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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)
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2018 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)
Tournament details
Dates
4 September 2016 – 14 November 2017
Teams
54 (from 1 confederation)
Tournament statistics
Matches played
270
Goals scored
794 (2.94 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Robert Lewandowski (16 goals)
← 2014
2022 →
All statistics correct as of 10 October 2017.
UEFA European Qualifiers
FIFA World Cup qualification[show]
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
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1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
See also:
FIFA World Cup
UEFA Euro qualifying[show]
1960
1964
1968
1972
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1996
2000
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2008
2012
2016
2020
See also:
UEFA European Championship
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The European section of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification will act as qualifiers for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, to be held in Russia, for national teams which are members of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Apart from Russia, who qualify automatically as hosts, a total of 13 slots in the final tournament are available for UEFA teams.[1]
The qualifying format was confirmed by the UEFA Executive Committee meeting on 22–23 March 2015 in Vienna.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Branding
2 Format
3 Entrants
4 Schedule
5 First round
5.1 Seeding
5.2 Summary
5.3 Groups
5.3.1 Group A
5.3.2 Group B
5.3.3 Group C
5.3.4 Group D
5.3.5 Group E
5.3.6 Group F
5.3.7 Group G
5.3.8 Group H
5.3.9 Group I
5.4 Ranking of second-placed teams
6 Second round
6.1 Seeding and draw
6.2 Matches
7 Qualified teams
8 Top goalscorers
9 Broadcasting
10 References
11 External links
Branding[edit]
UEFA unveiled the branding for the qualifiers on 15 April 2013. It shows a national jersey inside a heart, and represents Europe, honour and ambition. The same branding was also used for the European qualifiers for the UEFA Euro 2016.[4]
Format[edit]
The qualification structure is as follows:[3][5]
First round (group stage): The 54 teams were divided into nine groups of six teams each to play home-and-away round-robin matches. The winners of each group qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the eight best runners-up advanced to the second round (play-offs).
Second round (play-offs): The eight best runners-up from the first round will play against one other team over two legs, home and away. The draw for these matches was held on 17 October 2017. The first legs will be played on 9–11 November, and the second legs will be played on 12–14 November 2017. The winner of each tie will qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016, both national teams were eligible to make their debuts in World Cup qualifying.[6] With initially two of the groups in the first round having only five teams, Kosovo was assigned to Group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons, and Gibraltar was then added to Group H. All nine groups then had six teams.[7][8]
Entrants[edit]
Apart from Russia, which qualified automatically as hosts, all remaining 52 FIFA-affiliated national teams from UEFA at the registration deadline of January 2015 entered qualification.[9]
Gibraltar, despite being a UEFA member since 2013, was not a FIFA member at the time of the registration deadline, and thus was not eligible to enter qualification for the FIFA World Cup. They appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport to challenge FIFA's refusal to grant membership in order to enter World Cup qualifying.[10] In May 2016, the CAS found in Gibraltar's favour and ordered that FIFA put Gibraltar forward for FIFA membership, which would permit Gibraltar to take part in the qualifiers if membership was granted.[11]
Kosovo became a UEFA member on 3 May 2016, and together with Gibraltar, applied for membership in the FIFA Congress in 12–13 May 2016. FIFA confirmed that in the case both associations succeeded in becoming a member, they would be entitled to participate in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, with UEFA tasked to integrate them into the competition.[12]
On 13 May 2016, both Kosovo and Gibraltar were officially admitted as FIFA members, thus allowing them to compete.[13] UEFA created a task force to discuss how to integrate the two teams into the competition,[14] and on 9 June 2016 UEFA announced that Kosovo would be assigned to Group I, to avoid meeting Bosnia and Herzegovina for security reasons, and Gibraltar would play in Group H.[7][8]
Schedule[edit]
Qualifying matches started in September 2016, following UEFA Euro 2016, and will finish in November 2017.[3][15]
Round
Matchday
Date
First round
(group stage) Matchday 1 4–6 September 2016
Matchday 2 6–8 October 2016
Matchday 3 9–11 October 2016
Matchday 4 11–13 November 2016
Matchday 5 24–26 March 2017
Matchday 6 9–11 June 2017
Matchday 7 31 August – 2 September 2017
Matchday 8 3–5 September 2017
Matchday 9 5–7 October 2017
Matchday 10 8–10 October 2017
Round
Matchday
Date
Second round
(play-offs) First leg 9–11 November 2017
Second leg 12–14 November 2017
The scheduling of qualifying matches, which will be centralized by UEFA, will follow the "Week of Football" concept first used for UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying:[16]
Matches take place from Thursday to Tuesday.
Kick-off times are largely set at 18:00 and 20:45 CET/CEST on Saturdays and Sundays, and 20:45 CET/CEST on Thursdays, Fridays, Mondays and Tuesdays.
On double-header matchweeks, teams play on Thursday and Sunday, or Friday and Monday, or Saturday and Tuesday.
Matches in the same group are played on the same day.
The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 26 July 2015, the day following the draw.[15][17]
Additionally, the hosts Russia, while having already qualified automatically, were to be partnered with a five-team Group H, which would have enabled them to play friendlies against these countries on their spare dates (these friendlies would not have counted in the qualifying group standings).[18] However, with the admission of Kosovo and Gibraltar, all groups were filled to contain six teams and the Russia friendlies against Group H teams were cancelled. UEFA vice-president Hryhoriy Surkis said that the UEFA management will be dealing with the issue of finding opponents for Russia to play friendlies.[19]
First round[edit]
Seeding[edit]
The draw for the first round (group stage) was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw on 25 July 2015, starting 18:00 MSK (UTC+3), at the Konstantinovsky Palace in Strelna, Saint Petersburg, Russia.[15][20]
The seeding was based on the FIFA World Rankings of July 2015. The 52 teams were seeded into six pots:
Pot 1 contains the teams ranked 1–9.
Pot 2 contains the teams ranked 10–18.
Pot 3 contains the teams ranked 19–27.
Pot 4 contains the teams ranked 28–36.
Pot 5 contains the teams ranked 37–45.
Pot 6 contains the teams ranked 46–52.
Each six-team group contained one team from each of the six pots, while each five-team group contained one team from each of the first five pots.[15]
Due to the centralisation of media rights for European qualifiers, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands were all drawn into six-team groups. Netherlands and France were drawn together in Group A, and Spain and Italy were drawn together in Group G.[15]
In consideration of the delicate political situations of the relationships between Armenia and Azerbaijan, UEFA requested that FIFA maintain the current UEFA policy not to draw these teams into the same qualification groups (since the two teams were in the same seeding pot, this would not have happened regardless of the request).[15]
Teams were allocated to seeding pots as follows (July 2015 FIFA Rankings shown in second column; the national teams which eventually qualified for the final tournament are presented in bold; the national teams who will take part in the play-offs are presented in italic).[21]
Pot 1
Team
Pos
Germany 2
Belgium 3
Netherlands 5
Portugal 7
Romania 8
England 9
Wales 10
Spain 12
Croatia 14
Pot 2
Team
Pos
Slovakia 15
Austria 15
Italy 17
Switzerland 18
Czech Republic 20
France 22
Iceland 23
Denmark 24
Bosnia and Herzegovina 26
Pot 3
Team
Pos
Ukraine 27
Scotland 29
Poland 30
Hungary 31
Sweden 33
Albania 36
Northern Ireland 37
Serbia 43
Greece 44
Pot 4
Team
Pos
Turkey 48
Slovenia 49
Israel 51
Republic of Ireland 52
Norway 67
Bulgaria 68
Faroe Islands 74
Montenegro 81
Estonia 82
Pot 5
Team
Pos
Cyprus 85
Latvia 87
Armenia 89
Finland 90
Belarus 100
Macedonia 105
Azerbaijan 108
Lithuania 110
Moldova 124
Pot 6
Team
Pos
Kazakhstan 142
Luxembourg 146
Liechtenstein 147
Georgia 153
Malta 158
San Marino 192
Andorra 202
The football associations of Gibraltar and Kosovo became members of FIFA following the draw but before any games had been played. As both associations became eligible to compete in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, on 9 June 2016 it was decided Gibraltar would join Group H and Kosovo would join Group I, the only groups with five teams. In addition, it was decided that Kosovo could not play against Bosnia and Herzegovina or Serbia for security reasons, due to the disputed political status of Kosovo.[7][8][22] Gibraltar and Spain had previously been kept separate from each other in UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying as a result of the disputed status of Gibraltar.[23]
Summary[edit]
Winner of each group qualified directly for the 2018 FIFA World Cup
The eight best runners-up among all nine groups advanced to the second round (play-offs)
Other teams were eliminated after the first round
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Group I

France
Portugal
Germany
Serbia
Poland
England
Spain
Belgium
Iceland

Sweden
Switzerland
Northern Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Denmark
Slovakia

Scotland

Slovenia

Lithuania

Malta
Italy
Greece
Croatia

Netherlands

Bulgaria

Luxembourg

Belarus
Hungary

Faroe Islands

Latvia

Andorra
Czech Republic

Norway

Azerbaijan

San Marino
Wales

Austria

Georgia

Moldova
Montenegro

Romania

Armenia

Kazakhstan
Albania

Israel

Macedonia

Liechtenstein
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Estonia

Cyprus

Gibraltar
Ukraine

Turkey

Finland

Kosovo
Groups[edit]
[show]2018 FIFA World Cup qualification tiebreakers
In league format, the ranking of teams in each group is based on the following criteria (regulations Articles 20.6 and 20.7):[24]
Points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss)
Overall goal difference
Overall goals scored
Points in matches between tied teams
Goal difference in matches between tied teams
Goals scored in matches between tied teams
Away goals scored in matches between tied teams (if the tie is only between two teams in home-and-away league format)
Fair play points
first yellow card: minus 1 point
indirect red card (second yellow card): minus 3 points
direct red card: minus 4 points
yellow card and direct red card: minus 5 points
Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee
Group A[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group A
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France 10 7 2 1 18 6 +12 23 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–1 4–0 4–1 0–0 2–1
2
Sweden 10 6 1 3 26 9 +17 19 Advance to second round 2–1 — 1–1 3–0 8–0 4–0
3
Netherlands 10 6 1 3 21 12 +9 19 0–1 2–0 — 3–1 5–0 4–1
4
Bulgaria 10 4 1 5 14 19 −5 13 0–1 3–2 2–0 — 4–3 1–0
5
Luxembourg 10 1 3 6 8 26 −18 6 1–3 0–1 1–3 1–1 — 1–0
6
Belarus 10 1 2 7 6 21 −15 5 0–0 0–4 1–3 2–1 1–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group B[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group B
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Portugal 10 9 0 1 32 4 +28 27 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–0 3–0 5–1 4–1 6–0
2
Switzerland 10 9 0 1 23 7 +16 27 Advance to second round 2–0 — 5–2 2–0 1–0 3–0
3
Hungary 10 4 1 5 14 14 0 13 0–1 2–3 — 1–0 3–1 4–0
4
Faroe Islands 10 2 3 5 4 16 −12 9 0–6 0–2 0–0 — 0–0 1–0
5
Latvia 10 2 1 7 7 18 −11 7 0–3 0–3 0–2 0–2 — 4–0
6
Andorra 10 1 1 8 2 23 −21 4 0–2 1–2 1–0 0–0 0–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group C[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Germany 10 10 0 0 43 4 +39 30 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–0 3–0 6–0 5–1 7–0
2
Northern Ireland 10 6 1 3 17 6 +11 19 Advance to second round 1–3 — 2–0 2–0 4–0 4–0
3
Czech Republic 10 4 3 3 17 10 +7 15 1–2 0–0 — 2–1 0–0 5–0
4
Norway 10 4 1 5 17 16 +1 13 0–3 1–0 1–1 — 2–0 4–1
5
Azerbaijan 10 3 1 6 10 19 −9 10 1–4 0–1 1–2 1–0 — 5–1
6
San Marino 10 0 0 10 2 51 −49 0 0–8 0–3 0–6 0–8 0–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group D[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group D
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Serbia 10 6 3 1 20 10 +10 21 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–2 1–1 3–2 1–0 3–0
2
Republic of Ireland 10 5 4 1 12 6 +6 19 Advance to second round 0–1 — 0–0 1–1 1–0 2–0
3
Wales 10 4 5 1 13 6 +7 17 1–1 0–1 — 1–0 1–1 4–0
4
Austria 10 4 3 3 14 12 +2 15 3–2 0–1 2–2 — 1–1 2–0
5
Georgia 10 0 5 5 8 14 −6 5 1–3 1–1 0–1 1–2 — 1–1
6
Moldova 10 0 2 8 4 23 −19 2 0–3 1–3 0–2 0–1 2–2 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group E[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Poland 10 8 1 1 28 14 +14 25 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 3–2 4–2 3–1 2–1 3–0
2
Denmark 10 6 2 2 20 8 +12 20 Advance to second round 4–0 — 0–1 1–1 1–0 4–1
3
Montenegro 10 5 1 4 20 12 +8 16 1–2 0–1 — 1–0 4–1 5–0
4
Romania 10 3 4 3 12 10 +2 13 0–3 0–0 1–1 — 1–0 3–1
5
Armenia 10 2 1 7 10 26 −16 7 1–6 1–4 3–2 0–5 — 2–0
6
Kazakhstan 10 0 3 7 6 26 −20 3 2–2 1–3 0–3 0–0 1–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group F[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group F
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
England 10 8 2 0 18 3 +15 26 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 2–1 3–0 1–0 2–0 2–0
2
Slovakia 10 6 0 4 17 7 +10 18 0–1 — 3–0 1–0 4–0 3–0
3
Scotland 10 5 3 2 17 12 +5 18 2–2 1–0 — 1–0 1–1 2–0
4
Slovenia 10 4 3 3 12 7 +5 15 0–0 1–0 2–2 — 4–0 2–0
5
Lithuania 10 1 3 6 7 20 −13 6 0–1 1–2 0–3 2–2 — 2–0
6
Malta 10 0 1 9 3 25 −22 1 0–4 1–3 1–5 0–1 1–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group G[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group G
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Spain 10 9 1 0 36 3 +33 28 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 3–0 3–0 4–1 4–0 8–0
2
Italy 10 7 2 1 21 8 +13 23 Advance to second round 1–1 — 2–0 1–0 1–1 5–0
3
Albania 10 4 1 5 10 13 −3 13 0–2 0–1 — 0–3 2–1 2–0
4
Israel 10 4 0 6 10 15 −5 12 0–1 1–3 0–3 — 0–1 2–1
5
Macedonia 10 3 2 5 15 15 0 11 1–2 2–3 1–1 1–2 — 4–0
6
Liechtenstein 10 0 0 10 1 39 −38 0 0–8 0–4 0–2 0–1 0–3 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group H[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group H
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Belgium 10 9 1 0 43 6 +37 28 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 1–1 4–0 8–1 4–0 9–0
2
Greece 10 5 4 1 17 6 +11 19 Advance to second round 1–2 — 1–1 0–0 2–0 4–0
3
Bosnia and Herzegovina 10 5 2 3 24 13 +11 17 3–4 0–0 — 5–0 2–0 5–0
4
Estonia 10 3 2 5 13 19 −6 11 0–2 0–2 1–2 — 1–0 4–0
5
Cyprus 10 3 1 6 9 18 −9 10 0–3 1–2 3–2 0–0 — 3–1
6
Gibraltar 10 0 0 10 3 47 −44 0 0–6 1–4 0–4 0–6 1–2 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Group I[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group I
Pos
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Iceland 10 7 1 2 16 7 +9 22 Qualification to 2018 FIFA World Cup — 1–0 2–0 2–0 3–2 2–0
2
Croatia 10 6 2 2 15 4 +11 20 Advance to second round 2–0 — 1–0 1–1 1–1 1–0
3
Ukraine 10 5 2 3 13 9 +4 17 1–1 0–2 — 2–0 1–0 3–0
4
Turkey 10 4 3 3 14 13 +1 15 0–3 1–0 2–2 — 2–0 2–0
5
Finland 10 2 3 5 9 13 −4 9 1–0 0–1 1–2 2–2 — 1–1
6
Kosovo 10 0 1 9 3 24 −21 1 1–2 0–6 0–2 1–4 0–1 —
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Ranking of second-placed teams[edit]
When the draw was made groups H and I had one team fewer than the other groups so it was decided that matches against the last-placed team in each of the six-team groups would not be included in the ranking of the second-placed teams. Even after the admission of Kosovo and Gibraltar, and with all groups now containing six teams, this rule did not change and matches against the sixth-placed team in all groups were still discarded.[25] As a result, only eight matches played by each team were counted in the second-placed table.
The eight best runners-up were determined by the following parameters, in this order:[26]
Highest number of points
Goal difference
Highest number of goals scored
Fair play points
Drawing of lots
Pos
Grp
Team
v
t
e
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
B Switzerland 8 7 0 1 18 6 +12 21 Advance to second round (play-offs)
2
G Italy 8 5 2 1 12 8 +4 17
3
E Denmark 8 4 2 2 13 6 +7 14
4
I Croatia 8 4 2 2 8 4 +4 14
5
A Sweden 8 4 1 3 18 9 +9 13
6
C Northern Ireland 8 4 1 3 10 6 +4 13
7
H Greece 8 3 4 1 9 5 +4 13
8
D Republic of Ireland 8 3 4 1 7 5 +2 13
9
F Slovakia 8 4 0 4 11 6 +5 12
Source: FIFA
Rules for classification: Counting only matches against teams ranked first to fifth in the group, 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored; 4) Fair play points; 5) Drawing of lots.[27][26]
Second round[edit]
Main article: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Second Round
The eight best group runners-up will contest the second round, where they were paired into four two-legged (home-and-away) fixtures.
Seeding and draw[edit]
The draw for the second round (play-offs) was held on 17 October 2017, 14:00 CEST (UTC+2), at the FIFA headquarters in Zürich, Switzerland.[28] The eight teams were seeded by FIFA World Rankings published on 16 October 2017, rather than qualifying record, with the top four teams in Pot 1, and the remaining four teams in Pot 2. Teams from Pot 1 play teams from Pot 2 on a home and away basis, with the order of legs decided by draw.
Pot 1
Pot 2
Switzerland (11)
Italy (15)
Croatia (18)
Denmark (19)
Northern Ireland (23)
Sweden (25)
Republic of Ireland (26)
Greece (47)
Matches[edit]
The first legs will be played on 9–11 November, and the second legs will be played on 12–14 November 2017. The winners of each tie will qualify for the World Cup.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Northern Ireland Match 1 Switzerland 9 Nov 12 Nov
Croatia Match 2 Greece 9 Nov 12 Nov
Denmark Match 3 Republic of Ireland 11 Nov 14 Nov
Sweden Match 4 Italy 10 Nov 13 Nov
Qualified teams[edit]
The following teams from UEFA have qualified for the final tournament.
Team
Qualified as
Qualified on
Previous appearances in tournament1
Russia * !Hosts 000000002010-12-02-00002 December 2010 10 (19582, 19622, 19662, 19702, 19822, 19862, 19902, 1994, 2002, 2014)
France A !Group A winners 000000002017-10-10-000210 October 2017 14 (1930, 1934, 1938, 1954, 1958, 1966, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Portugal B !Group B winners 000000002017-10-10-000110 October 2017 6 (1966, 1986, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Germany C !Group C winners 000000002017-10-05-00015 October 2017 18 (1934, 1938, 19543, 19583, 19623, 19663, 19703, 19743, 19783, 19823, 19863, 19903,
1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Serbia D !Group D winners 000000002017-10-09-00029 October 2017 11 (19304, 19504, 19544, 19584, 19624, 19744, 19824, 19904, 19984, 20064, 2010)
Poland E !Group E winners 000000002017-10-08-00008 October 2017 7 (1938, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1986, 2002, 2006)
England F !Group F winners 000000002017-10-05-00025 October 2017 14 (1950, 1954, 1958, 1962, 1966, 1970, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Spain G !Group G winners 000000002017-10-06-00006 October 2017 14 (1934, 1950, 1962, 1966, 1978, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014)
Belgium H !Group H winners 000000002017-09-03-00003 September 2017 12 (1930, 1934, 1938, 1954, 1970, 1982, 1986, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2014)
Iceland I !Group I winners 000000002017-10-09-00019 October 2017 0 (debut)
1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.
2 Competed as Soviet Union.
3 Competed as West Germany. A separate team for East Germany also participated in qualifications during this time, having only competed in 1974.
4 From 1930 to 2006, Serbia competed as Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro.
Top goalscorers[edit]
As of 10 October 2017
Note: Players in bold are still active in the competition.
16 goals
Robert Lewandowski
15 goals
Cristiano Ronaldo
11 goals
Romelu Lukaku
9 goals
André Silva
8 goals
Christian Eriksen
Marcus Berg
7 goals
Stevan Jovetić
6 goals
Eden Hazard
Konstantinos Mitroglou
Ciro Immobile
Arjen Robben
Aleksandar Mitrović
Andriy Yarmolenko
For full lists of goalscorers, see sections in each group:
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Group E
Group F
Group G
Group H
Group I
Play-offs
Broadcasting[edit]
Main article: UEFA European Qualifiers broadcasting rights
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Jump up ^ "Focus switches to World Cup qualifying". UEFA.com. 22 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "As it stands: ranking of second-placed teams". UEFA.com. 3 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Competition format - FIFA World Cup - News - UEFA.com". uefa.com. UEFA. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup European play-off draw to take place on 17 October". FIFA.com. 6 September 2017.
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Nonparametric statistics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Nonparametric statistics is the branch of statistics that is not based solely on parameterized families of probability distributions (common examples of parameters are the mean and variance). Nonparametric statistics is based on either being distribution-free or having a specified distribution but with the distribution's parameters unspecified. Nonparametric statistics includes both descriptive statistics and statistical inference.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definitions
2 Applications and purpose
3 Non-parametric models
4 Methods
5 See also
6 Notes
7 General references
Definitions[edit]
The statistician Larry Wasserman has said that "it is difficult to give a precise definition of nonparametric inference".[1] The term "nonparametric statistics" has been imprecisely defined in the following two ways, among others.
The first meaning of nonparametric covers techniques that do not rely on data belonging to any particular distribution. These include, among others:
distribution free methods, which do not rely on assumptions that the data are drawn from a given probability distribution. As such it is the opposite of parametric statistics. It includes nonparametric descriptive statistics, statistical models, inference and statistical tests.
nonparametric statistics (in the sense of a statistic over data, which is defined to be a function on a sample that has no dependency on a parameter), whose interpretation does not depend on the population fitting any parameterised distributions. Order statistics, which are based on the ranks of observations, are one example of such statistics and these play a central role in many nonparametric approaches.
The following discussion is taken from Kendall's.[2]
Statistical hypotheses concern the behavior of observable random variables.... For example, the hypothesis (a) that a normal distribution has a specified mean and variance is statistical; so is the hypothesis (b) that it has a given mean but unspecified variance; so is the hypothesis (c) that a distribution is of normal form with both mean and variance unspecified; finally, so is the hypothesis (d) that two unspecified continuous distributions are identical.
It will have been noticed that in the examples (a) and (b) the distribution underlying the observations was taken to be of a certain form (the normal) and the hypothesis was concerned entirely with the value of one or both of its parameters. Such a hypothesis, for obvious reasons, is called parametric.
Hypothesis (c) was of a different nature, as no parameter values are specified in the statement of the hypothesis; we might reasonably call such a hypothesis non-parametric. Hypothesis (d) is also non-parametric but, in addition, it does not even specify the underlying form of the distribution and may now be reasonably termed distribution-free. Notwithstanding these distinctions, the statistical literature now commonly applies the label "non-parametric" to test procedures that we have just termed "distribution-free", thereby losing a useful classification.
The second meaning of non-parametric covers techniques that do not assume that the structure of a model is fixed. Typically, the model grows in size to accommodate the complexity of the data. In these techniques, individual variables are typically assumed to belong to parametric distributions, and assumptions about the types of connections among variables are also made. These techniques include, among others:
non-parametric regression, which refers to modeling where the structure of the relationship between variables is treated non-parametrically, but where nevertheless there may be parametric assumptions about the distribution of model residuals.
non-parametric hierarchical Bayesian models, such as models based on the Dirichlet process, which allow the number of latent variables to grow as necessary to fit the data, but where individual variables still follow parametric distributions and even the process controlling the rate of growth of latent variables follows a parametric distribution.
Applications and purpose[edit]
Non-parametric methods are widely used for studying populations that take on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars). The use of non-parametric methods may be necessary when data have a ranking but no clear numerical interpretation, such as when assessing preferences. In terms of levels of measurement, non-parametric methods result in "ordinal" data.
As non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions, their applicability is much wider than the corresponding parametric methods. In particular, they may be applied in situations where less is known about the application in question. Also, due to the reliance on fewer assumptions, non-parametric methods are more robust.
Another justification for the use of non-parametric methods is simplicity. In certain cases, even when the use of parametric methods is justified, non-parametric methods may be easier to use. Due both to this simplicity and to their greater robustness, non-parametric methods are seen by some statisticians as leaving less room for improper use and misunderstanding.
The wider applicability and increased robustness of non-parametric tests comes at a cost: in cases where a parametric test would be appropriate, non-parametric tests have less power. In other words, a larger sample size can be required to draw conclusions with the same degree of confidence.
Non-parametric models[edit]
Non-parametric models differ from parametric models in that the model structure is not specified a priori but is instead determined from data. The term non-parametric is not meant to imply that such models completely lack parameters but that the number and nature of the parameters are flexible and not fixed in advance.
A histogram is a simple nonparametric estimate of a probability distribution.
Kernel density estimation provides better estimates of the density than histograms.
Nonparametric regression and semiparametric regression methods have been developed based on kernels, splines, and wavelets.
Data envelopment analysis provides efficiency coefficients similar to those obtained by multivariate analysis without any distributional assumption.
KNNs classify the unseen instance based on the K points in the training set which are nearest to it.
A support vector machine (with a Gaussian kernel) is a nonparametric large-margin classifier.
Methods[edit]
Non-parametric (or distribution-free) inferential statistical methods are mathematical procedures for statistical hypothesis testing which, unlike parametric statistics, make no assumptions about the probability distributions of the variables being assessed. The most frequently used tests include
Analysis of similarities
Anderson–Darling test: tests whether a sample is drawn from a given distribution
Statistical bootstrap methods: estimates the accuracy/sampling distribution of a statistic
Cochran's Q: tests whether k treatments in randomized block designs with 0/1 outcomes have identical effects
Cohen's kappa: measures inter-rater agreement for categorical items
Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks: tests whether k treatments in randomized block designs have identical effects
Kaplan–Meier: estimates the survival function from lifetime data, modeling censoring
Kendall's tau: measures statistical dependence between two variables
Kendall's W: a measure between 0 and 1 of inter-rater agreement
Kolmogorov–Smirnov test: tests whether a sample is drawn from a given distribution, or whether two samples are drawn from the same distribution
Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance by ranks: tests whether > 2 independent samples are drawn from the same distribution
Kuiper's test: tests whether a sample is drawn from a given distribution, sensitive to cyclic variations such as day of the week
Logrank test: compares survival distributions of two right-skewed, censored samples
Mann–Whitney U or Wilcoxon rank sum test: tests whether two samples are drawn from the same distribution, as compared to a given alternative hypothesis.
McNemar's test: tests whether, in 2 × 2 contingency tables with a dichotomous trait and matched pairs of subjects, row and column marginal frequencies are equal
Median test: tests whether two samples are drawn from distributions with equal medians
Pitman's permutation test: a statistical significance test that yields exact p values by examining all possible rearrangements of labels
Rank products: detects differentially expressed genes in replicated microarray experiments
Siegel–Tukey test: tests for differences in scale between two groups
Sign test: tests whether matched pair samples are drawn from distributions with equal medians
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient: measures statistical dependence between two variables using a monotonic function
Squared ranks test: tests equality of variances in two or more samples
Tukey–Duckworth test: tests equality of two distributions by using ranks
Wald–Wolfowitz runs test: tests whether the elements of a sequence are mutually independent/random
Wilcoxon signed-rank test: tests whether matched pair samples are drawn from populations with different mean ranks
See also[edit]
Parametric statistics
Resampling (statistics)
CDF-based nonparametric confidence interval
Information field theory
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Wasserman (2007), p.1
Jump up ^ Stuart A., Ord J.K, Arnold S. (1999), Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics: Volume 2A—Classical Inference and the Linear Model, sixth edition, §20.2–20.3 (Arnold).
General references[edit]
Bagdonavicius, V., Kruopis, J., Nikulin, M.S. (2011). "Non-parametric tests for complete data", ISTE & WILEY: London & Hoboken. ISBN 978-1-84821-269-5.
Corder, G. W.; Foreman, D. I. (2014). Nonparametric Statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118840313.
Gibbons, Jean Dickinson; Chakraborti, Subhabrata (2003). Nonparametric Statistical Inference, 4th Ed. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-4052-1.
Hettmansperger, T. P.; McKean, J. W. (1998). Robust Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Kendall's Library of Statistics. 5 (First ed.). London: Edward Arnold. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-340-54937-8. MR 1604954. also ISBN 0-471-19479-4.
Hollander M., Wolfe D.A., Chicken E. (2014). Nonparametric Statistical Methods, John Wiley & Sons.
Sheskin, David J. (2003) Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures. CRC Press. ISBN 1-58488-440-1
Wasserman, Larry (2007). All of Nonparametric Statistics, Springer. ISBN 0-387-25145-6.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonparametric_statistics&oldid=819200684"
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Freedom Trail
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Freedom Trail
Special markers implanted in the sidewalk denote the stops along the Freedom Trail
Location
Boston, Massachusetts
Established
1951
Designation
National Millennium Trail
Trailheads
Boston Common to Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown
Use
Walking, History
Hiking details
Sights
16 historical sites
Surface
Brick
Website
www.thefreedomtrail.org
Freedom Trail marker through a red brick sidewalk
Freedom Trail next to Faneuil Hall
The Freedom Trail is a 2.5-mile-long (4.0 km) path through downtown Boston, Massachusetts, that passes by 16 locations significant to the history of the United States. Marked largely with brick, it winds between Boston Common to the Bunker Hill Monument in Charlestown. Stops along the trail include simple explanatory ground markers, graveyards, notable churches and buildings, and a historic naval frigate. While most of the sites are free or suggest donations, the Old South Meeting House, the Old State House, and the Paul Revere House charge admission. The Freedom Trail is overseen by the City of Boston's Freedom Trail Commission[1] and is supported in part by grants from various nonprofits and foundations, private philanthropy, and Boston National Historical Park.
The Freedom Trail was conceived by local journalist William Schofield, who in 1951 suggested building a pedestrian trail to link important local landmarks. Boston mayor John Hynes decided to put Schofield's idea into action. By 1953, 40,000 people were walking the trail annually.[2]
The National Park Service operates a visitor's center on the first floor of Faneuil Hall, where they offer tours, provide free maps of the Freedom Trail and other historic sites, and sell books about Boston and United States history.
Some observers have noted the tendency of the Freedom Trail's narrative frame to omit certain historical locations, such as the sites of the Boston Tea Party and the Liberty Tree.[3]
Members of the Boy Scouts of America who hike or camp along the Freedom Trail may be eligible for the Historic Trails Award.[4]
Contents
1 Official trail sites
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
Official trail sites[edit]
The official trail sites are:[5]
Boston Common
Massachusetts State House
Park Street Church
Granary Burying Ground
King's Chapel and Burying Ground
Benjamin Franklin statue and former site of Boston Latin School
Old Corner Bookstore
Old South Meeting House
Old State House
Site of the Boston Massacre
Faneuil Hall
Paul Revere House
Old North Church
Copp's Hill Burying Ground
USS Constitution
Bunker Hill Monument
The Black Heritage Trail crosses the Freedom Trail between the Massachusetts State House and Park Street Church. The Boston Irish Famine Memorial is also located along the Freedom Trail.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Freedom Trail". City of Boston. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Thomas H. (1993), Building a new Boston: politics and urban renewal, 1950–1970, Boston: Northeastern University Press, ISBN 1-55553-161-X, 155553161X
Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young (21 Mar 2004), "The Trouble with the Freedom Trail", Boston Globe
Jump up ^ "The Freedom Trail". Boston Minuteman Council. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
Jump up ^ "The Freedom Trail". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Bahne, Charles (2005). The Complete Guide to Boston's Freedom Trail (Guidebook) (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Newtowne Pub. ISBN 978-0961570521.
Booth, Robert (2008). Pietrzyk, Cindi, ed. Boston's Freedom Trail, Trace the Path of American History (Guidebook). Jack Frost (8th ed.). Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. ISBN 9780762747696. Retrieved May 21, 2012.
MacQuarrie, Brian (January 30, 1996). "Freedom Trail is fading: Consultant says route past city's historic sites needs overhaul to draw tourists". Boston Globe.
Mead, Philip (2007). "Walking the Freedom Trail: Some lessons from Iraq". Common Place. 8 (1).
Schofield, William G. (1988). Freedom by the Bay: The Boston Freedom Trail. Wellesley, MA: Branden Books. ISBN 9780828319225. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Young, Alfred F. (2003). "Revolution in Boston? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail". The Public Historian. 25 (2).
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Freedom Trail.
Freedom Trail Foundation
The Black Heritage Trail
Boston National Historic Park
The Boston Harbor Walk
The Freedom Trail – Boy Scouts of America pamphlet
1798 Map of Boston
Clough's 1798 Atlas of Boston (circa 1900)
1640 Map of Boston
History of the Freedom Trail
PDF Map of the Freedom Trail
Mapping Boston History
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Coordinates: 42°21′35.85″N 71°3′24.32″W / 42.3599583°N 71.0567556°W / 42.3599583; -71.0567556
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Trail&oldid=851569292"
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Christopher A. Hart
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Christopher A. Hart
13th Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
In office
April 26, 2014 – August 2017
President
Barack Obama
Preceded by
Deborah Hersman
Succeeded by
Robert Sumwalt
Personal details
Alma mater
Princeton University
Harvard University
Christopher A. Hart is an American lawyer, government official, and pilot. He served as the 13th chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board. He served as Acting NTSB Chairman beginning April 26, 2014,[1] and in June 2014 was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve as Chairman of the NTSB.[2] He was confirmed to serve as Chairman on February 5, 2015.[3] Robert Sumwalt succeeded him as chairman in August 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Education
3 Career
4 References
5 External links
Personal life[edit]
Hart's great uncle, James Banning, was the first African-American to receive a pilot's license issued by the U.S. government in 1926.[4]
Hart is a licensed pilot with commercial, multi-engine, and instrument ratings.
Education[edit]
Hart holds a B.S. and an M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering from Princeton University and a J.D. from Harvard Law School.
Career[edit]
From 1973 until joining the NTSB in 1990, Hart held a series of legal positions, mostly in the private sector. He is a member of the District of Columbia Bar and the Lawyer-Pilots Bar Association.[5]
He first served as a member of the NTSB from 1990 to 1993. After leaving the board, he served as deputy administrator of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, before moving to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 1995.[6]
Immediately before returning to the Board in 2009, Hart was Deputy Director for Air Traffic Safety Oversight at the FAA. He had been the FAA Assistant Administrator for System Safety.
Hart was sworn in as a Member of the National Transportation Safety Board on August 12, 2009, and designated by President Obama for a two-year term as Vice Chairman of the Board on August 18, 2009. In August 2013, President Obama nominated him for a second term as Board Member and after Senate confirmation of his nomination, the President, in October 2013, designated him for a third term as Vice Chairman. He has served as Acting NTSB Chairman since April 26, 2014 and in July 2014 was nominated by the President to serve as Chairman of the NTSB. He served as chairman until August 2017, when he was succeeded by Robert Sumwalt.
After his tenure at the NTSB Hart continued his work in the safety industry, chairing Washington DC's Metro Safety Commission[7] and serving as a safety consultant for private companies such as Uber.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NTSB Biography of Christopher Hart".
Jump up ^ Felsenthal, Mark (2014-06-26). "Obama names Hart to head U.S. transportation safety board". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Nominations Sent to the Senate".
Jump up ^ "NTSB Biography of Christopher Hart".
Jump up ^ "Executive Profile: Christopher A. Hart". Bloomberg. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ Graves, Lucia (2015-04-17). "Christopher Hart: Flying's in His Blood". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ Powers, Martine (2018-03-27). "Former NTSB chair named to lead new Metro Safety Commission". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
Jump up ^ Metz, Cade (2018-05-07). "After Fatal Uber Crash, a Self-Driving Start-Up Moves Forward". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
External links[edit]
NTSB - Christopher A. Hart's Bio
NTSB - Christopher A. Hart's Speech and Testimony Archive
NTSB - Former Board Members
C-SPAN - Christopher A. Hart Television Appearances
Political offices
Preceded by
Deborah Hersman Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board Succeeded by
Robert Sumwalt
[show]
v
t
e
Chairmen of the National Transportation Safety Board
Joseph J. O'Connell
John H. Reed
Webster B. Todd
James B. King
James E. Burnett
James Kolstad
Carl W. Vogt
James E. Hall
Marion Blakey (2001–02)
Ellen Conners (2002–06)
Mark Rosenker (2006–08)
Deborah Hersman (2009–14)
Christopher A. Hart (2014–17)
Robert L. Sumwalt (2017, acting)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_A._Hart&oldid=842916954"
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Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board
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This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 15:17.
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