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Stop and identify statutes
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States (colored red) in which Stop and Identify statutes are in effect as of February 20th, 2013.
"Stop and identify" statutes are statutory laws in the United States that authorize police[1] to legally obtain the identification of someone whom they reasonably suspect of having committed a crime. If there is no reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is being committed, or is about to be committed, an individual is not required to provide identification, even in "Stop and ID" states. In the case of Utah v. Strieff (2016), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an officer's stop of Edward Strieff and his demand for identification from Strieff was unlawful under Utah state law, but that the evidence collected pursuant to the stop was admissible due to the determination that Strieff was subject to a pre-existing arrest warrant. Therefore, the pre-existing warrant "attenuated" the unlawful stop-and-identify.
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and requires any warrant to be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968) established that it is constitutionally permissible for police to temporarily detain a person based on an articulable reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, and to conduct a search for weapons based on a reasonable belief that the person is armed. The question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the police to demand that a detainee provide his or her name was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177 (2004), which held that the name disclosure did not violate the Fourth Amendment prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures. The Hiibel Court also held that, because Hiibel had no reasonable belief that his name would be used to incriminate him, the name disclosure did not violate the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination; however, the Court left open the possibility that Fifth Amendment right might apply in situations where there was a reasonable belief that giving a name could be incriminating.[2] The Court accepted the Nevada supreme court interpretation of the Nevada statute that a detained person could satisfy the Nevada law by simply stating his name. The Court did not rule on whether particular identification cards could be required, though it did mention one state law requiring "credible and reliable" identification had been struck down for vagueness.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Police–citizen encounters
1.1 Consensual
1.2 Reasonable Suspicion
1.3 Arrest
2 Obligation to identify
2.1 Variations in "stop and identify" laws
2.2 Interaction with other laws
2.3 Interpretation by courts
2.4 Recommendations of legal-aid organizations
3 Other countries
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Police–citizen encounters[edit]
In the United States, interactions between police and citizens fall into three general categories: consensual ("contact" or "conversation"), detention (often called a Terry stop, after Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968)), or arrest. "Stop and identify" laws pertain to detentions.
Different obligations apply to drivers of motor vehicles, who generally are required by state vehicle codes to present a driver’s license to police upon request.
Consensual[edit]
At any time, police may approach a person and ask questions. The objective may simply be a friendly conversation; however, the police also may suspect involvement in a crime, but lack "specific and articulable facts"[4] that would justify a detention or arrest, and hope to obtain these facts from the questioning. The person approached is not required to identify himself or answer any other questions, and may leave at any time.[5] Police are not usually required to tell a person that he is free to decline to answer questions and go about his business;[6] however, a person can usually determine whether the interaction is consensual by asking, "Am I free to go?"[7][8]
Reasonable Suspicion[edit]
A person is detained when circumstances are such that a reasonable person would believe he is not free to leave.[9]
Police may briefly detain a person if they have reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. Many state laws explicitly grant this authority. In Terry v. Ohio, the U.S. Supreme Court established that police may conduct a limited search for weapons (known as a "frisk") if they reasonably suspect that the person to be detained may be armed and dangerous.
Police may question a person detained in a Terry stop, but in general, the detainee is not required to answer.[10] However, many states have "stop and identify" laws that explicitly require a person detained under the conditions of Terry to identify himself to police, and in some cases, provide additional information.
Before Hiibel, it was unresolved whether a detainee could be arrested and prosecuted for refusing to disclose his name. Authority on this issue was split among the federal circuit courts of appeal,[11] and the U.S. Supreme Court twice expressly refused to address the question.[12] In Hiibel, the Court held, in a 5–4 decision, that a Nevada "stop and identify" law did not violate the United States Constitution. The Court opinion implied that a detainee was not required to produce written identification, but could satisfy the requirement merely by stating his name. Some "stop and identify" laws do not require that a detainee identify himself, but allow refusal to do so to be considered along with other factors in determining whether there is probable cause to arrest. In some states, providing a false name is an offense.[13]
As of February 2011, the Supreme Court has not addressed the validity of requirements that a detainee provide information other than his name, however some states such as Arizona have specifically codified that a detained person is not required to provide any information aside from their full name.
Arrest[edit]
Main article: Arrest
A detention requires only that police have reasonable suspicion that a person is involved in criminal activity. However, to make an arrest, an officer must have probable cause to believe that the person has committed a crime. Some states require police to inform the person of the intent to make the arrest and the cause for the arrest.[14] But it is not always obvious when a detention becomes an arrest. After making an arrest, police may search a person, his or her belongings, and his or her immediate surroundings.
Whether an arrested person must identify himself may depend on the jurisdiction in which the arrest occurs. If a person is under arrest and police wish to question him, they are required to inform the person of his Fifth-Amendment right to remain silent by giving a Miranda warning. However, Miranda does not apply to biographical data necessary to complete booking.[15][16] It is not clear whether a "stop and identify" law could compel giving one’s name after being arrested, although some states have laws that specifically require an arrested person to give his name and other biographical information,[17] and some state courts[18][19] have held that refusal to give one’s name constitutes obstructing a public officer. As a practical matter, an arrested person who refused to give his name would have little chance of obtaining a prompt release.
Obligation to identify[edit]
States with "stop and identify" laws
Alabama Ala. Code §15-5-30
Arizona Ari. Rev. Stat. Tit. 13, §2412 (enacted 2005) & Tit. 28, §1595
Arkansas Ark. Code Ann. [1]§ 5-71-213 - Loitering
Colorado Colo. Rev. Stat. §16-3-103(1)
Delaware Del. Code Ann., Tit. 11, §§1902, 1321(6)
Florida Fla. Stat. §901.151 (Stop and Frisk Law); §856.021(2) (loitering and prowling)
Georgia Ga. Code Ann. §16-11-36(b) (loitering)
Illinois Ill. Comp. Stat., ch. 725, §5/107-14
Indiana Indiana Code §34-28-5-3.5
Kansas Kan. Stat. Ann. §22-2402(1)
Louisiana La. Code Crim. Proc. Ann., Art. 215.1(A); La. Rev. Stat. 14:108(B)(1)(c)
Missouri (Kansas City Only) Mo. Rev. Stat. §84.710(2)
Montana Mont. Code Ann. §46-5-401
Nebraska Neb. Rev. Stat. §29-829
Nevada Nev. Rev. Stat. §171.123
New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. §594:2, §644:6
New Mexico N.M. Stat. Ann. §30-22-3
New York N.Y. Crim. Proc. Law §140.50
North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code §29-29-21 (PDF)
Ohio Ohio Rev. Code §2921.29 (enacted 2006)
Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws §12-7-1
Utah Utah Code Ann. §77-7-15
Vermont Vt. Stat. Ann., Tit. 24, §1983
Wisconsin Wis. Stat. §968.24
States not listed do not have a requirement to show Identification to law enforcement officers. Some states listed have "Stop and ID" laws which may or may not require someone to identify themselves during an investigative detention.
While Wisconsin statutes allow law enforcement officers to "demand" ID, there is no statutory requirement to provide them ID nor is there a penalty for refusing to, hence Wisconsin is not a must ID state (Henes v. Morrissey).[citation needed] Annotations for Wisconsin §968.24, however, state "The principles of Terry permit a state to require a suspect to disclose his or her name in the course of a Terry stop and allow imposing criminal penalties for failing to do so", citing Hiibel as authority. Hiibel held that statutes requiring suspects to disclose their names during police investigations did not violate the Fourth Amendment if the statute first required reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. The Wisconsin Supreme Court held in Henes v. Morrissey that "A crime is made up of two parts: proscribed conduct and a prescribed penalty. "The former without the latter is no crime. ... In this case no statute penalizes a refusal to identify oneself to a law enforcement officer, and no penalty is set forth in the statute for refusing to identify oneself. This statute is part of Chapter 968 entitled "Commencement of Criminal Proceedings. By its very terms sec. 968.24 empowers a law enforcement officer to stop and question "in the vicinity where the person was stopped." The statute does not authorize a law enforcement officer to make an arrest." Additionally Henes v. Morrissey held that a detained person not providing their name isn't on its own a violation of 946.41 Resisting or obstructing officer as the act of not identifying ones self isn't a false statement with intent to mislead the officer in the performance of his or her duty.
Neither is Illinois, since the Illinois Second District Appellate Court Decision in People v. Fernandez, 2011 IL App (2d) 100473, which specifically states that section 107-14 is found in the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963, not the Criminal Code of 1961, and governs the conduct of police officers. The fact remains that there is no corresponding duty in the Criminal Code of 1961 for a suspect to identify himself or herself.[20]
By contrast, in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, 542 U.S. 177, 181 (2004), a Nevada statute (Nev. Rev. Stat. § 171.123 (2003)) specifically required that a person subjected to a Terry stop “shall identify himself.” The Supreme Court held that the statute was constitutional.
As of February 2011, there is no U.S. federal law requiring that an individual identify himself during a Terry stop, but Hiibel held that states may enact such laws, provided the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement,[21] and 24 states have done so.[22] The opinion in Hiibel implied that persons detained by police in jurisdictions with constitutional[23] "stop and identify" laws listed are obligated to identify themselves,[24] and that persons detained in other jurisdictions are not.[25] The issue may not be that simple, however, for several reasons:
The wording of "stop and identify" laws varies considerably from state to state.
Noncompliance with a "stop and identify" law that does not explicitly impose a penalty may constitute violation of another law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer".
State courts have made varying interpretations of both "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws.
Variations in "stop and identify" laws[edit]
Four states’ laws (Arizona, Indiana, Louisiana, and Nevada) explicitly impose an obligation to provide identifying information.
Fifteen states grant police authority to ask questions, with varying wording, but do not explicitly impose an obligation to respond:
In Montana, police "may request" identifying information;
In Ohio, identifying information may be required "when requested"; an obligation exists only when the police suspect a person is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense, is witness to a felony offense, or is witness to an attempt or conspiracy to commit a felony offense;
In 12 states (Alabama, Delaware, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Utah, Wisconsin), police "may demand" identifying information. Of note, though, in New Hampshire for example (RSA 594:2), statutory language authorizing a 'demand' for identity does not establish a legal requirement to provide documentation of identity (ID), or even a requirement to respond in the first place. Further, a law enforcement officer is authorized to make such 'demand' only of individuals for "whom he has reason to suspect is committing, has committed or is about to commit a crime."
Identifying information varies, but typically includes
Name, address, and an explanation of the person’s actions;
In some cases it also includes the person’s intended destination, the person’s date of birth (Indiana and Ohio), or written identification if available (Colorado). Ohio does not require the person's intended destination. Ohio requires only name, address, or date of birth. Date of birth is NOT required if the age of the person is an element to the crime (such as underage drinking, curfew violation, etc...) that the person is reasonably suspected of.[26] Indiana requires either name, address, and date of birth, or driver's license, if on the person's possession, and only applies if the person was stopped for an infraction or ordinance violation.[27]
Arizona law, apparently written specifically to codify the holding in Hiibel, requires a person’s "true full name".
Nevada law, which requires a person to "identify himself or herself", apparently requires only that the person state his or her name.
Texas law requires a person to provide their name, residence address and date of birth if lawfully arrested and asked by police. (A detained person or witness of a crime is not required to provide any identifying information, however it is a crime for a detained person or witness to give a false name.)
In four states (Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, and Rhode Island), failure to identify oneself is one factor to be considered in a decision to arrest. In all but Rhode Island, the consideration arises in the context of loitering or prowling.
Seven states (Arizona, Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Mexico, Ohio, and Vermont) explicitly impose a criminal penalty for noncompliance with the obligation to identify oneself.
As of February 2011, the validity of a law requiring that a person detained provide anything more than stating his or her name has not come before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Interaction with other laws[edit]
In states whose "stop and identify laws" do not directly impose penalties, a lawful arrest must be for violation of some other law, such as one to the effect of "resisting, obstructing, or delaying a peace officer". For example, the Nevada "stop and identify" law challenged in Hiibel did not impose a penalty on a person who refused to comply, but the Justice Court of Union Township, Nevada, determined that Hiibels refusal to identify himself[28] constituted a violation of Nevada "obstructing" law.[29] A similar conclusion regarding the interaction between Utah "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws was reached in Oliver v. Woods (10th Cir. 2000).
Interpretation by courts[edit]
"Stop and identify" laws in different states that appear to be nearly identical may be different in effect because of interpretations by state courts. For example, California "stop and identify" law, Penal Code §647(e) had wording[30][31] similar to the Nevada law upheld in Hiibel, but a California appellate court, in People v. Solomon (1973), 33 Cal.App.3d 429 construed the law to require "credible and reliable" identification that carries a "reasonable assurance" of its authenticity. Using this construction, the U.S. Supreme Court held the law to be void for vagueness in Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983).[32]
Some courts have recognized a distinction authorizing police to demand identifying information and specifically imposing an obligation of a suspect to respond.[33] Other courts have apparently interpreted demand to impose an obligation on the detainee to comply.[34][35]
Wording and interpretation by state courts of "obstructing" laws also varies; for example, New York "obstructing" law[36] apparently requires physical rather than simply verbal obstruction;[37][38] likewise, a violation of the Colorado "obstructing" law appears to require use or threat of use of physical force. However, the Colorado Supreme Court held in Dempsey v. People, No. 04SC362 (2005) (PDF) that refusing to provide identification was an element in the "totality of the circumstances" that could constitute obstructing an officer, even when actual physical interference was not employed.[39] Utah "obstructing" law does not require a physical act, but merely a failure to follow a "lawful order . . . necessary to effect the . . . detention";[40] a divided court in Oliver v. Woods concluded that failure to present identification constituted a violation of that law.[35]
It is not universally agreed that, absent a "stop and identify law", there is no obligation for a detainee to identify himself. For example, as the U.S. Supreme Court noted in Hiibel, California "stop and identify" statute was voided in Kolender v. Lawson. But in People v. Long,[41] decided four years after Kolender, a California appellate court found no constitutional impropriety in a police officer’s demand for written identification from a detainee. The issue before the Long court was a request for suppression of evidence uncovered in a search of the defendant’s wallet, so the issue of refusal to present identification was not directly addressed; however, the author of the Long opinion had apparently concluded in a 1980 case that failure to identify oneself did not provide a basis for arrest.[42] Nonetheless, some cite Long in maintaining that refusal to present written identification constitutes obstructing an officer.[43] Others disagree, and maintain that persons detained by police in California cannot be compelled to identify themselves.[44]
Some courts, e.g., State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979)[45] and People v. Loudermilk (Calif. 1987)[46] have held that police may perform a search for written identification if a suspect refuses to provide it; a later California decision, People v. Garcia (2006) strongly disagreed.[47]
Recommendations of legal-aid organizations[edit]
Some legal organizations, such as the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU of Northern California, recommend to either remain silent or to identify oneself whether or not a jurisdiction has a "stop and identify" law:
And in any state, police do not always follow the law, and refusing to give your name may make them suspicious and lead to your arrest, so use your judgment. If you fear that your name may be incriminating, you can claim the right to remain silent, and if you are arrested, this may help you later. Giving a false name could be a crime.[48]
In a more recent pamphlet, the ACLU of Northern California elaborated on this further, recommending that a person detained by police should:
. . . give your name and the information on your drivers’ license. If you don’t, you may be arrested, even though the arrest may be illegal.[49]
Other countries[edit]
Main article: List of national identity card policies by country
Many countries allow police to demand identification and arrest people who do not carry any. Normally these countries provide all residents with national identity cards, which have the identity information the police would want to know, including citizenship. Foreign visitors need to have their passport available to show at all times. In some cases national identity cards from certain other countries are accepted.
For example, in Portugal it is compulsory to carry the state ID card at all times. This card named Cartão de Cidadão - Citizen Card is an electronic card which includes biometric information, id number, social security number, fiscal information, place of birth, etc. Police can only ask for the ID card in public or a place open to public and only if there is a reasonable suspicion the person committed a crime. A certified copy of the ID card can be presented in such situations. If a citizen does not carry the ID card or its certified copy, the police will escort the person to the police department to remain detained until clear identification can be obtained.[50]
See also[edit]
Brown v. Texas
Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
Kolender v. Lawson
Miranda v. Arizona
Loitering
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Although police and police officer are used throughout this article, most "stop and identify" laws use the term peace officer (or sometimes law enforcement officer). In general, peace officers are state civil officers charged with preserving the public peace and granted the authority to do so. Peace officers normally include police officers, sheriffs and sheriffs' deputies, marshals, constables, and often many other persons; those included vary among the states.
Jump up ^ In upholding Hiibel's conviction, the Court noted,
In this case petitioner’s refusal to disclose his name was not based on any articulated real and appreciable fear that his name would be used to incriminate him.... As best we can tell, petitioner refused to identify himself only because he thought his name was none of the officer’s business. — 542 U.S. at 190
But the Court did leave open the possibility of different circumstances:
Still, a case may arise where there is a substantial allegation that furnishing identity at the time of a stop would have given the police a link in the chain of evidence needed to convict the individual of a separate offense. In that case, the court can then consider whether the privilege applies, and, if the Fifth Amendment has been violated, what remedy must follow. We need not resolve those questions here. — 542 U.S. at 191
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada, Justice Kennedy stated,
Here the Nevada statute is narrower and more precise. The statute in Kolender had been interpreted to require a suspect to give the officer "credible and reliable" identification. In contrast, the Nevada Supreme Court has interpreted NRS §171.123(3) to require only that a suspect disclose his name. — 542 U.S. at 184–185
Justice Kennedy continued,
As we understand it, the statute does not require a suspect to give the officer a drivers license or any other document. Provided that the suspect either states his name or communicates it to the officer by other means—a choice, we assume, that the suspect may make—the statute is satisfied and no violation occurs. — 542 U.S. at 185
Writing for the Nevada Supreme Court in Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., Chief Justice Young said,
The suspect is not required to provide private details about his background, but merely to state his name to an officer when reasonable suspicion exists. — 118 Nev. 868 at 875
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Terry v. Ohio, Chief Justice Warren stated,
And in justifying the particular intrusion the police officer must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion. — 392 U.S. at 21
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Florida v. Royer 460 U.S. 491 (1983), Justice White stated,
The person approached, however, need not answer any question put to him; indeed, he may decline to listen to the questions at all and may go on his way. — 460 U.S. at 497–498
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 (1980) Justice Stewart stated,
Our conclusion that no seizure occurred is not affected by the fact that the respondent was not expressly told by the agents that she was free to decline to cooperate with their inquiry, for the voluntariness of her responses does not depend upon her having been so informed. — 446 U.S. at 555
Jump up ^ The ACLU publication Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement states,
You can say, "I do not want to talk to you" and walk away calmly. Or, if you do not feel comfortable doing that, you can ask if you are free to go. If the answer is yes, you can consider just walking away. Do not run from the officer. If the officer says you are not under arrest, but you are not free to go, then you are being detained.
Jump up ^ If the encounter is consensual, a person approached need not actually leave to terminate the encounter, but may simply ignore police. In Michigan v. Chesternut, 486 U.S. 567 (1988), Justice Blackmun explained the Court’s holding that Chesternut had not been detained, stating that the police conduct "would not have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business." — 486 U.S. at 569
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544 (1980) Justice Stewart stated:
We conclude that a person has been "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave. — 446 U.S. at 554
Jump up ^ In a concurring opinion in Terry v. Ohio, Justice White stated that a person detained can be questioned but is "not obliged to answer, answers may not be compelled, and refusal to answer furnishes no basis for an arrest." This opinion, in turn, was cited in many later cases, including Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420 (1984).
Jump up ^ In describing the split authority among the federal appellate court circuits in Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., the Nevada Supreme Court stated:
In Oliver v. Woods, [209 F.3d 1179, 1190 (10th Cir. 2000)] the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a Utah statute that requires individuals to produce identification to an officer during an investigatory stop. However, in Carey v. Nevada Gaming Control Board [279 F.3d 873, 881 (9th Cir. 2002)], the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that NRS 171.123(3) violates the Fourth Amendment because " ‘the serious intrusion on personal security outweighs the mere possibility that identification [might] provide a link leading to arrest.’ "
Jump up ^ In Hiibel v. Dist. Ct., the Nevada Supreme Court noted that the U.S. Supreme Court declined to address the issue of identification in Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47 (1979), at 53 n.3 ("We need not decide whether an individual may be punished for refusing to identify himself in the context of a lawful investigatory stop which satisfies Fourth Amendment requirements."); and Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352 (1983), 361–62 n.10 (holding that a California statute was unconstitutional on vagueness grounds, but refusing to consider whether the statute violated the Fourth Amendment).
Jump up ^ Texas does not require a detainee to identify himself unless he has been lawfully arrested, but does make it a crime to provide a false name. Texas Penal Code § 38.02 reads, in relevant part,
(b) A person commits an offense if he intentionally gives a false or fictitious name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has:
(1) lawfully arrested the person;
(2) lawfully detained the person; or
(3) requested the information from a person that the peace officer has good cause to believe is a witness to a criminal offense.
Jump up ^ California Penal Code § 841, states, in relevant part,
The person making the arrest must inform the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest him, of the cause of the arrest, and the authority to make it . . .
Jump up ^ In Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 496 U.S. 582 (1990), the Court cited the Brief for United States as Amicus Curiae 12 quoting United States v. Horton, 873 F.2d 180, 181, n. 2 [CA8 1989]),
the questions fall within a "routine booking question" exception which exempts from Miranda coverage questions to secure the "'biographical data necessary to complete booking or pretrial services.'" — 496 U.S. at 601–602
Jump up ^ The Fifth Amendment prohibits only communication that is testimonial, incriminating, and compelled; see United States v. Hubbell, 530 U.S. 27 (2000), at 34–38. Hiibel held that, in the circumstances of the case, a person’s name is not incriminating, and consequently is not protected by the Fifth-Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. — 530 U.S. at 34–38
Jump up ^ Texas Penal Code, Title 8, §38.02(a), reads
A person commits an offense if he intentionally refuses to give his name, residence address, or date of birth to a peace officer who has lawfully arrested the person and requested the information.
Giving false information is a related, and usually more serious offense (under Subsection [b], noted above), and applies to detainees as well as arrestees.
Jump up ^ In People v. Quiroga (1993) 16 Cal.App.4th 961, the Court held that refusal to disclose one’s identity following a felony arrest constituted obstructing an officer:
These statutory provisions lead to the conclusion that a refusal to disclose personal identification following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction cannot constitute a violation of [California] Penal Code section 148. . . . Section 148 can reasonably be construed as applying to nondisclosure of identity following arrest for felonies, but not minor offenses, if this exception applies to the provisions cited above dealing with arrests for minor offenses. — 16 Cal.App.4th 961, 970
Similar refusal following arrest for a misdemeanor or infraction did not violate the statute because the Legislature had "established other ways of dealing with such nondisclosure".
Jump up ^ In Burkes v. State (Fla. 2d DCA 1998), Case No. 97-00552, the Court, in affirming the appellant’s conviction for violation of § 843.02, Florida Statutes, "Resisting officer without violence to his or her person", stated:
The most compelling argument we discern for answering this question in the affirmative is that the right to remain silent means just that and has no exceptions. We, nevertheless, conclude that after an individual has been lawfully arrested, he must provide his name or otherwise identify himself when asked by law enforcement officers.
Jump up ^ http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/2ndDistrict/December/2100473.pdf
Jump up ^ The Hiibel Court held, "The principles of Terry permit a State to require a suspect to disclose his name in the course of a Terry stop." — 542 U.S. at 187
Jump up ^ The opinion in Hiibel included a list of 21 states with "stop and identify" laws. For some reason, the Indiana law was not included in the list; the Arizona and Ohio laws have been enacted since Hiibel was decided. The Texas law only applies to arrested persons.
Jump up ^ "Constitutional" means that the law requires the officer to have reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal involvement. See Hiibel.
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in Hiibel, Justice Kennedy stated, "the source of the legal obligation [to identify oneself] arises from Nevada state law". — 542 U.S. at 187
Jump up ^ In Hiibel, Justice Kennedy stated, "In other States, a suspect may decline to identify himself without penalty.″ — 542 U.S. at 183
Jump up ^ "Lawriter - ORC - 2921.29 Failure to disclose personal information.". State of Ohio Codes.
Jump up ^ Assembly, Indiana General. "Indiana Code 2016 - Indiana General Assembly, 2016 Session".
Jump up ^ The opinion noted that Hiibel was asked to provide identification, which the Court understood as a request to produce a driver’s license or some other form of written identification, 11 different times; however, it did not indicate that Hiibel was ever asked simply to identify himself.
Jump up ^ NRS §199.280 provides a penalty for a person who "willfully resists, delays or obstructs a public officer in discharging or attempting to discharge any legal duty of his office"
Jump up ^ California stop-and-identify law in Penal Code §647(e) was repealed several years after 1983 and the sub-sections re-lettered, so the current Penal Code §647(e) is what used to be Penal Code §647(f). Also, do not confuse Penal Code §647(e) with Penal Code §647e.
Jump up ^ (voided in Kolender v. Lawson), read, in relevant part,
Every person who commits any of the following acts is guilty of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor: . . . (e) who loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business and who refuses to identify himself and to account for his presence when requested by any peace officer so to do, if the surrounding circumstances are such as to indicate to a reasonable man that the public safety demands such identification.
Jump up ^ In voiding California Penal Code §647(e) in Kolender v. Lawson, Justice O’Connor, writing for the Court, noted that
Section 647(e), as presently drafted and as construed by the state courts, contains no standard for determining what a suspect has to do in order to satisfy the requirement to provide a "credible and reliable" identification. As such, the statute vests virtually complete discretion in the hands of the police to determine whether the suspect has satisfied the statute. — 461 U.S. at 358
Jump up ^ Writing for the Court in People v. Love, 318 Ill.App.3d 534 (2000), rev'd on other grounds, People v. Love, No. 90806 (2002), Justice O’Brien stated,
The State next argues that the officer’s order was a justifiable means of compelling defendant to state her name pursuant to section 107-14, which provides that an officer making a Terry stop may "demand the name and address of the person and an explanation of his actions." 725 ILCS 5/107-14 (West 1992). However, while section 107-14 states that an officer may "demand" the defendant’s name, it does not provide that the officer may compel a response. Further, the United States Supreme Court has stated in the context of a Terry stop: "[T]he officer may ask the detainee a moderate number of questions to determine his identity and to try to obtain information confirming or dispelling the officer’s suspicions. But the detainee is not obliged to respond." (Emphasis added.) Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 438, 82 L. Ed. 2d 317, 334, 104 S. Ct. 3138, 3150 (1984).
Noting Berkemer v. McCarty (and Justice White’s concurring opinion in Terry that Berkemer quoted), the Hiibel Court stated, "We do not read these statements as controlling" (542 U.S. at 187), so Love is probably weakened to the extent that it relies on Berkemer.
Jump up ^ In Cady v. Sheahan (7th Cir. 2006), the Court stated,
In Hiibel, the Supreme Court held that states are permitted to statutorily authorize the demand for identification during a Terry stop, and to require compliance with such demand. 542 U.S. at 188, 124 S.Ct. 2451. Cady’s identity was relevant to the purpose of the stop and the officers did not exceed the scope of the stop by requesting identification. [footnotes omitted]
^ Jump up to: a b Writing for the Court in Oliver v. Woods, 209 F.3d 1179 (10th Cir. 2000), Judge Brorby stated,
Section 76-8-305 does not require the use of force; mere refusal to perform any act required by a lawful order necessary to effect the detention is sufficient to constitute a violation of § 76-8-305. Moreover, an individual who merely refuses to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention violates this section. . . . Thus, Officer Woods gave a lawful order when he told Mr. Oliver to present identification and to remain in the parking lot while he conducted the investigation. By refusing to present identification, Mr. Oliver refused to perform an act required by lawful order, necessary to effect the detention.
Jump up ^ New Yorks "obstructing" law, NY Consolidated Laws Penal (PEN) §195.05, reads, in relevant part,
A person is guilty of obstructing governmental administration when he intentionally obstructs, impairs or perverts the administration of law or other governmental function, or prevents or attempts to prevent a public servant from performing an official function, by means of intimidation, physical force or interference, or by means of any independently unlawful act
Jump up ^ In People v. Offen, 408 N.Y.S.2d 914, 96 Misc.2d 147 (1978), Judge Hertz stated,
An essential element of the crime of obstructing governmental administration, to be charged in an information, must be an act of either (1) intimidation or (2) physical force or interference or (3) an independently unlawful act.
Plainly, ignoring an officer’s request for identification is not a crime, nor does that act supply any such element. Though it is clear that such conduct risks pursuit and arrest, no crime has been charged here. — 96 Misc.2d at 150
Jump up ^ See When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? under External links for an analysis of New York "stop and identify" and "obstructing" laws by Just Cause Law Collective lawyer Katya Komisaruk.
Jump up ^ Colorado "obstructing" law, Colorado Revised Statutes §18-8-104(1), reads, in relevant part,
A person commits obstructing a peace officer . . . when by using or threatening to use violence, force, physical interference, or an obstacle, such person knowingly obstructs, impairs, or hinders the enforcement of the penal law or the preservation of the peace by a peace officer, acting under color of his or her official authority.
Jump up ^ Utah "obstructing" law, Utah Code §76-8-305, reads as follows:
Interference with arresting officer.
A person is guilty of a class B misdemeanor if he has knowledge, or by the exercise of reasonable care should have knowledge, that a peace officer is seeking to effect a lawful arrest or detention of that person or another and interferes with the arrest or detention by:
(1) use of force or any weapon;
(2) the arrested person’s refusal to perform any act required by lawful order:
(a) necessary to effect the arrest or detention; and
(b) made by a peace officer involved in the arrest or detention; or
(3) the arrested person’s or another person’s refusal to refrain from performing any act that would impede the arrest or detention.
Jump up ^ In People v. Long (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 77, Justice Agliano wrote,
The voluntary display of identification is a routine experience for most of us. Measured against the obvious and substantial need for police recording the identity of a person suspected of having committed a crime, we find reasonable the minimal intrusion involved here in requiring the production of identification. In addition, defendant’s oral statement of his name was suspect when he insisted he had no identification while appearing to carry a wallet and, in addition, he seemed intoxicated. — 189 Cal.App.3d at 88
Jump up ^ In In re Gregory S. (1980), 112 Cal.App.3d 764, Justice Agliano wrote
We find no authority to support the court’s legal conclusion that a person who merely refuses to identify himself or to answer questions in a context similar to that before us thereby violates Penal Code section 148 or otherwise furnishes ground for arrest.
The Legislature has required citizen self-identification in prescribed situations. Vehicle Code section 40302 calls for the production of a driver’s license or identification upon arrest for a violation of that code; Vehicle Code section 12951 requires production of a driver’s license by the driver of a motor vehicle upon the request of an officer. Penal Code section 647, subdivision (e) imposes a duty to identify oneself when such person loiters or wanders upon the streets or from place to place without apparent reason or business, and the surrounding circumstances reasonably indicate that the public safety demands identification. Section 647, subdivision (e) was held valid in People v. Solomon (1973) 33 Cal.App.3d 429 [108 Cal.Rptr. 867], in which strong consideration was given to the legislatively declared governmental purpose to be served by identification when the conditions described in the statute exist. (Id, at p. 436; see also California v. Byers (1971) 402 U.S. 424 [29 L.Ed.2d 9, 91 S.Ct. 1535].) None of the statutory conditions requiring identification existed in this case. — 112 Cal.App.3d at 779
Note: Penal Code 647, subdivision (e) was voided by the U.S. Supreme Court in Kolender v. Lawson (1983).
Jump up ^ Shortly after Hiibel was decided, the Alameda County (California) District Attorney's Office provided a case analysis (PDF) maintaining that refusal to identify oneself and provide written identification (if available) constitutes a violation of Penal Code §148(a)(1), resisting, delaying, or obstructing an officer. The topic is further discussed in the 2010 edition of Point of View.
Jump up ^ The California Peace Officers Legal Sourcebook ("CPOLS"; written by the office of the California Attorney General) maintains that failure to identify oneself does not constitute a violation of California Penal Code §148(a)(1), resisting, delaying, or obstructing a peace officer:
Unlike Nevada and other states, California does not have a statute mandating that a detainee identify himself, and that obligation cannot be read into Penal Code section 148. . . . Hiibel does not provide a means of arresting someone for failing or refusing to identify himself. (Revision 176, 9/15/2014, p. 2.14a; page last revised 1/10)
Jump up ^ In State v. Flynn (1979) 92 Wis.2d 427 [285 N.W.2d 710, 718], cert. den. 449 U.S. 846, the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that the Terry limitation of a search "to an intrusion reasonably designed to discover guns, knives, clubs, or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer." (392 U.S. at 29) was limited to the specific circumstances of Terry. Chief Justice Beilfuss wrote,
It is clear from the language itself that the court’s holding in Terry was limited to the precise situation before it. The court did not say that the sole justification for any search on less than probable cause is the protection of the police officer and others, but that that was the sole justification of the search in the situation then before it. The situation before us is significantly different.
Jump up ^ In People v. Loudermilk (1987) 195 Cal.App.3d 996, Justice Low stated,
Neither case [Kolender v. Lawson or Brown v. Texas] could be interpreted to prevent a police officer from demanding that a Terry suspect produce proof of identification. Further, nothing in those or other cases cited by defendant prevents an officer from seizing a wallet found during a lawful patdown search after that suspect has lied to the officer that he had no identification. — 195 Cal.App.3d at 1003
Justice Low noted the similarity to Flynn, and continued,
We must emphasize that we do not hold that a suspect may be detained and searched merely because he either refused to identify himself or refused to produce proof of identification. Nor do we hold that each time an officer conducts a Terry stop he may immediately conduct a search for identification. The rule we announce does not provide officers with unfettered discretion and does not open citizens to harassment. — 195 Cal.App.3d at 1004
Jump up ^ In People v. Garcia (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 782, Justice Yegan, noting State v. Flynn (Wis. 1979) and State v. Wilcox (N.J. 1981), stated,
We need not look to other jurisdictions to decide this case. We would have to indulge in legal legerdemain to justify a patdown search for identification. In fact, it would require a rewriting of Terry v. Ohio, supra, which we could not and would not undertake even if we were so inclined. Here, the record is devoid of any concern that appellant was armed and dangerous. The sole reason for the patdown was to gather evidence of identification.
A fair reading of Terry v. Ohio, and its reference to the lower court opinion in State v. Terry show that the "frisk" allowable upon a proper showing was " ‘. . . only a "frisk" for a dangerous weapon. It by no means authorizes a search for contraband, evidentiary material, or anything else in the absence of reasonable grounds to arrest. Such a search is controlled by requirements of the Fourth Amendment, and probable cause is essential.’ " (Terry v. Ohio, supra, 392 U.S. at p. 16, fn. 12 [20 L. Ed. 2d at p. 903, fn. 12.) Our own Supreme Court has unanimously so held. (People v. Lawler (1973) 9 Cal.3d 156, 161 [pat-down search "only" for weapons].) If stare decisis means anything (and it does) and if the word only means only (and it does), the trial court was required to grant this suppression motion as a matter of law. (Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal.2d 450.) — 145 Cal.App.4th at 788
Jump up ^ "Know Your Rights! What to Do if Questioned by Police, FBI, Customs Agents or Immigration Officers" (pdf). National Lawyers Guild, S.F. Bay Area Chapter; ACLU of Northern California; American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee. August 2004. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Your Rights and the Police". ACLU of Northern California. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ www.view.pt), VIEW. (info@view.pt -. "Um cidadão traz habitualmente consigo apenas uma fotocópia do cartão de cidadão ou do bilhete de identidade. Se a autoridade lhe exigir a identificação, pode estar descansado? - Direitos e Deveres dos Cidadãos".
External links[edit]
ACLU "Bust Card" What To Do If You’re Stopped By The Police
ACLU Know Your Rights When Encountering Law Enforcement
10 Rules for Dealing with Police from FlexYourRights.org, a 501(c)(3) educational nonprofit organization.
California Codes
Colorado Revised Statutes
Nevada Revised Statutes
New York Legislature Source for New York State Laws
Stop-and-Identify Laws from Police Chief magazine
Suspects Who Refuse to Identify Themselves from Police Chief magazine
The Identity Project: Hiibel
When Do You Have to Give Your Name at the RNC Protests? An analysis of New York's "stop and identify" law.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_and_identify_statutes&oldid=801757213"
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Cold urticaria
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cold urticaria
Allergic urticaria on leg in the form of hives induced by cold.
Classification and external resources
Specialty
dermatology
ICD-10
L50.2 (ILDS L50.210)
ICD-9-CM
708.2
OMIM
120100
DiseasesDB
4688
[edit on Wikidata]
Cold urticaria (essentially meaning "cold hives") is a disorder where hives (urticaria) or large red welts form on the skin after exposure to a cold stimulus.[1] The welts are usually itchy and often the hands and feet will become itchy and swollen as well. Hives vary in size from about 7mm in diameter to as big as about 27mm diameter or larger. The disease is classified as chronic when hives appear for longer than 6 weeks; they can last for life, though their course is often unpredictable. This disorder, or perhaps two disorders with the same clinical manifestations, can be inherited (familial cold urticaria) or acquired[2] (primary acquired cold urticaria). The acquired form is most likely to occur between ages 18–25, although it can occur as early as 5 years old in some cases.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Primary cold contact urticaria
1.2 Secondary cold contact urticaria
1.3 Reflex cold urticaria
1.4 Familial cold urticaria
2 Symptoms
3 Cause
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
6 Situations when reactions may occur
7 See also
8 References
Types[edit]
Cold urticaria may be divided into the following types:[3]
Primary cold contact urticaria[edit]
Primary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by weals, and occurs in rainy, windy weather, and after swimming in cold water and after contact with cold objects, including ice cubes.[3]
Secondary cold contact urticaria[edit]
Secondary cold contact urticaria is a cutaneous condition characterized by weals, due to serum abnormalities such as cryoglobulinemia or cryofibrinogenemia are extremely rare, and are then associated with other manifestations such as Raynaud's phenomenon or purpura.[3]
Reflex cold urticaria[edit]
Reflex cold urticaria is a cutaneous condition in which generalized cooling of the body induces widespread wealing.[3]
Familial cold urticaria[edit]
Familial cold urticaria
Classification and external resources
Specialty
dermatology
ICD-10
L50.2 (ILDS L50.220)
OMIM
120100
MeSH
D056587
[edit on Wikidata]
Familial cold urticaria (also properly known as familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, FCAS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by rash, conjunctivitis, fever/chills and arthralgias[4] elicited by exposure to cold - sometimes temperatures below 22 °C (72 °F).[3][5]
It has been mapped to CIAS1[6] and is a slightly milder member of the disease family including Muckle–Wells syndrome and NOMID. It is rare and is estimated as having a prevalence of 1 per million people and mainly affects Americans and Europeans.[7]
FCAS is one of the cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) caused by mutations in the CIAS1/NALP3 (aka NLRP3) gene at location 1q44.[8][9][10] The disease was described in The Lancet Volume 364[11] by Hoffman H.M.[12] et al.
The effect of FCAS on the quality of life of patients is far reaching. A survey of patients in the United States in 2008 found, "To cope with their underlying disease and to try to avoid symptomatic, painful, flares patients reported limiting their work, school, family, and social activities. Seventy-eight percent of survey participants described an impact of the disease on their work, including absenteeism and impaired job advancement; frequently, they quit their job as a consequence of their disease".[13]
Treatment using anakinra (Kineret) has been shown effective for FCAS, although this does mean daily injections of the immunosuppressant into an area such as the lower abdomen.[14][15] The monoclonal antibody canakinumab (Ilaris) is also used.[16]
Symptoms[edit]
Hives on the back from exposure to cold air on an individual with cold allergy. The hives were induced by riding a stationary bike shirtless for an hour next to a door cracked open on a cool day. The temperature of the air flowing in was around 10C (50F). The lighter band at chest height was covered by a heart rate monitor strap.
When the body is exposed to the cold in individuals afflicted by the condition, hives appear and the skin in the affected area typically becomes itchy. Hives result from dilation of capillaries which allow fluid to flow out into the surrounding tissue which is the epidermis.They resolve when the body absorbs this fluid.[17] The border of a hive is described as polycyclic, or made up of many circles, and changes as fluid leaks out and then is absorbed.[18] Pressing on a hive causes the skin to blanch distinguishing it from a bruise or papule. Hives can last for a few minutes or a few days, and vary from person to person. Also, a burning sensation occurs. During a severe reaction, low blood pressure, which can be life-threatening, can occur. A serious reaction is most likely to occur if the hives occur with less than 3 minutes of exposure (during a cold test).[19]
Cause[edit]
The hives are a histamine reaction in response to cold stimuli, including a drastic drop in temperature, cold air, and cold water. There are many causes for cold hives, most are idiopathic (meaning they have no known cause). Some rare conditions[specify] can cause cold hives, and it can be useful to test for these conditions if the cold hives are in any way unusual.
Scientists from the USA National Institutes of Health have identified a genetic mutation in three unrelated families that causes a rare immune disorder characterized by excessive and impaired immune function: immune deficiency, autoimmunity, inflammatory skin disorders and cold-induced hives (cold urticaria).
"The mutation discovered occurs in a gene for phospholipase C-gamma2 (PLCG2), an enzyme involved in the activation of immune cells. The investigators have named the condition PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, or PLAID."[20]
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis is typically obtained by an allergist or other licensed practitioner performing a cold test. During the cold test, a piece of ice is held against the forearm, typically for 3–4 minutes. A positive result is a specific looking mark of raised red hives. The hives may be the shape of the ice, or it may radiate from the contact area of the ice.[21]
" However, while these techniques assist in diagnosis, they do not provide information about temperature and stimulation time thresholds at which patients will start to develop symptoms."[21]
which is essential because it can establish disease severity and monitor the effectiveness of treatment.[21]
Treatment[edit]
The first-line therapy in ColdU, as recommended by EAACI/GA2 LEN/EDF/WAO guidelines, is symptomatic relief with second-generation H1- antihistamines. if standard doses are ineffective increasing up to 4-fold is recommended to control symptoms.[22]
The second-generation H1-antihistamine, rupatadine, was found to significantly reduce the development of chronic cold urticaria symptom without an increase in adverse effects using 20 and 40 mg.[21]
Allergy medications containing antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), cetirizine (Zyrtec), loratidine (Claritin), cyproheptadine (Periactin), and fexofenadine (Allegra) may be taken orally to prevent and relieve some of the hives (depending on the severity of the allergy).[23] For those who have severe anaphylactic reactions, a prescribed medicine such as doxepin, which is taken daily, should help to prevent and/or lessen the likelihood of a reaction and thus, anaphylaxis. There are also topical antihistamine creams which are used to help relieve hives in other conditions, but there is not any documentation stating it will relieve hives induced by cold temperature.
Cold hives can result in a potentially serious, or even fatal, systemic reaction (anaphylactic shock). People with cold hives may have to carry an injectable form of epinephrine (like Epi-pen or Twinject) for use in the event of a serious reaction.[citation needed] The best treatment for this allergy is avoiding exposure to cold temperature.[24]
Studies have found that Omalizumab (Xolair) may be an effective and safe treatment to cold urticaria for patient who do not sufficiently respond to standard treatments.[25]
Ebastine has been proposed as an approach to prevent acquired cold urticaria.[26]
Situations when reactions may occur[edit]
Cold weather/Snow: Exposure to cold or cool air for more than a few minutes can trigger a reaction.
Sweat: A reaction may even occur on a warm day when there is sweat on the skin. If there is a breeze it will rapidly cool the skin and create hives.
Cold/Cool IV Lines: While in the hospital, inserting IV lines that have been refrigerated or are cool into individuals who are allergic to cold temperature can/may result in pain within the limb the IV is placed and a line of hives may appear within a radius of 6-8 inches from the IV site in the pattern of a line going up the limb.
Swimming: Swimming can be especially dangerous as the rapid heart rate combined with the onset of hives can lead to hypotension.
Air Conditioning: Entering a cool building during a summer day can result in an allergic reaction to exposed areas of skin, congestion from breathing the cool air and possibly feeling fatigued.
Cold Foods/Drinks: Eating or drinking cold or cool substances such as ice cream or even iced tea may result in the individuals tongue and surrounding tissues swelling.
Cool/Cold Surfaces: Sitting on sidewalks which are cool, leaning on or grabbing a cold pole will result in hives forming on the area which had contact with the cool surfaces.
Restriction of Blood Flow: Typing or other activities which tense muscles and reduce blood flow can cool the body parts enough to cause itching and hives.
Blood Flow: While putting hands or feet in hot water nails turn purple/white until the body gets used to the temperature.
See also[edit]
Amyloidosis
Cholinergic urticaria, a similar hives reaction in response to heat
Diascopy
Erythema
Goose bumps, an unrelated, normal response to cold temperatures
List of cutaneous conditions
Skin lesion
Plaid syndrome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Jeff H., and Charles B. Toner. "Successful Treatment of Disabling Cholinergic Urticaria." Military Medicine 173.2 (2008): 217-20. Web
Jump up ^ Siebenhaar F, Weller K, : clinical picture and update on diagnosis and treatment (May 2007). "Acquired cold urticaria: Clinical picture and update on diagnosis and treatment". Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 32 (3): 241–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02376.x. PMID 17355280. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. 267–8. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
Jump up ^ Tunca, Ozdogan, Mehmet, Huri. "Molecular and Genetic Characteristics of Hereditary Autoinflammatory" (PDF). Molecular and Genetic Characteristics of Hereditary Autoinflammatory. Betham Science. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
Jump up ^ James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
Jump up ^ Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD (November 2001). "Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome". Nat. Genet. 29 (3): 301–5. doi:10.1038/ng756. PMC 4322000  . PMID 11687797.
Jump up ^ Home Reference, Genetics. "Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome". Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
Jump up ^ CAPS, Community (2008-01-01). "Familial Cold Auto-inflammatory Syndrome (FCAS): Fact Sheet". Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
Jump up ^ HGNC, HUGO. "Gene Name Database". Gene Name Database. Wellcome Foundation.
Jump up ^ Protein Data Bank (PDB), RSCB. "1q44". Crystal Structure of an Arabidopsis Thaliana Putative Steroid Sulphotransferase. RCSB. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, H.M.; et al. (2004). "Prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist". Lancet. 364: 1779–1785. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17401-1.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Harold. "Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, UC San Diego". The prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in cold auto-inflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. The Lancet vol 364.
Jump up ^ Stych, B; Dobrovolny, D (2008). "Familial cold auto-inflammatory syndrome (FCAS): characterization of symptomatology and impact on patients' lives". Curr Med Res Opin. 24 (6): 1577–82. doi:10.1185/03007990802081543. PMID 18423104.
Jump up ^ Ross JB; Finlayson, LA; Klotz, PJ; Langley, RG; Gaudet, R; Thompson, K; Churchman, SM; McDermott, MF; Hawkins, PN; et al. (2010-02-01). "Use of anakinra (Kineret) in the treatment of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome with a 16-month follow-up". Journal of cutaneous medicine and surgery. 12 (1): 8–16. PMID 18258152.
Jump up ^ Samy K Metyas, Hal M Hoffman (2008-02-01). "Anakinra prevents symptoms of familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Raynaud's disease". Journal of Rheumatology. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
Jump up ^ Walsh, GM (2009). "Canakinumab for the treatment of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes". Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998). 45 (10): 731–5. doi:10.1358/dot.2009.45.10.1436882. PMID 20069137.
Jump up ^ citation needed
Jump up ^ Bailey Evan, Shaker Marcus (2008). "An Update on Childhood Urticaria and Angioedema". Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 20 (4): 425–30. doi:10.1097/mop.0b013e328305e262.
Jump up ^ Soter Nicholas A.; Wasserman Stephen I.; Austen K. Frank (1976). "Cold Urticaria: Release into the Circulation of Histamine and Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor of Anaphylaxis during Cold Challenge". New England Journal of Medicine N Engl J Med. 294 (13): 687–90. doi:10.1056/nejm197603252941302.
Jump up ^ News published on the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) website (Jan. 11, 2012)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Abajian M.; Curto-Barredo L.; Krause K.; Santamaria E.; Izquierdo I.; Church M.; Maurer M.; Giménez-Arnau A. (2016). "Rupatadine 20 Mg and 40 Mg Are Effective in Reducing the Symptoms of Chronic Cold Urticaria". Acta Dermato Venereologica Acta Derm Venerol. 96 (1): 56–59. doi:10.2340/00015555-2150.
Jump up ^ Zuberbier T, Aberer W, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C, Brzoza Z, Canonica GW, et al. (2014). "The EAACI/GA(2) LEN/EDF/WAO Guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria: the 2013 revision and update". Allergy. 69: 868–887. doi:10.1111/all.12313. PMID 24785199.
Jump up ^ Mahmoudi M (May 2001). "Cold-induced urticaria". J Am Osteopath Assoc. 101 (5 Suppl): S1–4. PMID 11409259.
Jump up ^ "Cold urticaria - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
Jump up ^ Brodská P, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. "Treatment of severe cold contact urticaria with omalizumab: case reports". Case Rep Dermatol. 4: 275–80. doi:10.1159/000346284. PMC 3551415  . PMID 23341807.
Jump up ^ Magerl M, Schmolke J, Siebenhaar F, Zuberbier T, Metz M, Maurer M (December 2007). "Acquired cold urticaria symptoms can be safely prevented by ebastine". Allergy. 62 (12): 1465–8. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01500.x. PMID 17900265.
[hide]
v
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Urticaria and erythema (L50–L54, 695, 708)
Urticaria
(acute/chronic)
Allergic urticaria
Urticarial allergic eruption
Physical urticaria
Cold urticaria
Familial
Primary cold contact urticaria
Secondary cold contact urticaria
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Localized heat contact urticaria
Solar urticaria
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Pressure urticaria
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Other urticaria
Acquired C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
Adrenergic urticaria
Exercise urticaria
Galvanic urticaria
Schnitzler syndrome
Urticaria-like follicular mucinosis
Angioedema
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Erythema
Erythema multiforme/
drug eruption
Erythema multiforme minor
Erythema multiforme major
Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis
panniculitis (Erythema nodosum)
Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
Figurate erythema
Erythema annulare centrifugum
Erythema marginatum
Erythema migrans
Erythema gyratum repens
Other erythema
Necrolytic migratory erythema
Erythema toxicum
Erythroderma
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Generalized erythema
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text:
List of banks in Nepal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This is a List of Banks in Nepal (नेपालका बैङ्कको सूची).[1]
Contents
1 Central Bank (केन्द्रीय बैँक)
2 Commercial (Class A) कमर्सियल बैँक ('क' वर्ग)
3 Development Banks (Class B)[3][4]
4 Development Banks (Class C)[6][7]
5 Micro Credit Development Banks (Class D)[8]
6 References
Central Bank (केन्द्रीय बैँक)[edit]
Nepal Rastra Bank (नेपाल राष्ट्र बैँक)[2]
Commercial (Class A) कमर्सियल बैँक ('क' वर्ग)[edit]
Kumari Bank Limited (कुमारी बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Siddhartha Bank Limited (सिद्धार्थ बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Rastriya Banijya Bank Limited (राष्ट्रीय वाणिज्य बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Nepal Bank (नेपाल बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Agriculture Development Bank Limited (कृषि विकास बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Nabil Bank Limited (नबिल बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Nepal Investment Bank Limited (नेपाल इन्भेस्टमेन्ट बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Standard Chartered Bank Nepal Limited (स्ट्याण्डर्ड चार्टर्ड बैङ्क नेपाल लिमिटेड)
Himalayan Bank Limited (हिमालयन बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Nepal SBI Bank Limited (नेपाल एस.बी.आई. बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Nepal Bangladesh Bank Limited (नेपाल बङ्ग्लादेश बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Everest Bank Limited (एभरेस्ट बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Prabhu Bank Limited (प्रभू बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Bank of Kathmandu Limited (बैङ्क अफ काठमाण्डौ लिमिटेड)
Nepal Credit and Commerce Bank Limited (नेपाल क्रेडिट ऍण्ड कमर्स बैँक लिमिटेड)
Global IME Bank Limited (ग्लोबल आईएमई बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Citizens Bank International Limited (सिटीजन्स् बैङ्क इन्टर्नेशनल लिमिटेड)
Prime Commercial Bank Limited (प्राइम कॉमर्शिअल बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Sunrise Bank Limited (सनराइज बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
NMB Bank Limited (एनएमबी बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
NIC Asia Bank Limited (एन.आई.सि. एशिया बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Machhapuchhre Bank Limited (माछापुच्छ्रे बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Mega Bank Nepal Limited (मेगा बैङ्क नेपाल लिमिटेड)
Civil Bank Limited (सिभिल बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Century Bank Limited (सेञ्चुरी बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Sanima Bank Limited (सानिमा बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Laxmi Bank Limited (लक्ष्मी बैङ्क लिमिटेड)
Janata Bank Nepal Limited (जनता बैङ्क नेपाल लिमिटेड)
Development Banks (Class B)[3][4][edit]
Narayani Development Bank Limited
Sahayogi Bikas Bank Limited
Karnali Bikash Bank Limited
Excel Development Bank Limited
Miteri Development Bank Limited
Tinau Bikas Bank Limited
Muktinath Bikas Bank Ltd
Kankai Bikas Bank Limited
Bhargab Bikas Bank Limiteid
Corporate Development Bank Limited
Kabeli Bikas Bank Limited
Purnima Bikas Bank Limited
Hamro Bikas Bank Limited
Kanchan Development Bank Limited
Mission Development Bank Limited
Sindhu Bikas Bank Limited
Sahara Development Bank Limited
Nepal Community Development Bank Limited
Salapa Development Bank Limited
Saptakoshi Development Bank Limited
Green Development Bank Limited
Shangri-la Development Bank Limited
Deva Development Bank Limited
Kailash Development Bank Limited
Shine Resunga Development Bank Limited
Jyoti Bikas Bank Limited
Garima Bikas Bank Limited
Om Development Bank Limited
Mahalaxmi Development Bank Limited
Gandaki Bikas Bank Limited
Lumbini Bikas Bank Limited
Kamana Sewa Bikas Bank Limited
Western Development Bank Limited
[5]
Development Banks (Class C)[6][7][edit]
Narayani Development Bank Limited
Sahayogi Bikas Bank Limited
Karnali Bikash Bank Limited
Excel Development Bank Limited
Miteri Development Bank Limited
Tinau Bikas Bank Limited
Muktinath Bikas Bank Ltd
Kankai Bikas Bank Limited
Bhargab Bikas Bank Limiteid
Corporate Development Bank Limited
Kabeli Bikas Bank Limited
Purnima Bikas Bank Limited
Hamro Bikas Bank Limited
Kanchan Development Bank Limited
Mission Development Bank Limited
Mount Makalu Development Bank Limited
Sindhu Bikas Bank Limited
Sahara Development Bank Limited
Nepal Community Development Bank Limited
Salapa Development Bank Limited
Saptakoshi Development Bank Limited
Green Development Bank Limited
Shangri-la Development Bank Limited
Deva Development Bank Limited
Kailash Development Bank Limited
Shine Resunga Development Bank Limited
Jyoti Bikas Bank Limited
Garima Bikas Bank Limited
Om Development Bank Limited
Mahalaxmi Development Bank Limited
Gandaki Bikas Bank Limited
Lumbini Bikas Bank Limited
Kamana Sewa Bikas Bank Limited
Western Development Bank Limited
Micro Credit Development Banks (Class D)[8][edit]
Nepal Grameen Bikas Bank Limited
Solve Nepal Development Bank Limited
Nirdhan Utthan Bank Limited
Rural Microfinance Development Centre Limited
Deprosc Microfinance Development Bank Limited
Chhimek Microfinance Development Bank Limited
Shawalamban Laghu Bitta Bikas Bank Limited
Sana Kisan Vikas Bank Limited
Nerude Laghu Bitta Bikas Bank Limited
Naya Nepal Laghu Bitta Bikas Bank Limited
Mithila Laghu Bitta Bikas Bank Ltd
Summit Microfinance Development Bank Ltd
Sworojagar Laghu Bitta Bikas Bank Ltd
First Microfinance Development Bank Ltd
Nagbeli Microfinance Development Bank Ltd
Kalika Microcredit Development Bank Limited
Mirmire Microfinance Development Bank Limited
Janautthan Samudayik Microfinance Dev. Bank Limited
Reliable Microfinance Limited
ILFCO Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Womi Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Laxmi Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd (लक्ष्मी लघुवित्त वित्तीय संस्था लि.)
Mahila Sahayatra Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Vijaya Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Kisan Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
NMB Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd एनएमबि माइक्रोफाइनान्स वित्तिय संस्था लि
FORWARD Community Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha
Reliable Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Mahuli Samudyik Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Suryodaya Laghubitta Bitiya Sanstha Ltd. Microfinance Bittiya Sanatha Ltd
Samata Microfinance Bittiya Sanatha Ltd
RSDC Laghubitta Bitiya Sanstha Ltd
Samudayik Laghubitta Bitiya Sanstha Ltd
Srijana Community Development Centre and Laghubitta Sewa
Mero Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Nepal Sewa Laghubitta Bitiya Sanstha Ltd
National Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Swadesi Lagubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
NADEP Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Support Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Arambha Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Ltd www.aarambhamf.com.np
Janasewi Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Ltd
Infinity Microfinance Bittiya Sanstha Limited
Ganapati Micro Microfinance Bittiya santha Limit
Asha Laghubitta Bittiya Sanstha Limited
Grameen Swyam-Sewak Samaj
References[edit]
Jump up ^ List of Banks and Non-bank Financial Institutions
Jump up ^ https://nrb.org.np/bfr/pdffiles/List_of_BFIs_Jan_2017_English.pdf
Jump up ^ "List of Development Banks in Nepal". lumbinimedia.com. Lumbini Media. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Banks and Financial Institutions" (PDF). nrb.org.np. Nepal Rastra Bank. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ # Navraj Shrestha
Jump up ^ "List of Development Banks in Nepal". lumbinimedia.com. Lumbini Media. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Banks and Financial Institutions" (PDF). nrb.org.np. Nepal Rastra Bank. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
Jump up ^ List of Banks and Non-bank Financial Institutions (Class D: Micro Credit Development Banks)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_banks_in_Nepal&oldid=859316201"
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NIC Asia Bank Limited

values: Machhapuchhre Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Sanima Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values:
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external text
http://laxmi.laxmibank.com

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values: Edit section: Development Banks (Class B)[3][4]

values: Narayani Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Sahayogi Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Karnali Bikash Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Excel Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Miteri Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Tinau Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Muktinath Bikas Bank Ltd (page does not exist)

values: Kankai Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Bhargab Bikas Bank Limiteid (page does not exist)

values: Corporate Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Kabeli Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Purnima Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Hamro Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Kanchan Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Mission Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Sindhu Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Sahara Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Nepal Community Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Salapa Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Saptakoshi Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Green Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Shangri-la Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Kailash Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Shine Resunga Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Jyoti Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Garima Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Om Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Mahalaxmi Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Gandaki Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Lumbini Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Kamana Sewa Bikas Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Western Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Development Banks (Class C)[6][7]

values: Mount Makalu Development Bank Limited (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Micro Credit Development Banks (Class D)[8]

values:
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external text
http://www.llbs.com.np

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external text
http://www.nmbmicrofinance.com

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external text
https://www.gss.org.np

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/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iran
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List of banks in Iran

values: List of banks in the United Arab Emirates

values: List of banks in Abkhazia (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the Republic of Artsakh (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Northern_Cyprus
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List of banks in Northern Cyprus

values: List of banks in the Palestinian territories

values: List of banks in South Ossetia (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)

values: List of banks in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands

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values: नेपाल स्थित बैंकों की सूची – Hindi

values: नेपालका बैङ्कहरूको सूची – Nepali

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