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SQL injection
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A classification of SQL injection attacking vector as of 2010.
SQL injection is a code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which nefarious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).[1] SQL injection must exploit a security vulnerability in an application's software, for example, when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and unexpectedly executed. SQL injection is mostly known as an attack vector for websites but can be used to attack any type of SQL database.
SQL injection attacks allow attackers to spoof identity, tamper with existing data, cause repudiation issues such as voiding transactions or changing balances, allow the complete disclosure of all data on the system, destroy the data or make it otherwise unavailable, and become administrators of the database server.
In a 2012 study, it was observed that the average web application received 4 attack campaigns per month, and retailers received twice as many attacks as other industries.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Form
3 Technical implementations
3.1 Incorrectly filtered escape characters
3.2 Incorrect type handling
3.3 Blind SQL injection
3.3.1 Conditional responses
3.4 Second order SQL injection
4 Mitigation (verzachting)
4.1 Parameterized statements
4.1.1 Enforcement at the coding level
4.2 Escaping
4.3 Pattern check
4.4 Database permissions
5 Examples
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The first public discussions of SQL injection started appearing around 1998;[3] for example, a 1998 article in Phrack Magazine.[4]
Form[edit]
SQL injection (SQLI) was considered one of the top 10 web application vulnerabilities of 2007 and 2010 by the Open Web Application Security Project.[5] In 2013, SQLI was rated the number one attack on the OWASP top ten.[6] There are four main sub-classes of SQL injection:
Classic SQLI
Blind or Inference SQL injection
Database management system-specific SQLI
Compounded SQLI
SQL injection + insufficient authentication[7]
SQL injection + DDoS attacks[8]
SQL injection + DNS hijacking[9]
SQL injection + XSS[10]
The Storm Worm is one representation of Compounded SQLI.[11]
This classification represents the state of SQLI, respecting its evolution until 2010—further refinement is underway.[12]
Technical implementations[edit]
Incorrectly filtered escape characters[edit]
This form of SQL injection occurs when user input is not filtered for escape characters and is then passed into an SQL statement. This results in the potential manipulation of the statements performed on the database by the end-user of the application.
The following line of code illustrates this vulnerability:
statement = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + userName + "';"

This SQL code is designed to pull up the records of the specified username from its table of users. However, if the "userName" variable is crafted in a specific way by a malicious user, the SQL statement may do more than the code author intended. For example, setting the "userName" variable as:
' OR '1'='1

or using comments to even block the rest of the query (there are three types of SQL comments[13]). All three lines have a space at the end:
' OR '1'='1' --
' OR '1'='1' ({
' OR '1'='1' /*

renders one of the following SQL statements by the parent language:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR '1'='1';
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '' OR '1'='1' -- ';
If this code were to be used in an authentication procedure then this example could be used to force the selection of every data field (*) from all users rather than from one specific user name as the coder intended, because the evaluation of '1'='1' is always true (short-circuit evaluation).
The following value of "userName" in the statement below would cause the deletion of the "users" table as well as the selection of all data from the "userinfo" table (in essence revealing the information of every user), using an API that allows multiple statements:
a';DROP TABLE users; SELECT * FROM userinfo WHERE 't' = 't

This input renders the final SQL statement as follows and specified:
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = 'a';DROP TABLE users; SELECT * FROM userinfo WHERE 't' = 't';
While most SQL server implementations allow multiple statements to be executed with one call in this way, some SQL APIs such as PHP's mysql_query() function do not allow this for security reasons. This prevents attackers from injecting entirely separate queries, but doesn't stop them from modifying queries.
Incorrect type handling[edit]
This form of SQL injection occurs when a user-supplied field is not strongly typed or is not checked for type constraints. This could take place when a numeric field is to be used in a SQL statement, but the programmer makes no checks to validate that the user supplied input is numeric. For example:
statement := "SELECT * FROM userinfo WHERE id =" + a_variable + ";"

It is clear from this statement that the author intended a_variable to be a number correlating to the "id" field. However, if it is in fact a string then the end-user may manipulate the statement as they choose, thereby bypassing the need for escape characters. For example, setting a_variable to
1;DROP TABLE users

will drop (delete) the "users" table from the database, since the SQL becomes:
SELECT * FROM userinfo WHERE id=1; DROP TABLE users;
Blind SQL injection[edit]
Blind SQL Injection is used when a web application is vulnerable to an SQL injection but the results of the injection are not visible to the attacker. The page with the vulnerability may not be one that displays data but will display differently depending on the results of a logical statement injected into the legitimate SQL statement called for that page. This type of attack has traditionally been considered time-intensive because a new statement needed to be crafted for each bit recovered, and depending on its structure, the attack may consist of many unsuccessful requests. Recent advancements have allowed each request to recover multiple bits, with no unsuccessful requests, allowing for more consistent and efficient extraction. [14] There are several tools that can automate these attacks once the location of the vulnerability and the target information has been established.[15]
Conditional responses[edit]
One type of blind SQL injection forces the database to evaluate a logical statement on an ordinary application screen. As an example, a book review website uses a query string to determine which book review to display. So the URL http://books.example.com/showReview.php?ID=5 would cause the server to run the query
SELECT * FROM bookreviews WHERE ID = 'Value(ID)';
from which it would populate the review page with data from the review with ID 5, stored in the table bookreviews. The query happens completely on the server; the user does not know the names of the database, table, or fields, nor does the user know the query string. The user only sees that the above URL returns a book review. A hacker can load the URLs http://books.example.com/showReview.php?ID=5 OR 1=1 and http://books.example.com/showReview.php?ID=5 AND 1=2, which may result in queries
SELECT * FROM bookreviews WHERE ID = '5' OR '1'='1'; SELECT * FROM bookreviews WHERE ID = '5' AND '1'='2';
respectively. If the original review loads with the "1=1" URL and a blank or error page is returned from the "1=2" URL, and the returned page has not been created to alert the user the input is invalid, or in other words, has been caught by an input test script, the site is likely vulnerable to a SQL injection attack as the query will likely have passed through successfully in both cases. The hacker may proceed with this query string designed to reveal the version number of MySQL running on the server: http://books.example.com/showReview.php?ID=5 AND substring(@@version, 1, INSTR(@@version, '.') - 1)=4, which would show the book review on a server running MySQL 4 and a blank or error page otherwise. The hacker can continue to use code within query strings to glean more information from the server until another avenue of attack is discovered or his or her goals are achieved.[16][17]
Second order SQL injection[edit]
Second order SQL injection occurs when submitted values contain malicious commands that are stored rather than executed immediately. In some cases, the application may correctly encode an SQL statement and store it as valid SQL. Then, another part of that application without controls to protect against SQL injection might execute that stored SQL statement. This attack requires more knowledge of how submitted values are later used. Automated web application security scanners would not easily detect this type of SQL injection and may need to be manually instructed where to check for evidence that it is being attempted.
Mitigation (verzachting)[edit]
An SQL injection is a well known attack and easily prevented by simple measures. After an apparent SQL injection attack on Talktalk in 2015, the BBC reported that security experts were stunned that such a large company would be vulnerable to it.[18]
Parameterized statements[edit]
Main article: Prepared statement
With most development platforms, parameterized statements that work with parameters can be used (sometimes called placeholders or bind variables) instead of embedding user input in the statement. A placeholder can only store a value of the given type and not an arbitrary SQL fragment. Hence the SQL injection would simply be treated as a strange (and probably invalid) parameter value.
In many cases, the SQL statement is fixed, and each parameter is a scalar, not a table. The user input is then assigned (bound) to a parameter.[19]
Enforcement at the coding level[edit]
Using object-relational mapping libraries avoids the need to write SQL code. The ORM library in effect will generate parameterized SQL statements from object-oriented code.
Escaping[edit]
A straightforward, though error-prone way to prevent injections is to escape characters that have a special meaning in SQL. The manual for an SQL DBMS explains which characters have a special meaning, which allows creating a comprehensive blacklist of characters that need translation. For instance, every occurrence of a single quote (') in a parameter must be replaced by two single quotes ('') to form a valid SQL string literal. For example, in PHP it is usual to escape parameters using the function mysqli_real_escape_string(); before sending the SQL query:
$mysqli = new mysqli('hostname', 'db_username', 'db_password', 'db_name'); $query = sprintf("SELECT * FROM `Users` WHERE UserName='%s' AND Password='%s'", $mysqli->real_escape_string($username), $mysqli->real_escape_string($password)); $mysqli->query($query);
This function prepends backslashes to the following characters: \x00, \n, \r, \, ', " and \x1a. This function is normally used to make data safe before sending a query to MySQL.[20]
There are other functions for many database types in PHP such as pg_escape_string() for PostgreSQL. The function addslashes(string $str) works for escaping characters, and is used especially for querying on databases that do not have escaping functions in PHP. It returns a string with backslashes before characters that need to be quoted in database queries, etc. These characters are single quote ('), double quote ("), backslash (\) and NUL (the NULL byte).[21]
Routinely passing escaped strings to SQL is error prone because it is easy to forget to escape a given string. Creating a transparent layer to secure the input can reduce this error-proneness, if not entirely eliminate it.[22]
Pattern check[edit]
Integer, float or boolean, string parameters can be checked if their value is valid representation for the given type. Strings that must follow some strict pattern (date, UUID, alphanumeric only, etc.) can be checked if they match this pattern.
Database permissions[edit]
Limiting the permissions on the database login used by the web application to only what is needed may help reduce the effectiveness of any SQL injection attacks that exploit any bugs in the web application.
For example, on Microsoft SQL Server, a database logon could be restricted from selecting on some of the system tables which would limit exploits that try to insert JavaScript into all the text columns in the database.
deny select on sys.sysobjects to webdatabaselogon; deny select on sys.objects to webdatabaselogon; deny select on sys.tables to webdatabaselogon; deny select on sys.views to webdatabaselogon; deny select on sys.packages to webdatabaselogon;
Examples[edit]
In February 2002, Jeremiah Jacks discovered that Guess.com was vulnerable to an SQL injection attack, permitting anyone able to construct a properly-crafted URL to pull down 200,000+ names, credit card numbers and expiration dates in the site's customer database.[23]
On November 1, 2005, a teenaged hacker used SQL injection to break into the site of a Taiwanese information security magazine from the Tech Target group and steal customers' information.[24]
On January 13, 2006, Russian computer criminals broke into a Rhode Island government website and allegedly stole credit card data from individuals who have done business online with state agencies.[25]
On March 29, 2006, a hacker discovered an SQL injection flaw in an official Indian government's tourism site.[26]
On June 29, 2007, a computer criminal defaced the Microsoft UK website using SQL injection.[27][28] UK website The Register quoted a Microsoft spokesperson acknowledging the problem.
On September 19, 2007 and January 26, 2009 the Turkish hacker group "m0sted" used SQL injection to exploit Microsoft's SQL Server to hack web servers belonging to McAlester Army Ammunition Plant and the US Army Corps of Engineers respectively.[29]
In January 2008, tens of thousands of PCs were infected by an automated SQL injection attack that exploited a vulnerability in application code that uses Microsoft SQL Server as the database store.[30]
In July 2008, Kaspersky's Malaysian site was hacked by the "m0sted" hacker group using SQL injection.
On April 13, 2008, the Sexual and Violent Offender Registry of Oklahoma shut down its website for "routine maintenance" after being informed that 10,597 Social Security numbers belonging to sex offenders had been downloaded via an SQL injection attack[31]
In May 2008, a server farm inside China used automated queries to Google's search engine to identify SQL server websites which were vulnerable to the attack of an automated SQL injection tool.[30][32]
In 2008, at least April through August, a sweep of attacks began exploiting the SQL injection vulnerabilities of Microsoft's IIS web server and SQL Server database server. The attack does not require guessing the name of a table or column, and corrupts all text columns in all tables in a single request.[33] A HTML string that references a malware JavaScript file is appended to each value. When that database value is later displayed to a website visitor, the script attempts several approaches at gaining control over a visitor's system. The number of exploited web pages is estimated at 500,000.[34]
On August 17, 2009, the United States Department of Justice charged an American citizen, Albert Gonzalez, and two unnamed Russians with the theft of 130 million credit card numbers using an SQL injection attack. In reportedly "the biggest case of identity theft in American history", the man stole cards from a number of corporate victims after researching their payment processing systems. Among the companies hit were credit card processor Heartland Payment Systems, convenience store chain 7‑Eleven, and supermarket chain Hannaford Brothers.[35]
In December 2009, an attacker breached a RockYou plaintext database containing the unencrypted usernames and passwords of about 32 million users using an SQL injection attack.[36]
On July 2010, a South American security researcher who goes by the handle "Ch Russo" obtained sensitive user information from popular BitTorrent site The Pirate Bay. He gained access to the site's administrative control panel and exploited a SQL injection vulnerability that enabled him to collect user account information, including IP addresses, MD5 password hashes and records of which torrents individual users have uploaded.[37]
From July 24 to 26, 2010, attackers from Japan and China used an SQL injection to gain access to customers' credit card data from Neo Beat, an Osaka-based company that runs a large online supermarket site. The attack also affected seven business partners including supermarket chains Izumiya Co, Maruetsu Inc, and Ryukyu Jusco Co. The theft of data affected a reported 12,191 customers. As of August 14, 2010 it was reported that there have been more than 300 cases of credit card information being used by third parties to purchase goods and services in China.
On September 19 during the 2010 Swedish general election a voter attempted a code injection by hand writing SQL commands as part of a write‑in vote.[38]
On November 8, 2010 the British Royal Navy website was compromised by a Romanian hacker named TinKode using SQL injection.[39][40]
On February 5, 2011 HBGary, a technology security firm, was broken into by LulzSec using a SQL injection in their CMS-driven website[41]
On March 27, 2011, mysql.com, the official homepage for MySQL, was compromised by a hacker using SQL blind injection[42]
On April 11, 2011, Barracuda Networks was compromised using an SQL injection flaw. Email addresses and usernames of employees were among the information obtained.[43]
Over a period of 4 hours on April 27, 2011, an automated SQL injection attack occurred on Broadband Reports website that was able to extract 8% of the username/password pairs: 8,000 random accounts of the 9,000 active and 90,000 old or inactive accounts.[44][45][46]
On June 1, 2011, "hacktivists" of the group LulzSec were accused of using SQLI to steal coupons, download keys, and passwords that were stored in plaintext on Sony's website, accessing the personal information of a million users.[47][48]
In June 2011, PBS was hacked, mostly likely through use of SQL injection; the full process used by hackers to execute SQL injections was described in this Imperva blog.[49]
In May 2012, the website for Wurm Online, a massively multiplayer online game, was shut down from an SQL injection while the site was being updated.[50]
In July 2012 a hacker group was reported to have stolen 450,000 login credentials from Yahoo!. The logins were stored in plain text and were allegedly taken from a Yahoo subdomain, Yahoo! Voices. The group breached Yahoo's security by using a "union-based SQL injection technique".[51][52]
On October 1, 2012, a hacker group called "Team GhostShell" published the personal records of students, faculty, employees, and alumni from 53 universities including Harvard, Princeton, Stanford, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, and the University of Zurich on pastebin.com. The hackers claimed that they were trying to "raise awareness towards the changes made in today’s education", bemoaning changing education laws in Europe and increases in tuition in the United States.[53]
In February 2013, a group of Maldivian hackers, hacked the website "UN-Maldives" using SQL Injection.
On June 27, 2013, hacker group "RedHack" breached Istanbul Administration Site.[54] They claimed that, they’ve been able to erase people's debts to water, gas, Internet, electricity, and telephone companies. Additionally, they published admin user name and password for other citizens to log in and clear their debts early morning. They announced the news from Twitter.[55]
On November 4, 2013, hacktivist group "RaptorSwag" allegedly compromised 71 Chinese government databases using an SQL injection attack on the Chinese Chamber of International Commerce. The leaked data was posted publicly in cooperation with Anonymous.[56]
On February 2, 2014, AVS TV had 40,000 accounts leaked by a hacking group called @deletesec [57]
On February 21, 2014, United Nations Internet Governance Forum had 3,215 account details leaked.[58]
On February 21, 2014, Hackers of a group called @deletesec hacked Spirol International after allegedly threatening to have the hackers arrested for reporting the security vulnerability. 70,000 user details were exposed over this conflict.[59]
On March 7, 2014, officials at Johns Hopkins University publicly announced that their Biomedical Engineering Servers had become victim to an SQL injection attack carried out by an Anonymous hacker named "Hooky" and aligned with hacktivist group "RaptorSwag". The hackers compromised personal details of 878 students and staff, posting a press release and the leaked data on the internet.[60]
In August 2014, Milwaukee-based computer security company Hold Security disclosed that it uncovered a theft of confidential information from nearly 420,000 websites through SQL injections.[61] The New York Times confirmed this finding by hiring a security expert to check the claim.[62]
In October 2015, an SQL injection attack was used to steal the personal details of 156,959 customers from British telecommunications company Talk Talk's servers, exploiting a vulnerability in a legacy web portal[63]
In popular culture[edit]
Unauthorized login to web sites by means of SQL injection forms the basis of one of the subplots in J.K. Rowling's novel The Casual Vacancy, published in 2012.
An xkcd cartoon involved a character "Robert'); DROP TABLE students;--" named to carry out a SQL injection. As a result of this cartoon, SQL injection is sometimes informally referred to as 'Bobby Tables'.[64][65]
In 2014, an individual in Poland legally renamed his business to Dariusz Jakubowski x'; DROP TABLE users; SELECT '1 in an attempt to disrupt operation of spammers’ harvesting bots.[66]
The 2015 game Hacknet has a hacking program called SQL_MemCorrupt. It is described as injecting a table entry that causes a corruption error in a SQL database, then queries said table, causing a SQL database crash and core dump.
See also[edit]
Software Testing portal
Code injection
Cross-site scripting
Metasploit Project
OWASP Open Web Application Security Project
SGML entity
Uncontrolled format string
w3af
Web application security
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Microsoft. "SQL Injection". Retrieved 2013-08-04. SQL injection is an attack in which malicious code is inserted into strings that are later passed to an instance of SQL Server for parsing and execution. Any procedure that constructs SQL statements should be reviewed for injection vulnerabilities because SQLi Server will execute all syntactically valid queries that it receives. Even parameterized data can be manipulated by a skilled and determined attacker.
Jump up ^ Imperva (July 2012). "Imperva Web Application Attack Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-08-04. Retailers suffer 2x as many SQL injection attacks as other industries. / While most web applications receive 4 or more web attack campaigns per month, some websites are constantly under attack. / One observed website was under attack 176 out of 180 days, or 98% of the time.
Jump up ^ Sean Michael Kerner (November 25, 2013). "How Was SQL Injection Discovered? The researcher once known as Rain Forrest Puppy explains how he discovered the first SQL injection more than 15 years ago.".
Jump up ^ Jeff Forristal (signing as rain.forest.puppy) (Dec 25, 1998). "NT Web Technology Vulnerabilities". Phrack Magazine. 8 (54 (article 8)).
Jump up ^ "Category:OWASP Top Ten Project". OWASP. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Category:OWASP Top Ten Project". OWASP. Retrieved 2013-08-13.
Jump up ^ "WHID 2007-60: The blog of a Cambridge University security team hacked". Xiom. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "WHID 2009-1: Gaza conflict cyber war". Xiom. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
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Jump up ^ IBM Informix Guide to SQL: Syntax. Overview of SQL Syntax > How to Enter SQL Comments, IBM
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Jump up ^ "SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet". Open Web Application Security Project. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "mysqli->real_escape_string - PHP Manual". PHP.net.
Jump up ^ "Addslashes - PHP Manual". PHP.net.
Jump up ^ "Transparent query layer for MySQL". Robert Eisele. November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Guesswork Plagues Web Hole Reporting". SecurityFocus. March 6, 2002.
Jump up ^ "WHID 2005-46: Teen uses SQL injection to break to a security magazine web site". Web Application Security Consortium. November 1, 2005. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "WHID 2006-3: Russian hackers broke into a RI GOV website". Web Application Security Consortium. January 13, 2006. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "WHID 2006-27: SQL Injection in incredibleindia.org". Web Application Security Consortium. March 29, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Robert (June 29, 2007). "Hacker Defaces Microsoft U.K. Web Page". cgisecurity.net. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Keith Ward (June 29, 2007). "Hacker Defaces Microsoft UK Web Page". Redmond Channel Partner Online. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Anti-U.S. Hackers Infiltrate Army Servers". Information Week. May 29, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sumner Lemon, IDG News Service (May 19, 2008). "Mass SQL Injection Attack Targets Chinese Web Sites". PCWorld. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Alex Papadimoulis (April 15, 2008). "Oklahoma Leaks Tens of Thousands of Social Security Numbers, Other Sensitive Data". The Daily WTF. Retrieved May 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ Michael Zino (May 1, 2008). "ASCII Encoded/Binary String Automated SQL Injection Attack".
Jump up ^ Giorgio Maone (April 26, 2008). "Mass Attack FAQ".
Jump up ^ Gregg Keizer (April 25, 2008). "Huge Web hack attack infects 500,000 pages". Retrieved October 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "US man 'stole 130m card numbers'". BBC. August 17, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ O'Dell, Jolie (December 16, 2009). "RockYou Hacker - 30% of Sites Store Plain Text Passwords". New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The pirate bay attack". July 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Did Little Bobby Tables migrate to Sweden?". Alicebobandmallory.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ Royal Navy website attacked by Romanian hacker BBC News, 8-11-10, Accessed November 2010
Jump up ^ Sam Kiley (November 25, 2010). "Super Virus A Target For Cyber Terrorists". Retrieved November 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec" (PDF). Little, Brown and Company.
Jump up ^ "MySQL.com compromised". sucuri.
Jump up ^ "Hacker breaks into Barracuda Networks database".
Jump up ^ "site user password intrusion info". Dslreports.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "DSLReports says member information stolen". Cnet News. 2011-04-28. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
Jump up ^ "DSLReports.com breach exposed more than 100,000 accounts". The Tech Herald. 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
Jump up ^ "LulzSec hacks Sony Pictures, reveals 1m passwords unguarded", electronista.com, June 2, 2011
Jump up ^ Ridge Shan (June 6, 2011), "LulzSec Hacker Arrested, Group Leaks Sony Database", The Epoch Times
Jump up ^ "Imperva.com: PBS Hacked - How Hackers Probably Did It". Retrieved 2011-07-01.
Jump up ^ "Wurm Online is Restructuring". May 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chenda Ngak. "Yahoo reportedly hacked: Is your account safe?", CBS News. July 12, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.zdnet.com/450000-user-passwords-leaked-in-yahoo-breach-7000000772/
Jump up ^ Perlroth, Nicole (3 October 2012). "Hackers Breach 53 Universities and Dump Thousands of Personal Records Online". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "RedHack Breaches Istanbul Administration Site, Hackers Claim to Have Erased Debts".
Jump up ^ "Redhack tweet about their achievement".
Jump up ^ http://news.softpedia.com/news/Hackers-Leak-Data-Allegedly-Stolen-from-Chinese-Chamber-of-Commerce-Website-396936.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.maurihackers.info/2014/02/40000-avs-tv-accounts-leaked.html
Jump up ^ http://www.batblue.com/united-nations-internet-governance-forum-breached/
Jump up ^ http://news.softpedia.com/news/Details-of-70-000-Users-Leaked-by-Hackers-From-Systems-of-SPIROL-International-428669.shtml
Jump up ^ http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2014-03-07/news/bs-md-hopkins-servers-hacked-20140306_1_engineering-students-identity-theft-server
Jump up ^ Damon Poeter. 'Close-Knit' Russian Hacker Gang Hoards 1.2 Billion ID Creds, PC Magazine, August 5, 2014
Jump up ^ Nicole Perlroth. Russian Gang Amasses Over a Billion Internet Passwords, The New York Times, August 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2016/10/talktalk-gets-record-400-000-fine-for-failing-to-prevent-october-2015-attack/
Jump up ^ Munroe, Randall. "XKCD: Exploits Of A Mom". Retrieved 26 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Tables: A guide to preventing SQL injection". Retrieved 6 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jego firma ma w nazwie SQL injection. Nie zazdrościmy tym, którzy będą go fakturowali ;)". Niebezpiecznik (in Polish). 11 September 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
External links[edit]
Manual Sql Injection Tutorial By The Ajay Devgan
SQL Injection Knowledge Base, by Websec.
SQL Injection Wiki
WASC Threat Classification - SQL Injection Entry, by the Web Application Security Consortium.
Why SQL Injection Won't Go Away, by Stuart Thomas.
SQL Injection Prevention Cheat Sheet, by OWASP.
sqlmap: automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool
SDL Quick security references on SQL injection by Bala Neerumalla.
How security flaws work: SQL injection
SQL Injection Cheat Sheet by Netsparker
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Mount Ngauruhoe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mount Ngauruhoe
Ngauruhoe seen from Mount Tongariro
Highest point
Elevation
2,291 m (7,516 ft)
Coordinates
39°09′24.6″S 175°37′55.8″E / 39.156833°S 175.632167°E / -39.156833; 175.632167Coordinates: 39°09′24.6″S 175°37′55.8″E / 39.156833°S 175.632167°E / -39.156833; 175.632167
Naming
Pronunciation
Māori: [ŋaːʉɾʉhɔɛ]
Geography
Mount Ngauruhoe
New Zealand
Location
North Island, New Zealand
Geology
Mountain type
Stratovolcano (active)
Volcanic arc/belt
Taupo Volcanic Zone
Last eruption
1977[1]
Climbing
First ascent
March 1839 by John C. Bidwill, an English botanist. Two Māori guides came with him to within 1 kilometre of the peak.[2]
Easiest route
Scramble (summer)
Mount Ngauruhoe is an active stratovolcano or composite cone in New Zealand, made from layers of lava and tephra. It is the youngest vent in the Tongariro volcanic complex on the Central Plateau of the North Island, and first erupted about 2,500 years ago. Although seen by most as a volcano in its own right, it is technically a secondary cone of Mount Tongariro.
The volcano lies between the active volcanoes of Mount Tongariro to the north and Mount Ruapehu to the south, to the west of the Rangipo Desert and 25 kilometres to the south of the southern shore of Lake Taupo.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the name
2 Recent activity
3 Climbing
4 Film appearances
5 Climbing history
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Origins of the name[edit]
The local Māori traditions state that the volcano was named by Ngātoro-i-rangi, an ancestor of the local Māori iwi, Ngāti Tūwharetoa. Ngātoro-i-rangi called volcanic fire from his homeland Hawaiki, which eventually emerged at Ngauruhoe.[3] The name given by Ngātoro-i-rangi (Ngauruhoe) either commemorates his slave, who had died from the cold before the fire arrived,[3] or refers to the insertions (ngā uru) of Ngātoro-i-rangi's hoe (paddle-like staff) into the ground during his summoning of the volcanic fire.
Recent activity[edit]
Ngauruhoe erupted 45 times in the 20th century, most recently in 1977.[1] Fumaroles exist inside the inner crater and on the rim of the eastern, outer crater. Climbers who suffer from asthma may be affected by the strong sulphurous gases emitted from the crater.
Aerial photo of Mount Ngauruhoe's crater.
A significant increase in earthquake activity in May 2006 prompted the alert level to be raised from zero (typical background activity, no signs of significant unrest) to one (signs of volcano unrest). Over the next two years GeoNet recorded an average of 5 to 30 earthquakes a day close to Ngauruhoe, though the maximum daily number was as high as 80.
After mid-2008, the number of volcanic earthquakes close to Ngauruhoe declined to the background level. Regular measurements of volcanic gas levels and the temperature of a summit gas vent failed to record any significant changes over the subsequent two and a half years.[4] GNS Science accordingly reduced the alert level for Ngauruhoe to Level 0 on 2 December 2008. “The reduction in earthquake activity means that an eruption in the near future is unlikely without further earthquakes or other changes and the appropriate alert level is therefore zero”, said GNS Science Volcano Section Manager Gill Jolly.
An increase in seismic activity in March 2015 resulted in the alert level being raised to Level 1.[5] The anomalous activity was deemed to have subsided after three weeks, and the alert level was lowered back to Level 0.[6]
Climbing[edit]
Ngauruhoe seen from across Tongariro's South Crater. The usual route up the mountain is visible on the right.
The mountain is usually climbed from the western side, from the Mangatepopo track. From the Mangatepopo hut to the base of the mountain takes a steady 11⁄2 hour walk; the first 45 minutes of the valley walk are suitable for children or older people. The track then climbs very steeply to the base of the climb. In summer the climb is difficult due to the loose tephra that gives way underfoot. In the summer of 2010 a climber was seriously injured by falling rock. In winter, snow consolidates the tephra. As the slope is about 45 degrees, kicking steps is essential, and this requires fitness. After rain, the snow may be covered by ice which is treacherous. Ice axes, crampons and ropes are recommended in midwinter. Climbers should practice self arrest with ice axes on the lower slopes if icy conditions prevail.
Scramblers up Mt. Ngauruhoe.
Experienced and fit climbers can attempt the climb from the northern side by cutting across the lava flows in the Mangatepopo valley from the Mangatepopo hut. This route is far longer with no flat areas for rest and is not recommended for casual climbers. Climbers on reaching the summit can circumnavigate the crater and descend the normal eastern route. Before starting any climb an accurate favourable weather forecast should be obtained and climbers should have the appropriate level of skill, warm clothing and equipment. Between March and October the mountain is subject to sudden violent wind gusts and snow storms with the temperature plunging well below zero.
During the closure of the central part of the Mt. Tongariro one day walk, due to volcanic activity, climbing Mt. Ngauruhoe became a popular alternative. At Easter 2013 four climbers were injured in separate incidents. Two of the accidents were due to congestion on the normal eastern route to the crater when a climber caused loose rock to hit another climber below. All the injured had to be rescued by helicopter.[7]
Film appearances[edit]
In 1974, as part of a promotional campaign for his sponsor Moët & Chandon, champion skier Jean-Claude Killy was filmed skiing down the previously unskied eastern slope of the mountain. The average slope on this side of the volcano is 35 degrees, and Killy was caught on radar skiing more than 100 miles per hour. As he fell on the first run, he did the descent twice.[citation needed]
Mount Ngauruhoe was used as a stand-in for the fictional Mount Doom in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, achieving worldwide exposure.[8][9][10]
Climbing history[edit]
The mountain was first climbed by J. C. Bidwill in March 1839, the ascent being from the north-west. He reported that “The crater was the most terrific abyss I ever looked into or imagined … it was not possible to see above 10 yards into it from the quantity of steam which it was continually discharging”.
See also[edit]
List of volcanoes in New Zealand
List of mountains of New Zealand by height
Volcanism in New Zealand
Ruapehu
Tongariro
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Tongariro". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
Jump up ^ "BIDWILL, John Carne". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga. 1966. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
^ Jump up to: a b J. Mackintosh Bell (July 1912). "Some New Zealand Volcanoes". The Geographical Journal (Vol. 40, No. 1): 8–10. JSTOR 1778890.
Jump up ^ "GNS Alert Bulletin". GeoNet. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Volcanic Alert Bulletin NGA-2015/01 - Ngauruhoe Volcano". GeoNet.
Jump up ^ "Volcanic Alert Bulletin NGA-2015/03 - Ngauruhoe Volcano". GeoNet.
Jump up ^ Waikato Times.1 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Sibley, Brian. The Making of the Movie Trilogy The Lord of the Rings, Houghton Mifflin (2002).
Jump up ^ Ward, Alex (21 November 2012). "90 schoolchildren among tourists who flee for their lives as Lord of the Rings 'Mount Doom' volcano erupts". Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ GNS Science (25 March 2015). "Ngauruhoe".
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Mount Ngauruhoe (category)
Official NZ Reports
Ngauruhoe on Peakware - photos
Volcano camera
Department of Conservation Tongariro National Park
New Zealand Topo Online
hide
v
t
e
Places associated with Tolkien tourism
New Zealand
North Island
Waikato
Hobbiton Movie Set/Hobbiton and the Shire
Mount Ngauruhoe/Mount Doom
Manawatu-Wanganui
Mangawhero River/Ithilien
Mount Ruapehu/Gates of Mordor
Rangipo Desert/Gates of Mordor
Rangitikei River/River Anduin
Tongariro National Park/Emyn Muil
Whakapapa skifield/Mordor
Wellington
Kaitoke Regional Park/Rivendell and the Fords of Isen
Mount Victoria/Escaping the Shire and Dunharrow
Putangirua Pinnacles/Dimholt Road
Weta Workshop
South Island
Nelson
Mount Olympus, Kahurangi National Park/Outcrop south of Rivendell
Takaka Hill/Chetwood
Tasman
Mount Owen/Dimrill Dale
Canterbury
Twizel/Pelennor Fields
Otago
Dart River/Isengard, Lothlorien and Amon Hen
Kawarau Gorge Suspension Bridge/The Argonath
Mount Aspiring National Park/Isengard
Mount Sunday, Mount Potts station/Edoras
Skippers Canyon/Ford of Bruinen
The Remarkables/Misty Mountains
Twelve Mile Delta, Queenstown/Ithilien camp
Westland
Mount Gunn, Franz Josef Glacier/Ered Nimrais
Southland
Kepler Mire/Dead Marshes
Mavora Lakes/Nen Hithoel, Fangorn, Silverlode River and River Anduin
Snowdon Forest/Fangorn
Waiau River/River Anduin
Elsewhere
United Kingdom
Oxford
The Eagle and Child
Exeter College
Merton College
Pembroke College
Northmoor Road
Wolvercote Cemetery
Birmingham
Birmingham Oratory
Sarehole Mill
Worcestershire
Malvern Hills
South Africa
Bloemfontein
National Afrikaans Literary Museum
Switzerland
Jenins
Greisinger Museum
Lauterbrunnen
Lauterbrunnental/Rivendell
See also
Tolkien Societies
J. R. R. Tolkien
ANZ mock safety video
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Ngauruhoe&oldid=836387415"
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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