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Ready Player One (film)
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Ready Player One
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Steven Spielberg
Produced by
Steven Spielberg
Donald De Line
Dan Farah
Kristie Macosko Krieger
Screenplay by
Zak Penn
Ernest Cline
Based on
Ready Player One
by Ernest Cline
Starring
Tye Sheridan
Olivia Cooke
Ben Mendelsohn
T.J. Miller
Simon Pegg
Mark Rylance
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Janusz Kamiński
Edited by
Michael Kahn
Sarah Broshar
Production
company
Warner Bros. Pictures[1]
Amblin Partners[1]
Amblin Entertainment[1]
Village Roadshow Pictures[1]
De Line Pictures[1]
Access Entertainment
Dune Entertainment
Farah Films & Management[1]
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11) (SXSW)[2]
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29) (United States)
Running time
140 minutes[3]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$175 million[4][5]
Box office
$579 million[6]
Ready Player One is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline, based on Cline's 2011 novel of the same name. The film stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, T.J. Miller, Simon Pegg, and Mark Rylance.
The film takes place in the year 2045, when much of humanity uses the virtual reality software OASIS to escape the desolation of the real world. Orphaned teenager Wade Watts (Sheridan) discovers clues to a hidden game within the program that promises the winner full ownership of the OASIS, and joins several allies to try to complete the game before a large company run by businessman Nolan Sorrento (Mendelsohn) can do so.
Ready Player One premiered at South by Southwest on March 11, 2018, was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29, 2018, in 2D, Real D 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D. It has grossed $579 million worldwide, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2018. The film received generally positive reviews, with critics praising its visuals, brisk pacing, and Rylance's performance, although the perceived lack of character development and so-called "achingly regressive" view of pop culture fans was criticized. The film was noted to have significant differences from the book, with some critics calling the film's plot an improvement over the source material.[7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Visual effects and post-production
4 Cultural references
5 Music
6 Release
7 Reception
7.1 Box office
7.1.1 Outside North America
7.2 Critical response
8 Possible sequel
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Plot
In 2045, due to various geopolitical events, many of Earth's cities have become slums; its inhabitants regularly escape into the virtual reality world of the OASIS. Its co-founder, the late James "Anorak" Halliday, announces a contest in which players must find an Easter egg inside a gate that requires three keys hidden in the worlds; the winner to receive full ownership and control of the OASIS. This attracts a number of Gunters ("egg hunters") as well as the video game conglomerate Innovative Online Industries (IOI), headed by their new CEO Nolan Sorrento, who employs researchers of Halliday, as well as top gamers and indentured servants called "Sixers".[a]
In Columbus, Ohio, Wade Watts, an orphaned 17-year-old Gunter, lives with his aunt Alice in the "stacks", makeshift towers of trailer homes, and logs onto the OASIS from a nearby cargo van. His avatar Parzival, and his online friend Aech, a male first-person shooter expert and virtual mechanic, participate in the first quest: a vehicle race across ever-shifting roadways in Manhattan. Parzival befriends a well-known Gunter named Art3mis by saving her from being "zeroed out" by King Kong, which would have wiped her character progression. At Anorak's virtual archives containing video clips reconstructing Halliday's life, Parzival gets an insight from a comment that Halliday made to his former business partner, Ogden Morrow, and on the next race, uncovers an underground shortcut to the finish line to acquire the first key. Aech and Art3mis, as well as players Daito and Sho, soon follow; appearing atop the global scoreboard as the "High Five".
At an OASIS dance club, i-R0k, a mercenary helping Sorrento, overhears Parzival tell Art3mis his real name. Sorrento requests Wade to join IOI, but when he refuses out of distrust, Sorrento and his aide F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade's stack, killing Alice and Wade's neighbors. Wade is taken to a Gunter hideout where he meets Art3mis in reality: Samantha Cook. They discover that Halliday regretted a movie date with a woman named Kira, who later married Morrow. After Parzival wins a coin on a small bet with the archive's curator, the High Five enter a re-creation of The Shining where they traverse a series of frightening events to eventually reach Kira to acquire the second key.
Zandor tracks Wade to the Gunter hideout, but finds only Samantha, who is arrested and made into a Sixer for defaulting on her family's debt. Wade is extracted by the other High Five players—Aech / Helen Harris, Daito / Toshiro, and Sho / Zhou—who have been secretly running their avatars from Helen's postal truck. i-R0k activates a force field around the location of the third key inside a fortress on Planet Doom. After tricking Sorrento into revealing Samantha's location, Wade helps her escape. She hacks Sorrento's station, allowing Wade to recruit OASIS players to join an all-out assault against Sorrento and the Sixers at the fortress. Hiding among the active Sixers, Samantha shuts down the force field. During the battle, the rebels defeat Sorrento's Mechagodzilla and i-R0k, but Parzival zeroes out Samantha's avatar to let her escape IOI in reality.
Parzival and Sho find Sixers lining up to play on an Atari 2600 console, but failing on each game after time expires, even when one of them beats Adventure. Sorrento activates the Cataclyst, which zeroes out everyone on Planet Doom (including himself). However, the curator's coin spares Parzival as an extra life. Parzival deduces that the goal is not to win Adventure but to simply find its own Easter egg, which Parzival completes to reveal the third key. Inside the gate, Anorak presents Parzival a contract; however, Wade declines as it is similar to the one Morrow had signed that dissolved his partnership with Halliday. Anorak transforms into Halliday and affirms Wade's decision to be correct. After showing Parzival a Big Red Button that would shut down the OASIS permanently, Halliday officially awards him the Golden Egg as the winner of the contest.
Sorrento and Zandor are arrested after Aech had sent the police a recording of Sorrento's conversation with Wade that resulted in the bombing. IOI's indentured players are freed from their debts, heavily restructuring the company. The High Five share control of the OASIS, with Wade hiring Morrow, who is revealed to be the archive curator, as a consultant. The OASIS resumes operations, but is shut down on Tuesdays and Thursdays to force people to spend more time in the real world, including Wade and Samantha who have formed a relationship and bought an apartment together.
Cast
Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who wishes to win the Quest so he can leave the stacks.
Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook, a famous Gunter and one of the "High Five", who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI.
Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento, the recently appointed CEO of Innovative Online Industries, who seeks full control over the OASIS. He leads the Sixers, an army of indentured servants in the OASIS.
Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", who is male in the OASIS and longtime friend of Wade's. Aech runs a virtual garage in her free time to create and fix various vehicles and items.
T.J. Miller as i-R0k, a freelance weapons and magic item dealer and bounty hunter, who is often employed by IOI.
Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow, a co-creator of the OASIS, who eventually left the company due to personal reasons. He harbors a concern about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game.
Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday, the deceased co-creator of the OASIS, who includes an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner.
Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou, a Gunter and one of the "High Five", an 11-year-old in reality.[9]
Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro, a Gunter and one of the "High Five".
Hannah John-Kamen as F'Nale Zandor, the head of IOI's operations in the physical world, as well as their indentured servitude programs.[9]
Additionally, Susan Lynch portrays Alice, Wade's aunt; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick, Alice's abusive boyfriend; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen "Kira" Underwood, Morrow's wife; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore, Wade's neighbor; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house. McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS.
Production
Development
Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline's novel Ready Player One in 2010, before it had been published.[10] Cline was set to write the script for the film, which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce.[10] Eric Eason rewrote Cline's script,[11] and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason. Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros.[12] Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film, which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced, along with De Line and Farah.[13] Ready Player One is Spielberg's first action-fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011.[14] Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film. Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format, such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac-Man, or recites all the lines from the film WarGames.[15]
Casting
Director Steven Spielberg (far left) and Ernest Cline with the cast of Ready Player One at San Diego Comic-Con. From third of left: Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, T.J. Miller and Ben Mendelsohn
Three actresses were top-runners for the role of Art3mis: Elle Fanning, Olivia Cooke, and Lola Kirke;[16] In September 2015, Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role.[17] In January 2016, Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast.[18] In February 2016, Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade, after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part.[19] In March 2016, Simon Pegg joined the cast.[20] In April 2016, Mark Rylance joined the cast,[21] and in June 2016, T.J. Miller, Hannah John-Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined.[22][23][24][25] In July 2016, Philip Zhao joined the cast,[26] and Lena Waithe, Ralph Ineson, McKenna Grace, and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast.[27][28][29][30]
Filming
Production was set to begin in July 2016.[23] Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1, 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed.[31] In August and September 2016, filming took place in Birmingham, England; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city, which was extensively used, including the van chase that takes place towards the film's end. The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is. The backpackers' hostel Hatters, also on Livery Street, was used for internal filming for a basement scene. Also utilized was the Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street, in which caravan homes were partially built; a planned explosion caused some local business and homes to call emergency services, as no prior notification were given by the production. Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth, with a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline, with some of the city's landmark buildings being erased and replaced with CGI buildings in order to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045.[32][33] Principal photography ended on September 27, 2016.[34][35]
Visual effects and post-production
Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) to oversee the film's visual effects, meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week.[35] He has stated that "[t]his is the most difficult movie I've done since Saving Private Ryan."[35]
A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining. This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high-quality telecine of the original film, giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation. The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM's additional work. Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors, such as the appearance of the Grady twins, required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining's set for the actors to interact with. Finally, the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film.[36]
Cultural references
Ready Player One pays homage to the popular culture of the 1970s and 1980s as in the book, but also extends to the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s; several reviewers have identified well over one hundred references to films, television shows, music, toys, video games, anime and comics of these eras.[37][38][39] Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book, but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation, a task made easier by Spielberg's reputation.[15] Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film, starting before filming began, since some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements.[40][41] Spielberg estimated that they had gotten about 80% of the copyrighted elements they wanted.[15] Spielberg noted that in some cases, the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted; in negotiating with Warner Bros., they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures, despite the latter being one of Spielberg's first films as director.[42]
Blade Runner, which was integral to the plot of the book, was off limits to the film adaptation because Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One. As a replacement, they conceived of players having to play out the events of The Shining, which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick.[15] While Cline's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman, the rights over the character were still under legal dispute, requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant.[43] Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book, and to avoid being accused of "vanity", he opted to remove many of the references to his own work.[44] Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self-references to films he directed, due to the criticism he received for his film 1941, which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel. Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements, such as the Back to the Future DeLorean time machine, which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed.[45] Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero, one of Penn's first screenplays, without Penn's knowledge.[46]
Music
On June 9, 2016, Variety stated that Spielberg's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film's score.[47] However, in July 2017, it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg's The Post instead, with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One.[48] The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a two-CD set on March 30, 2018,[49] with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer.[50] At Spielberg's request, Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film's score, as well as quoting the music from The Shining for the film's sequence at the Overlook Hotel.[51]
The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s, which appears on the digital-only album Ready Player One: Songs From The Motion Picture.
[show]Original Soundtrack
No.
Title
Musician
Length
1. "I Wanna Be Your Lover" Prince 5:48
2. "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" Tears for Fears 4:12
3. "Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)" The Temptations 3:49
4. "Stand on It" Bruce Springsteen 3:06
5. "One Way or Another" Blondie 3:27
6. "Can't Hide Love" Earth, Wind & Fire 4:09
7. "Blue Monday" New Order 7:24
8. "Stayin' Alive" Bee Gees 4:45
9. "We're Not Gonna Take It" Twisted Sister 3:38
10. "You Make My Dreams" Hall & Oates 3:12
11. "Pure Imagination (feat. Merethe Soltvedt)" Bryan Nguyen 2:33
[show]Ready Player One (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "The Oasis" Alan Silvestri 1:49
2. "Hello, I'm James Halliday" Alan Silvestri 2:01
3. "Why Can't We Go Backwards?" Alan Silvestri 4:18
4. "An Orb Meeting" Alan Silvestri 4:11
5. "Real World Consequences" Alan Silvestri 3:30
6. "Sorrento Makes an Offer" Alan Silvestri 3:34
7. "Welcome to the Rebellion" Alan Silvestri 3:14
8. "High 5 Assembles" Alan Silvestri 4:24
9. "Orb of Osuvox" Alan Silvestri 3:45
10. "Sorrento Punked" Alan Silvestri 3:57
11. "Wade's Broadcast" Alan Silvestri 5:51
12. "Arty on the Inside" Alan Silvestri 2:33
13. "Looking for a Truck" Alan Silvestri 5:36
14. "She Never Left" Alan Silvestri 2:41
15. "Last Chance" Alan Silvestri 3:21
16. "Get Me Out of This" Alan Silvestri 1:35
17. "Hold on to Something" Alan Silvestri 5:14
18. "This Is Wrong" Alan Silvestri 3:49
19. "What Are You?" Alan Silvestri 3:29
20. "There's Something I Need to Do" Alan Silvestri 5:01
21. "Main Title" Alan Silvestri 2:27
22. "End Credits" Alan Silvestri 8:04
Release
Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15, 2017,[52] but was pushed back to March 30, 2018, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[53] In January 2018, it was announced the film's release date had been moved up one day to March 29, 2018.[54] The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin, Texas on March 11, 2018 (as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival).[4]
Warner Bros. distributes the film worldwide, with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories.[55]
Reception
Box office
As of May 28, 2018[update], Ready Player One has grossed $135.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $443.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $579 million.[6] Made on a production budget of $175 million, with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs, the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break-even.[56]
In the United States and Canada, Ready Player One was released alongside God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness and Acrimony, and was projected to gross $40–50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days.[57] It made $12.1 million on its first day, including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews. It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend (for a four-day total of $53.7 million), marking Spielberg's biggest debut since 2008's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.[58] In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million (a drop of 40%), finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ($50 million).[59] In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million, coming in fourth behind Rampage, A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare.[60] In its fourth weekend the film made $7.4 million, finishing sixth at the box office [61] In its fifth weekend it grossed $2.4 million, a drop of 67% from previous weekend and finishing ninth.[62]
Outside North America
Worldwide, the film was released day-in-date in 62 countries, including China, where it was expected to make $100–120 million in its opening weekend.[57] It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries, including $980,000 from Korea.[63] In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban (compared to the average 6–7 earned by Hollywood films).[56] It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory. The film's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ($8.1 million), United Kingdom ($7.3 million), Russia ($6.1 million) and France ($6 million).[64] In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million, and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million.[65][66] The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas, dropping only 35% and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers.[65] In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6%.[66] On April 21, 2018, the film topped $200 million in China, becoming the tenth-biggest U.S. release ever in the country.[67] In its fourth weekend in China, it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million.[68] It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend.[69] It opened in Japan, its final major market and grossed $4.4 million.[69] In its fifth weekend overseas, it grossed $8.6 million from 63 territories.[70] In China, the weekend was $2.4M to push it past Avatar as the no. 9 Hollywood title ever in the market with $213.8M (RMB 1.34B).[70] Japan's third frame held well during Golden Week with just a 6% drop from the last session. The total there is currently at $17.5M.[71] In its sixth weekend in China, it bumped up 10% from last session to lift the local cume to $220.2M.[71] As of April 29, the film's largest markets after China are United Kingdom ($22.6 million), France ($20.3 million), Korea ($18.6 million), Japan ($17.5 million), and Russia-CIS ($12.7 million).[71]
Critical response
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 330 reviews, and an average rating of 6.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography."[72] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100, based on 54 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[73] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82% overall positive score and a 65% "definite recommend".[56]
In a review for RogerEbert.com, Brian Tallerico wrote that the film's "overwhelming" nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture; while he observed narrative weaknesses, such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters, he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working "on the level of technical, blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define."[74] Writing for Variety, Owen Gleiberman called the film a "coruscating explosion of pop-culture eye candy," and found The Shining sequence to be "irresistible". However, he also criticized Spielberg's dichotomization of fantasy and reality, as well as the film having "more activity than it does layers."[75] IndieWire's Eric Kohn characterized the film as "an astonishing sci-fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once" and praised both The Shining sequence as well as Penn's screenplay, particularly with respect to Mendelsohn's character. Nevertheless, he remarked that the film "drags a bunch in its final third".[76]
Alissa Wilkinson, writing for Vox, praised both the quality and quantity of the world building. She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is, where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents, with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world.[77]
Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs, the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel, and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia.[78] Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim! saying the film "is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing, more doe-eyed affection with no critical commentary."[79]
Possible sequel
Cline is working on a sequel to the novel.[80] For a sequel to the film, he stated, "[...] I think there's a good chance that, if this one does well, Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel. I don't know if Steven [Spielberg] would want to dive back in, because he would know what he is getting into. He's said that it's the third-hardest film he's made, out of dozens and dozens of movies."[81][82]
Notes
Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee IDs are six digits long and begin with the number 6
References
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Jump up ^ Carr, Mary Kate (February 16, 2018). "5 things to know about Black Panther breakout star Letitia Wright". Entertainment Weekly. Time. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Penn, Zak [@zakpenn] (July 1, 2016). "First week of #ReadyPlayerOne finished. Surreal. It went to 11. Thanks for writing your book @erniecline and the assist in Oology" (Tweet). Retrieved March 23, 2018 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (August 16, 2016). "Ready Player One Set Photos Show a Grungy Dystopia". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved August 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Young, Graham; Beardsworth, Luke; Bains, Sanjeeta (September 6, 2016). "Recap: Spielberg films Ready Player One in JQ - another set location revealed plus car chase filmed". Birmingham Mail. Midland Newspapers. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Penn, Zak [@zakpenn] (September 25, 2016). "Two days of production left on #ReadyPlayerOne" (Tweet). Retrieved November 23, 2017 – via Twitter.
^ Jump up to: a b c Thompson, Anne (November 7, 2017). "Steven Spielberg Has Finally Finished 'The Post'". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (April 11, 2018). "Here's How Steven Spielberg and ILM Recreated That Movie for Ready Player One". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Crow, David; Cecchini, Mike (April 1, 2018). "Ready Player One: Complete Easter Egg and Reference Guide". Den of Geek. Dennis Publishing. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dyce, Andrew (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One: The COMPLETE Easter Egg Guide". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Simon (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One: 135 Easter Eggs & References Explained". What Culture. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (March 21, 2018). "Can Steven Spielberg Remember How to Have Fun?". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hugh, William (March 19, 2018). "Well, nevermind, then: Of course there's going to be Star Wars shit in Ready Player One". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burke, Carolyn (March 15, 2018). "Ready Player One Won't Reference Disney's Star Wars Movies [Updated]". Screen Rant. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (March 15, 2018). "Steven Spielberg Tried to Get Star Wars Into Ready Player One, But Couldn't". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron (July 22, 2017). "Steven Spielberg Brings Ambitious 'Ready Player One' Footage to Comic-Con". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Long, Christian (February 27, 2018). "Ernest Cline on 'Ready Player Two' and the Scene Spielberg Fought For". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lussier, Germain (March 22, 2018). "Last Action Hero and Ready Player One Screenwriter Shocked to Find Last Action Hero Reference in Ready Player One". io9. Univision Interactive Media. Retrieved March 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (June 9, 2016). "AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (July 7, 2017). "John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg's Next Films (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack". WaterTower Music. 30 March 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Newman, Melinda (March 28, 2018). "How Steven Spielberg Picked 'Ready Player One's' Classic '70s and '80s Tunes: Exclusive Track Listing". Billboard. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Burton, Byron (April 2, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (August 6, 2015). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Slotted For December 2017". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 9, 2016). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' Flees 'Star Wars', Sets New 2018 Release Date". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 25, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Opening A Day Earlier Over Easter Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Pictures (July 7, 2017). "Warner Bros. Pictures Gets Ready to Run the Gamut at Comic-Con International: San Diego". Business Wire. Berkshire Hathaway. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 1, 2018). "How Warner Bros. Sold 'Ready Player One' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53M+ 4-Day – Sunday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony; Tartaglione, Nancy (March 27, 2018). "Steven Spielberg's 'Ready Player One' To Get Its Game On With $140M+ Global Start". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 2, 2018). "Box office Top 20: 'Ready Player One' launches with $53.7M". ABC News. American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on April 5, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 8, 2018). "'A Quiet Place' Screams To $50M+ Opening; 'Blockers' Breaks Through To $21M+ – Early Sunday Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 15, 2018). "The Rock Rebounds: 'Rampage' Shushes 'A Quiet Place' With $34M+ No. 1 Opening". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for April 20-22, 2018 - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for April 27-29, 2018 - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 31, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Raises Global Score To $109M Through Three Days". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (2018-04-01). "'Ready Player One' Impresses With $61.7 Million in China". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rebecca (April 8, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Crushes 'A Quiet Place,' 'Blockers' Overseas". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Tartaglione, Nancy (April 15, 2018). "'Rampage' Rocks Up $114M Offshore Bow; 'Quiet Place' Screams To $52M – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Ready Player One' Tops $500M Global Box Office, Scores $200M+ In China". Deadline Hollywood. April 21, 2018. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Frater, Patrick (2018-04-23). "China Box Office: 'Rampage' Wins Quiet Weekend". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Rebecca (2018-04-22). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Rampage' Continues to Roar Overseas". Variety. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Tartaglione, Nancy (2018-04-29). "'Avengers: Infinity War's $630M Global Bow Sets All-Time Record – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2018-04-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tartaglione, Nancy (2018-05-06). "'Avengers: Infinity War' Surges To $1.164B Global & #5 Superhero Movie Ever WW; $713M Overseas – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ready Player One Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tallerico, Brian (March 12, 2018). "SXSW Film Festival 2018: "Ready Player One"". RogerEbert.com. Ebert Digital. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (March 12, 2018). "SXSW Film Review: 'Ready Player One'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kohn, Eric (March 12, 2018). "'Ready Player One' Review: Steven Spielberg Delivers Astonishing Sci-Fi Spectacle and Relentless Nostalgia — SXSW 2018". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Alissa (March 29, 2018). "Ready Player One is a fun romp that's even more dystopian than it realizes". Vox. Vox Media. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Castillo, Monica (March 12, 2018). "Ready Player One review – Spielberg's shiny VR caper isn't worth playing". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bobkin, Matt (March 31, 2018). "Ready Player One". Exclaim!. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sequel citations:
Lussier, Germain (January 16, 2015). "Ernie Cline Writing a 'Ready Player One' Sequel". /Film. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
West, Kelly (January 16, 2015). "Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel". CinemaBlend. GatewayBlend. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Berkey, Rachel (January 25, 2015). "READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist". Nerdist. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Knight, Jacob (December 12, 2017). "Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE". Birth.Movies.Death. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Radish, Christina (March 29, 2018). "Ernest Cline on 'Ready Player One', Working with Spielberg, and Hopes for a Sequel". Collider. Complex Media. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Moran, Sarah (March 30, 2018). "Ready Player Two? It Could Happen – And The First Movie May Tease It". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 1, 2018.
External links
Official website
Ready Player One on IMDb
Ready Player One at AllMovie
Ready Player One at Box Office Mojo
[show]
v
t
e
Steven Spielberg
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Films directed
Firelight (1964)
Slipstream (1967)
Amblin' (1968)
Night Gallery ("Eyes" segment, 1969)
L.A. 2017 (1971)
Duel (1971)
Something Evil (1972)
Savage (1973)
The Sugarland Express (1974, also wrote)
Jaws (1975)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977, also wrote)
1941 (1979)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Twilight Zone: The Movie ("Kick the Can" segment, 1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
The Color Purple (1985)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Always (1989)
Hook (1991)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Schindler's List (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Amistad (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001, also wrote)
Minority Report (2002)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
The Terminal (2004)
War of the Worlds (2005)
Munich (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
War Horse (2011)
Lincoln (2012)
Bridge of Spies (2015)
The BFG (2016)
The Post (2017)
Ready Player One (2018)
Films written
Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies (1973)
Poltergeist (1982, also produced)
The Goonies (1985)
Films produced
An American Tail: Fievel Goes West (1991)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Flags of Our Fathers (2006)
Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)
Super 8 (2011)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
Television
Amazing Stories (1985–87)
High Incident (1996–97)
Invasion America (1998)
See also
Steven Spielberg bibliography
Amblin Partners
Amblin Entertainment
Amblin Television
DreamWorks Television
Amblimation
DreamWorks
USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Zak Penn
Director
Incident at Loch Ness (2004)
The Grand (2007)
Atari: Game Over (2014)
Writer
Last Action Hero (1993)
PCU (1994)
Inspector Gadget (1999)
Behind Enemy Lines (2001)
X2 (2003)
Suspect Zero (2004)
Elektra (2005)
X-Men: The Last Stand (2006)
The Incredible Hulk (2008)
The Avengers (2012)
Ready Player One (2018)
Television
Alphas (2011-2012)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One_(film)&oldid=843552113"
Categories:
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2010s coming-of-age films
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Crossover films
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Drone films
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Films about telepresence
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Films set in 2045
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text:
Winston-Salem State University
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Winston-Salem State University
Motto
Enter to Learn, Depart to Serve.
Type
Public, HBCU
Established
1892
Endowment
$34 million (2015)[1]
Chancellor
Elwood Robinson
Academic staff
400
Administrative staff
800
Students
6,620
Undergraduates
6,018
Location
Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States
Campus
Urban
Colors
Red and White[2]
Athletics
NCAA Division II - CIAA
Nickname
Rams
Website
www.wssu.edu
Winston-Salem State University (WSSU), a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina, is a historically black public research university located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States. It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund. WSSU is an accredited university offering baccalaureate and graduate programs to a diverse student population.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Academics
2.1 Rankings
3 Campus
4 Student activities
4.1 Athletics
4.2 National fraternities and sororities
5 Notable alumni
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dr. Simon Green Atkins distinguished himself in his home state of North Carolina as an advocate of teacher-training programs for African Americans. He founded a small school, Winston-Salem Teachers College, that he developed into Winston-Salem State University, a four-year institution, and oversaw its transition from private to state control. His abiding interest in teacher-training also led him to become a founder of the North Carolina Negro Teachers Association.
The oldest child of a brick layer and former slaves Allen and Eliza Atkins, Simon Green Atkins was born on June 11, 1863, in the village of Haywood, in Chatham County, North Carolina, between Sanford and Raleigh. His town flourished during the period just after the Revolutionary War, but by the late 19th century the railroad and the neighboring town of Moncure had overshadowed it. At one time the area was considered as a location for the state capital as well as the state university. As a child, Atkins worked on a farm with his grandparents.
Atkins studied in the town school under pioneer black educators who came from St. Augustine's Normal and Collegiate Institute (later St. Augustine's College in Raleigh). One of these was Anna Julia Cooper, later prominent for her work as an activist, scholar, feminist, and school administrator in Washington, D.C. This cadre of educators went out into remote communities to teach rural blacks. Atkins also taught at the town school for a while before his college years, and in 1880 he enrolled in St. Augustine's. He spent summers teaching in the rural schools of Chatham and Moore counties.
After he graduated with distinction in 1884, renowned educator and orator Joseph Charles Price, president of Livingstone College, an African Methodist Episcopal Zion church-supported institution in Salisbury, North Carolina, invited Atkins to join his faculty. Atkins agreed and became grammar school department head. He spent six years at Livingstone (1884–90) and spent the last two years of his tenure there in the dual role as educator and treasurer of the college. During summer months he conducted institutes for black teachers in various counties.
The town educators of Winston (before its merger in 1913 with Salem to become Winston-Salem) lured Atkins to the post as principal of the Depot Street School, where he remained from 1890 to 1895. This was the state's largest public school for African Americans. His work with the North Carolina Negro Teachers’ Association (NCNTA), which he helped to organize about 1881, had stimulated his interest in teacher-training schools for blacks. He directed this group as it established the foundation for a standard black teachers’ college in the state.
Soon after he began his duties at Depot Street, he intensified his efforts to build such a school for African Americans and sought assistance from the Winston Board of Trade, Chamber of Commerce, and local white residents. By then, the state had begun plans to fund an agricultural college for its African American residents; hearing this, Atkins sought funds to locate the new college in Winston. Local support for this move was good, as the black community donated $2,000, R. J. Reynolds of tobacco fame contributed $500, and Atkins obtained 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land along with the backing of the Chamber of Commerce. Although Atkins lobbied the state legislature in Raleigh on behalf of this plan, Winston and its residents lost out to nearby Greensboro, where citizens offered 14 acres (57,000 m2) of land and $11,000.
Academics[edit]
Winston-Salem State offers over 40 academic majors and 10 graduate degrees. The school enrolls approximately 6,400 students and employs 400 faculty and over 800 staff members.[3]
Average high school GPA: 3.01[4]
Average SAT scores: 900[4]
56.5% of applicants are accepted[5]
Rankings[edit]
Winston-Salem State University was ranked the #7 top college in the United States by the Social Mobility Index college rankings.[6]
Winston-Salem State has been ranked #27 by U.S. News & World Report in the Top Public Comprehensive Baccalaureate Colleges of the South category between 2001 to 2009. By 2016, the university had fallen to a ranking of #84 in the same category.[7]
Campus[edit]
The campus has more than 40 buildings covering 117 acres (0.47 km2).[8] WSSU's Diggs Gallery was recognized as one of the top African-American galleries in its region.[9]
Student activities[edit]
Athletics[edit]
See also: Winston-Salem State Rams men's basketball
Winston-Salem State University is currently a member of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA) in NCAA Division II. From the 2007–08 season through the 2009–10 season, the Rams competed in the NCAA's Division I Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC), despite being a transitional member that was attempting to attain full membership within the MEAC or within NCAA Division I, in which the Rams were also scheduled to begin full membership and gain access to NCAA tournaments in 2011. However, it never occurred due to financial difficulties.[10][11]
Its colors are red and white and the university mascot is a ram.
In 1967, Winston-Salem State became the first Historically Black College to win an NCAA Basketball Championship. The Rams won the College Division Championship with a 31-1 record. They were led by high-scoring guard Earl Monroe, who averaged an amazing 41.5 points per game that season before being selected second overall in the 1967 NBA draft by the Baltimore Bullets.
Winston-Salem State played in the 2012 Division II National Championship football game on December 15, 2012. They lost, 35-7, to Valdosta State University, finishing the season, 14-1, the best of any historically black college/university. The team was led by head coach Connell Maynor and All-American quarterback Kameron Smith.
In August 2010, Winston-Salem State University reinstated their baseball program after a 37 year hiatus. Despite only being the first year of the program, the baseball team managed to win the CIAA Conference Championship and move on to the Atlantic Regional. The team again won the CIAA Conference Championship in 2012, 2013, and 2014, making that four consecutive conference championships in the first four years of the program. The team also achieved success in the 2013 season by earning the program's first ever national ranking of No. 23 in the country while also hosting the 2013 NCAA Atlantic Regional.
National fraternities and sororities[edit]
All of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations currently have chapters at Winston-Salem State University except Delta Sigma Theta sorority, who were recently suspended for a 10-year period in April 2010. Delta Sigma Theta Sorority Incorporated has been reinstated with the university as of December, 2014. The remaining organizations are:
Organization
Symbol
Chapter
Chapter Symbol
Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority ΑΚΑ Gamma Lambda ΓΛ
Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity ΑΦΑ Beta Iota ΒΙ
Iota Phi Theta fraternity ΙΦΘ Kappa Κ
Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity ΚΑΨ Delta Chi ΔΧ
Omega Psi Phi fraternity ΩΨΦ Mu Epsilon ΜΕ
Phi Beta Sigma fraternity ΦΒΣ Delta Alpha ΔΑ
Sigma Gamma Rho sorority ΣΓΡ Rho Ρ
Zeta Phi Beta sorority ΖΦΒ Omega Ω
Other National fraternities and sororities with registered chapters are members of the Council of Independent Greek Organizations. The current members on campus include:
Organization
Symbol
Chapter
Chapter Symbol
Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity ΦΜΑ Mu Beta ΜΒ
Tau Beta Sigma honorary band sorority ΤΒΣ Theta Upsilon ΘΥ
Kappa Kappa Psi honorary band fraternity ΚΚΨ Kappa Lambda ΚΛ
Pi Sigma Epsilon professional sales, marketing, and management fraternity ΠΣΕ Zeta Lambda ΖΛ
Alpha Nu Omega Christian sorority ΑΝΩ Pi Π
Kappa Omicron Tau sorority ΚΟΤ Beta Lambda ΒΛ
Chi Eta Phi nursing sorority ΧΗΦ Chi Chi Beta ΧΧΒ
Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity ΑΦΩ Tau Chi ΤΧ
Swing Phi Swing social fellowship SΦS Groove
Sigma Phi Omega National Academic Honor & Professional Society in Gerontology ΣΦΩ Epsilon Alpha ΕΑ
Notable alumni[edit]
Cleo Hill, was an American professional basketball player who was selected by the St. Louis Hawks in the first round (8th overall) of the 1961 NBA draft.
Timmy Newsome, is a former American football fullback in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys.
John L. Adams, is an actor and director, known for The Dead Zone (film) (2002) and Serving Justice (2011).
Earl "The Pearl" Monroe 1964-67, former NBA guard; member of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
Earl "The Twirl" Williams, American-Israeli basketball player
Stephen A. Smith, American ESPN personality, co-star of ESPN First Take
Donald Evans (American football), former professional American Football Defensive Lineman in the National Football League for the Los Angeles Rams, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Steelers & New York Jets
Richard Huntley, is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League. He played six seasons for the Atlanta Falcons (1996), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1998–2000), the Carolina Panthers (2001), and the Detroit Lions (2002).
Louis Farrakhan, American religious leader, African-American activist, and social commentator
Oronde Gadsden, former professional American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Miami Dolphins
Spurgeon Neal Ellington, Tuskegee Airman. 1st Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[12]
Louise Smith, tied for the second woman to race in NASCAR at the top level. She was known as "the first lady of racing.
Dennis L.A. White, American stage and screen actor noted for portraying Damion 'D-Roc' Butler in the Notorious B.I.G. biopic entitled Notorious and the re-occurring character "Mistah Ray" on NBC's "Parenthood"
Yancey Thigpen, former NFL wide receiver who played for the San Diego Chargers (1991), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1992–1997), and the Tennessee Oilers/Titans
Maria Howell, Wanda Maria Howell is an American actress and singer. She made her film debut in The Color Purple (1985) and appeared in Hidden Figures (2016) as Ms. Sumner.
William Hayes, is an American football defensive end for the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Tennessee Titans in the fourth round of the 2008 NFL Draft.
Ted Blunt,is a retired American elected official, educator and former athlete. Ted served as the former President, City Council of Wilmington, Delaware
Earline W. Parmon, was an American Democratic Politician.
Carla Cunningham, is an American Democratic politician. She is a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 106th District, being first elected in 2012
Harry Lewis, is a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing the 74th House district in Chester County, Pennsylvania.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "N.C. university endowments record banner year; eclipse $14B in value". National Association of College and University Business Officers. March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Winston-Salem State University Brand Guide (PDF). July 20, 2017. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "About WSSU – About WSSU". wssu.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fall 2011 WSSU admissions policy to include class rankings requirement - The News Argus - Winston-Salem State University". thenewsargus.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Winston-Salem State University | Best College | US News". colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Social Mobility Index 2015 - CollegeNET". Socialmobilityindex.org. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Winston-Salem State University | Best College | US News". colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Historical Sketch - Winston-Salem State University - Acalog ACMS™". Catalog.wssu.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "About WSSU - Why WSSU? - Transformation Happens Here". Wssu.edu. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Winston-Salem State jumps to Division I, joins MEAC – College Sports – ESPN". sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ "Winston-Salem ready to return to D-II, CIAA – NCAA Basketball – Sporting News". aol.sportingnews.com. Retrieved 2014-01-25.
Jump up ^ https://northcarolinaroom.wordpress.com/tag/spurgeon-ellington/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winston-Salem State University.
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Coordinates: 36°05′22″N 80°13′31″W / 36.0894545°N 80.2251603°W / 36.0894545; -80.2251603
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