text:
Bureau of Labor Statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Agency overview
Formed
1884
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
Postal Square Building
Washington, D.C.
Employees
2,500[1]
Annual budget
$609 million [2]
Agency executives
William J. Wiatrowski (Acting), Commissioner [3]
William J. Wiatrowski[4], Deputy Commissioner[3]
Website
www.bls.gov
www.dol.gov/bls
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a unit of the United States Department of Labor. It is the principal fact-finding agency for the U.S. government in the broad field of labor economics and statistics and serves as a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System. The BLS is a governmental statistical agency that collects, processes, analyzes, and disseminates essential statistical data to the American public, the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, State and local governments, business, and labor representatives. The BLS also serves as a statistical resource to the United States Department of Labor, and conducts research into how much families need to earn to be able to enjoy a decent standard of living.[5]
The BLS data must satisfy a number of criteria, including relevance to current social and economic issues, timeliness in reflecting today’s rapidly changing economic conditions, accuracy and consistently high statistical quality, impartiality in both subject matter and presentation, and accessibility to all. To avoid the appearance of partiality, the dates of major data releases are scheduled more than a year in advance, in coordination with the Office of Management and Budget.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Statistical reporting
2.1 Prices
2.2 Employment and unemployment
2.3 Compensation and working conditions
2.4 Productivity
3 Statistical regions
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 Further reading
7 External links
History[edit]
See also: US labor law
The Bureau of Labor was established in the Department of the Interior by the Bureau of Labor Act (23 Stat. 60), June 27, 1884, to collect information about employment and labor. Carroll D. Wright was the first U.S. Commissioner of Labor. It became an independent (sub-Cabinet) department by the Department of Labor Act (25 Stat. 182), June 13, 1888. It was incorporated, as the Bureau of Labor, into the Department of Commerce and Labor by the Department of Commerce Act (32 Stat. 827), February 14, 1903. Finally, it was transferred to the Department of Labor in 1913 where it resides today.[7][8] BLS is now headquartered in the Postal Square Building near the United States Capitol and Union Station.
BLS is headed by a commissioner who serves a four-year term from the date he or she takes office. The most recent Commissioner of Labor Statistics was Erica Groshen, who was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on January 2, 2013 and sworn in as the 14th Commissioner of Labor Statistics on January 29, 2013, for a term that ended on January 27, 2017.[9][10] William Wiatrowski, Deputy Commissioner of the BLS, is serving as Acting Commissioner until the next commissioner is sworn in.
Statistical reporting[edit]
Surveys, Indices, and Statistics produced by the BLS fall into 4 main categories:[11]
Prices[edit]
U.S. Consumer Price Index
Producer Price Index
U.S. Import and Export Price Indices
Consumer Expenditure Survey
Employment and unemployment[edit]
Unemployment measurements by the BLS from 1950 - 2010
Current Population Survey (The "Household Survey")
The American Time Use Survey[12]
Current Employment Statistics[13] (The "Establishment Survey")
Payroll Employment
Economic geography
Salary Data
Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)[14]
List of U.S. states by unemployment rate
Current Employment Statistics State and Area program[15]
The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS)[16]
The Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)[17]
The Business Employment Dynamics (BED) program[18]
Ten year occupational employment projections
Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)
Mass Layoff Statistics--discontinued in 2013[19]
Compensation and working conditions[edit]
National Compensation Survey
Employment Cost Index
Workplace Injury and Fatality Statistics[20]
Productivity[edit]
Productivity[21]
Statistical regions[edit]
Data produced by the BLS is often categorized into groups of states known as Census Regions. There are 4 Census Regions, which are further categorized by Census Division as follows:
Northeast Region
New England Division: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.
Middle Atlantic Division: New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.
South Region
South Atlantic Division: Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia.
East South Central Division: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Tennessee.
West South Central Division: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.
Midwest Region
East North Central Division: Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
West North Central Division: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
West Region
Mountain Division: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
Pacific Division: Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington.
See also[edit]
Bureau of Economic Analysis
Career Guide to Industries
Economic reports
Index of Leading Indicators
Job Creation Index
Monthly Labor Review
National Income and Product Accounts
Occupational Outlook Handbook
U.S. Census Bureau
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "What BLS Does". Bureau of Labor Statistics. February 9, 2009. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "BLS 2016 Operating Plan" (PDF). US Department of Labor. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bureau of Labor Statistics: Senior Staff". Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ "William J. Wiatrowski, Deputy Commissioner". Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/05/art3full.pdf
Jump up ^ Cohen, Patricia (2016-11-03). "How Economic Data Is Kept Politics-Free". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Records of the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS]". National Archives. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ "Overview : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
Jump up ^ Presidential Nominations, 112th Congress (011 - 2012), PN1404-112, Library of Congress, thomas.loc.gov
Jump up ^ Senate Confirms Erica Groshen to Head Bureau of Labor Statistics, by Jeffrey Sparshott at Wall Street Journal]
Jump up ^ https://www.bls.gov/bls/proghome.htm
Jump up ^ "American Time Use Survey". Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Jump up ^ "Current Employment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Jump up ^ "Local Area Unemployment Statistics". Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Jump up ^ "Employment, Hours, and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey (State & Metro Area) Home Page". Bls.gov. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Home Page". Bls.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages". Bls.gov. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Business Employment Dynamics Home Page". Bls.gov. 2012-05-01. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Mass Layoff Statistics Home Page". Bls.gov. 2012-05-16. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Injuries, Illnesses, and Fatalities". Bls.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Jump up ^ "Overview of BLS Productivity Statistics". Bls.gov. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
Further reading[edit]
Joseph P. Goldberg and William T. Moye, The First 100 Years of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin No. 2235. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985.
William J. Wiatrowski, BLS at 125: Using historic principles to track the 21st-century economy. Monthly Labor Review, June 2009, pp. 3-25.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Official website
Records of the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the National Archives (Record Group 257)
Bureau of Labor Statistics in the Federal Register
Publications of the BLS available on FRASER
Bulletins of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, dating back to 1895
Local Area Unemployment Reports
[show]
v
t
e
Agencies under the United States Department of Labor
Headquarters: Frances Perkins Building
Alex Acosta, Secretary of Labor
Vacant, Deputy Secretary of Labor
Deputy Secretary of Labor
Administrative Review Board
Benefits Review Board
Bureau of International Labor Affairs
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
Employees' Compensation Appeals Board
Employee Benefits Security Administration
Office of Administrative Law Judges
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management
Ombudsman for the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program
Employment and Training Administration
Mine Safety and Health Administration
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Office of the Chief Financial Officer
Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
Office of Inspector General
Office of Labor-Management Standards
Office of Public Engagement
Office of the Solicitor
Office of Workers' Compensation Programs
Veterans' Employment and Training Service
Wage and Hour Division
Women's Bureau
[show]
v
t
e
Federal Statistical System of the United States
Principal agencies
Census Bureau
Bureau of Labor Statistics
National Center for Education Statistics
National Agricultural Statistics Service
National Center for Health Statistics
Energy Information Administration
Bureau of Economic Analysis
Economic Research Service
Bureau of Justice Statistics
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (National Science Foundation)
Statistics of Income Division (Internal Revenue Service)
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics (Social Security Administration)
Other agencies
Economics and Statistics Administration
Office of Immigration Statistics
HUD USER
As defined by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, the principal agencies of the Federal Statistical System have statistical activities as their core mission and conduct much of the government’s statistical work.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics&oldid=802640918"
Categories:
Bureau of Labor Statistics
1884 establishments in the United States
Statistical organizations in the United States
Unemployment in the United States
National statistical services
Federal Statistical System of the United States
Official statistics
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Català
Français
日本語
Norsk
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 14:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

attrs: colspan style

value: th

values:
nofollow
http://www.bls.gov/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dol.gov/bls

values:
/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Government of the United States

values:
/wiki/Labor_economics
mw-redirect
Labor economics

values:
/wiki/US_labor_law
mw-redirect
US labor law

values: United States Department of the Interior

values: United States Department of Commerce and Labor

values:
/wiki/Union_Station_(Washington,_D.C.)
mw-redirect
Union Station (Washington, D.C.)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Price_Index
mw-redirect
U.S. Consumer Price Index

values:
/wiki/Producer_Price_Index
mw-redirect
Producer Price Index

values: Edit section: Employment and unemployment

values: List of U.S. states by unemployment rate

values: Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (page does not exist)

values: Ten year occupational employment projections

values: Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) (page does not exist)

values: Mass Layoff Statistics--discontinued in 2013 (page does not exist)

values: Edit section: Compensation and working conditions

values:
/wiki/Employment_Cost_Index
mw-redirect
Employment Cost Index

values: Workplace Injury and Fatality Statistics (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Economic_reports
mw-redirect
Economic reports

values:
/wiki/Index_of_Leading_Indicators
mw-redirect
Index of Leading Indicators

values:
/wiki/Job_Creation_Index
mw-redirect
Job Creation Index

values:
/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau
mw-redirect
U.S. Census Bureau

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bls.gov/jobs/aboutbls.htm

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/bls/senior_staff/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external free
https://www.bls.gov/bls/proghome.htm

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/tus/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/ces/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/lau/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/sae/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/jlt/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/qcew/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/bed/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/mls/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.bls.gov/iif/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://catalog.archives.gov/id/584

values:
nofollow
external text
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/7

values:
nofollow
external text
http://AnyStats.com

values: Template:United States Department of Labor

values: Template talk:United States Department of Labor

values: Employee Benefits Security Administration

values: Office of Administrative Law Judges (page does not exist)

values: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Administration and Management (page does not exist)

values: Ombudsman for the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program (page does not exist)

values: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

values: Office of the Chief Financial Officer (page does not exist)

values: Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs

values:
/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General
mw-redirect
Office of Inspector General

values: Office of the Solicitor (page does not exist)

values: Office of Workers' Compensation Programs

values: Veterans' Employment and Training Service

values:
navbox-image
1
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: National Center for Education Statistics

values: National Agricultural Statistics Service

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:1884 establishments in the United States

values: Category:Statistical organizations in the United States

values: Category:Unemployment in the United States

values: Category:Federal Statistical System of the United States

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: مكتب إحصاءات العمل – Arabic

values: アメリカ合衆国労働省労働統計局 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics rootpage-Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics skin-vector action-view


text:
Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main article: Cannabis in the United States
Legality of cannabis in the United States
Legal
Legal for medical use
Legal for medical use, limited THC content
Prohibited for any use
D Decriminalized
Notes:
· Includes laws which have not yet gone into effect.
· Cannabis remains a Schedule I drug under federal law.
· Some Indian reservations have legalization policies separate from the states they are located in.
· Cannabis is illegal in all federal enclaves.
v
t
e
In the United States, the use and possession of cannabis is illegal under federal law for any purpose, by way of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. Under the CSA, cannabis is classified as a Schedule I substance, determined to have a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use – thereby prohibiting even medical use of the drug.[1] At the state level, however, policies regarding the medical and recreational use of cannabis vary greatly, and in many states conflict significantly with federal law.
The medical use of cannabis is legal (with a doctor's recommendation) in 29 states, the District of Columbia, and the territories of Guam and Puerto Rico.[2] Seventeen other states have laws that limit THC content, for the purpose of allowing access to products that are rich in cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive component of cannabis.[2] Although cannabis remains a Schedule I drug, the Rohrabacher–Farr amendment prohibits federal prosecution of individuals complying with state medical cannabis laws.[3]
The recreational use of cannabis is legal in 9 states (Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington) plus the District of Columbia, and decriminalized in another 13 states plus the U.S. Virgin Islands.[4] Commercial distribution of cannabis is allowed in all jurisdictions where cannabis has been legalized, except Vermont and the District of Columbia. Prior to January 2018, the Cole Memorandum provided some protection against the enforcement of federal law in states that have legalized, but it was rescinded by Attorney General Jeff Sessions.[5]
There are currently three cannabinoid drugs (Marinol, Syndros, and Cesamet) that can be prescribed in accordance with federal law. The drug cannabidiol cannot legally be prescribed (as with whole-plant cannabis), due to the fact that the Drug Enforcement Administration considers it a Schedule I drug.[6] Despite this classification, a number of online retailers sell CBD products to all 50 states, claiming such products are derived from industrial hemp plants and therefore legal.[7] The federal government has so far not taken action against these retailers.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 By state
2 Federal district
3 By inhabited territory
4 By Native-American reservation
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
By state[edit]
State
Recreational
Medical
Transportation
Cultivation
Notes
Alabama 5 felony
(1st-offense, personal use possession is a misdemeanor) non-psychoactive CBD oil only not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Alabama
First-time possession for personal use may be punished as a misdemeanor, but further personal possession, or intent to sell, can result in felony charges.
Alaska 1 legal legal legal to carry up to 1 oz. (28 grams)[9] legal to grow up to 12 plants in a household with two adults over 21,[10] or an unlimited number commercially with a license
Main article: Cannabis in Alaska
Legalized in Measure 2 on November 4, 2014.[11]
Arizona 3 Illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Arizona
In November 2010, Arizona legalized medical marijuana when the voters passed Proposition 203 with 50.13% of the vote.[12][13][14]
Arkansas 3 Illegal legal medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Arkansas
Possession of amounts under three ounces is a criminal misdemeanor; the cities of Fayetteville and Eureka Springs have labeled cannabis the "lowest law enforcement priority". On November 8, 2016, the state legalized medical marijuana when voters passed Issue 6 by 53%.[15]
California 1 legal legal legal to carry up to 1oz. (28 grams) legal to grow up to six plants for an individual, or commercially with a license
Main article: Cannabis in California
In July 1975, Governor Jerry Brown enacted Senate Bill 95, which reduced the penalty for possession of one ounce (28.5 grams) of cannabis or less to a citable misdemeanor.[16]
On November 5, 1996, California became the first state in the United States to legalize medical marijuana when the voters passed Proposition 215 by 56%.[17]
On November 8, 2016, Proposition 64, also known as the Adult Use of Marijuana Act, passed by a vote of 57% to 43%, legalizing the sale and distribution of cannabis in both a dry and concentrated form. Adults are allowed to possess up to one ounce of cannabis for recreational use and can grow up to six live plants individually or more commercially with a license. The law and regulations on recreational cannabis went into full effect on January 1, 2018.
Colorado 1 legal legal legal to carry up to 1 oz. (28 grams) legal to grow up to six plants for an individual, or commercially with a license[18]
Main article: Cannabis in Colorado
Colorado Amendment 64 legalized the sale and possession of marijuana for non-medical uses on November 6, 2012, including private cultivation of up to six marijuana plants, with no more than three being mature.[19][20]
Connecticut 2
D
2 decriminalized legal felony (Legal for medical use only) felony
Main article: Cannabis in Connecticut
Possession of less than one half ounce by persons 21 and over results in graduating scale of fines, and seizure of contraband. Under 21 face addition sanctions, to include temporary loss of license to drive.[21]
Delaware 2
D
2 decriminalized (civil infraction) legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Delaware
On February 10, 2012, Gov. Markell announced that he was suspending medical marijuana because of a letter from the Obama Justice Department alleging that its implementation would subject those licensed under the law, as well as public servants, to federal criminal prosecution. On August 31, 2016, Gov. Markell signed House Bill 400 into law, to expand medical cannabis programs for people with a terminal illness.[22][23]
Florida 3 illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Florida
On November 8, 2016, the state legalized medical marijuana when voters passed Amendment 2 by 71%.[24] The rules implementing the law started on July 1.
Georgia 5 illegal cannabis oil less than 5% THC medical use only illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Georgia (U.S. state)
Any conviction of a marijuana possession, sale, or cultivation offense results in suspension of driver's license. First-time offenders may be eligible for a conditional discharge under Section 16-13-2 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.), which operates as a dismissal if certain conditions are met, such as the payment of a fine and community service. A measure to allow medical cannabis oil passed the House in February 2015.[25] On April 16, 2015, the non-psychoactive form of Marijuana oil (CBD Oil, also known as "Charlotte's Web") was legalized for medical use in the state.[26]
Hawaii 3 illegal legal Against program rules. medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Hawaii
On June 15, 2000, Governor Benjamin Cayetano signed a bill legalizing medical marijuana.[27][28] On July 14, 2015 the Governor of Hawaii David Ige signed a bill into law allowing medical cannabis dispensaries.[29] On July 14, 2016 David Ige also signed into law expanding medical cannabis programs.[30]
Idaho 7 misdemeanor (85 grams/3 oz. or less) illegal not clearly stated felony
Main article: Cannabis in Idaho
Personal use possession of 3 ounces or less of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 1 year imprisonment or a fine up to $1,000 or both if for. If the quantity possessed is more than 3 ounces but less than 1 pound, it is a felony punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment or a fine up to $10,000 or both.[31]
Illinois 2
D
2 decriminalized (civil infraction) legal legal (legal for medical use) Misdemeanor (legal for medical use)
Main article: Cannabis in Illinois
Illinois passed the Cannabis Control Act in 1978, which technically allows for medical marijuana. However, in order for it to become an actuality, action is required from two state departments—Human Services and the State Police—neither of which has taken action.[32][33]
On August 1, 2013, Gov. Pat Quinn signed a bill legalizing medical marijuana; the legislation took effect on January 1, 2014.[34]
On March 22, 2017, Illinois lawmakers proposed legalizing recreational marijuana in the state.[35] The measure would also allow residents to possess up to 28 grams of marijuana, or about an ounce, and to grow five plants.
Indiana 5 misdemeanor (Up to 6 months, $1000 Fine) non-psychoative CBD oil for patients with epilepsy[36] not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Indiana
1913: prohibited
Iowa 5 illegal cannabis oil less than 3% THC not clearly stated felony
Main article: Cannabis in Iowa
2014 CBD legalized
Kansas 7 misdemeanor illegal not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Kansas
1927: prohibited
Kentucky 5 misdemeanor (less than 8 oz (230 g)) CBD oil not clearly stated misdemeanor (less than 5 plants)
Main article: Cannabis in Kentucky
2014 CBD legalized
Louisiana 5 illegal legal medical use only illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Louisiana
1924: prohibited
2015: medical cannabis legalized
Maine 1 legal legal legal to carry up to 2.5oz. (71 grams) legal to grow up to six plants for an individual, or commercially with a license
Main article: Cannabis in Maine
1913: prohibited
1976: decriminalized
1999: medical cannabis[37]
2009: further decriminalization[38][39]
2016: legalized recreational[40]
Maryland 2
D
2 decriminalized (10g or less) legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Maryland
On April 14, 2014, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley signed two pieces of cannabis reform legislation. SB 364 decriminalizes possession of 10 grams or less to a civil infraction punishable by a $100 fine for the first offense, a $250 fine for a second offense, and a $500 fine plus possible drug treatment for a third offense. HB 881 legalizes the possession, sale, and production of medical cannabis, and it authorizes the creation of a commission to license dispensaries, doctors, and patients to manage distribution. These two laws do not go into effect until October 1, 2014, prior to the effective date, possession of any amount of marijuana could still be charged and prosecuted.[41][42]
Massachusetts 1 legal legal Legal to carry up to 1 oz. (28 grams) Allowed to have 1 ounce of marijuana outside the home and up to 10 ounces inside the home, and to cultivate up to six plants.
Main article: Cannabis in Massachusetts
2008: decriminalized cannabis when 63% of the populace voted yes on Question 2. The legislation defines possession of 1 ounce or less to be a civil infraction punishable by a $100 fine.[43][44]
2012: legalized medical marijuana when voters passed Question 3 by 60%.[45][46]
2016: legalized recreational marijuana when voters passed Question 4 by 54%.[47]
Michigan 3 illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Michigan
2008: legalized medical cannabis
Minnesota 2
D
2 decriminalized legal medical use only illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Minnesota
1976: decriminalization[48]
2014: medical cannabis legalized[49]
Mississippi 4
D
4 decriminalized (first offense; 30 grams or less) CBD oil not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Mississippi
1978: decriminalized
2014: CBD legalized
Missouri 4
D
4 decriminalized CBD oil not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Missouri
2014: decriminalized
2014: CBD legalized
Montana 3 illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Montana
Personal use possession of 60 grams or less of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by up to 6 months imprisonment and a fine of $100 – $500. A second offense is punishable by up to 3 years imprisonment or a fine up to $1,000 or both. Possession of more than 60 grams is a felony punishable by up to 5 years imprisonment or a fine up to $50,000 or both. Possession of any amount of marijuana with intent to distribute is a felony punishable by up to 20 years imprisonment or a fine up to $50,000 or both.[50]
Nebraska 6
D
6 decriminalized (first offense only) illegal not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Nebraska
Possession of up to one ounce of cannabis is treated as a civil infraction for the first offense, and as a misdemeanor for the second and third offenses. A fine of up to $300 may be issued for the first offense, along with potential court-mandated drug education courses. A second offense is punishable by a fine of up to $500 and up to five days' jail time, and a third offense carries up to a $500 fine and a maximum of one week in jail.[51]
Nevada 1 legal legal medical and recreational use legal by adults 21+ of up to 6 plants per household
Main article: Cannabis in Nevada
Home cultivator must reside 25 miles away from marijuana store.[52]
On November 7, 2000, Nevada legalized medical marijuana when 65% of the populace voted yes on Question 9.[53][54]
On November 8, 2016, the state legalized recreational marijuana when voters passed Question 2 by 54%.[55]
New Hampshire 2
D
2 Decriminalized (up to three-quarters of an ounce) legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in New Hampshire
On July 18, 2017, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed a bill into law decriminalizing possession of up to three-quarters of an ounce.
On July 23, 2013, New Hampshire legalized medical marijuana when Governor Maggie Hassan signed HB 573.[56][57] On July 11, 2015 Governor Maggie Hassan signs a law that expands the medical marijuana law.[58]
New Jersey 3 illegal legal medical use only illegal
Main article: Cannabis in New Jersey
On January 18, 2010, New Jersey legalized medical marijuana when Governor Jon Corzine signed the New Jersey Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act. Maximum sentencing of 1 year in prison as a misdemeanor and a 1,000 dollar fine for possession of up to 50 grams.[59][60] On September 19, 2016 New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed a measure expanding the state’s medical marijuana law, further nullifying federal prohibition in practice. A coalition of representatives introduced Assembly Bill 457 (A457) in January. The new law adds post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to the list of debilitating medical conditions that qualify a patient to receive medical marijuana under the New Jersey Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act. The Assembly passed A457 on June 16 by a 56-7 vote. After substituting the assembly bill for a Senate version, the Senate passed the measure 28-9 on Aug. 1. Gov. Christie’s signature, the provision went into immediate effect.[61]
New Mexico 3 illegal; decriminalized in Albuquerque.[62] legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in New Mexico
In April 2007, New Mexico legalized medical marijuana when Governor Bill Richardson signed Senate Bill 523.[63][64]
New York 2
D
2 decriminalized (unless open to public view[65]) legal not clearly stated misdemeanor
Main article: Cannabis in New York
On July 14, 2014, New York legalized medical marijuana when Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the Compassionate Care Act into law. The legislation only allows patients to ingest cannabis using edibles, oils, pills, or vaporization, and does not allow smoking of the plant material.[66][67][68]
North Carolina 4
D
4 decriminalized (.5 oz or less) CBD oil illegal illegal
Main article: Cannabis in North Carolina
1977: decriminalized
2015: CBD legalized
North Dakota 3 illegal legal medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in North Dakota
On November 8, 2016, the state legalized medical marijuana when voters passed Measure 5 by 64%.[69]
Ohio 2
D
2 decriminalized (civil infraction) legal not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Ohio
On June 8, 2016, Governor John Kasich signed legislation legalizing marijuana for medical use.[70]
Oklahoma 5 illegal CBD oil not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Oklahoma
1933: criminalized[71]
2015: governor Mary Fallin signed a bill legalizing cannabis oils for children with epilepsy.[72]
Oregon 1 legal legal legal transport of up to 1 oz.; by January 1, 2016: legal transport of larger amounts by marijuana cultivators legal cultivation by adults 21+ of up to 4 plants per household
Main article: Cannabis in Oregon
Oregon voters approved Measure 91 on November 4, 2014, providing for regulated legal possession and sale of set amounts of cannabis.[73][74] Further cannabis reforms were signed into law on July 1, 2015 by Oregon Democratic Governor Kate Brown.[75][76] More medical cannabis reforms were signed into law on July 28, 2015 by Governor Brown to become effective from October 1, 2015.[77][78] On top of all the cannabis law reforms in Oregon, Governor Brown also signed a bill that sets a cannabis sales tax at 25 percent.[79]
Pennsylvania 3 illegal legal illegal illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Pennsylvania
For medical use only. Signed by Governor Wolf on April 17, 2016. Possession of 30g or less is a misdemeanor resulting in up to 30 days incarceration and a fine of up to $500. Possession of more than 30g is a misdemeanor netting up to a year in jail and a $5000 fine.[80]
Rhode Island 2
D
2 decriminalized (civil violation) legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Rhode Island
Possession of an ounce or less is a civil violation with a $150 fine, three violations within 18 months is a misdemeanor with larger fines or prison or both.[81]
South Carolina 5 misdemeanor[82] cannabis oil less than 0.9% THC CBD oil illegal
Main article: Cannabis in South Carolina
2014: governor Nikki Haley signed into law Senate Bill 1035, "Julian's Law", following a unanimous Senate vote and a 92–5 House vote. The law allows children with severe epilepsy to be treated with CBD oil if recommended by a physician.[83]
South Dakota 7 misdemeanor illegal not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in South Dakota
Personal use possession of 2 oz or less is a Class 1 misdemeanor which is punishable by a maximum sentence of 1 year imprisonment and a maximum fine of $2,000.[84]
Tennessee 5 misdemeanor (less than 1/2 ounce; first or second offense only). cannabis oil less than 0.9% THC CBD oil misdemeanor: 9 plants or less; felony: 10+ plants
Main article: Cannabis in Tennessee
First-time possession offenders can complete one year of supervised probation instead of criminal penalty of one year incarceration; *Possession of 1/2 ounce or more is automatic felony charge: possession for resale. Non-psychoactive CBD oil possession, as of Monday, May 4, 2015, is allowed, due to newly signed legislation, if a person is suffering seizures or epilepsy and has the recommendation of their doctor.[85]
Texas 5 Illegal. "Cite and Release" in Houston, Dallas, and Austin (for Austin, only for residents of Travis County) CBD oil not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Texas
"Both the current leadership and candidates for prominent political offices are increasingly calling for marijuana policy reform in the Lone Star State--In Texas, a conviction for possession of up to two ounces of marijuana can result in a jail sentence of up to six months and a fine of up to $2,000.".[86] On June 1, 2015 governor Greg Abbott signed a bill legalizing non-psychoactive CBD oil for medical use.[87]
Utah 5 misdemeanor Limited to terminally ill patients only. CBD oil allowed for patients with epilepsy. not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Utah
HB 105 was signed into law in 2014 to allow the use of low-THC cannabis oil for patients with epilepsy.[88]
HB 195 was signed into law in 2018 to allow the use of cannabis for certain terminally ill patients.[89]
Possession of less than an ounce can result in a 6-month incarceration and a maximum fine of $1,000. Any amount over 10 ounces can result in a $10,000 fine. Selling of any amount is a felony and will result with 5 years in prison and a $5,000 fine.[90]
Vermont 1 legal (up to one ounce, no commercial sales) legal (medical sales allowed) legal two mature plants, four immature
Main article: Cannabis in Vermont
On May 19, 2004, Vermont legalized medical marijuana when Governor James Douglas announced he would allow Senate Bill 76 to pass without his signature.[91] The law was further expanded in June 2007 when Senate Bill 7 passed without Governor Douglas' signature once again.[92]
On June 6, 2013, Governor Peter Shumlin signed legislation (HB200) which decriminalized the possession of 1 ounce or less to a civil infraction.[93]
The state house voted on January 4, 2018 to pass H.511.[94][95][96] The bill legalized adult personal possession of one ounce of cannabis and allows individuals to cultivate two plants.[97] The senate passed the bill by voice vote on January 10, 2018, and was signed by the Governor Scott on January 22, becoming "An act relating to eliminating penalties for possession of limited amounts of marijuana by adults 21 years of age or older"; its provisions will take effect on July 1, 2018.[98][99][100] Vermont became the first state to legalize recreational marijuana through the legislature as opposed to referendum.[101]
Virginia 5 misdemeanor cannabis oil less than 5% THC not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Virginia
A first offense is an "Unclassified Misdemeanor", meaning the maximum penalty is 30 days in jail and a $500 fine (or both), and loss of driving privileges. A subsequent offense is a Class 1 misdemeanor, with a maximum penalty of 12 months in confinement and a $2,500 fine (or both), plus loss of driving privileges. A first-offense will qualify for a deferred disposition resulting in dismissal. This option requires a drug assessment, classes, community service, and loss of driving privileges for six months. The first-offender program is controversial according to some Virginia criminal defense attorneys and advocates for young men and women in the Commonwealth, primarily because it does not allow the defendant to qualify for expungement, and as a result, remains on the individual's record for life.[102]
Washington 1 legal legal legal legal with restrictions and licensing Marijuana was legalized by Washington Initiative 502 in 2012. The law requires state licenses from all sellers, distributors and producers of Marijuana, and permits anyone over 21 to carry one ounce. The state allows licensed growers to cultivate marijuana, but does not permit personal growing in one's home except for medical use.[103]
West Virginia 3 misdemeanor legal not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in West Virginia
"Creates the "Compassionate Use Act for Medical Cannabis; providing for protections for the medical use of cannabis...""[104]
Wisconsin 5 misdemeanor on first offense, felony on subsequent offenses[105] CBD oil "An Assembly bill allows qualifying patients to possess 12 marijuana plants and three ounces of marijuana leaves or flowers." [104] felony
Main article: Cannabis in Wisconsin
A first offense for possession of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of up to $1,000 or imprisonment of up to 6 months, or both. A second offense is a Class I felony and is punishable by a fine of up to $10,000 or imprisonment for up to 3.5 years, or both.
Wyoming 5 misdemeanor CBD oil not clearly stated illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Wyoming
"Being under the influence of marijuana is a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum of 90 days imprisonment and a maximum fine of $100. Possession of three ounces or less is a misdemeanor that is punishable by a maximum of 1 year imprisonment and a maximum fine of $1000."[106]
State
Recreational
Medical
Transportation
Cultivation
Notes
Federal district[edit]
District
Recreational
Medical
Transportation
Cultivation
Notes
District of Columbia
1 legal (no commercial sales)[107] legal (commercial sales) legal to carry up to 2 oz. (57 grams) legal to grow up to six plants (only three mature at a time) for recreational purposes; no provision for commercial recreational cultivation
Main article: Cannabis in the District of Columbia
1998: Initiative 59 was voted in to allow medical marijuana, but its effecting was blocked by Congress until 2009.
2014: D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray signed a bill that decriminalized possession of up to an ounce (28 grams) of marijuana in the U.S. capital for persons 18 years of age or older. The law made possession a civil violation with a penalty of $25, lower than most city parking tickets.
2014, D.C. voted by ballot Initiative 71 to legalize marijuana possession and cultivation for personal recreational use (commercial production and sale not permitted); the law went into effect February 26, 2015 following 30 days of Congressional review.[108]
By inhabited territory[edit]
State
Recreational
Medical
Transportation
Cultivation
Notes
American Samoa 7 illegal illegal illegal illegal
Main article: Cannabis in American Samoa
In 1999, the Territory established a 5-year mandatory minimum sentence for possession of any amount of any illegal drug, to explicitly include marijuana, even when medically prescribed in another jurisdiction.[109]
Guam 3 illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Guam
Residents passed a ballot measure on November 4, 2014 that allows cannabis for medical use only.[110]
Northern Mariana Islands 7 illegal illegal illegal illegal
Main article: Cannabis in Northern Mariana Islands
In 2010, the CNMI House of Representatives approved a legalization bill to regulate and tax marijuana,[111] but the measure ultimately failed.[why?]
Puerto Rico 3 illegal legal medical use only medical use only
Main article: Cannabis in Puerto Rico
On May 4, 2015, the governor of Puerto Rico signed an executive order legalizing medicinal marijuana in the U.S territory.[112]
U.S. Virgin Islands 6
D
6 decriminalized illegal illegal illegal
Main article: Cannabis in United States Virgin Islands
By Native-American reservation[edit]
Main article: Cannabis on American Indian reservations
Reservation
Possession
Sale
Transportation
Cultivation
Notes
Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe
(South Dakota) 1 legal[113] Legal sales since January 1, 2016 One single licensed grow site for the nation In summer 2015, the tribal authorities voted 5–1 to legalize recreational cannabis, making them the first reservation to do so following the 2013 Cole Memorandum.[113]
Suquamish Tribe
(Washington state) 1 legal Legal sales since December 2015[114][115] In September 2015, the tribe signed the nation's first tribe-state cannabis pact, under which the tribe would operate a cannabis retail store with regulations paralleling those of Washington state.[116]
Squaxin Island Tribe
(Washington state) 1 legal Legal sales since November 2015[117]
See also[edit]
Cannabis portal
United States portal
Legality of cannabis
Legality of cannabis by country
Legal history of cannabis in the United States
Timeline of cannabis legalization in the United States
Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory
Solomon–Lautenberg amendment ("Smoke a joint, lose your license" laws)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ State-By-State Medical Marijuana Laws, Marijuana Policy Project, December 2016
^ Jump up to: a b "STATE MEDICAL MARIJUANA LAWS". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ingraham, Christopher (June 13, 2017). "Jeff Sessions personally asked Congress to let him prosecute medical-marijuana providers". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "MARIJUANA OVERVIEW". National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zapotosky, Matt; Horwitz, Sari; Achenbach, Joel (January 4, 2018). "Use of legalized marijuana threatened as Sessions rescinds Obama-era directive that eased federal enforcement". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Summers, DJ (March 22, 2017). "Is CBD Oil Legal? Depends on Where You Are and Who You Ask". Leafly. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Belville, Russ (March 20, 2017). "DEA: CBD Oil Is Not 'Legal in All 50 States'". High Times. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Green, Johnny (November 2, 2017). "Are CBD Products Legal In All 50 States?". Weed News. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Labs, Kelley Code. "Legal Weed Alaska". legalweedalaska.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Here's how many cannabis plants Alaskans can now legally possess at home". AlaskaDispatchNews. July 29, 2016. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alaska Becomes Fourth State To Legalize Recreational Marijuana". Huffingtonpost. November 5, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ the CNN Wire Staff (November 14, 2010). "Arizona voters approve medical marijuana measure – CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ariz. voters approve medical marijuana – TODAY News". TODAY.com. November 13, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arizona Becomes Fifteenth State To Legalize Limited Medical Use Of Marijuana". Norml.org. November 18, 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Arkansas Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "NCJRS Abstract – National Criminal Justice Reference Service". Ncjrs.gov. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived October 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Scheinkman, Andrei; Sledge, Matt (November 7, 2012). "Marijuana Legalization On The Ballot". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Legalization - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. December 10, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ James Orlando, Associate Analyst (December 22, 2011). "Marijuana Penalties". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Delaware Gov. signs bill to allow marijuana for terminally ill". WKYC.com. August 31, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Measure would expand medical marijuana to terminally ill patients". Delaware State News. May 19, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Florida Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cannabis Oil: "It Will Help With The Pain And Make Life A Little More Bearable" « CBS Atlanta". Atlanta.cbslocal.com. September 1, 1995. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Medical marijuana is now legal in Georgia". April 16, 2015. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Becomes First State to Approve Medical Marijuana Bill – New York Times". HAWAII: Nytimes.com. June 15, 2000. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Governor Signs Hawaii's Medical Marijuana Bill Into Law". Norml.org. June 15, 2000. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Governor Signs Bill Legalizing Medical Marijuana Dispensaries". The Daily Chronic.
Jump up ^ "Hawaii Governor Signs Medical Marijana Expansion Law". Thedailychronic.net. July 14, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Idaho Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Medical Marijuana Is Already Legal in Illinois".
Jump up ^ "720 ILCS 550/ Cannabis Control Act".
Jump up ^ "Gov. Quinn Signs Illinois Medical Marijuana Bill".
Jump up ^ McCoppin, Robert. "Illinois lawmakers propose legalizing recreational marijuana". chicagotribune.com.
Jump up ^ Sheridan, Jill (April 27, 2017). "Governor Signs Indiana's First Medicinal Cannabis Bill". WFYI Public Media. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Referendum Election Results, Questions 1-3 – November 2, 1999 (Secretary of State, State of Maine, U.S.A.)". Maine.gov. November 2, 1999. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Maine: Lawmakers Expand Marijuana Decriminalization Law". Norml.org. May 7, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "PUBLIC Law, Chapter 67, An Act To Streamline and Clarify Laws Pertaining to the Civil and Criminal Possession of Marijuana". Mainelegislature.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Maine recreational marijuana vote: Narrow victory for Question 1 gives New England two legalized states". The Cannabist. November 9, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Md. governor signs marijuana bills into law". WUSA9.com. April 14, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ - "Maryland HB 881" (PDF). Mgaleg.maryland.gov.
Jump up ^ Abel, David (November 5, 2008). "Voters approve marijuana law change – The Boston Globe". Boston.com. Retrieved September 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "DEMOCRAT Office Name" (PDF). Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Rapoza, Kenneth (January 22, 2014). "On Marijuana, Massachusetts Voters Say 'Legalize It'". Forbes. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mass. voters say 'yes' to legalizing marijuana". The Boston Globe]. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Robert J. MacCoun; Peter Reuter (August 27, 2001). Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times, and Places. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-521-79997-3.
Jump up ^ "Marijuana Legalization Minnesota 2015: 5 Things To Know About Opening Of State's First Medical Pot Dispensary". June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Montana Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nebraska". Marijuana Policy Project. July 6, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nevada - MPP". Marijuana Policy Project. January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Medical Marijuana Dispensaries and Authorized Users Still Face Potential Criminal Penalties « Las Vegas Criminal Defense Blog". Legalmann.wordpress.com. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Medical Marijuana Act, Question 9 (2000)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Question 2 — Legalize Marijuana — Results: Approved – Election Results 2016". The New York Times. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Governor Hassan's Statement on Signing HB 573". Governor.nh.gov. July 23, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "N.H. becomes 19th state to legalize medical marijuana as Hassan signs bipartisan bill". Concord Monitor. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Signed by the Governor: New Hampshire Broadens Medical Marijuana Law, Further Nullifies Federal Prohibition". Tenth Amendment Center Blog.
Jump up ^ "ASSEMBLY COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR ASSEMBLY, No. 804 : STATE OF NEW JERSEY : 213th LEGISLATURE" (PDF). Njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Medical marijuana use legalized in N.J." Bizjournals.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Signed into Law: New Jersey Bill Expands Medical Marijuana Program Despite Federal Prohibition". Blog.tenthamendmentcenter.com. September 19, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Join the Marijuana Policy Project". Marijuana Policy Project. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
Jump up ^ "New Mexico Becomes Twelfth State To Authorize Medical Cannabis Use". Norml.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Richardson to legalize medical marijuana". NBC News. Associated Press. March 16, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New York Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New York Becomes 23rd State To Allow Medical Marijuana « CBS New York". Newyork.cbslocal.com. July 7, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NY becomes 23rd state to allow medical marijuana | New York Post". Nypost.com. Associated Press. July 7, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ 6:04 PM ET, Thu September 11, 2014 (September 11, 2014). "New York legalizes medical marijuana". CNN.com. Retrieved March 2, 2015. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "North Dakota Election Results 2016". Retrieved November 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kruse, Michael (November 17, 2015). "Kasich legalizes medical marijuana in Ohio". Politico.com. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Richard Davenport-Hines (November 10, 2003). The Pursuit of Oblivion: A Global History of Narcotics. W.W. Norton. pp. 240–. ISBN 978-0-393-32545-4.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing pilot program for cannabis oil". Koco.com. April 30, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Voters legalize recreational pot in Oregon". KGW Portland. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Legalized Marijuana Initiative, Measure 91 (2014)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Legalization; Sentencing Reform Law". The Daily Chronic.
Jump up ^ "Nullification in Effect: Oregon Governor Signs Law to Further Implement Marijuana Legalization". Tenth Amendment Center Blog.
Jump up ^ Marcus McCoy (July 28, 2015). "Oregon Governor Signs Bill Allowing Pot Sales Oct. 1". Nbcrightnow.com.
Jump up ^ [3][dead link]
Jump up ^ Ashley Stewart. "Oregon Governor Signs Marijuana Sales Tax". Nwnewsnetwork.org.
Jump up ^ "Pennsylvania Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ McKinney, Mike (June 13, 2012). "R.I. Gov. Chafee signs into law decriminalization of small amounts of marijuana / Poll | Breaking News | providencejournal.com | The Providence Journal". News.providencejournal.com. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "South Carolina Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". Norml.org. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Carolina Medical Marijuana Bill Signed by Gov. Nikki Haley". Thedailychronic.net. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Dakota Laws & Penalties". Norml.org. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Bill Haslam signs cannabis oil bill". The Tennessean. May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Texas". Mpp.org. December 15, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Abbott Legalizes Cannabis Oil for Epilepsy Patients". Texastribune.org. June 1, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "11 States with Pending Legislation to Legalize Medical Marijuana – Medical Marijuana – ProCon.org". Medicalmarijuana.procon.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lockhart, Ben (March 21, 2018). "Utah governor signs bill allowing medical marijuana use by terminally ill patients". Deseret News. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Utah Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vermont Approves Amended Medical Marijuana Measure". Norml.org. May 20, 2004. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vermont Expands State Medi-Pot Law – Legislatures In Connecticut, Rhode Island Also Endorse Medical Cannabis". Norml.org. June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Shumlin signs bill decriminalizing possession of limited amounts of marijuana | The Official Website of the Governor of Vermont". Governor.vermont.gov. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ H.511 status, Vermont legislature. Accessed January 10, 2018
Jump up ^ Brandon Carter (January 4, 2018), "Vermont House votes to legalize marijuana", The Hill
Jump up ^ Tyler Dumont and Kyle Midura (January 4, 2018), Vermont House passes bill to legalize pot, Burlington, Vermont: WCAX-TV CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Bob Kinzel (January 9, 2017), Backers Of A Tax-And-Regulate Marijuana Legalization Bill Vow To Push On For Their Plan, Vermont Public Radio
Jump up ^ Wilson Ring (January 2, 2018), Vermont lawmakers to take up marijuana legalization again as early as this week: Last year's bill remains active and can be voted on as early as Thursday, The Associated Press – via The Cannabist
Jump up ^ Bob Kinzel (January 10, 2017), Vermont Senate Passes Marijuana Legalization Bill, Which Now Heads To Gov. Scott, Vermont Public Radio
Jump up ^ Alicia Wallace (January 22, 2018), "Vermont Gov. Phil Scott signs marijuana legalization bill "with mixed emotions"", The Cannabist, The Denver Post
Jump up ^ Zezima, Katie (2018-01-24). "Vermont is the first state to legalize marijuana through legislature". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
Jump up ^ Vincenzes, Brenton. "First Offense Possession Charge in Virginia Summary". Vincenzes Law, PLLC. Retrieved November 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "I-502 Implementation". The state of Washington: Washington State Liquor Control Board. 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "2016 States with Legislation or Ballot Measures to Legalize Medical Marijuana - Medical Marijuana - ProCon.org". Medicalmarijuana.procon.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wisconsin Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". norml.org. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Wyoming Laws & Penalties - NORML.org - Working to Reform Marijuana Laws". NORML.org. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Washington DC legalises marijuana possession and use". BBC News. February 26, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "DC, Oregon, and Alaska Just Voted to Legalize Marijuana". Mother Jones.
Jump up ^ National Drug Intelligence Center, US Department of Justice (June 2001). "American Samoa Drug Threat Assessment". Product No. 2001-S0388AS-001.
Jump up ^ "Guam Legalizes Medical Marijuana". Huffington Post. November 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Weed Bill Would Legalize Use in US Commonwealth". CBS News. November 3, 2010. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sifferlin, Alexandra (May 4, 2015). "Puerto Rico Governor Signs Executive Order to Legalize Medical Marijuana". Time.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tribe Bets on Legal Pot". US News. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tad Sooter (December 10, 2015), "Suquamish Tribe opens marijuana shop", Kitsap Sun
Jump up ^ Tobias Coughlin-Bogue (December 8, 2015), "Washington State's Second Native American-Owned Pot Shop Is a Big Win for Tribal Sovereignty", The Stranger
Jump up ^ "Deal to let Suquamish Tribe open Kitsap County pot store". September 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Let It Be Pot: Two Washington State Tribes on Board". Indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
External links[edit]
State marijuana laws (NORML)
State medical marijuana laws (NCSL)
State recreational marijuana laws (NAMSDL)
State industrial hemp laws (NCSL)
[show]
v
t
e
Legality of cannabis in the United States
Legalized
Alaska
California
Colorado
District of Columbia
Maine
Massachusetts
Nevada
Oregon
Vermont
Washington
Decriminalized
Connecticut
Delaware
Illinois
Maryland
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Rhode Island
U.S. Virgin Islands
Medical status
Medical cannabis
Arizona
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Guam
Hawaii
Illinois
Louisiana
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Montana
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
West Virginia
CBD oil only
Alabama
Georgia
Indiana
Iowa
Kentucky
Mississippi
Missouri
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Illegal
American Samoa
Idaho
Kansas
Northern Mariana Islands
South Dakota
Cases
Leary v. United States (1969)
Ravin v. State (1975)
Conant v. McCaffrey (2000)
United States v. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001)
Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
Moncrieffe v. Holder (2013)
Related topics
Legal history
Timeline
Medical
Non-medical
Legality by jurisdiction
Rescheduling
Dispensaries
Cannabis on American Indian reservations
Congressional Cannabis Caucus
Marihuana Tax Act of 1937
Politicians who have admitted use
[show]
v
t
e
Cannabis by country
General articles
(by country)
Adult lifetime cannabis use
Annual cannabis use
Legality of cannabis
By country
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chile
China
PRC
Hong Kong
Macau
ROC
Colombia
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Greenland
Dominica
East Timor
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
France
Guadeloupe
French Guiana
Martinique
New Caledonia
Réunion
Finland
Gabon
Gambia
Germany
Georgia
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Cook Islands
Nigeria
North (DPRK)
Norway
Svalbard
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
San Marino
São Tomé and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Slovakia
Slovenia
Singapore
Somalia
South Africa
South (ROK)
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Bermuda
Cayman Islands
Gibraltar
Montserrat
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Canada
Legal history
Legality by jurisdiction
Marijuana Party
United States
Legal history
Timeline
Medical
Non-medical
Legality by jurisdiction
Related
Cannabis political parties
Timeline of cannabis law
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction&oldid=837138368"
Categories:
Cannabis in the United States by state
Cannabis law in the United States
Cannabis-related lists
Drug policy of the United States
United States law-related lists
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2016
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Use mdy dates from January 2018
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
اردو
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 April 2018, at 23:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

value: b

value: hr

value: span

attrs: class style

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #006C00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #01A318; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #A0BB7D; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #BDC3C7; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act

values: Template:Legality of cannabis by US state

values: Template talk:Legality of cannabis by US state

values:
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
float:right

values: Decriminalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values:
/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands
mw-redirect
U.S. Virgin Islands

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Colorado_Amendment_64_(2012)
mw-redirect
Colorado Amendment 64 (2012)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Cannabis in United States Virgin Islands

values: Edit section: By Native-American reservation

values: Cannabis on American Indian reservations

values:
/wiki/Suquamish_Tribe
mw-redirect
Suquamish Tribe

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legalweedalaska.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.mpp.org/states/nebraska/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.mpp.org/states/nevada/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17643246/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://www.mpp.org/states/texas/
external text

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values:
/wiki/The_Cannabist
mw-redirect
The Cannabist

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286

values:
nofollow
http://lcb.wa.gov/marijuana/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://norml.org/laws

values: Template talk:Cannabis in the United States

values: Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands

values: Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands

values: Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States

values: Cannabis dispensaries in the United States

values: List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Cannabis in the Central African Republic

values: Cannabis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values: Cannabis in the Federated States of Micronesia

values: Cannabis in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Cannabis in the United States by state

values: Category:Cannabis law in the United States

values: Category:Drug policy of the United States

values: Category:United States law-related lists

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2016

values: Category:Use mdy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2015

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: قانونی حیثیت قنب بلحاظ امریکی ریاستیں – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Legality_of_cannabis_by_U_S_jurisdiction rootpage-Legality_of_cannabis_by_U_S_jurisdiction skin-vector action-view


text:
Apollonian and Dionysian
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Apollo killing Tityos. Lower tier, side A of an Attic red-figure calyx-krater.Attributed to the Nekyia Painter
Attic Black-Figure Lekythos with (Body) Dionysos between Maenads and Sileni and (Shoulder) a Seated Man between Women and Men
The Apollonian and Dionysian is a philosophical and literary concept, or dichotomy, based on certain features of ancient Greek mythology. Many Western philosophical and literary figures have invoked this dichotomy in critical and creative works.
In Greek mythology, Apollo and Dionysus are both sons of Zeus. Apollo is the god of rational thinking and order, appealing to prudence and purity. On the other hand, Dionysus is the god of the irrationality and chaos, appealing to emotions and instincts.
The Greeks did not consider the two gods to be opposites or rivals, although often the two deities were entwined by nature.
Contents
[hide]
1 German philosophy
2 Post-modern reading
3 In anthropology
4 In scientific discovery
5 Paglia's usage
6 See also
7 References
German philosophy[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Although the use of the concepts of the Apollonian and Dionysian is linked to Nietzsche's The Birth of Tragedy, the terms were used before him in German culture.[1] The poet Hölderlin spoke of them, while Winckelmann talked of Bacchus, the god of wine. Rudolf Steiner as well treated in depth of the Apollonian and Dionysian (called "Apollinisches und Dionysisches" in German) and placed them in the general history and spiritual evolution of mankind.
Nietzsche's aesthetic usage of the concepts, which was later developed philosophically, first appeared in his book The Birth of Tragedy, which was published in 1872. His major premise here was that the fusion of Dionysian and Apollonian "Kunsttriebe" ("artistic impulses") form dramatic arts, or tragedies. He goes on to argue that this fusion has not been achieved since the ancient Greek tragedians. Nietzsche is adamant that the works of Aeschylus and Sophocles represent the apex of artistic creation, the true realization of tragedy; it is with Euripides that tragedy begins its downfall ("Untergang"). Nietzsche objects to Euripides's use of Socratic rationalism (the dialectic) in his tragedies, claiming that the infusion of ethics and reason robs tragedy of its foundation, namely the fragile balance of the Dionysian and Apollonian.
To further the split, Nietzsche diagnoses the Socratic Dialectic as being diseased in the manner that it deals with looking at life. The scholarly dialectic is directly opposed to the concept of the Dionysian because it only seeks to negate life; it uses reason to always deflect, but never to create. Socrates rejects the intrinsic value of the senses and life for "higher" ideals. Nietzsche claims in The Gay Science that when Socrates drinks the hemlock, he sees the hemlock as the cure for life, proclaiming that he has been sick a long time. (Section 340.) In contrast, the Dionysian existence constantly seeks to affirm life. Whether in pain or pleasure, suffering or joy, the intoxicating revelry that Dionysus has for life itself overcomes the Socratic sickness and perpetuates the growth and flourishing of visceral life force—a great Dionysian 'Yes', to a Socratic 'No'.
The interplay between the Apollonian and Dionysian is apparent, Nietzsche claimed in The Birth of Tragedy, from their use in Greek tragedy: the tragic hero of the drama, the main protagonist, struggles to make order of his unjust fate, though he dies unfulfilled in the end. For the audience of such a drama, Nietzsche claimed, this tragedy allows to sense an underlying essence, what he called the "Primordial Unity", which revives our Dionysian nature—which is almost indescribably pleasurable. However, he later dropped this concept saying it was "...burdened with all the errors of youth" (Attempt at Self-Criticism, §2), the overarching theme was a sort of metaphysical solace or connection with the heart of creation.
Different from Kant's idea of the sublime, the Dionysian is all-inclusive rather than alienating to the viewer as a sublimating experience. The sublime needs critical distance, while the Dionysian demands a closeness of experience. According to Nietzsche, the critical distance, which separates man from his closest emotions, originates in Apollonian ideals, which in turn separate him from his essential connection with self. The Dionysian embraces the chaotic nature of such experience as all-important; not just on its own, but as it is intimately connected with the Apollonian. The Dionysian magnifies man, but only so far as he realizes that he is one and the same with all ordered human experience. The godlike unity of the Dionysian experience is of utmost importance in viewing the Dionysian as it is related to the Apollonian, because it emphasizes the harmony that can be found within one's chaotic experience.
Post-modern reading[edit]
Nietzsche's idea has been interpreted as an expression of fragmented consciousness or existential instability by a variety of modern and post-modern writers, especially Martin Heidegger, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze.[2][3] According to Peter Sloterdijk, the Dionysian and the Apollonian form a dialectic; they are contrasting, but Nietzsche does not mean one to be valued more than the other.[4] Truth being primordial pain, our existential being is determined by the Dionysian/Apollonian dialectic.
Extending the use of the Apollonian and Dionysian onto an argument on interaction between the mind and physical environment, Abraham Akkerman has pointed to masculine and feminine features of city form.[5]
In anthropology[edit]
Anthropologist Ruth Benedict used the terms to characterize cultures that value restraint and modesty (Apollonian) and ostentatiousness and excess (Dionysian). An example of an Apollonian culture in Benedict's analysis was the Zuñi people as opposed to the Dionysian Kwakiutl people.[6] The theme was developed by Benedict in her main work Patterns of Culture.
In scientific discovery[edit]
Albert Szent-Györgyi, who realized that "a discovery must be, by definition, at variance with existing knowledge",[7] divided scientists into two categories: the Apollonians and the Dionysians. He called scientific dissenters, who explored "the fringes of knowledge", Dionysians. He wrote, "In science the Apollonian tends to develop established lines to perfection, while the Dionysian rather relies on intuition and is more likely to open new, unexpected alleys for research...The future of mankind depends on the progress of science, and the progress of science depends on the support it can find. Support mostly takes the form of grants, and the present methods of distributing grants unduly favor the Apollonian."[7]
Paglia's usage[edit]
American humanities scholar Camille Paglia writes about the Apollonian and Dionysian in her 1990 bestseller Sexual Personae.[8] The broad outline of her concept is borrowed from Nietzsche, an admitted influence, although Paglia's ideas diverge significantly.
The Apollonian and Dionysian concepts comprise a dichotomy that serves as the basis of Paglia's theory of art and culture. For Paglia, the Apollonian is light and structured while the Dionysian is dark and chthonic (she prefers Chthonic to Dionysian throughout the book, arguing that the latter concept has become all but synonymous with hedonism and is inadequate for her purposes, declaring that "the Dionysian is no picnic."). The Chthonic is associated with females, wild/chaotic nature, and unconstrained sex/procreation. In contrast, the Apollonian is associated with males, clarity, celibacy and/or homosexuality, rationality/reason, and solidity, along with the goal of oriented progress: "Everything great in western civilization comes from struggle against our origins."[9]
She argues that there is a biological basis to the Apollonian/Dionysian dichotomy, writing: "The quarrel between Apollo and Dionysus is the quarrel between the higher cortex and the older limbic and reptilian brains."[10] Moreover, Paglia attributes all the progress of human civilization to masculinity revolting against the Chthonic forces of nature, and turning instead to the Apollonian trait of ordered creation. The Dionysian is a force of chaos and destruction, which is the overpowering and alluring chaotic state of wild nature. Rejection of – or combat with – Chthonianism by socially constructed Apollonian virtues accounts for the historical dominance of men (including asexual and homosexual men; and childless and/or lesbian-leaning women) in science, literature, arts, technology and politics. As an example, Paglia states: "The male orientation of classical Athens was inseparable from its genius. Athens became great not despite but because of its misogyny."[11]
See also[edit]
"Cygnus X-1, Book II: Hemispheres", a song by Canadian rock band Rush based in part on the concept.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adrian Del Caro, "Dionysian Classicism, or Nietzsche's Appropriation of an Aesthetic Norm", in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 50, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1989), pp. 589–605 (in English)
Jump up ^ Michael, Drolet. The Postmodernism Reader.
Jump up ^ Postmodernism and the re-reading of modernity By Francis Barker, Peter Hulme, Margaret Iversen, Manchester University Press,1992, ISBN 978-0-7190-3745-0 p. 258
Jump up ^ Thinker on Stage: Nietzsche's Materialism, translation by Jamie Owen Daniel; foreword by Jochen Schulte-Sasse, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1989. ISBN 0-8166-1765-1
Jump up ^ Akkerman, Abraham (2006). "Femininity and Masculinity in City-Form: Philosophical Urbanism as a History of Consciousness". Human Studies. 29 (2): 229–256. doi:10.1007/s10746-006-9019-4.
Jump up ^ BENEDICT, R. (1932), CONFIGURATIONS OF CULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA. American Anthropologist, 34: 1–27. doi: 10.1525/aa.1932.34.1.02a00020
^ Jump up to: a b Szent-Györgyi, Albert (1972-06-02). "Dionysians and Apollonians". Science. 176 (4038): 966–966. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17778411. doi:10.1126/science.176.4038.966.
Jump up ^ Paglia, Camille (1990). Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson, New York: Vintage Books.[ISBN missing]
Jump up ^ Paglia, 1990, p. 40
Jump up ^ Paglia, 1990, p. 96
Jump up ^ Paglia, 1990, p. 100.
[show]
v
t
e
Philosophy
[show]
Branches
Traditional
Metaphysics
Ontology
Epistemology
Logic
Ethics
Aesthetics
Philosophy of
Action
Art
Culture
Design
Music
Film
Business
Color
Cosmos
Dialogue
Education
Environment
Futility
Happiness
Healthcare
History
Human nature
Humor
Feminism
Language
Life
Literature
Mathematics
Mind
Pain
Psychology
Philosophy of psychiatry
Philosophy of perception
Philosophy
Religion
Science
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Geography
Sexuality
Social science
Culture
Economics
Justice
Law
Politics
Society
Space and time
Sport
Technology
Artificial intelligence
Computer science
Engineering
Information
War
[show]
Schools of thought
By era
Ancient
Western
Medieval
Renaissance
Early modern
Modern
Contemporary
Ancient
Chinese
Agriculturalism
Confucianism
Legalism
Logicians
Mohism
Chinese naturalism
Neotaoism
Taoism
Yangism
Zen
Greco-Roman
Aristotelianism
Atomism
Cynicism
Cyrenaics
Eleatics
Eretrian school
Epicureanism
Hermeneutics
Ionian
Ephesian
Milesian
Megarian school
Neoplatonism
Peripatetic
Platonism
Pluralism
Presocratic
Pyrrhonism
Pythagoreanism
Neopythagoreanism
Sophistic
Stoicism
Indian
Samkhya
Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Yoga
Mīmāṃsā
Ājīvika
Ajñana
Cārvāka
Jain
Anekantavada
Syādvāda
Buddhist
Śūnyatā
Madhyamaka
Yogacara
Sautrāntika
Svatantrika
Persian
Mazdakism
Zoroastrianism
Zurvanism
Medieval
European
Christian philosophy
Scholasticism
Thomism
Renaissance humanism
East Asian
Korean Confucianism
Edo Neo-Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism
Indian
Vedanta
Acintya bheda abheda
Advaita
Bhedabheda
Dvaita
Dvaitadvaita
Shuddhadvaita
Vishishtadvaita
Navya-Nyāya
Islamic
Averroism
Avicennism
Illuminationism
ʿIlm al-Kalām
Sufi
Jewish
Judeo-Islamic
Modern
People
Cartesianism
Kantianism
Neo-Kantianism
Hegelianism
Marxism
Spinozism
0
Anarchism
Classical Realism
Liberalism
Collectivism
Conservatism
Determinism
Dualism
Empiricism
Existentialism
Foundationalism
Historicism
Holism
Humanism
Idealism
Absolute
British
German
Objective
Subjective
Transcendental
Individualism
Kokugaku
Materialism
Modernism
Monism
Naturalism
Natural law
Nihilism
New Confucianism
Neo-Scholasticism
Pragmatism
Phenomenology
Positivism
Reductionism
Rationalism
Social contract
Socialism
Transcendentalism
Utilitarianism
Contemporary
Analytic
Applied ethics
Analytic feminism
Analytical Marxism
Communitarianism
Consequentialism
Critical rationalism
Experimental philosophy
Falsificationism
Foundationalism / Coherentism
Generative linguistics
Internalism and Externalism
Logical positivism
Legal positivism
Normative ethics
Meta-ethics
Moral realism
Neo-Aristotelian
Quinean naturalism
Ordinary language philosophy
Postanalytic philosophy
Quietism
Rawlsian
Reformed epistemology
Systemics
Scientism
Scientific realism
Scientific skepticism
Contemporary utilitarianism
Vienna Circle
Wittgensteinian
Continental
Critical theory
Deconstruction
Existentialism
Feminist
Frankfurt School
New Historicism
Hermeneutics
Neo-Marxism
Phenomenology
Postmodernism
Post-structuralism
Social constructionism
Structuralism
Western Marxism
Other
Kyoto School
Objectivism
Russian cosmism
more...
[show]
Positions
Aesthetics
Formalism
Institutionalism
Aesthetic response
Ethics
Consequentialism
Deontology
Virtue
Free will
Compatibilism
Determinism
Libertarianism
Metaphysics
Atomism
Dualism
Monism
Naturalism
Epistemology
Constructivism
Empiricism
Idealism
Particularism
Fideism
Rationalism / Reasonism
Skepticism
Solipsism
Mind
Behaviorism
Emergentism
Eliminativism
Epiphenomenalism
Functionalism
Objectivism
Subjectivism
Normativity
Absolutism
Particularism
Relativism
Nihilism
Skepticism
Universalism
Ontology
Action
Event
Process
Reality
Anti-realism
Conceptualism
Idealism
Materialism
Naturalism
Nominalism
Physicalism
Realism
[show]
Philosophy by region
Philosophy-related lists
Miscellaneous
By region
African
Ethiopian
Aztec
Native America
Eastern
Chinese
Egyptian
Czech
Indian
Indonesian
Iranian
Japanese
Korean
Vietnam
Pakistani
Western
American
Australian
British
Danish
French
German
Greek
Italian
Polish
Romanian
Russian
Slovene
Spanish
Turkish
Lists
Outline
Index
Years
Problems
Schools
Glossary
Philosophers
Movements
Publications
Miscellaneous
Women in philosophy
Sage (philosophy)
Portal
Category
Book
[show]
v
t
e
Friedrich Nietzsche
Works
The Birth of Tragedy
On the Pathos of Truth
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks
On Truth and Lies in a Nonmoral Sense
Untimely Meditations
Hymnus an das Leben
Human, All Too Human
The Dawn
Idylls from Messina
The Gay Science
Thus Spoke Zarathustra
Beyond Good and Evil
On the Genealogy of Morality
The Case of Wagner
Twilight of the Idols
The Antichrist
Ecce Homo
Dionysian-Dithyrambs
Nietzsche contra Wagner
The Will to Power (posthumous)
Concepts
Amor fati
Apollonian and Dionysian
Eternal return
Faith in the Earth
God is dead
Herd instinct
Last man
Master–slave morality
Nietzschean affirmation
Perspectivism
Ressentiment
Transvaluation of values
Tschandala
Übermensch
Will to power
World riddle
Related articles
Works about Nietzsche
Influence and reception of Nietzsche
Anarchism and Nietzsche
Nietzsche's views on women
Nietzsche and free will
The Journal of Nietzsche Studies
Library of Friedrich Nietzsche
Nietzsche and Asian Thought
Nietzsche-Archiv
Nietzsche-Haus, Naumburg
Nietzsche-Haus, Sils Maria
Nietzsche's relationship with Max Stirner
My Sister and I, a tale of incest
When Nietzsche Wept (novel
film)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollonian_and_Dionysian&oldid=807309660"
Categories:
Friedrich Nietzsche
Ancient Greece studies
Dionysus
Greek mythology studies
Apollo
Conceptual distinctions
Concepts in aesthetics
Jungian archetypes
Hidden categories:
Pages with missing ISBNs
Articles needing additional references from January 2017
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Deutsch
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Français
Italiano
Қазақша
Nederlands
Português
Română
Slovenčina
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 October 2017, at 04:59.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/German_culture
mw-redirect
German culture

values:
/wiki/Zu%C3%B1i_people
mw-redirect
Zuñi people

values:
/wiki/Patterns_of_Culture
mw-redirect
Patterns of Culture

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2709799

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17778411

values: Please supply an ISBN for this book. (September 2017)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
row
navbox-group
width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;

values: List of important publications in philosophy

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: navigation navbox Philosophy padding:3px

values:
/wiki/The_Dawn_(book)
mw-redirect
The Dawn (book)

values: Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche

values: Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Дионистік рух және Аполлондық рух – Kazakh

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinic
Apolinic – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: 酒神與太陽神 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Apollonian_and_Dionysian rootpage-Apollonian_and_Dionysian vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view