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The Gate of Truth
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The Gate of Truth can refer to:
Gate of Alchemy from the anime Fullmetal Alchemist
The Gate of Truth in Hades, from Virgil's Aeneid
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title The Gate of Truth.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilisation
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The extent of Indus Valley Civilization.
The list of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization refers to the technological and civilizational achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization, an ancient civilization which flourished in the Bronze Age around the Indus River basin in what is today mainly Pakistan and northwest portions of the Republic of India. It is also called the civilization, after one of its centres, Harappa.
Inventions[edit]
▪ Rule of law and hence the origins of democracy first emegerd from this civilisation even before Greece according to some experts.
Button, ornamental: Buttons—made from seashell—were used in the Indus Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pierced into them so that they could be attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] Ian McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."[2]
Ruler: The oldest preserved measuring rod is a copper-alloy bar which was found by the German Assyriologist Eckhard Unger while excavating at Nippur (pictured below). The bar dates from c. 2650 BC. and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard.[3] Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today is Pakistan and some parts of Western India prior to 1500 BCE.[4] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimeters.[4] Ian Whitelaw (2007) holds that 'The Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.'[5]
Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus Valley Civilisation's archaeological site at Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan[6] and Dholavira, India.[7] The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BC, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure.[6] The early centuries immediately before the common era saw the Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture.[6] Both the wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism.[6] Rock-cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200-400 CE.[8] Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed.[8]
See also[edit]
List of Indian inventions and discoveries
List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Hesse, Rayner W. & Hesse (Jr.), Rayner W. (2007). Jewelry making Through History: An Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. 35. ISBN 0-313-33507-9.
Jump up ^ McNeil, Ian (1990). An encyclopedia of the history of technology. Taylor & Francis. 852. ISBN 0-415-01306-2.
Jump up ^ Scandinavian Archaeometry Center (1993). Archaeology and natural science, p. 118. P. Åströms. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitelaw, page 14
Jump up ^ Whitelaw, page 15
^ Jump up to: a b c d Livingston & Beach, 20
Jump up ^ The Lost River by Michel Danino. Penguin India 2010
^ Jump up to: a b Livingston & Beach, page xxiii
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Meluhha
Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
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Maffucci syndrome
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Maffucci syndrome
Enchondroma are present in this condition
Specialty
medical genetics
[edit on Wikidata]
Maffucci syndrome is a sporadic disease characterized by the presence of multiple enchondromas associated with multiple hemangiomas.[1][2] Also lymphangiomas may be apparent.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Differential diagnosis
4 Management
5 Eponym
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Patients are normal at birth and the syndrome manifests during childhood and puberty. The enchondromas affect the extremities and their distribution is asymmetrical. The most common sites of enchondromas are the metacarpal bones and phalanges of the hands. The feet are less commonly afflicted. Disfigurations of the extremities are a result. Pathological fractures can arise in affected metaphyses and diaphyses of the long bones and are common (26%). The risk for sarcomatous degeneration of enchondromas, hemangiomas, or lymphangiomas is 15-30% in the setting of Maffucci syndrome. Maffucci syndrome is associated with a higher risk of CNS, pancreatic, and ovarian malignancies. Multiple enchondromas may present in 3 disorders: Ollier disease, Maffucci syndrome, and metachondromatosis. It is important to make the distinction between these diseases, particularly Ollier disease and Maffucci syndrome. Ollier disease is more common than Maffucci syndrome, and presents with multiple enchondromas often in a unilateral distribution. However, hemangiomas and lymphangiomas are not seen in Ollier disease. Metachondromatosis demonstrates autosomal-dominant transmission and presents with both multiple osteochondromas and enchondromas.
Cause[edit]
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)
Diagnosis[edit]
Differential diagnosis[edit]
In Ollier disease isolated enchondromas are present without the presence of hemangiomas.
Management[edit]
Management entails careful examination and monitoring for malignant degenerations. Surgical interventions can correct or minimize deformities.
Eponym[edit]
It is named for Angelo Maffucci.[3]
See also[edit]
Ollier disease
Njolstad syndrome
List of cutaneous conditions
List of radiographic findings associated with cutaneous conditions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Maffucci syndrome" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Faik A, Allali F, El Hassani S, Hajjaj-Hassouni N (February 2006). "Maffucci's syndrome: a case report". Clin. Rheumatol. 25 (1): 88–91. doi:10.1007/s10067-005-1101-1. PMID 16234991.
Jump up ^ synd/1813 at Who Named It?
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: Q78.4
ICD-9-CM: 756.4
OMIM: 166000
MeSH: D004687
DiseasesDB: 9212
External resources
eMedicine: derm/256

Gupta N, Kabra M (February 2007). "Maffucci syndrome" (PDF). Indian Pediatr. 44 (2): 149–50. PMID 17351310.
Maffucci Syndrome - Information for the average person
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Osteochondrodysplasia (Q77–Q78, 756.4–756.5)
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Chondroma/enchondroma
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Maffucci syndrome
Growth factor receptor
FGFR2:
Antley–Bixler syndrome
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Achondroplasia
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COL2A1 collagen disease
Achondrogenesis
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maffucci_syndrome&oldid=820773833"
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Lucian Msamati
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This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Lucian Msamati
Lucian Msamati (2010)
Born
Lucian Gabriel Wiina Msmati
(1976-03-05) 5 March 1976 (age 41)
London, England
Other names
Wiina Msamati
Occupation
Actor and playwright
Lucian Gabriel Wiina Msamati, sometimes credited as Wiina Msamati, is a British-Tanzanian film, television and theatre actor. He played Salladhor Saan in HBO series Game of Thrones and was the first black actor to play Iago at the Royal Shakespeare Company (in 2015).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Theatre
2.2 Television
2.3 Film
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Lucian Gabriel Wiina Msamati was born in the United Kingdom and brought up in Zimbabwe by his Tanzanian parents, a doctor and a nurse; he is the eldest of four siblings. His primary education began at Olympio Primary School in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, and continued at Avondale Primary School in Harare, Zimbabwe. After secondary education at Prince Edward School in Harare, he studied towards a BA Honours Degree in French and Portuguese at the University of Zimbabwe from 1995–97.[1] [2] [3]
Career[edit]
Theatre[edit]
After university he took a day-job as an advertising copywriter and freelance radio presenter. He also worked as a voice-over artist, compere and after-dinner speaker.
In 1994 Msamati and school friends, Shaheen Jassat (deceased), Craig and Gavin Peter, Kevin Hanssen, Roy Chizivano, Sarah Norman founded what would become Zimbabwe's acclaimed Over the Edge Theatre Company[4] in Harare, later joined by Erica Glyn-Jones, Zane E Lucas, Chipo Chung, Karin Alexander, Rob Hollands and Michael Pearce. The company celebrated its 10th anniversary in December 2004 having flown the Zimbabwe flag across Europe, the US and South Africa. The last few years have seen individual members pursuing other interests. Though not officially disbanded, there are no immediate plans of an Over the Edge reunion. From 1998 to 2001, the company performed at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in Edinburgh, Scotland; some plays were written by Msamati.[1]
Currently starring in Amadeus at the Royal Natiional Theatre ( 2016/17)
He has appeared in several theatrical productions in London, UK, including:
Fabulation, Tricycle Theatre[4]
Gem of the Ocean, Tricycle Theatre[4]
I.D., Almeida Theatre[1]
Mourning Becomes Electra, Royal National Theatre[4]
The Overwhelming, Royal National Theatre[4]
Pericles, Prince of Tyre, played the title role, Royal Shakespeare Company[4]
President of an Empty Room, Royal National Theatre[4]
The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, Lyric Hammersmith[1]
Walk Hard, Tricycle Theatre[4]
Death and the King's Horseman, National
Ruined Almeida Theatre
Clybourne Park Royal Court
In November 2010 Msamati was appointed Artistic Director of British-African theatre company Tiata Fahodzi, [3] until being succeeded in 2014 by Natalie Ibu.[5] He has continued to work with Tiata Fahodzi, directing Boi Boi is Dead in February–March 2015.[3]
In spring 2015, Msamati became the first black actor ever to play Iago in a Royal Shakespeare Company production of Othello.[3]
Television[edit]
He has also appeared in several television productions, including episodes of the television series Ultimate Force and Spooks. In 2008 he took on his most prominent role, playing JLB Matekoni in the BBC/HBO-produced series The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency. He has guest starred in episodes of the BBC television series Luther, Ashes to Ashes, Doctor Who and Death in Paradise, as well as playing the part of the pirate Salladhor Saan in the HBO series Game of Thrones.[6]
Film[edit]
Msamati appeared in the film The International (2009). Other film credits include Lumumba (1999), directed by Raoul Peck; animated feature The Legend of the Sky Kingdom; Dr. Juju (2000), directed by Roger Hawkins and Richard II, directed by Rupert Goold.[7]
Personal life[edit]
He permanently moved to the UK in 2003,[1] and now resides in London.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Aida Edemariam (21 March 2008). "And Now for the Good News...". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "biographies: wiina lucian msamati". Over the Edge. Retrieved 2015-02-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gilbey, Ryan (2015-01-28). "Lucian Msamati: danger zone". The Guardian. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Staff writer (13 March 2008). "The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency – Lucian Msamati Plays JLB Matekoni". BBC Online. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Hutchison, David (2014-11-12). "Tiata Fahodzi names new artistic director". The Stage. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Jump up ^ "'Game of Thrones': Trio Join Sprawling Season 2 Cast". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Database (n.d.). "Lucian Msamati". The Spotlight. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
External links[edit]
Lucian Msamati on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 120120633
LCCN: no2011017999
ISNI: 0000 0001 1497 5886
NKC: xx0114234

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Bouchard's nodes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bouchard's nodes
Specialty
Rheumatology
Bouchard's nodes are hard, bony outgrowths or gelatinous cysts on the proximal interphalangeal joints (the middle joints of fingers or toes). They are seen in osteoarthritis, where they are caused by formation of calcific spurs of the articular (joint) cartilage. Much less commonly, they may be seen in rheumatoid arthritis, where nodes are caused by antibody deposition to the synovium.
Bouchard's nodes are comparable in presentation to Heberden's nodes, which are similar osteoarthritic growths on the distal interphalangeal joints,[1] but are significantly less common.
Contents
1 Eponym
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Eponym[edit]
Bouchard's nodes are named after French pathologist Charles Jacques Bouchard (1837–1915).[2][3]
See also[edit]
Heberden's node
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schoen, Delores Christina (2000). Adult Orthopaedic Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 60. ISBN 9780781718806. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
Jump up ^ synd/1893 at Who Named It?
Jump up ^ http://content.revolutionhealth.com/contentimages/media-medical-hw-nr551642.jpg
External links[edit]
Classification
D
ICD-10: M15.2
Diagram of Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes at WebMD
show
v
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Diseases of joints (M00–M19, 711–719)
Arthritis
(one joint /
multiple)
Inflammation
Infectious
Septic arthritis
Tuberculosis arthritis
Reactive arthritis (indirectly)
Noninfectious
1. Seronegative spondyloarthropathy:
Reactive arthritis*Psoriatic arthritis*Juvenile idiopathic arthritis*Ankylosing spondylitis
2.Rheumatoid arthritis:
Adult-onset Still's disease
Felty's syndrome
3.Crystal arthropathy: Gout
Chondrocalcinosis
Noninflammatory
Osteoarthritis: Heberden's node
Bouchard's nodes
Other
Bleeding
pain
Osteophyte
villonodular synovitis
Pigmented villonodular synovitis
stiffness
show
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Eponymous medical signs for skeletal system and joints
Joints
Arthropathy
osteoarthritis (Bouchard's nodes/Heberden's node)
dermatomyositis (Gottron's papules)
DeQuervain's syndrome (Finkelstein's test)
anterior shoulder instability (Jobe's test)
hip dysplasia
Barlow's maneuver
Ortolani test
Dorsopathy
low back pain (Waddell's signs)
low back flexibility
Ott test
Schober test
sacroiliitis (Larrey's sign)
Trauma/Orthopedics
Knee: ligament (Lachman test)
meniscus
Apley grind test
McMurray test
ligament and meniscus
O'Donoghue's triad
Ankle: tendon
Simmonds' test
Shoulder: rotator cuff
Hawkins–Kennedy test
ligament
Neer impingement sign
Jobe's test
Watson's test
Skeletal/bone
bone tumor (Codman triangle)
osteochondritis dissecans (Wilson test)
Teeth
Hutchinson's teeth

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Planet of the Apes (1968 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Planet of the Apes
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Franklin J. Schaffner
Produced by
Arthur P. Jacobs
Screenplay by
Michael Wilson
Rod Serling
Based on
Planet of the Apes
by Pierre Boulle
Starring
Charlton Heston
Roddy McDowall
Maurice Evans
Kim Hunter
James Whitmore
James Daly
Linda Harrison
Music by
Jerry Goldsmith
Cinematography
Leon Shamroy
Edited by
Hugh S. Fowler
Production
company
APJAC Productions
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
February 8, 1968 (1968-02-08) (Capitol Theatre)
April 3, 1968 (1968-04-03) (United States)
Running time
112 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5.8 million[2]
Box office
$33.4 million (North America)[2]
Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It stars Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly and Linda Harrison. The screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle. Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score. It was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973, all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox.[3]
The film tells the story of an astronaut crew who crash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future. Although the planet appears desolate at first, the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech. The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins.
The script was originally written by Rod Serling, but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began.[4] Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached, but the film's producer Arthur P. Jacobs, upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston, chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film. Schaffner's changes included an ape society less advanced—and therefore less expensive to depict—than that of the original novel.[3] Filming took place between May 21 and August 10, 1967, in California, Utah and Arizona, with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. The film's final "closed" cost was $5.8 million.
The film was released on February 8, 1968, in the United States and was a commercial success, earning a lifetime domestic gross of $32.6 million.[5] The film was groundbreaking for its prosthetic makeup techniques by artist John Chambers[6] and was well received by critics and audiences, launching a film franchise,[7] including four sequels, as well as a short-lived television show, animated series, comic books, and various merchandising. In particular, Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the Apes series, appearing in four of the original five films (absent, apart from a brief voiceover, from the second film of the series, Beneath the Planet of the Apes, in which he was replaced by David Watson in the role of Cornelius), and also in the television series.
The original series was followed by Tim Burton's remake Planet of the Apes in 2001 and the reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011.[8] Also in 2001, Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Origins
3.2 Filming
3.3 Taylor's spacecraft
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Accolades
5 Legacy
5.1 Original series sequels
5.2 Television series
5.3 Remake
5.4 Reboot series
5.5 Comics
5.6 In popular culture
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Astronauts Taylor (Charlton Heston), Landon (Robert Gunner), Dodge (Jeff Burton) and Stewart are in deep hibernation when their spaceship crashes in a lake on an unknown planet after a long near-light speed voyage, during which, due to time dilation, the crew ages only 18 months. As the ship sinks, Taylor finds Stewart dead and her body desiccated. They throw an inflatable raft from the ship and climb down into it; before departing the ship, Taylor notes that the date is November 25, 3978, approximately two millennia after their departure in 1972. Once ashore, Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life.
After abandoning their raft, the astronauts set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food and water before their provisions run out. Eventually, they encounter plant life. They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming, ignoring eerie scarecrow-like figures around the edge of the water. While they are swimming, their clothes are stolen. Pursuing the thieves, the astronauts find their clothes torn to shreds, their supplies pillaged and the perpetrators—a group of humans that are apparently so primitive that they cannot even talk and dressed in torn clothes—raiding a cornfield. Taylor is attracted to one of the humans, whom he later names Nova (Linda Harrison).
Suddenly, armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield, brandishing firearms, snares, and nets. They capture some humans and kill the rest. In the chaos, Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed, Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious, and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner. The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City, where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees: animal psychologist Zira (Kim Hunter) and surgeon Galen (Wright King). While his throat wound is healing, he is unable to speak. Taylor discovers that the various apes, who can talk and are in control, are in a strict caste system: gorillas are police officers, military, hunters and workers; orangutans are administrators, politicians, lawyers and priests; and chimpanzees are intellectuals and scientists. The apes have developed a primitive society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era. They ride horses and have carts, rifles, and even primitive photography. Humans, who are believed by the apes to be unable to talk, are considered vermin and are hunted, either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments.
Zira and her fiancé Cornelius (Roddy McDowall), an archaeologist, take an interest in Taylor, whom Zira calls "Bright Eyes". Taylor attempts to communicate by writing in the dirt, but Nova, who has been following him around, attempts to destroy his writing with her hands, not understanding what the words mean. The letters she doesn't destroy are then obliterated by Zira's and Cornelius's superior, an orangutan named Dr. Zaius (Maurice Evans). Back in his cage, Taylor steals Zira's pencil and notebook and uses them to write the message My name is Taylor. Zira and Cornelius become convinced that Taylor is intelligent, but upon learning of this, Dr. Zaius orders that Taylor be castrated. Before the castration can occur, Taylor escapes. During his desperate flight through Ape City, he passes through a museum, where he finds Dodge's stuffed and eyeless corpse on display. When Taylor is recaptured by gorillas, he overcomes his throat injury and roars: "Take your stinking paws off me, you damn dirty ape!"
A tribunal to determine Taylor's origins is convened by the president of the Assembly (James Whitmore), Dr. Zaius, and Maximus (Woodrow Parfrey). Dr. Honorious (James Daly) is the prosecutor. Taylor mentions his two comrades at this time. The court then produces Landon, who has been subjected to a lobotomy that has rendered him catatonic and unable to speak. After the tribunal, Dr. Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor if he does not tell the truth about where he came from. With help from Zira's socially rebellious nephew Lucius (Lou Wagner), Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City that has been ruled out of bounds for centuries by Ape Law. A year earlier, Cornelius led an expedition into the Forbidden Zone that found a cave containing artifacts of an earlier non-simian (and believed to be human) civilization. The group sets out for the cave to answer questions Taylor has about the evolution of the ape world and to prove he is not of that world.
Arriving at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Dr. Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off, threatening to shoot them if he has to. Zaius agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories and to avoid physical harm to Cornelius and Zira. Inside, Cornelius displays the remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking children's doll. More soldiers appear and Lucius is overpowered, but Taylor again fends them off. Dr. Zaius is held hostage so Taylor can escape, but he admits to Taylor that he has always known that a human civilization existed long before apes ruled the planet and that "the Forbidden Zone was once a paradise, your breed made a desert of it… ages ago!" Taylor nonetheless thinks it best to search for answers, but Dr. Zaius warns him that he may not like what he finds. Once Taylor and Nova have ridden off, Dr. Zaius has the gorillas lay explosives to seal off the cave and destroy the remaining evidence of the human society. He then has Zira, Cornelius and Lucius charged with heresy.
Taylor and Nova, at last free, follow the shoreline and discover the remains of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this "alien" planet is actually Earth long after a nuclear war. Realizing what Dr. Zaius meant earlier, Taylor falls to his knees in despair and anger and condemns humanity for destroying the world.
Cast[edit]
Charlton Heston as George Taylor
Roddy McDowall as Cornelius
Kim Hunter as Zira
Maurice Evans as Dr. Zaius
James Whitmore as President of the Assembly
James Daly as Honorious
Linda Harrison as Nova
Robert Gunner as Landon
Lou Wagner as Lucius
Woodrow Parfrey as Maximus
Jeff Burton as Dodge
Buck Kartalian as Julius
Norman Burton as Hunt Leader
Wright King as Dr. Galen
Paul Lambert as Minister
Production[edit]
Origins[edit]
Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, but was passed over. After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing 1964's What a Way to Go! (1964) for 20th Century Fox and begun pre-production of another movie for the studio, Doctor Dolittle, he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes.[9]
One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive sets, props, and special effects. The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces.[9]
To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, James Brolin and Linda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. This test footage is included on several DVD releases of the film, as well as the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes. Linda Harrison, at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard Zanuck, went on to play Nova in the 1968 film and its first sequel, and had a cameo in Tim Burton's Planet of the Apes more than 30 years later, which was also produced by Zanuck. Although Harrison often opined that the producers had always had her in mind for the role of Nova, they had, in fact, considered first Ursula Andress, then Raquel Welch, and Angelique Pettyjohn. When these three women proved unavailable or uninterested, Zanuck gave the part to Harrison. Dr. Zaius was originally to have been played by Robinson, but he backed out due to the heavy makeup and long sessions required to apply it.[10] Robinson later made his final film, Soylent Green (1973), opposite his one-time Ten Commandments (1956) co-star Heston.
Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abraham some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "See no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release.[11][page needed] During filming John Chambers, who designed prosthetic make up in the film,[6] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film.[12]
Filming[edit]
The astronauts' journey from their downed ship was filmed along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon.
Filming began on May 21, 1967, and ended on August 10, 1967. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell,[11]:61 Glen Canyon[11]:61 and other locations near Page, Arizona[11]:59 Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch[11]:68 in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter.[11]:79 The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu.[13] As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes,[9] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot scaffold, angled over a 1/2-scale papier-mache model of the Statue. The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying.[14]
Taylor's spacecraft[edit]
The spacecraft onscreen is never actually named in the film. But for the 40th anniversary release of the Blu-ray edition of the film, in the short-film created for the release called A Public Service Announcement from ANSA, the ship is called "Liberty 1".[15] The ship had originally been called "Immigrant One" in an early draft of the script, and then called "Air Force One" in a test set of Topps Collectible cards, and dubbed "Icarus" by a fan; that name gained popularity among Ape fandom.[15][16]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Planet of the Apes was well received by critics and is widely regarded as a classic film and one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world gone upside down.[17][18] As of April, 2012, the film held a 90% "Certified Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 50 reviews.[19] In 2008, the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.[20]
Accolades[edit]
The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for Best Costume Design (Morton Haack) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith).[21] The score is known for its avant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-note music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.
American Film Institute Lists
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#59
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
Colonel George Taylor—Nominated Hero[23]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"Take your stinking paws off me, you damned dirty ape!"—#66
AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores—#18
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—Nominated[24]
AFI's 10 Top 10—Nominated Science Fiction Film[25]
Legacy[edit]
Main article: Planet of the Apes
Original series sequels[edit]
Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn, which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes.[11][page needed] The original film series had four sequels:
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Television series[edit]
Planet of the Apes (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (animated) (1975)
Remake[edit]
Planet of the Apes (2001): The film was a re-imagining of the original film, directed by Tim Burton.
Reboot series[edit]
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011): A series reboot, directed by Rupert Wyatt, was released in August 5, 2011 to critical and commercial success. It is the first installment in the new series of films.[8]
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014): The second entry in the Planet of the Apes reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released in July 11, 2014.[26][27]
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017): The third film in the reboot series, directed by Matt Reeves, was released on July 14, 2017.[28][29][30]
Comics[edit]
Comic book adaptations of the films were published by Gold Key (1970) and Marvel Comics (b/w magazine 1974-77,[31] color comic book 1975-76[32]). Malibu Comics reprinted the Marvel adaptations when they had the license in the early 1980s. Dark Horse Comics published an adaptation for the 2001 Tim Burton film. Currently Boom! Studios has the licensing rights to Planet of the Apes. Their stories tell the tale of Ape City and its inhabitants before Taylor arrived. However, in July 2014, it was announced that Boom! Studios and IDW Publishing will do a crossover between Planet of the Apes and Star Trek the original series.
In popular culture[edit]
A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973.[33]
Numerous parodies and references have appeared in films and other media, including Spaceballs, The Simpsons, Futurama, Family Guy, South Park, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Mad Men, The Big Bang Theory and the Madagascar films.[citation needed]
The film is also alluded to in literature, most notably in Junot Díaz's Pulitzer-winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007).[citation needed]
Gallery[edit]
The crash of the astronauts' spacecraft was partially filmed in and around Lake Powell.
Horseshoe Bend on the Colorado River, near Page, Arizona, was a part of the Forbidden Zone, through which Taylor, Zira, and Cornelius fled Ape City.
Malibu Creek State Park, part of which was formerly the 20th Century Fox Movie Ranch, was the location of the astronauts' initial encounter with primitive humans and superior apes, and of Cornelius, Zira and Taylor's escape from Ape City.
The final scene was filmed at Point Dume's Westward Beach on the Malibu coast.
The cliff face of Point Dume is obscured by the matte painting of the Statue of Liberty.
See also[edit]
1960s portal
Film in the United States portal
Speculative fiction portal
Primates portal
List of American films of 1968
Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction, about the film genre, with a list of related films
Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Planet of the Apes". British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Planet of the Apes (1968) - Financial Information". The Numbers. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Those Damned Dirty Apes!". www.mediacircus.net. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "30 Years Later: Rod Serling's Settling the Debate over Who Wrote What, and When". www.rodserling.com. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Planet of the Apes (1968)". Box Office Mojo. January 1, 1982. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Brian Pendreigh (September 7, 2001). "Obituary:John Chambers: Make-up master responsible for Hollywood's finest space-age creatures". The Guardian. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Planet of the Apes (1968) A Film Review by James Berardinelli". www.reelviews.net. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Lussier, Germain (April 14, 2011). "RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES Set Visit and Video Blog". Collider. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c American Movie Classics (1998). Behind the Planet of the Apes. Planet of the Apes Blu-Ray: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Pulver, Andrew (June 24, 2005). "Monkey business". The Guardian. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Russo, Joe; Landsman, Larry; Gross, Edward (2001). Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312252390.
Jump up ^ Tom Weaver (2010). Sci-Fi Swarm and Horror Horde: Interviews with 62 Filmmakers. McFarland. p. 314. ISBN 0786458313.
Jump up ^ "Film locations for Planet of the Apes (1968)". Movie-locations.com. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apes Trivia". Theforbidden-zone.com. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Handley, Rich (2009). Timeline of the Planet of the Apes: The Definitive Chronology. Hasslein Books. p. 11. ISBN 9780615253923.
Jump up ^ Key, Jim (January 1, 1999). "The Flight of the Icarus". Sci-Fi & Fantasy Models International. Next Millennium Publishing Ltd (38): 14.
Jump up ^ "The Greatest Films of 1968". AMC Filmsite.org. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Best Movies of 1968 by Rank". Films101.com. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire Magazine. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1986). MacColl, Gail, ed. Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 768.
Jump up ^ "America's Greatest Movies" (PDF). AFI. 2002. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFI'S 100 Years 100 Heroes & Villains" (PDF). AFI. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFI 100 Years 100 Movies" (PDF). Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "AFI Ballot" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain. "Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ‘Dawn of the Planet of the Apes’". Slashfilm.com.
Jump up ^ "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016". Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's 'Gambit' Gets 2016 Release Date, 'Fantastic Four' Sequel Moves Up". Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed". Collider. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Planet of the Apes at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ Adventures on the Planet of the Apes at the Grand Comics Database
Jump up ^ "Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site - Mad #157". Madcoversite.com. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Planet of the Apes
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes.
Official website
Planet of the Apes on IMDb
Planet of the Apes at AllMovie
Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes
Planet of the Apes at Box Office Mojo
Planet of the Apes Script
Planet of the Apes Media Archive An interactive celebration of the Planet of the Apes franchise in sight, sound and motion
Review and analysis of the Apes series
Dale Winogura (Summer 1972). "Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit" (PDF). Cinefantastique.
[show]
v
t
e
Planet of the Apes
Films
Original series
Planet of the Apes (1968)
Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)
Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)
Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)
Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)
Remake
Planet of the Apes (2001)
Reboot series
Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)
Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)
War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)
Television
Planet of the Apes (1974)
Return to the Planet of the Apes (1975)
Behind the Planet of the Apes (1998)
Video games
Planet of the Apes (2001)
Revenge of the Apes (2003)
Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier (2017)
Other
La Planète des Singes
Characters
Comics
Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive
Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes
Planet of the Apes/Green Lantern
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
The Stripper (1963)
The Best Man (1964)
The War Lord (1965)
The Double Man (1967)
Planet of the Apes (1968)
Patton (1970)
Nicholas and Alexandra (1971)
Papillon (1973)
Islands in the Stream (1977)
The Boys from Brazil (1978)
Sphinx (1981)
Yes, Giorgio (1982)
Lionheart (1987)
Welcome Home (1989)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes_(1968_film)&oldid=804607529"
Categories:
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Films set in New York City
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Volcanic arc
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with Volcanic belt.
Volcanic arc formation along a subducting plate
A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate,[1] positioned in an arc shape as seen from above. Offshore volcanoes form islands, resulting in a volcanic island arc. Generally, volcanic arcs result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench. The oceanic plate is saturated with water, and volatiles such as water drastically lower the melting point of the mantle. As the oceanic plate is subducted, it is subjected to greater and greater pressures with increasing depth. This pressure squeezes water out of the plate and introduces it to the mantle. Here the mantle melts and forms magma at depth under the overriding plate. The magma ascends to form an arc of volcanoes parallel to the subduction zone.
These should not be confused with hotspot volcanic chains, where volcanoes often form one after another in the middle of a tectonic plate, as the plate moves over the hotspot, and so the volcanoes progress in age from one end of the chain to the other. The Hawaiian Islands form a typical hotspot chain; the older islands (tens of millions of years old) to the northwest are smaller and more lush than the recently created (400,000 years ago) Hawaii island itself, which is more rocky. Hotspot volcanoes are also known as "intra-plate" volcanoes, and the islands they create are known as Volcanic Ocean Islands. Volcanic arcs do not generally exhibit such a simple age-pattern.
There are two types of volcanic arcs:
oceanic arcs form when oceanic crust subducts beneath other oceanic crust on an adjacent plate, creating a volcanic island arc. (Not all island arcs are volcanic island arcs.)
continental arcs form when oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust on an adjacent plate, creating an arc-shaped mountain belt. (Not all mountain belts form in this way.)
In some situations, a single subduction zone may show both aspects along its length, as part of a plate subducts beneath a continent and part beneath adjacent oceanic crust.
(The term "volcanic arc" is often confused with the term "island arc". The former is a series of volcanoes, but not necessarily offshore. The latter is a series of islands, not necessarily composed solely of volcanoes.)
Volcanoes are present in almost any mountain belt, but this does not make it a volcanic arc. Often there are isolated, but impressively huge volcanoes in a mountain belt. For instance, Vesuvius and the Etna volcanoes in Italy are part of separate but different kinds of mountainous volcanic ensembles.
The active front of a volcanic arc is the belt where volcanism develops at a given time. Active fronts may move over time (millions of years), changing their distance from the oceanic trench as well as their width.
Contents
[hide]
1 Petrology
2 Examples
2.1 Continental arcs
2.2 Island arcs
2.3 Ancient island arcs
3 See also
4 References
Petrology[edit]
In the subduction zone, loss of water from the subducted slab induces partial melting of the overriding mantle and generates low-density, calc-alkaline magma that buoyantly rises to intrude and be extruded through the lithosphere of the overriding plate. This loss of water is due to the destabilization of the mineral chlorite at approximately 40–60 km depth.[2][3] This is the reason for island arc volcanism at consistent distances from the subducting slab: because the temperature-pressure conditions for flux-melting volcanism due to chlorite destabilization will always occur at the same depth, the distance from the trench to the arc volcanoes is determined only by the dip angle of the subducting slab.
On the subducting side of the island arc is a deep and narrow oceanic trench, which is the trace at the Earth’s surface of the boundary between the downgoing and overriding plates. This trench is created by the gravitational pull of the relatively dense subducting plate pulling the leading edge of the plate downward. Multiple earthquakes occur along this subduction boundary with the seismic hypocenters located at increasing depth under the island arc: these quakes define the Wadati–Benioff zones. The volcanic arc forms when the subducting plate reaches a depth of about 100 km.
Ocean basins that are being reduced by subduction are called 'remnant oceans' as they will slowly be shrunken out of existence and crushed in the subsequent orogenic collision. This process has happened over and over in the geologic history of the Earth.
In the rock record, volcanic arcs can be seen as the volcanic rocks themselves, but because volcanic rock is easily weathered and eroded, it is more typical that they are seen as plutonic rocks, the rocks that formed underneath the arc (e.g. the Sierra Nevada batholith), or in the sedimentary record as lithic sandstones.
Cascade Volcanic Arc, a continental volcanic arc
The Aleutian Arc, with both oceanic and continental parts.
Examples[edit]
Two classic examples of oceanic island arcs are the Mariana Islands in the western Pacific Ocean and the Lesser Antilles in the western Atlantic Ocean. The Cascade Volcanic Arc in western North America and the Andes along the western edge of South America are examples of continental volcanic arcs. The best examples of volcanic arcs with both sets of characteristics are in the North Pacific, with the Aleutian Arc consisting of the Aleutian Islands and their extension the Aleutian Range on the Alaska Peninsula, and the Kuril-Kamchatka Arc comprising the Kuril Islands and southern Kamchatka Peninsula.
Continental arcs[edit]
Cascade Volcanic Arc
Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Range
Kamchatka
Andes
North Volcanic Zone
Central Volcanic Zone
South Volcanic Zone
Austral Volcanic Zone
Central America Volcanic Arc
Island arcs[edit]
Aleutian Islands
Kuril Islands
Northeastern Japan Arc
Japanese Archipelago including the Ryukyu Islands
Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc:
Izu Islands
Bonin Islands
Mariana Islands
Luzon Volcanic Arc
Philippines
Tonga and Kermadec Islands
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Mentawai Islands
Sunda Arc
Lesser Sunda Islands
Tanimbar and Kai Islands
Solomon Islands
South Aegean Volcanic Arc
Egean, or Hellenic arc
Lesser Antilles, including the Leeward Antilles
Scotia Arc:
South Sandwich Islands
Mascarene Islands
Ancient island arcs[edit]
Insular Islands
Intermontane Islands
Sakhalin Island Arc
See also[edit]
Back-arc basin
High island
Island arc
Subduction zone metamorphism
Volcanic field
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Volcanic arc definition from the Dictionary of Geology". Retrieved 2014-11-01.
Jump up ^ Grove, T. L., N. Chatterjee, S. W. Parman, and E. Médard (2006), The Influence of H2O on Mantle Wedge Melting, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 74–89.
Jump up ^ Grove, T.L., C. B. Till, N. Chatterjee, and E. Médard (submitted 2008), Transport of H2O in subduction zones and its role in the formation and location of arc volcanoes, Nature.
Subduction Zone Volcanism
Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan
USGS: Island-Arc, Oceanic, and Continental Volcanoes
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