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Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You
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"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
Single by George Benson
from the album 20/20
B-side
"Beyond The Sea (La Mer)"[1]
Released
1985 (in West Germany)[1]
Format
7" Single[1]
Recorded
1984[2]
Genre
Rhythm and blues
soul
Length
4:04 (Album and Single)[2][3]
Label
Warner Bros. Records[1]
Songwriter(s)
Michael Masser,
Gerry Goffin[1]
Producer(s)
Michael Masser[1]
George Benson singles chronology
"I Just Wanna Hang Around You"
(1985) "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
(1985) "Kisses in the Moonlight"
(1986)
"I Just Wanna Hang Around You"
(1985) "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
(1985) "Kisses in the Moonlight"
(1986)
Music video
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (TopPop, 1985) on YouTube
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" is a song written by composers Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin.[1] It was originally recorded in 1984[2] by American singer and guitarist George Benson,[2] and released in 1985 on his studio album 20/20, by Warner Bros. Records.[2] This original version was produced by its own author Michael Masser,[1] and was released as a single only in Germany in 1985.[1] The song was not released as a single in the United States, but nevertheless, Benson recorded two video clips in the U.S. the same year, which were displayed on television programs.[4][5] Two years later, the song became even more well known for a re-recording by Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros, whose 1987 cover eventually topped the charts in several countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 George Benson version
1.1 Track listing
1.2 Music videos
1.3 Personnel
1.4 B-side
2 Glenn Medeiros version
2.1 Background and release
2.2 Music video
2.3 Track listings
2.4 Certifications
2.5 Chart performance
2.5.1 Weekly charts
2.5.2 Year-end charts
2.5.3 Chart successions
3 Other cover versions
4 External links
5 References
George Benson version[edit]
Track listing[edit]
This is the track list of the original single by George Benson released in 1985 in Germany:[1][3]
Year
Side
Song
Length
Interpreter
Writer/Composer
Producer
Album
1985 A-side "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" [1] 4:04 [3] George Benson [1] Michael Masser,
Gerry Goffin [1] Michael Masser [1] 20/20 [2]
1985 B-side "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)" [1] 4:10 [3] George Benson [1] Charles Trenet,
Jack Lawrence [1] Russ Titelman [1] 20/20 [2]
The length of 4:04 for "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" and 4:10 for "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)", are the same in both the single and the album 20/20.[2][3]
Music videos[edit]
The original version of "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" by George Benson has two video clips recorded by him in 1985 in the United States:[4][5]
The first music video[4] shows a field where are Benson, a woman, a chauffeur, a car and an airplane. The video suggests that the coachman brought Benson with a woman in a car to this field and that one of them is about to board a plane, which is already connected with their propellers. Benson and women are side by side throughout the video, and he remains touching she with the right hand. When the song starts, Benson sings looking at the camera and looking at the woman alternately. The chauffeur who brought the two car appears throughout the video a little behind the two and looking for them. At the beginning and end of the video, Benson and the woman kiss.[4]
This first music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on: "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You", George Benson (video 1) on YouTube
In the second music video,[5] Benson sings "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" on a small stage lit by purple lights and whose backdrop shows large buildings with bright windows. Without looking at the camera, Benson sings showing his feelings through gestures with his hands and face, walking on the small stage. Several cameras film Benson from different angles of the stage, but he sings without looking at them. At the end, Benson is darkened, but the purple lights on stage remain.[5]
This second music video of the song is available to be watched by clicking on: "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You", George Benson (video 2) on YouTube
Personnel[edit]
Written by – Michael Masser, Gerry Goffin [1][6]
Produced by – Michael Masser [1][6]
Arranged by – Robbie Buchanan [6]
Programmed by [Synthesizer] – Robbie Buchanan [6]
Lead Vocal – George Benson [1][6]
Guitar Soloist – George Benson [6]
Backing Vocals – Deborah Thomas, Richard Marx [6]
Guitar – Dann Huff, Paul Jackson, Jr. [6]
Keyboards – Robbie Buchanan [6]
Bass – Nathan East [6]
Drums – Carlos Vega [6]
B-side[edit]
The B-side of single "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" released in Germany brought George Benson's cover of the classic "Beyond The Sea (La Mer)",[1] which, although not an original song Benson, also it was released as a single in the USA and the UK, where peaked position #60[7] and remained on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks.[7] "Beyond The Sea" is an English version of the French song "La Mer"[8] by Charles Trenet, recorded in 1946.[8] The letter was written in English by American Jack Lawrence[3] and his version titled "Beyond The Sea" was recorded by numerous artists to over the years. The Benson's cover was also released on the album 20/20 in 1985.[2]
Glenn Medeiros version[edit]
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
Single by Glenn Medeiros
from the album Glenn Medeiros
B-side
"(Instrumental)"
Released
February 1987 (US) [9]
August 17, 1987 (Australia) [10]
June 1988 (UK) [11]
Format
7" single
12" single
Recorded
1986
Length
3:46
Label
Amherst (USA)
A&M (Canada)
London (UK)
Mercury (Australia/Netherlands)
Songwriter(s)
Michael Masser
Gerry Goffin
Producer(s)
Jay Stone
Glenn Medeiros singles chronology
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
(1987) Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You1987 "Lonely Won't Leave Me Alone"
(1988) Lonely Won't Leave Me Alone1988
Nick Carter singles chronology
"Get Over Me"
(2015) Get Over Me2015 "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
(2016) Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You2016 "19 in 99"
(2016) 19 in 992016
A 1987 cover version by American singer Glenn Medeiros reached number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and topped the charts in Canada and the United Kingdom. It also topped the charts in a further four countries in Europe. Medeiros also recorded the song in Spanish under the title "Nada cambiará mi amor por ti".
Background and release[edit]
Medeiros originally released the song on a small independent label at the age of 16, after winning a local radio talent contest in Hawaii. A visiting radio executive from KZZP in Phoenix, Arizona heard the song and took the record back to Phoenix, where it became a national hit through word of mouth.
The song was featured in a late 1987 episode of the US daytime soap opera Days Of Our Lives as well as 1988 episodes of As The World Turns, The Bold And The Beautiful, and General Hospital.
In 2009, the song was used in France in a television advert for Spontex sponges.[12] The song was additionally used in a commercial for Thinkbox in the UK in 2015. During the same year the song was used in an episode of British soap opera Coronation Street, where characters Beth Tinker and Kirk Sutherland got married.
Music video[edit]
The music video features Medeiros strolling around a beach with a girl in a pink dress.[citation needed]
Track listings[edit]
7" single
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" — 3:46
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (instrumental) — 5:11
12" single
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (extended version) — 6:09
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (seven inch version) — 3:46
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (instrumental version) — 5:20
Certifications[edit]
Country
Certification
Date
Sales certified
Canada[13] Gold 9 July 1987 50,000
France[14] Gold 1988 500,000
Netherlands[15] Gold 1988 40,000
UK[16] Gold 1 August 1988 400,000
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1987–88)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[17] 10
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[18] 12
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[19] 2
Canada (The Record)[20] 2
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[21] 1
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 1
France (SNEP)[22] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[23] 20
Ireland (IRMA)[24] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[25] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[26] 2
Spain (AFYVE)[27] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[28] 2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[29] 8
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[30] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[31] 12
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[32] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1987)
Rank
Canada[33] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[34] 85
Chart (1988)
Rank
Australian Singles Chart[35] 36
Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart[36] 13
Dutch Top 40[37] 2
UK [38] 6
Chart successions[edit]
Preceded by
"Boys (Summertime Love)" by Sabrina Salerno French SNEP number one single
12 March 1988 - 30 April 1988 (8 weeks) Succeeded by
"N'importe quoi" by Florent Pagny
Preceded by
"Yé ké yé ké" by Mory Kanté Eurochart Hot 100 number-one single
9 July 1988 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Dirty Diana" by Michael Jackson
Preceded by
"I Owe You Nothing" by Bros UK number one single
9 July 1988 - 31 July 1988 (4 weeks) Succeeded by
"The Only Way Is Up" by Yazz and the Plastic Population
Preceded by
"Fast Car" by Tracy Chapman Irish IRMA number one single
16 July 1988 - 30 July 1988 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"Flight of Earls" by Paddy Reilly
Other cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Argentine singer-songwriter Sergio Denis also recorded a cover version for his album Afectos (1985), with Spanish lyrics written by Rolando J. Hernández.
David Lui (zh) sings the Cantonese version of this song as 求你講清楚 (1986).
Engelbert Humperdinck released a version on his album Remember - I Love You (1987).
The Shadows released an instrumental version on their album Steppin' to the Shadows (1989).
Irish boyband Westlife released a version on their album The Love Album (2006).
Khalil Fong covered this song on his album Timeless (2009).
Richard Clayderman released an instrumental version on his album A Little Romance (1994).
John McCook released a cover on his album John McCook Sings Bold and Beautiful Songs.
Nick Carter released a version on his album All American (2015) as a duet with Japanese singer Nissy (2016).
Oli P. also released a cover version featuring Tina Frank sung partially in English and German.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics.
Music video 1 of this song by George Benson on YouTube.
Music video 2 of this song by George Benson on YouTube.
Page of this song by Benson at 45cat.
Page of this song by Benson at Discogs.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v 45cat (May 14, 2017). "George Benson - "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (1985)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Discogs (May 14, 2017). "George Benson – 20/20 (1985)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Discogs (May 14, 2017). "George Benson - "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (1985)".
^ Jump up to: a b c d YouTube (May 14, 2017). "George Benson - "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (1985) - Vídeo 1".
^ Jump up to: a b c d YouTube (May 14, 2017). "George Benson - "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (1985) - Vídeo 2".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Discogs (May 14, 2017). "George Benson – 20/20 (1985)".
^ Jump up to: a b The Official UK Charts Company (May 14, 2017). "George Benson - Chart History (UK Charts Songs)".
^ Jump up to: a b Discogs (May 14, 2017). "Charles Trenet – La Mer (1946)".
Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/am311
Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/8886107au
Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/lon184
Jump up ^ "Musique de pub Spontex, love story entre hérisson et éponge.." (in French). Musique de Pub. 14 July 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum Certification Archived April 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) (Retrieved 3 September 2008)
Jump up ^ "Les certifications depuis 1973, database" (in French). Infodisc. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Goud/Platina Archived 2010-01-13 at WebCite NVPI - de branchevereniging van de entertainmentindustrie (Retrieved 9 December 2008)
Jump up ^ Certified Awards Search Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. BPI - The British Recorded Music Industry (Retrieved 3 September 2008)
Jump up ^ http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-t op-50-singles-1988.htm
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ Lwin, Nanda (2000). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Mississauga, Ontario: Music Data Canada. ISBN 1-896-594-13-1.
Jump up ^ Canadian peak
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Glenn Medeiros Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Irish Recorded Music Association. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Glenn Medeiros" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Glenn Medeiros – Nothing's Gonna Change My Love For You". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Medeiros: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Medeiros Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Medeiros Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.0920&type=1&interval=50&PHPSESSID=mtdql22v41iqvv3eau7no1kqh3
Jump up ^ http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1987.htm
Jump up ^ 1988 Australian Singles Chart ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1988 Archived February 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Australian Recording Industry Association (Retrieved 3 September 2008)
Jump up ^ "1988 Belgian Flanders Singles Chart" (in Dutch). ultratop.be. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Single top 100 over 1988" (pdf) (in Dutch). Top40. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Scaping, Peter, ed. (1991). "Top 100 Singles: 1988". BPI YearBook 1989/90. London, England: British Phonographic Industry. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-9061-5410-6.
[show]
v
t
e
George Benson
Discography
Studio albums
The New Boss Guitar of George Benson
It's Uptown
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Giblet Gravy
Shape of Things to Come
Goodies
Tell It Like It Is
The Other Side of Abbey Road
Beyond the Blue Horizon
White Rabbit
Body Talk
Bad Benson
Good King Bad
Benson & Farrell
Breezin'
In Flight
Livin' Inside Your Love
Give Me the Night
In Your Eyes
Pacific Fire
I Got a Woman and Some Blues
20/20
While the City Sleeps...
Collaboration
Twice the Love
Big Boss Band
That's Right
Standing Together
Absolute Benson
Irreplaceable
Givin' It Up
Songs and Stories
Guitar Man
Inspiration: A Tribute to Nat King Cole
Live albums
In Concert-Carnegie Hall
Weekend in L.A.
Compilations
Space
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Main Singles
"This Masquerade" (1976)
"Breezin'" (1976)
"The Greatest Love of All" (1977)
"On Broadway" (1978)
"Love Ballad" (1979)
"Give Me the Night" (1980)
"Love X Love" (1980)
"Never Give Up on a Good Thing" (1981)
"Turn Your Love Around" (1981)
"Inside Love (So Personal)" (1983)
"Lady Love Me (One More Time)" (1983)
"Feel Like Makin' Love" (1983)
"In Your Eyes" (1983)
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You" (1985)
"Shiver" (1986)
"Teaser" (1986)
"Let's Do It Again (1988)
Book:George Benson
[show]
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Before the Backstreet Boys 1989–1993
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"Help Me"
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"Just One Kiss"
"Love Can't Wait"
"I Will Wait"
"Get Over Me"
"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You"
"19 in 99"
Featured songs
"Oh Aaron"
"Not Too Young, Not Too Old"
"Beautiful Lie"
Related topics
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[show]
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Westlife singles
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"Flying Without Wings"
"I Have a Dream"/"Seasons in the Sun"
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Where We Are
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Gravity
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothing%27s_Gonna_Change_My_Love_for_You&oldid=819022485"
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Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
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Territorial claims in the South China Sea
South China Sea claims and agreements.
Map of various national outposts in the Spratly Islands
The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims among several sovereign states within the region, namely Brunei, the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China (ROC), Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. An estimated US$5 trillion worth of global trade passes through the South China Sea[1] and many non-claimant states want the South China Sea to remain international waters. To promote this, several states, including the United States of America, conduct "freedom of navigation" operations.[2]
The disputes include the islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the South China Sea, including the Spratly Islands, Paracel Islands, and various boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin. There are further disputes, including the waters near the Indonesian Natuna Islands, which many do not regard as part of the South China Sea.[3] Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing areas, the exploration and potential exploitation of crude oil and natural gas in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important shipping lanes.
In July 2016, an arbitration tribunal constituted under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ruled against the PRC's maritime claims in Philippines v. China,[4] although it is not enforceable. The PRC neither acknowledges the tribunal nor abides by its ruling, insisting that any resolution of the matter should be made through bilateral negotiations with other claimants.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Specific disputes
2 Background
2.1 2011 agreement
2.2 Chinese objection to Indian naval presence and oil exploration
2.3 Retrenchment
2.4 Oil development
2.5 Incidents involving fishermen
3 Security summits
4 Non-claimant views
4.1 Independent analysis
4.2 Cambodia
4.3 East Timor
4.4 Indonesia
4.5 Laos
4.6 Singapore
4.7 Thailand
4.8 United States
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
7 Further reading
8 External links
Specific disputes[edit]
Summary of disputes
Area of dispute
Brunei
China
Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Taiwan
Vietnam
The nine-dash line area ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Vietnamese coast ✔ ✔ ✔
Sea area north of Borneo ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
South China Sea islands ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Sea area north of the Natuna Islands ✔ ✔ ✔
Sea area west of Palawan and Luzon ✔ ✔ ✔
Sabah area ✔ ✔ ✔
Luzon Strait ✔ ✔ ✔
The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands.[6] There are several disputes, each of which involves a different collection of countries:
The nine-dash line area claimed by the Republic of China, later the People's Republic of China (PRC), which covers most of the South China sea and overlaps the exclusive economic zone claims of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Maritime boundary along the Vietnamese coast between PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
Maritime boundary north of Borneo between PRC, Malaysia, Philippines, and Taiwan.
Islands, reefs, banks and shoals in the South China Sea, including the Paracel Islands, the Pratas Islands, Macclesfield Bank, Scarborough Shoal and the Spratly Islands between PRC, Taiwan, and Vietnam, and parts of the area also contested by Malaysia and the Philippines.
Maritime boundary in the waters north of the Natuna Islands between PRC, Indonesia and Taiwan[7]
Maritime boundary off the coast of Palawan and Luzon between PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
Maritime boundary, land territory, and the islands of Sabah, including Ambalat, between Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
Maritime boundary and islands in the Luzon Strait between the PRC, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
Background[edit]
Further information: Timeline of the South China Sea dispute
The area may be rich in oil and natural gas deposits; however, the estimates are highly varied. The Ministry of Geological Resources and Mining of the People's Republic of China estimated that the South China Sea may contain 17.7 billion tons of crude oil[8] (compared to Kuwait with 13 billion tons). In the years following the announcement by the PRC ministry, the claims regarding the South China Sea islands intensified. However, other sources claim that the proven reserve of oil in the South China Sea may only be 7.5 billion barrels, or about 1.1 billion tons.[9] According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA)'s profile of the South China Sea region, a US Geological Survey estimate puts the region's discovered and undiscovered oil reserves at 11 billion barrels, as opposed to a PRC figure of 125 billion barrels.[10] The same EIA report also points to the wide variety of natural gas resource estimations, ranging from 190 trillion cubic feet to 500 trillion cubic feet, likely located in the contested Reed Bank".[10]
The South China Sea is dubbed by the PRC as the "second Persian Sea."[11] The state-owned China Offshore Exploration Corp. planned to spend 200 billion RMB (US$30 billion) in the next 20 years to exploit oil in the region, with the estimated production of 25 million metric tons of crude oil and natural gas per annum, at a depth of 2000 meters within the next five years.[12]
The Philippines began exploring the areas west of Palawan for oil in 1970. Exploration in the area began in Reed Bank/Tablemount.[13] In 1976, gas was discovered following the drilling of a well.[14] However, the PRC's complaints halted the exploration.
On 27 March 1984, the first Philippine oil company discovered an oil field off Palawan, which is an island province bordering the South China Sea and the Sulu Sea.[15] These oil fields supply 15% of annual oil consumption in the Philippines.[citation needed]
South-east facing aerial view of PRC-settled Woody Island. The island is also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam.
The nine-dash line was originally an "eleven-dashed-line," first indicated by the then Kuomintang government of the Republic of China in 1947, for its claims to the South China Sea. After, the Communist Party of China took over mainland China and formed the People's Republic of China in 1949. The line was adopted and revised to nine dashes/dots as endorsed by Zhou Enlai.[16]
The legacy of the nine-dash line is viewed by some PRC government officials, and by the PRC military, as providing historical support for their claims to the South China Sea.[17]
In the 1970s, however, the Philippines, Malaysia and other countries began referring to the Spratly Islands as included in their own territory.[citation needed] On 11 June 1978, President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines issued Presidential decree No. 1596, declaring the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group) as Philippine territory.[18]
The once abundant fishing opportunities within the region are another motivation for claims. In 1988, the South China Sea was believed to have accounted for 8% of world fishing catches, a figure that has grown since then.[citation needed] There have been many clashes in the Philippines with foreign fishing vessels (including those of the PRC) in disputed areas. The PRC believes that the value in fishing and oil from the sea has risen to a trillion dollars.[citation needed]
The area is also one of the busiest shipping routes in the world. In the 1980s, at least 270 merchant ships used the route[clarification needed] each day. Currently[timeframe?], more than half the tonnage of the world's crude oil transported by sea passes through the South China Sea,[citation needed] a figure rising steadily with the growth of the PRC consumption of oil.[citation needed] This traffic is three times greater than that passing through the Suez Canal and five times more than the Panama Canal.[citation needed]
Fiery Cross Reef being transformed by the PRC in May 2015
Since 1996, Vietnam and the Philippines, and to a lesser degree Malaysia and Brunei, have asserted claims within the area covered by the Chinese (PRC & ROC) nine-dotted line.[19]
Since 1974, when PRC troops confronted and expelled Vietnamese troops, most of the Paracel Islands have been occupied by the PRC, and all have been under PRC control.
Similarly, although there have been a small number of notable changes in influence or occupation, the occupation and/or control of most parts of the Spratly Islands has not changed significantly since the mid 1990s - see List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands for details. Vietnamese troops control the greatest number of islands, reefs, etc. (approx 29.) Eight islands are controlled by the Philippines, five by Malaysia, one by Taiwan, and all of those mentioned have various degrees of "control" over other features. Although the Paracels are completely under PRC control, the PRC have no control of any natural feature above sea level. The significance of this situation has changed dramatically since 2014 whence the PRC embarked on a truly remarkable program of land reclamation and artificial island building - see Great wall of sand and List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands for details.
In 2012 the Indian Ambassador to Vietnam, while expressing concern over rising tension in the area, said that 50 per cent of its trade passes through the area and called for peaceful resolution of the disputes in accordance with international law.[20]
On 17 March 2016, in accordance with Memorandum Circular No. 94 s. 2016, President Aquino created the National Task Force for the West Philippine Sea, to secure the State's sovereignty and national territory and preserve marine wealth in its waters and exclusive economic zone, reserving use and enjoyment of the West Philippine Sea exclusively for Filipino citizens.[21]
2011 agreement[edit]
On 20 July 2011, the PRC, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam agreed to a set of preliminary guidelines which would help resolve the dispute.[which?][22] The agreement was described by the PRC's assistant foreign minister, Liu Zhenmin, as "an important milestone document for cooperation among China and ASEAN countries".[22] Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as "marine environmental protection, scientific research, safety of navigation and communication, search and rescue and combating transnational crime", although the issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved.
Chinese objection to Indian naval presence and oil exploration[edit]
On 22 July 2011, the INS Airavat, an Indian amphibious assault vessel on a friendly visit to Vietnam, was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the PLA Navy and stating that the ship was entering PRC waters.[23][24] A spokesperson for the Indian Navy explained that as no ship or aircraft was visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all."[23]
In September 2011, shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run explorer, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) said that its overseas investment arm, ONGC Videsh Limited, had signed a three-year agreement with PetroVietnam for developing long-term co-operation in the oil sector, and that it had accepted Vietnam's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea.[25] In response, PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu, without referring to India by name, stated:
"China enjoys indisputable sovereignty over the South China Sea and the island. China's stand is based on historical facts and international law. China's sovereign rights and positions are formed in the course of history and this position has been held by Chinese Government for long. On the basis of this China is ready to engage in peaceful negotiations and friendly consultations to peacefully solve the disputes over territorial sovereignty and maritime rights so as to positively contribute to peace and tranquillity in the South China Sea area. We hope that the relevant countries respect China's position and refrain from taking unilateral action to complicate and expand the issue. We hope they will respect and support countries in the region to solve the bilateral disputes through bilateral channels. As for oil and gas exploration activities, our consistent position is that we are opposed to any country engaging in oil and gas exploration and development activities in waters under China's jurisdiction. We hope the foreign countries do not get involved in South China Sea dispute."[26][27]
An Indian foreign ministry spokesman responded, "The Chinese had concerns, but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and [we] have conveyed this to the Chinese."[26] The Indo-Vietnamese deal was also denounced by the Chinese state-run newspaper Global Times.[25][27]
Retrenchment[edit]
In Spring 2010, PRC officials reportedly communicated to US officials that the South China Sea is "an area of 'core interest' that is as non-negotiable" and on par with Taiwan and Tibet on the national agenda.[28] but may have backed away from that assertion in 2011.[29][30][31]
In October 2011, PRC's Global Times newspaper, published by the Communist Party, People's Daily, editorialised on South China Sea territorial disputes under the banner "Don't take peaceful approach for granted". The article referenced recent[when?] incidents involving Philippines and South Korea detaining PRC fishing boats in the region:[32]
"If these countries don't want to change their ways with China, they will need to prepare for the sounds of cannons. We need to be ready for that, as it may be the only way for the disputes in the sea to be resolved." Global Times (China), 25 October 2011 Responding to questions about whether this reflected official policy, a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman stated the country's commitment "to resolving the maritime dispute through peaceful means."[33]
Alan Dupont of the University of New South Wales has said that the Chinese government appears to be directing its fishing fleet into disputed waters as a matter of policy.[34]
Oil development[edit]
Vietnam and Japan reached an agreement early in 1978 on the development of oil in the South China Sea. By 2012 Vietnam had concluded some 60 oil and gas exploration and production contracts with various foreign companies.[35] In 1986, the "White Tiger" oil field in the South China Sea came into operation, producing over 2,000 tons of crude oil per year, followed by "The Bear" and "Dragon" oil fields.[36] In 2011 Vietnam was the sixth-largest oil producer in the Asia-Pacific region, although the country is a net oil importer.[citation needed] In 2009 petroleum accounted for 14 percent of Vietnamese government income, down from 24 percent in 2004.[37]
China's first independently designed and constructed oil drilling platform in the South China Sea is the Ocean Oil 981 (海洋石油981). The major shareholders are J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. (19%), Commonwealth Bank of Australia (14%), T. Rowe Price Associates, Inc. and affiliates (6%), and BlackRock, Inc. (5%).[38] It began operation on 9 May 2012 in the South China Sea, 320 kilometres (200 mi) southeast of Hong Kong, at a depth of 1,500 m and employing 160 people.[39] On 2 May 2014 the platform was moved near to the Paracel Islands,[40] a move Vietnam stated violated their territorial claims.[41] Chinese officials said it was legal, stating the area lies in waters surrounding the Paracel Islands which China occupies and militarily controls.[42]
Incidents involving fishermen[edit]
Prior to the dispute around the sea areas involved, fishermen from involved countries tended to enter each other's controlled islands and Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) leading to conflicts with the authorities that controlled the areas as they were unaware of the exact borders. As well, due to the depletion of the fishing resources in their maritime areas they were forced to fish in the neighbouring countries' areas.[43][44][45]
A Taiwanese fisherman was machine gunned to death by the coast guard of the Philippines in May 2013.[46] [47]
In the spring of 2014, China and Vietnam clashed again over China's Haiyang Shiyou oil rig in Vietnam's EEZ. The incident left seventeen Vietnamese injured and damaged both China's and Vietnam's ships .[48]
Although Indonesia is not part of claims in the South China Sea dispute, after Joko Widodo became President of the country in 2014, he instituted a policy in 2015 that, if any foreign fishermen were caught illegally fishing in Indonesian waters, their vessels would be destroyed. The president wanted to make maritime resources, especially fisheries, a key component of his administration's economic policy for Indonesian.[49][50] Since then, many neighbouring countries fishing vessels have been blown up by Indonesian authorities. On 21 May 2015, around 41 fishing vessels from China, Vietnam, Thailand and the Philippines were blown up.[51] On 19 March 2016, China Coast Guard prevented its fishermen being detained by Indonesian authorities when Chinese fishermen were caught fishing near the waters around Natuna, leading to a protest by Indonesian authorities and the Chinese ambassador was summonsed as China had considered the areas to be "Chinese traditional fishing grounds".[52][53] Further Indonesian campaigns against foreign fishermen resulted in 23 fishing boats from Malaysia and Vietnam being blown up on the 5 April 2016.[54]
Until late 2016, most fishing vessels blown up by Indonesian authorities were Vietnamese fishing vessels.[55][56] Although Indonesian authorities increased their patrols to detect foreign fishing vessels, the areas in the South China Sea had already become known for Indonesian pirates, with frequent attacks on Malaysian, Singaporean and Vietnamese vessels as well as leading to hijacking such as the MT Orkim Harmony and MT Zafirah hijacking incidents. The continuing war against foreign fishermen by Indonesia led to protests by Vietnam in late 2016, when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed after being shot by Indonesian authorities.[44][45] Beside that, Filipino pirates of Moro Pirates from the Sulu Sea also reaching South China Sea when a Vietnamese fisherman was killed by Filipino pirates in late 2015.[57]
Security summits[edit]
The Shangri-La Dialogue serves as the "Track One" exchange forum on security issues surrounding the Asia-Pacific region. The South China Sea territorial disputes has dominated proceedings at the conference in recent years.[58][59][60] The Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific is the "Track Two" forum for dialogue on security issues.[61][62]
In February 2016, U.S. President Barack Obama initiated the US-ASEAN Summit at Sunnylands in Rancho Mirage, California for closer engagement with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea were a major topic, but its joint statement, the "Sunnylands Declaration", did not name the South China Sea, instead calling for "respect of each nation's sovereignty and for international law". Analysts believe it indicates divisions within the group on how to respond to China's maritime strategy.[63][64]
Non-claimant views[edit]
Independent analysis[edit]
The position of China on its maritime claims based on UNCLOS and history has been ambiguous, particularly with the nine dash line map.[65][66] For example, in its notes verbales in 2011, the first phrase stated that China has undisputed sovereignty over the islands and the adjacent waters, suggesting China is claiming sovereignty over its territorial waters, a position consistent with UNCLOS.[65] However, the second phrase in its notes verbales stated that China enjoys sovereign rights and jurisdiction over the relevant waters along with the seabed and subsoil contained in this region, suggesting that China is claiming sovereignty over all of the maritime space (includes all the geographic features and the waters within the nine dash line).[65] The third phrase indicates support for basing their claims on historical basis as well.[65] Recently in its notes verbales in 2011, China has explicitly stated that it claims the territorial waters and all of the islands in which each island has its own exclusive economic zone and continental shelf.[66] A major problem with this claim is that it fails to distinguish between geographic features considered as "islands" or "rocks" under UNCLOS.[66] The vast majority of international legal experts have concluded that China's claims based on historical claims are invalid.[67] Many ambiguities arise from the notion of historical claims as a basis for claiming sovereignty and is inherently ambiguous.[66][67][68]
Japanese scholar Taoka Shunji criticised Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe for trying to falsely portray China as a threat to Japan and that China was invading neighbours such as the Philippines. He pointed out that the Spratly islands were not part of the Philippines when the US acquired the Philippines from Spain in the Treaty of Paris in 1898 and that Japanese-ruled Taiwan itself had annexed the Spratly islands in 1938 in a move that was never challenged by the US-ruled Philippines, which never asserted that it was their territory. He also pointed out that other countries did not need to do full land reclamation since they already controlled islands and that the reason China engaged in extensive land reclamation is because they needed it to build airfields since China only has control over reefs.[69]
Cambodia[edit]
Cambodia has backed China over the dispute in ASEAN meetings, preventing consensus over unified ASEAN action.[70] Anti-Vietnamese sentiment due to Vietnam's conquest of previously Cambodian lands, giving the Vietnamese a privileged status and encouragement of Vietnamese settlers in Cambodia during French colonial rule, and the occupation of Cambodia after the ouster of the Khmer Rouge has led to anti-Vietnamese feelings against ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia and against Vietnam, and in turn has led to pro-China sentiment among the Cambodian government and the Cambodian opposition, including in the South China Sea.[71]
East Timor[edit]
The sweeping maritime claims of gas and oil rich territory maintained and disputed by Australia against the tiny country of East Timor and flouting of international law have been compared to the situation in the South China Sea, causing the East Timorese government to deprecate China's claims and stance.[72]
Indonesia[edit]
See also: China–Indonesia relations
Since early in the South China Sea dispute, Indonesia has repeatedly asserted its position as a non-claimant state in the South China Sea dispute,[73] and often positioned itself as an "honest broker".[74] However, parts of China's unilaterally claimed nine-dash line overlap Indonesia's exclusive economic zone near the Natuna islands. Although China has acknowledged Indonesia's sovereignty over the Natuna islands,[75] the PRC has argued that the waters around the Natuna islands are Chinese "traditional fishing grounds". Indonesia quickly dismissed China's claim, asserting that China's nine-dash line claim over parts of the Natuna islands has no legal basis.[76] In November 2015, Indonesia's security chief Luhut Panjaitan said Indonesia could take China before an international court.[77] Indonesia filed a comment with the Permanent Court of Arbitration regarding China's claim in the case Philippines v. China.
Chinese fishing vessels – often escorted by Chinese coast guard ships – have repeatedly been reported to have breached Indonesian waters near the Natuna islands. On 19 March 2016, for example, Indonesian authorities tried to capture a Chinese trawler accused of illegal fishing in Indonesian waters, and arrested the Chinese crew. They were prevented from towing the boat to harbour by a Chinese coast guard vessel which reportedly "rammed" the trawler in Indonesian waters. "To prevent anything else occurring, the Indonesian authorities let go of the Chinese boat and then left toward Natuna, still with eight fishermen and the captain on board," said Arrmanatha Nasir, a spokesman for Indonesia’s Foreign Ministry. Indonesia still has the Chinese crew in custody.[78] On March 21, 2016, minister for fisheries and maritime affairs Susi Pudjiastuti summoned the Chinese ambassador, Xie Feng, and discussed this matter.[78] Indonesia insists that they have the right to prosecute the Chinese trawler crew, despite Beijing's demand to release their eight fishermen. Arif Havas Oegroseno, the government official of maritime security, said that the Chinese claim of "traditional fishing grounds" was not recognised under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. This incident prompted security minister Luhut Pandjaitan to deploy more troops and patrol boats, and to strengthen the Ranai naval base in the area.[79]
Following the clashes, on 23 June 2016, Indonesian President Joko Widodo visited the Natuna islands on a warship to demonstrate Indonesia's authority. He led a high-level delegation, which included the Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) and state ministers. Security Minister Luhut Panjaitan said it was meant to send a "clear message" that Indonesia was "very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty".[80]
Following the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling on 12 July 2016, Indonesia called on all parties involved in the territorial dispute to exercise self-restraint and to respect applicable international laws.[81]
Indonesia challenged the Chinese nine-dash historical claim by arguing that if the historical claims can be used on presenting the territorial naval claims, Indonesia might also use its historical claims on the South China Sea by referring to the ancient influence of the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires.[82]
Laos[edit]
Laos has supported China by refusing to accept the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling on China's sovereignty claims in the South China Sea.[83]
Singapore[edit]
Singapore has reiterated that it is not a claimant state in the South China Sea dispute and has offered to play a neutral role in being a constructive conduit for dialogue among the claimant states. However, Singapore hopes that China will obey international laws.[84]
Thailand[edit]
In ASEAN, Thailand is neutral and is open to hearing both sides and will not push to consensus.[not in citation given][85]
United States[edit]
See also: China–United States relations and East Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration
The United States and China are currently in disagreement over the South China Sea.[86] This disagreement is exacerbated by the fact that the US is not a member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).[87] Nevertheless, the US has stood by its manoeuvres, claiming that "peaceful surveillance activities and other military activities without permission in a country's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ),"[88] is allowed under the convention. Additionally, a South China Sea free to access is in the US's economic and geopolitical interests.[89] In relation to the dispute Hillary Clinton, then United States Secretary of State, voiced her support for fair access by reiterating that freedom of navigation and respect for international law is a matter of national interest to the United States.[90] Her comments were countered by China's Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi as "in effect an attack on China," who warned the United States against making the South China Sea an international issue or multilateral issue.[91]
In 2014, President Obama warned China: "We believe that international law must be upheld, that freedom of navigation must be preserved and commerce must not be impeded."[92]
Clinton testified in support of congressional approval of the Law of the Sea Convention, which would strengthen US ability to support countries that oppose Chinese claims to certain islands in the area.[93] On 29 May 2012, a spokesman for the Chinese Foreign Ministry expressed concern over this development, stating that "non-claimant Association of South East Asian Nations countries and countries outside the region have adopted a position of not getting involved into territorial disputes."[94] In July 2012, the United States Senate passed resolution 524, initially sponsored by Senator John Kerry, stating (among other things) the United States' strong support for the 2002 declaration of conduct of parties in the South China Sea, reaffirms the United States' commitment to assist the nations of Southeast Asia to remain strong and independent, and supports enhanced operations by the United States armed forces in the Western Pacific.[95]
In 2014, the United States responded to China's claims over the fishing grounds of other nations by saying that "China has not offered any explanation or basis under international law for these extensive maritime claims."[96] USN CNO Jonathan Greenert then pledged American support to the Philippines in its territorial conflicts with the PRC.[97] The Chinese Foreign Ministry asked the United States to maintain a neutral position on the issue.[98] In 2014 and 2015, the United States continued freedom of navigation operations, including in the South China Sea.[99] Sources closer to the Pentagon have also said that the US administration is planning to deploy some naval assets within 12 nautical miles of the Spratly Islands. In response to this announcement, Beijing issued a strict warning and said that she would not allow any country to violate China's territorial waters in the name of "Freedom of Navigation".[100] In May 2015, U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter warned China to halt its rapid island-building.[101] On 27 October 2015, the US destroyer USS Lassen navigated within 12 nautical miles of reclaimed land in the Subi Reef as the first in a series of "Freedom of Navigation Operations".[102] This is the first time since 2012 that the US has directly challenged China's claims of the island's territorial limit.[103] On 8–9 November 2015, two US B-52 strategic bombers flew near artificial Chinese-built islands in the area of the Spratly Islands and were contacted by Chinese ground controllers but continued their mission undeterred.[104]
The United States itself has not signed UNCLOS, but has accepted all but Part XI as customary international law.[105]
In response to Rex Tillerson's comments on blocking access to man-made islands in the South China Sea, the Communist Party-controlled Global Times warned of a "large-scale war" between the U.S. and China, saying: "Unless Washington plans to wage a large-scale war in the South China Sea, any other approaches to prevent Chinese access to the islands will be foolish."[106][107]
See also[edit]
East China Sea EEZ disputes
First island chain
Great wall of sand
Philippines v. China
Scarborough Shoal standoff
Spratly Islands dispute
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Fensom, Anthony. "$5 Trillion Meltdown: What If China Shuts Down the South China Sea?". The National Interest. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
Jump up ^ "U.S. protests Chinese action in South China Sea". CNN - CNNPolitics.com.
Jump up ^ Keck, Zachary (20 March 2014). "China's Newest Maritime Dispute". The Diplomat. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
* Vaswani, Karishma (19 October 2014). "The sleepy island Indonesia is guarding from China". Retrieved 19 October 2014.
* R.C. Marshall, Andrew (25 August 2014). "Remote, gas-rich islands on Indonesia's South China Sea frontline". Reuters. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ The South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China), PCA Press Release, 12 July 2016,
Jump up ^ David Tweed; Ting Shi (12 July 2016). "China's South China Sea Claims Dashed by Hague Court Ruling". Bloomberg. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "An interactive look at claims on the South China Sea". The Straits Times. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "Natuna Islands". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "CHINA'S MULTILATERALISM AND THE SOUTH CHINA SEA CONFLICT: QUEST FOR HEGEMONIC STABILITY?" (PDF). Thesis for M.S.Sc. National University of Singapore. 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2014. quoting Mark. J Valencia, "China and South China Sea Disputes: Claims and Potential Solutions in the South China Sea", Adelphi paper 298, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995)
Jump up ^ John Pike. "South China Sea Oil and Natural Gas". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "South China Sea – Analysis". U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 7 February 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
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* Jeremy Lanson (15 March 2016). "Sarawak fishermen missing after allegedly encroaching into Indonesian waters". The Borneo Post. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
* "Filipino fishermen detained, beat up by Malaysian navy". Reuters. GMA News. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
* "Sabah is being robbed of seafood". Daily Express. 21 August 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016. Vietnamese fishermen appear to be more desperate to source for seafood and are conducting illegal fishing activities in Malaysian waters through deceit. It is understood the appetite for fish is growing in the Asian region, coupled with shrinking stocks, and this is driving fishermen further and further from their shores to source for supply. Vietnamese fishermen are forced to look elsewhere for fish due to heavy pollution of its waters by a Taiwanese steel plant operating in Vietnam under a joint venture with the Vietnamese Government seen as a major scandal.
^ Jump up to: a b "Việt Nam protests Indonesian attack on fishermen". Vietnam News Agnecy. Việt Nam News. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vietnam protests deadly shooting of fisherman by Indonesian navy". VnExpress. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016. The ministry's spokesman Le Hai Binh made the statement at a press conference on Thursday, regarding the incident on 21 October when an Indonesia’s naval ship chased and shot at two Vietnamese fishing boats, injuring three of 13 fishermen on board. One succumbed to serious injuries later.
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McDevitt, Michael (25 November 2014). "The South China Sea: Navigating the Most Dangerous Place in the World". War on the Rocks. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
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Sources[edit]
Bateman, Sam; Emmers, Ralf, eds. (2008). Security and International Politics in the South China Sea: Towards a co-operative management regime (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-88524-4. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Kivimäki, Timo, ed. (2002). War Or Peace in the South China Sea?. Contributor Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (illustrated ed.). NIAS Press. ISBN 8791114012. ISSN 0904-597X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Morley, James W.; Nishihara, Masashi, eds. (1997). Vietnam Joins the World. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-3306-X. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Nordquist, Myron H.; Moore, John Norton (1998). Security Flashpoints: Oil, Islands, Sea Access and Military Confrontation ; [twenty-first Annual Seminar Held at the UN Plaza Hotel in New York City from February 7 – 8, 1997]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 90-411-1056-9.
Pak, Hŭi-gwŏn (2000). The Law of the Sea and Northeast Asia: A Challenge for Cooperation. Publications on Ocean Development. 35. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9041114076. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Severino, Rodolfo (2011). Where in the World is the Philippines?: Debating Its National Territory (illustrated ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9814311715. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Wortzel, Larry M.; Higham, Robin D. S. (1999). Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0-313-29337-6. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Bautista, Lowell B. (December 2011). "PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES: INTERNAL TENSIONS, COLONIAL BAGGAGE, AMBIVALENT CONFORMITY" (PDF). JATI – Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 16: 35–53.
Bonnet, Francois-Xavier, "Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal", Irasec's Discussion Paper, No 14, November 2012,www.irasec.com,Geopolitics of Scarborough Shoal
Corr, Anders. Great Powers, Grand Strategies: The New Game in the South China Sea (US Naval Institute Press, 2017)
Raine, Sarah; Le Miere, Christian (2013). Regional Disorder: The South China Sea Disputes. Routledge for IISS.
Rowan, Joshua P. (2005). "The U.S.-Japan Security Alliance, ASEAN, and the South China Sea Dispute" (PDF). Asian Survey. 45 (3): 414–436. doi:10.1525/as.2005.45.3.414.
Clive Schofield et al., From Disputed Waters to Seas of Opportunity: Overcoming Barriers to Maritime Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia (July 2011)
Rising Tensions in the South China Sea, June 2011 Q&A with Ian J. Storey
Tupaz, Edsel (27 April 2012). "Sidebar Brief: The Law of the Seas and the Scarborough Shoal Dispute". JURIST.
Weissmann, Mikael (2010). "The South China Sea Conflict and Sino-ASEAN Relations: A study in conflict prevention and peace building" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 34 (3): 35–69.
External links[edit]
Website of the Chinese National Institute for South China Sea Studies
Website of the Vietnamese Program for South China Sea Studies Chương trình nghiên cứu Biển Đông (in Vietnamese)

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values: Conflicte territorial a la mar de la Xina meridional – Catalan

values: Territorialkonflikte im Chinesischen Meer – German

values: Conflicto territorial en el mar de la China meridional – Spanish

values: Revendications de souveraineté en mer de Chine méridionale – French

values: 남중국해의 영토 분쟁 – Korean

values: Perebutan wilayah di Laut China Selatan – Indonesian

values: סכסוכים טריטוריאליים בים סין הדרומי – Hebrew

values: Perebutan wilayah di Laut China Selatan – Malay

values: Disputas territoriais no mar da China Meridional – Portuguese

values: ข้อพิพาทดินแดนในทะเลจีนใต้ – Thai

values: Tranh chấp chủ quyền Biển Đông – Vietnamese

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