovations in yo-yo technology, primarily regarding the connection between the string and the axle. In 1979, dentist and yo-yo celebrity Tom Kuhn patented the “No Jive 3-in-1” yo-yo, creating the world's first "take-apart" yo-yo, which enabled yo-yo players to change the axle.
Swedish bearing company SKF briefly manufactured novelty yo-yos with ball bearings in 1984. In 1990, Kuhn introduced the SB-2 yo-yo that had an aluminum transaxle, making it the first successful ball-bearing yo-yo.[11]
In all transaxle yo-yos, ball bearings significantly reduce friction when the yo-yo is spinning, enabling longer and more complex tricks. Subsequent yo-yoers used this ability to their advantage, creating new tricks that had not been possible with fixed-axle designs.
There are many new types of ball bearings in the market which deviate from the original design and/or material of the standard stainless steel ball bearing. For example, a certain type of bearing has an inward facing curved surface, to prevent the string from rubbing on the sides of the yo-yo, which would cause unwanted friction when performing intricate string tricks. Other manufacturers replicate this with a similar inwardly curved surface, but use minor modifications. Some high-end bearings use ceramic composites in the balls of the bearing, to reduce internal friction, again making for a smoother spinning yo-yo.
Contemporary culture[edit]
Yo-yo contests[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
John Ando, a 2A (double looping) division finalist at the 2004 US nationals in Chico, California
A yo-yo competition normally consists of two parts, a set of compulsory tricks and a freestyle, where points are scored for each and the winner is the yo-yo player who scores the most points. Compulsory tricks (also known as a trick ladder) are a set of tricks that have been chosen before the contest, and the competitor must successfully complete each trick on their first or second attempt to score points.
The freestyle is when the yo-yo player performs a routine to his or her choice of music in front of a panel of judges, and is judged based on difficulty of the tricks, synchronization with the music and artistic performance. At a National and World level, freestyles in the final round are usually 3 minutes long, with 1- or 1.5-minute semifinals and preliminary rounds.
1A (string tricks) division finalist, Augie Fash, at the 2004 US nationals in Chico, California
The World Yo-Yo Contest was originally held each year in Orlando, Florida, and was hosted by YoYoGuy.com during early August or late July.[12] However, in 2014, the World Yo-Yo Contest was held in Prague, Czech Republic, which was the first time the contest was held outside of North America. The 2015 Contest took place in Tokyo, Japan, and the 2016 Contest took place in Cleveland, Ohio. The 2017 Contest will take place in Reykjavik, Iceland, and the 2018 Contest will take place in Shanghai, China. The World Yo-Yo Contest takes the winners from national yo-yo contests around the world and pits them against each other. The eleven-time, double-handed world champion Shinji Saito is Japanese.[13] Countries such as the United States, Brazil, Japan and the UK hold competitions at the national and regional levels. In addition, national yo-yo contests, without regionals, are held every year by Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea, France, Germany, Switzerland, The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Australia.
In Europe, the European championship is usually held in Prague in the Czech Republic, although in 2015 it was held in Kraków, Poland. 'EYYC', as it is colloquially known, is the largest contest outside of America, and draws in competitors and spectators from all over the world. The 2016 European Champion is Tal Mordoch, who is from Israel.
The TV Times world yo-yo championship was held in the United Kingdom in 1974, with heats across the United Kingdom and a final in London in 1975; the championship was sponsored by the Louis Marx toy company with the 'Lumar' brand of yo-yo. The competition was judged by a celebrity panel in each city and also Lumar demonstrator and European yo-yo champion Don Robertson. The championship was not repeated.
The youngest winners of the World YoYo contest are John Narum of the United States, who won it in 2005, and Takeshi Matsuura, who also won the 5A division at the age of 11 in 2008. Mastuura went on to win the title in 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016, while Narum came in 2nd numerous times but never won the title again.
Contest divisions[edit]
There are six yo-yo divisions to compete in:
1A-The player uses a long sleeping yo-yo to perform string tricks which usually require the manipulation of the string. Currently the most popular division, with the 1A final usually being held as the last event of a contest.
2A-The player uses two yo-yos simultaneously to perform reciprocating or looping tricks. This tends to be the most visually entertaining style with some players incorporating acrobatics into their routines.
3A-The player uses two long spinning yo-yos, one tied to each hand to perform tricks that involve manipulation of the string.
4A-The player uses an offstring yo-yo, often releasing the yo-yo into the air and attempting to catch it on the string.
5A-The player uses a yo-yo with a counterweight on the other end of the string rather than having it attached to a finger.
AP-This is the Artistic Performance division, where a yo-yoer may use any type of yo-yo or any other prop in order to perform a freestyle.
Competitors usually bring a number of yo-yos to the performance stage with them to allow for mid-routine replacements in the case of knots/jams (common with string tricks), string breakage (common with looping tricks), or drops (common with offstring tricks).
Contest Result[edit]
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2007 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Yuuki Spencer (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Paul Han (USA)
2008 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. John Ando (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Sebastian Brock (USA)
2009 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Shinya Kido (Japan)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Chris Fraser (USA)
2010 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Jensen Kimmitt (USA)
2nd. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
3rd. Christopher Chia (Singapore)
2011 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Marcus Koh (Singapore)
2nd. Sebastian Brock (USA)
3rd. Gentry Stein (USA)
2012 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Hiroyuki Suzuki (Japan)
2nd. Marcus Koh (Singapore)
3rd. Christopher Chia (Singapore)
2013 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st.Janos Karancz (Hungary)
2nd.Christopher Chia (Singapore)
3rd.Luis Enrique Villasenor (Mexico)
2014 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Gentry Stein (US)
2nd. Takeshi Matsuura (Japan)
3rd. Iori Yamaki (Japan)
2015 World Yo-Yo Contest Results for 1A
1st. Zach Gormley (USA)
2nd. Shion Araya (Japan)
3rd. Iori Yamaki (Japan)
2016 World Yo-Yo contest Results for 1A
1st. Shion Araya (Japan)
2nd. Yamato Murata (Japan)
3rd. Zach Gormley (USA)
2017 World Yo-Yo contest Results for 1A
1st. Shion Araya (Japan)
2nd. Andrew Bergen (USA)
3rd. Gentry Stein (USA)
Techniques[edit]
Sleeping[edit]
The Sleeper is one of the most common yo-yo throws and is the basis for nearly all yo-yo throws other than looping. Keeping a yo-yo spinning while remaining at the end of its uncoiled string is known as sleeping. While the yo-yo is in the "sleeping" state at the end of the string, one can then execute tricks like "walk the dog", "around the world", or the more complex "rock the baby".
The essence of the throw is that one throws the yo-yo with a very pronounced wrist action so that when the yo-yo reaches the end of the string it spins in place rather than rolling back up the string to the thrower's hand. Most modern yo-yos have a transaxle or ball bearing to assist this, but if it is a fixed axle yo-yo, the tension must be loose enough to allow this. The two main ways to do this are (1), allow the yo-yo to sit at the bottom of the string to unwind, or (2) perform lariat or UFO to loosen the tension. When one decides to end the "sleeping" state, one merely jerks the wrist and the yo-yo "catches" the string and rolls back up to the hand. Ball-bearing yo-yos with a "butterfly" shape, primarily used for string tricks, frequently (but not always) have low response (or are, in fact, completely unresponsive), requiring a "bind" for the yo-yo to return.
In competition, mastery of sleeping is the basis for the 1A division. Inexpensive fixed-axle yo-yos usually spin between 10–20 seconds, while expensive ball bearing yo-yos can spin about 1–4 minutes depending on the throw [14] As of 2010[update], the world record sleep times were 3:51.54 minutes for fixed-axle and 21:15.17 minutes for transaxle yo-yos.[15] In 2012, the transaxle yo-yo sleep time record was broken by the C3YoyoDesign BTH, with a time of 30:28.30 minutes.
Looping[edit]
Looping is a yo-yo technique which emphasizes keeping the body of the yo-yo in constant motion, without sleeping.[16]
Yo-yos optimized for looping have weight concentrated in their centers so they may easily rotate about the string's axis without their mass contributing to a resistance due to a gyroscopic effect.
In yo-yo competitions, looping both to the inside and outside of the hand with the yo-yo plays a strong role in the 2A division.
Off-string[edit]
In the "off-string" technique, the yo-yo's string is not tied directly to the yo-yo's axle, and the yo-yo is usually launched into the air by performing a "forward pass" to be caught again on the string. However, some players can 'throw down' off-string yo-yos and catch it on the string just as it leaves the end of the string by pivoting the string around a finger as it unwinds, so that the yo-yo is caught on the string. This is exactly the opposite of a "forward pass", but with the same result.
Yo-yos optimized for off-string tricks have flared designs, like the butterfly shape, which makes it easier to land on the string, and often have soft rubber rings on the edges, so minimum damage is inflicted on the yo-yo, the player, or anyone who happens to be standing nearby, should a trick go wrong.
Yo-yo competitions have the 4A division for off-string tricks.
Freehand[edit]
In freehand (5A) tricks, the yo-yo's string is not tied to the player's hand, instead ending in a counterweight. The counterweight is then thrown from hand to hand and used as an additional element in the trick.
Developed in 1999 by Steve Brown, as of 2008 freehand is considered to be the fastest-growing style of yo-yo play. Steve Brown was awarded a patent on his freehand yo-yo system, which was assigned to Flambeau Products (Duncan's parent company).
In yo-yo competitions, counterweight yo-yos are emphasized in the 5A division.
Shapes[edit]
Imperial yo-yo shape
Modified yo-yo shape
Butterfly Shape yo-yo
Traditional shapes[edit]
Yo-yo bodies come in a number of form factors or "silhouettes," each designed with specific advantages in mind. However, there are three popular configurations.
Modified[edit]
The modified shape is a very popular design for looping style tricks. This shape is also known as a flywheel or modern shape. It usually has a hollowed face (sometimes covered with paper or plastic) with extra material left in the rim. The modified shape yo-yo is also used for string tricks because of the long spin times due to its shape.
Butterfly[edit]
Duncan released its first wooden butterfly yo-yo. Wayne Lundberg, the inventor, was one of the demonstrators.[17] The butterfly looks a bit like the separated halves of a standard yo-yo that have been reconnected back-to-back. The string gap is wider to make it easier to catch the yo-yo body on the string. Although the butterfly shape is good for 'string tricks,' it is not good for 'looping' tricks, because the winged shape of the body does not allow it to easily flip while looping. This shape is similar to a small Diabolo, sometimes called a Chinese yo-yo.
Modern shapes[edit]
Almost all new modern yo-yos have a shape that is shallow near the bearing and then widens out towards the edges (similar to the original butterfly design). The area between the rims of the yo-yo which leads down the bearing is known as the 'catch zone'. Whilst there are numerous different variations in design, a lot of modern shapes can be labeled in one of the following categories.
V shape[edit]
The V shape is one of the most basic yo-yo shapes. Starting with a low wall, close to the bearing, it rises straight up and out to the edges, with no steps or other distortions. The catch zone resembles a steep V shape, hence the name.
The V shape allows for a very open catch zone that makes landing the yo-yo on the string with accuracy a lot easier.
W shape/stepped V[edit]
The W shape, also known as the 'stepped V', is when the walls of the yo-yo start close to the bearing, as in the V shape, but as they move up and out towards the rim, they change angle at one or several points. This can allow for a smaller yoyo diameter without the yo-yo having to be excessively wide.
O shape/organic[edit]
The O Shape, also known as the 'organic' shape, uses curving walls that curve outwards towards the edges, similar to the older designs. Organic yo-yo's strength is that they are normally very comfortable to hold.
H shape[edit]
The H shape features rims of the yo-yo that are noticeably pronounced into the catch zone. This design gives maximum rim weight, and therefore maximum stability, although this can come at the cost of speed.
Weight distribution[edit]
Each silhouette may have more weight distributed at either the center of the yo-yo or the edge. More weight towards the rim will make the yo-yo more stable, meaning that it is less likely to tilt during play. The tradeoff is heavily rim weighted single-metal throws tend to play slower and heavier than more center weighted designs. Using other metals in construction can allow more weight at the rims whilst still keeping the overall weight down, which helps to give a yo-yo the best of both worlds.
Yo-yos with a higher moment of inertia will have more angular momentum when spinning at a given speed, and thus will spin freely for a longer period.
Body[edit]
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Two high-tech yo-yos, both take-apart models using the "modified" perimeter weighted body. The Veriflex on the left uses a ball bearing transaxle, with rubber O-rings to allow a variable string gap. The Playmaxx Pro-yo uses a replaceable wooden unit that acts as wooden axle and friction pad.
Most modern yo-yos are made from a "take-apart" design, designed to be taken easily apart and reassembled by the player. This design was first created by Tom Kuhn.[citation needed] This enables the replacement of yo-yo components, including the string, renewable friction sources, or even trans-axle components.
In order to increase spin times, extra weight was added to the outermost portion of the yo-yo. The first to do this was Dale Oliver (Spintastics Skill Toys, Inc) with the addition of steel rings when he brought out the Tigershark yo-yo early in 1998.[citation needed]
Some take-apart designs allow the player to reconfigure the yo-yo's halves. In the Tom Kuhn No Jive 3-In-1, the halves may be attached in three different configurations, resulting in a traditional, butterfly, or "pagoda" silhouette. In the Yo-yo Factory FlyMaster, the body has two different "shells" to convert to and from an off-string yo-yo.
Some yo-yos have a response system implemented in their body, which betters the ability of the yo-yo to return to the user's hand. The return system is typically positioned around the axle in the inside of the yo-yo. Some take-apart yo-yos have replaceable return systems.
Another innovation to the yo-yo is the ability to adjust the gap between the two halves of the yo-yo, in order to increase or decrease response. In most designs, this is accomplished by twisting the yo-yo halves, but some designs (such as the Tom Kuhn Silver Bullet) can be disassembled for adjustment without twisting. This second option eliminates the possibility of the yo-yo coming out of adjustment during play.
John Jerome McAvoy, Jr. was awarded patents for the gap-adjustable yo-yo: patent #5389029 on February 14, 1995, and #6066024 on May 23, 2000.[18][19]
In 1998, HSPIN launched the Handquake series of yo-yos, which sported an adjustable gap by using shims of 0.1-0.5mm thickness. By adding or removing shims, the gap could be widened or shrunk by +/- 1mm.
Harry Baier (creator of the "Mondial" yo-yo) and the Flambeau Products Company (owner of Duncan) were awarded patent #6162109 on December 19, 2000 for a gap-adjustable yo-yo which has discrete positions for specific gap widths. This patent was first implemented in the CameYo Mondial before being bought by Duncan.[20]
YoYoFactory's product line of Speed Dial yo-yo's feature "Fully Adjustable Starburst Technology" which allows the gap to be adjusted using a dial on the yo-yo. This allows for a more discrete response setting that stays the same after the yo-yo is taken apart and put back together.[21]
Axle/bearing differentiation[edit]
A Yomega Brain
The basic innovation since the 1990s is the transaxle, a system where the string is not directly connected to the axle that connects the two halves of the yo-yo.
Fixed axle yo-yos are represented by the original yo-yo design popularized in the first half of the 20th century, where the axle is directly connected to the string and halves of the yo-yo body. In order to enable the throwing of a "sleeper", the player must ensure the string is not wound too tightly around the axle because it must freely spin in order to accomplish this move. Yo-yos designed for "looping" tricks tend to be fixed-axle yo-yos.
Some more exotic fixed-axle yo-yos have axles made from low-friction materials such as ceramic alloys—this allows for easier "sleeping," which is essential for string tricks.
The majority of trick yo-yos sold are bearing transaxle yo-yos. In these transaxle yo-yos the string is not connected to the axle directly, but rather it is wrapped about a ballrace bearing. The bearing, in turn, surrounds the true axle of the yo-yo. In this way, the body of the yo-yo may spin freely about the string's point of contact.
There are transaxle systems which do not use a ball bearing, such as the Duncan ProFire and Yomega Fireball. These use a low-friction metal or plastic collar around the axle.
The clutch transaxle, innovated by Yomega with the Yomega Brain, is a transaxle that can be engaged or disengaged.
the Yomega Brain is a centrifugal clutch transaxle-- when spinning at a sufficiently high speed, counterweights inside the yo-yo body disengage the axle, automatically allowing the yo-yo to "sleep." Conversely, when the speed slows below the threshold, the yo-yo will return automatically.
Other clutch transaxles feature a manual switch which can engage or disengage the axle.
Hubstacks[edit]
Hubstacks are bearings added to the hub (the outside) of a yo-yo and covered with some form of side cap to allow the yo-yo body to be held while it spins. With the side cap bearing, the operator can hold the yo-yo in many different planes and perform different styles of tricks which are difficult (or impossible in some cases) to be performed with conventional yo-yos. These configurations may be called hubstacks, bearing caps, synergy caps, or jimmy hats.[citation needed]
Physical mechanism[edit]
When the yo-yo is first released, the throw gives it translational kinetic energy. As the string unwinds, much of this energy is converted into rotational kinetic energy, causing the yo-yo to spin rapidly. As the yo-yo unwinds, it also gains some energy from gravity. Because the yo-yo has significant rotational inertia, it can store enough energy in its rotation to fight gravity all the way back up to the hand.
The string winds in the opposite direction upon the return of the yo-yo. If the string is connected to the shaft with a loop, there may not be enough friction to overcome gravity and begin winding the string. In this case, the yo-yo will continue to spin at the end of the string instead of returning. However, if the yo-yo is jerked slightly, it will enter free fall for a brief moment, and the string's friction becomes the most significant force on the yo-yo. This allows the slack string to bind, and the energy from the yo-yo's rotation finishes the rest of the return.
Patents have been issued to create more complicated mechanisms to allow tension control and an adjustable mechanism.[22][23]
See also[edit]
Toys portal
Sports and games portal
History of cardistry
History of hacky sack
Chinese yo-yo
Eskimo yo-yo
Yo-yo balloon
Paper yo-yo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Easy Yo-Yo Tricks, Editors of Publications International, Ltd., howstuffworks.com
^ Advanced Yo-Yo Tricks for Kids, Editors of Publications International, Ltd., howstuffworks.com
Jump up ^ "National Yo-Yo Museum, California". Nationalyoyo.org. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Yo-yo; Origin of YO-YO". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Stephen G. (2004). Ancient Greek Athletics. Yale University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN 9780300115291. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Pedro Flores, National Yo-Yo Museum, archived from the original on January 20, 2008, retrieved 2008-02-18
Jump up ^ Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, Michelle (2009-04-19). "'Great ambassador' passes away". Richmond News. Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Kalmartrissan" och andra "trissor" Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine., County Museum of Kalmar (in Swedish)
Jump up ^ "Kalmartrissan snurrar vidare", Dagens Nyheter 19 December 2012 (not available in the on-line edition) (in Swedish)
Jump up ^ Kalmartrissan fyller 70 år, Sveriges radio, 25 January 2002, retrieved 22 March 2013 (in Swedish)
Jump up ^ Classic Toys: The Yo-Yo. Retro Planet (2009-05-12). Retrieved on 2012-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Home of the National Yo-Yo Contest, National Yo-Yo Museum and National Yo-Yo League". National Yo-Yo. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
Jump up ^ Tzeng, Grace. "Toy Story: Gravity-defying yo-yo tricks on display at California State Yo-Yo Championships" Archived 2008-12-10 at the Wayback Machine.. AsianWeek. Retrieved on 8 September 2008.
Jump up ^ Yo-Yo Basics, howstuffworks.com.
Jump up ^ American Yo-Yo Association website.
Jump up ^ Science News, Week of April 17, 2004; Vol. 165, No. 16, p. 250 Archived April 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Team Offstring Superheroes, October 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 6,066,024 Filed August 4, 1998; Issued May 23, 2000
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 5,389,029 Filed April 27, 1993; Issued February 14, 1995
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 6,162,109 Filed October 29, 1999; Issued December 19, 2000
Jump up ^ http://www.YoYoSkills.com/hans-interview.html - Interview with Hans Van Dan Elzen, YoYoFactory
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 6,331,132 Filed July 27, 1999; Issued December 18, 2001
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 7,192,330 Filed October 29, 1999; Issued December 19, 2000
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Index of yo-yo tricks
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Culture of Nigeria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Part of a series on the
Culture of Nigeria
History
People
Languages
Cuisine
Religion
Literature[show]
List of Nigerian writers
List of Nigerian poets
Music and performing arts[show]
Music
Media[show]
Cinema
Sport
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Nigeria portal
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The culture of Nigeria is shaped by Nigeria's multiple ethnic groups. The country has 527 languages, seven of them are extinct.[1] Nigeria also has over 1150 dialects and ethnic groups. The six largest ethnic groups are the Hausa and Fulani in the north, the Igbo in the southeast, and the Yoruba predominate in the southwest, Efik - Ibibio, and Ijaw of the south.
The Edo people are most frequent in the region between Yorubaland and Igboland. Many of the Edo tend to be Christian. This group is followed[clarification needed] by the Ibibio/Annang/Efik people of the coastal south southern Nigeria and the Ijaw of the Niger Delta.
Nigeria's other ethnic groups, sometimes called 'minorities', are found throughout the country but especially in the north and the middle belt. The traditionally nomadic Fulani can be found all over West and Central Africa. The Fulani and the Hausa are predominantly Muslim while the Igbo are predominantly Christian and so are the Efik, Ibibio, and Annang people. The Yoruba are equally likely to be either Christian or Muslim. Indigenous religious practices remain important to all of Nigeria's ethnic groups, and frequently these beliefs are blended with Christian beliefs, a practice known as syncretism.
Contents
[hide]
1 Major Nigerian Ethnic Culture
2 Efik-Ibibio Culture
3 Bini
4 Yoruba Culture
5 Igbo Culture
6 Hausa-Fulani Culture
7 Nigerian literature
8 Nollywood
9 Media
10 Sports
11 Food
12 Music
13 Resources
14 Clothing
15 Traditions
16 See also
17 References
Major Nigerian Ethnic Culture[edit]
Efik-Ibibio Culture[edit]
The Efik-Ibibio culture of coastal southeastern Nigeria has a significant contribution to the Nigerian culture, especially the culture of southern part of Nigeria. A brief summary is as follows:
Efik-Ibibio language: This language is spoken in Akwa Ibom State and Cross River State. It has various dialects such as the Annang dialect, Oron dialect, and many others. The Efik-Ibibio language has a significant influence on the languages and names of people of southern Nigeria.
Ekpe: The Efik-Ibibio culture was protected by a secret society, the Ekpe, that was indigenous to southeastern Nigeria. The "Ekpe", meaning "Lion", became a popular symbol in the Efik-Ibibio culture which later became popular in other Nigerian ethnic cultures.
Nsibidi: The popular ancient indigenous writing of the Efik people was invented by the Ekpe of the Efik-Ibibio people.
Food: Located in the coastal southeastern Nigeria by the Atlantic Ocean, the Efik-Ibibio people are blessed with various edible vegetables. Their food is popular throughout the entire Nigeria including the popular Edikang Ikong soup, pepper soup, Ukwoho, jeloff-rice, etc., etc.
Bini[edit]
Yoruba Culture[edit]
Igbo Culture[edit]
The eastern part of Nigeria is the home of the Igbos, who are mostly Christians. Their traditional religion is known as Odinani. Socially they are led by monarchs known as Eze Igwes. These figures in turn are expected to confer subordinate titles upon men and woman that are highly accomplished. This is known as the Nze na Ozo title system. People of title are usually well-spoken, highly respected and well recognized in their communities.
Hausa-Fulani Culture[edit]
Nigerian literature[edit]
See also: Nigerian literature
Nigeria is famous for its English language literature. Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, is an important book in African literature.[2] With over eight million copies sold worldwide, it has been translated into 50 languages, making Achebe the most translated African writer of all time.[3][4]
Nigerian Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka described the work as "the first novel in English which spoke from the interior of the African character, rather than portraying the African as an exotic, as the white man would see him."[5]
Apart from the speakers of standard English, a large portion of the population, roughly a third, speaks Nigerian pidgin, which has a primarily English lexicon. It has become a common lingua franca as a result. Pidgin English is a creolized form of the language. For instance, "How you dey" means "How are you". The Palm Wine Drinkard, a popular novel by Amos Tutuola, was written in it.
Nollywood[edit]
See also: Nollywood
Since the 1990s the Nigerian movie industry, sometimes called "Nollywood", has emerged as a fast-growing cultural force all over Africa. Because of the movies, western influences such as music, casual dressing and methods of speaking are to be found all across Nigeria, even in the highly conservative north of the country.
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Nigeria
Sports[edit]
Supporters of English football clubs like Manchester United, Arsenal, Liverpool and Chelsea often segregate beyond the traditional tribal and even religious divide to share their common cause in Premier League teams. The Nigerian national football team, nicknamed the "Super Eagles", is the national team of Nigeria, run by the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF). According to the FIFA World Rankings, Nigeria ranks 22nd and holds the third highest place among the African nations behind Cameroon (11th) and Côte d'Ivoire (16th). The highest position Nigeria ever reached on the ranking was 5th, in April 1994.
Food[edit]
See also: West African cuisine and Nigerian cuisine
Nigerian food offers a rich blend of traditionally African carbohydrates such as yam and cassava as well as the vegetable soups with which they are often served. Maize is another crop that is commonly grown in Nigeria.[6] Praised by Nigerians for the strength it gives, garri is "the number one staple carbohydrate food item in Nigeria"[7] a powdered cassava grain that can be readily eaten as a meal and is quite inexpensive. Yams are frequently fried either fried in oil or pounded to make a mashed potato-like yam pottage. Nigerian beans, quite different from green peas, are widely popular. Meat is also popular and Nigerian suya—a barbecue-like roasted meat—is a well-known delicacy. Bush meat, meat from wild game like antelope and giraffes, is also popular. Fermented palm products make a traditional liquor, palm wine, and also fermented cassava. Nigerian foods are spicy, mostly in the western and southern part of the country, even more so than in Indian cuisine. Some more examples of their traditional dishes are eba, pounded yam, iyan, fufu and soups like okra, ogbono and egusi. Fufu is so emblematic of Nigeria that it figures in Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart, for example. Achebe's magnum opus is the most widely read book in modern African literature.[8]
Music[edit]
The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of folk and popular music, some of which are known worldwide. The singer and social activist Fela Kuti was instrumental in Nigeria's musical development.
Traditional musicians use a number of diverse instruments, such as Gongon drums. The kora and the kakaki are also important.
Other traditional cultural expressions are found in the various masquerades of Nigeria, such as the Eyo masquerades, the Ekpe and Ekpo Masquerades of the Efik/Ibibio/Annang/Igbo peoples of coastal southeastern Nigeria, and the Northern Edo Masquerades. The most popular Yoruba manifestations of this custom are the Gelede masquerades.
Resources[edit]
A very important source of information on modern Nigerian art is the Virtual Museum of Modern Nigerian Art operated by the Pan-Atlantic University in Lagos.
In addition, the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission, and Naija Invest Gateway, provide real time information on the Nigerian business culture.
Clothing[edit]
Women wear long flowing robes and headscarves made from local markets who dye and weave the fabric locally. Southern Nigerian women choose to wear western-style wear. People in urban regions of Nigeria dress in western style, the youth mainly wearing jeans and T-shirts. Other Nigerian men and women typically wear a traditional style called Buba. For men the loose fitting shirt goes down to halfway down the thigh. For women, the loose fitting blouse goes down a little below the waist. Other clothing gear includes a gele, which is the woman's headgear. For men their traditional cap is called fila. The dressing and colours of the garments can sometimes change according to the occasion.
Traditions[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2017)
See also[edit]
Nigeria portal
Culture portal
Music of Nigeria
Nok culture
Festivals in Nigeria
List of museums in Nigeria
References[edit]
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ross, Will. "Nigeria's thriving art and music scene." (Archive) BBC. 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewis, M. Paul; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2016). "Nigeria". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (19th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International Publications.
Jump up ^ Booker, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ Yousaf, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Ogbaa, p. 5.
Jump up ^ "Chinua Achebe of Bard College". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 33 (33): 28. Autumn 2001. doi:10.2307/2678893. JSTOR 2678893.
Jump up ^ Akarolo-Anthony, Sally (2013). "Pattern Of Dietary Carbonhydrate intake Among Urbanized Adult Nigerians". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. |access-date= requires |url= (help)uos
Jump up ^ Agricultural Society of Nigeria (2016). "Producing Garri for export". agriculturalsocietynigeria.com/.
Jump up ^ Ogbaa, Kalu (1999). "Understanding Things Fall Apart". Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30294-7. Missing or empty |url= (help)
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Jump up ^ "Interesting Facts About Nigerian People and Culture". Answers Africa. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
Jump up ^ "People & Culture". ourafrica.org. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
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