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Canada–United States trade relations
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The trade relationship of the United States with Canada is the second largest in the world after China. In 2015, U.S. merchandise trade with Canada consisted of US$295.2 billion in imports and US$280.3 billion in exports.[1] The trade relationship between the two countries crosses all industries and is vitally important to both nations’ success as each country is one of the largest trade partners of the other.
The trade across Ambassador Bridge, between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan, alone is equal to all trade between the United States and Japan.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Before NAFTA
2 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
3 Disputes
4 Softwood lumber
5 Proposals
6 By sector
6.1 Energy
7 Media and culture
8 See also
9 References
Before NAFTA[edit]
Canadian politicians have debated free trade since 1866.[citation needed] Free trade was generally supported by the Liberal Party of Canada, and was a main topic in the 1911 Canadian Federal Election.[citation needed] After the Liberals lost that election, the topic was a non-issue for many years. Although there were many bilateral agreements reducing tariffs, a free trade agreement was not reached until the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1987.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[edit]
The Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement laid the groundwork for a multilateral and multicultural agreement between, the United States, Mexico, and Canada, called the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has helped to increase more trade among them. Although there are some dysfunction between the countries’ especially in the area of automobiles and agriculture, the trends are negligible as the agreement has arguably been a boon for all nations involved.[3]
Disputes[edit]
There are several disputes arising from the bilateral trade between the two nations. The United States placed Canada on its Special 301 Report intellectual property rights enforcement (although under the mildest category of "rebuke"). Other products from Canada under dispute include softwood lumber, beef, tomatoes, and other agricultural products.[3]
The heightened border security as a result of the 2001 terrorist attacks has been an issue of concern for businesses in both countries. The issue has become less of a concern since the attacks with the development of new technology, registration, training, and fewer rules. However, a midpoint estimate of US$10.5 billion cost to businesses in delays and uncertain travel time have affected trade.[4]
One ongoing and complex trade issue involves the importation of cheaper prescription drugs from Canada to the United States. Due to the Canadian government's price controls as part of their Single-payer medical system, prices for prescription drugs can be a fraction of the price paid by consumers in the unregulated U.S. market. While laws in the United States have been passed at the national level against such sales, specific state and local governments have passed their own legislation to allow the trade to continue. American drug companies—often supporters of political campaigns—have obviously come out against the practice.
According to a 2007 study commissioned by the Canadian Embassy in the United States, Canada–United States trade supported 7.1 million American jobs.
U.S. State
U.S. Jobs Supported[5]
Rank
Alabama 105,000 22
Alaska 3,100 50
Arizona 128,750 20
Arkansas 63,250 32
California 832,250 1
Colorado 123,750 21
Connecticut 90,250 27
Delaware 21,250 46
District of Columbia 29,000 38
Florida 404,750 4
Georgia 211,750 9
Hawaii 37,000 38
Idaho 33,500 40
Illinois 304,500 5
Indiana 147,750 15
Iowa 78,000 30
Kansas 72,750 31
Kentucky 96,000 25
Louisiana 102,000 24
Maine 32,250 42
Maryland 140,250 23
Massachusetts 172,250 13
Michigan 221,500 8
Minnesota 141,250 19
Mississippi 61,750 33
Missouri 144,750 17
Montana 24,250 44
Nebraska 49,750 36
Nevada 61,250 34
New Hampshire 32,750 41
New Jersey 206,750 11
New Mexico 44,500 37
New York 468,750 3
North Carolina 208,500 10
North Dakota 18,750 47
Ohio 267,500 7
Oklahoma 82,250 29
Oregon 88,750 28
Pennsylvania 295,250 6
Rhode Island 26,000 43
South Carolina 95,250 26
South Dakota 21,500 45
Tennessee 146,000 16
Texas 521,750 2
Utah 61,250 35
Vermont 17,500 48
Virginia 197,000 12
Washington 153,000 14
West Virginia 37,000 39
Wisconsin 141,500 18
Wyoming 14,000 49
Total 7,079,350
Softwood lumber[edit]
Main article: Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute
Log driving near Vancouver, B.C., Canada
The Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute is one of the most significant and enduring trade disputes in modern history. The dispute has had its biggest effect on British Columbia, the major Canadian exporter of softwood lumber to the United States.
The heart of the dispute is the claim that the Canadian lumber industry is unfairly subsidized by the federal and provincial governments. Specifically, most timber in Canada is owned by provincial governments. The price charged to harvest the timber (the "stumpage fee") is set administratively rather than through a competitive auction, as is often the practice in the United States. The United States claims that the provision of government timber at below market prices constitutes an unfair subsidy. Under U.S. trade remedy laws, foreign goods benefiting from subsidies can be subject to a countervailing duty tariff to offset the subsidy and bring the price of the product back up to market rates.
Proposals[edit]
Since the September 11th attacks, there has been debate on whether there should be further North American integration. Some have proposed the adoption of the Amero under the North American Currency Union as the official currency of North America.[citation needed] While these discussions are more prevalent in Canada, studies have shown that United States citizens would not object to economic integration. Former U.S. Ambassador Paul Cellucci stated, however, “Security trumps trade” in the United States, and so as long as Canada is a possible point of entry for terrorists, such integration seems unfeasible.[6]
By sector[edit]
Energy[edit]
The strength of the Canada–U.S. relationship is demonstrated by impressive bilateral trade of approximately $1.9 billion a day, along the world’s longest undefended border. Energy trade is the largest component of this cross-border commerce. Canada has the third-largest oil reserves (after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela), thanks to its oil-sands resources. The United States has historically been Canada’s only foreign market for natural gas, oil, and hydropower. In 2010, almost 100% of Canada’s exports in these commodity classes were destined for the United States. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of crude oil (25% of oil imports) and natural gas to the United States. In short, this energy relationship has enhanced U.S. energy security and provided Canada with steady demand for its energy exports.
However, this highly integrated U.S.–Canada energy relationship may change dramatically in the near future. U.S. oil and natural gas production and reserves are expanding because of growing tight oil and shale gas developments. Furthermore, the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts slower growth in U.S. oil and natural gas consumption in the coming decades until 2035. Consequently, the United States no longer appears to be an unlimited market for Canadian energy, leaving Canada seeking new export destinations.
Both Canada and the United States are increasingly reliant on foreign investment to develop their resource sectors, with Asia serving as an important source of capital. Asian investors initially focused on project investments as minority joint venture partners but are showing increasing interest in owning production companies. Asian investors' objectives for investing in the North American energy sector include both attractive financial returns on investment as well as an interest in North America as an energy supply source for their economies. The expanding energy investment and trade between North America and Asia can be mutually beneficial.[7] For more information see Pacific Energy Summit.
Media and culture[edit]
See also: List of Canadian television stations available in the United States and List of United States stations available in Canada
Because English is the majority language in both countries, and accents and dialects on both sides of the border are (relatively) similar and being a variety of North American English (as compared to the British or Australian English), both high culture and mass media are easily traded. Granted, both countries have minority-language media—Canada's large francophone population and the United States' large hispanophone population—as well as immigrants and indigenous language speakers, but cultural trade mostly concerns English-language media.
The major difference is that the U.S. media market is more than 15 times larger, meaning that the Americans enjoy greater economies of scale. Historically, this has always been the case since the 19th century, when Canada was flooded with American books, but the beginning of Canada's cultural protectionism dates to the 1920s, when Canada's radio market was dominated by American broadcasts, leading cultural nationalists to form the Canadian Radio League, which lobbied for a publicly funded broadcaster to compete with U.S. stations. In the 1950s, television experienced a similar dispute, with Canadian stations airing U.S. programming and U.S. stations broadcasting into Canada, leading to the creation of CBC Television. Since the 1970s, Canadian radio and television stations have been required by law to air a minimum percentage of Canadian content.
One source of tension is a difference in philosophy: the Canadian position is that its culture is a prerequisite for safeguarding its nationhood and should thus be excluded from free trade agreements, whereas Americans negotiators see media as just another commodity. This difference came to light during the dispute over "split-run" magazine during the 1990s. Split-runs are magazines produce a slightly modified edition (say, for a Canadian market) and resell much of the advertising space to Canadian advertisers. Canadian publishers argued that the Americans were poaching all their advertising revenue without producing substantial Canadian content. American publishers and the U.S. government countered that banning "split-runs" was illegal under international trade law. There have also been disputes over the generous tax credits that the Canadian federal and provincial governments give to television and film productions. This, combined with a weaker Canadian dollar caused American filmmakers to complain during the 1990s that "runaway productions" were hurting American employment in the film industry, especially in California.
See also[edit]
NAFTA's effect on United States employment
North American Forum on Integration
North American SuperCorridor Coalition
Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Trading Partners - December 2015". Census.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Apps - Access My Library - Gale". Access My Library. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
Jump up ^ "CRS Report for Congress" (PDF). Nationalaglawcenter.org. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
Jump up ^ "State Trade Fact Sheets 2008". Canada International. Retrieved 16 November 2010.
Jump up ^ “Cellucci’s Message,” National Post, March 26, 2003.
Jump up ^ "2013 Summit Working Papers : The U.S.-Canada Energy Relationship and the Growing Role for Asia" (PDF). Nbr.org. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
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Oriental Bank of Commerce
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Oriental Bank of Commerce
Type
Public
Traded as
BSE: 500315
NSE: ORIENTBANK
Industry
Banking
Financial services
Founded
19 February 1943; 75 years ago (1943-02-19)
Headquarters
Gurgaon, India
Key people
Shri Mukesh Kumar Jain (CEO & MD)
Products
Investment banking
Consumer banking
Commercial banking
Retail banking
Private banking
Asset management
Pensions
Mortgages
Credit cards
Revenue
₹20,058.71 crore (US$2.9 billion)[1]
Operating income
₹3,682 crore (US$540 million) (2016)[1]
Net income
₹156.08 crore (US$23 million) (2016)[1]
Total assets
₹237,541.54 crore (US$35 billion) (2016)[1]
Owner
Government of India
Number of employees
21,469(2016)[1]
Capital ratio
11.76% (2016)[1]
Website
www.obcindia.co.in
Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India-based bank established in Lahore (then the city of British India, and currently in Pakistan), is one of the public sector banks in India.
Contents
1 History
2 Chairpersons
3 Overview
4 See also
5 Notes, citations, and references
6 External links
History[edit]
Rai Bahadur Lala ji Sohan lala ji the first Chairman of the Bank, founded OBC in 1943 in Lahore. Within four years of its coming into existence, OBC had to face Partition. The bank had to close down its branches in the newly formed Pakistan and shift its registered office from Lahore to Amritsar. Lala Karam Chand Thapar, the then Chairman of the Bank, in a unique gesture honoured the commitments made to the depositors from Pakistan and paid every rupee to its departing customers.[citation needed]
The Bank has witnessed many ups and downs since its establishment. The period of 1970-76 is said to be the most challenging phase in the history of the Bank.[citation needed] At one time profit plummeted to ₹175, that prompted the owner of the bank, the Thapar House, to sell / close the bank. Then employees and leaders of the Bank came forward to rescue the Bank. The owners were moved and had to change their decision of selling the bank and in turn they decided to improve the position of the bank with the active cooperation and support of all the employees. Their efforts bore fruits and performance of the bank improved significantly. This was the turning point in the history of the bank.[citation needed]
The bank was nationalised on 15 April 1980. At that time OBC ranked 19th among the 20 nationalised banks.[citation needed]
In 1997, OBC acquired two banks: Bari Doab Bank and Punjab Cooperative Bank.[Note 1] The acquisition of these two banks brought with it no additional branches.
The bank has progressed on several fronts, crossing the Business Mix mark of ₹2 lac crores as on 31 March 2010 making it the seventh largest Public Sector Bank in India.[citation needed]
On 14 August 2004, OBC amalgamated Global Trust Bank (GTB). GTB was a leading private sector bank in India that was associated with various financial discrepancies leading to a moratorium being imposed by RBI shortly before it merged into OBC. The acquisition brought with it 103 branches, which increased OBC's branch total to 1092.
Chairpersons[edit]
The Chairpersons (CMD) of the bank were as under:
Name
Period
Karam Chand Thapar 1946 to 1961
L. M. Thapar 1961 to 1969
R. P. Oberoi 1973 to 1976
M. K. Vig 1976 to 1983
P. S. Gopalakrishnan 1984 to 1988
S. P. Talwar 1988 to 1990
S. K. Soni 1990 to 1996
Dalbir Singh 1996 to 2000
B. D. Narang 2000 to 2005
K. N. Prithviraj 2005 to 2007
T. Y. Prabhu August 2009 to January 2011
Nagesh Paidah January 2011 to February 2012
S.L. Bansal March 2012 to September 2014
Sh. Animesh Chauhan December 2014 to June 2017
Sh. Mukesh Kumar Jain July 2017 to Present (as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of the Bank)
Overview[edit]
The bank offers a wide range of banking products and services such as deposit accounts, loans, debit cards, credit cards (with tie up with SBI), Insurance products, ATMs, Internet banking, Mobile Banking, Self-banking halls, call centre, etc.
The Bank has launched yet another people's participation in the planning process at grass root level essentially to tackle the maladies of poverty. The Grameen Projects venture aims to alleviate poverty plus identify the reasons responsible for the failure or success.
OBC is already implementing a GRAMEEN PROJECT in Dehradun District (UK) and Hanumangarh District (Rajasthan). Formulated on the pattern of the Bangladesh Grameen Bank, the Scheme has a unique feature of disbursing small loans ranging from ₹75 (~US $1.50) onwards. The beneficiaries of the Grameen Project are mostly women.The Bank is engaged in providing training to rural folk in using locally available raw material to produce pickles, jams etc. This has provided self-employment and augmented income levels thus reforming lives of rural folk and encouraging cottage industries in rural areas.[citation needed]
OBC launched yet another unique[citation needed] scheme christened 'The Comprehensive Village Development Programme' on the auspicious day of Baisakhi, the 13th of April 1997 at three villages in Punjab namely Rurki Kalan (District. Sangrur), Raje Majra (District. Ropar) and Khaira Majha (District. Jaladhar) and two villages in Haryana, namely Khunga (District. Jind) and Narwal (District. Kaithal). The pilot launch was a great success. Emboldened by the success, Bank extended the programme to more villages. At present, it covers 15 villages; 10 in Punjab, 4 in Haryana and 1 in Rajasthan. The programme focuses on providing a comprehensive and integrated package providing rural finance to the villagers with Village Development as its focus, thus contributing towards infrastructural development and augmentation of income for each farmer of the village. The Bank has implemented 14 point action plan for strengthening of credit delivery to women and has designated 5 branches as specialised branches for women entrepreneurs.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
All India Oriental Bank Officers Association
Notes, citations, and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Bari Doab Bank had been established in Lahore on 12 May 1915;[2] in 1947 the bank transferred its head-office to Hoshiarpur, where it had been the first joint stock bank to operate in the district. Punjab Cooperative Bank had been established in Amritsar on 31 October 1904.[2] It had been liquidated in September 1914,[3] but apparently had been re-established. At Partition it had lost operations in Pakistan.
Citations
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Annual Report of Oriental Bank of Commerce" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Reserve Bank of India. Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India for the Year 1954. (Bombay).
Jump up ^ Baker (1915), p.24.
References
Annual Report 2013 [1]
Baker, Henry D. (1915) British India: With Notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet. (U.S. Government Printing Office).
External links[edit]
Official site of OBC
Official Internet Banking site of OBC
Oriental Bank Officers Association
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Star Trek: Discovery (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Star Trek: Discovery (season 2)
Starring
Sonequa Martin-Green
Doug Jones
Shazad Latif
Anthony Rapp
Mary Wiseman
Wilson Cruz
Anson Mount
Country of origin
United States
Release
Original network
CBS All Access
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
List of Star Trek: Discovery episodes
The second season of the American television series Star Trek: Discovery is set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and follows the crew of the USS Discovery. The season will be produced by CBS Television Studios in association with Secret Hideout, Roddenberry Entertainment, and Living Dead Guy Productions, with Alex Kurtzman serving as showrunner.
Sonequa Martin-Green stars as Michael Burnham, along with the returning Doug Jones, Shazad Latif, Anthony Rapp, and Mary Wiseman; they are joined by Wilson Cruz, promoted from a recurring guest role, and Anson Mount as original Star Trek captain Christopher Pike. Original showrunner Bryan Fuller had intended for Discovery to be an anthology series that told different stories each season. CBS did not agree, but a hybrid approach was eventually used, following the same characters but telling different stories each season. The second season was officially ordered in October 2017, and filming began in April 2018. Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts, the first season's showrunners, returned for the second but were fired during production; co-creator Kurtzman replaced them.
The season is set to premiere in January 2019 and will consist of 13 episodes.
Contents
1 Episodes
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Notable guests
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Design
3.5 Filming
3.6 Music
4 Marketing
5 Release
6 References
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
16
1 TBA Alex Kurtzman[1] TBA January 2019 (2019-01)[2]
Jonathan Frakes directed the second and tenth episodes.[3]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Star Trek: Discovery characters
Main[edit]
Sonequa Martin-Green as Michael Burnham[4]
Doug Jones as Saru[5]
Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler[6]
Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets[7]
Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly[7]
Wilson Cruz as Hugh Culber[8][9]
Anson Mount as Christopher Pike[10]
Recurring[edit]
Tig Notaro as Jet Reno[11][12]
Notable guests[edit]
Alan van Sprang as Leland[13]
Mary Chieffo as L'Rell[14]
James Frain as Sarek[15]
Rebecca Romijn as Number One[2]
Ethan Peck as Spock[16]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On November 2, 2015, CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017, "on the heels" of the original series' 50th anniversary in 2016.[17] In February 2016, Bryan Fuller, who began his career writing for the series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: Voyager, was announced as the new series' showrunner.[18] CBS did not have a plan for what the new show would be when Fuller joined,[19] and he proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone, serialized show set in a different era, beginning with a prequel to the original series. CBS told Fuller to just start with a single serialized show and see how that performs first, and he began further developing the prequel concept.[20] By the end of 2016, Fuller had left the series due to further conflicts with CBS and other commitments, with Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts replacing him as showrunner.[21] In June 2017, co-creator Alex Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed plans for future seasons before the latter's departure.[22]
Executive producer Akiva Goldsman stated in August 2017 that though the series is not an anthology as Fuller first proposed, "it's kind of a hybridized approach. I don't think we're looking for an endless, continuing nine or 10 year story. We're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we don't know."[23] Kurtzman elaborated that the Federation-Klingon War story arc of the first season would not continue in a second, saying "each season needs to be about a different thing".[24] However, he was not interested in a full anthology series because "I wouldn't necessarily want to throw [the characters] away at the end of the season for a new show",[25] and instead felt that the aftereffects of the first season would be felt moving forward: "The results of the war are going to allow for a lot of new storytelling", with "the casualties, the things that have grown in Starfleet as a result of the war" carrying over to the next season.[24] By the end of August, Berg and Harberts had developed a "road map" for a second season.[26] After the premiere of the first season, Kurtzman explained that a "big idea" had been proposed mid-way through production on that season which became the "spine" of the second season, with the writers' "emotional compass" having pointed them to using that idea. He added that the series' producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates for the season, just to delay them due to the external pressure that caused with the first season. However, he hoped the second season would be available in early 2019, as long as the quality and scope of the series was not compromised to achieve that.[27] On October 23, a second season was officially ordered by All Access. CBS Interactive President Marc DeBevoise cited the increased subscriptions for All Access since the series' debut, as well as critical acclaim and fan interest, when announcing the renewal.[28] The season consists of 13 episodes.[29]
In June 2018, during production on the season, CBS Television Studios fired Berg and Harberts. This was not due to creative concerns, as the studio and network were pleased with the scripts for the season and early cuts of already filmed episodes, but due to a combination of the first episode of the season going significantly over budget—to the point that the budgets for later episodes of the season would have to be cut to cover the difference—and alleged abusive behavior by the pair directed at the series' writing staff; multiple writers had become uncomfortable working with the pair, and had apparently been threatened by Harberts after stating their intention to file a formal complaint. Kurtzman was made sole showrunner in their place, and was described as the "glue holding Discovery together". With this change came news that Goldsman did not return as executive producer for the second season, after serving as Kurtzman's "right-hand man", because he had a "management style and personality that clashed with the writing staff".[30] At the end of the month, James Duff joined the series as an executive producer, specifically to help Kurtzman run the series' writers room. Olatunde Osunsanmi, who served as a director and co-executive producer during the first season, became a full executive producer as well and was set as producing director for the rest of the season's production. Additionally, Jenny Lumet, who joined as a consulting producer at the beginning of the season, was promoted to co-executive producer.[31] In July, the season was confirmed to premiere in January 2019.[2]
Writing[edit]
The series' writers began work on the second season in December 2017, and were considering "science vs. faith" as the main theme of the season. Harberts said that, unlike the first season, the second would not be a "war season" and would have more time "to do things like more away missions, newer planets, stories that might fall a little bit more into a framework of allegory that people love to get from Trek" while retaining the serialized structure introduced in the first season. He added that the season would be "jam packed" with things that they were not able to do in the first season.[32] In March 2018, Harberts clarified that the series would not just be looking at religion, but also "patterns in our lives. It means connections you can't explain. Who enters your life and who leaves your life and these indelible impressions people make ... that is one of our biggest ideas now and it is threading through all of our characters' lives."[33] With the Federation–Klingon War storyline not carrying through to the second season, Kurtzman said that there would be much less of a focus on the Klingons in the second season and far fewer Klingon-only scenes, but that Klingon characters would still appear.[6]
The season begins with the arrival of the USS Enterprise (where the first season ended) on a specific mission, which ties into a larger story that does not involve the Enterprise and is the main arc for the whole second season.[34] A goal of the showrunners for the season was to "cement Discovery firmly in the timeline" by reconciling some of the apparent continuity errors caused by the first season, such as why protagonist Michael Burnham has never been mentioned by her adoptive brother Spock, or why the advanced spore-drive technology used on the USS Discovery is not used in later Star Trek series.[35]
Casting[edit]
The season stars the returning Sonequa Martin-Green as Burnham,[4] Doug Jones as Saru,[5] Shazad Latif as Voq / Ash Tyler,[6] Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets,[7] and Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly.[7] Wilson Cruz reprises his guest role of Hugh Culber, who died in the first season,[8] and is promoted to the main cast for the second.[9] Several other recurring guests also return from the first season, including Mary Chieffo as L'Rell and James Frain as Sarek.[14][15] Additionally, Emily Coutts returns as Keyla Detmer.[7] Kurtzman said in February 2018 that it was possible for Jason Isaacs and Michelle Yeoh to return in the second season as their respective characters of Gabriel Lorca and Philippa Georgiou.[6]
After the first season concluded with the Discovery receiving a distress call from the USS Enterprise, specifically from Captain Christopher Pike, Harberts expressed interest in exploring that character in the second season, feeling that he had not been seen much in Star Trek previously and so "there’s an interesting opportunity that we might have to delve into and flesh out a character who I think is a pretty darn heroic and selfless captain." Spock is also a crew member of the Enterprise, but Harberts felt that he was less of an interesting character for the series to explore given his many appearances throughout previous iterations of Star Trek,[36] and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character.[37] In April 2018, Anson Mount was cast as Pike, which was described as a "key role" for the season,[10] and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks;[3] Kurtzman noted that casting for Spock took into consideration a balance between Vulcan logic and revealing "emotion in the eyes and in the small gestures".[34] Mount revealed in July that he would star for the full season,[38] and that Rebecca Romijn would portray the original series character Number One.[2] In August, Ethan Peck was announced as portraying Spock in the season. Kurtzman compared the actor to both Nimoy and Quinto and stated that he believed Peck "would, like them, effortlessly embody Spock’s greatest qualities, beyond obvious logic: empathy, intuition, compassion, confusion, and yearning."[16]
In March 2018, an alternate ending to the first season was revealed in which a Section 31 agent named Leland is introduced, portrayed by Alan van Sprang. The producers confirmed that Sprang would be portraying the character in the second season.[13] Van Sprang had worked with Berg and Harberts on the series Reign, and they had been trying to find a character for him to play throughout production on the first season. The actor described his role in the second season as a "massive part of it".[39] The next month, Tig Notaro was cast in the guest role of Denise Reno;[11] she later revealed that this would be a recurring role for the season, and that she had been able to rename her character to Jet Reno.[40][12]
Design[edit]
Several new sets for the Discovery were built for the second season, adding to the ones constructed for the first. These included a new "loop corridor" and new entrances to the mess hall and sick bay sets. The engineering set from the first season was also renovated for the second, with production designer Tamara Deverell explaining that the cinematography department had been complaining about the large amount of light coming from the spore chamber in that set in contrast to the rest of the room.[41] Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios, who provide prosthetics and armor for the series, teased in May 2018 that the season would feature a "truly alien" for which they had to figure out new ways to reduce the weight of the prosthetics and make it breathable for the actor, as well as try improve the actor's vision because the eyes of the creature did not align with where human eyes are positioned. Hetrick added that there would be more interesting background characters in terms of prosthetics for extras on set, while the pair were able to use a species from earlier Star Trek canon that had not been in the first season of Discovery after producing a list for the executive producers featuring all the species they would like to use.[42]
John Eaves and Scott Schneider, designers of the starships for the series, were required to redesign the USS Enterprise for Star Trek: Discovery, making it 25 percent different from Matt Jeffries' original design due to legal concerns regarding the ownership of different Star Trek elements. CBS ultimately confirmed that they were free to reuse Jeffreies' design in Star Trek: Discovery, but stood by the changes made by Eaves and Schneider as creative improvements that took advantage of modern visual effects. These changes included adding elements that could realistically be removed or replaced in the time between this series and the beginning of the original series. The visual effects department made further adjustments to the design after Eaves and Schneider completed their work.[43] The final version of the ship seen in the series also adopts some of the characteristics of the Enterprise from the films, such as being "a little bit fatter, a little bit bigger", to fit into the aesthetic of the series.[44] Elaborating on this, Kurtzman explained that the original designs for the Enterprise would look out of place within the series due to the far more advanced modern technology being used to produce the show. He added that any sets designed for the Enterprise would bridge the look of the original series and Discovery while still trying to adhere to canon and remain consistent with the original designs where possible.[6]
Filming[edit]
Filming for the season began at Pinewood Toronto Studios on April 16, 2018,[5][45] under the working title Green Harvest. Production was set to take place on the series at the studio until November 8.[45] At the time of Berg and Harberts' firing, production was underway on the fifth episode of the season, and a hiatus in filming was planned to follow that. This allowed Kurtzman to take the time to "regroup" the series' writing staff without delaying the series' production.[30]
Music[edit]
Composer Jeff Russo planned to begin work on the second season in May 2018, after receiving the first script for the season. He did not expect to significantly change the tone of his music for the season, feeling that so much work in the first season had gone towards creating a unique sound for the series within the Star Trek franchise which he would like to continue moving forward.[46] Russo did feel that the score for the second season would focus more on the "swashbuckling" aspects he wrote at times for the first season. Russo generally works directly with the showrunners rather than any of the episodic directors, but discussed his score for the season's second episode with director Jonathan Frakes.[47]
Marketing[edit]
The season was promoted at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2018, with Notaro moderating a panel that featured Kurtzman, Martin-Green, Jones, Latif, Wiseman, Rapp, Cruz, Chieffo, Mount, and executive producer Heather Kadin. The first trailer for the season debuted at the panel before being released online.[2]
Release[edit]
The season is set to premiere in January 2019 on CBS All Access in the United States.[2] Bell Media broadcasts the series in Canada on the specialty channels Space (English) and Z (French) before streaming episodes on CraveTV, while Netflix has streaming rights for the series in another 188 countries. Netflix releases each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut. [48]
References[edit]
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