text:
Angular cheilitis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Angular cheilitis
Synonyms
Rhagades,[1] perlèche,[2] cheilosis,[2] angular cheilosis,[2] commissural cheilitis,[2] angular stomatitis[2]
Bilateral angular cheilitis in an elderly individual with false teeth, iron deficiency anemia and dry mouth
Pronunciation
/kaɪˈlaɪtɪs/
Specialty
Dermatology
Symptoms
Redness, skin breakdown and crusting at the corner of the mouth[2]
Usual onset
Children, 30s to 60s[2]
Duration
Days to years[2]
Causes
Infection, irritation, allergies[2]
Treatment
Based on cause, barrier cream[2]
Frequency
0.7% of the population[3]
[edit on Wikidata]
Angular cheilitis (AC), is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth.[4][5] Often the corners are red with skin breakdown and crusting.[2] It can also be itchy or painful.[2] The condition can last for days to years.[2] Angular cheilitis is a type of cheilitis (inflammation of the lips).[6]
Angular cheilitis can be caused by infection, irritation, or allergies.[2] Infections include by fungi such as Candida albicans and bacteria such as Staph. aureus.[2] Irritants include poorly fitting dentures, licking the lips or drooling, mouth breathing resulting in a dry mouth, sun exposure, overclosure of the mouth, smoking, and minor trauma.[2] Allergies may include to substances like toothpaste, makeup, and food.[2] Often a number of factors are involved.[2] Other factors may include poor nutrition or poor immune function.[2][5] Diagnosis may be helped by testing for infections and patch testing for allergies.[2]
Treatment for angular cheilitis is typically based on the underlying causes along with the use of a barrier cream.[2] Frequently an antifungal and antibacterial cream is also tried.[2] Angular cheilitis is a fairly common problem,[2] with estimates that it affects 0.7% of the population.[3] It occurs most often in the 30s to 60s, although is also relatively common in children.[2] In the developing world, iron and vitamin deficiencies are a common cause.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
2.1 Infection
2.2 Irritation contact dermatitis
2.3 Nutritional deficiencies
2.4 Systemic disorders
2.5 Drugs
2.6 Allergic contact dermatitis
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Classification
4 Management
5 Prognosis
6 Epidemiology
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Angular cheilitis – a fissure running in the corner of the mouth with reddened, irritated facial skin adjacent.
A fairly mild case of angular cheilitis extending onto the facial skin in a young person (affected area is within the black oval).
Angular cheilitis is a fairly non specific term which describes the presence of an inflammatory lesion in a particular anatomic site (i.e. the corner of the mouth). As there are different possible causes and contributing factors from one person to the next, the appearance of the lesion is somewhat variable. The lesions are more commonly symmetrically present on both sides of the mouth,[4] but sometimes only one side may be affected. In some cases, the lesion may be confined to the mucosa of the lips, and in other cases the lesion may extend past the vermilion border (the edge where the lining on the lips becomes the skin on the face) onto the facial skin. Initially, the corners of the mouth develop a gray-white thickening and adjacent erythema (redness).[2] Later, the usual appearance is a roughly triangular area of erythema, edema (swelling) and breakdown of skin at either corner of the mouth.[2][4] The mucosa of the lip may become fissured (cracked), crusted, ulcerated or atrophied.[2][4] There is not usually any bleeding.[7] Where the skin is involved, there may be radiating rhagades (linear fissures) from the corner of the mouth. Infrequently, the dermatitis (which may resemble eczema) can extend from the corner of the mouth to the skin of the cheek or chin.[4] If Staphylococcus aureus is involved, the lesion may show golden yellow crusts.[8] In chronic angular cheilitis, there may be suppuration (pus formation), exfoliation (scaling) and formation of granulation tissue.[2][4]
Sometimes contributing factors can be readily seen, such as loss of lower face height from poorly made or worn dentures, which results in mandibular overclosure ("collapse of jaws").[9] If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis (swollen tongue) may be present. In people with angular cheilitis who wear dentures, often there may be erythematous mucosa underneath the denture (normally the upper denture), an appearance consistent with denture-related stomatitis.[4] Typically the lesions give symptoms of soreness, pain, pruritus (itching) or burning or a raw feeling.[2][9]
Causes[edit]
Angular cheilitis is thought to be multifactorial disorder of infectious origin,[10] with many local and systemic predisposing factors.[11] The sores in angular cheilitis are often infected with fungi (yeasts), bacteria, or a combination thereof;[8] this may represent a secondary, opportunistic infection by these pathogens. Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B(B2-riboflavin) vitamins and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia),[12] which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption. Angular cheilitis can be a manifestation of contact dermatitis,[13] which is considered in two groups; irritational and allergic.
Infection[edit]
The involved organisms are:
Candida species alone (usually Candida albicans), which accounts for about 20% of cases,[14]
Bacterial species, either:
Staphylococcus aureus alone, which accounts for about 20% of cases,[14]
β-hemolytic streptococci alone. These types of bacteria have been detected in between 8–15% of cases of angular cheilitis,[2] but less commonly are they present in isolation,[10]
Or a combination of the above organisms, (a polymicrobial infection)[8] with about 60% of cases involving both C. albicans and S. aureus.[14][15]
Candida can be detected in 93% of angular cheilitis lesions.[2] This organism is found in the mouths of about 40% of healthy individuals, and it is considered by some to be normal commensal component of the oral microbiota.[2] However, Candida shows dimorphism, namely a yeast form which is thought to be relatively harmless and a pathogenic hyphal form which is associated with invasion of host tissues. Potassium hydroxide preparation is recommended by some to help distinguish between the harmless and the pathogenic forms, and thereby highlight which cases of angular cheilitis are truly caused by Candida.[2] The mouth may act as a reservoir of Candida that reinfects the sores at the corners of the mouth and prevents the sores from healing.
A lesion caused by recurrence of a latent herpes simplex infection can occur in the corner of the mouth. Really this is herpes labialis (a cold sore), and is sometimes termed "angular herpes simplex".[2] A cold sore at the corner of the mouth behaves similarly to elsewhere on the lips, and follows a pattern of vesicle (blister) formation followed by rupture leaving a crusted sore which resolves in about 7–10 days, and recurs in the same spot periodically, especially during periods of stress. Rather than utilizing antifungal creams, angular herpes simplex is treated in the same way as a cold sore, with topical antiviral drugs such as aciclovir.
Irritation contact dermatitis[edit]
A famous sketch by Leonardo da Vinci in preparation to depict the face of Judas Iscariot in The Last supper. The subject shows overclosure of the jaws and loss of facial support around the mouth.
Pronounced skin folds extending from the corner of the mouth.
Main article: Irritant contact dermatitis
22% of cases of angular cheilitis are due to irritants.[2] Saliva contains digestive enzymes, which may have a degree of digestive action on tissues if they are left in contact.[2] The corner of the mouth is normally exposed to saliva more than any other part of the lips. Reduced lower facial height (vertical dimension or facial support) is usually caused by edentulism (tooth loss), or wearing worn down, old dentures or ones which are not designed optimally. This results in overclosure of the mandible (collapse of the jaws),[9] which extenuates the angular skin folds at the corners of the mouth,[14] in effect creating an intertriginous skin crease. The tendency of saliva to pool in these areas is increased, constantly wetting the area,[10] which may cause tissue maceration and favors the development of a yeast infection.[14] As such, angular cheilitis is more commonly seen in edentulous people (people without any teeth).[9] It is by contrast uncommon in persons who retain their natural teeth.[16] Angular cheilitis is also commonly seen in denture wearers.[13] Angular cheilitis is present in about 30% of people with denture-related stomatitis.[10] It is thought that reduced vertical dimension of the lower face may be a contributing factor in up to 11% of elderly persons with angular cheilitis and in up to 18% of denture wearers who have angular cheilitis.[2] Reduced vertical dimension can also be caused by tooth migration, wearing orthodontic appliances, and elastic tissue damage caused by ultraviolet light exposure and smoking.[2]
Habits or conditions that keep the corners of the mouth moist might include chronic lip licking, thumb sucking (or sucking on other objects such as pens, pipes, lollipops), dental cleaning (e.g. flossing), chewing gum, hypersalivation, drooling and mouth breathing.[2][4][14] Some consider habitual lip licking or picking to be a form of nervous tic, and do not consider this to be true angular cheilitis,[4] instead calling it perlèche (derived from the French word pourlècher meaning "to lick one’s lips"),[2] or "factitious cheilitis" is applied to this habit.[2] The term "cheilocandidiasis" describes exfoliative (flaking) lesions of the lips and the skin around the lips, and is caused by a superficial candidal infection due to chronic lip licking.[14] Less severe cases occur during cold, dry weather, and is a form of chapped lips. Individuals may lick their lips in an attempt to provide a temporary moment of relief, only serving to worsen the condition.[17]
The sunscreen in some types of lip balm degrades over time into an irritant. Using expired lipbalm can initiate mild angular cheilitis, and when the person applies more lipbalm to alleviate the cracking, it only aggravates it. Because of the delayed onset of contact dermatitis and the recovery period lasting days to weeks, people typically do not make the connection between the causative agent and the symptoms.[medical citation needed]
Nutritional deficiencies[edit]
Several different nutritional deficiency states of vitamins or minerals have been linked to AC.[5] It is thought that in about 25% of people with AC, iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved.[5] Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third World countries.[5] Chronic iron deficiency may also cause koilonychia (spoon shaped deformity of the fingernails) and glossitis (inflammation of the tongue). It is not completely understood how iron deficiency causes AC, but it is known that it causes a degree of immunocompromise (decreased efficiency of the immune system) which may in turn allow an opportunistic infection of candida.[5] Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) may also cause AC, and other conditions such as redness of mucous membranes, magenta colored glossitis (pink inflammation of the tongue).[5] Vitamin B5 deficiency may also cause AC, along with glossitis, and skin changes similar to seborrhoeic dermatitis around the eyes, nose and mouth.[5] Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency (a lack of folic acid), which also causes glossitis and megaloblastic anemia.[5] Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) is another possible cause, and in which other association conditions such as dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and glossitis can occur.[5] Biotin (vitamin B7) deficiency has also been reported to cause AC, along with hair loss (alopecia) and dry eyes.[5] Zinc deficiency is known to cause AC.[18] Other symptoms may include diarrhea, alopecia and dermatitis.[5] Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder causing impaired absorption of zinc, and is associated with AC.[5]
In general, these nutritional disorders may be caused by malnutrition, such as may occur in alcoholism or in poorly considered diets, or by malabsorption secondary to gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. Coeliac disease or chronic pancreatitis) or gastrointestinal surgeries (e.g. pernicious anemia caused by ileal resection in Crohn's disease).[5]
Systemic disorders[edit]
Some systemic disorders are involved in angular cheilitis by virtue of their association with malabsorption and the creation of nutritional deficiencies described above. Such examples include people with anorexia nervosa.[5] Other disorders may cause lip enlargement (e.g. orofacial granulomatosis),[5] which alters the local anatomy and extenuates the skin folds at the corners of the mouth. More still may be involved because they affect the immune system, allowing normally harmless organisms like Candida to become pathogenic and cause an infection. Xerostomia (dry mouth) is thought to account for about 5% of cases of AC.[5] Xerostomia itself has many possible causes, but commonly the cause may be side effects of medications, or conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome. Conversely, conditions which cause drooling or sialorrhoea (excessive salivation) can cause angular cheilitis by creating a constant wet environment in the corners of the mouth. About 25% of people with Down syndrome appear to have AC.[5] This is due to relative macroglossia, an apparently large tongue in a small mouth, which may constantly stick out of the mouth causing maceration of the corners of the mouth with saliva. Inflammatory bowel diseases (such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) can be associated with angular cheilitis.[4] In Crohn's, it is likely the result of malabsorption and immunosuppressive therapy which gives rise to the sores at the corner of the mouth.[9] Glucagonomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors which secrete glucagon, and cause a syndrome of dermatitis, glucose intolerance, weight loss and anemia. AC is a common feature of glucagonoma syndrome.[19] Infrequently, angular cheilitis may be one of the manifestations of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis,[14] and sometimes cases of oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis may accompany angular cheilitis.[2] Angular cheilitis may be present in human immunodeficiency virus infection,[11] neutropenia,[16] or diabetes.[4] Angular cheilitis is more common in people with eczema because their skin is more sensitive to irritants.[2] Other conditions possibly associated include plasma cell gingivitis,[7] Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome,[5] or sideropenic dysphagia (also called Plummer-Vinson syndrome or Paterson-Brown-Kelly syndrome).[5]
Drugs[edit]
Several drugs may cause AC as a side effect, by various mechanisms, such as creating drug-induced xerostomia. Various examples include isotretinoin, indinavir, and sorafenib.[5] Isotretinoin (Accutane), an analog of vitamin A, is a medication which dries the skin. Less commonly, angular cheilitis is associated with primary hypervitaminosis A,[20] which can occur when large amounts of liver (including cod liver oil and other fish oils) are regularly consumed or as a result from an excess intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin supplements. Recreational drug users may develop AC. Examples include cocaine, methamphetamines, heroin, and hallucinogens.[5]
Allergic contact dermatitis[edit]
See also: Allergic contact cheilitis, Allergic contact dermatitis, and Allergic contact stomatitis
Patch test
Allergic reactions may account for about 25–34% of cases of generalized cheilitis (i.e., inflammation not confined to the angles of the mouth). It is unknown how frequently allergic reactions are responsible for cases of angular cheilitis, but any substance capable of causing generalized allergic cheilitis may present involving the corners of the mouth alone.
Examples of potential allergens include substances that may be present in some types of lipstick, toothpaste, acne products, cosmetics, chewing gum, mouthwash, foods, dental appliances, and materials from dentures or mercury containing amalgam fillings.[2] It is usually impossible to tell the difference between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis without a patch test.
Diagnosis[edit]
Photographic Comparison of: 1) a Canker Sore - inside the mouth, 2) Herpes, 3) Angular Cheilitis and 4) Chapped Lips.
Angular chielitis is normally a diagnosis made clinically. If the sore is unilateral, rather than bilateral, this suggests a local factor (e.g., trauma) or a split syphilitic papule.[4][21] Angular cheilitis caused by mandibular overclosure, drooling, and other irritants is usually bilateral.[2]
The lesions are normally swabbed to detect if Candida or pathogenic bacterial species may be present. Persons with angular cheilitis who wear dentures often also will have their denture swabbed in addition. A complete blood count (full blood count) may be indicated, including assessment of the levels of iron, ferritin, vitamin B12 (and possibly other B vitamins), and folate.[4]
Classification[edit]
Angular cheilitis could be considered to be a type of cheilitis or stomatitis. Where Candida species are involved, angular cheilitis is classed as a type of oral candidiasis, specifically a primary (group I) Candida-associated lesion.[11] This form angular cheilitis which is caused by Candida is sometimes termed "Candida-associated angular cheilitis",[11] or less commonly, "monilial perlèche".[2] Angular cheilitis can also be classified as acute (sudden, short-lived appearance of the condition) or chronic (lasts a long time or keeps returning), or refractory (the condition persists despite attempts to treat it).[2]
Management[edit]
Angular cheilitis being treated with crystal violet tincture
There are 4 aspects to the treatment of angular cheilitis.[22] Firstly, potential reservoirs of infection inside the mouth are identified and treated.[22] Oral candidiasis, especially denture-related stomatitis is often found to be present where there is angular cheilitis, and if it is not treated, the sores at the corners of the mouth may often recur.[8][13] This involves having dentures properly fitted and disinfected. Commercial preparations are marketed for this purpose, although dentures may be left in dilute (1:10 concentration) household bleach overnight, but only if they are entirely plastic and do not contain any metal parts, and with rinsing under clean water before use.[9] Improved denture hygiene is often required thereafter, including not wearing the denture during sleep and cleaning it daily.[4] For more information, see Denture-related stomatitis.
Secondly, there may be a need to increase the vertical dimension of the lower face to prevent overclosure of the mouth and formation of deep skin folds.[22] This may require the construction of a new denture with an adjusted bite.[4] Rarely, in cases resistant to normal treatments, surgical procedures such as collagen injections (or other facial fillers such as autologous fat or crosslinked hyaluronic acid) are used in an attempt to restore the normal facial contour.[2][4] Other measures which seek to reverse the local factors that may be contributing to the condition include improving oral hygiene, stopping smoking or other tobacco habits and use of a barrier cream (e.g. zinc oxide paste) at night.[2]
Thirdly, treatment of the infection and inflammation of the lesions themselves is addressed. This is usually with topical antifungal medication,[8] such as clotrimazole,[14] amphotericin B,[22] ketoconazole,[16] or nystatin cream.[9] Some antifungal creams are combined with corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone[8] or triamcinolone[9] to reduce inflammation, and certain antifungals such as miconazole also have some antibacterial action.[8] Diiodohydroxyquinoline is another topical therapy for angular cheilitis.[14] If Staphylococcus aureus infection is demonstrated by microbiological culture to be responsible (or suspected), the treatment may be changed to fusidic acid cream,[8] an antibiotic which is effective against this type of bacteria. Aside from fusidic acid, neomycin,[22] mupirocin,[2] metronidazole,[7] and chlorhexidine[22] are alternative options in this scenario.
Finally, if the condition appears resistant to treatment, investigations for underlying causes such as anemia or nutrient deficiencies or HIV infection.[22] Identification of the underlying cause is essential for treating chronic cases. The lesions may resolve when the underlying disease is treated, e.g. with a course of oral iron or B vitamin supplements.[4] Patch testing is recommended by some in cases which are resistant to treatment and where allergic contact dermatitis is suspected.[2]
Prognosis[edit]
Most cases of angular cheilitis respond quickly when antifungal treatment is used.[16] In more long standing cases, the severity of the condition often follows a relapsing and remitting course over time.[14] The condition can be difficult to treat and can be prolonged.[4]
Epidemiology[edit]
AC is a relatively common condition,[11] accounting for between 0.7 – 3.8% of oral mucosal lesions in adults and between 0.2 – 15.1% in children, though overall it occurs most commonly in adults in the third to sixth decades of life.[2][4] It occurs worldwide, and both males and females are affected.[4] Angular cheilitis is the most common presentation of fungal and bacterial infections of the lips.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pindborg, Jens Jørgen (1973). Atlas of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa. Saunders. ISBN 9780721672649. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2014. Angular cheilosis: The lateral lip fissures, well known among denture wearers, have been called by a variety of names, such as "rhagades", "perleche", "angular cheilitis", and "angular cheilosis".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Park, KK; Brodell, RT; Helms, SE (June 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 1: local etiologies". Cutis. 87 (6): 289–95. PMID 21838086.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyons, Faye (2014). Dermatology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Springer Publishing Company. p. 95. ISBN 9780826136442. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Scully, Crispian (2008). Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 147–49. ISBN 9780443068188.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Park, KK; Brodell RT; Helms SE. (July 2011). "Angular cheilitis, part 2: nutritional, systemic, and drug-related causes and treatment" (PDF). Cutis. 88 (1): 27–32. PMID 21877503. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-19.
Jump up ^ Martin, Elizabeth (2015). Concise Medical Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780199687817. Archived from the original on 2016-08-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wood, NK; Goaz, PW (1997). Differential diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions (5th ed.). St. Louis [u.a.]: Mosby. pp. 64–65, 85. ISBN 978-0815194323.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Coulthard P, Horner K, Sloan P, Theaker E (2008). Master dentistry volume 1, oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 180–81. ISBN 9780443068966.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010). Clinical oral medicine and pathology. New York: Humana Press. pp. 92–93, 144. ISBN 978-1-60327-519-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Soames JV, Southam JC, JV (1999). Oral pathology (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 197–98. ISBN 0192628941.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tyldesley WR, Field A, Longman L (2003). Tyldesley's Oral medicine (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 37, 40, 46, 63–67. ISBN 0192631470.
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus (2005-08-01). "Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency (ariboflavinosis)". National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peter C. Schalock, M.D.; Jeffrey T. S. Hsu, M.D.; Kenneth A. Arndt (eds.). Primary Care Dermatology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010. p. 265. ISBN 978-0-7817-9378-0. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Neville BW, Damm DD, Allen CA, Bouquot JE (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 100, 192, 196, 266. ISBN 0721690033.
Jump up ^ Kerawala C; Newlands C, eds. (2010). Oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 446. ISBN 9780199204830.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Greenberg MS, Glick M (2003). Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment (10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 97–98, 550. ISBN 1550091867.
Jump up ^ Gibson, Lawrence E., M.D., "Dry Skin" Archived 2009-09-15 at the Wayback Machine., Mayo Clinic
Jump up ^ Gaveau D, Piette F, Cortot A, Dumur V, Bergoend H (1987). "[Cutaneous manifestations of zinc deficiency in ethylic cirrhosis]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 114 (1): 39–53. PMID 3579131.
Jump up ^ Tadataka Yamada; David Alpers; Anthony Kalloo; Neil Kaplowitz; Chung Owyang; Don Powell, eds. (2009). Textbook of gastroenterology (5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 1882–83. ISBN 978-1-4051-6911-0.
Jump up ^ Kliegman: Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th ed.
Jump up ^ Leyse-Wallace, Ruth (29 January 2013). Nutrition and Mental Health. CRC Press. p. 246. ISBN 9781439863350. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Samaranayake, LP (2009). Essential microbiology for dentistry (3rd ed.). Elseveier. pp. 296–97. ISBN 978-0702041679.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: K13.0
ICD-9-CM: 528.5, 686.8
MeSH: D002613

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angular cheilitis.
[show]
v
t
e
Oral and maxillofacial pathology (K00–K06, K11–K14, 520–525, 527–529)
[show]
Lips
Cheilitis
Actinic
Angular
Plasma cell
Cleft lip
Congenital lip pit
Eclabium
Herpes labialis
Macrocheilia
Microcheilia
Nasolabial cyst
Sun poisoning
Trumpeter's wart
[show]
Tongue
Ankyloglossia
Black hairy tongue
Caviar tongue
Crenated tongue
Cunnilingus tongue
Fissured tongue
Foliate papillitis
Glossitis
Geographic tongue
Median rhomboid glossitis
Transient lingual papillitis
Glossoptosis
Hypoglossia
Lingual thyroid
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Rhabdomyoma
[show]
Palate
Bednar's aphthae
Cleft palate
High-arched palate
Palatal cysts of the newborn
Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
Stomatitis nicotina
Torus palatinus
[show]
Oral mucosa – Lining of mouth
Amalgam tattoo
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
Behçet's disease
Bohn's nodules
Burning mouth syndrome
Candidiasis
Condyloma acuminatum
Darier's disease
Epulis fissuratum
Erythema multiforme
Erythroplakia
Fibroma
Giant-cell
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Fordyce spots
Hairy leukoplakia
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
Herpangina
Herpes zoster
Intraoral dental sinus
Leukoedema
Leukoplakia
Lichen planus
Linea alba
Lupus erythematosus
Melanocytic nevus
Melanocytic oral lesion
Molluscum contagiosum
Morsicatio buccarum
Oral cancer
Benign: Squamous cell papilloma
Keratoacanthoma
Malignant: Adenosquamous carcinoma
Basaloid squamous carcinoma
Mucosal melanoma
Spindle cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Verrucous carcinoma
Oral florid papillomatosis
Oral melanosis
Smoker's melanosis
Pemphigoid
Benign mucous membrane
Pemphigus
Plasmoacanthoma
Stomatitis
Aphthous
Denture-related
Herpetic
Smokeless tobacco keratosis
Submucous fibrosis
Ulceration
Riga–Fede disease
Verruca vulgaris
Verruciform xanthoma
White sponge nevus
[show]
Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel)
Amelogenesis imperfecta
Ankylosis
Anodontia
Caries
Early childhood caries
Concrescence
Failure of eruption of teeth
Dens evaginatus
Talon cusp
Dentin dysplasia
Dentin hypersensitivity
Dentinogenesis imperfecta
Dilaceration
Discoloration
Ectopic enamel
Enamel hypocalcification
Enamel hypoplasia
Turner's hypoplasia
Enamel pearl
Fluorosis
Fusion
Gemination
Hyperdontia
Hypodontia
Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
Impaction
Wisdom tooth impaction
Macrodontia
Meth mouth
Microdontia
Odontogenic tumors
Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
Odontoma
Dens in dente
Open contact
Premature eruption
Neonatal teeth
Pulp calcification
Pulp stone
Pulp canal obliteration
Pulp necrosis
Pulp polyp
Pulpitis
Regional odontodysplasia
Resorption
Shovel-shaped incisors
Supernumerary root
Taurodontism
Trauma
Avulsion
Cracked tooth syndrome
Vertical root fracture
Occlusal
Tooth loss
Edentulism
Tooth wear
Abrasion
Abfraction
Acid erosion
Attrition
[show]
Periodontium (gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, alveolus) – Gums and tooth-supporting structures
Cementicle
Cementoblastoma
Gigantiform
Cementoma
Eruption cyst
Epulis
Pyogenic granuloma
Congenital epulis
Gingival enlargement
Gingival cyst of the adult
Gingival cyst of the newborn
Gingivitis
Desquamative
Granulomatous
Plasma cell
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
Hypercementosis
Hypocementosis
Linear gingival erythema
Necrotizing periodontal diseases
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Pericoronitis
Peri-implantitis
Periodontal abscess
Periodontal trauma
Periodontitis
Aggressive
As a manifestation of systemic disease
Chronic
Perio-endo lesion
Teething
[show]
Periapaical, mandibular and maxillary hard tissues – Bones of jaws
Agnathia
Alveolar osteitis
Buccal exostosis
Cherubism
Idiopathic osteosclerosis
Mandibular fracture
Microgenia
Micrognathia
Intraosseous cysts
Odontogenic: periapical
Dentigerous
Buccal bifurcation
Lateral periodontal
Globulomaxillary
Calcifying odontogenic
Glandular odontogenic
Non-odontogenic: Nasopalatine duct
Median mandibular
Median palatal
Traumatic bone
Osteoma
Osteomyelitis
Osteonecrosis
Bisphosphonate-associated
Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
Osteoradionecrosis
Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
Paget's disease of bone
Periapical abscess
Phoenix abscess
Periapical periodontitis
Stafne defect
Torus mandibularis
[show]
Temporomandibular joints, muscles of mastication and malocclusions – Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
Bruxism
Condylar resorption
Mandibular dislocation
Malocclusion
Crossbite
Open bite
Overbite
Overeruption
Overjet
Prognathia
Retrognathia
Scissor bite
Maxillary hypoplasia
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
[show]
Salivary glands
Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
Ectopic salivary gland tissue
Frey's syndrome
HIV salivary gland disease
Necrotizing sialometaplasia
Mucocele
Ranula
Pneumoparotitis
Salivary duct stricture
Salivary gland aplasia
Salivary gland atresia
Salivary gland diverticulum
Salivary gland fistula
Salivary gland hyperplasia
Salivary gland hypoplasia
Salivary gland neoplasms
Benign: Basal cell adenoma
Canalicular adenoma
Ductal papilloma
Monomorphic adenoma
Myoepithelioma
Oncocytoma
Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
Pleomorphic adenoma
Sebaceous adenoma
Malignant: Acinic cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
Lymphoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
Sialectasis
Sialocele
Sialodochitis
Sialosis
Sialolithiasis
Sjögren's syndrome
[show]
Orofacial soft tissues – Soft tissues around the mouth
Actinomycosis
Angioedema
Basal cell carcinoma
Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
Cystic hygroma
Gnathophyma
Ludwig's angina
Macrostomia
Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
Microstomia
Noma
Oral Crohn's disease
Orofacial granulomatosis
Perioral dermatitis
Pyostomatitis vegetans
[show]
Other
Eagle syndrome
Hemifacial hypertrophy
Facial hemiatrophy
Oral manifestations of systemic disease
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angular_cheilitis&oldid=814347707"
Categories:
Lip disorders
Conditions of the mucous membranes
Mycosis-related cutaneous conditions
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Infobox medical condition (new)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013
RTT
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 December 2017, at 07:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan style

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Staph._aureus
mw-redirect
Staph. aureus

values:
/wiki/Patch_testing
mw-redirect
Patch testing

values:
/wiki/Antifungal_cream
mw-redirect
Antifungal cream

values:
/wiki/Antibacterial_cream
mw-redirect
Antibacterial cream

values:
/wiki/Developing_world
mw-redirect
Developing world

values:
/wiki/Vitamin_deficiencies
mw-redirect
Vitamin deficiencies

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Secondary_infection
mw-redirect
Secondary infection

values:
/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia
mw-redirect
Iron deficiency anemia

values:
/wiki/Candida_(genus)
mw-redirect
Candida (genus)

values:
/wiki/Skin_microbiota
mw-redirect
Skin microbiota

values: Edit section: Irritation contact dermatitis

values:
/wiki/Ultraviolet_light
mw-redirect
Ultraviolet light

values:
/wiki/Chapped_lips
mw-redirect
Chapped lips

values: Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (July 2013)

values: Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome
mw-redirect
Sjögren's syndrome

values:
/wiki/Endocrine_tumor
mw-redirect
Endocrine tumor

values:
/wiki/Melkersson-Rosenthal_syndrome
mw-redirect
Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

values:
/wiki/Sideropenic_dysphagia
mw-redirect
Sideropenic dysphagia

values: Edit section: Allergic contact dermatitis

values:
/wiki/Allergic_contact_cheilitis
mw-redirect
Allergic contact cheilitis

values:
/wiki/Allergic_contact_stomatitis
mw-redirect
Allergic contact stomatitis

values:
/wiki/Canker_Sore
mw-redirect
Canker Sore

values:
/wiki/Refractory_disease
mw-redirect
Refractory disease

values:
/wiki/Antifungal_medication
mw-redirect
Antifungal medication

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21838086

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21877503

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3579131

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values: ICD-10 Chapter XI: Diseases of the digestive system

values: List of ICD-9 codes 520–579: diseases of the digestive system

values:
/wiki/Sun_poisoning
mw-redirect
Sun poisoning

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Cunnilingus_tongue
mw-redirect
Cunnilingus tongue

values:
/wiki/Foliate_papillitis
mw-redirect
Foliate papillitis

values:
/wiki/Cleft_palate
mw-redirect
Cleft palate

values:
/wiki/Palatal_cysts_of_the_newborn
mw-redirect
Palatal cysts of the newborn

values:
/wiki/Bohn%27s_nodules
mw-redirect
Bohn's nodules

values:
/wiki/Condyloma_acuminatum
mw-redirect
Condyloma acuminatum

values:
/wiki/Focal_epithelial_hyperplasia
mw-redirect
Focal epithelial hyperplasia

values:
/wiki/Hand,_foot_and_mouth_disease
mw-redirect
Hand, foot and mouth disease

values: Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis

values:
/wiki/Herpes_zoster
mw-redirect
Herpes zoster

values:
/wiki/Basaloid_squamous_carcinoma
mw-redirect
Basaloid squamous carcinoma

values:
/wiki/Benign_mucous_membrane_pemphigoid
mw-redirect
Benign mucous membrane pemphigoid

values:
/wiki/Verruca_vulgaris
mw-redirect
Verruca vulgaris

values:
/wiki/Dental_caries
mw-redirect
Dental caries

values:
/wiki/Turner%27s_hypoplasia
mw-redirect
Turner's hypoplasia

values: Premature eruption (page does not exist)

values: Pulp calcification (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Periodontal_ligament
mw-redirect
Periodontal ligament

values:
/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_adult
mw-redirect
Gingival cyst of the adult

values:
/wiki/Gingival_cyst_of_the_newborn
mw-redirect
Gingival cyst of the newborn

values: Granulomatous gingivitis (page does not exist)

values: Periodontal trauma (page does not exist)

values: Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease

values: Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw

values:
/wiki/Salivary_gland_disease
mw-redirect
Salivary gland disease

values:
/wiki/Salivary_gland_diverticulum
mw-redirect
Salivary gland diverticulum

values:
/wiki/Salivary_gland_neoplasm
mw-redirect
Salivary gland neoplasm

values:
/wiki/Monomorphic_adenoma
mw-redirect
Monomorphic adenoma

values:
/wiki/Basal_cell_carcinoma
mw-redirect
Basal cell carcinoma

values:
/wiki/Facial_hemiatrophy
mw-redirect
Facial hemiatrophy

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Conditions of the mucous membranes

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Infobox medical condition (new)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Angular_cheilitis
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: التهاب الشفة الزاوي – Arabic

values: Γωνιακή χειλίτιδα – Greek

values: ଓଠକୋଣ ପ୍ରଦାହ – Odia

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Angular_cheilitis rootpage-Angular_cheilitis skin-vector action-view


text:
Virginia Plan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 21 May 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
Virginia Plan
Front side of the Virginia Plan 1787
Created
May 29, 1787
Location
National Archives
Author(s)
James Madison
Purpose
Propose a structure of government to the Philadelphia Convention
The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
Background[edit]
The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]
The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]
Principles[edit]
The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.
In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.
Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.
The Virginia Plan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Frantzich, Stephen E.; Howard R. Ernst (2008). The Political Science Toolbox: A Research Companion to the American Government. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24. ISBN 0-7425-4762-0.
Jump up ^ Roche, John P. (December 1961). "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action". American Political Science Review. 55.
Jump up ^ Ann Marie Dube (May 1996). "A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions". National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Virginia Plan of Government, retrieved 2016-12-03
Jump up ^ "Res[olved] that the members of the first branch of the National Legislature ought to be elected by the people of the several States every for the term of;___...to be incapable of reelection for the space of ___after the expiration of their term of service; and to be subject to recall." Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 4 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911), 1:20.
Jump up ^ "Variant Texts of the Virginia Plan, Presented by Edmund Randolph to the Federal Convention, May 29, 1787. Text A", The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, retrieved 2016-12-03
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Virginia Plan
[show]
v
t
e
James Madison
4th President of the United States (1809–1817)
5th U.S. Secretary of State (1801–1809)
United States House of Representatives (1789–1797)
Congress of the Confederation (1781–1783)
Virginia House of Delegates (1776–1779, 1784–1786)
"Father of the
Constitution"
Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
1786 Annapolis Convention
1787 Constitutional Convention
Virginia Plan
Constitution of the United States
Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
The Federalist Papers
written by Madison
No. 10
No. 51
Virginia Ratifying Convention
United States Bill of Rights
27th amendment
Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
Founding Fathers
Presidency
First inauguration
Second inauguration
Tecumseh's War
Battle of Tippecanoe
War of 1812
origins
Burning of Washington
The Octagon House
Treaty of Ghent
Seven Buildings residence
results
Second Barbary War
Era of Good Feelings
Second Bank of the United States
State of the Union Address (1810
1814
1815
1816)
Cabinet
Federal judiciary appointments
Other noted
accomplisments
Co-founder, American Whig Society
Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
Anti-Administration party
Residence Act
Compromise of 1790
Democratic-Republican Party
First Party System
republicanism
Library of Congress
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Report of 1800
Other writings
The Papers of James Madison
Life
Early life and career
Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
Montpelier
Elections
U.S. House of Representatives election, 1789
1790
1792
1794
U.S. presidential election, 1808
1812
Legacy and
popular culture
James Madison Memorial Building
James Madison University
James Madison College
Madison, Wisconsin
Madison Square
Madison River
Madison Street
U.S. postage stamps
James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
James Madison Freedom of Information Award
James Madison Award
James Madison Institute
A More Perfect Union (1989 film)
Liberty's Kids (2002 miniseries)
Hamilton (2015 musical)
Related
Age of Enlightenment
American Enlightenment
Marbury v. Madison
National Gazette
Paul Jennings
Madisonian Model
American Philosophical Society
The American Museum magazine
Virginia dynasty
Family
Dolley Madison (wife)
John Payne Todd (stepson)
James Madison, Sr. (father)
Nelly Conway Madison (mother)
William Madison (brother)
Ambrose Madison (paternal grandfather)
James Madison (cousin)
George Madison (paternal second-cousin)
Thomas Madison (paternal second-cousin)
John Madison (great-grandfather)
Lucy Washington (sister-in-law)
← Thomas Jefferson
James Monroe →
Category
[hide]
v
t
e
United States Constitution
Articles
Preamble
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Amendments
Ratified
Bill of Rights
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Others
11
12
Reconstruction Amendments
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Pending
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin Amendment
Child Labor
Repealed
Eighteenth Amendment
Unsuccessful
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Amendment proposals in Congress
Convention to propose amendments
State ratifying conventions
Formation
History
Articles of Confederation
Mount Vernon Conference
Annapolis Convention
Philadelphia Convention
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Committee of Detail
Signing
Independence Hall
Syng inkstand
The Federalist Papers
Anti-Federalist Papers
Massachusetts Compromise
Virginia Ratifying Convention
Hillsborough Convention
Rhode Island ratification
Drafting and ratification timeline
Clauses
Appointments
Appropriations
Assistance of Counsel
Bills of credit
Case or Controversy
Citizenship
Commerce
Compact
Compulsory Process
Confrontation
Congressional enforcement
Contract
Copyright and Patent
Double Jeopardy
Due Process
Equal Protection
Establishment
Exceptions
Excessive Bail
Ex post facto
Extradition
Free Exercise
Free Speech
Fugitive Slave
Full Faith and Credit
General Welfare
Guarantee
Impeachment
Import-Export
Ineligibility
Militia
Natural-born citizen
Necessary and Proper
New States
No Religious Test
Oath or Affirmation
Origination
Petition
Postal
Presentment
Privileges and Immunities
Privileges or Immunities
Recess appointment
Recommendation
Self-Incrimination
Speech or Debate
Speedy Trial
State of the Union
Supremacy
Suspension
Take Care
Takings
Taxing and Spending
Territorial
Title of Nobility
Treaty
Trial by Jury
Vesting
Vicinage
War Powers
List of clauses
Interpretation
Concurrent powers
Constitutional law
Criminal procedure
Criminal sentencing
Dormant Commerce Clause
Enumerated powers
Equal footing
Executive privilege
Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
Judicial review
Nondelegation doctrine
Preemption
Saxbe fix
Separation of church and state
Separation of powers
Taxation power
Unitary executive theory
Display
and legacy
National Archives
Charters of Freedom Rotunda
Independence Mall
Constitution Day
Constitution Gardens
National Constitution Center
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution (painting)
A More Perfect Union (film)
Worldwide influence
US Government Portal • Law Portal • Wikipedia book
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Plan&oldid=842294570"
Categories:
1787 in American politics
1787 in Virginia
American Revolution
Drafting of the United States Constitution
Political history of the United States
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikisource
Languages
Deutsch
Français
한국어
Italiano
Simple English
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 May 2018, at 14:41.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

attrs: href title

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: class href

value: i

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

value: tr

attrs: href class

value: td

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention
mw-redirect
Philadelphia Convention

values: Constitutional Convention (United States)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Rotation_in_office
mw-redirect
Rotation in office

values:
/wiki/Checks_and_balances
mw-redirect
Checks and balances

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of Secretaries of State of the United States

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776
mw-redirect
Virginia Constitution

values: History of the United States Constitution

values: Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787

values: Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison

values: 27th Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

values: List of federal judges appointed by James Madison

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1789

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1790

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1792

values: United States House of Representatives elections, 1794

values: United States presidential election, 1808

values: United States presidential election, 1812

values:
/wiki/Madison_Square
mw-redirect
Madison Square

values:
/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Madison Street (disambiguation)

values: Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps

values: James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation

values: James Madison Freedom of Information Award

values:
/wiki/Madisonian_Model
mw-redirect
Madisonian Model

values:
/wiki/James_Madison,_Sr.
mw-redirect
James Madison, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Nelly_Conway_Madison
mw-redirect
Nelly Conway Madison

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Preamble to the United States Constitution

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values: Article Three of the United States Constitution

values: Article Four of the United States Constitution

values: Article Five of the United States Constitution

values: Article Six of the United States Constitution

values: Article Seven of the United States Constitution

values: List of amendments to the United States Constitution

values: First Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment

values: List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution

values: Signing of the United States Constitution

values: Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island

values:
/wiki/Guarantee_Clause
mw-redirect
Guarantee Clause

values: Oath of office of the President of the United States

values: List of clauses of the United States Constitution

values: United States constitutional criminal procedure

values: United States constitutional sentencing law

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_powers
mw-redirect
Enumerated powers

values: Separation of church and state in the United States

values: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution

values: Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States

values: United States Constitution and worldwide influence

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Drafting of the United States Constitution

values: Category:Political history of the United States

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Virginia_Plan
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: 버지니아 안 – Korean

values: 弗吉尼亚方案 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Virginia_Plan rootpage-Virginia_Plan skin-vector action-view