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European theatre of World War II
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This article is about a World War II geographical area. For any of the articles on the European history of World War II, see Outline of World War II and Lists of World War II topics. For the respective U.S. military command, see European Theater of Operations, United States Army.
Second European War
Part of World War II

Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini in Italy.
Date
1 September 1939 – 25 May 1945[1]
Location
Europe and adjoining regions.
Result
Decisive Allied victory
Collapse of Nazi Germany
Collapse of Fascist Italy
End of World War II in Europe
Beginning of the Iron Curtain and the Cold War
Belligerents
Allies:
Soviet Union
(from 1941)
United States
(from 1941)
United Kingdom
India
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
South Africa
France (1939–40)
Free France
(1940–1944)
France (from 1944)
Poland
Yugoslavia
Greece
Czechoslovakia
Belgium
Netherlands
Norway
Brazil
Denmark
Luxembourg
Former Axis powers or co-belligerents
Italy (from 1943)
Romania (from 1944)
Bulgaria (from 1944)
Finland (from 1944)
Hungary (from 1945)
Supported by
Portugal (from 1943)
Finland (1939-40)
Latvia (1940)
Estonia (1940)
Lithuania (1940)
Romania (1940)
Axis:
Nazi Germany
Fascist Italy (until 1943)
Romania (1940-1944)
Hungary (until 1945)
Bulgaria (until 1944)
Axis puppet states
Italian Social Republic (from 1943)
Hungary (from 1944)
Slovakia
Hellenic State
(1941-44)
Croatia (from 1941)
Serbian government (1941-44)
Albania (1943-44)
Co-belligerents
Finland (1941-44)
Supported by
Spain (1941-44)
Vichy France
(1940-1944)[nb 1]
Soviet Union
(1939-41)[nb 2]
Commanders and leaders
Joseph Stalin
Winston Churchill
[nb 3]
Franklin D. Roosevelt
[nb 4]
Albert Lebrun
Władysław Raczkiewicz
Slobodan Jovanović
Josip Broz Tito
Emmanouil Tsouderos
John Curtin
W.L. Mackenzie King
Victor Hope
Peter Fraser
Jan Smuts
Edvard Beneš
Hubert Pierlot
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
Charles de Gaulle
Johan Nygaardsvold
Getúlio Vargas
Christian X of Denmark
Pierre Dupong
Pietro Badoglio
Constantin Sănătescu
Kimon Georgiev
Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
Béla Miklós
António de Oliveira Salazar
Kyösti Kallio
Kārlis Ulmanis
Konstantin Päts
Antanas Smetona
Carol II
Adolf Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Ion Antonescu
Miklós Horthy
Boris III
Ferenc Szálasi
Jozef Tiso
Georgios Tsolakoglou
Ante Pavelić
Milan Nedić
Rexhep Mitrovica
Risto Ryti
Francisco Franco
Philippe Pétain
Joseph Stalin
show
v
t
e
Campaigns of World War II
Europe
Poland
Phoney War
Winter War
Denmark & Norway
France & Benelux
Britain
Balkans
Eastern Front
Finland
Western Front (1944–45)
Pacific War
China
Pacific Ocean
South-East Asia
South West Pacific
Japan
Manchuria (1945)
Mediterranean and Middle East
North Africa
Horn of Africa
Mediterranean Sea
Adriatic
Malta
Yugoslavia
Iraq
Syria–Lebanon
Iran
Italy
Dodecanese
Southern France
Other campaigns
Atlantic
Arctic
Strategic bombing
America
French West Africa
Madagascar
Contemporaneous wars
USSR–Japan Border Wars
French–Thai
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Ili Rebellion
The European theatre of World War II, also known as the Second European War, was a huge area of heavy fighting across Europe, from Germany's and the Soviet Union's joint invasion of Poland in September 1939 until the end of the war with the Soviet Union conquering most of Eastern Europe along with the German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 (Victory in Europe Day). The Allied forces fought the Axis powers on two major fronts (the Eastern Front and Western Front) as well as in a massive air war and the adjoining Mediterranean and Middle East theatre.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preceding events
2 Outbreak of war in Europe
3 Germany and the USSR Partition Northern Europe
4 War comes to the west
5 Air war
6 Mediterranean and Other European Countries
7 Eastern Front
7.1 Initial Soviet retreat
7.2 Summer campaign of 1942 and Stalingrad
7.3 Battles after Stalingrad
7.4 Effects of the Eastern Front
8 Allied invasion of occupied France
9 End of the war in Europe
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Preceding events[edit]
Main articles: Events preceding World War II in Europe and Causes of World War II
Germany was defeated in World War I, and the Treaty of Versailles placed punitive conditions on the country, including significant financial reparations, the loss of territory (some only temporarily), war guilt, military weakening and limitation, and economic weakening. Germany was humiliated in front of the world and had to pay very large war reparations. Many Germans blamed their country's post-war economic collapse and hyperinflation on the treaty's conditions. These resentments contributed to the political instability which made it possible for Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party to come to power, with Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany in 1933.
After Hitler took Germany out of the League of Nations, Mussolini of Fascist Italy and Hitler formed the Rome-Berlin axis, under a treaty known as the Pact of Steel. Later, the Empire of Japan, under the government of Hideki Tojo, would also join as an Axis power. Japan and Germany had already signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1939, to counter the perceived threat of the communism of the Soviet Union. Other smaller powers also later joined the Axis throughout the war.
Outbreak of war in Europe[edit]
Main article: Invasion of Poland
Germany and the Soviet Union were sworn enemies, but following the Munich Agreement, which effectively handed over Czechoslovakia (a French and Soviet ally, and the only remaining presidential democracy in Central Europe) to Germany, political realities allowed the Soviet Union to sign a non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) including a secret clause partitioning Poland, the Baltic Republics and Finland between the two spheres of influence.
Full-scale war in Europe began at dawn on 1 September 1939, when Germany used her newly formed Blitzkrieg tactics and military strength to invade Poland, to which both the United Kingdom and France had pledged protection and independence guarantees. On 3 September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany and British troops were sent to France, however neither French nor British troops gave any significant assistance to the Poles during the entire invasion, and the German–French border, excepting the Saar Offensive, remained mostly calm, this period of the war is commonly known as the Phoney War.
On 17 September the Soviet forces joined the invasion of Poland, although remaining neutral with respect to Western powers. The Polish government evacuated the country for Romania. Poland fell within five weeks, with its last large operational units surrendering on October 5 after the Battle of Kock. As the Polish September Campaign ended, Hitler offered to Britain and France peace on the basis of recognition of German European continental dominance. On 12 October the United Kingdom formally refused.
Despite the quick campaign in the east, along the Franco-German frontier the war settled into a quiet period. This relatively non-confrontational and mostly non-fighting period between the major powers lasted until May 10, 1940, and was known as the Phoney War.
Germany and the USSR Partition Northern Europe[edit]
Main articles: Winter War, Norwegian Campaign, and Operation Weserübung
Finnish soldiers during the Winter War
Several other countries, however, were drawn into the conflict at this time. By 28 September 1939, the three Baltic Republics felt they had no choice but to permit Soviet bases and troops on their territory. The Baltic Republics were occupied by the Soviet army in June 1940, and finally annexed to the Soviet Union in August 1940.
The Soviet Union wanted to annex Finland and offered a union agreement, but Finland rejected it, which caused the Soviet Union to attack Finland on November 30. This began the Winter War. After five months of hard fighting, Finns were only pushed from a strip of land bordering Russia, in spite of Soviet numerical superiority, the Soviet Union gave up attempts to subdue the whole country. In the Moscow Peace Treaty of 12 March 1940, Finland ceded 10% of her territory. The Finns were embittered over having lost more land in the peace than on the battlefields, and over the perceived lack of world sympathy.
Meanwhile, in western Scandinavia, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway in April 1940, and in response, Britain occupied the Faroe Islands (a Danish territory) and invaded and occupied Iceland (a sovereign nation with the King of Denmark as its monarch).
Sweden was able to remain neutral.
War comes to the west[edit]
Main articles: Western Front (World War II), Battle of France, Battle of Britain, and The Blitz
German troops in Paris after the fall of France.
On 10 May the Phoney War ended with a sweeping German invasion of the neutral Low Countries of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and into France bypassing the French fortifications of the Maginot Line along the border with Germany. After overrunning The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, Germany turned against France, entering the country through the Ardennes on May 13—the French had left this area less well defended, believing its terrain to be impassable for tanks and other vehicles. Most Allied forces were in Flanders, anticipating a re-run of the World War I Schlieffen Plan, and were cut off from the French mainland. As a result of this, and also the superior German communications and tactics, the Battle of France was shorter than virtually all pre-war Allied thought could have conceived. It lasted only six weeks. On 10 June Italy declared war on both France and the United Kingdom, but did not gain any significant success in this campaign. The French government fled Paris, and soon, France surrendered on 22 June. In order to further the humiliation of the French people and the country itself, Hitler arranged for the surrender document to be signed in the Forest of Compiègne, in the same railway coach where the German surrender had been signed in 1918. The surrender divided France into two major parts; the northern part under German control, and a southern part under French control, based at Vichy and referred to as Vichy France, a rump state friendly to Germany. Many French soldiers, as well as those of other occupied countries, escaped to Britain. The General de Gaulle proclaimed himself the legitimate leader of Free France and vowed to continue to fight. Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony.
Vyacheslav Molotov, the Foreign Policy Minister of the USSR, which was tied with Soviet–German non-aggression treaty, congratulated the Germans: "We hand over the most cordial congratulations by the Soviet government on the occasion of splendid success of German Wehrmacht. Guderian's tanks broke through to the sea near Abbeville, powered by Soviet fuel, the German bombs, that razed Rotterdam to the ground, were filled with Soviet pyroxylin, and bullet cases, which hit the British soldiers retreating from Dunkirk, were cast of Soviet cupronickel alloy..." [2]
Later, on 24 April 1941, the USSR gave full diplomatic recognition to the Vichy government situated in the non-occupied zone in France.[3]
Thus, the fall of France left Britain and the Commonwealth to stand alone. The British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, resigned during the battle and was replaced by Winston Churchill. Fortunately for Britain, much of its army escaped capture from the northern French port of Dunkirk, where hundreds (if not thousands) of tiny civilian boats were used to ferry troops from the beaches to the waiting warships. There is much debate over whether German Panzer divisions could have defeated these soldiers alone if they had pressed forward, since the tank divisions were overextended and would require extensive refitting; in any case, Hitler elected to follow the advice of the leader of German air forces Hermann Göring and allow the Luftwaffe alone to attack the Allied forces until German infantry was able to advance, giving the British a window for the evacuation. Later, many of the evacuated troops would form an important part and the center of the army that landed at Normandy on D-Day.
The British rejected several covert German attempts to negotiate a peace. Germany massed their air force in northern German-occupied France to prepare the way for a possible invasion, codenamed Operation Seelöwe ("Sea Lion"), deeming that air superiority was essential for the invasion. The operations of the Luftwaffe against the Royal Air Force became known as the Battle of Britain. Initially the Luftwaffe concentrated on destroying the RAF on the ground and in the air. They later switched to bombing major and large industrial British cities in the Blitz, in an attempt to draw RAF fighters out and defeat them completely. Neither approach was successful in reducing the RAF to the point where air superiority could be obtained, and plans for an invasion were suspended by September 1940.
During the Blitz, all of Britain's major industrial, cathedral, and political cites were heavily bombed. London suffered particularly, being bombed each night for several months. Other targets included Birmingham and Coventry, and strategically important cities, such as the naval base at Plymouth and the port of Kingston upon Hull. With no land forces in direct conflict in Europe, the war in the air attracted worldwide attention even as sea units fought the Battle of the Atlantic and a number of British commando raids hit targets in occupied Europe. Churchill famously said of the RAF personnel who fought in the battle: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few".
Air war[edit]
The RAF Supermarine Spitfire, used extensively during the Battle of Britain.
This section needs expansion with: aerial warfare on the Eastern Front and Soviet-based air operations. You can help by adding to it. (May 2013)
The air war in the European theatre commenced in 1939.
Pre-war doctrine had held that waves of bombers hitting enemy cities would cause mass panic and the rapid collapse of the enemy. As a result, the Royal Air Force had built up a large strategic bomber force. By way of contrast, Nazi German air force doctrine was almost totally dedicated to supporting the army. Therefore, German bombers were smaller than their British equivalents, and Germany never developed a fully successful four engined heavy bomber equivalent to the Lancaster or B-17, with only the similarly sized Heinkel He 177A placed into production and made operational for such duties with the Luftwaffe in the later war years.
The main concentration of German raids on British cities was from 7 September 1940 until 10 May 1941 in the most famous air battle of all time, known as the Battle of Britain. Facing odds of four against one the RAF held off the Luftwaffe, forcing Hermann Wilhelm Göring to withdraw his forces and more importantly indefinitely postpone invasion plans. This proved the first major turning point of the War. After that most of the strength of the Luftwaffe was diverted to the war against the Soviet Union leaving German cities vulnerable to British and later American air bombings. As a result of the victory, Great Britain was used by U.S and other Allied forces as a base from which to begin the D-Day landings in June 1944 and the liberation of Nazi-occupied Western Europe. Nevertheless, German raids continued on British cities albeit on a smaller and less destructive scale for the rest of the war, and later the V1 Flying Bomb and V-2 ballistic missile were both used against Britain. However, the balance of bomb tonnage being dropped shifted greatly in favour of the RAF as Bomber Command gained in strength. By 1942, Bomber Command could put 1,000 bombers over one German city.
During the beginning raids of Operation Barbarossa the Luftwaffe wiped out the majority of the Soviet air forces. The Soviets would only regain their air wing later in the war with the help of the United States.
From 1942 onwards, the efforts of Bomber Command were supplemented by the Eighth Air Force of the United States Army Air Forces, U.S. Army Air Forces units being deployed to England to join the assault on mainland Europe on 4 July 1942. Bomber Command raided by night and the US forces by day. The "Operation Gomorrah" raids on Hamburg (24 July 1943 – 29 July 1943) caused a firestorm leading to massive destruction and loss of life.
On 14 February 1945, a raid on Dresden produced one of the most devastating fires in history. A firestorm was created in the city, and between 18,000 and 25,000 people were killed.[4][5][6] Only the Hamburg attack, the 9–10 March 1945 firebombing of Tokyo and the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima (6 August 1945) and Nagasaki (9 August 1945) killed more people through a single attack.
Mediterranean and Other European Countries[edit]
Main articles: Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II and World War II in Yugoslavia
Partisan liberated territory in Yugoslavia, May 1943.
The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of this theatre included the fighting between the Allies and Axis forces in Italy, the Balkans, Southern Europe, Malta, North Africa and the Middle East.
Prior to the war Italy had invaded Albania and officially annexed it. Mussolini's regime declared war on Britain and France on 10 June 1940, and invaded Greece on 28 October. However, Italian forces were unable to match the Nazi successes in northwest Europe. Italy declared war on Greece and invaded the country, but it was not until German intervention that the country was overrun. While the Greek campaign was underway, German forces, supported by the Italians, Hungarians and the Bulgarians simultaneously invaded Yugoslavia. After the mainland was conquered, Germany invaded Crete in what is known as the Battle of Crete. With the Balkans secure, Germany and her allies attacked the Soviet Union in the largest land operation in history. The Balkans campaign delayed the invasion[citation needed], and subsequent resistance movements in Albania, Yugoslavia and Greece tied up valuable Axis forces[citation needed]. This provided much needed and possibly decisive relief for the Soviets.
Fighting in Southern Europe would not resume until Axis forces were defeated in North Africa. Following the Axis defeat in Africa, Allied forces invaded Italy and during a prolonged campaign fought their way north through Italy. The invasion of Italy resulted in the nation switching sides to the Allies and the ousting of Mussolini. But, in spite of the coup, Fascists and occupying German forces retained possession of the northern half of Italy. In northern part of Italy, the occupying Germans installed Mussolini as the head of new fascist republican government, the Italian Social Republic or RSI to show that the Axis was still in force. But Mussolini and his Fascists were now puppet rulers under their German patrons.
Allied (and mostly pro-Soviet) National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, which got some supplies and assistance from Western Allies, battled Axis powers on the opposite side of the Adriatic Sea. In late 1944 it was joined with the advancing Soviet Army and proceeded to push remaining German forces out of the Balkans.
By April 1945, German forces were retreating on all fronts in northern Italy and occupied Yugoslavia, following continuous Allied attacks. The campaign, and the fighting in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre came to an end on 29 April. On 2 May in Italy, Field Marshal Heinrich von Vietinghoff, the commander-in-chief of all German forces in the country surrendered to Field Marshal Harold Alexander, the supreme commander of all Allied forces in the Mediterranean area. Fighting would, however, continue in Greece where a civil war had broke out and end on 1949 after Greek government troops aided by the US and Britain defeated the communist guerrillas supported by the Soviets.
Eastern Front[edit]
Main article: Eastern Front (World War II)
Initial Soviet retreat[edit]
The "Big Three" Allied leaders at the 1945 Yalta Conference. From left to right: Winston Churchill (UK), Franklin D. Roosevelt (US), and Joseph Stalin (USSR).
On 22 June 1941, Germany launched the invasion of the Soviet Union, code-named Operation Barbarossa.[7] This invasion, the biggest in recorded history, started the bloodiest conflict in world history; the Axis–Soviet War, also known as the Eastern Front. It is generally accepted as being the most lethal conflict in human history, with over 30 million dead as a result. It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined.
The leader of the USSR, Joseph Stalin, had been warned repeatedly by outside sources and his own intelligence network of the impending invasion, but he ignored the warnings due to conflicting information presented to him by the Soviet intelligence[citation needed]. Moreover, on the very night of the invasion Soviet troops received a directive undersigned by Marshal Timoshenko and General of the Army Georgi Zhukov that commanded: "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any actions without specific orders". The early weeks of the invasion were devastating for the Soviet Army. Enormous numbers of Soviet troops were encircled in pockets and fell into Nazi German hands. In addition to German troops, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian and Finnish troops were also involved in the campaign. Finland initially declared neutrality; however, with both German and Soviet troops on her soil, Finland was well prepared to join forces with Germany when the Soviet Union attacked on June 25. The following conflict from 1941 to 1944 is sometimes referred to as the Continuation War, as in the continuation of the Winter War. Spain immediately offered military assistants to the Axis by sending volunteers to the Eastern front, known as the Blue division.
Operation Barbarossa suffered from several fundamental flaws. The most serious of these was the logistical situation of the attack. The sheer vastness of the distances in the Soviet Union meant that Germany could only advance so far before outrunning their supply chains. By the time the German attack froze to a halt before Moscow on December 5, 1941, it literally could not go any further. There simply were not enough supplies reaching the front to conduct proper defensive operations, let alone a proper offense. The timetable that Barbarossa was planned to assume that the Soviets would collapse before the onset of winter.
During their long retreat, the Soviets employed a scorched earth policy. They burnt crops and destroyed utilities as they withdrew before Germany. That helped to contribute to the logistical problems that Germany experienced. More importantly for them, the Soviets also succeeded in a massive and unprecedented removal of their industry from the threatened war zone to protected areas in the East.
The extension of the campaign beyond the length that Germany expected meant that the German Army suffered hundreds of thousands of casualties in winter conditions, and from the counterattacks of Soviet units.
Even with their advance having ground to a halt due to a lack of supplies and the onset of winter, Germany had conquered a vast amount of territory, including two-fifths of the Soviet economy. Dislodging them proved difficult and eventually cost the Soviet Union dearly.
A few months after the invasion began, German troops came to southern approaches to Leningrad and laid a siege to the city (known as the Siege of Leningrad), which was also blocked from the north by Finnish forces. Finland's C-in-C Mannerheim had halted at the River Svir and refrained from attacking the city. Hitler had ordered that the city of Leningrad must "vanish from the surface of the earth", with its entire population exterminated. Rather than storming the city, the Wehrmacht was ordered to blockade Leningrad so as to starve the city to death, while attacking it with bombers and artillery. About one million civilians died in the Leningrad siege – 800,000 by starvation. The siege lasted for 872 days. The only overland way into the city was possibly during the winter, across the frozen Lake Ladoga, between the German and Finnish lines.
Summer campaign of 1942 and Stalingrad[edit]
After enduring the winter of 1941–1942, the German army prepared for further offensive operations. One of the major problems faced by the Nazi war machine in World War II was a shortage of oil. For this reason,[citation needed] Germany decided to give up on Moscow for the time being, and the summer offensive of 1942 decided to focus on the war in the south, with the target being the oil fields of the Caucasus. Meanwhile, the Soviets had their own plans.
Beginning of the campaign turned into a strategic disaster for Soviets whose Southern flank was nearly destroyed. Surviving Soviet units were pushed hundreds kilometres to the east and the Wehrmacht advance went almost uncontested. But in a major blunder, Hitler split Army Group South into two subgroups, Army Group A which would attack the Caucasus and Army Group B which would advance towards the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd).
Indecision by Hitler, dissent among the higher-ranked Nazi German officers, and extended supply lines combined in a prolonged battle in the streets of Stalingrad. Germany eventually occupied over 90% of the city, but in an attempt to defeat the remaining Soviet defenders almost all German soldiers in the area were funnelled into the ruins of the city. Months of bitter hand-to-hand combat in the ruins of the city depleted the German forces, leaving only Romanian and Hungarian forces to guard the flanks of the Stalingrad army group.[citation needed] In Operation Uranus, the Soviets defeated these Axis forces as they performed a massive encirclement operation. The Axis troops remaining in the city were trapped – cut off from their supply lines and starving, amidst a harsh winter, they were ordered by Hitler to fight to the last man.
Starved of food, fuel, ammunition, and clothes, the pocket was gradually reduced, with the last portion surrendering on February 2, 1943. In a cynical attempt to prevent the surrender, Hitler promoted Friedrich Paulus, commander of the 6th Army to Field Marshal, because no German of that rank had surrendered before. Heavy losses affected both sides in the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the most costly battles in history. About 1.5 million people perished in this battle, including 100,000 civilians in the city.
Battles after Stalingrad[edit]
After Stalingrad, the initiative had passed from Germany but had not yet been seized by the Soviets. A desperate counterattack in the spring of 1943 by forces of Field Marshal Erich von Manstein temporarily halted the Soviet advance. The Battle of Kursk was the last major offensive by the German Army on the eastern front. The Soviets had intelligence of what was to come and prepared massive defenses in huge depth in the Kursk salient. They stopped the German armored assaults after a maximum penetration of just over 30 miles (48 km). After Kursk, the Red Army got the upper hand and generally was on the offensive for the rest of the war. The large scale of the Soviet Union allowed it to overcome high losses in manpower and equipment. Soviet success prompted a more active Allied involvement on the Western Front of Europe because Nazi Germany was bogged down in a costly defensive war on the East, defending its ever-shrinking occupied territory.
Pushing the enemy out of the Soviet territory in 1944, the Soviet Army proceeded to dismantle the Eastern Axis powers — Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary — to liberate other neighboring countries from the German Army, and to impose Communist-led governments on the "liberated" nations. Some of these nations joined the Allies and provided troops to fight Nazi Germany, which was effectively the only remaining Axis power in Europe by the end of 1944. Finland retained its independence the second time, but broke with the Axis, at the cost of having to fight its former ally and ceding more territory to the USSR.
By February 1945, the Soviets brought the war to the German heartland. The end of the war in Europe left the Soviet Union in control over large areas of Central and Southeastern Europe, in addition to its 1941 conquests in Eastern Europe.
Effects of the Eastern Front[edit]
More Soviet citizens died during World War II than those of all other countries combined. Nazi ideology considered Slavs to be "subhuman" and German forces committed ethnically targeted mass murder. Civilians were rounded up and burned alive or shot in squads in many cities conquered by the Nazis. Approximately 27 million Soviets, among them more than 20 million civilians in Soviet cities and areas, were killed throughout the duration of the war.
At least 7 million Red Army troops died facing the Germans and their allies in the Eastern Front. The Axis forces themselves had lost over 6 million troops, whether by combat or by wounds, disease, starvation or exposure; many others were seized as POWs and a substantial part of them died in Soviet captivity because of disease or shortage of supplies.
Lend-Lease supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States made very important impact for Soviet military forces. Supply convoys sailed to Soviet ports that were patrolled by Nazi U-boats. Allied activities before D-Day may have tied up only a few divisions in actual fighting, but many more were forced to guard lonely coasts against raids that never came or to man anti-aircraft guns throughout Nazi-controlled Europe.
Allied invasion of occupied France[edit]
Main article: Western Front (World War II)
General Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French in opposition to Pétain's Vichy regime.
Simultaneously with the fall of Rome came the long-awaited invasion of France. Operation Overlord put over 180,000 troops ashore in Normandy on June 6, 1944, creating a beachhead that would eventually result in over 3 million Allied soldiers on Germany's western front. A long grinding campaign six weeks long followed as American, British, and Canadian forces were slowly built up in the beachhead, and German forces slowly worn down. When the breakout finally did come it was spectacular, with Allied troops very quickly capturing almost all of Normandy within days. Many German forces that had been fighting in Normandy were trapped in the Falaise pocket.
Incessant bombing of Germany's infrastructure and cities caused tremendous casualties and disruption. Internally, Hitler survived a number of Nazi inner assassination attempts. The most serious was the July 20 Plot, occurring on July 20, 1944. Orchestrated by Claus von Stauffenberg and involving among others Erwin Rommel and Alfred Delp, the plot had intended to place a time bomb in a position to kill Hitler but a number of unscheduled factors and operation failures led to its failure. Adolf Hitler was only slightly injured.
Operation Overlord was complemented by an invasion of southern France on August 15, 1944 codenamed Operation Dragoon. By September 1944 three Allied Army Groups were in line against German formations in the west. There was optimism that the war in Europe might be over by the end of 1944.
An attempt was made to force the situation with Operation Market Garden (September 17, 1944 – September 25, 1944). The Allies attempted to capture bridges with an airborne assault, to open the way into Germany and liberate the northern Netherlands. Since heavier German forces than intelligence had predicted were present, the British 1st Airborne Division was almost completely destroyed, and the operation failed.
The weather of 1944 combined with a poor situation for the Allies led to a stagnant situation on the western front. The Americans continued to grind away at the defenders in the Battle of Hurtgen Forest (September 19, 1944 – February 10, 1945). As long as Germany stayed on the defence, the Allies were hard-pressed to advance rapidly.
That changed when Germany mounted a major counteroffensive on December 16, 1944. The Ardennes offensive, also called the Battle of the Bulge, drove back and surrounded some small American units. The Allied forces were eventually successful in driving back Germany, in what turned out to be their last major advance of the war. The battle officially ended on January 27, 1945.
The final obstacle to the Allies was the Rhine. It was crossed in March 1945, and the way lay open to the center of Germany. The last major German forces in the west were encircled and trapped in the Ruhr.
End of the war in Europe[edit]
Winston Churchill waves to crowds in London on Victory in Europe Day.
Main article: End of World War II in Europe
See also: Victory in Europe Day, Victory Day (9 May), and Western Front (World War II)
On April 27, 1945, as Allied forces closed in on Milan, Mussolini was captured by Italian Partisans. He was trying to flee Italy to Switzerland and was traveling with a German anti-air battalion. On April 28, Mussolini and several of the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed by shooting squad. The bodies were then taken to Milan and unceremoniously strung up in front of a filling station.
Hitler, learning of Mussolini's death, realized that the end had finally come. He remained in Berlin, the crumbling Nazi capital, even as the city was encircled and trapped by the Soviets and the Battle of Berlin raged. On April 30, Adolf Hitler, with his wife of one day, Eva Braun, committed suicide in his bunker to avoid capture by Soviet troops. In his last will and testament, Hitler appointed Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz as the new German leader. But Germany lasted only 7 days longer under the "Flensburg government" of Dönitz. He surrendered unconditionally to the Americans, British, and Soviets on May 8, 1945.
In late July and August 1945 the Potsdam Conference finally disbanded the former Nazi German state, reversed all German annexations and occupied territories, as well as agreed to jointly occupy and govern, denazify and demilitarize what remained of Germany.
See also[edit]
World War II portal
Atlas of the World Battle Fronts

1943-07-01
1943-11-01
1944-07-01

1944-09-01
1944-12-01
1945-05-01
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
Mediterranean Theatre of Operations
Pacific War
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Vichy officially pursued a policy of armed neutrality and conducted military actions against armed incursions from both Axis and Allied belligerents. The cease fire and pledging of allegiance to the Allies of the Vichy troops in French North Africa during operation Torch convinced the Axis that Vichy could no longer be trusted to continue this policy, so they invaded and occupied the French rump state in November 1942.
Jump up ^ See: Soviet invasion of Poland, Winter War, Soviet occupation of the Baltic states and Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.
Jump up ^ Neville Chamberlain from 3 September 1939 to 10 May 1940
Jump up ^ Harry S. Truman from 12 April 1945 to 15 May 1945
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Germany unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945, however a German Wehrmacht column continued fighting until the end of the Battle of Poljana. The Independent State of Croatia would continue fighting until the end of the Battle of Odžak on 25 May 1945.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Isolation of the Revolution Archived 2006-08-26 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Bojan Pancevski Dresden bombing death toll lower than thought, Daily Telegraph, 3 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Kate Connolly, Panel rethinks death toll from Dresden raids, The Guardian, 3 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Landeshauptstadt Dresden (1 October 2008). "Erklärung der Dresdner Historikerkommission zur Ermittlung der Opferzahlen der Luftangriffe auf die Stadt Dresden am 13./14. Februar 1945" (PDF). Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Amnon Sella. 'Barbarossa': Surprise Attack and Communication. Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3, (Jul., 1978), pp. 555–583.
Further reading[edit]
Churchill, Winston (1948–1953), The Second World War, 6 vols.
Keegan, John (1989). The Second World War, Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-174011-8.
Lee, Loyd E. ed. World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with General Sources: A Handbook of Literature and Research (1997)
Murray, Williamson and Millett, Allan R. (2000). A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-00163-X.
Overy, Richard (1995). Why the Allies Won Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-7453-5.
Powaski, Ronald E. (2003). Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940. John Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-39431-0.
Powaski, Ronald E. (2008). Lightning War: Blitzkrieg in the West, 1940. Book Sales, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7858-2097-0.
Smith, J. Douglas and Richard Jensen. (2002) World War II on the Web: A Guide to the Very Best Sites
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-44317-2.
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America (West Side Story song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
“America” is a song from the musical West Side Story. Stephen Sondheim wrote the lyrics and Leonard Bernstein composed the music.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Cover versions
3 Usage in popular culture
4 References
5 External links
Content[edit]
In the original stage version, Anita – the most important female character after Maria and the girlfriend of Bernardo, the leader of the Sharks – praises America while a fellow Puerto Rican immigrant, Rosalia, supports Puerto Rico. This version of the song deprecates the island and highlights the positive qualities of American life ("I’ll drive a Buick through San Juan/If there’s a road you can drive on"). The irony of this supposedly pro-American number, however, is its vibrantly Hispanic musical style, with Latin percussion, complex cross-rhythm and Spanish guitar.
In the 1961 film version, Anita, played by Rita Moreno, still sings in favor of the United States while Bernardo, played by George Chakiris, replies with corresponding criticisms of America and American anti-immigrant prejudice, especially against Puerto Ricans (“Life is all right in America/If you're all white in America”). Some of the original song’s disparagement was removed.
In 2004, this version finished at No. 35 in AFI’s 100 Years…100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.
The song employs a mixed meter:
Original Broadway Cast "America" (1957)
27 second sample from the original Broadway casting of "West Side Story".
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The alternating bars of 6
8 (six eighth-notes in two groups of three) with 3
4 (three quarter-notes) (similar to a bulería) is a distinctive characteristic of the song. This rhythm has been called both a hemiola and a habanera but is not really either. The two bar-types alternate and are not superposed, as in a hemiola. The alternation is comparable with the “Habanera” from “Carmen”, but “America” lacks the distinctive characteristic underlying rhythm of the habanera form.
The composer’s tempo instruction is “Tempo di Huapango”.
Cover versions[edit]
An instrumental version, with the signature rhythm reduced to a uniform 4
4, was released in 1963 by Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass on their album Volume 2 (Herb Alpert's Tijuana Brass album).
Trini Lopez covered "America" in 1963 for his debut album At PJ's.
In 1968, The Nice, featuring Keith Emerson, covered an instrumental version of "America" as the band's second single. This version featured the main theme playing against a straight 4
4 beat, also including pieces of Dvořák's New World Symphony, then changing in the middle to 6
8 for improvised guitar and organ solos. At a July 7, 1968, concert at the Royal Albert Hall, the band controversially burned an American flag after performing the song.[1] Emerson later folded the melody into a great many of his jams including the 14-minute "Finale (Medley)" on the 1993 Emerson, Lake & Palmer release Live at the Royal Albert Hall which also featured musical themes from "Blue Rondo à la Turk", a jazz standard composed by Dave Brubeck.
Heavy-metal band Metallica incorporated a few bars from the song in the opening riff from their song, "Don't Tread on Me." The "America" melody again featured prominently in a 1986 jam with Paul Shaffer on Late Night with David Letterman.
Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed an instrumental rendition on a 1979 episode of The Muppet Show before being interrupted by various Muppets from other countries.
A version of this song was performed by the in-house band and singers to introduce a 2012 episode of the Polish version of Name That Tune, Jaka to Melodia?, complete with a set of dancers.
This song was also featured in an episode of a Glee (Season 3 episode 5: "The First Time"), and sung by Naya Rivera (aka Santana Lopez) in the role of Anita, and Mark Salling (aka Noah "Puck" Puckerman) in the role of Bernardo.
Usage in popular culture[edit]
A theme from "America" was referenced by John Williams for his celebratory For New York, composed in 1988 for Bernstein's 70th birthday gala.[2]
In 2011, the song was covered by the cast of musical comedy television series Glee in the fifth episode of the third season, "The First Time" (aired on November 8), with character Santana Lopez (portrayed by Naya Rivera) on the lead.[3] A minor controversy was caused over using the film version of the song, while a high school would normally use the stage version.
In 2003, the song was used in advertisements for Admiral Insurance though with different lyrics.
In 1994, the song was also the unofficial anthem at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States and was sung by the 3 Tenors (Plácido Domingo, José Carreras and Luciano Pavarotti) at Dodgers Stadium in Los Angeles to an estimated global TV audience of 1.3 billion viewers.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dome, Malcolm. "The Story Behind The Song: America by The Nice". Retrieved June 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stevenson, Joseph. "For New York, variations on themes of Leonard Bernstein for orchestra". AllMusic. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://popdust.com/2011/11/04/glee-the-first-time-west-side-story-uptown-girl/
External links[edit]
Song lyric (stage version)
Song lyric (film version)
http://loc.gov/loc/lcib/0709/westside.html
[hide]
v
t
e
Arthur Laurents, Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim's West Side Story (1957)
Characters
Maria
Inspiration
William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Adaptations
West Side Story (1961 film)
West Side Story Suite (1995 ballet)
Variations
Deaf Side Story (c. 2002 musical)
Swango (2002 musical)
West Bank Story (2005 parody film)
Boogie Town (2012 film)
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Related
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Wild Side Story
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America_(West_Side_Story_song)&oldid=797886404"
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Peter Rabbit (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Peter Rabbit
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Will Gluck
Produced by
Will Gluck
Zareh Nalbandian
Written by
Rob Lieber
Will Gluck
Based on
Peter Rabbit
by Beatrix Potter
Starring
Rose Byrne
Domhnall Gleeson
Sam Neill
Daisy Ridley
Elizabeth Debicki
Margot Robbie
James Corden
Music by
Dominic Lewis[1]
Cinematography
Peter Menzies Jr.
Edited by
Christian Gazal
Production
company
Columbia Pictures[2]
Sony Pictures Animation[2]
Olive Bridge Entertainment[2]
Animal Logic[2]
2.0 Entertainment[2]
Screen Australia[2]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures Releasing
Release date
February 3, 2018 (2018-02-03) (The Grove)
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09) (United States)
March 22, 2018 (2018-03-22) (Australia)
Running time
95 minutes[3]
Country
United States[4]
Australia[5]
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[6]
Box office
$351.2 million[7]
Peter Rabbit is a 2018 live-action/computer-animated comedy film directed by Will Gluck and written by Rob Lieber and Gluck, based on the stories of Peter Rabbit created by Beatrix Potter. The film stars the voice of James Corden as the title character, with Rose Byrne, Domhnall Gleeson, Sam Neill, Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki, and Margot Robbie also starring. The film was released on February 9, 2018, and grossed $351 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics. A sequel is set to be released on February 7, 2020.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Trailer criticism
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Allergy controversy
6 Sequel
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In England's Lake District, Peter Rabbit, his cousin Benjamin Bunny, and Peter's triplet sisters Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cottontail, spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden. They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature. Bea takes on a mother-like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their parents, who were killed by McGregor. One day, Peter is forced to leave his jacket in McGregor's garden and goes back to retrieve it. McGregor spots and catches him, but suddenly dies of a heart attack due to decades of unhealthy eating habits. Enthralled, Peter invites all of the local animals and takes over McGregor's manor.
Meanwhile in London, McGregor's grandnephew Thomas McGregor, an uptight, controlling workaholic, works at the toy department of Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion to associate general manager. He indifferently accepts the news about his great-uncle's death, someone he was completely unaware of, but is infuriated over losing the promotion to a lazy nephew of the managing director and is fired for losing his temper. His now-former manager encourages him to get a hobby and spend some time in the country.
When Thomas learns that his great-uncle's manor is valuable and that he's inherited it, he decides to appraise and prepare it for resale in order to start his own toy store to get even with his former employers. He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to upgrade the security of the garden wall and gates, despite Bea's objections. When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden, Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin in a river. His cousins rescue him; Thomas instead accidentally drops a prized set of binoculars that Bea had given him earlier, forcing him to retrieve it.
Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances. Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other, which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more. This all culminates when Peter rewires an electric fence set up by Thomas, prompting Thomas to throw dynamite at Peter's burrow. Thomas then attacks Peter in the garden, telling Peter that his antics caused him to become aggressive. When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it, he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow, which crushes Bea's art studio. Bea, ignoring Thomas’s explanation of his quarrel with the rabbits, breaks up with him, and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again.
Peter feels bad for what he has done, and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood, he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods. Tricking Thomas into believing he was imagining the rabbits’ ability to communicate, Peter apologizes for his part of the conflict and convinces Thomas to follow his heart. They rush back to the country, where Peter shows Bea the detonator and presses it for her to see, confirming Thomas’s previous claims that the rabbits were responsible for the explosion. Peter and Thomas apologize and convince Bea not to leave her home.
Wishing to remain with Bea, Thomas no longer wants to sell the manor but discovers that an unpleasant wealthy couple had already bought the house and finalized the sale. Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house, allowing Thomas to move back in. Thomas and Bea resume their relationship, and he permits the wildlife to freely take food from the garden as long as it's within reason.
In a mid-credits scene, Peter and his family restore the burrow with Bea and Thomas’s help. Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village, where Bea showcases her illustrations of the rabbits.
Cast[edit]
Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor
Rose Byrne as Bea
Sam Neill as Mr. McGregor
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as Harrods General Manager
Felix Williamson as Derek
James Corden as Peter Rabbit
Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit
Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator
Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit
Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny
Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher
Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle-Duck
Sam Neill as Tommy Brock
Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod
Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland
Christian Gazal as Felix D’eer
Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit
Bryan Brown as Peter's father
David Wenham as Johnny Town-Mouse
Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II
The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman, Shana Halligan, Katharine Hoye, Chris Mann, Chad Reisser, and Fletcher Sheridan.
Production[edit]
The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack.[8] The official announcement of the film came that December.[9]
In August 2016, Will Gluck was reported to direct from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber. James Corden was cast to voice Peter Rabbit, and Rose Byrne was selected to play one of the live-action roles.[10] Gluck produced the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic, which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film.[10]
Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki joined the cast in September 2016, and the live action production was scheduled to commence in Sydney, Australia, in January 2017.[11][12][13] The next month, Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor, the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor, and Margot Robbie joined the cast, expected to voice a bunny.[14][15] In November, Sia was cast as Mrs Tiggy-Winkle.[16]
Filming[edit]
On December 18, 2016, a first image of the title character, along with the film's logo, was revealed.[17] Production began in December 2016.[18][19] Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney.[20] In March 2017, filming took place at Mortuary railway station, Sydney, which was depicted as London Paddington station.[21]
Release[edit]
Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23, 2018,[9] but it was moved up to February 9, 2018.[22]
Trailer criticism[edit]
The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character, many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter's works. Collider called the trailer "garbage" and a "low brow 'comedy' cringe fest".[23]
Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that "the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling [...] there's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit – gentle, Edwardian Peter Rabbit – thoughtlessly injuring some birds, or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club, or literally twerking" and argued "there is no way on Earth that [Beatrix Potter would] have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this."[24]
Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was "so gut wrenchingly bad" and that "if the movie lives up to its two minute preview – [it] is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie." He finished by writing "Listen carefully, and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter, turning furiously in her grave."[25] On November 7, a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released.[26]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on digital platforms on April 20, 2018. A Blu-ray and DVD and 4K followed on May 1, 2018.[27]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Peter Rabbit grossed $115.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $235.9 million in other territories (including $20.5 million in Australia), for a worldwide total of $351.2 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[7]
In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates as high as $25 million.[28] It ended up making $25 million over the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ($38.8 million).[29] The film dropped 30% in its second weekend to $17.5 million ($23.4 million over the four-day Martin Luther King Jr. weekend), finishing second behind newcomer Black Panther.[30]
In the UK, Peter Rabbit became the biggest family film of 2018, overtaking Pixar's Coco with $56.3 million.[31] Totals from other markets include China ($26.5 million), Australia ($20.2 million), France ($12.3 million) and Germany ($12.1 million).[32]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 64% based on 126 reviews and an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists."[33] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 51 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[34] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[35]
Allergy controversy[edit]
In the first week after the film's release, groups in multiple countries criticized it for "allergy bullying" and called for an apology from Sony. The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor — whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries — is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth, causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen.[36][37][38] In response, Sony published a statement saying "We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue, and we truly apologize".[39]
Sequel[edit]
Columbia Pictures is developing a sequel set to be released on February 7, 2020. Gluck will return to write and direct the film.[40]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter (September 5, 2017). "Dominic Lewis to Score 'Peter Rabbit'". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Film Releases". Variety Insight. Variety Media. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT (PG)". BBFC. February 6, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". AllMovie. RhythmOne. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ CENtRAL (November 23, 2016). "Peter Rabbit film set takes shape in Sydney". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pressburg, Matt (July 17, 2017). "Why Sony, LStar Movie Finance Deal Fell Apart: Flops, 'Ghostbusters' and Feet on Desk (Exclusive)". TheWrap. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tweedie, Steven (April 17, 2015). "Leaked Sony emails reveal 'Peter Rabbit' feature film is in the works". Business Insider. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Perry, Spencer (December 22, 2015). "Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys; Siegel, Tatiana (August 4, 2016). "James Corden, Rose Byrne in Talks to Star in Sony's 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (September 26, 2016). "Daisy Ridley, Elizabeth Debicki Join 'Peter Rabbit' Live-Action/Animated Pic (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gaul, Lou (October 14, 2016). "'Wish' list: Bruce Willis to fill Charles Bronson's shoes". Burlington County Times. GateHouse Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (September 26, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Movie Coming from Columbia Pictures". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (October 18, 2016). "Domhnall Gleeson to Play Mr McGregor in Live-Action 'Peter Rabbit'". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys; Ford, Rebecca (October 24, 2016). "Margot Robbie in Talks to Join 'Peter Rabbit' Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sia [@Sia] (November 7, 2017). "The new UK trailer for #PeterRabbitMovie has arrived! Catch Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle in 2018 - Team Siapic.twitter.com/2fNIdnJwX5" (Tweet). Retrieved April 6, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Chipman, Bob (December 18, 2016). "Peter Rabbit Images Offers First Look at New Beatrix Potter Adaptation". Screen Rant. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "PETER RABBIT". Movie Insider. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anderton, Ethan (December 17, 2016). "Peter Rabbit First Look Photo Shows Off The Bunny Voice by James Corden". /Film. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rose Byrne, look alike body double, Domhnall Gleeson begin filming for Peter Rabbit in Centennial Park". The Daily Telegraph. News Corp Australia. January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Crofts, Cassie (March 8, 2017). "These new signs at Central station are freaking Sydneysiders out". Smoothfm. NOVA Entertainment. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Trombore, Dave (September 21, 2017). "First 'Peter Rabbit' Trailer Gives Us Another Reason to Be Mad at James Corden". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Stuart (September 25, 2017). "James Corden's Peter Rabbit: another kids' classic wrecked forever". The Guardian. London, England: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldock, James (September 25, 2017). "Here's the trailer for the new Peter Rabbit movie – and it's a total disaster". Metro. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cowdrey, Katharine (November 7, 2017). "Sony launches trailer for upcoming Peter Rabbit film". The Bookseller. London, England: Bookseller Media. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". DVDs Release Dates. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 7, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion – B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 11, 2018). "'Fifty Shades Freed' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax; 'Peter Rabbit' Bounces To $25M Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (February 18, 2018). "'Black Panther' Rips Apart Box Office Records: 3-Day Opening Rises To $194M+; 4-Day At $223M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gant, Charles (April 4, 2018). "Peter Rabbit outruns Ready Player One at UK box office". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (May 20, 2018). "'Deadpool 2' Sets Fox Record With $176M Overseas Bow; 'Avengers: Infinity War' Tops $1.81B WW – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit". CinemaScore. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Guardian staff (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film criticised for depicting allergy bullying". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Seselja, Edwina; Dawes, Samantha (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit: Calls for Sony Pictures to apologise after food allergy bullying scene in new movie". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, Victoria (February 11, 2018). "Peter Rabbit film accused of food bullying as rabbits pelt allergic man with blackberries". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Rabbit film producers apologise over allergy scene". BBC News. BBC. February 12, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (May 4, 2018). "'Peter Rabbit 2' in the Works From Sony Pictures". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Peter Rabbit (film)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Rabbit movie set, Centennial Park.
Official website
Peter Rabbit on IMDb
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Beatrix Potter
The Tales
The Tale of Peter Rabbit
The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin
The Tailor of Gloucester
The Tale of Benjamin Bunny
The Tale of Two Bad Mice
The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan
The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher
The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
The Story of Miss Moppet
The Tale of Tom Kitten
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck
The Tale of Samuel Whiskers or The Roly-Poly Pudding
The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles
The Tale of Mrs. Tittlemouse
The Tale of Timmy Tiptoes
The Tale of Mr. Tod
The Tale of Pigling Bland
Appley Dapply's Nursery Rhymes
The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse
Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes
The Tale of Little Pig Robinson
Other books
Tom Kitten's Painting Book
Jemima Puddle-Duck's Painting Book
Peter Rabbit's Almanac for 1929
The Fairy Caravan
Sister Anne
Wag-by-Wall
The Tale of the Faithful Dove
The Sly Old Cat
The Tale of Kitty-in-Boots
Other media
The Tales of Beatrix Potter
The Tailor of Gloucester
The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends
Miss Potter
Beswick Pottery
The Game of Peter Rabbit
Peter Rabbit (television series)
Beatrix Potter's The Tales of Peter Rabbit and Friends
Peter Rabbit (film)
People
Annie Moore
Norman Warne
Hardwicke Rawnsley
Charlie McIntosh
Leslie Linder
Judy Taylor
Locations
Hill Top, Cumbria
Beatrix Potter Gallery
Near and Far Sawrey
Dalguise
Lake District
Derwentwater
St Herbert's Island
Little Town, Cumbria
Newlands Church
Newlands Valley
Hawkshead
Keswick, Cumbria
Carleton Crematorium and Cemetery
Armitt Library
Esthwaite Water
Sawrey
Near Sawrey
Melford Hall
Moss Eccles Tarn
Characters
Peter Rabbit
Mr. McGregor
Tabitha Twitchit
Publishers
Frederick Warne & Co
David McKay
The Horn Book Magazine
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Sony Pictures Animation
Feature films
Computer-animated
Open Season (2006)
Surf's Up (2007)
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009)
Hotel Transylvania (2012)
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 (2013)
Hotel Transylvania 2 (2015)
Smurfs: The Lost Village (2017)
The Emoji Movie (2017)
The Star (2017)
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018)
Live-action/animated
The Smurfs (2011)
The Smurfs 2 (2013)
Goosebumps (2015)
Peter Rabbit (2018)
Produced with Aardman Animations
Arthur Christmas (2011)
The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (2012)
Upcoming films
Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween (2018)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
Direct-to-video
Open Season 2 (2008)
Open Season 3 (2010)
Open Season: Scared Silly (2015)
Surf's Up 2: WaveMania (2017)
Television series
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2017–)
Hotel Transylvania: The Series (2017–)
Ghostbusters: Ecto Force (TBA)
Online series
Go! Cartoons (2017–18)
Short films
The ChubbChubbs! (2002)
Early Bloomer (2003)
Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run (2007)
The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas (2007)
The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol (2011)
So You Want to Be a Pirate! (2012)
Goodnight Mr. Foot (2012)
The Smurfs: The Legend of Smurfy Hollow (2013)
Super Manny (2013)
Earl Scouts (2013)
Steve's First Bath (2014)
Attack of the 50-Foot Gummi Bear (2014)
Puppy! (2017)
Franchises
Open Season (2006–present)
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (2009–present)
The Smurfs (2011–present)
Hotel Transylvania (2012–present)
See also
Sony Pictures Imageworks
Cartoon Hangover
Screen Gems Cartoons
List of unproduced Sony Pictures Animation projects
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Films directed by Will Gluck
Fired Up! (2009)
Easy A (2010)
Friends with Benefits (2011)
Annie (2014)
Peter Rabbit (2018)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rabbit_(film)&oldid=856984847"
Categories:
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Australian animated films
Australian animated fantasy films
Peter Rabbit
Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
Films about rabbits and hares
Films about death
Films set in London
Films shot in Sydney
Films with live action and animation
Columbia Pictures animated films
Columbia Pictures films
Sony Pictures Animation films
Sony franchises
Films directed by Will Gluck
Films scored by Dominic Lewis
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