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Mechanical watch
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The movement of a Russian watch
A mechanical watch is a watch that uses a mechanism to measure the passage of time, as opposed to modern quartz watches which function electronically. It is driven by a spring (called a mainspring) which must be wound periodically. Its force is transmitted through a series of gears to power the balance wheel, a weighted wheel which oscillates back and forth at a constant rate. A device called an escapement releases the watch's wheels to move forward a small amount with each swing of the balance wheel, moving the watch's hands forward at a constant rate. This makes the 'ticking' sound characteristic of all mechanical watches. Mechanical watches evolved in Europe in the 17th century from spring powered clocks, which appeared in the 15th century.
Mechanical watches are typically not as accurate as modern electronic quartz watches,[1][2][3] and they require periodic cleaning by a skilled watchmaker.[3] Since the 1970s, quartz watches have taken over most of the watch market, and mechanical watches are now mostly a high-end product, purchased for aesthetic reasons, for appreciation of their fine craftsmanship,[2] or as a status symbol.[2]
Contents
1 Components
2 Mechanism
2.1 Mainspring and motion work
2.2 Wheel train
2.3 Escapement
2.4 Balance wheel
2.5 Keyless work
2.6 Center seconds
3 Watch jewels
3.1 Purposes
3.2 Types
3.3 Where they are used
3.4 'Jewel inflation'
4 World time
5 History
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Components[edit]
Mechanical wrist watch disassembled
A so-called "mystery watch" c. 1890, it is fitted with a cylinder escapement.
The internal mechanism of a watch, excluding the face and hands, is called the movement. All mechanical watches have these five parts:
A mainspring,[4] which stores mechanical energy to power the watch.
A gear train, called the going train,[5] which has the dual function of transmitting the force of the mainspring to the balance wheel and adding up the swings of the balance wheel to get units of seconds, minutes, and hours. A separate part of the gear train, called the keyless work, allows the user to wind the mainspring and enables the hands to be moved to set the time.
A balance wheel, which oscillates back and forth. Each swing of the balance wheel takes precisely the same amount of time. This is the timekeeping element in the watch.
An escapement mechanism, which has the dual function of keeping the balance wheel vibrating by giving it a push with each swing, and allowing the watch's gears to advance or 'escape' by a set amount with each swing. The periodic stopping of the gear train by the escapement makes the 'ticking' sound of the mechanical watch.
An indicating dial, usually a traditional clock face with rotating hands, to display the time in human-readable form.
Additional functions on a watch besides the basic timekeeping ones are traditionally called complications. Mechanical watches may have these complications:
Automatic winding or self-winding—in order to eliminate the need to wind the watch, this device winds the watch's mainspring automatically using the natural motions of the wrist, with a rotating-weight mechanism.
Calendar—displays the date, and often the weekday, month, and year. Simple calendar watches do not account for the different lengths of the months, requiring the user to reset the date 5 times a year, but perpetual calendar watches account for this, and even leap years.[6] An annual calendar does not make the leap year adjustment, and treats February as a 30-day month, so the date must be reset on March 1 every year when it incorrectly says February 29 or 30.
Alarm—a bell or buzzer that can be set to go off at a given time.
Chronograph—a watch with additional stopwatch functions. Buttons on the case start and stop the second hand and reset it to zero, and usually several subdials display the elapsed time in larger units.
Hacking feature—found on military watches, a mechanism that stops the second hand while the watch is being set. This enables watches to be synchronized to the precise second. This is now a very common feature on many watches.
Moon phase dial—shows the phase of the moon with a moon face on a rotating disk.
Wind indicator or power reserve indicator—mostly found on automatic watches, a subdial that shows how much power is left in the mainspring, usually in terms of hours left to run.
Repeater—a watch that chimes the hours audibly at the press of a button. This rare complication was originally used before artificial lighting to check what time it was in the dark. These complex mechanisms are now only found as novelties in extremely expensive luxury watches.
Tourbillon—this expensive feature was originally designed to make the watch more accurate, but is now simply a demonstration of watchmaking virtuosity. In an ordinary watch the balance wheel oscillates at different rates, because of gravitational bias, when the watch is in different positions, causing inaccuracy. In a tourbillon, the balance wheel is mounted in a rotating cage so that it will experience all positions equally. The mechanism is usually exposed on the face to show it off.
Mechanism[edit]
The mechanical watch is a mature technology, and most ordinary watch movements have the same parts and work the same way.[7]
Cutaway drawing of pocketwatch, with parts labeled
Mainspring and motion work[edit]
The mainspring that powers the watch, a spiral ribbon of spring steel, is inside a cylindrical barrel, with the outer end of the mainspring attached to the barrel. The force of the mainspring turns the barrel. The barrel has gear teeth around the outside that turn the center wheel once per hour — this wheel has a shaft that goes through the dial. On the dial side the cannon pinion is attached with a friction fit (allowing it to slide when setting the hands) and the minute hand is attached to the cannon pinion. The cannon pinion drives a small 12-to-1 reduction gearing called the motion work that turns the hour wheel and hand once for every 12 revolutions of the minute hand.
Wheel train[edit]
The center wheel drives the pinion of the third wheel, and the third wheel drives the pinion of the fourth wheel. In watches with the seconds hand in a subsidiary seconds dial, usually located above the 6 o'clock position, the fourth wheel is geared to rotate once per minute, and the second hand is attached directly to the arbour of this wheel.
Play media
Animated watch movement. For clarity in this diagram the watch gears are arranged in a line, with the balance wheel on the left and the hands on separate wheels, rather than located concentrically as in an actual watch.
Escapement[edit]
The fourth wheel also drives the escape wheel of the lever escapement. The escape wheel teeth alternately catch on two fingers called pallets on the arms of the pallet lever, which rocks back and forth. The other end of the lever has a fork which engages with an upright impulse pin on the balance wheel shaft. Each time the balance wheel swings through its center position, it unlocks the lever, which releases one tooth of the escape wheel, allowing the watch's wheels to advance by a fixed amount, moving the hands forward. As the escape wheel turns, its tooth pushes against the lever, which gives the balance wheel a brief push, keeping it swinging back and forth.
Balance wheel[edit]
The balance wheel keeps time for the watch. It consists of a weighted wheel which rotates back and forth, which is returned toward its center position by a fine spiral spring, the balance spring or "hair spring". The wheel and spring together constitute a harmonic oscillator. The mass of the balance wheel combines with the stiffness of the spring to precisely control the period of each swing or 'beat' of the wheel. A balance wheel's period of oscillation T in seconds, the time required for one complete cycle (two beats), is
T = 2 π I κ {\displaystyle T=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {I}{\kappa }}}\,}
where I {\displaystyle I\,} is the wheel's moment of inertia in kilogram-meter2 and κ {\displaystyle \kappa \,} is the stiffness (spring constant) of its balance spring in newton-meters per radian. Most watch balance wheels oscillate at 5, 6, 8, or 10 beats per second. This translates into 2.5, 3, 4, and 5 Hz respectively, or 18000, 21,600, 28,800, and 36,000 beats per hour (BPH). In most watches there is a regulator lever on the balance spring which is used to adjust the rate of the watch. It has two curb pins which embrace the last turn of the spring, and can be slid up or down the spring to control its effective length. Sliding the pins up the spring, shortening the spring's length, makes it stiffer, increasing κ {\displaystyle \kappa \,} in the equation above, decreasing the wheel's period T {\displaystyle T\,} so it swings back and forth faster, causing the watch to run faster.
Keyless work[edit]
A separate set of gears called the keyless work winds the mainspring when the crown is rotated, and when the crown is pulled out a short distance allow the hands to be turned to set the watch. The stem attached to the crown has a gear called the clutch or castle wheel, with two rings of teeth that project axially from the ends. When the stem is pushed in, the outer teeth turn the ratchet wheel on top of the mainspring barrel, which turns the shaft that the inner end of the mainspring is attached to, winding the mainspring tighter around the shaft. A spring-loaded pawl or click presses against the ratchet teeth, preventing the mainspring from unwinding. When the stem is pulled out, the inner teeth of the castle wheel engage with a gear which turns the minute wheel. When the crown is turned, the friction coupling of the cannon pinion allows the hands to be rotated.
Center seconds[edit]
If the seconds hand is co-axial with the minute and hour hand, that is it is pivoted at the center of the dial, this arrangement is called "center seconds" or "sweep seconds", because the seconds hand sweeps around the minute track on the dial.
Initially center seconds hands were driven off the third wheel, sometimes via an intermediate wheel, with the gearing on the outside of the top plate. This method of driving the seconds hand is called indirect center seconds. Because the gearing was outside the plates, it added to the thickness of the movement, and because the rotation of the third wheel had to be geared up to turn the seconds hand once a minute, the seconds hand had a fluttering motion.[8]
In 1948 Zenith introduced a watch with a redesigned gear train where the fourth wheel was at the center of the movement, and so could drive a center seconds hand directly. The minute wheel, which had previously been at the center of the movement, was moved off center and drove the minute wheel indirectly. Any fluttering due the indirect gearing is concealed by the relatively slow movement of the minute hand. This redesign brought all the train gearing between the plates and allowed a thinner movement.[9]
The movement of a chronograph pocketwatch from the 1880s.
Watch jewels[edit]
See also: Jewel bearing
Jewel bearing and capstone used in balance wheel pivot
Ordinary 'hole jewel' bearing
Jewel bearings were invented and introduced in watches by Nicolas Fatio (or Facio) de Duillier and Pierre and Jacob Debaufre around 1702[10][11] to reduce friction. They did not become widely used until the mid 19th century. Until the 20th century they were ground from tiny pieces of natural gems. Watches often had garnet, quartz, or even glass jewels; only top quality watches used sapphire, ruby, or diamond.[10] In 1902, a process to grow artificial sapphire crystals was invented, making jewels much cheaper. Jewels in modern watches are all synthetic sapphire or (usually) ruby, made of corundum (Al2O3), one of the hardest substances known. The only difference between sapphire and ruby is that different impurities have been added to change the color; there is no difference in their properties as a bearing.[12] The advantage of using jewels is that their ultrahard slick surface has a lower coefficient of friction with metal. The static coefficient of friction of steel-on-steel is 0.58, while that of sapphire-on-steel is 0.10-0.15.[13]
Purposes[edit]
Jewels serve two purposes in a watch.[14] First, reduced friction can increase accuracy. Friction in the wheel train bearings and the escapement causes slight variations in the impulses applied to the balance wheel, causing variations in the rate of timekeeping. The low, predictable friction of jewel surfaces reduces these variations. Second, they can increase the life of the bearings. In unjeweled bearings, the pivots of the watch's wheels rotate in holes in the plates supporting the movement. The sideways force applied by the driving gear causes more pressure and friction on one side of the hole. In some of the wheels, the rotating shaft can wear away the hole until it is oval shaped, eventually causing the gear to jam, stopping the watch.
Types[edit]
In the escapement, jewels are used for the parts that work by sliding friction:[14]
Pallets - These are the angled rectangular surfaces on the lever that are pushed against by the teeth of the escape wheel. They are the main source of friction in a watch movement, and were one of the first sites to which jewels were applied.
Impulse pin - The off center pin on a disk on the balance staff which is pushed by the lever fork, to keep the balance wheel moving.
In bearings two different types are used:
Hole jewels - These are donut shaped sleeve bearings used to support the arbor (shaft) of most wheels.
Capstones or cap jewels - When the arbor of a wheel is in the vertical position, the shoulder of the arbor bears against the side of the hole jewel, increasing friction. This causes the rate of the watch to change when it is in different positions. So in bearings where friction is critical, such as the balance wheel pivots, flat capstones are added at each end of the arbor. When the arbor is in a vertical position, its rounded end bears against the surface of the capstone, lowering friction.
Where they are used[edit]
Where jewels are used in watches[15][16][17]
7 jewel lever watch - has these jewels:
1 impulse pin
2 pallets
2 balance staff bearings
2 balance staff capstones
11 jewel watch - adds:
2 lever bearings
2 escape wheel bearings
15 jewel watch - adds:
2 fourth wheel bearings
2 third wheel bearings
17 jewel watch - adds:
2 center wheel bearings
21 jewel watch - adds:
2 lever capstones
2 escape wheel capstones
23 jewel watch - adds:
2 mainspring barrel bearings
Self winding watches add 4 or more
in the winding mechanism, for a total of 25-27
The number of jewels used in watch movements increased over the last 150 years as jeweling grew less expensive and watches grew more accurate. The only bearings that really need to be jeweled in a watch are the ones in the going train - the gear train that transmits force from the mainspring barrel to the balance wheel - since only they are constantly under force from the mainspring.[18] The wheels that turn the hands (the motion work) and the calendar wheels are not under load, while the ones that wind the mainspring (the keyless work) are used very seldom, so they do not wear significantly. Friction has the greatest effect in the wheels that move the fastest, so they benefit most from jewelling. So the first mechanism to be jeweled in watches was the balance wheel pivots, followed by the escapement. As more jeweled bearings were added, they were applied to slower moving wheels, and jewelling progressed up the going train toward the barrel. A 17 jewel watch has every bearing from the balance wheel to the center wheel pivot bearings jeweled, so it was considered a 'fully jeweled' watch.[15] In quality watches, to minimize positional error, capstones were added to the lever and escape wheel bearings, making 21 jewels. Even the mainspring barrel arbor was sometimes jeweled, making the total 23. When self-winding watches were introduced in the 1950s, several wheels in the automatic winding mechanism were jeweled, increasing the count to 25-27.
'Jewel inflation'[edit]
It is doubtful whether adding jewels in addition to the ones listed above is really useful in a watch.[19] It does not increase accuracy, since the only wheels which have an effect on the balance wheel, those in the going train, are already jeweled. Marine chronometers, the most accurate portable timepieces, often have only 7 jewels. Nor does jeweling additional wheel bearings increase the useful life of the movement; as mentioned above most of the other wheels do not get enough wear to need them.
However, by the early 20th century watch movements had been standardized to the point that there was little difference between their mechanisms, besides quality of workmanship. So watch manufacturers made the number of jewels, one of the few metrics differentiating quality watches, a major advertising point, listing it prominently on the watch's face. Consumers, with little else to go on, learned to equate more jewels with more quality in a watch. Although initially this was a good measure of quality, it gave manufacturers an incentive to increase the jewel count.
Around the 1960s this 'jewel craze' reached new heights, and manufacturers made watches with 41, 53, 75, or even 100 jewels.[18][19] Most of these additional jewels were totally nonfunctional; they never contacted moving parts, and were included just to increase the jewel count. For example, the Waltham 100 jewel watch consisted of an ordinary 17 jewel movement, with 83 tiny pieces of ruby mounted around the automatic winding rotor.[20]
In 1974, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in collaboration with the Swiss watch industry standards organization Normes de l'Industrie Horlogère Suisse (NIHS) published a standard, ISO 1112, which prohibited manufacturers from including such nonfunctional jewels in the jewel counts in advertising and sales literature. This put a stop to the use of totally nonfunctional jewels. However, some experts say manufacturers have continued to inflate the jewel count of their watches by 'upjeweling'; adding functional jeweled bearings to wheels that do not really need them, exploiting loopholes in ISO 1112.[19] Examples given include adding capstones to third and fourth wheel bearings, jeweling minute wheel bearings, and automatic winding ratchet pawls. Arguably none of these additions adds to the accuracy or longevity of the watch.
World time[edit]
Some fine mechanical watches will have a world time feature, which is a city bezel as well as an hour bezel which will rotate according to the cities relative time zone.
There are usually 27 cities (corresponding to 24 major time zones) on the city bezel, starting with GMT/UTC:
UTC±00:00 - London
UTC+01:00 - Amsterdam
UTC+01:00 - Berlin
UTC+01:00 - Brussels
UTC+01:00 - Paris
UTC+02:00 - Cairo*
UTC+03:00 - Moscow
UTC+04:00 - Abu Dhabi/Dubai
UTC+05:00 - Karachi
UTC+06:00 - Dhaka
UTC+07:00 - Bangkok
UTC+08:00 - Beijing / Hong Kong
UTC+09:00 - Tokyo
UTC+10:00 - Sydney
UTC+11:00 - Nouméa
UTC+12:00 - Auckland
UTC+13:00 - Samoa
UTC−10:00 - Honolulu
UTC−09:00 - Anchorage
UTC−08:00 - Los Angeles / Vancouver
UTC−07:00 - Denver
UTC−06:00 - Chicago
UTC−05:00 - New York City / Toronto
UTC−04:00 - Caracas / Puerto Rico
UTC−03:00 - Buenos Aires
UTC−02:00 - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00 - Azores
History[edit]
Main article: History of watches
Peter Henlein has often been described as the inventor of the first pocket watch, the "Nuremberg egg", in 1510, but this claim appears to be a 19th-century invention and does not appear in older sources.[21]
Until the quartz revolution of the 1970s, all watches were mechanical. Early watches were terribly imprecise; a good one could vary as much as 15 minutes in a day. Modern precision (a few seconds per day) was not attained by any watch until 1760, when John Harrison created his marine chronometers. Precision was attained as from 1854 first by the Waltham Watch Company,[citation needed] through the industrialisation of the manufacturing process of the movement part, in order to attain the necessary precision: they won a Gold Medal at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition with a lot of watches taken at random out of the production line, showing the way to their peers in U.S.A. (e.g. Elgin Watch Company) and the worldwide watch industry.[citation needed]
Mechanical watches are powered by a mainspring. Modern mechanical watches require of the order of 1 microwatt of power on average.[citation needed] Because the mainspring provides an uneven source of power (its torque steadily decreases as the spring unwinds), watches from the early 16th century to the early 19th century featured a chain-driven fusee which served to regulate the torque output of the mainspring throughout its winding. Unfortunately, the fusees were very brittle,[citation needed] were very easy to break,[citation needed] and were the source of many problems, especially inaccuracy of timekeeping when the fusee chain became loose or lost its velocity[citation needed] after the lack of maintenance.
As new kinds of escapements were created which served to better isolate the watch from its time source, the balance spring, watches could be built without a fusee and still be accurate.
In the 18th century the original verge escapement, which required a fusee, was gradually replaced in better French watches with the cylinder escapement, and in British watches with the duplex escapement. Then in the 19th century both were superseded by the lever escapement which has been used almost exclusively ever since. A cheaper version of the lever, the pin lever escapement, patented in 1867 by Georges Frederic Roskopf was used in inexpensive watches until the 1970s.
As manual-wound mechanical watches became less popular and less favored in the 1970s, watch design and industrialists came out with the automatic watch. Whereas a mechanically-wound watch must be wound with the pendant or a levered setting, an automatic watch does not need to be wound by the pendant; simply rotating the watch winds the watch automatically. The interior of an automatic watch houses a swiveling metal or brass "plate" that swivels on its axis when the watch is shaken horizontally.[22]
See also[edit]
Chronograph
History of watches
Jewel bearing
Quartz watch
Railroad chronometers
Skeleton watch
Tourbillon
Marine chronometer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). "Question 1.5: Why should I get a mechanical watch when a quartz watch is so much cheaper and more accurate?". Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lynch, Annette; Strauss, Mitchell (2007). Changing Fashion: A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Cultural Meaning. Berg. pp. 148–149. ISBN 1845203909.
^ Jump up to: a b Haines, Reyne (2010). Vintage Wristwatches. Krause Publications. p. 9. ISBN 1440214794.
Jump up ^ Hand-winding Mechanical Watch Movement Mainspring
Jump up ^ Mechanical Clock / Watch Movement Gear Train Photos
Jump up ^ Nicolet, J. C. (2008). "What is a perpetual calendar watch?". Questions in Time. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
Jump up ^ The parts are shown in detail in Odets, Walt. "Illustrated Glossary of Watch Parts". TimeZone Watch School. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
Jump up ^ THE PURSUIT OF CENTER SECONDS BY WALT ODETS "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-14. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ THE PURSUIT OF CENTER SECONDS Part 2 BY WALT ODETS "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York, USA: MacMillan. pp. 114–116.
Jump up ^ "Jewel". Encyclopedia of Antiques. Old and Sold Antique Marketplace. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). "Question 1.1.4: Why do they use synthetic ruby?". Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
Jump up ^ Hahn, Ed (2000-01-31). "Coefficients of friction for various horological materials". TZ Classic Forum. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Schlitt, Wayne (2004). "Why watches have jewels". Help. The Elgin Watch Collector's Site. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). "Question 1.1.3: What does 17 jewels mean?". Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
Jump up ^ Milham, Willis I. (1945). Time and Timekeepers. New York, USA: MacMillan. pp. 114–116. ISBN 0-7808-0008-7.
Jump up ^ What is a Watch? Advertising pamphlet. Illinois, USA: The Elgin Watch Co. 1950. on Wayne Schlitt's The Elgin Watch Collector's Site, retrieved on 2008-07-02
^ Jump up to: a b Hahn, Ed; et al. (The TimeZone Community) (2003-10-04). "Question 1.1.5: Are more jewels better?". Mechanical Watch FAQ V1.0. TimeZone.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
^ Jump up to: a b c Berkavicius, Bob (September 25, 2002). "83 jewels too many?". From the workbench. TimeZone.com. Archived from the original on July 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
Jump up ^ Photos of it can be seen in Berkavicius article
Jump up ^ pp. 121 ff., History of the hour: clocks and modern temporal orders, Gerhard Dohrn-van Rossum, University of Chicago Press, 1996, ISBN 0-226-15510-2.
Jump up ^ "What is Automatic Watch Movement Disassembly - Automatic Winding mechanism Date Mechanism". horologyzone.com. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
External links[edit]
Video Assembly of a Rolex 3135 Mechanical Watch Movement, Alliance Horlogere
Hand-winding Mechanical Watch Movement Disassembly
Disassembling a mechanical wristwatch, Horlogerie-Suisse
Reassembling a mechanical wristwatch, Horlogerie-Suisse
Working of a simple mechanical watch, Horlogerie-Suisse
Explanations Of The Mechanical Movements In A Watch, TimeZone.com
Automatic Movements Of A Mechanical Watch, How Stuff Works
Video: The Inner Workings of a Mechanical Watch
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Deep Roy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Kiran Shah.
Deep Roy
Roy at the 2014 Florida SuperCon
Born
Mohinder Purba
(1957-12-01) 1 December 1957 (age 60)
Nairobi, Kenya
Occupation
Actor, stuntman, puppeteer, comedian
Years active
1976–present
Home town
Birmingham, England, UK
Height
4 ft 4 in (132 cm)
Deep Roy (born Mohinder Purba; 1 December 1957), sometimes credited as Roy Deep, is a Anglo-Indian actor, stuntman, puppeteer and comedian. Due to his diminutive size (stated by IMDB to be 4'4" or 132 cm), he has appeared in a number of similar-sized roles, such as the Oompa-Loompas in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Keenser in Star Trek and subsequent films ("Kelvin Timeline"), and in television series such as The X-Files, Doctor Who and Eastbound & Down.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Life and career
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Roy was born in Nairobi, Kenya, to Indian parents. He made his professional screen acting debut in a 1976 episode of The New Avengers, titled "Target!" as a character named Klokoe. He would later make his film debut that same year, in The Pink Panther Strikes Again, as the Italian Assassin. Another early role was as Mr. Sin, the "pig-brained Peking Homunculus", a villain with a distinct appetite for homicide, in the Doctor Who serial The Talons of Weng-Chiang. In 1979, Roy also played a genetically engineered life form "Decima" in the first season Blake's 7 episode "The Web", as well as the diminutive chess genius, "The Klute", in the second season Blake's 7 episode "Gambit".
He has played apes in two movies — Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes and again in the Tim Burton remake of Planet of the Apes (2001) in two roles, one as a young gorilla boy and as Thade's niece. He has worked for Burton in three other films, Big Fish (2003), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005),[2] and Corpse Bride (also 2005), where he supplied General Bonesapart's voice. He played all the Oompa-Loompas (165 of them) in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. Deep had extensive training for the role in dance, yoga, and some minor instrument playing.
He has performed many other roles in movies and on television, including The X-Files, Flash Gordon, Return to Oz (as the Tin Woodman), Jim Henson's The Dark Crystal as a puppeteer extra, The NeverEnding Story as Teeny Weeny, the rider of the "racing snail", Alien from L.A., Howling VI: The Freaks as Mr Toones and Return of the Jedi as Droopy McCool and in The Haunted Mansion.
He appeared in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009) as an Egyptian border guard and in the film Star Trek (also 2009) as Keenser, Scotty's assistant on the ice planet Delta Vega; he reprised the Keenser role in the sequels Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond. In one of his more prominent speaking roles, Roy played Aaron, a violent Mumbai-born Mexican criminal, in second season of the HBO comedy, Eastbound & Down. Deep starred as Sandeep Majumdar in the 2012 short film The Ballad of Sandeep.[3]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Italian assassin
1978 Benji's Very Own Christmas Story Key elf Uncredited
1979 The Muppet Movie Stunt performer
1979 Licensed to Love and Kill Dwarf
1979 Die Brut des Bösen/Roots of Evil Van Bullock
1980 Flash Gordon Fellini
1980 Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back Yoda Stand In[4][5][6]
R2-D2 (double) Uncredited
1982 The Dark Crystal Additional performer
1982 Return of the Ewok Droopy McCool
1983 Mini Gulliver Mini Gull
1983 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi Droopy McCool/Puppeteer
R2-D2 (body double)
Ewok
1984 This Is Spinal Tap Stunt performer
1984 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes Primate sequences
1984 The NeverEnding Story Teeny Weeny Voice dubbed over
1984 The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension Stunt performer
1984 Lorca and the Outlaws Grid
1985 Return to Oz Tin Man
1985 Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome Stunt performer
1986 Weekend Warriors Little girl Uncredited
1986 Poltergeist II: The Other Side Stunt performer
1987 Going Bananas Bonzo
1988 Alien from L.A. Mambino
1989 Rising Storm Joker Arroyo
1989 Lethal Woman Grizabella
1990 Disturbed Marty
1991 Howling VI: The Freaks Toones
1991 Hook Stunt performer
1992 The Resurrected Main monster
1993 Freaked George Ramirez No. 3
1993 Leprechaun Stunt performer Doubled Warwick Davis
1993 Josh and S.A.M. Stunt performer
1994 Dickwad Little telephone bully
1994 Wes Craven's New Nightmare Stunt performer
1994 The Little Rascals Stunt performer
1994 The War Stunt performer
1994 The Jungle Book Stunt performer
1994 Sudden Death Stunt performer
1995 Under the Hula Moon Bus driver
1996 Matilda Stunt performer
1997 Retroactive Stunt performer
1998 Mafia! Small hitman Uncredited
1998 BASEketball Stunt performer
1998 The Adventures of Ragtime Stunt performer Doubled Justin Cooper
2000 Disney's The Kid Stunt performer Doubled Spencer Breslin
2000 How the Grinch Stole Christmas Post office clerk
2001 Planet of the Apes Gorilla kid / Thade's niece
2003 The Haunted Mansion Hitchhiking ghost
2003 A Man Apart Stunt performer
2003 Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood Stunt performer Doubled Warwick Davis
2003 Big Fish Mr. Soggybottom
2004 Surviving Eden Indian Mo
2004 Van Helsing Stunt performer
2005 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Oompa-Loompas
2005 Corpse Bride General Bonesapart / Town Crier Voice
2009 Star Trek Keenser
2009 The Unborn Stunt performer Doubled Atticus Shaffer
2009 Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen Egyptian guard
2012 Zambezia Mushana Voice
2012 The Ballad of Sandeep Sandeep Majumdar
2013 Paranormal Movie Demon
2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Keenser
2014 Mantervention Massage Parlor Owner
2016 Star Trek Beyond Keenser[7]
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 The New Avengers Klokoe Episode: "Target!"
1977 Doctor Who – The Talons of Weng-Chiang Mr. Sin 6 episodes
1978–1980 Blake's 7 Decima
The Klute
Moloch
Link 4 episodes
1986 Doctor Who– Mindwarp Posicarian delegate Uncredited
1989 Desperado: The Outlaw Wars Uncredited
1996 Evil Has A Face Stunt performer TV film
2001 The X-Files Beggar Man Season 8, Episode 10: "Badlaa"
2002 Courage the Cowardly Dog Librarian Episode: "Cabaret Courage/Wrath of the Librarian"
2003–2004 The Jamie Kennedy Experiment Himself 9 Episodes
2010 Eastbound & Down Aaron 4 Episodes
2012 Wolfpack of Reseda Mr Jo Episode: "Hungry Like the Wolf"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Movies & TV: Deep Roy". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ A. O. Scott (15 July 2005). "Looking for the Candy, Finding a Back Story ". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "The Ballad of Sandeep". Retrieved 11 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Making of Yoda".
Jump up ^ "Cut Scenes: Dogabah".
Jump up ^ "Dogabah Second Unit Still".
Jump up ^ "Deep Roy is On Board for STAR TREK BEYOND".
External links[edit]
The Ballad of Sandeep" — official site for the short film
Deep Roy on IMDb
Deep Roy at AllMovie
Official website
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 228485217
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deep_Roy&oldid=814840793"
Categories:
1957 births
Living people
Actors with dwarfism
Kenyan writers
Kenyan emigrants to the United Kingdom
British male actors
Puppeteers
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Male actors of Indian descent
People from Nairobi
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Kenyan stunt performers
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text:
Holy of Holies
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A model of the Tabernacle showing the holy place, and behind it the Holy of Holies
The Holy of Holies (Tiberian Hebrew: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים Qṓḏeš HaQŏḏāšîm) is a term in the Hebrew Bible which refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle where God dwelt. The Ark is said to have contained the Ten Commandments, which were given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. It is thought to be located under the Dome of the Rock.
The area was defined by four pillars which held up the veil of the covering under which the Ark of the Covenant was held off the floor by two staves. Three hundred years later, it was the Temple in Jerusalem, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept during the First Temple.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hebrew terminology and translation
2 Ancient Israel
2.1 Tabernacle
2.2 Solomon's Temple
2.3 Second Temple
2.4 Day of Atonement
2.5 Instructions for the Tabernacle
3 In ancient Judaism
4 In Rabbinical Judaism
4.1 Synagogue architecture
4.2 Modern location
5 Christianity
5.1 New Testament
5.2 Christian traditions
5.2.1 Eastern Orthodox Church
5.2.2 Ethiopian Orthodox Church
5.2.3 Malabar Nasrani tradition
5.2.4 Roman Catholic Church
5.2.5 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
6 See also
7 References
Hebrew terminology and translation[edit]
The construction "Holy of Holies" is a literal translation of a Hebrew idiom which is intended to express a superlative. Examples of similar constructions are "servant of servants" (Gen 9:25), "Sabbath of sabbaths" (Ex 31:15), "God of gods" (Deut 10:17), "Vanity of vanities" (Eccl 1:2), "Song of songs" (Song of Songs 1:1), "king of kings" (Ezra 7:12), etc.
In the Authorized King James Version, "Holy of Holies" is always translated as "Most Holy Place". This is in keeping with the intention of the Hebrew idiom to express the utmost degree of holiness. The King James Version of the Bible has been in existence for over four hundred years. For most of that time, it was a primary reference in much of the English speaking world for information about Judaism. Thus, the name "Most Holy Place" was used to refer to the "Holy of Holies" in many English documents.
A Jewish High Priest wearing Hoshen and Ephod. The Holy of Holies is in the background.
A related term is the debir (דְּבִיר) transliterated in the Septuagint as dabir (δαβιρ),[1] which either means the back (i.e. western) part of the Sanctuary,[2] or derives from the verb stem D-V-R, "to speak", justifying the translation in the Latin Vulgate as oraculum, from which the traditional English translation "oracle" (KJV, 1611) derives.[3]
Ancient Israel[edit]
layout of the tabernacle with the holy and holy of holies
Tabernacle[edit]
The Holy of Holies was covered by a veil, and no one was allowed to enter except the High Priest, and even he could only enter once a year on Yom Kippur (the day of atonement), to offer the blood of sacrifice and incense before the mercy seat. The Bible reports that in the wilderness, on the day that the tabernacle was first raised up, the cloud of the Lord covered the tabernacle (Exodus 40:33-40:34). There are other times that this was recorded, and instructions were given that the Lord would appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat (kapporet), and at that time the priests should not enter into the tabernacle (Leviticus 16:2). According to the Hebrew Bible, the Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant with representation of Cherubim. Upon completion of the dedication of the Tabernacle, the Voice of God spoke to Moses "from between the Cherubim" (Numbers 7:89).
The area could be entered only by the High Priest on Yom Kippur after sanctifying himself
Solomon's Temple[edit]
The Holy of Holies, the most sacred site in Judaism, is the inner sanctuary within the Tabernacle and Temple in Jerusalem when Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple were standing. The Holy of Holies was located in the westernmost end of the Temple building, being a perfect cube: 20 cubits by 20 cubits by 20 cubits. The inside was in total darkness and contained the Ark of the Covenant, gilded inside and out, in which was placed the Tablets of the Covenant. According to Hebrews 9:4 in the New Testament, Aaron's rod and a pot of manna were also in the ark. The Ark was covered with a lid made of pure gold, known as the "mercy seat" (Exodus 37:6) which was covered by the beaten gold cherubim wings. Creating the space for the Divine Presence.[citation needed]
Second Temple[edit]
When the Temple was rebuilt after the Babylonian captivity, the Ark was no longer present in the Holy of Holies; instead, a portion of the floor was raised slightly to indicate the place where it had stood. Josephus records that Pompey profaned the Temple by insisting on entering the Holy of Holies in 63 BCE.
Day of Atonement[edit]
Main article: Yom Kippur
The Holy of Holies was entered once a year by the High Priest on the Day of Atonement, to sprinkle the blood of sacrificial animals (a bull offered as atonement for the Priest and his household, and a goat offered as atonement for the people) and offer incense upon the Ark of the Covenant and the mercy seat which sat on top of the ark in the First Temple (the Second Temple had no ark and the blood was sprinkled where the Ark would have been and the incense was left on the Foundation Stone). The animal was sacrificed on the Brazen Altar and the blood was carried into the most holy place. The golden censers were also found in the Most Holy Place.
Instructions for the Tabernacle[edit]
According to the Hebrew Bible, in order that God may dwell among the Israelites, God gave Moses instructions for erecting a sanctuary. The directions provide for:
A wooden ark, gilded inside and outside, for the Tablets of the Covenant, with a pure gold cover as the "mercy seat" for the Divine Presence;
A gilt table for the "Table of Showbread", on which loaves of bread were arranged;
A golden menorah, lampstand of 7 oil lamps for a light never to be extinguished;
The dwelling, including the curtains for the roof, the walls made of boards resting on silver feet and held together by wooden bolts, the purple curtain veiling the Holy of Holies, the table and candlestick, and the outer curtain;
A sacrificial altar made of bronzed boards for its korban/sacrifice;
The outer court formed by pillars resting on bronze pedestals and connected by hooks and crossbars of silver, with embroidered curtains;
Recipe and preparation of the oil for the Lampstand.
In ancient Judaism[edit]
The Magdala stone is thought to be a representation of the Holy of Holies carved before the destruction of the Temple in the year 70.[4]
In Rabbinical Judaism[edit]
Women praying in the tunnel at the closest physical point not under Islamic Waqf jurisdiction to the Holy of Holies
Traditional Judaism regards the location where the inner sanctuary was originally located, on the Temple Mount in Mount Moriah, as retaining some or all of its original sanctity for use in a future Third Temple. The exact location of the Kodesh Hakodashim[under discussion] is a subject of dispute.
Traditional Judaism regards the Holy of Holies as the place where the presence of God dwells. The Talmud gives detailed descriptions of Temple architecture and layout. According to the Babylonian Talmud Tractate Yoma, the Kodesh Hakodashim is located in the center North-South but significantly to the West from an East–West perspective, with all the major courtyards and functional areas lying to its east.
The Talmud supplies additional details, and describes the ritual performed by the High Priest. During the ritual, the High Priest would pronounce the Tetragrammaton, the only point according to traditional Judaism that it was pronounced out loud. According to Jewish tradition, the people prostrated themselves fully on the ground when it was said. According to the Talmud, the High Priest's face upon exit from the Holy of Holies was radiant.[citation needed]
While under normal circumstances, access to the Holy of Holies was restricted to the High Priest and only on Yom Kippur, the Talmud suggests that repair crews were allowed inside as needed but were lowered from the upper portion of the room via enclosures so that they only saw the area they were to work on.[5][6]
Synagogue architecture[edit]
Judaism regards the Torah ark, a place in a synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept, as a miniature Holy of Holies.
Modern location[edit]
The Foundation Stone under the Dome of the Rock, a possible historical location for the Kodesh Hakodashim.
At present it is conjectured that it is located under the Dome of the Rock which stands on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, though the exact location of the Most Holy Place is not known with absolute certainty. Most Orthodox Jews today completely avoid climbing up to Temple Mount, to prevent them from accidentally stepping on the Most Holy Place or any sanctified areas. A few Orthodox Jewish authorities, following the opinion of the medieval scholar Maimonides, permit Jews to visit parts of the Temple Mount known not to be anywhere near any of the sanctified areas. Orthodox Jewish visitors to the Temple Mount, who come especially from those groups associated with the Temple Institute and its efforts to rebuild a Temple, seek to conform to the minimal requirements for coming near the Temple, such as immersing in a mikvah ("collection of water"), not coming during or following menstruation or immediately following a seminal emission, not showing their back towards its presumed location, and other strictures.
To avoid religious conflict, Jewish visitors caught praying or bringing ritual objects are usually expelled from the area by police.[7]
Christianity[edit]
New Testament[edit]
The Greek New Testament retains the pre-Christian Septuagint phrase "Holy of the Holies" hágion (sg n) tōn hagíōn (ἅγιον τῶν ἁγίων)[8] without the definite article as "Holies of Holies" hágia (pl n) hagíōn (ἅγια ἁγίων)[9] in Hebrews 9:3. In the Vulgate, these are rendered as sanctum sanctorum and sancta sanctorum, respectively.
Christian traditions[edit]
This section needs expansion with: Seventh-Day Adventists. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)
Certain branches of Christianity, including the Eastern Orthodox Church,[citation needed] and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church continue to have a tradition of a Holy of Holies which they regard as a most sacred site. The ciborium, a permanent canopy over the altar in some churches, once surrounded by curtains at points in the liturgy, symbolizes the Holy of Holies.
Eastern Orthodox Church[edit]
Main article: iconostasis
The Greek phrase refers to the Tabernacle or Temple. The name in Greek for the Sanctuary of a Church is Ἱερόν Βῆμα (Hieron Vema, see Bema#Christianity), in Russian it is called Святой Алтарь (Svyatoy Altar), and in Romanian it is called Sfântul Altar.
Ethiopian Orthodox Church[edit]
A cognate term in Ge'ez is found in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: Qidduse Qiddusan, referring to the innermost sanctuary of an Orthodox Christian church, where the tabot is kept and only clergy may enter. This is also called the "Bete Mekdes. Every Ethiopian Orthodox Church has one, and it is covered with a Curtain. There are Three ways to enter (most of the time) and those three doors are also a way to reveal the Holy Trinity. In the middle there is always an Altar where the Church's Tabot is kept. There can be as many altars as the number of Tabots."[10]
Malabar Nasrani tradition[edit]
A church of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church in Kerala, South India still following the Jewish Christian tradition of keeping the Holy of Holies veiled by a red curtain in the tradition of the Ancient Temple of Jerusalem, much like their Orthodox counterparts viz. the Jacobite Syrian Church and the Indian Orthodox Church.
The Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Nasrani or Syrian Christians) from Kerala, South India still follow much Jewish Christian tradition.[11] In Nasrani tradition the Holy of Holies is kept veiled for much of the time. The red veil covers the inner altar or the main altar. It is unveiled only during the central part of the main Nasrani ritual. The main ritual of the Saint Thomas Christians is the Qurbana (derived from the Syriac word "Qurobo" meaning "sacrifice").[11]
Roman Catholic Church[edit]
The Latin Vulgate Bible translates Qṓḏeš HaqQŏḏāšîm as Sanctum sanctorum (Ex 26:34). Reproducing in Latin the Hebrew construction, the expression is used as a superlative of the neuter adjective sanctum, to mean "a thing most holy". It is used by Roman Catholics to refer to holy objects beyond the Holy of Holies, particularly in religious feast day processions in Southern Germany.
The Vulgate also refers to the Holy of Holies with the plural form Sancta sanctorum (2 Chr 5:7), arguably a synecdoche referring to the holy objects hosted there. This form is also used more broadly in Catholic tradition with reference to sanctuaries other than the Temple in Jerusalem. A notable example is for the Chiesa di San Lorenzo in Palatio ad Sancta Sanctorum, a chapel in the complex of St John Lateran in Rome.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]
Main article: Holy of Holies (LDS Church)
The Salt Lake Temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) contains a Holy of Holies wherein the church's president—acting as the Presiding High Priest—enters to fulfill the relationship between the High Priest of Israel and God in accordance with the LDS interpretation of the Book of Exodus (Exodus 25:22) and Mormon religious texts.
See also[edit]
Foundation Stone, the rock at the centre of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
Honden, the most sacred building at a Shinto shrine
Most Holy Place, in various religions
Sanctum sanctorum, a Latin translation of the biblical term Holy of Holies
Solomon's Temple, in ancient Jerusalem
Warren's Gate, an ancient entrance into the Temple platform in Jerusalem
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Strong's Concordance, Gesenius devir
Jump up ^ The Solomonic Debir according to the Hebrew Text of I Kings 6 J. Ouellette - Journal of Biblical Literature, 1970 - JSTOR "The immediate implication of this reading is that the holy of holies was built "from within the debir," that is ... The LXX simply transliterates dabir, while the Vulgate has "oraculum", thus suggesting a derivation from dbr "to speak."
Jump up ^ The Damaged "blueprints" of the Temple of Solomon. L. Waterman - Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1943 - JSTOR "The term "holy of holies" has long been accepted as a later descriptive term applied to the debir. The Hebrew word debir, rendered "oracle" in the versions, is a mistranslation based on a false etymology. The term itself signifies only the back or part behind, for example."
Jump up ^ Kershner, Isabel (8 December 2015). "A Carved Stone Block Upends Assumptions About Ancient Judaism". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Talmud Mas. Pesachim 26a
Jump up ^ Talmud Mas. Eiruvin 105a
Jump up ^ Shragai, Nadav (1 September 2003). "Three Jews Expelled from Temple Mount for Praying". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ezekiel". google.com.
Jump up ^ "NEW ADVENT BIBLE: Hebrews 9". newadvent.org.
Jump up ^ Stuart C. Munro-Hay, Ethiopia, the unknown land: a cultural and historical guide, (London: I.B.Tauris, 2002). p. 50
^ Jump up to: a b Ross, Israel J. (1979). "Ritual and Music in South India: Syrian Christian Liturgical Music in Kerala". Asian Music. 11 (1): 80–98.
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