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Earwax
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Earwax
Wet-type human earwax
Pronunciation
cerumen /səˈruːmɛn/
Classification and external resources
Specialty
Otorhinolaryngology
MedlinePlus
000979
Patient UK
Earwax
[edit on Wikidata]
Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a gray, orange, or yellowish waxy substance secreted in the ear canal of humans and other mammals. It protects the skin of the human ear canal, assists in cleaning and lubrication, and also provides some protection against bacteria, fungi, insects, and water.[1]
Earwax consists of shed skin cells, hair, and the secretions of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands of the outside ear canal.[2] Major components of earwax are long chain fatty acids, both saturated and unsaturated, alcohols, squalene, and cholesterol.[2] Excess or compacted cerumen can press against the eardrum or block the outside ear canal or hearing aids, potentially causing hearing loss.
Contents
[hide]
1 Physiology
1.1 Cleaning
1.2 Lubrication
1.3 Antimicrobial effects
2 Excess earwax
3 Treatment
3.1 Softeners
3.2 Ear irrigation
3.3 Curette and cotton swabs
3.4 Ear candles and vacuuming
3.5 Potential complications
4 History
4.1 Uses
5 Other animals
6 Notes
6.1 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Physiology[edit]
Earwax
Wet-type human earwax on a cotton swab
Dry-type earwax
Cerumen is produced in the outer third of the cartilaginous portion of the ear canal. It is a mixture of viscous secretions from sebaceous glands and less-viscous ones from modified apocrine sweat glands.[3] The primary components of earwax are shed layers of skin, with, on average, 60% of the earwax consisting of keratin, 12–20% saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, squalene and 6–9% cholesterol.[4]
There are two distinct genetically determined types of earwax: the wet type, which is dominant, and the dry type, which is recessive. While East Asians and Native Americans are more likely to have the dry type of cerumen (gray and flaky), African and European people are more likely to have the wet type (honey-brown, dark orange to dark-brown and moist).[5] Cerumen type has been used by anthropologists to track human migratory patterns, such as those of the Eskimos.[6] In Japan, wet-type earwax is more prevalent among the Ainu, in contrast to that country's Yamato majority.[7] The consistency of wet type earwax is due to the higher concentration of lipid and pigment granules (50% lipid) in the substance than the dry type (20% lipid).[8]
A specific gene has been identified that determines whether people have wet or dry earwax.[9] The difference in cerumen type has been tracked to a single base change (a single nucleotide polymorphism) in a gene known as "ATP-binding cassette C11 gene".[10] Dry-type individuals are homozygous for adenine whereas wet-type requires at least one guanine. Wet-type earwax is associated with armpit odor, which is increased by sweat production. Researchers have conjectured that the reduction in sweat or body odor was beneficial to the ancestors of East Asians and Native Americans who are thought to have lived in cold climates.[11]
Cleaning[edit]
Cleaning of the ear canal occurs as a result of the "conveyor belt" process of epithelial migration, aided by jaw movement.[12] Cells formed in the centre of the tympanic membrane migrate outwards from the umbo (at a rate comparable to that of fingernail growth) to the walls of the ear canal, and move towards the entrance of the ear canal. The cerumen in the ear canal is also carried outwards, taking with it any particulate matter that may have gathered in the canal. Jaw movement assists this process by dislodging debris attached to the walls of the ear canal, increasing the likelihood of its expulsion.
Lubrication[edit]
The lubrication provided by cerumen prevents desiccation of the skin within the ear canal. The lubricative properties arise from the high lipid content of the sebum produced by the sebaceous glands. In wet-type cerumen, these lipids include cholesterol, squalene, and many long-chain fatty acids and alcohols.[13][14]
Antimicrobial effects[edit]
While studies conducted up until the 1960s found little evidence supporting antibacterial activity for cerumen,[15] more recent studies have found that cerumen has a bactericidal effect on some strains of bacteria. Cerumen has been found to reduce the viability of a wide range of bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and many variants of Escherichia coli, sometimes by as much as 99%.[16][17] The growth of two fungi commonly present in otomycosis was also significantly inhibited by human cerumen.[18] These antimicrobial properties are due principally to the presence of saturated fatty acids, lysozyme and, especially, to the slight acidity of cerumen (pH typically around 6.1 in normal individuals[19]). Conversely, other research has found that cerumen can support microbial growth and some cerumen samples were found to have bacterial counts as high as 107/g cerumen.[20]
Excess earwax[edit]
Excessive earwax may impede the passage of sound in the ear canal, causing conductive hearing loss. Hearing aids may be associated with increased earwax impaction.[21] It is also estimated to be the cause of 60–80% of hearing aid faults.[22]
Treatment[edit]
Movement of the jaw helps the ears' natural cleaning process. The American Academy of Otolaryngology discourages earwax removal, unless the excess earwax is causing problems.[23]
While a number of methods of earwax removal are effective, their comparative merits have not been determined.[24] A number of softeners are effective; however, if this is not sufficient,[24] the most common method of cerumen removal is syringing with warm water.[25] A curette method is more likely to be used by otolaryngologists when the ear canal is partially occluded and the material is not adhering to the skin of the ear canal. Cotton swabs, on the other hand, push most of the earwax farther into the ear canal and remove only a small portion of the top layer of wax that happens to adhere to the fibers of the swab.[26]
Softeners[edit]
Main article: Cerumenolytics
This process is referred to as cerumenolysis. Topical preparations for the removal of earwax may be better than no treatment, and there may not be much difference between types, including water and olive oil.[27] However, there were not enough studies to draw firm conclusions, and the evidence on irrigation and manual removal is equivocal.[27]
Commercially or commonly available cerumenolytics include:[28]
Any of a number of types of oil
Urea hydrogen peroxide (6.5%) and glycerine
A solution of sodium bicarbonate in water, or sodium bicarbonate B.P.C. (sodium bicarbonate and glycerine)
Cerumol (peanut oil, turpentine and dichlorobenzene)
Cerumenex (triethanolamine, polypeptides and oleate-condensate)
Docusate, an emulsifying agent, an active ingredient found in laxatives
A cerumenolytic should be used 2–3 times daily for 3–5 days prior to the cerumen extraction.[29]
Ear irrigation[edit]
Once the cerumen has been softened, it may be removed from the ear canal by irrigation, but the evidence on this practice is equivocal.[27] This may be effectively accomplished with a spray type ear washer, commonly used in the medical setting or at home, with a bulb syringe.[30] Ear syringing techniques are described in great detail by Wilson & Roeser,[29] and Blake et al.,[31] who advise pulling the external ear up and back, and aiming the nozzle of the syringe slightly upwards and backwards so that the water flows as a cascade along the roof of the canal. The irrigation solution flows out of the canal along its floor, taking wax and debris with it. The solution used to irrigate the ear canal is usually warm water,[31] normal saline,[32] sodium bicarbonate solution,[33] or a solution of water and vinegar to help prevent secondary infection.[31]
Patients generally prefer the irrigation solution to be warmed to body temperature,[32] as dizziness is a common side effect of ear washing or syringing with fluids that are colder or warmer than body temperature.[25][31]
Curette and cotton swabs[edit]
Earwax can be removed with an ear pick/curette, which physically dislodges the earwax and scoops it out of the ear canal.[34] In the West, use of ear picks is usually only done by health professionals. Curetting earwax using an ear pick was common in ancient Europe and still practised in East Asia. Since the earwax of most Asians is of the dry type,[5] it is extremely easily removed by light scraping with an ear pick, as it simply falls out in large pieces or dry flakes.
It is generally advised not to use cotton swabs (Q-Tips or cotton buds), as doing so will likely push the wax farther down the ear canal, and if used carelessly, perforate the eardrum.[26] Abrasion of the ear canal, particularly after water has entered from swimming or bathing, can lead to ear infection. Also, the cotton head may fall off and become lodged in the ear canal. Therefore, cotton swabs should be used only to clean the external ear.
Ear candles and vacuuming[edit]
Ear candling, also called ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is an alternative medicine practice claimed to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the unlit end in the ear canal. It, however, is not recommended as it is both dangerous and ineffective.[23][35] Advocates say that the dark residue that shows after the procedure consists of extracted earwax, proving the efficacy of the procedure. Studies have shown that the same dark residue is left, whether or not the candle (which is made of cotton fabric and beeswax and leaves a residue after burning) is inserted into an ear. This demonstrates that the waxy residue is derived from the candle itself and not the ear. The color of the candle wax matches the light brown-colored wax of the human ear, making the distinction between the two waxes more difficult for a layperson. Because the candle itself is a hollow tube, some of the hot burnt wax could drop down inside the candle, into the ear canal, potentially injuring the eardrum. The American Academy of Otolaryngology states that ear candles are not a safe option for removing ear wax, and that no controlled studies or scientific evidence support their use for ear wax removal.[36] The Food and Drug Administration has successfully taken several regulatory actions against the sale and distribution of ear candles since 1996, including seizing ear candle products and ordering injunctions.[36]
Home "ear vacs" were ineffective at removing ear-wax, especially when compared to a Jobson-Horne probe.[37]
Potential complications[edit]
A postal survey of British general practitioners[25] found that only 19% always performed cerumen removal themselves. It is problematic as the removal of cerumen is not without risk, and physicians and nurses often have inadequate training for removal. Irrigation can be performed at home with proper equipment as long as the person is careful not to irrigate too hard. All other methods should be carried out only by individuals who have been sufficiently trained in the procedure.
The author Bull advised physicians: "After removal of wax, inspect thoroughly to make sure none remains. This advice might seem superfluous, but is frequently ignored."[33] This was confirmed by Sharp et al.,[25] who, in a survey of 320 general practitioners, found that only 68% of doctors inspected the ear canal after syringing to check that the wax was removed. As a result, failure to remove the wax from the canal made up approximately 30% of the complications associated with the procedure. Other complications included otitis externa (swimmer's ear), which involves inflammation or bacterial infection of the external acoustic meatus, as well as pain, vertigo, tinnitus, and perforation of the ear drum. Based on this study, a rate of major complications in 1/1000 ears syringed was suggested.[25]
Claims arising from ear syringing mishaps account for about 25% of the total claims received by New Zealand's Accident Compensation Corporation ENT Medical Misadventure Committee.[31] While high, this is not surprising, as ear syringing is an extremely common procedure. Grossan suggested that approximately 150,000 ears are irrigated each week in the United States, and about 40,000 per week in the United Kingdom.[38] Extrapolating from data obtained in Edinburgh, Sharp et al.[25] place this figure much higher, estimating that approximately 7000 ears are syringed per 100,000 population per annum. In the New Zealand claims mentioned above, perforation of the tympanic membrane was by far the most common injury resulting in significant disability.
History[edit]
An ear-cleaner, attending to a man's ear. Gouache painting, India by Wellcome
De medicina
The treatment of ear wax was described by Aulus Cornelius Celsus in De Medicina in the 1st century:[39]
When a man is becoming dull of hearing, which happens most often after prolonged headaches, in the first place, the ear itself should be inspected: for there will be found either a crust such as comes upon the surface of ulcerations, or concretions of wax. If a crust, hot oil is poured in, or verdigris mixed with honey or leek juice or a little soda in honey wine. And when the crust has been separated from the ulceration, the ear is irrigated with tepid water, to make it easier for the crusts now disengaged to be withdrawn by the ear scoop. If it is wax, and if it is soft, it can be extracted in the same way by the ear scoop; but if hard, vinegar containing a little soda[40] is introduced; and when the wax has softened, the ear is washed out and cleared as above. ... Further, the ear should be syringed with castoreum mixed with vinegar and laurel oil and the juice of young radish rind, or with cucumber juice, mixed with crushed rose leaves. The dropping in of the juice of unripe grapes mixed with rose oil is also fairly efficacious against deafness.
Uses[edit]
In medieval times, earwax and other substances such as urine were used to prepare pigments used by scribes to illustrate illuminated manuscripts.[41]
The first lip balm may have been based on earwax.[42] The 1832 edition of the American Frugal Housewife said that "nothing was better than earwax to prevent the painful effects resulting from a wound by a nail [or] skewer"; and also recommended earwax as a remedy for cracked lips.[43]
Before waxed thread was commonly available, a seamstress would use her own earwax to stop the cut ends of threads from fraying.[44]
Other animals[edit]
Many types of whales have a build-up of earwax which increases with time; the size of the deposit is sometimes the only way to determine the age of whales that do not have teeth.[45][46][47]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Earwax". american-hearing.org. Chicago, Illinois: American Hearing Research Foundation. 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Okuda I, Bingham B, Stoney P, Hawke M (Jun 1991). "The organic composition of earwax". J Otolaryngol. 20 (3): 212–5. PMID 1870171.
Jump up ^ Alvord LS, Farmer BL (December 1997). "Anatomy and orientation of the human external ear". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 383–90. PMID 9433684.
Jump up ^ Guest, Greener, et. al., "Impacted Cerumen".
^ Jump up to: a b Overfield, Theresa (1985). Biologic variation in health and illness: race, age, and sex differences. Menlo Park, Calif: Addison-Wesley, Nursing Division. p. 46. ISBN 0-201-12810-1. ... most common type in Whites and Blacks is dark brown and moist. Dry wax, most common in Orientals and Native Americans, is gray and dry. It is flaky and may form a thin mass that lies in the ear canal.
Jump up ^ Bass EJ, Jackson JF (September 1977). "Cerumen types in Eskimos". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 47 (2): 209–10. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330470203. PMID 910884.
Jump up ^ "Miscellaneous musings on the Ainu, I". Ahnenkult.com. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
Jump up ^ Guest, Greener, et. al., "Impacted Cerumen" ("Dry wax contains around 20% lipid, compared to approximately 50% in wet cerumen. Other than this, the two forms show few other biochemical differences.")
Jump up ^ By Francie Diep (2014-02-13). "The Scent Of Your Earwax May Yield Valuable Information | Popular Science". Popsci.com. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
Jump up ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 117800
Jump up ^ Yoshiura K, Kinoshita A, Ishida T, et al. (March 2006). "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type". Nature Genetics. 38 (3): 324–30. doi:10.1038/ng1733. PMID 16444273.
Jump up ^ Alberti PW (September 1964). "Epithelial migration on the tympanic membrane". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 78: 808–30. doi:10.1017/s0022215100062800. PMID 14205963.
Jump up ^ Harvey DJ (September 1989). "Identification of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols from human cerumen by the use of picolinyl and nicotinate esters". Biomedical & Environmental Mass Spectrometry. 18 (9): 719–23. doi:10.1002/bms.1200180912. PMID 2790258.
Jump up ^ Bortz JT, Wertz PW, Downing DT (November 1990). "Composition of cerumen lipids". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 23 (5 Pt 1): 845–9. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70301-W. PMID 2254469.
Jump up ^ Nichols AC, Perry ET (September 1956). "Studies on the growth of bacteria in the human ear channel". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 27 (3): 165–70. doi:10.1038/jid.1956.22. PMID 13367525.
Jump up ^ Chai TJ, Chai TC (October 1980). "Bactericidal activity of cerumen". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 18 (4): 638–41. doi:10.1128/aac.18.4.638. PMC 284062  . PMID 7447422.
Jump up ^ Stone M, Fulghum RS (1984). "Bactericidal activity of wet cerumen". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 93 (2 Pt 1): 183–6. PMID 6370076.
Jump up ^ Megarry S, Pett A, Scarlett A, Teh W, Zeigler E, Canter RJ (August 1988). "The activity against yeasts of human cerumen". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 102 (8): 671–2. doi:10.1017/s0022215100106115. PMID 3047287.
Jump up ^ Roland PS, Marple BF (December 1997). "Disorders of the external auditory canal". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 367–78. PMID 9433682.
Jump up ^ Campos A; Betancor L; Arias A; Rodrı´guez C; Herna´ndez AM; Lo´pez Aguado D; Sierra A (July 1998). "Study of common aerobic flora of human cerumen". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 112 (7): 613–6. PMID 9775288.
Jump up ^ Chou, R; Dana, T; Bougatsos, C; et al. (March 2011). "Screening for Hearing Loss in Adults Ages 50 Years and Older: A Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force". Evidence Syntheses, No. 83. U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Oliveira RJ (December 1997). "The active earcanal". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 401–10. PMID 9433686.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, SR; Magit, AE; Rosenfeld, RM; Ballachanda, BB; Hackell, JM; Krouse, HJ; Lawlor, CM; Lin, K; Parham, K; Stutz, DR; Walsh, S; Woodson, EA; Yanagisawa, K; Cunningham ER, Jr (January 2017). "Clinical Practice Guideline (Update)". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 156 (1): 14–29. doi:10.1177/0194599816671491. PMID 28045632.
^ Jump up to: a b Clegg AJ, Loveman E, Gospodarevskaya E, et al. (June 2010). "The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation". Health Technol Assess. 14 (28): 1–192. doi:10.3310/hta14280. PMID 20546687.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sharp JF, Wilson JA, Ross L, Barr-Hamilton RM (December 1990). "Ear wax removal: a survey of current practice". BMJ. 301 (6763): 1251–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.301.6763.1251. PMC 1664378  . PMID 2271824.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ear wax". Tchain.com. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c Clegg, AJ; Loveman, E; Gospodarevskaya, E; Harris, P; Bird, A; Bryant, J; Scott, DA; Davidson, P; Little, P; Coppin, R (June 2010). "The safety and effectiveness of different methods of earwax removal: a systematic review and economic evaluation". Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 14 (28): 1–192. doi:10.3310/hta14280. PMID 20546687.
Jump up ^ Fraser JG (October 1970). "The efficacy of wax solvents: in vitro studies and a clinical trial". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 84 (10): 1055–64. doi:10.1017/s0022215100072856. PMID 5476901.
^ Jump up to: a b Wilson PL, Roeser RJ (December 1997). "Cerumen management: professional issues and techniques". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 421–30. PMID 9433688.
Jump up ^ Coppin R, Wicke D, Little P (2011). "Randomized trial of bulb syringes for earwax: impact on health service utilization". Annals of Family Medicine. 9 (2): 110–4. doi:10.1370/afm.1229. PMC 3056857  . PMID 21403136.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Blake P, Matthews R, Hornibrook J (November 1998). "When not to syringe an ear". The New Zealand Medical Journal. 111 (1077): 422–4. PMID 9861921.
^ Jump up to: a b Ernst AA, Takakuwa KM, Letner C, Weiss SJ (September 1999). "Warmed versus room temperature saline solution for ear irrigation: a randomized clinical trial". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 34 (3): 347–50. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(99)70129-0. PMID 10459091.
^ Jump up to: a b Bull, P. D. (2002). Lecture notes on diseases of the ear, nose, and throat (6th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Science. pp. 26–27. ISBN 0-632-06506-0.
Jump up ^ Evidences Based Cerumen Removal Protocol Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Seely DR, Quigley SM, Langman AW (October 1996). "Ear candles--efficacy and safety". The Laryngoscope. 106 (10): 1226–9. doi:10.1097/00005537-199610000-00010. PMID 8849790.
^ Jump up to: a b "Earwax". www.entnet.org. American Academy of Otolaryngology. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Leong AC, Aldren C (August 2005). "A non-randomized comparison of earwax removal with a 'do-it-yourself' ear vacuum kit and a Jobson-Horne probe". Clinical Otolaryngology. 30 (4): 320–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2273.2005.01020.x. PMID 16209672.
Jump up ^ Grossan M (July 1998). "Cerumen removal--current challenges". Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 77 (7): 541–6, 548. PMID 9693470.
Jump up ^ Celsus, Aulus Cornelius; W.G. Spencer translation. "Book VI". De Medicina.
Jump up ^ "acetum et cum eo nitri paulum". Nitri is rendered as "soda" here, i.e. soda ash, though the word can refer to a variety of alkaline substances or to sodium nitrate. (http://www.archives.nd.edu/cgi-bin/words.exe?nitri http://www.history-science-technology.com/Notes/Notes%208.htm) Note that acidification of sodium carbonate yields sodium bicarbonate.
Jump up ^ "Iberian manuscripts (pigments)". Web.ceu.hu. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
Jump up ^ Schwaab, M; Gurr, A; Neumann, A; Dazert, S; Minovi, A (August 2011). "Human antimicrobial proteins in ear wax". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 30 (8): 997–1004. doi:10.1007/s10096-011-1185-2. PMID 21298458.
Jump up ^ The American frugal housewife ... - Google Books. Books.google.ca. 1841. p. 116. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Jump up ^ Beaudry, Mary C., Bodkin Biographies Retrieved 2012-01-03
Jump up ^ Craig S. Nelson. "What can you tell us about whale ear wax?". Cs.ucf.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Darren (2013-09-17). "Ear Wax Reveals Whale's Tale". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ Stephen J. Trumble, Eleanor M. Robinson, Michelle Berman-Kowalewski, Charles W. Potter, and Sascha Usenko (2013). "Blue whale earplug reveals lifetime contaminant exposure and hormone profiles". PNAS 2013: 1311418110v1-20131141
References[edit]
Guest JF, Greener MJ, Robinson AC, Smith AF (August 2004). "Impacted cerumen: composition, production, epidemiology and management". QJM. 97 (8): 477–88. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hch082. PMID 15256605.
Further reading[edit]
Roeser RJ, Ballachanda BB (December 1997). "Physiology, pathophysiology, and anthropology/epidemiology of human earcanal secretions". Journal of the American Academy of Audiology. 8 (6): 391–400. PMID 9433685.
Stone M, Fulghum RS (1984). "Bactericidal activity of wet cerumen". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 93 (2 Pt 1): 183–6. PMID 6370076.
Bøe R, Silvola J, Yang J, et al. (September 1999). "Human beta-defensin-1 mRNA is transcribed in tympanic membrane and adjacent auditory canal epithelium". Infection and Immunity. 67 (9): 4843–6. PMC 96817  . PMID 10456939.
External links[edit]
Look up earwax in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earwax.
Ear wax and its treatment Deafness Research UK
Keeping the ear clean and removing wax: Fact Sheet at PubMed Health
Clinical practice guideline: Cerumen impaction (The American Academy of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery)
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text:
Your Cheatin' Heart (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Your Cheatin' Heart
Directed by
Gene Nelson
Produced by
Sam Katzman
Written by
Stanford Whitmore
Starring
George Hamilton
Susan Oliver
Red Buttons
Music by
Fred Karger
Cinematography
Ellis W. Carter
Edited by
Ben Lewis
Production
company
Four-Leaf Productions
Distributed by
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Release date
November 4, 1964 (1964-11-04)
Running time
99 min
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$2,500,000 (US/ Canada rentals)[1]
Your Cheatin' Heart is a 1964 musical directed by Gene Nelson, starring George Hamilton as country singer Hank Williams. It co-stars Susan Oliver and Red Buttons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Production
3 Versions
4 Cast
5 Production
5.1 Development
5.2 Casting
5.3 Shooting
6 Release
7 DVD
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot summary[edit]
A young Hank Williams is trying to earn money by pitching a snake-oil cure-all to the gullible, capping his spiel by picking up his guitar and singing. In the crowd is The Drifting Cowboys, a group of touring country-western musicians who happen to be passing through. They invite Williams to join their group, and music history is made.
Production[edit]
The film was made with the assistance of Williams' widow Audrey and featuring the songs ("Long Gone Lonesome Blues", "I Can’t Help It", and "Hey, Good Lookin’") lip-synched by Hamilton but sung by Hank Williams, Jr.[2]
The end scene (when the audience is notified that Williams has died while on the way there) portrays an actual event, as one audience member stands up unprompted and begins to sing "I Saw the Light". Others stand up quickly and join him, as the spotlight shines on the stage where Hank should be. This was similar to what actually happened after Williams died, as Hawkshaw Hawkins and several musicians began singing "I Saw the Light", and the crowd joined in, thinking at first that the announcement was an act, but when Hawkins and company began singing, the crowd realized it was no act.
Versions[edit]
The film was originally released in 1964 in black and white, and has the distinction of being the final MGM musical film to be produced in black and white.
The film was colorized by Turner Entertainment in 1990. The colorized version made its debut over SuperStation WTBS on January 1, 1991, the 38th anniversary of Hank Williams, Sr.'s death.
Cast[edit]
George Hamilton as Hank Williams
Susan Oliver as Audrey Williams
Red Buttons as Shorty Younger
Arthur O'Connell as Fred Rose
Shary Marshall as Ann Younger
Rex Ingram as Teetot
Chris Crosby as Sam Priddy
Rex Holman as Charley Bybee
Hortense Petra as Wilma, the Cashier
Roy Engel as Joe Rauch
Donald Losby as Young Hank Williams
Kevin Tate as Boy Fishing
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
MGM's music division owned the rights to the Hank Williams songbook. In 1956, it was announced the studio would make the movie with producer Joe Pasternak, employing Jeff Richards and June Allyson in the lead roles.[3] Then Elvis Presley was considered as a possible star, to make his follow-up movie for MGM following Jailhouse Rock.[4] However, Colonel Tom Parker refused.
Paul Gregory became attached as producer and wanted Steve McQueen for the lead.[5] MGM then offered the role to Nick Adams, but he turned it down as well. According to George Hamilton, MGM then "revised their concept of the film as quickie drive-in fare that might sell some records in the South and maybe to some crossover Beverly Hillbillies fans."[6] They assigned their film to producer Sam Katzman who specialized in low budget fare.
Casting[edit]
Parker was friendly with George Hamilton, who had been a fan of Williams' music since his youth, knew every song Williams had written and could also play the guitar. Hamilton was under contract to MGM but says the studio "didn't see their stock company preppy playboy playing a drug addict honky-tonk crooner".[7][8]
Parker introduced Hamilton to Hank Williams' ex-wife Audrey. The two got along well and Audrey lobbied on Hamilton's behalf. Hamilton said, "Audrey wanted the movie to happen, especially to make her son, Hank Williams Jr., a singing star the same way she had pushed Big Hank to stardom."[9] The idea was that Williams Jr would dub the singing in the movie and release the soundtrack album under his name; Hamilton wanted to perform the songs himself -- "that was the key to the character"—but knew the only way he would get the part was to agree to be dubbed.[9] With Audrey's support, Hamilton got the part, his signing being announced in November 1963.[10]
Paula Prentiss was at one stage attached as female star.[11]
Shooting[edit]
Filming started April 1964.[12] Hamilton says Sam Katzman ran a tight ship. "Jungle Sam cracked the whip, whacked the cane and the whole film was in the can right on time. But he gave me free rein creatively and our director... brought in something memorable, and even Sam knew it."[13]
Release[edit]
According to Hamilton, "the movie made me a hero in the South, but because it was a small film, it didn't get the exposure it deserved in the rest of the country."[14]
Among the film's fans were Colonel Tom Parker and Hamilton's later girlfriends Lynda Bird Johnson and Alana Hamilton.[14]
DVD[edit]
Your Cheatin' Heart was released on DVD November 9, 2010, by Warner Archive as a MOD (Manufacture On Demand) disc via Amazon (Black and White version). The colorized version has never been released on any form of home video, but DVD-Rs of it frequently show up on websites specializing in bootlegs of rare movies.
See also[edit]
List of American films of 1964
References[edit]
Jump up ^ This figure consists of anticipated rentals accruing distributors in North America. See "Big Rental Pictures of 1965", Variety, January 5, 1966 p 6
Jump up ^ Hank Williams, Jr. interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
Jump up ^ Frank Ross to Sponsor Joan Caulfield on TV; Garmes Produces 'Fear' Scheuer, Philip K. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] November 7, 1956: C11.
Jump up ^ 'Cheatin' Heart' Named for Presley; Holden's Rival British Favorite Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] August 12, 1957: C11.
Jump up ^ Looking at Hollywood: Plan Film About 'Your Cheatin' Heart' Composer Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Daily Tribune (1923-1963) [Chicago, IL] November 18, 1959: b5.
Jump up ^ Hamilton p 180
Jump up ^ Hamilton p 187
Jump up ^ Hamilton Portrays Singer But Only Mouths Songs Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] November 17, 1964: C9.
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton p 181
Jump up ^ Riddle Sound Is Ring-a-Dingy By Eddie Gallaher. The Washington Post, Times Herald (1959-1973) [Washington, D.C] November 17, 1963: G9.
Jump up ^ Looking at Hollywood: Paula Prentiss Lands Big Film Role Hopper, Hedda. Chicago Tribune (1963-Current file) [Chicago, IL] March 16, 1964: b3.
Jump up ^ "Film to Start" Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File) [Los Angeles, Calif] April 22, 1964: C18.
Jump up ^ Hamilton p 182
^ Jump up to: a b Hamilton p 183
George Hamilton & William Stadiem, Don't Mind If I Do, Simon & Schuster 2008
External links[edit]
Your Cheatin' Heart on IMDb
Your Cheatin' Heart at AllMovie
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Gene Nelson
Hootenanny Hoot (1963)
Kissin' Cousins (1964)
Your Cheatin' Heart (1964)
Harum Scarum (1965)
Wake Me When the War Is Over (1969)
[show]
v
t
e
Films produced by Sam Katzman
Victory Studios
Hot Off the Press (1935)
Bars of Hate (1935)
The Fighting Coward (1935)
Danger Ahead (1935)
The Phantom of the Range (1936)
Shadow of Chinatown (1936)
Taming the Wild (1936)
Rio Grande Romance (1936)
Kelly of the Secret Service (1936)
Put on the Spot (1936)
Two Minutes to Play (1936)
Silks and Saddles (1936)
Amateur Crook (1937)
Orphan of the Pecos (1937)
Brothers of the West (1937)
Cheyenne Rides Again (1937)
Lost Ranch (1937)
Flying Fists (1937)
Blake of Scotland Yard (1937)
Million Dollar Racket (1937)
Sky Racket (1937)
Mystery Range (1937)
Feud of the Trail (1937)
Blake of Scotland Yard (1937)
Six-Gun Trail (1938)
Lightning Carson Rides Again (1938)
Texas Wildcats (1939)
Code of the Cactus (1939)
Outlaws' Paradise (1939)
Trigger Fingers (1939)
The Fighting Renegade (1939)
Straight Shooter (1939)
Other 1930s
Alias John Law (1935)
The Rogues Tavern (1936)
1940s
Invisible Ghost (1941)
Zis Boom Bah (1941)
Bowery at Midnight (1942)
Black Dragons (1942)
The Corpse Vanishes (1942)
The Ape Man (1943)
Spotlight Scandals (1943)
Crazy Knights (1944)
Voodoo Man (1944)
Three of a Kind (1944)
Return of the Ape Man (1944)
Trouble Chasers (1945)
Hop Harrigan America's Ace of the Airways (1946)
Betty Co-Ed (1946)
Little Miss Broadway (1947)
Last of the Redmen (1947)
Sweet Genevieve (1947)
Two Blondes and a Redhead (1947)
Racing Luck (1948)
I Surrender Dear (1948)
Triple Threat (1948)
Mary Lou (1948)
Glamour Girl (1948)
The Prince of Thieves (1948)
Chinatown at Midnight (1949)
Barbary Pirate (1949)
The Mutineers (1949)
Manhattan Angel (1949)
1950s
State Penitentiary (1950)
Revenue Agent (1950)
Last of the Buccaneers (1950)
Chain Gang (1950)
Tyrant of the Sea (1950)
Captain Video (1951)
The Magic Carpet (1951)
Hurricane Island (1951)
When the Redskins Rode (1951)
Purple Heart Diary (1951)
A Yank in Korea (1951)
Last Train from Bombay (1952)
Blackhawk: Fearless Champion of Freedom (1952)
A Yank in Indo-China (1952)
The Golden Hawk (1952)
Brave Warrior (1952)
California Conquest (1952)
Voodoo Tiger (1952)
Thief of Damascus (1952)
The Pathfinder (1952)
Slaves of Babylon (1953)
Prisoners of the Casbah (1953)
Jack McCall, Desperado (1953)
Target Hong Kong (1953)
Last of the Redskins (1953)
Flame of Calcutta (1953)
Serpent of the Nile (1953)
Siren of Bagdad (1953)
Sky Commando (1953)
Conquest of Cochise (1953)
Prince of Pirates (1953)
The 49th Man (1953)
Mission Over Korea (1953)
Fort Ti (1953)
Masterson of Kansas (1954)
The Law vs. Billy the Kid (1954)
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Jesse James vs. the Daltons (1954)
The Iron Glove (1954)
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The Gun That Won the West (1955)
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Chicago Syndicate (1955)
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Inside Detroit (1955)
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Duel on the Mississippi (1955)
The Gun That Won the West (1955)
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Seminole Uprising (1955)
Pirates of Tripoli (1955)
The Houston Story (1956)
Miami Exposé (1956)
Blackjack Ketchum, Depserado (1956)
Rumble on the Docks (1956)
The Werewolf (1956)
The Man Who Turned to Stone (1956)
Uranium Boom (1956)
Utah Blaine (1957)
The Man Who Turned to Stone (1957)
The Giant Claw (1957)
Zombies of Mora Tau (1957)
The Night the World Exploded (1957)
Escape from San Quentin (1957)
The Tijuana Story (1957)
The World Was His Jury (1958)
Going Steady (1958)
Crash Landing (1958)
Life Beings at 17 (1958)
The Last Blitzkrieg (1959)
Juke Box Rhythm (1959)
The Flying Fontaines (1959)
Lock Up Your Daughters (1959)
1960s
The Enemy General (1960)
The Wizard of Baghdad (1960)
Tallahassee 7000 (1961) (TV series)
Pirates of Tortuga (1961)
The Wizard of Baghdad (1961)
The Wild Westerners (1962)
Get Yourself a College Girl (1964)
Kissin' Cousins (1964)
Your Cheatin' Heart (1964)
Harum Scarum (1965)
Hot Rods to Hell (1967)
Riot on Sunset Strip (1967)
The Fastest Guitar Alive (1967)
The Love-Ins (1967)
For Singles Only (1968)
A Time to Sing (1968)
The Young Runaways (1968)
Serials
Shadow of Chinatown (1936)
Blake of Scotland Yard (1937)
Who's Guilty? (1945)
Jungle Raiders (1945)
Brenda Starr, Reporter (1945)
Chick Carter, Detective (1946)
Son of the Guardsman (1946)
Jack Armstrong (1947)
The Sea Hound (1947)
Brick Bradford (1947)
The Vigilante (1947)
Tex Granger (1948)
Congo Bill (1948)
Superman (1948)
The Adventures of Sir Galahad (1949)
Batman and Robin (1949)
Bruce Gentry (1949)
Pirates of the High Seas (1950)
Atom Man vs. Superman (1950)
Cody of the Pony Express (1950)
The Mysterious Island (1951)
Roar of the Iron Horse (1951)
Son of Geronimo: Apache Avenger (1952)
The Great Adventures of Captain Kidd (1953)
The Lost Planet (1953)
Riding with Buffalo Bill (1954)
Gunfighters of the Northwest (1954)
Perils of the Wilderness (1956)
Blazing the Overland Trail (1956)
Jungle Jim series
Jungle Jim (1948)
The Lost Tribe (1949)
Mark of the Gorilla (1950)
Captive Girl (1950)
Pygmy Island (1950)
Fury of the Congo (1951)
Jungle Manhunt (1951)
Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land (1952)
Voodoo Tiger (1952)
Savage Mutiny (1953)
Valley of the Headhunters (1953)
Killer Ape (1953)
Jungle Man-Eaters (1954)
Cannibal Attack (1954)
Jungle Moon Men (1955)
Devil Goddess (1956)
East Side Kids
East Side Kids (1940)
Boys of the City (1940)
That Gang of Mine (1940)
Pride of the Bowery (1940)
Flying Wild (1941)
Bowery Blitzkrieg (1941)
Spooks Run Wild (1941)
Mr. Wise Guy (1942)
Let's Get Tough! (1942)
Smart Alecks (1942)
'Neath Brooklyn Bridge (1942)
Kid Dynamite (1942)
Clancy Street Boys (1943)
Ghosts on the Loose (1943)
Mr. Muggs Steps Out (1943)
Million Dollar Kid (1944)
Block Busters (1944)
Bowery Champs (1944)
Follow the Leader (1944)
Mr. Muggs Rides Again (1945)
Docks of New York (1945)
Come Out Fighting (1945)
The Teen Agers
Junior Prom (1946)
Freddie Steps Out (1946)
High School Hero (1946)
Vacation Days (1947)
Rock musicals
Rock Around the Clock (1956)
Cha-Cha-Cha Boom! (1956)
Calypso Heat Wave (1957)
Don't Knock the Rock (1957)
Twist Around the Clock (1961)
Don't Knock the Twist (1961)
Hootenanny Hoot (1963)
When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965)
Hold On! (1966)
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List of current Indian chief ministers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian states according to party of their chief minister
Bharatiya Janata Party
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Indian National Congress
Other parties
In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories (Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.[1]
Of the thirty-one incumbents, three are women—Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal, Mehbooba Mufti in Jammu and Kashmir, and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 7003831700000000000♠22 years, 281 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Virbhadra Singh (b. 1934) of Himachal Pradesh is the oldest chief minister,[2] while Arunachal Pradesh's Pema Khandu (b. 1979) is the youngest.[3] Thirteen incumbents belong to the Bharatiya Janata Party, six to the Indian National Congress and two to the Communist Party of India (Marxist); no other party has more than one chief minister in office.
Current Indian chief ministers[edit]
Colour key for parties
Aam Aadmi Party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
All India Trinamool Congress
Bharatiya Janata Party
Biju Janata Dal
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Indian National Congress
Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
Janata Dal (United)
Naga People's Front
Sikkim Democratic Front
Telangana Rashtra Samithi
Telugu Desam Party
State
(past chief ministers)
Name[4]
Portrait
Took office
(tenure length)
Party[a]
Ref
Andhra Pradesh
(list) N. Chandrababu Naidu 000000002014-06-08-00008 June 2014
(7003119900000000000♠3 years, 103 days) Telugu Desam Party [5]
Arunachal Pradesh
(list) Pema Khandu 000000002016-07-17-000017 July 2016
(7002429000000000000♠1 year, 64 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [6][7]
Assam
(list) Sarbananda Sonowal 000000002016-05-24-000024 May 2016
(7002483000000000000♠1 year, 118 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [8]
Bihar
(list) Nitish Kumar 000000002015-02-22-000022 February 2015
(7002940000000000000♠2 years, 209 days) Janata Dal (United) [9]
Chhattisgarh
(list) Raman Singh 000000002003-12-07-00007 December 2003
(7003503500000000000♠13 years, 286 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [10]
Delhi[b]
(list) Arvind Kejriwal 000000002015-02-14-000014 February 2015
(7002948000000000000♠2 years, 217 days) Aam Aadmi Party [11]
Goa
(list) Manohar Parrikar 000000002017-03-14-000014 March 2017
(7002189000000000000♠189 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [12]
Gujarat
(list) Vijay Rupani 000000002016-08-07-00007 August 2016
(7002408000000000000♠1 year, 43 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [13]
Haryana
(list) Manohar Lal Khattar 000000002014-10-26-000026 October 2014
(7003105900000000000♠2 years, 328 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [14]
Himachal Pradesh
(list) Virbhadra Singh 000000002012-12-25-000025 December 2012
(7003172900000000000♠4 years, 268 days) Indian National Congress [15]
Jammu and Kashmir
(list) Mehbooba Mufti 000000002016-04-04-00004 April 2016
(7002533000000000000♠1 year, 168 days) Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party [16]
Jharkhand
(list) Raghubar Das 000000002014-12-28-000028 December 2014
(7002996000000000000♠2 years, 265 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [17]
Karnataka
(list) Siddaramaiah 000000002013-05-13-000013 May 2013
(7003159000000000000♠4 years, 129 days) Indian National Congress [18]
Kerala
(list) Pinarayi Vijayan 000000002016-05-25-000025 May 2016
(7002482000000000000♠1 year, 117 days) Communist Party of India (Marxist) [19]
Madhya Pradesh
(list) Shivraj Singh Chouhan 000000002005-11-29-000029 November 2005
(7003431200000000000♠11 years, 294 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [20]
Maharashtra
(list) Devendra Fadnavis 000000002014-10-31-000031 October 2014
(7003105400000000000♠2 years, 323 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [21]
Manipur
(list) N. Biren Singh 000000002017-03-15-000015 March 2017
(7002188000000000000♠188 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [22]
Meghalaya
(list) Mukul Sangma 000000002010-04-20-000020 April 2010
(7003270900000000000♠7 years, 152 days) Indian National Congress [23]
Mizoram
(list) Lal Thanhawla 000000002008-12-07-00007 December 2008
(7003320800000000000♠8 years, 286 days) Indian National Congress [24]
Nagaland
(list) T. R. Zeliang 000000002017-07-19-000019 July 2017
(7001620000000000000♠62 days) Naga People's Front [25]
Odisha
(list) Naveen Patnaik 000000002000-03-05-00005 March 2000
(7003640700000000000♠17 years, 198 days) Biju Janata Dal [26]
Puducherry[b]
(list) V. Narayanasamy 000000002016-06-06-00006 June 2016
(7002470000000000000♠1 year, 105 days) Indian National Congress [27]
Punjab
(list) Amarinder Singh 000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017
(7002187000000000000♠187 days) Indian National Congress [28]
Rajasthan
(list) Vasundhara Raje 000000002013-12-13-000013 December 2013
(7003137600000000000♠3 years, 280 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [29]
Sikkim
(list) Pawan Kumar Chamling 000000001994-12-12-000012 December 1994
(7003831700000000000♠22 years, 281 days) Sikkim Democratic Front [30]
Tamil Nadu
(list) Edappadi K. Palaniswami 000000002017-02-16-000016 February 2017
(7002215000000000000♠215 days) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam [31]
Telangana
(list) K. Chandrashekar Rao 000000002014-06-02-00002 June 2014
(7003120500000000000♠3 years, 109 days) Telangana Rashtra Samithi [32]
Tripura
(list) Manik Sarkar 000000001998-03-11-000011 March 1998
(7003713200000000000♠19 years, 192 days) Communist Party of India (Marxist) [33]
Uttar Pradesh
(list) Yogi Adityanath 000000002017-03-19-000019 March 2017
(7002184000000000000♠184 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [34]
Uttarakhand
(list) Trivendra Singh Rawat 000000002017-03-18-000018 March 2017
(7002185000000000000♠185 days) Bharatiya Janata Party [35]
West Bengal
(list) Mamata Banerjee 000000002011-05-20-000020 May 2011
(7003231400000000000♠6 years, 122 days) All India Trinamool Congress [36]
Jump up ^ This column names only the chief minister's party. The ministry he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents; those are not listed here.
^ Jump up to: a b Although Delhi and Puducherry each have an elected legislature and a council of ministers (headed by the chief minister), they are officially union territories.
See also[edit]
List of current Indian governors
List of current Indian chief justices
List of current Indian legislative speakers
List of current Indian leaders of the Opposition
List of female Indian chief ministers
List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party
List of chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu. Introduction to the Constitution of India. 1960. 20th edition, 2011 reprint. pp. 241, 245. LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur. ISBN 978-81-8038-559-9.
Jump up ^ Ajoy Ashirwad Mahaprashasta. "Bucking the trend". Frontline. Volume 29, issue 6, 24 March – 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meet Pema Khandu: India’s youngest Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Chief Ministers. India.gov.in. Retrieved on 3 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Naidu takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM". The Hindu. 8 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pema Khandu sworn in as Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 17 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "BJP forms govt in Arunachal Pradesh". The Hindu. 31 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sarbananda Sonowal sworn in as first BJP CM of Assam". The Hindu. 24 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Arun (27 July 2017). "Grand Alliance to NDA: Nitish Kumar changes partner, continues as Bihar CM". Hindustan Times. Patna. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar. "Raman Singh takes oath". The Hindu. 8 December 2003.
Jump up ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran, Shubhomoy Sikdar. "Kejriwal promises to make Delhi graft-free in 5 years". The Hindu. 14 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Nistula Hebbar, Prakash Kamat. "Parrikar takes oath in Goa as SC declines Cong. plea". The Hindu. 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Mahesh Langa. "Vijay Rupani sworn in; Gujarat Cabinet bears Shah’s stamp". The Hindu. 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Sarabjit Pandher. "Khattar sworn in". The Hindu. 26 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Virbhadra Singh sworn in as CM". The Hindu. 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mehbooba Mufti sworn in as J&K's first woman CM". The Hindu. 4 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Amarnath Tewary. "Raghuvar Das assumes office as CM". The Hindu. 28 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siddaramaiah sworn in as Chief Minister of Karnataka". The Hindu. 13 May 2013.
Jump up ^ C. Gouridasan Nair. "Pinarayi takes charge as Kerala Chief Minister". The Hindu. 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Shivraj Chauhan sworn in Chief Minister". The Hindu. 30 November 2005.
Jump up ^ Priyanka Kakodkar. "Uddhav attends Fadnavis swearing-in". The Hindu. 31 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Isha Gupta. "BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister". India Today. 15 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mukul Sangma sworn in as Chief Minister". The Hindu. 21 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Lal Thanhawla sworn in as Mizoram chief minister". The Times of India. 11 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Shurhozelie Liezietsu sworn in as Nagaland Chief Minister". The Hindu. 22 February 2017.
Jump up ^ N. Ramdas. "Naveen Govt. installed". The Hindu. 6 March 2000.
Jump up ^ "Puducherry: V Narayanasamy sworn in as Chief Minister". The Indian Express. 6 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Amarinder Singh sworn in as Punjab CM". The Hindu. 17 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vasundhara swearing-in, a show of strength". The Hindu. 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Pawan Chamling to be longest serving Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 May 2014.
Jump up ^ T. Ramakrishnan. "Edappadi Palaniswami sworn in as Tamil Nadu Chief Minister". The Hindu. 17 February 2017.
Jump up ^ K. Srinivas Reddy. "KCR sworn in; heads cabinet of 11 ministers". The Hindu. 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Manik Sarkar sworn in as Tripura CM". Rediff.com. 11 March 1998.
Jump up ^ "Yogi Adityanath takes oath as Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister". The Hindu. 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Kavita Upadhyay. "Trivendra Singh Rawat takes oath as Uttarakhand Chief Minister". The Hindu. 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mamata, 37 Ministers sworn in". The Hindu. 21 May 2011.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lists of chief ministers of Indian states (and current incumbents)
Andhra Pradesh
N. Chandrababu Naidu
Arunachal Pradesh
Pema Khandu
Assam
Sarbananda Sonowal
Bihar
Nitish Kumar
Chhattisgarh
Raman Singh
Delhi
Arvind Kejriwal
Goa
Manohar Parrikar
Gujarat
Vijay Rupani
Haryana
Manohar Lal Khattar
Himachal Pradesh
Virbhadra Singh
Jammu and Kashmir
Mehbooba Mufti
Jharkhand
Raghubar Das
Karnataka
Siddaramaiah
Kerala
Pinarayi Vijayan
Madhya Pradesh
Shivraj Singh Chouhan
Maharashtra
Devendra Fadnavis
Manipur
N. Biren Singh
Meghalaya
Mukul Sangma
Mizoram
Lal Thanhawla
Nagaland
T. R. Zeliang
Odisha
Naveen Patnaik
Puducherry
V. Narayanasamy
Punjab
Amarinder Singh
Rajasthan
Vasundhara Raje
Sikkim
Pawan Kumar Chamling
Tamil Nadu
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Telangana
K. Chandrasekhar Rao
Tripura
Manik Sarkar
Uttar Pradesh
Yogi Adityanath
Uttarakhand
Trivendra Singh Rawat
West Bengal
Mamata Banerjee
Women chief ministers
From the Bharatiya Janata Party
From the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_chief_ministers&oldid=799395666"
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values: Liste der Chief Minister in Indien – German

values: Anexo:Ministros jefes de India – Spanish

values: ભારતનાં રાજ્યોના મુખ્ય મંત્રીઓ – Gujarati

values: भारतीय राज्यों के वर्तमान मुख्यमंत्रियों की सूची – Hindi

values: Daftar ketua menteri India saat ini – Indonesian

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values: ಭಾರತದ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿಗಳು – Kannada

values: ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിമാരുടെ പട്ടിക – Malayalam

values: भारतामधील राज्यांचे मुख्यमंत्री – Marathi

values: भारतका मुख्यमन्त्रीहरुको सूची – Nepali

values: भारतीयराज्यानां वर्तमानमुख्यमन्त्रिणः – Sanskrit

values: இந்திய மாநிலங்களின் தற்போதைய முதலமைச்சர்கள் – Tamil

values: 现任印度首席部长列表 – Chinese

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