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Liturgical colours
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A white coloured parament hangs from the pulpit, indicating that the current liturgical season is Christmastide. The fact that the Christ Candle in the centre of the Advent wreath is lit also indicates that Christmas has arrived.
Liturgical colours are those specific colours used for vestments and hangings within the context of Christian liturgy. The symbolism of violet, white, green, red, gold, black, rose and other colours may serve to underline moods appropriate to a season of the liturgical year or may highlight a special occasion.
There is a distinction between the colour of the vestments worn by the clergy and their choir dress, which with a few exceptions does not change with the liturgical seasons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Roman Catholic Church
1.1 Current rubrics
1.1.1 Regional and situational exceptions
1.2 Pre-1969 rubrics
2 Byzantine Rite
3 Russian liturgical colours
4 Coptic Rite
5 Ethiopian Rite
6 Anglicanism
6.1 Sarum Rite
7 Protestants
8 Citations
9 Sources
10 External links
Roman Catholic Church[edit]
Current rubrics[edit]
In the Roman Rite, as reformed by Pope Paul VI, the following colours are used.[1]
Color
Obligatory usage
Optional usage (in lieu of prescribed obligatory colour)
Green
Sundays and Ferias in Ordinary Time
Violet
Sundays and Ferias of Advent
Sundays and Ferias in Lent
Liturgies on Holy Saturday (except for the Easter Vigil)
Sacrament of Reconciliation
Sacrament of the Sick
All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead
Rose
Gaudete Sunday (Third Sunday of Advent)
Laetare Sunday (Fourth Sunday in Lent)
White
Christmastide (from [Vigil] of Christmas to the Baptism of the Lord)
Holy Thursday
Easter season (from the Easter Vigil to the Vigil of Pentecost excl.)
Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity
Feasts of Our Lord other than those of His Passion
Marian feast days[2]
Feasts of the Angels
Feasts of non-martyred saints or confessors
Feast of St. John
Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter
Feast of the Conversion of Paul the Apostle
The Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Feast of All Saints
Sacrament of Baptism
Sacrament of Matrimony
Sacrament of Holy Orders
Requiem Masses and offices for the dead where the Conference of Bishops has permitted it.[3]
Votive Masses and other Masses where Green is normally used.
Red
Palm Sunday
Good Friday
Pentecost
Feasts of the Passion of the Lord
Feasts of Martyrs, Apostles, and Evangelists
Sacrament of Confirmation
Red Masses and other votive Masses of the Holy Spirit.
Papal funeral (Red is the colour of mourning for popes according to an ancient Byzantine custom)
Black
All Souls' Day
Requiem Masses
On more solemn days, i.e. festive, more precious, sacred vestments may be used, even if not of the colour of the day. Such vestments may, for instance, be made from cloth of gold or cloth of silver. Moreover, the Conference of Bishops may determine and propose to the Apostolic See adaptations suited to the needs and culture of peoples.[4]
Ritual Masses are celebrated in their proper colour, in white, or in a festive colour. Masses for Various Needs, on the other hand, are celebrated in the colour proper to the day or the season or in violet if they bear a penitential character. Votive Masses are celebrated in the colour suited to the Mass itself or even in the colour proper to the day or the season.[5]
Regional and situational exceptions[edit]
Some particular variations:
Blue, a colour associated with the Virgin Mary, is permitted for the feast of the Immaculate Conception in Spain and in some dioceses in Portugal, Mexico, and South America. In the Philippines, it is authorised for all feasts of the Virgin Mary, a practice followed in some other places without official warrant. There have also been uses of blue in place of violet for the season of Advent despite the fact that this practice is prohibited under liturgical law.[6]
White or cloth of gold was traditionally used for the Novena from 16 to 24 December according to a Spanish custom abolished in that country in the 1950s, but still widely observed in the Philippines[citation needed]. White is also used for East Asian Masses for the dead, as white is the traditional colour of mourning in many of the region's cultures. Furthermore, if not enough vestments of the proper colour are available (particularly in concelebrations), white may be used for all concelebrants.
Violet or black are often permitted on national holidays honoring military dead. For example in Canada, they are used on Remembrance Day.
Gold or silver may be worn on more solemn occasions in the Dioceses of the United States.[7]
Pre-1969 rubrics[edit]
The Roman Missal, as revised by Pope John XXIII in 1962, was authorised for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite by Pope Benedict XVI by the 2007 motu proprio entitled Summorum Pontificum. Pope John XXIII's revision of the Missal incorporated changes that he had made with his motu proprio Rubricarum instructum of 29 July 1960.[8] The following are the differences between its rules for liturgical colours and the later rules:
Colour
1920–1955 usage
1955–1960 Usage
1960-1969 Usage
Violet
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of St. Andrew
Vigil of St. Thomas
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Vigil of St. Matthias (in leap years only)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Blessing of Palms, Procession, Mass)
Holy Saturday (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of St. James
Vigil of the Assumption
Vigil of Sts. Simon and Jude
Vigil of All Saints
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Holy Innocents (when this falls on a weekday)
Purification (Blessing of Candles and Procession)
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Ember days
Rogation days
Vigil of Christmas
Septuagesima, Sexagesima, and Quinquagesima
Palm Sunday (Mass only)
Good Friday (Distribution of Holy Communion only)
Easter Vigil (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of Pentecost (pre-Mass blessings and rites)
Vigil of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Vigil of Sts. Peter and Paul
Vigil of St. Lawrence
Vigil of the Assumption
All Souls (during the Forty Hours' Devotion only)
Sacrament of Baptism (Introductory rites and Exorcism)
Rose
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
Gaudete Sunday
Laetare Sunday
White
Octave of the Immaculate Conception
Octave of St. John
Vigil of the Epiphany
Octave of the Epiphany
Octave of the Solemnity of St. Joseph
Vigil of the Ascension
Octave of the Ascension
Octave of Corpus Christi
Octave of the Sacred Heart
Octave of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist
Octave of the Assumption
Octave of All Saints
Sacrament of Confirmation
Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation
Vigil of the Ascension
Sacrament of Confirmation
Red
Octave of St. Stephen
Octave of the Holy Innocents
Octave of Pentecost
Octave of Sts. Peter and Paul
Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost
Palm Sunday (blessing of palms only)
Octave of Pentecost
Black
Good Friday
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Good Friday (main liturgy)
All Souls (except during the Forty Hours' Devotion)
Requiem Masses
Pope Pius X raised the rank of Sundays of ordinary time, so that on those that fell within octaves green was used instead of the colour of the octave, as had previously been the rule.[9]
The rules on liturgical colours before the time of Pope Pius X were essentially those indicated in the edition of the Roman Missal that Pope Pius V promulgated in 1570, except for the addition of feasts not included in his Missal. The scheme of colours in his Missal reflected usage that had become fixed in Rome by the twelfth century.
Byzantine Rite[edit]
The Byzantine Rite, which is used by all the member churches of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite, does not have a universal system of colours, with the service-books of the Byzantine tradition only specifying "light" or "dark" vestments in the service books. In the Greek tradition, maroon or burgundy are common for solemn feast days, and a wide variety of colours are used at other times, the most common of which are gold and white.
Slavic-use churches and others influenced by Western traditions have adopted a cycle of liturgical colours. The particulars may change from place to place, but generally:
Colour
Common usage
Other usage
Gold
When no other colour is specified
Light blue
Feasts of the Theotokos
Feasts of the Holy Archangels
Churches dedicated to the Theotokos may use light blue for the default, instead of gold.
In some places, blue is also used for Holy Theophany.
In many places, blue is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).
Purple or wine-red
Saturdays and Sundays during Great Lent
In many places, purple or dark red are only worn on the weekdays of the Great Fast, while bright colors (gold, gold/white) are used on Saturdays and Sundays.
Red
Holy Thursday
Feast of the Cross
Beheading of St. John the Baptist
Feasts of Martyrs
Nativity Fast
Apostles' Fast
Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Feasts of the Holy Theotokos (Mount Athos)
In some places, red is used for the Dormition Fast (except from the Transfiguration to its afterfeast (August 6–13), when either gold or white is used).
Green
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Feasts of Venerable (Monastic) Saints
Feast of the Cross in some places (such as Jerusalem)
Black
Weekdays during Great Lent
Weekdays during Holy Week (except Holy Thursday)
Black is far more prevalent in the Slavic traditions than the Greek tradition, especially in the United States.
White
Pascha
Nativity
Theophany
Other Great Feasts of the Lord
Funerals (Throughout the year, even during Holy Week.)
The colours would be changed before Vespers on the eve of the day being commemorated. During Great Feasts, the colour is changed before the vespers service that begins the first day of a forefeast, and remains until the apodosis (final day of the afterfeast).
Under Western influence, black is often used in the Slavic churches for funerals, weekdays of Great Lent, and Holy Week as a sign of penance and mourning, but in the second half of the 20th century, the ancient white became more common, as a sign of the hope of the Resurrection.
Russian liturgical colours[edit]
According to the Russian Orthodox Church's Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia,[10] up to eight different liturgical colours may be used throughout the year. Exact usage of these colours varies, but the following are the most common uses.
Colour
Common usage
Uncommon or other usage
Gold
Feasts of the Lord Jesus Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Apostles
Feasts of Holy Hierarchs
When no other colour is specified
Light blue
Feasts of the Theotokos
Presentation of the Lord
Annunciation
Feasts of Bodiless Powers
Feasts of Virgins
Fifth Friday in Lent
Dormition Fast until Elevation of the Cross, or even Advent (Carpatho-Russians)
Purple or wine-red
Cross of Our Lord
Great and Holy Thursday
Weekends of Lent
Weekdays of Lent
Red
Feasts of Martyrs
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
Advent
Feasts of Angels
Elevation of the Cross
Pascha (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Nativity (Mount Athos and Jerusalem)
Green
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Holy Spirit Day
Feasts of Monastic Saints
Feasts of Ascetics
Feasts of Fools for Christ
Feasts of Prophets
Feasts of Angels
Pentecost until Saints Peter and Paul (Carpatho-Russians)
Black
Weekdays of Lent
Weekday funerals, memorials, and liturgies (Carpatho-Russians)
White
Epiphany
Transfiguration
Paschal season
Funerals
Theophany
Christmas Day
Orange or tawny
Saints Peter and Paul fast
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul until Transfiguration
Coptic Rite[edit]
The Coptic tradition, followed by the Coptic Orthodox Church and the Coptic Catholic Church, only uses white vestments, with gold and silver being considered variations of white. The only exception is during Passion Week when black is used. Nonetheless, trimmings of red, gold or blue may be found on some vestments.
Ethiopian Rite[edit]
The liturgical tradition of Ethiopia, followed by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Catholic Church, embraces a wide variety of liturgical colours. In Eritrea, similar traditions are followed.
Anglicanism[edit]
Lenten Array altar frontal by George Pace at St Augustine's, Edgbaston
Most Anglican churches use the colours appointed in the Roman Rite, usually in its post-1969 form, with the exception of Sarum Blue replacing violet for Advent, but some use the earlier form, with, for instance, black in place of red on Good Friday. Some churches use black at Masses for the dead, but more commonly white or purple is used. For historical reasons much of the worldwide Anglican Communion takes a noticeable lead from the practice of the Church of England. Since the 1980 Alternative Service Book, liturgical colours have been recommended for seasons, with more detailed advice offered as part of the Common Worship series of liturgies, including colours for all Sundays and festivals printed in the 'core volume' next to collects.
The Church's published Lectionary now makes detailed suggestions for liturgical colour throughout the year, which corresponds almost exactly with the above table of Roman Rite (post-1969 usage) usage with five minor exceptions, and one more significant one:
there is no reference in Anglican usage to Masses of deceased popes and cardinals;
no liturgical colour at all is suggested for Holy Saturday (the words "hangings removed" are printed);
the recommendation of red for confirmation rites is extended also to ordination rites;
Lenten Array (unbleached linen) continues to be listed as an alternative option to purple during Lent;
the option exists for using red instead of green during the "Kingdom Season", the four last Sundays of the liturgical year, culminating in Christ the King, as is common is some Lutheran traditions (see below);
finally, and more significantly, the Church of England provision suggests white throughout the Sundays after Epiphany as a distinct "Epiphany season", with ordinary time commencing the day after Candlemas.
The Church of England suggested colour scheme also indicates where gold vestments should be used in those churches that possess gold and white as distinct colours. The use of rose-pink vestments, as in the Roman Rite table above, was mentioned as an option in early editions of Common Worship,[11] and is a listed option in the annual published lectionary; however, later Common Worship publications have begun to refer to this practice as "traditional" reflecting its resurgence.[12]
Sarum Rite[edit]
The Sarum Rite was a medieval liturgical rite used in England before the Reformation which had a distinct set of liturgical colours. After the Anglo-Catholic Revival of the 19th Century, certain Church of England churches began adopting Sarum liturgical colours as an attempt to produce something that was an English expression of Catholicism rather than a Roman expression. One of the chief advocates behind this was the Reverend Percy Dearmer. The exact colours used by the mediaeval Sarum rite are a matter of dispute, but colours adopted by contemporary churches claiming to use the Sarum scheme include in particular deep blue for Advent, which may be popularly referred to as "Sarum blue", and unbleached linen for Lent. The Sarum rite has never received official approval in the Church of England or in The Episcopal Church, but has influenced a number of cathedrals and parish churches.
Protestants[edit]
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Some Protestant churches, historically especially Methodists, and today many mainline Protestants, use a colour scheme similar to those used by Anglicans and Catholics, although the practice is not universally followed. Many Protestant churches do not use liturgical colours at all. The United Methodist Church, prior to the early-1990s, used red solely for Pentecost, even including the Sundays after Pentecost Sunday, with the use of green being reserved for the season of Kingdomtide, which usually lasted from late August/early September until Christ the King (the last Sunday in Kingdomtide). Since the publication of the 1992 Book of Worship, the UMC has followed the ELCA practice of wearing red only for Pentecost and Reformation Sundays and green for the rest of the Pentecost season.
The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA), uses the same colour scheme as that of the Anglicans and their Scandinavian Lutheran counterparts, but with the use of gold only for the Easter Vigil and Easter Sunday services, with Holy Week using scarlet in place of crimson.
Both the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), along with the United Methodist Church use a similar system, but with purple being the primary colour for both Advent and Lent (with blue being the alternate colour for Advent only), and the use of gold in place of white for both Christmas and Easter (in similar practice to the Catholic Church). In the WELS, the use of red is also done during the Period of End Times, a period of the Church regarding the teachings of the Book of Revelation, culminating in the creation of the New Jerusalem (corresponding to Christ the King in the ELCA). In all three churches, including the ELCA, red is also worn on the last Sunday of October, in celebration of the Reformation on October 31, when Martin Luther nailed the 95 Theses onto the door of Wittenberg Castle Church.
The Presbyterian Church (USA) has sanctioned the use of liturgical colours and promoted their use in the 1993 Book of Common Worship (although their use was also promoted in the church's annual Planning Calendars beginning in the 1980s). Advent and Lent are periods of preparation and repentance and are represented by the colour purple. The feasts of Christmas Day and Christmastide, Epiphany Sunday, Baptism of the Lord Sunday, Transfiguration Sunday, Easter Season, Trinity Sunday, and Christ the King Sunday are represented by white. Green is the colour for periods of Ordinary Time. Red is for Pentecost Sunday, but may also be used for ordinations, church anniversaries, and memorial services for ordained clergy. Red or purple are appropriate for Palm Sunday. During Holy Week, the church may use purple or remain bare (although a few churches will use black for Good Friday).
Similarly, the United Church of Christ includes indications of which liturgical colour to use for each Sunday in its annual calendar. The general Western pattern is followed, with either purple or blue recommended for Advent.[13]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Institutio Generalis Missalis Romani, no. 346; cf. text for Australia Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine., England and Wales, United States
Jump up ^ The optional use of blue as a liturgical colour for feasts of our Lady is restricted to a few dioceses, as explained below.
Jump up ^ GIRM (Editio Typica), 346
Jump up ^ GIRM, 346.g
Jump up ^ GIRM, 347
Jump up ^ Cantica Nova Publications, Advent Blues, editorial by Gary D. Penkala, December 2000
Jump up ^ GIRM, 346.h in publications for use in the U.S.
Jump up ^ Missale Romanum 1962 in PDF Format
Jump up ^ Rubricae generales Missalis: XVIII – De Coloribus Paramentorum in the 1920 typical edition of the Roman Missal omitted the phrase "exceptis Dominicis infra octavas occurrentibus, in quibus color octavarum servatur" found in earlier editions beginning with Pope Pius V's edition of 1570 (page 21 of the facsimile published by Libreria Editrice Vaticana in 1998 – ISBN 88-209-2547-8).
Jump up ^ Nastol'naya Kniga Sviashchenno-sluzhitelia, Volume 4, Moscow,1983, Translated in "The Messenger" of St. Andrew's Russian Orthodox Cathedral,Philadelphia, June, July–August, September, 1990.
Jump up ^ The use of rose-pink vestments is suggested in the liturgical colour sequence notes of Common Worship of which an on-line version may be found here.
Jump up ^ For example, see "Common Worship - Times & Seasons", added to the Common Worship series in 2006, page 50, paragraph 1: "rose-pink vestments are traditionally worn".
Jump up ^ United Church of Christ Desk Calendar and Plan Book 2016, http://www.uccresources.com
Sources[edit]
Ordo missae celebrandae et divini officii persolvendi secundum calendarium romanum generale pro anno liturgico 2005-2006, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2005.
External links[edit]
Christian Symbols, Crosses, Parament Colours; and their meanings—Trinity Lutheran Church, Billings, Montana
Liturgical Colours, from Chuck Knows Church, a ministry of the General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church
Clergy Stoles and their Colors a related video to the above, from Chuck Knows Church, a ministry of the General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Liturgical colours". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Protestant liturgical colours on-line
Catholic calendar showing the liturgical colours for each day and feast
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^ = Holy days of obligation (10)
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Adrenal medulla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Adrenal medulla
Medulla labeled at bottom right.
Details
Precursor
Neural crest
Artery
superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery
Vein
suprarenal veins
Nerve
celiac plexus, renal plexus
Lymph
lumbar glands
Identifiers
TA
A11.5.00.008
FMA
15633
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Medullary part of the adrenal gland (on the pointer).
The adrenal medulla (Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic
2 Function
3 Origin
4 Pathology
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Basic[edit]
The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels. These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In fact, these adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. The adrenal medulla therefore affects available energy, heart rate, and metabolism. Recent research indicates that the adrenal medulla is under the control of the sensory and motor cortex rather than centres associated with the conscious mind as previously thought.[1]
Function[edit]
Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.
The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin cells the hormone release can occur rather quickly. In response to stressors such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary cells release the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood. Adrenaline composes about 85% of the released catecholamines, and noradrenaline the other 15%.[2]
Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle (bronchiole and capillary) dilation, and increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.
Origin[edit]
Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons.
In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers. The cells form clusters around large blood vessels.
As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.
Pathology[edit]
Neoplasms include:[3]
Pheochromocytoma (most common), a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
Neuroblastoma, a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
Ganglioneuroma, a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
The adrenal medulla may be poorly formed or absent in cases of absent adrenal gland. The deficiency in circulating catecholamines is mildly symptomatic due to compensation by the autonomous nervous system, except in episodes of hypoglycemia where glycogenolysis cannot be stimulated by circulating epinephrine .[3]
In dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency, the entire body cannot efficiently produce epinephrine and norepinephrine from dopamine, this results in severe dysautonomia but most crucially due to autonomous nervous system failure which requires epinephrine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters, dopamine being used in this pathology as an inadequate substitute.[3][4]
See also[edit]
Adrenal gland
History of catecholamine research
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dum, Richard (2016). "Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Jump up ^ Introduction to Autonomics, Part 2 - Page 5 of 12 anatomy module at med.umich.edu
^ Jump up to: a b c Fung, M. M.; Viveros, O. H.; O’Connor, D. T. (16 November 2007). "Diseases of the adrenal medulla". Acta Physiologica. 192 (2): 325–335. PMC 2576282  . PMID 18021328. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x.
Jump up ^ Robertson, D; Haile, V; Perry, SE; Robertson, RM; Phillips JA, 3rd; Biaggioni, I (July 1991). "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation.". Hypertension. 18 (1): 1–8. PMID 1677640. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.1.1.
External links[edit]
Anatomy photo:40:04-0202 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands"
Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
Anterior
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis
Acidophil cell
Somatotropic cell
Prolactin cell
Somatomammotrophic cell
Basophil cell
Corticotropic cell
Gonadotropic cell
Thyrotropic cell
Chromophobe cell
Posterior
Pars nervosa
Median eminence
Stalk
Pituicyte
Herring bodies
Thyroid
Follicular cell
Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid gland
Chief cell
Oxyphil cell
Adrenal gland
Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medulla
Chromaffin cell
Gonads
Testicle
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Ovary
Theca interna
Granulosa cell
Corpus luteum
Islets of pancreas
Alpha cell
Beta cell
PP cell
Delta cell
Epsilon cell
Pineal gland
Pinealocyte
Corpora arenacea
Other
Enteroendocrine cell
Paraganglia
Organ of Zuckerkandl
Placenta
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adrenal_medulla&oldid=781309354"
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text:
What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"
Single by Jr. Walker & the All Stars
from the album Home Cookin'
B-side
"Brainwasher-Pt 2"
Released
25 April 1969[1]
Format
7" single
Recorded
Hitsville U.S.A.
Genre
Soul
Length
2:58
Label
Tamla Motown
TMG 712
Songwriter(s)
Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua and Vernon Bullock
Producer(s)
Harvey Fuqua & Johnny Bristol
Jr. Walker & the All Stars singles chronology
"Home Cookin'"
(1968) "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"
(1969) "These Eyes"
(1968)
"Home Cookin'"
(1968) "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"
(1968) "These Eyes"
(1968)
"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars.[2] The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)," written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100,[3] and became Jr. Walker's second number one on the R&B charts. The song was also a hit in the UK in 1969, reaching number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. It remained in the chart for 12 weeks.[4] The song was voted Top US Soul Record of 1969 and has sold over a million copies. Its extended intro and saxophone solo have influenced the works of David Sanborn, Clarence Clemons and Bobby Keys.[5]
Alton Ellis also covered the song on his album Mr Soul of Jamaica. Many sources give the release date for this album as 1967. Many, such as Allmusic, question the year of release.[6] The version released as a single is dated 1970.[7] In 1986 instrumentalist Kenny G (with Ellis Hall on vocals) covered this tune on his 1986 album "Duotones".[8]
Personnel[edit]
Lead vocals and tenor sax solos by Junior Walker
Harmony vocals by Johnny Bristol
Backing vocals by The Andantes
Other instrumentation by The All-Stars with members of The Funk Brothers and the Detroit Symphony Orchestra
Chart positions[edit]
Chart (1969)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 4
U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles 1
UK Singles Chart 13
Preceded by
"Too Busy Thinking About My Baby" by Marvin Gaye Billboard Hot R&B Singles number-one single
July 19, 1969 – July 26, 1969 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Mother Popcorn" by James Brown

References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Record Details". www.45cat.com. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "What does it take". www.copyrightencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 607.
Jump up ^ "JUNIOR WALKER & THE ALL-STARS". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Junior Walker". www.independent.co.uk. 25 November 1995. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Alton Ellis". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Record details". www.45cat.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Duotones". www.discogs.com. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
[hide]
v
t
e
Junior Walker
Albums
Road Runner
Live
Singles
"Shotgun"
"(I'm a) Road Runner"
"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)"
"Money (That's What I Want)"
"Come See About Me"
"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)"
"These Eyes"
"Holly Holy"
"Wishing on a Star"
Related topics
Motown
Whitfield Records
"Urgent"
Tapeheads
Book:Junior Walker
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Does_It_Take_(To_Win_Your_Love)&oldid=809432802"
Categories:
1969 singles
1970 singles
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Motown singles
Tamla Records singles
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Songs written by Harvey Fuqua
Junior Walker songs
1968 songs
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Colin O'Donoghue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Colin O'Donoghue
O'Donoghue at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International
Born
Colin Arthur O'Donoghue
(1981-01-26) 26 January 1981 (age 36)
Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland
Nationality
Irish
Alma mater
Gaiety School of Acting
Occupation
Actor
musician
Years active
2001–present
Spouse(s)
Helen O'Donoghue (m. 2009)
Children
2
Website
Official website
Colin Arthur O'Donoghue[1] (born 26 January 1981) is an Irish actor and musician, best known for portraying Captain Killian "Hook" Jones on the TV show Once Upon a Time. He appeared in the 2011 horror thriller film The Rite (2011) as a skeptical novice priest, Michael Kovak.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 The Enemies
2.2 Awards
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
5 Theatre
6 Awards and nominations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life and education[edit]
O'Donoghue, the son of Con and Mary O'Donoghue, was born and raised in Drogheda, County Louth, in a Roman Catholic family.[2] He attended local schools, and later The Gaiety School of Acting in Dublin.[3] At age 16, he went to Paris for a month to learn French.[4]
Career[edit]
O'Donoghue's early career was mainly split between theatre and television work in Ireland and the UK.[5] In 2003, he won the Irish Film and Television Award for "Best New Talent" for his role as Norman in "Home For Christmas".[5]
In 2009, he appeared as Duke Philip of Bavaria in an episode of season 3 of the Showtime historical-fiction series The Tudors. He made his Hollywood film debut alongside Anthony Hopkins in the horror thriller film The Rite (2011).[3] He made an audition video for The Rite in a friend's home studio in Drogheda and sent it to the United States. He plays guitar and sings in a band called The Enemies, formed in 2003 in Ireland.[3]
In 2012, O'Donoghue was cast as Captain Hook/Killian Jones in the second season of the hit ABC series Once Upon a Time. In 2014, O'Donoghue was cast as the main character in "The Dust Storm", an independent film set in Nashville, Tennessee as a musician called "Brennan".[6][7]
Christina Perri wrote a song, "The Words", which she dedicated to Colin's character (Captain Hook) in Once Upon a Time.[8]
The Enemies[edit]
O'Donoghue was part of the five-piece Irish band, "The Enemies", which was formed in 2003 by O'Donoghue and a close friend, Ronan McQuillan. The Enemies released their self-titled debut EP on 7 March 2011[9] prior to their self-funded first album on track.[10] He played guitar and sang backing vocals on the band's first EP and debut album.
Although the band was unsigned, it was commissioned by General Motors to record tracks for their "Chevy route 66" online campaign.[11] The band worked on the music for Coca-Cola's "5BY20" project.[12] Their debut album Sounds Big on the Radio was to be released in March 2013, which was later scheduled for 2014.[13] In May 2013, he announced he was leaving the band due to the filming schedule of Once Upon a Time.[14]
Awards[edit]
For his role in Home for Christmas, he was awarded Best New Talent at the 1st Irish Film & Television Awards, held on 1 November 2003.[15]
Personal life[edit]
O'Donoghue married his wife Helen, a schoolteacher, in 2009, shortly after his appearance on The Tudors.[16] The couple have been together since they were eighteen and have two children: a son[17] and a daughter.[18]
Filmography[edit]
O'Donoghue at the PaleyFest 2013
Film roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Call Girl Brendan Short film
2006 24/7 Nick Short film
2009 Euthanizer, TheThe Euthanizer Ben Short film
2011 Rite, TheThe Rite Michael Kovak
2012 Storage 24 Mark
2016 The Dust Storm Brennan
2017 Carrie Pilby Professor Harrison
2018 What Still Remains Peter Post-production
Television roles
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2001 Rebel Heart Rowe Miniseries; episode 1
2002 Home for Christmas Norman Quested Television film
Irish Film & Television Award for Best New Talent[15]
2004 Love Is the Drug Peter 2 episodes
2005 Proof Jamie 2 episodes
Fair City Emmet Fitzgerald 3 episodes
2006–08 Clinic, TheThe Clinic Conor Elliott 11 episodes
2009 Tudors, TheThe Tudors Duke Philip of Bavaria Episode: "The Undoing of Cromwell"
Wild Decembers Young guard Television film
2011 Identity John Bloom Television pilot
2012–present Once Upon a Time Captain Hook/Killian Jones Main Role (season 2–7)
2017 Captain Hook/Killian Jones/Rogers Main role (season 6-present)
Music video roles
Year
Title
Artist(s)
Role
Source
2015 "The Words" Christina Perri Love interest [19][20]
Theatre[edit]
Year
Title[21]
Role
Theatre
Location
Aoife and Isobel Project Theatre Dublin, Ireland
Dream of a Summer Day, TheThe Dream of a Summer Day Storytellers Theatre Company Dublin, Ireland
Eclipse Olivier Theatre London, England
Eugene Onegin – The Roadshow Something Different Theatre Company Oxford, England
Leaving Quarehawks Theatre Company Monaghan, Ireland
Moonlight Mickey's Calipo Theatre Company Drogheda, Ireland
Othello Second Age Theatre Company Dublin, Ireland
Outlying Islands Island Theatre Company Chicago, US
Sky Road Theatre Royal Waterford, Ireland
Taming of the Shrew, TheThe Taming of the Shrew Rough Magic Theatre Company Dublin, Ireland
Walking the Road Axis Theatre Vancouver, Canada
What the Dead Want Project Theatre Dublin, Ireland
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Group
Award
Result
Notes
2003 Irish Film and Television Awards Best New Talent Won Home for Christmas
2014 People's Choice Awards Favorite On-Screen Chemistry shared with: Jennifer Morrison Nominated Once Upon a Time
2015 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Liplock shared with: Jennifer Morrison Nominated Once Upon a Time
2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Liplock shared with: Jennifer Morrison Won Once Upon a Time
2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Liplock shared with: Jennifer Morrison Nominated Once Upon a Time
2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Scene Stealer Nominated Once Upon a Time
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colin O'Donoghue.
Biography portal
Film portal
Ireland portal
Television portal
Theatre portal
List of Irish people
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Carrie Pilby [@CarriePilby] (14 April 2017). "What's your middle name? Thanks @colinodonoghue1, for taking time to answer #AskTheProfessor! Watch @CarriePilby now" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Staff (24 January 2011). "Alice Braga & Colin O'Donoghue Talk Devils, Exorcisms & Sir Anthony Hopkins – Alice Braga & Colin O'Donoghue Interview on The Rite, a New Horror Movie from Director Mikael Håfström and Starring Sir Anthony Hopkins". horror.com. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Doherty, Cahir (19 January 2011). "Colin O'Donoghue's 'Rite' of Passage". IrishCentral. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Dominguez, Robert (26 January 2011). "Filmed on Location: Colin O'Donoghue of 'The Rite'". Daily News. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Website of Colin O'Donoghue". Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Profile, indiegogo.com; accessed 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Profile, bustle.com; accessed 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ music video, youtube.com; accessed 6 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Enemies – EP by The Enemies". iTunes Store Ireland. Apple. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Pop | Rock | Band | Group | Drogheda". The Enemies Music. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABOUT". THE ENEMIES. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Entertainment. "The Enemies making friends around the globe". Drogheda-Independent.ie. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Enemies on Twitter". Retrieved 21 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Colin o'donoghue on Twitter". Retrieved 21 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff. "Winners of the 1st Annual Irish Film & Television Awards", ifta.ie; retrieved 1 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Molony, Julia (9 September 2013). "SUCH a wicked right hook". Irish Independent. Retrieved 28 August 2014. His first step to stardom took the form of a small part in The Tudors, aka almost every Irish actor's rite of passage. It was here that fate intervened on behalf of our hero. Important people in LA saw his appearance in the show – all eight minutes of it, and on the strength of that, invited him over to LA to sign with a Hollywood agency. The only snag was that all this happened just a few weeks before he was due to marry his childhood sweetheart back in Ireland.
Jump up ^ Colin O'Donoghue [@colinodonoghue1] (5 August 2013). "I'd like to welcome my beautiful baby boy, Evan into the world!! Born early Thursday morning. So proud to be a father!!" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 January 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Colin O'Donoghue [@colinodonoghue1] (14 May 2017). "Happy Mother's Day to my wonderful Mum, and to my amazing wife who delivered a beautiful daughter this week! Woohoo!!" (Tweet). Retrieved 14 May 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (26 January 2015). "Christina Perri's "The Words" Video Is A Fairytale (Of Sorts) Starring 'Once Upon A Time' Actor Colin O'Donoghue: Watch". Idolator. Spin Media. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Christina Perri (25 January 2015). "Christina Perri - The Words [Official Video]". YouTube. Google. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Biography". Colinodonoghue.com. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Colin O'Donoghue on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 170665157
LCCN: no2011081302
GND: 1075059739
SUDOC: 158758900
BIBSYS: 11056736
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_O%27Donoghue&oldid=809583541"
Categories:
1981 births
21st-century Irish male actors
Irish guitarists
Male guitarists
Irish male film actors
Irish male singers
Irish male soap opera actors
Irish male stage actors
Irish male television actors
Living people
Musicians from County Louth
People from Drogheda
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Tucson Citizen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tucson Citizen
Type
Daily newspaper
Format
Broadsheet
Owner(s)
Gannett Company
Publisher
vacant
Editor
Jennifer Boice (final print-edition editor)
Founded
1870
Ceased publication
May 16, 2009 (print)
January 31, 2014 (online)
Headquarters
4850 South Park Avenue
Tucson, Arizona 85714
United States
Circulation
17,000 (May 2009)[1]
ISSN
0888-5478
Website
www.tucsoncitizen.com
The Tucson Citizen was a daily newspaper in Tucson, Arizona. It was founded by Richard C. McCormick with John Wasson as publisher and editor on October 15, 1870 as the Arizona Citizen.
When it ceased printing on May 16, 2009, the daily circulation was approximately 17,000, down from a high of 60,000 in the 1960s.[1] The Citizen published as Tucson's afternoon paper, six days per week (except Sunday, when only the Arizona Daily Star (Tucson's morning paper during the week) was published as part of the two papers' joint operating agreement).
The Tucson Citizen was the oldest continuously published newspaper in Arizona at the time it ceased publication.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Online publication
3 References
4 External links
History[edit]
Founder Richard C. McCormick had originally been the owner of the Arizonan. However, when the editor of the Arizonan refused to support McCormick's re-election as congressional delegate for the territory of Arizona, McCormick took the press and started the Arizona Citizen with Wasson. During the mid-1880s, the newspaper was known as the Tucson Weekly Citizen. Allan Brown Jaynes was owner, manager and editor of the Tucson Citizen between 1901 and 1920. He was very involved in the statehood of Arizona and is in the Arizona Newspaper Hall of Fame. William A. Small, his wife, and William H. Johnson invested in the newspaper in the late 1930s. Johnson sold his share to Small in 1964, and Small turned control over to his son, William A. Small Jr. in 1966 when he retired.
In 1976, the Citizen was sold to Gannett Company, Inc..[1]
Editor and Publisher Michael Chihak retired from the Citizen and Gannett on July 3, 2008. Senior Editor Jennifer Boice and Editorial Editor Mark Kimble co-filled the position in the interim, until the end of publication. In January 2009, the Gannett Company, owner of the paper since the mid-1970s, announced it would close the Citizen by March 21 if a buyer were not found,[2] though on March 17, 2009, Gannett announced the paper would remain open past that closing date because it was in negotiations with two potential buyers.[1] However, those negotiations did not bear fruit, and on May 15, 2009, Gannett announced that the final print edition would appear the following day, and that the Citizen would thereafter be an Internet publication.[3] The last print edition was delivered on May 16, 2009.[4]
Gannett's attempted sale and closure of the Citizen was the subject of an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department and court action by Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard.[citation needed]
Online publication[edit]
The successor site, TucsonCitizen.com, edited by the paper's former assistant city editor, Mark B. Evans, described itself as "a compendium of blogs . . . written by Tucsonans for Tucsonans. The bloggers and citizen journalists here provide news, information, opinion, commentary and perspective on the issues, interests and events that affect daily life in the Old Pueblo." It was a division of Gannett Company, Inc., and a partner of Tucson Newspapers.[5] The site closed on January 31, 2014.[6]
Several former Citizen staffers founded TucsonSentinel.com, a nonprofit online news site, after the newspaper was closed.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "'Tucson Citizen' to cease print publication". Associated Press via USA Today. May 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Tucson Citizen to cease publication March 21 if no buyer found". Tucson Citizen. January 17, 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
Jump up ^ "Gannett to cease print publication of the Tucson Citizen" (Press release). Gannett Company. May 15, 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved 2009-11-19.
Jump up ^ Rotstein, Arthur H. (May 16, 2009). "Final Edition of Tucson Citizen Hits the Streets". Associated Press via Newsvine.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About Us", TucsonCitizen.com
Jump up ^ So Long (Again), Tucson Citizen
Jump up ^ TucsonSentinel.com
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Semantic HTML
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Semantic markup" redirects here. For more general usage, see separation of content and presentation. For semantics in programming languages, see Semantics (computer science).
Semantic HTML is the use of HTML markup to reinforce the semantics, or meaning, of the information in webpages and web applications rather than merely to define its presentation or look. Semantic HTML is processed by traditional web browsers as well as by many other user agents. CSS is used to suggest its presentation to human users.
As an example, recent HTML standards discourage use of the element i (italic, a typeface)[1] in preference of more accurate elements such as em (emphasis); the CSS stylesheet should then specify whether emphasis is denoted by an italic font, a bold font, underlining, slower or louder audible speech etc. This is because italics are used for purposes other than emphasis, such as citing a source; for this, HTML 4 provides the element cite.[2] Another use for italics is foreign phrases or loanwords; web designers may use built-in XHTML language attributes[3] or specify their own semantic markup by choosing appropriate names for the class attribute values of HTML elements (e.g. class="loanword"). Marking emphasis, citations and loanwords in different ways makes it easier for web agents such as search engines and other software to ascertain the significance of the text.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Considerations
3 Google "rich snippets"
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
HTML has included semantic markup since its inception.[4] In an HTML document, the author may, among other things, "start with a title; add headings and paragraphs; add emphasis to [the] text; add images; add links to other pages; [and] use various kinds of lists".[5]
Various versions of the HTML standard have included presentational markup such as  (added in HTML 3.2; removed in HTML 4.0 Strict),  (all versions) and  (added in HTML 3.2). There are also the semantically neutral span and div elements. Since the late 1990s when Cascading Style Sheets were beginning to work in most browsers, web authors have been encouraged to avoid the use of presentational HTML markup with a view to the separation of presentation and content.[6]
In 2001, Tim Berners-Lee participated in a discussion of the Semantic Web, where it was presented that intelligent software 'agents' might one day automatically trawl the Web and find, filter and correlate previously unrelated, published facts for the benefit of end users.[7] Such agents are not commonplace even now, but some of the ideas of Web 2.0, mashups and price comparison websites may be coming close. The main difference between these web application hybrids and Berners-Lee's semantic agents lies in the fact that the current aggregation and hybridisation of information is usually designed in by web developers, who already know the web locations and the API semantics of the specific data they wish to mash, compare and combine.
An important type of web agent that does crawl and read web pages automatically, without prior knowledge of what it might find, is the Web crawler or search-engine spider. These software agents are dependent on the semantic clarity of web pages they find as they use various techniques and algorithms to read and index millions of web pages a day and provide web users with search facilities.
In order for search-engine spiders to be able to rate the significance of pieces of text they find in HTML documents, and also for those creating mashups and other hybrids, as well as for more automated agents as they are developed, the semantic structures that exist in HTML need to be widely and uniformly applied to bring out the meaning of published information.[8]
While the true semantic web may depend on complex RDF ontologies and metadata, every HTML document makes its contribution to the meaningfulness of the Web by the correct use of headings, lists, titles and other semantic markup wherever possible. This "plain" use of HTML has been called "Plain Old Semantic HTML" or POSH.[9] The correct use of Web 2.0 'tagging' creates folksonomies that may be equally or even more meaningful to many.[8] HTML 5 introduced new semantic elements such as section, article, footer, progress, nav, aside, mark, and time.[10][11] Overall, the goal of the W3C is to slowly introduce more ways for browsers, developers, and crawlers to better distinguish between different types of data, allowing for benefits such as better display on browsers on different devices.[10]
Presentational elements are not deprecated in current HTML (4.01) and XHTML recommendations, but were recommended against. In HTML 5 some of those elements, such as i[12] and b[13] are still specified as their meaning has been clearly defined "as to be stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying any extra importance".
Considerations[edit]
In cases where a document requires more precise semantics than those expressed in HTML alone, fragments of the document may be enclosed within span or div elements with meaningful class names[14] such as  and
. Where these class names are also a fragment identifier within a schema or ontology, they may link to a more defined meaning. Microformats formalise this approach to semantics in HTML.
One important restriction of this approach is that such markup based on element inclusion must meet the well-formedness conditions. As these documents are broadly tree-structured, this means that only balanced fragments from a sub-tree can be marked up in this way.[15] A means of marking-up any arbitrary section of HTML would require a mechanism independent of the markup structure itself, such as XPointer.
Good semantic HTML also improves the accessibility of web documents (see also Web Content Accessibility Guidelines).[citation needed] For example, when a screen reader or audio browser can correctly ascertain the structure of a document, it will not waste the visually impaired user's time by reading out repeated or irrelevant information when it has been marked up correctly.
Google "rich snippets"[edit]
In 2010, Google specified three forms of structured metadata that their systems will use to find structured semantic content within webpages. Such information, when related to reviews, people profiles, business listings, and events will be used by Google to enhance the "snippet", or short piece of quoted text that is shown when the page appears in search listings. Google specifies that that data may be given using microdata, microformats or RDFa.[16] Microdata is specified inside itemtype and itemprop attributes added to existing HTML elements; microformat keywords are added inside class attributes as discussed above; and RDFa relies on rel, typeof and property attributes added to existing elements.[17]
See also[edit]
RDFa
Microformats
Semantic Web
Semantics (computer science)
XML
Microdata (HTML)
HTML elements (complete list)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Alignment, font styles, and horizontal rules in HTML documents". W3C. 2002 [2000].
Jump up ^ "HTML 4.01 Specification: Phrase elements: EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR, and ACRONYM". W3C. 1999. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ "XHTML 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition): The lang and xml:lang Attributes". W3C. 2002 [2000]. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Fischetti, Mark (2000). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0062515872.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave (24 April 2005). "Getting started with HTML". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Raggett, Dave (8 April 2002). "Adding a touch of style". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 8 December 2010. This article notes that presentational HTML markup may be useful when targeting browsers "before Netscape 4.0 and Internet Explorer 4.0" which were both released in 1997.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; Lassila, Ora (2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American. Retrieved 2009-10-02.
^ Jump up to: a b Shadbolt, Nigel; Berners-Lee, Tim; Hall, Wendy (May–June 2006). "The Semantic Web Revisited" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Plain Old Semantic HTML (POSH)". Microformats Wiki. microformats community. April 20, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Understanding Semantic HTML and Its Applications for 2015 and Beyond". Dallas SEO Geek. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Mike. "Let's Talk about Semantics". HTML 5 Doctor. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "HTML5". World Wide Web Consortium. Section 4.5.17: The i element.
Jump up ^ "HTML5". World Wide Web Consortium. Section 4.5.18: The b element.
Jump up ^ These class names are at best suggestive rather than formally meaningful, unless they are previously shared between both creator and consumer of the content.
Jump up ^ "Well-Formed XML Documents". Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1. W3C.
Jump up ^ "Rich snippets". Webmaster Central. Google. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Businesses and organizations - About organization information". Webmaster Central. Google. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
External links[edit]
schema.org is an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo!
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semantic_HTML&oldid=809353675"
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