text:
Sea glass
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For the carousel of the same name, see SeaGlass Carousel.
Green and white sea glass.
Sea glass and beach glass are similar but come from two different types of water. "Sea glass" is physically and chemically weathered glass found on beaches along bodies of salt water. These weathering processes produce natural frosted glass.[1] "Genuine sea glass" can be collected as a hobby and can be used to make jewelry or make for decoration."Beach glass" comes from fresh water and in most cases has a different pH balance, and has a less frosted appearance than sea glass. Sea glass takes 30 to 40 years, and sometimes as much as 100 years, to acquire its characteristic texture and shape.[2] Sometimes also colloquially referred to as "Drift glass" from the longshore drift process that forms the smooth edges. In practice, the two terms are used interchangeably.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Locations
3 Colors
3.1 Antique black sea glass
4 Hobby
5 Artificial
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Formation[edit]
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Sea glass begins as normal shards of broken glass that are then persistently tumbled and ground until the sharp edges are smoothed and rounded. In this process, the glass loses its slick surface but gains a frosted appearance over many years.[3]
Naturally produced sea glass ("genuine sea glass") originates as pieces of glass from broken bottles, broken tableware, or even shipwrecks, which are rolled and tumbled in the ocean for years until all of their edges are rounded off, and the slickness of the glass has been worn to a frosted appearance.[4]
Artificially produced sea glass (sometimes called "beach glass"), although superficially similar to sea glass, nevertheless has clear differences in appearance. Having not actually originated from the sea, most connoisseurs will not consider artificial "sea" glass to actually be genuine sea glass, but rather simply tumbled glass, where pieces of modern-day glass are tossed into a rock tumbler or dipped in acid to produce the desired finish. Artificially-produced, the glass is much less expensive and is used for making jewelry, but is often passed off as real sea glass.[5]
Locations[edit]
Colorful green and blue beach glass found in river in eastern PA. Note the less tumbled edges than some pieces found in the sea.
Sea glass can be found all over the world, but the beaches of the northeast United States, Bermuda, Fort Bragg, California, Benicia, California, North Carolina beaches, Scotland, northwest England[citation needed], Mexico, Hawaii, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Nova Scotia, Australia, Italy and southern Spain are famous[6][citation needed] for their bounty of sea glass, bottles, bottle lips and stoppers, art glass, marbles, and pottery shards. The best times to look are during spring tides especially perigean and proxigean tides, and during the first low tide after a storm.[7]
Black Bay Beach in Sandys Parish, Bermuda is covered in green, white, clear, and some brown sea glass.
Glass from inland waterways such as the Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes is known as beach glass.[citation needed] It is similar to sea glass, but in the absence of wave rigor and oceanic saline, content is typically less weathered. Beach glass from inland regions often has prominently embossed designs or letters on it, which can make tracing its origin less challenging.[8] The outer surface of beach glass shards may also be texturally varied, with one side frosty and the other shiny. This is most likely because they are pieces broken off from larger glass objects which are themselves still embedded in mud, silt or clay, slowly being exposed by wave action and erosion.[citation needed]
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Colors[edit]
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The color of sea glass is determined by its original source. Most sea glass comes from bottles, but it can also come from jars, plates, windows, windshields, ceramics or sea pottery.[9]
The most common colors of sea glass are kelly green, brown, and white (clear). These colors come from bottles used by companies that sell beer, juices, and soft drinks. The clear or white glass comes from clear plates and glasses, windshields, windows, and assorted other sources.[10]
Less common colours include jade, amber (from bottles for whiskey, medicine, spirits, and early bleach bottles), golden amber or amberina (mostly used for spirit bottles), lime green (from soda bottles during the 1960s), forest green, and ice- or soft blue (from soda bottles, medicine bottles, ink bottles, and fruit jars from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, windows, and windshields). These colors are found about once for every 25 to 100 pieces of sea glass found.[10]
Uncommon colors of sea glass include a type of green, which comes primarily from early to mid-1900s Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper, and RC Cola bottles as well as beer bottles. Soft green colors could come from bottles that were used for ink, fruit, and baking soda. These colors are found once in every 50 to 100 pieces.[10]
Purple sea glass is very uncommon, as is citron, opaque white (from milk glass), cobalt and cornflower blue (from early Milk of Magnesia bottles, poison bottles, artwork, and Bromo-Seltzer and Vicks VapoRub containers), and aqua (from Ball Mason jars and 19th century glass bottles). These colors are found once for every 200 to 1,000 pieces found.[10]
Extremely rare colors include gray, pink (often from Great Depression-era plates), teal (often from Mateus wine bottles), black (older, very dark olive green glass), yellow (often from 1930s Vaseline containers), turquoise (from tableware and art glass), red (often from old Schlitz bottles,[11] car tail lights, dinnerware or from nautical lights, it is found once in about every 5,000 pieces), and orange (the least common type of sea glass, found once in about 10,000 pieces). These colors are found once for every 1,000 to 10,000 pieces collected. Some shards of black glass are quite old, originating from thick eighteenth-century gin, beer, and wine bottles.[10]
Antique black sea glass[edit]
This "black" sea glass was collected in Jamaica 24 Dec. 2009. Under good light the green shade of the original glass before weathering is revealed.
Old black that had iron slag added during production to increase strength[12] and opaqueness were at times broken in shipment.[13] These broken bottles were jettisoned at the beachside wharf upon landfall. They originally contained such things as wine, gin, whiskey, medicines, and liquids subject to light damage. The bottles that survived the long and often rough voyage were refilled once emptied of the original contents and recycled, sometimes for many decades. They were refilled with local spirits, herbal tinctures, extracts, and medicinals.
As the glass craft gained knowledge the bottles became thinner. Quality improved in glass formulations and purity, as well as strides in technical improvements in glass-making techniques all aid in placing a piece of sea glass in a loosely defined era. Along with knowledge of historical trading partners that visited the search locations, production sources can be deduced, but a single feature is not a reliable indicator of origin. Many similar features over a broad sample narrow the choices. Particular substances became associated with certain color, and shapes of bottles.[13] These all help define country of origin. Medicines and liquor were often sold in green bottles; olive green was the most common color for gin, but brown was also used as well as cobalt blue. Whiskey was in green and brown bottles also. The liquor bottles for sea shipment were oftentimes square so as to use space more efficiently in shipping crates. Poisons were almost always in blue bottles. Round, mallet, and squat cylinder black glass bottles were all made,[13] and shape correlates to age of the bottles with some overlap. Correlations exist today: brown beer bottles, and of course the globally recognized shape of the Coca-Cola green glass bottle.
In the Caribbean, many nations traded, and pirates plundered them all. So glass from many producer countries can be found with examples going back to the 15th century. Old slave trading ports are good search locations. As are former colonial ports in the slave-molasses-rum triangle. All former colonial locations with sea trade routes, and the motherland shipping ports are prime search areas.
For instance, in Jamaica there are influxes of Spanish, African, English, American, East Indian, Chinese, and Jews (who incidentally arrived about the same time Christopher Columbus' son arrived to settle the island in 1510 and many later shipped with the Caribbean pirate crews) and other Europeans scattered throughout the historical record. The majority of black glass found on the island of Jamaica is English glass produced from the later 1600s until the 1800s in England. Sea glass arrived in Jamaica with the old world supply chain first established in the 15th century. The Spanish considered Santiago (Jamaica) a backwater to Cuba, and this allowed the English to relieve them of it in 1655 without much resistance. The first man-made glass most likely arrived with Christopher Columbus on his 2nd voyage when he claimed the island for Spain in 1494. He is reported to have landed at Dry Harbor, Discovery Bay on the north coast. Whether any of the glass on board became sea glass is part of the romance and wonder of beachcombing.
Black glass is often green or brown when held up to light, although it appears black to the unaided eye. Weathering and oxidation, together with UV light interacting with metallic oxides and chemicals in the glass and seawater are all factors affecting the color of sea glass over long exposure and time frames. In texture and color black sea glass resembles black beach rock, very much resembling the extrusive igneous rock basalt, or weathered black obsidian, a natural black volcanic glass. Gas bubbles are often trapped in old glass, impurities and irregularities in the original bottles were common and one indicator of age. Early examples were hand blown, later ones utilized a mold. Due to the inherent strength, you'll find larger size pieces of old black glass, including pieces that survived for centuries. Potential age of black beach glass found depends on your search location. Small pieces require a trained eye to spot. Texture is a good tool to employ along with color. Black glass is the rarest of all the sea/beach glasses due to age and difficulty in finding it. Although when you find an old, long used location it can produce a considerable amount of material.
Collectors should be aware of the historical nature of the location, and the fact that gathering old items is considered cultural theft in some areas of the world. In other areas sea glass is just another piece of trash on the beach. Most sea glass' historical context is lost to the sea, but its mere presence in some areas is the heritage and legacy of the location. National treasures made of former trash exist, such as is Glass Beach at Fort Bragg CA. The glass at Ft. Bragg is mostly from the mid-20th century.
Hobby[edit]
Like collecting shells, fossils, or stones, combing shorelines for sea glass is a hobby many beach-goers and beachcombers enjoy. Hobbyists often fill decorative jars with their collections and take great pleasure in tracing a shard's provenance while artisans craft pieces of jewelry, stained glass and other decorative pieces from sea glass. Some collectors use their collections in creating works of art by putting them in cement or other adhesive to create a mosaic.[citation needed]
In North America, the hobby has the North American Sea Glass Association, which organizes a yearly conference and issues a newsletter.[14]
Artificial[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Authentic sea and beach glass is becoming rarer and harder to find for a variety of reasons. More people are actively searching for it, and littering has increasingly staggered[clarification needed] the making of it naturally.[citation needed]
This scarcity has led to some artisans and crafters tumbling poorer pieces of sea glass shards to create what is called "twice-tossed" glass, while others create artificial sea glass, or "craft glass", from ordinary glass pieces using a rock tumbler. While such glass is chunkier than most true sea glass, lacks its romantic provenance, and differs in many technical ways (e.g., long-term exposure to water conditions creates an etched surface on the glass that cannot be duplicated artificially), it does meet the demand of crafters at a cheaper price and in a wider range of colors.[citation needed]
A number of characteristics highlight the differences between artificial sea glass and natural sea glass, starting with the coloration and surface texture of each piece.[15] An example of natural sea glass will usually have a frosty, almost powdery texture at different points.[15] One of the most reliable indicators for natural sea glass is a "C" shaped design all over the outside of the sample.[16] If the design is located on the piece, it is authentic sea glass, since artificial beach glass will typically not have that particular design.[16] Sea glass usually comes from broken glass bottles or other household items, so the pieces you find on the beach will not be perfectly shaped, unlike artificial sea glass, often sold as beach glass.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What Is Sea Glass - How and Where do you find it?". bytheseajewelry.com. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ Sea Glass Journal (date unknown). The Godfather of Sea Glass: Richard LaMotte Boosts the National Profile of Sea Glass Retrieved from http://www.seaglassjournal.com/articles/pureseaglass/lamotte.htm on 2/19/2015.
Jump up ^ Author unknown (date unknown). What is Sea Glass? Retrieved from http://www.findseaglass.net/what-is-sea-glass/.
Jump up ^ Park, Elizabeth. "Where Does Beach Glass Come From?". USA Today. Demand Media. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ North American Sea Glass Association (date unknown). NASGA Resources: Genuine vs. Artificial Sea Glass Retrieved from http://www.seaglassassociation.org/RealVArtificial.html on 2/19/2015.
Jump up ^ Barbara Weibel Best Beaches for Collecting Sea Glass www.uptake.com september 07, 2012
Jump up ^ http://www.findseaglass.net/what-is-sea-glass/
Jump up ^ Ritterbush
Jump up ^ http://www.findseaglass.net/rare-sea-glass-colors/
^ Jump up to: a b c d e La Motte, R (2009). Pure Sea Glass. Sea Glass Publishing. ISBN 0975324608.
Jump up ^ Dean, C. From junk to collectible, shaped by time and tide. New York Times October 18, 2010
Jump up ^ "Black Sea Glass, Black Beach Glass". odysseyseaglass.com. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Antique Black Glass Bottles". Antique Bottle Collector's Haven. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
Jump up ^ North American Sea Glass Association
^ Jump up to: a b "North Beach Treasures: Natural vs. Man Made Sea Glass". Retrieved 2013-09-26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "North American Sea Glass Association". Retrieved 2013-09-26.
Further reading[edit]
Park, Elizabeth. "Where Does Beach Glass Come From?". USA Today. Demand Media. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
National Geographic Magazine, "Environment" section: "The Shard Way," August 2008
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artnov11macro/JosephineWyman/JW_SeaGlassArticle.pdf
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea glass.
North American Sea Glass Association
Fortune Small Business magazine article on sea glass collection
Washington Post article on sea glass collection and sales
Photographic Exploration of Sea Glass- Josephine Wyman
Brief summary/discussion on Sea Glass / Beach Glass
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Shades of white
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For a broader coverage of this topic, see White.
For the album by James White and the Blacks, see Off White. For fashion label, see Off-White.
White
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFFFF
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 255, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(0°, 0%, 100%)
Source
By definition
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Shades of white are colors that differ only slightly from pure white. Variations of white include what are commonly termed off-white colors, which may be considered part of a neutral color scheme.
In color theory, a shade is a pure color mixed with black (or having a lower lightness). Strictly speaking, a “shade of white” would be a neutral gray. This article is also about off-white colors that vary from pure white in hue, and in chroma (also called saturation, or intensity).
Colors often considered "shades of white" include cream, eggshell, ivory, Navajo white, and vanilla. Even the lighting of a room, however, can cause a pure white to be perceived as off-white.[1]
Off-white colors were pervasively paired with beiges in the 1930s,[2] and especially popular again from roughly 1955 to 1975.[3]
Whiteness measures the degree to which a surface is white in colorimetry.
Contents
1 Web colors
2 White
3 Variations of white (off-white colors)
3.1 Ghost white
3.2 White smoke
3.3 Baby powder
3.4 Snow
3.5 Ivory
3.6 Floral white
3.7 Seashell
3.8 Cornsilk
3.9 Old lace
3.10 Cream
3.11 Beige
3.12 Parchment
3.13 Antique white
3.14 Champagne
3.15 Eggshell
3.16 Dutch white
3.17 Bone
3.18 Vanilla
3.19 Flax
3.20 Navajo white
3.21 Alabaster
4 References
5 See also
Web colors[edit]
Below is a chart showing the computer web color shades of white. An achromatic white is a white color in which the red, green, and blue codes are exactly equal. The web colors white and white smoke are achromatic colors. A chromatic shade of white is a white color in which the red, green, and blue codes are not exactly equal, but are close to each other, which is what makes it a shade of white.
HTML color name
Sample
Hex triplet
(rendered by name) (rendered by hex triplet)
White #FFFFFF
Whitesmoke #F5F5F5
Snow #FFFAFA
Honeydew #F0FFF0
Mintcream #F5FFFA
Azure #F0FFFF
Aliceblue #F0F8FF
Ghostwhite #F8F8FF
Seashell #FFF5EE
Beige #F5F5DC
Oldlace #FDF5E6
Floralwhite #FFFAF0
Ivory #FFFFF0
Antiquewhite #FAEBD7
Linen #FAF0E6
Lavenderblush #FFF0F5
White[edit]
Main article: White
White (#FFFFFF)
#FFFFFF
White
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFFFF
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 255, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(0°, 0%, 100%)
Source
By definition
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color.
Variations of white (off-white colors)[edit]
Ghost white[edit]
Ghost white (#F8F8FF)
#F8F8FF
Ghost white
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F8F8FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(248, 248, 255)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(3, 3, 0, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(240°, 3%, 100%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The web color ghost white is a tint of white associated with what it is imagined[by whom?] the color of a ghost might be.
There is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987.
White smoke[edit]
White smoke (#F5F5F5)
#F5F5F5
White smoke
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F5F5F5
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(245, 245, 245)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 0, 9.95)
HSV (h, s, v)
(0°, 0%, 96.1%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The web color white smoke is displayed on the left.
There is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987.
Baby powder[edit]
Baby powder (#FEFEFA)
#FEFEFA
Baby powder
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FEFEFA
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(254, 254, 250)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 2, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(60°, 2%, 100%)
Source
Crayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Talcum or baby powder
The Crayola crayon color baby powder was introduced in 1994 as part of its specialty Magic Scent crayon collection.
Snow[edit]
Snow (#FFFAFA)
#FFFAFA
Snow
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFAFA
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 250, 250)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 2, 2, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(0°, 2%, 100%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The web color snow is displayed at left.
The first recorded use of snow as a color name in English was in 1000.[5]
Snow in Bulgaria
The color snow was included as one of the X11 colors when they were formulated in 1987.
Ivory[edit]
Main article: Ivory (color)
Ivory (#FFFFF0)
#FFFFF0
Ivory
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFFF0
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 255, 240)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 6, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(60°, 6%, 100%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Ivory is an off-white color that resembles ivory, the material out of which the teeth and tusks of animals (such as the elephant and the walrus) are made. It has a very slight tint of yellow.
The first recorded use of ivory as a color name in English was in 1385.[6]
A carving in ivory
The color ivory was included as one of the X11 colors when they were formulated in 1987.
Floral white[edit]
Floral white (#FFFAF0)
#FFFAF0
Floral white
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFAF0
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 250, 240)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 2, 2, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(40°, 6%, 100%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The web color floral white is displayed at left.
There is no evidence that this color name was in use before the X11 color names were formulated in 1987.
Seashell[edit]
Main article: Seashell (color)
Seashell (#FFF5EE)
#FFF5EE
Seashell
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFF5EE
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 245, 238)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 3, 4, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(25°, 7%, 100%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Seashell is an off-white color that resembles some of the very pale pinkish tones that are common in many seashells.
The first recorded use of seashell as a color name in English was in 1926.[7]
Seashell in the sand
In 1987, seashell was included as one of the X11 colors.
Cornsilk[edit]
Cornsilk (#FFF8DC)
#FFF8DC
Cornsilk
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFF8DC
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 248, 220)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 3, 14, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(48°, 14%, 100%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Cornsilk is a color that is a representation of the color of cornsilk.
The first recorded use of cornsilk as a color name in English was in 1927.[8]
Cornsilk
In 1987, cornsilk was included as one of the X11 colors.
Old lace[edit]
Old lace (#FDF5E6)
#FDF5E6
Old lace
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FDF5E6
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(253, 245, 230)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 3, 9, 1)
HSV (h, s, v)
(39°, 9%, 99%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Old lace is a web color that is a very pale yellowish orange that resembles the color of an old lace tablecloth.
It is one of the original X11 colors.
Old lace is used as a color of a certain kind of Caucasian skin type in art.
Cream[edit]
Main article: Cream (color)
Cream (#FFFDD0)
#FFFDD0
Cream
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFFDD0
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 253, 208)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 1, 18, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(57°, 18%, 100%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Cream is a color that is a representation of the color of the cream produced from the milk of cattle.
The first recorded use of cream as a color name in English was in 1590.[9]
Strawberries with cream
In 1987, cream was included as one of the X11 colors.
Beige[edit]
Main article: Beige
Beige (#F5F5DC)
#F5F5DC
Beige
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F5F5DC
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(245, 245, 220)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 0, 10, 4)
HSV (h, s, v)
(60°, 10%, 96%)
Source
X11
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color beige is displayed at left.
The first recorded use of beige as a color name in English was in 1887.[10]
The term originates from beige cloth, a cotton fabric left undyed in its natural color.
Items that are of beige color in real world applications are typically closer to yellow than they are to white.
Parchment[edit]
Parchment (#F1E9D2)
#F1E9D2
Parchment
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F1E9D2
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(241, 233, 210)
Source
Xona.com Color List
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
Displayed at right is the color parchment
In 2001, this was made into one of the colors on the Xona.com color list.
Antique white[edit]
Antique white (#FAEBD7)
#FAEBD7
Antique white
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FAEBD7
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(250, 235, 215)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 6, 14, 2)
HSV (h, s, v)
(34°, 14%, 98%)
Source
X11[4]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Antique white is a web color.
The color name antique white began to be used in 1987 when the X11 colors were first formulated.
Champagne[edit]
Main article: Champagne (color)
Champagne (#F7E7CE)
#F7E7CE
Champagne
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F7E7CE
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(247, 231, 206)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 7, 17, 3)
HSV (h, s, v)
(37°, 17%, 97%)
Source
Maerz and Paul
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color champagne is displayed at left.
The color's name is derived from the typical color of the beverage champagne.
A glass of champagne
The first recorded use of champagne as a color name in English was in 1915.[11]
Eggshell[edit]
Main article: Eggshell (color)
Eggshell (#F0EAD6)
#F0EAD6
Eggshell
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F0EAD6
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(240, 234, 214)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 2, 11, 6)
HSV (h, s, v)
(46°, 11%, 94%)
Source
ISCC-NBS
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color eggshell is displayed at left.
Broken egg shells
The color eggshell is a representation of the average color of chicken eggs.
Dutch white[edit]
Dutch white (#EFDFBB)
#EFDFBB
Dutch white
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#EFDFBB
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(239, 223, 187)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 7, 22, 6)
HSV (h, s, v)
(42°, 22%, 94[12]%)
Source
Resene
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Displayed at left is the color Dutch white.
Dutch white is one of the colors on the Resene Color List, a color list popular in Australia and New Zealand. The color Dutch white was formulated in 2000.
Bone[edit]
Bone (#E3DAC9)
#E3DAC9
Bone
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#E3DAC9
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(227, 218, 201)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 4, 11, 11)
HSV (h, s, v)
(39°, 11%, 89%)
Source
Kelly-Moore
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color bone is displayed at left. This color is a representation of the color of bones.
The first recorded use of bone as a color name in English was in the first decade of the 19th century (exact year uncertain).[13]
Cranial bones
Bone colored paint is often used by landlords to paint vacant apartments that are for rent since it hides dirt and stains better than white.
Vanilla[edit]
Main article: Vanilla (color)
Vanilla (#F3E5AB)
#F3E5AB
Vanilla
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F3E5AB
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(243, 229, 171)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 6, 30, 5)
HSV (h, s, v)
(48°, 30%, 95%)
Source
ISCC NBS
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color vanilla is a rich tint of off-white as well as a medium pale tint of yellow.
Vanilla orchid
The first recorded use of vanilla as a color name in English was in 1925.[14]
Flax[edit]
Main article: Flax (color)
Flax (#EEDC82)
#EEDC82
Flax
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#EEDC82
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(238, 220, 130)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(7, 8, 60, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(50°, 45%, 93%)
Source
Maerz and Paul[15]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
The color flax is displayed at left.
A patch of flax in Poland
The first recorded use of flax as a color name in English was in 1915.[16]
Navajo white[edit]
Navajo white (#FFDEAD)
#FFDEAD
Main article: Navajo white
Navajo white
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#FFDEAD
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(255, 222, 173)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 13, 32, 0)
HSV (h, s, v)
(36°, 32%, 100%)
Source
X11[17]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Navajo white is a whitish orange color, and derives its name from its similarity to the background color of the Navajo Nation ethnic flag.
Flag of the Navajo Nation
In 1987, Navajo white was included as one of the X11 colors.
Alabaster[edit]
Alabaster (#F2F0E6)
#F2F0E6
Main article: Alabaster
Displayed at right is the color alabaster.
Alabaster
Color coordinates
Hex triplet
#F2F0E6
sRGBB (r, g, b)
(242, 240, 230)
CMYKH (c, m, y, k)
(0, 1, 5, 5)
HSV (h, s, v)
(346°, 86%, 75%)
Source
[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
A slab of alabaster
Alabaster was released in 2016 as Sherwin Williams, 2016’s Color of the Year.[18] A dense, translucent, white or tinted fine-grained gypsum. A variety of hard calcite, translucent and sometimes banded. A pale yellowish pink to yellowish gray.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sickler, Dean (2010). The Keys to Color: A Decorator's Handbook. p. 11. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Elaine (2007). Color Your Life: How to Design Your Home with Colors from Your Heart. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 12–15. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Mahnke, Frank H. (1996). Color, Environment, and Human Response. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 80. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f CSS Color Module Level 3 (W3C):
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 204
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 197; Color Sample of Ivory: Page 43 Plate 10 Color Sample B12
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 204; Color Sample of Seashell: Page 43 Plate 10 Color Sample A4
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Cornsilk: Page 43 Plate 10 Color Sample G3
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 193; Color Sample of Cream: Page 41 Plate 9 Color Sample D4
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190; Color Sample of Beige: Page 45 Plate 11 Color Sample C2
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Champagne: Page 45 Plate 11 Color Sample B3 Note: The color called Champagne in the color box above (color #F7E7CE) matches the color shown as Champagne in Maerz and Paul.
Jump up ^ web.Forret.com Color Conversion Tool set to color #EFDFBB (Dutch White):
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 190
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 206; Color Sample of Vanilla: Page 43 Plate 10 Color Sample C3
Jump up ^ The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called flax in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color flax is displayed on page 47, Plate 12, Color Sample B2.
Jump up ^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 195; Color Sample of Flax: Page 47 Plate 12 Color Sample B2
Jump up ^ CSS Color Module Level 3:
Jump up ^ "Sherwin-Williams Names Alabaster 2016 Color of the Year - Sherwin-Williams". Sherwin-Williams. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
See also[edit]
Beige
List of colors
Shades of black
Variations of gray
show
v
t
e
Shades of white
Anti-flash white Antique white Beige Blond Cornsilk Cosmic latte Cream Eggshell Floral white Ghost white
Honeydew Isabelline Ivory Lavender blush Lemon chiffon Linen Magnolia Mint cream Navajo white Old lace
Papaya whip Peach Pearl Seashell Snow Splashed white Vanilla White White smoke
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
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Australian Shepherd
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Australian Shepherd
Red Australian Shepherd
Common nicknames
Aussie or little blue dog
Origin
United States
[hide]Traits
Weight
Male 18–23 kg (40–50 lb)
Female 14–20 kg (30–45 lb)
Height
Male 51–58 cm (20–23 in)
Female 46–53 cm (18–21 in)[1]
Coat
Straight and may have curls
Color
Tri-colored (black/red/blue), Bi-colored (black/red/blue), blue merle/red merle
Litter size
5 -10
Life span
13–15
years
[hide]Classification / standards
FCI
Group 1, Section 1 Sheepdogs #342 standard
AKC
Herding standard
ANKC
Group 5–(Working Dogs) standard
CKC
Group 7–(guard dogs) standard
KC (UK)
Pastoral standard
NZKC
Working standard
UKC
Herding Dog standard
Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
The Australian Shepherd, often known simply as the "Aussie", is a medium-sized breed of dog that was, despite its name, developed on ranches in the Western United States during the 19th century.[2][3][4] The dog was developed from a breed or breeds from the Basque country in Western Europe. It was brought by Basque people to the United States, these people had previously lived only briefly in Australia before moving to America. The dog otherwise has no connection to Australia.
There are a number of different theories regarding how the breed came to be associated with Australia, but there is no consensus.[5] They are similar in appearance to the popular English Shepherd and Border Collie breeds, and research has found that Australian Shepherds and Border Collies are closely related to each other; both the Border Collie and Australian Shepherd are slightly more distantly related to other kinds of Collies and to Shetland Sheepdogs.[6]
Australian Shepherds rose in popularity with a boom in Western riding[why?] after World War II.[7] They became known to the general public through rodeos, horse shows, and Disney movies made for television.
For many years, Aussies have been valued by stockmen for their versatility and trainability. While they continue to work as stock dogs and compete in herding trials, they have earned recognition in other roles due to their trainability and eagerness to please and are highly regarded for their skills in obedience.[8] Like all working breeds, Aussies have considerable energy and drive and usually need a job to keep them occupied. They often excel at dog sports such as dog agility and frisbee and are also highly successful as search and rescue dogs, disaster dogs, detection dogs, guide dogs, service dogs, and therapy dogs. They are considered the 17th-most popular dog breed in the United States.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Physical traits
1.1 Size
1.2 Color
1.3 Tail
2 Temperament
3 Health
3.1 Feeding
3.2 Grooming
3.3 Mortality
3.4 Morbidity
3.5 Hip dysplasia
3.6 Double merle
4 Available health tests
5 History
5.1 Recent history
6 Activities
7 Miscellaneous
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Physical traits[edit]
Australian Shepherd
A seven-month-old male Australian Shepherd
Size[edit]
The Australian Shepherd is a medium-sized breed of solid build. They can weigh from 30 to 65 pounds (14 to 29 kg) and stand from 17 to 26 inches (43 to 66 cm) in height. The Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA) standard calls for the Australian shepherd to stand between 18 and 23 inches (46 and 58 cm) at the withers, females being 18 to 21 inches (46 to 53 cm) and males measuring 20 to 23 inches (51 to 58 cm); however, quality is not to be sacrificed in favor of size.[1]
Color[edit]
Variations of Australian Shepherd colors
Black (black-tri) Australian Shepherd
Aussie colors are black, red (sometimes called 'liver'), blue merle (marbled black, white, and gray), and red merle (marbled red, white, and buff);[8] each of these colors may also have copper (tan) points or white markings in various combinations on the face, chest, and legs. A black or red dog with copper and white trim is called 'tricolor' or 'tri', a black or red dog with white trim but no copper is called 'bicolor' or 'bi'. White, rather than pigment, on or around the ears is an indicator of increased risk for white-related deafness. Excessive white on the face and ears can place an individual dog at greater risk for sunburn and subsequent skin cancer.
The wide variety of color combinations comes from the interaction between the color allele, which is either black (B) dominant or red (b) recessive, and the dominant merle allele (M). Together, these provide four coat-color aspects that can appear in any combination:[10]
Black, with tan points, white markings, or both on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - solid black dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan or white.
Red (liver) with or without tan points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - either white or tan points are required. Solid red dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan or white.
Blue merle (a mottled patchwork of gray and black) with or without tan points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor tan points are required. Solid merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan or white.
Red merle (a mottled patchwork of cream and liver red) with or without tan points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor tan points are required. Solid merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with tan or white.[11]
The merle allele, which produces a mingled or patchwork combination of dark and light areas, is the coat pattern most commonly associated with the breed. This merle (M) is dominant, so heterozygous dogs (Mm) show the pigmentation pattern; however, when two merles are bred, the statistical risk is 25% of the offspring will end up with the two copies of the merle gene (homozygous). These dogs usually have a mostly white coat and blue irises, and are often deaf, blind, or both. In this case, the deafness and blindness are linked to having two copies of the merle gene, which disrupts pigmentation and produces these health defects.[12]
All black and blue merle dogs have black noses, eye rims, and lips. All red and red merle dogs have liver or brown noses, eye rims, and lips.
Red merle with copper points and one brown eye and one blue eye, blue merle with copper points with blue eyes
Also, great variety is seen in the Aussie's eye color, and they are often heterochromatic. An early nickname for the breed was "ghost-eye dog". Aussie eyes may be any shade of brown, or blue; they may have two differently colored eyes, or even have bicolored or "split eyes" (for example, a half-brown, half-blue eye), which appear to be linked to the merle coloration. Merled eyes occur, as well, where one color is mixed in and swirled with another. Any combination of eye color is acceptable in the breed standard, so long as the eyes are healthy. In general, however, black Aussies (self, bi-color, or tri-color) tend to have brown eyes, while red (self, bi-color, or tri-color) Aussies tend to have amber eyes, though these Aussies may also carry the blue-eyed gene. These dogs are also brown in color.
Tail[edit]
Some Aussies are born with naturally bobbed tails. Others have full long tails, and others with natural partial bobs, where the tail is shorter and appears stubby. Breeders have historically docked the tails when the puppies are born. In the United States and Canada, the standard calls for a natural bob or docked tail not to exceed four inches as a defining characteristic; however, some long-tailed examples have been successfully shown and been given recognition. Any natural tail length is permitted when showing in Europe, where docking has been banned in most countries, including the United Kingdom.
Temperament[edit]
Tri-color puppy
The breed is typically highly energetic, requiring a great deal of exercise and attention.[8] An Australian shepherd enjoys working, whether it is learning and practicing tricks, competing in dog agility, or engaging in any other physically and mentally involving activity.[13]
Dogs may show reserved and cautious guarding behaviors. They are kind, loving, and devoted to those they know. They are very loyal to their owners, and are rewarding dogs if treated well.[13] Because the breed was developed to serve on the ranch, a job which includes being protective of its property, it is inclined to bark warnings about neighborhood activity. It is not inclined toward obsessive barking.
The Aussie is intelligent, learns quickly, and loves to play.[14] This means that a bored, neglected, unexercised Aussie may invent its own games, activities, and jobs, which to a busy owner might appear to be hyperactivity: for example, an Aussie may go from being at rest to running at top speed for several "laps" around the house before returning to rest. Without something to amuse them, Aussies can become destructive. Aussies also do best with plenty of human companionship: they are often called "Velcro dogs" for their strong desire to always be near their owners and for their tendency to form intense, devoted bonds with select people.[13]
The Australian Shepherd has a reputation as a highly intelligent and versatile stock dog with a range of working styles.[15] A good working Aussie is quick, thoughtful, and easy with its stock. The ability for the breed to adapt to the situation and to think for itself makes it an excellent all-around worker. For this reason, the Aussie is often chosen to work unusual livestock such as ducks, geese, and commercially raised rabbits.
These dogs require a minimum of two to three hours a day of play, exercise, and attention. They thrive in rural, ranch-like conditions, and need space to run and play in an urban setting. The Australian Shepherd is a high-spirited dog, that requires much attention and work. Teaching them tricks keeps them focused and happy, which also keeps their minds working. The breed also has great stamina and can live in a variety of terrain. Because of this, they are popularly used as trail and working dogs.[14]
Health[edit]
Australian Shepherd can have several health problems. Vision problems are common, and[16] epilepsy is also a concern. In merle-to-merle breeding, the puppies that have inherited two copies of the merle gene have an increased risk of being born blind and/or deaf.[17]
Feeding[edit]
The recommended amount of food an Australian Shepherd should eat is 1-1/2 to 2 cups of dry food a day,[18] But size, exercise level, and age should be considered. With proper diet and exercise, the Australian Shepherd can stay in good shape.[18]
Grooming[edit]
Australian Shepherds have a medium-length, water-resistant coat. With the coat being somewhat long and wavy or curly, this breed does shed, mostly in the spring to get rid of the winter coat. The shepherd should be brushed weekly to maintain a healthy and clean coat and also to prevent matting. With being a "working dog", this breed should be outside to get its needed exercise. If a dog is dirty, a basic bath can be given, but not frequently, for it can dry out the skin and coat.[19]
Mortality[edit]
The median lifespans for breeds similar in size to Australian Shepherds are mostly between 11 and 13 years,[20] so, assuming the results of the UK study are not representative of the population there, Aussies appear to have a typical lifespan for a breed their size. Leading causes of death in the UK survey were cancer (32%), "combinations" (18%), and old age (14%).
Results of a 1998 internet survey with a sample size of 614 Australian Shepherds indicated a median longevity around 12.5 years, but that longevity may be declining.[21] A 2004 UK survey found a median longevity of 9 years, with a sample size of 22 deceased dogs.[22]
Morbidity[edit]
Based on a sample of 48 still-living dogs, the most common health concerns noted by owners were eye problems (red eye, epiphora, conjunctivitis, and cataracts).[22] Dermatological and respiratory problems also ranked high.
Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is rare in the breed, but it and cataracts are a concern[23] in Aussies. Other conditions of note include iris coloboma, canine hip dysplasia, Pelger-Huet anomaly, hypothyroidism, and nasal solar dermatitis. Prior to breeding, the Aussie should be checked for hip and elbow dysplasia and DNA tests performed to show the dog to be free of the MDR1 mutation, cataract mutation, and CEA. Tests should also include those for thyroidism and clearances for other known eye diseases like colobomas, progressive retinal atrophy, and retinal folds.
Some Australian Shepherds (as well as Collies, German Shepherds, and many other herding dogs) are susceptible to a genetic mutation of the MDR1 gene.[24] Dogs with the mutation can suffer toxicity from antiparasitics such as ivermectin in high doses, and other drugs.[25] A test is available to determine if a particular dog carries the mutated gene.[26]
Hip dysplasia[edit]
Hip dysplasia is a heritable condition where the femur does not fit securely in the pelvic socket of the hip joint. This problem can exist with or without clinical signs, meaning some dogs feel pain in one or both rear legs.[27]
Double merle[edit]
An example of an abnormal eye of a double merle, "lethal white", Australian Shepherd: The abnormally small left eye is known as microphthalmia, and the pupil shows signs of subluxation which is dropped, not centered.
Double merle or homozygous merle occurs when the offspring of two merled parents inherit two copies of the dominant merle gene. The odds of this are 25% for each pup born from such a litter.[12] Double merles often have excessive white and can have hearing and vision problems as a result of having two copies of the merle gene. Homozygous merles can be deaf or blind, or express iris colobomas and microphthalmia. Not all homozygous merles are affected, but most are, making the breeding of two merles a very touchy subject. Some breeders euthanize mostly white pups, while others may attempt to sell them as "rare" white Aussies without disclosing the potential for health defects.[28] A large percentage of homozygous merles sold eventually end up in rescue and shelters, as the average family is ill-prepared to take on a deaf or blind pet. However, deaf or blind Australian shepherds can make wonderful pets given a home prepared for their special needs. They are an intelligent breed, which generally learn hand signals with ease.
The term "lethal white" originated from horses born with lethal white syndrome, and has since evolved to often describe dogs born with the double merle trait. This trait is found in many breeds, but most commonly found in Australian Shepherds. The name "lethal white" is a misnomer, as this genetic condition is not lethal to the dogs; it is often the breeder who is lethal to the pups by culling them immediately after birth.[29] Many consider the term "lethal white" to be derogatory.[30]
Available health tests[edit]
Many diagnostic tests are available for concerned Aussie owners to check the overall health of a dog. Also, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has an extensive database to track results and provide statistics for these concerns: hips, elbows, heart, patellar luxation (knees), and thyroid (autoimmune) disease. The OFA database also includes the results for eye exams performed by a Canine Eye Registration Foundation veterinarian, but only if the owner of the Aussie submits the results. This database is a great resource to investigate the lineage and related health of the progenitors of some dogs, at least regarding hip ratings.
Many tests have been developed by, or are processed at, laboratories to check for the 11 health concerns that plague the Australian Shepherd breed. Some of those labs are Optigen, Animal Health Trust, Endocrine Diagnostic Center, Animal Health Laboratory, Washington State University Veterinary Clinic, Vet DNA Center, and HealthGene. These labs might perform one or many of the tests that have been developed.
Tests or evaluations have been developed for:
Hip and elbow dysplasia
Patellar luxation (knees)
Eyes
Collie eye anomaly
Progressive retinal atrophy
Thyroid (autoimmune) – multiple labs perform this test-check OFA application for list
Congenital Cardiac (heart)
Multidrug resistance gene
Hereditary cataracts
Pelger Huet anomaly
Other areas that are currently not health concerns, but tests have been developed for, are:
Coat color (red carrier/red factored) – Vet DNA Center and HealthGene process this sample
Dilute gene carrier – Vet DNA Center and HealthGene process this sample
DNA testing to either certify parentage or to verify parentage) for Australian Shepherds can be performed, and as of January 2010, all adults producing a litter will be required to be DNA tested to allow a breeder to register a litter with the Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA).
History[edit]
The Australian Shepherd's history is vague, as is the reason for its misleading name. The breed was initially called by many names, including Spanish Shepherd, Pastor Dog, Bob-Tail, New Mexican Shepherd, California Shepherd, and Austrian Shepherd.[31] It is believed by some that the breed has Basque origins in Spain and was used there by shepherds.[8] Those shepherds might then have emigrated to the West Coast of the United States via Australia.[32][33] What is known is that it developed in western North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
An Australian shepherd from working lines; early breeders chose dogs for their abilities rather than conformation.
The Australian Shepherd was a particularly tireless sheep herder in the Rocky Mountains because it is relatively unaffected by altitude. Ranchers in Boulder, Colorado, began breeding the dogs which would attract purchasers from as far west as California for their legendary sheep-herding abilities. A theory suggests that they were named for the imported sheep that they herded. It is also possible that many of the dogs coming from Australia were blue merle and the adjective "Australian" became associated with any dogs of that coat color.[10]
Breeds as we know them today did not exist before Victorian times, but local variations of the ancestors of current breeds came into America along with their owners and livestock. Included are some that are now extinct or that have merged into other breeds. These may have included some British herding dogs, native dogs from North America (originating in Asia/Siberia), as well as dogs from Germany and Spain including the Carea Leonés.[34] For many centuries, shepherds were more interested in dogs' working abilities than their appearance. As a result, over time, shepherds interbred dogs that they believed would produce better workers for the given climate and landscape. In the eastern U.S., terrain and weather conditions were similar to that of Europe, so the existing imported breeds and their offspring worked well there.[10]
In the American West, conditions were quite different. Spanish flocks were introduced for food and fiber which was mainly the Churra. The Spanish dogs that accompanied them to American West proved well-suited for their job in the wild and dangerous territory. They were highly valued for their ability to herd and protect their charges from predators on the open range.[35] In the arid and semiarid areas inhabited by early Spanish settlers, temperatures reached extremes of hot and cold and fields varied in altitude from sea level to the higher, rougher Sierra Nevada and similar mountain ranges.[10] The ranchers in these areas often pastured livestock on remote ranges. They preferred more aggressive herding dogs that served in the capacity of herder and guardian.[36]
Filmdog Coffey which plays Timmy the dog in the film Famous Five (2012) on the Schleswig-Premiere
Recent history[edit]
Development of the breed began in the American West. The breed's foundation bloodlines are depicted in the Australian Shepherd Genealogy Chart showing the relationship between the early families of dogs.[37] The American Kennel Club (AKC) ranked the Australian Shepherd as the 17th-most popular breed in the United States in 2016.[38]
Selective breeding for many generations focused on aspects of the dog that enabled it to function as an effective stockdog in the American West. It had to handle severe weather; have plenty of speed, athleticism, energy, and endurance; and be intelligent, flexible, and independent; while remaining obedient. The actual foundation for the Australian Shepherd was established between the 1940s and the early 1970s, when the Australian Shepherd Club of America was formed and the registry was started.[39]
Their stunts and skills earned them places in several Disney films, including Run Appaloosa Run and Stub: The Greatest Cowdog in the West.[10][40] An Australian shepherd was featured in the film Flight of the Navigator (1986) and the TV series Flash Forward (1996). More recently, an Australian Shepherd starred in the film Famous Five (2012) and its sequels.
Activities[edit]
A blue merle in a dog agility competition
Like other herding breeds, these dogs excel at many dog sports, especially herding, dog agility, frisbee, and flyball.[8] Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive instinct tests. Aussies that exhibit basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in ASCA stock dog trials or AKC herding events.[8][41]
The dog has a stride in which its front and back legs cross over, making for an appearance of "on the edge" speed. The dogs instinctively use a "pounce" position to deal with cattle trying to kick them. They also have strong hips and legs, allowing for fast acceleration and high jumping, sometimes as high as 4 ft (1.3 m).
Australian Shepherd catching a frisbee
An Australian shepherd named Pockets is credited as being the oldest dog to earn a title in AKC history, having earned the Rally Novice title at the age of 15 years, 5 weeks.[42]
Miscellaneous[edit]
The Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA) was founded in 1957 to promote the breed. The National Stock Dog Registry became its official breed registry, which continued until ASCA took over in 1972.[43]
In 1975, ASCA created a breed standard, describing exactly how an Australian shepherd should look and be constructed (its conformation to the Standard). It developed more uniformity in the breed and standardized the type.
In the United States, the American Kennel Club (AKC) is the primary registry for purebred dogs, and first recognized the Australian Shepherd in 1991 as a member of the Herding group.[8] However, many Aussie breeders felt the AKC put too much emphasis on breed conformity and not enough on performance, so the ASCA declined to join the AKC. Those breeders who felt that AKC membership had its advantages split off from ASCA to form their own Australian Shepherd club, the United States Australian Shepherd Association, created their own breed standard, and joined the AKC in 1993. The decision about affiliation with the AKC remains controversial, as it does with many performance breeds.
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI-World Canine Organization) recognized the Australian Shepherd for international competition in 2007, in Group 1 Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs as breed number 342.
The Miniature Australian Shepherd was developed by breeders looking for smaller dogs ranging in size from 14 inches to the Aussie standard. In 2010, NAMASCUSA renamed the breed Miniature American Shepherds and subsequently changed their name to MASCUSA, The Miniature American Shepherd Club of the USA. This new breed gained acceptance into the AKC Miscellaneous class in June 2012 with the sizes written in the standard as females from 13–17 inches and males from 14–18 inches.
In addition, an emergence of an even smaller version occurred, referred to as the Toy Australian Shepherd, with adult males weighing 12–15 pounds (5.5–7 kg) and all dogs falling under a 14-inch height at the withers. Many breeders and owners of Australian Shepherds consider the Mini and Toy to be separate breeds; others consider them to be down-sized versions of the same breed. While the Mini size can be attained through selective breeding of small Australian Shepherds, the Toy size is typically a result of cross breeding with other toy breeds. ASCA and AKC consider both variants to be separate breeds.[1]
See also[edit]
Australian Cattle Dog
Australian Kelpie
Border Collie
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Australian Shepherd Breed Standard". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. January 15, 1977. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ United States Australian Shepherd Association. "About Aussies".
Jump up ^ "Vanished Trials and Faded Memories of Australian Shepherd History". American Kennel Club. 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The History of Australian Shepherds Chapter II: Timeline: Breed Development From Obscurity Into Mainstream Popularity". November 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Josh Dean. "The Australian Shepherd is from: A) Australia, B) England, C) Spain, D) None of the Above".
Jump up ^ Heidi G. Parker, Anna V. Kukekova, Dayna T. Akey, Orly Goldstein, Ewen F. Kirkness, Kathleen C. Baysac, Dana S. Mosher, Gustavo D. Aguirre, Gregory M. Acland, & Elaine A. Ostrander, "Breed relationships facilitate fine-mapping studies: A 7.8-kb deletion cosegregates with Collie eye anomaly across multiple dog breeds", Genome Research 2007 vol. 17, no. 11 (Nov.), pp. 1562–1571.
Jump up ^ "American Cowboy Jan-Feb 1997".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Get to Know the Australian Shepherd", 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 19 May 2014
Jump up ^ "Australian Shepherds".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Coile, D. Caroline (1999). "History of the Australian Shepherd". Australian Shepherds. Barron's. pp. 5–7.
Jump up ^ "Basic Body Colors of the Australian Shepherd". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "White-linked Deafness in Australian Shepherds". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. 1998. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Is the Australian Shepherd Right for you?". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Aussie Personality & Character". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. 1998. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Working Description". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hereditary Defects of the Australian Shepherd". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canine Epilepsy". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. 1999. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Australian Shepherd Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts – Dogtime". Dogtime. Retrieved 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Australian Shepherd Dog Breed Information, Pictures, Characteristics & Facts – Dogtime". Dogtime. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ Dog Longevity Web Site, Weight and Longevity page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy. Retrieved July 5, 2007
Jump up ^ Dog Longevity Web Site, Breed Data page. Compiled by K. M. Cassidy. Retrieved July 8, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b Kennel Club/British Small Animal Veterinary Association Scientific Committee. 2004. Purebred Dog Health Survey. Retrieved July 5, 2007
Jump up ^ "Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)". Australian Shepherd Club of America, Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "MDR1 FAQs". Australian Shepherd Health & Genetics Institute, Inc. Archived from the original on December 13, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Problem Drugs". Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. December 8, 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Get Your Dog Tested". Washington State University College of Veterinary Medicine. January 19, 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Hip Dysplasia in Dogs: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention". www.peteducation.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
Jump up ^ "What's Wrong With White Aussies?". Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Homozygous "Lethal White" Merles". Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "What is a double merle?" (PDF). Retrieved 13 January 2013.
Jump up ^ The Australian Shepherd was initially called by many names, including Spanish Shepherd, Pastor Dog, Bob-Tail, New Mexican Shepherd, California Shepherd, and Austrian Shepherd.
Jump up ^ "The History of Australian Shepherds Chapter III: Vanished Trails and Faded Memories of Australian Shepherd History (Aussie History Revisited)". Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds. 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ASCA Working Description of Aussies". Official Breed Club Site.
Jump up ^ "Chapter I: The Australian Shepherd and Breeds From a Common Root". Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds. 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The History of Australian Shepherds Chapter IV: Australian Shepherds and Sheep Ranching on the Open Range". Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds. 2010. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy (1986). All About Aussies. Alpine Publishing. ISBN 1-57779-074-X.
Jump up ^ "The Spider Web (Australian Shepherd Genealogy Chart)". Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds bob. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ [1], The American Kennel Club, retrieved 30 April 2016
Jump up ^ Hartnagle, Carol Ann, Ernest (2006). The Total Australian Shepherd:Beyond the Beginning. Hoflin Publishing. ISBN 0-86667-072-6.
Jump up ^ Hartnagle, Joseph (1990). Australian Shepherds. T.F.H.
Jump up ^ Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Sally (November 10, 2005). "Plymouth dog sets American Kennel Club record". Minnesota Local News. Sun Newspapers. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The History of The Australian Shepherd Club of America". Las Rocosa Australian Shepherds. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Hartnagle, Carol Ann; Hartnagle, Ernest (2006). Total Australian Shepherd: Beyond the Beginning. Hoflin Publishing. ISBN 0-86667-072-6.
Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy (2005). All About Aussies. Alpine Publishing. ISBN 1-57779-074-X.
Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010). Stockdog Savvy. Alpine Publications. ISBN 978-1-57779-106-5.
Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing.
Fogle, Bruce (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Dorling Kindersley (DK).
Renna, Christine Hartnagle (2000). Herding Dogs: Selection and Training the Working Farm Dog. Kennel Club Books. ISBN 978-1-59378-737-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian Shepherd.
Australian Shepherd at DMOZ – An active listing of Australian Shepherd links.
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