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Plagues of Egypt
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Sarajevo Haggadah, from Barcelona, c. 1350
The Plagues of Egypt (Hebrew: מכות מצרים, Makot Mitzrayim), also called the ten biblical plagues, were ten calamities that, according to the biblical Book of Exodus, God inflicted upon Egypt as a demonstration of power, after which the Pharaoh conceded to Moses' demands to let the enslaved Israelites go into the wilderness to make sacrifices. God repeatedly hardened the Pharaoh's heart to prevent him from consenting until after the tenth plague. The Israelites' eventual departure began the Exodus of the Hebrew people.
The plagues served to contrast the power of the God of Israel with the Egyptian gods, invalidating them.[1] Some commentators have associated several of the plagues with judgment on specific gods associated with the Nile, fertility and natural phenomena.[2] According to Exodus 12:12, all the gods of Egypt would be judged through the tenth and final plague: "On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals, and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD."
Contents
1 Context
2 Biblical narrative
3 Plagues
3.1 1. Water into blood (דָם): Ex. 7:14–24
3.2 2. Frogs (צְּפַרְדֵּעַ): Ex. 7:25–8:15
3.3 3. Lice (כִּנִּים): Ex. 8:16-19
3.4 4. Mixture of wild animals (עָרוֹב): Ex. 8:20-32
3.5 5. Diseased livestock (דֶּבֶר): Ex. 9:1–7
3.6 6. Boils (שְׁחִין): Ex. 9:8–12
3.7 7. Thunderstorm of hail and fire (בָּרָד): Ex. 9:13–35
3.8 8. Locusts (אַרְבֶּה): Ex. 10:1–20
3.9 9. Darkness for three days (חוֹשֶך): Ex. 10:21–29
3.10 10. Death of firstborn (מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת): Ex. 11:1–12:36
4 In the Quran
5 Scholarly interpretation
6 Historicity
6.1 Archaeology
6.2 Natural explanations
7 Artistic representation
7.1 Visual art
7.2 Music
7.3 Literature
7.4 Films
7.5 TV
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Context[edit]
The reason for the plagues appears to be twofold:[3] to answer Pharaoh's taunt, "Who [is] the LORD, that I should obey his voice to let Israel go?",[4] and to indelibly impress the Israelites with God's power as an object lesson for all time, which was also meant to become known "throughout the world".[5][6]
According to the Book of Exodus, God hardened Pharaoh's heart so he would be strong enough to persist in his unwillingness to release the people, so that God could manifest his great power and cause his power to be declared among the nations,[7] so that other people would discuss it for generations afterward.[8] In this view, the plagues were punishment for the Egyptians' long abuse of the Israelites, as well as proof that the gods of Egypt were false and powerless.[9] If God triumphed over the gods of Egypt, a world power at that time, then the people of God would be strengthened in their faith, although they were a small people, and would not be tempted to follow the deities that God proved false. Exodus 9:15–16 (JPS Tanakh) portrays Yahweh explaining why he did not accomplish the freedom of the Israelites immediately: "I could have stretched forth My hand and stricken you [Pharaoh] and your people with pestilence, and you would have been effaced from the earth. Nevertheless I have spared you for this purpose: in order to show you My power and in order that My fame may resound throughout the world."
Biblical narrative[edit]
The plagues seemed to affect "all the land of Egypt",[10] but the children of Israel were unaffected.[11] For the last plague, the Torah indicates that they were only spared from the final plague by sacrificing the Paschal lamb, marking their place directly above their doors with the lamb's blood, and hastily eating the roasted sacrifice together with unleavened bread (now known as Matzoh) which they took from their ovens in haste, as they made ready for the Exodus. The Torah describes God as actually passing through Egypt to kill all firstborn children and cattle, but passing over (hence "Passover") houses which have the sign of lambs' blood on the doorpost.[12][13] It is debated whether it was actually God who came through the streets or one of his angels. Some also think it may be the Holy Spirit. It is most commonly known as the "Angel of Death". The night of this plague, Pharaoh finally relents and sends the Israelites away under their terms.
After the Israelites leave en masse, a departure known as The Exodus, God introduces himself by name and makes an exclusive covenant with the Israelites on the basis of this miraculous deliverance.[14] The Ten Commandments encapsulate the terms of this covenant.[15] Joshua, the successor to Moses, reminds the people of their deliverance through the plagues.[16] According to 1 Samuel, the Philistines also knew of the plagues and feared their author.[17][18] Later, the psalmist sang of these events.[19]
The Torah also relates God's instructions to Moses that the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt must be celebrated yearly on the holiday of Passover (Pesaḥ פסח); the rituals observed on Passover recall the events surrounding the exodus from Egypt.[20] The month of Nisan has become important to the Jews.[21] The Torah additionally cites God's sparing of the Israelite firstborn as a rationale for the commandment of the redemption of the firstborn.[22] This event is also commemorated by the Fast of the Firstborn on the day preceding Passover but which is traditionally not observed because a siyum celebration is held which obviates the need for a fast.
It seems that the celebration of Passover waned from time to time, since other biblical books provide references to revival of the holiday.[13] For example, it was reinstated by Joshua at Gilgal,[23] by Josiah,[24] by Hezekiah[25] and, after the return from the captivity, by Ezra.[26] By the time of the Second Temple it was firmly established in Israel.
Plagues[edit]
The First Plague: Water Is Changed into Blood, James Tissot
The plagues as they appear in the 1984 New International Version of the Book of Exodus are:[27]
1. Water into blood (דָם): Ex. 7:14–24[edit]
This is what the LORD says: By this you will know that I am the LORD: With the staff that is in my hands I will strike the water of the Nile, and it will be changed into blood. The fish in the Nile will die, and the river will stink and the Egyptians will not be able to drink its water.
—  Exodus 7:17–18
2. Frogs (צְּפַרְדֵּעַ): Ex. 7:25–8:15[edit]
The Second Plague: And Aaron stretched out his hand over the Waters of Egypt and the Frogs came up and covered the Sand of Egypt etching
See also: Va'eira
This is what the great LORD says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will plague your whole country with frogs. The Nile will teem with frogs. They will come up into your palace and your bedroom and onto your bed, into the houses of your officials and on your people, and into your ovens and kneading troughs. The frogs will go up on you and your people and all your officials.
—  Exodus 8:1–4
3. Lice (כִּנִּים): Ex. 8:16-19[edit]
The Third Plague: Moses, horned (a sign of his encounter with divinity), carries the rod, while Aaron, wearing the miter of a priest, stands behind him. The gnats arise en masse out of the dust from which they were made and attack Pharaoh, seated and crowned, and his retinue (by William de Brailes, collection Walters Art Museum)
"And the LORD said [...] Stretch out thy rod, and smite the dust of the land, that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt." […] When Aaron stretched out his hand with the rod and struck the dust of the ground, lice came upon men and animals. All the dust throughout the land of Egypt became lice.
—  Exodus 8:16–17
The Hebrew noun כִּנִּים (kinim) could be translated as lice, gnats, or fleas.[28]
4. Mixture of wild animals (עָרוֹב): Ex. 8:20-32[edit]
The Fourth Plague: The Plague of Flies by James Jacques Joseph Tissot at the Jewish Museum, New York
The fourth plague of Egypt was of creatures capable of harming people and livestock. The Torah emphasizes that the ‘arob (עָרוֹב, meaning "mixture" or "swarm") only came against the Egyptians, and that it did not affect the Land of Goshen (where the Israelites lived). Pharaoh asked Moses to remove this plague and promised to allow the Israelites' freedom. However, after the plague was gone, the LORD "hardened Pharaoh's heart", and he refused to keep his promise.[29]
The word ‘arob has caused a difference of opinion among traditional interpreters.[29] The root meaning is (ע.ר.ב), meaning a mixture - implying a diversity, array, or assortment of harmful animals. While Jewish interpreters understand the plague as "wild animals" (most likely scorpions, venomous snakes, and other venomous arthropods and reptiles),[30] Gesenius along with many Christian interpreters understand the plague as a swarm of flies.[31]
5. Diseased livestock (דֶּבֶר): Ex. 9:1–7[edit]
The Fifth Plague: Livestock Disease (Ex. 9:2-3), by Gustave Doré
This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go and continue to hold them back, the hand of the LORD will bring a terrible plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses and donkeys and camels and on your cattle and sheep and goats.
—  Exodus 9:1–3
6. Boils (שְׁחִין): Ex. 9:8–12[edit]
The Sixth Plague: Miniature out of the Toggenburg Bible (Switzerland) of 1411
Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, "Take handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the presence of Pharaoh. It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land."
—  Exodus 9:8–9
7. Thunderstorm of hail and fire (בָּרָד): Ex. 9:13–35[edit]
The Seventh Plague: John Martin's painting of the plague of hail (1823).
This is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: Let my people go, so that they may worship me, or this time I will send the full force of my plagues against you and against your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth. For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with a plague that would have wiped you off the earth. But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might show you my power and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth. You still set yourself against my people and will not let them go. Therefore, at this time tomorrow I will send the worst hailstorm that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded till now. Give an order now to bring your livestock and everything you have in the field to a place of shelter, because the hail will fall on every man and animal that has not been brought in and is still out in the field, and they will die. […] The LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning flashed down to the ground. So the LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt; hail fell and lightning flashed back and forth. It was the worst storm in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation.
—  Exodus 9:13–24
8. Locusts (אַרְבֶּה): Ex. 10:1–20[edit]
The Eighth Plague: The Plague of Locusts, illustration from the 1890 Holman Bible
This is what the LORD, the God of the Jews, says: 'How long will you refuse to humble yourself before me? Let my people go, so that they may worship me. If you refuse to let them go, I will bring locusts into your country tomorrow. They will cover the face of the ground so that it cannot be seen. They will devour what little you have left after the hail, including every tree that is growing in your fields. They will fill your houses and those of all your officials and all the Egyptians—something neither your fathers nor your forefathers have ever seen from the day they settled in this land till now.
—  Exodus 10:3–6
9. Darkness for three days (חוֹשֶך): Ex. 10:21–29[edit]
The Ninth Plague: Darkness by Gustave Doré
Then the LORD said to Moses, "Stretch out your hand toward the sky so that darkness will spread over Egypt—darkness that can be felt." So Moses stretched out his hand toward the sky, and total darkness covered all Egypt for three days. No one could see anyone else or leave his place for three days.
—  Exodus 10:21–23
10. Death of firstborn (מַכַּת בְּכוֹרוֹת): Ex. 11:1–12:36[edit]
Lamentations over the Death of the First-Born of Egypt by Charles Sprague Pearce (1877), Smithsonian American Art Museum.
This is what the LORD says: "About midnight I will go throughout Egypt. Every firstborn son in Egypt will die, from the firstborn son of Pharaoh, who sits on the throne, to the firstborn of the slave girl, who is at her hand mill, and all the firstborn of the cattle as well. There will be loud wailing throughout Egypt—worse than there has ever been or ever will be again."
—  Exodus 11:4–6
Before this final plague, God commanded Moses to inform all the Israelites to mark lamb's blood above their doors on every door in which case the LORD will pass over them and not "suffer the destroyer to come into your houses and smite you" (chapter 12, v. 23).
After this, Pharaoh, furious, saddened, and afraid that he would be killed next, ordered the Israelites to leave, taking whatever they wanted, and asking Moses to bless him in the name of the Lord. The Israelites did not hesitate, believing that soon Pharaoh would once again change his mind, which he did; and at the end of that night Moses led them out of Egypt with "arms upraised". However, as the Israelites left Egypt, the Pharaoh changed his mind again and sent his army after Moses' people. The Israelites were trapped by the Red Sea. God split the sea, and they were able to pass safely. As the Egyptian army descended on them, the sea closed before they could reach the Israelites.[32]
In the Quran[edit]
In the view of Islam, the plagues were almost identical. It is mentioned in the Quran, specifically in Surah Al-A'raf verse 133 "So We sent on them: the Tuwfan (a calamity causing wholesale death, a flood or a typhoon - Ali, Note 1090 to S. VII.133),[33] the locusts, the Qummal, the frogs, and the blood (as a succession of) manifest signs, yet they remained arrogant, and they were of those people who were criminals".[34][35] The Quran further relates that the plagues included a mighty blast, showers of stones and earthquakes (Ali, Notes 3462-3464 to S. XXIX.40).[33]
Scholarly interpretation[edit]
The Book of Deuteronomy, in reviewing previous events, mentions the "diseases of Egypt" (Deuteronomy 7:15 and 28:60), but refers to something that afflicted the Israelites, not the Egyptians; Deuteronomy 7:19 mentions the plagues of the book of Exodus. The Exodus plagues are divine judgments, a series of curses like those in Deuteronomy 28:15–68, verses which mention many of the same afflictions; they are even closer to the curses in the Holiness code (Leviticus 26), since like the Holiness Code they leave room for repentance. The theme that divine punishment should lead to repentance is echoed:
in the prophets (Amos 4:6–12, Ezekiel 20)
in the form of prophetic speech: "Thus says Yahweh"[citation needed]
in the figure of the prophet as divine messenger echoed in the late prophets Jeremiah and Ezekiel and in the Deuteronomistic history.
The 6th-century prophets refer to the theme of Pharaoh's obstinacy – Isaiah 6:9–13, Jeremiah 5:3, and Ezekiel 3:7–9.[36][not in citation given]
Historicity[edit]
While proponents of biblical archaeology argue that the plague stories are true, a large consensus of historians believe them to be allegorical or inspired by passed-down accounts of disconnected disasters. Some scientists[who?] claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters hundreds of miles away. The Ipuwer Papyrus, written probably in the late Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (c.1991-1803 BCE)[37] has often been put forward in popular literature as confirmation of the Biblical account, most notably because of its statement that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running away, but these arguments ignore the many points on which Ipuwer contradicts Exodus, such as the fact that its Asiatics are arriving in Egypt rather than leaving, and the likelihood that the "river is blood" phrase may refer to the red sediment colouring the Nile during disastrous floods, or may simply be a poetic image of turmoil.[38]
Archaeology[edit]
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Some archaeologists believe the plagues occurred at the ancient city of Pi-Rameses in the Nile Delta, which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Ramesses II. There is some archaeological material which such archaeologists, for example William F. Albright,[39] have considered to be historical evidence of the ten plagues; for example, an ancient water trough found in El Arish bears hieroglyphic markings detailing a period of darkness. Albright and other Christian archaeologists have claimed that such evidence, as well as careful study of the areas ostensibly travelled by the Israelites after the Exodus, make discounting the biblical account untenable.
Natural explanations[edit]
Some historians have suggested that the plagues are passed-down accounts of several natural disasters, some disconnected, others playing part of a chain reaction. Natural explanations have been suggested for most of the phenomena:
Plague 1 — water turned into blood; fish died
Dr. Stephen Pflugmacher, a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin believes that rising temperatures could have turned the Nile into a slow-moving, muddy watercourse—conditions favorable for the spread of toxic fresh water algae. As the alga Planktothrix rubescens dies, it turns the water red in a phenomenon known as "Burgundy Blood".
Alternatively, a bloody appearance could be due to an environmental change, such as a drought, which could have contributed to the spread of the Chromatiaceae bacteria which thrive in stagnant, oxygen-deprived water.[40]
Plague 2 — frogs
Any blight on the water that killed fish also would have caused frogs to leave the river and probably die.
Plagues 3 and 4 — biting insects and wild animals
The lack of frogs in the river would have let insect populations, normally kept in check by the frogs, to increase massively. The rotting corpses of fish and frogs would have attracted significantly more insects to the areas near the Nile.
Plagues 5 and 6 — livestock disease and boils
There are biting flies in the region which transmit livestock diseases; a sudden increase in their number could spark epizootics.
Plague 7 — fiery hail
Volcanic eruption, resulting in showers of rock and fire.
Plague 8 — locusts
According to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, when they get hungry, a one-ton horde of locusts can eat the same amount of food in one day as 2,500 humans can.[41]
Plague 9 — darkness
The immediate cause of this plague is theorized to be the "hamsin", a south or southwest wind charged with sand and dust, which blows about the spring equinox and at times produces darkness rivaling that of the worst London fogs.[42]
Plague 10 — death of the firstborn
If the last plague indeed selectively tended to affect the firstborn, it could be due to food polluted during the time of darkness, either by locusts or by the black mold Cladosporium. When people emerged after the darkness, the firstborn would be given priority, as was usual, and would consequently be more likely to be affected by any toxin or disease carried by the food. Meanwhile, the Israelites ate food prepared and eaten very quickly which would have made it less likely to be contaminated.[citation needed] However, this does not explain how the firstborn cattle alone also would have perished.
A volcanic eruption did occur in antiquity and could have caused some of the plagues if it occurred at the right time. The eruption of the Thera volcano was 1,050 kilometres (650 mi) away from the northwest part of Egypt. Controversially dated to about 1628 BC, this eruption is one of the largest on record, rivaling that of Tambora, which resulted in 1816's Year Without a Summer. The enormous global impact of this eruption has been recorded in an ash layer deposit found in the Nile delta, tree ring frost scars in the bristlecone pines of the western United States, and a layer of ash in the Greenland ice caps, all dated to the same time and with the same chemical fingerprint as the ash from Thera.[citation needed]
However, all estimates of the date of this eruption are hundreds of years before the Exodus is believed to have taken place; thus the eruption can only have caused some of the plagues if one or other of the dates is wrong, or if the plagues did not actually immediately precede the Exodus.
Following the assumption that at least some of the details are accurately reported, many modern Jews[who?] believe that some of the plagues were indeed natural disasters, but argue for the fact that, since they followed one another with such uncommon rapidity, "God's hand was behind them". Indeed, several biblical commentators (Nachmanides and, more recently, Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky) have pointed out that, for the plagues to be a real test of faith, they had to contain an element leading to religious doubt.
In his book The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, Siro Igino Trevisanato explores the theory that the plagues were initially caused by the Santorini eruption in Greece. His hypothesis considers a two-stage eruption over a time of a bit less than two years. His studies place the first eruption in 1602 BC, when volcanic ash taints the Nile, causing the first plague and forming a catalyst for many of the subsequent plagues. In 1600 BC, the plume of a Santorini eruption caused the ninth plague, the days of darkness. Trevisanato hypothesizes that the Egyptians (at that time under the occupation of Hyksos), resorted to human sacrifice in an attempt to appease the gods, for they had viewed the ninth plague as a precursor to more. This human sacrifice became known as the tenth plague.[43]
In an article published in 1996, physician-epidemiologist John S. Marr and co-author Curt Malloy integrated biblical, historical and Egyptological sources with modern scientific conjectures in a comprehensive review of natural explanations for the ten plagues, postulating their own specific explanations for the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and tenth plagues. Their explanation also accounted for the apparent selectiveness of the plagues, as implied in the Bible. The paper served as the basis for a website and documentary aired on the Learning Channel from 1998 to 2005.[44]
Artistic representation[edit]
Visual art[edit]
In visual art, the plagues have generally been reserved for works in series, especially engravings. Still, relatively few depictions in art emerged compared to other religious themes until the 19th century, when the plagues became more common subjects, with John Martin and Joseph Turner producing notable canvases. This trend probably reflected a Romantic attraction to landscape and nature painting, for which the plagues were suited, a Gothic attraction to morbid stories, and a rise in Orientalism, wherein exotic Egyptian themes found currency. Given the importance of noble patronage throughout Western art history, the plagues may have found consistent disfavor because the stories emphasize the limits of a monarch's power, and images of lice, locusts, darkness, and boils were ill-suited for decoration in palaces and churches.[citation needed]
Music[edit]
Taking direct inspiration from the ten plagues, Iced Earth's eleventh studio album Plagues of Babylon contains many references and allusions to the plagues. Metallica's song "Creeping Death" makes references to a few of the plagues, in addition to the rest of the story of the Exodus. Perhaps the most successful artistic representation of the plagues is Handel's oratorio Israel in Egypt, which, like his perennial favorite, "Messiah", takes a libretto entirely from scripture. The work was especially popular in the 19th century because of its numerous choruses, generally one for each plague, and its playful musical depiction of the plagues. For example, the plague of frogs is performed as a light aria for alto, depicting frogs jumping in the violins, and the plague of flies and lice is a light chorus with fast scurrying runs in the violins.[45]
Literature[edit]
Children's books
Let My People Go! by Tilda Balsley
The 10 Plagues of Egypt by Shoshana Lepon[citation needed]
Films[edit]
The Ten Commandments (1956)
The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971)[46]
Moses (1995)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)[47]
Magnolia (1999)[48]
The Mummy (1999)[49]
The Reaping (2007)[50]
Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)[51]
Os Dez Mandamentos (2015)[52]
TV[edit]
The Bible (2013 miniseries) – Episode 2 has a scene of these plagues.
Haven – In "A Tale of Two Audreys," the town of Haven is afflicted by almost all of the plagues of Egypt.
A Rugrats Passover
Simpsons Bible Stories
Family Guy – In the second season episode "If I'm Dyin', I'm Lyin'", the Griffin family is affected by most of the plagues due to Peter being worshiped like God.
See also[edit]
Aaron's rod
Jochebed
Miriam
Seti I
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt, in New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8
Jump up ^ Commentary on Exodus 7, The Jewish Study Bible, 2004. Berlin A and Brettler M, eds., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2
Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues, Dictionary & Concordance
Jump up ^ Exodus 5:2
Jump up ^ Exodus 9:15–16
Jump up ^ The commentary on Exodus 10:1–2, The Jewish Study Bible, 2004. Berlin A and Brettler M, eds., Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-529751-2
Jump up ^ Ex. 9:14, 16
Jump up ^ Joshua 2:9–11; 9:9; Isaiah 4:8; 6:6
Jump up ^ Ex. 12:12; Nu. 33:4
Jump up ^ Exodus 7:21, 8:2, 8:16
Jump up ^ Ex. 8:22, 9:4,11,26, 10:23
Jump up ^ Passover, New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8
^ Jump up to: a b Wigoder G, Paul S (1986). Viviano B, Stern E, ed. Passover, Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible. G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. and Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-407-0.
Jump up ^ Moses, The World Book Encyclopedia, 1998. World Book Incorporated ISBN 0-7166-0098-6
Jump up ^ Exodus 20
Jump up ^ Joshua 24
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 4:7–9
Jump up ^ Plagues of Egypt, New Bible Dictionary, second edition. 1987. Douglas JD, Hillyer N, eds., Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, IL, USA ISBN 0-8423-4667-8
Jump up ^ Psalm 78:43–51
Jump up ^ Exodus 12, Leviticus 23, Numbers 9, Deuteronomy 16
Jump up ^ http://www.newscast-pratyaksha.com/english/the-passover-israel-part-13/
Jump up ^ Exodus 13:11–16
Jump up ^ Joshua 5:0–12
Jump up ^ II Kings 23:21–23
Jump up ^ II Chronicles 30:5
Jump up ^ Ezra 6:9
Jump up ^ The Ten Plagues, in Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible, 1986. Wigoder G, Paul S, Viviano B, Stern E, eds., G.G. Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd. And Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ISBN 0-89577-407-0
Jump up ^ Blue Letter Bible. "Dictionary and Word Search for ken (Strong's 3654)". Blue Letter Bible. 1996–2012. February 4, 2012
^ Jump up to: a b Aryeh Kaplan, The Living Torah, note on 8:17, as regards the various Midrashic and Rabbinic traditions here.
Jump up ^ Exodus Rabbah 11:2, among others.
Jump up ^ Gesenius's Lexicon, עָרוֹב
Jump up ^ Exodus 14:8
^ Jump up to: a b The Holy Qur-an – Text, Translation and Commentary, Abdullah Yusuf Ali, SH. Muhammad Ashraf, Kashmiri Bazar – Lahore (Pakistan), 1969.
Jump up ^ "Quran - Surah Al-A'raf - Maududi's Translation, Commentary and Summary".
Jump up ^ Al-A'raf about " Fir`awn and His People suffer Years of Drought " Qur'an Tafsir Ibn Qathir
Jump up ^ John Van Seters, "The Pentateuch: A Social-Science Commentary", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004, p. 114 ISBN 0567080889.
Jump up ^ Willems 2010, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Enmarch 2011, p. 173-175.
Jump up ^ William Dever, "What Remains of the House that Albright Built?" The Biblical Archaeologist, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar. 1993)
Jump up ^ "Pappas, Stephanie. "End Times? It is for a blood-red Texas lake", NBC News, 1 August 2011". MSNBC. January 8, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Chandler, Adam (March 3, 2013). "Estes, Adam Clark. "With Passover Approaching, a Plague of Locusts Descends Upon Egypt", ''The Atlantic Wire'', 3 March 2013". Theatlanticwire.com. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bechtel, Florentine. "Plagues of Egypt." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 Jul. 2013". Newadvent.org. June 1, 1911. Retrieved February 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Plagues of Egypt: Archaeology, History, and Science Look at the Bible, by Siro Igino Trevisanato : Georgia Press LLC, 2005
Jump up ^ Marr JS, Malloy CD (1996). "An epidemiologic analysis of the ten plagues of Egypt". Caduceus (Springfield, Ill.). 12 (1): 7–24. PMID 8673614.
Jump up ^ Donna Leon (2011), Handel's Bestiary: In Search of Animals in Handel's Operas, illustrated by Michael Sowa (illustrated ed.), Grove Press, ISBN 978-0802195616
Jump up ^ "The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) – Did You Know?". imdb.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012. Dr. Phibes murders were inspired by the 10 plagues of Egypt found in the Old Testament
Jump up ^ "The Prince of Egypt". imdb.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "FAQ for Magnolia (1999)". imdb.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sommers, Stephen (1999-05-07), The Mummy, Brendan Fraser, Rachel Weisz, John Hannah, retrieved 2018-04-04
Jump up ^ "The Reaping". imdb.com. Retrieved September 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Exodus: Gods and Kings". imdb.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gomes, Marta (March 17, 2015). "Tudo pronto para a estreia de "Os Dez Mandamentos"". Notícias do dia (Grupo RIC). Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Enmarch, Roland (2011). "The Reception of a Middle Egyptian Poem: The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All". In Collier, M.; Snape, S. Ramesside Studies in Honour of K. A. Kitchen (PDF). Rutherford. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011.
Levinson, Hermann and Anna, Zur Biologie der zehn biblischen Plagen, DGaaE Nachrichten 22 (2008), 83–102 (in German)
Willems, Harco (2010). "The First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom". In Lloyd, Alan B. A Companion to Ancient Egypt. 1. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444320060.
External links[edit]
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2017–18 UEFA Champions League
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2017–18 UEFA Champions League
The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev hosted the final
Tournament details
Dates
Qualifying:
27 June – 23 August 2017
Competition proper:
12 September 2017 – 26 May 2018
Teams
Competition proper: 32
Total: 79 (from 54 associations)
Final positions
Champions
Real Madrid (13th title)
Runners-up
Liverpool
Tournament statistics
Matches played
125
Goals scored
401 (3.21 per match)
Attendance
5,821,673 (46,573 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Cristiano Ronaldo (15 goals)
← 2016–17
2018–19 →
The 2017–18 UEFA Champions League was the 63rd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.
The final was played between Real Madrid and Liverpool at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine.[1] Real Madrid, the defending champions, beat Liverpool 3–1 to win a record-extending 13th title and their third title in a row.
As winners, Real Madrid qualified as the UEFA representative for the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates, and also earned the right to play against the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, Atlético Madrid, in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup. Moreover, they would also have been automatically qualified for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League group stage,[2] but since they had already qualified through their league performance, the berth reserved was given to the champions of the 2017–18 Czech First League, the 11th-ranked association according to next season's access list.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Association team allocation
1.1 Association ranking
1.2 Distribution
1.3 Teams
2 Round and draw dates
3 Qualifying rounds
3.1 First qualifying round
3.2 Second qualifying round
3.3 Third qualifying round
4 Play-off round
5 Group stage
5.1 Group A
5.2 Group B
5.3 Group C
5.4 Group D
5.5 Group E
5.6 Group F
5.7 Group G
5.8 Group H
6 Knockout phase
6.1 Bracket
6.2 Round of 16
6.3 Quarter-finals
6.4 Semi-finals
6.5 Final
7 Statistics
7.1 Top goalscorers
7.2 Top assists
7.3 Squad of the Season
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Association team allocation[edit]
A total of 79 teams from 54 of the 55 UEFA member associations participated in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League (the exception being Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league).[4] The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:[5]
Associations 1–3 each have four teams qualify.
Associations 4–6 each have three teams qualify.
Associations 7–15 each have two teams qualify.
Associations 16–55 (except Liechtenstein) each have one team qualify.
The winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League and 2016–17 UEFA Europa League are each given an additional entry if they do not qualify for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League through their domestic league. Because a maximum of five teams from one association can enter the Champions League, if both the Champions League title holders and the Europa League title holders are from the same top three ranked association and finish outside the top four of their domestic league, the fourth-placed team of their association will be moved to the Europa League.[6] For this season:
The winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, have qualified through their domestic league, meaning the additional entry for the Champions League title holders is not necessary.
The winners of the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League, Manchester United, did not qualify through their domestic league, meaning the additional entry for the Europa League title holders is necessary.
Kosovo, who became a UEFA member on 3 May 2016, made their debut in the UEFA Champions League.[7][8]
Association ranking[edit]
For the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2016 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2011–12 to 2015–16.[9][10]
Apart from the allocation based on the country coefficients, associations may have additional teams participating in the Champions League, as noted below:
(UEL) – Additional berth for UEFA Europa League title holders
Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes
1
Spain 105.713 4
2
Germany 80.177
3
England 76.284 +1 (UEL)
4
Italy 70.439 3
5
Portugal 53.082
6
France 52.749
7
Russia 51.082 2
8
Ukraine 44.883
9
Belgium 40.000
10
Netherlands 35.563
11
Turkey 34.600
12
Switzerland 33.775
13
Czech Republic 32.925
14
Greece 29.700
15
Romania 25.383
16
Austria 25.100 1
17
Croatia 23.875
18
Poland 22.500
19
Cyprus 22.175
Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes
20
Belarus 20.000 1
21
Sweden 19.875
22
Norway 19.250
23
Israel 18.625
24
Denmark 18.600
25
Scotland 17.300
26
Azerbaijan 14.875
27
Serbia 14.625
28
Kazakhstan 14.125
29
Bulgaria 13.125
30
Slovenia 13.125
31
Slovakia 12.000
32
Liechtenstein 10.500 0
33
Hungary 9.875 1
34
Moldova 9.125
35
Iceland 8.750
36
Georgia 8.125
37
Finland 7.400
Rank
Association
Coeff.
Teams
Notes
38
Bosnia and Herzegovina 7.125 1
39
Albania 6.625
40
Macedonia 6.000
41
Republic of Ireland 5.450
42
Latvia 5.375
43
Luxembourg 5.250
44
Montenegro 4.875
45
Lithuania 4.625
46
Northern Ireland 4.500
47
Estonia 4.250
48
Armenia 4.125
49
Faroe Islands 3.625
50
Malta 3.583
51
Wales 3.500
52
Gibraltar 1.000
53
Andorra 0.999
54
San Marino 0.333
55
Kosovo 0.000
Distribution[edit]
In the default access list, the Champions League title holders enter the group stage.[8] However, since Real Madrid already qualified for the group stage (as the champions of the 2016–17 La Liga), the Champions League title holders berth in the group stage is given to the Europa League title holders, Manchester United.[11][12][13][14]
Teams entering in this round
Teams advancing from previous round
First qualifying round
(10 teams)
10 champions from associations 46–55
Second qualifying round
(34 teams)
29 champions from associations 16–45 (except Liechtenstein)
5 winners from the first qualifying round
Third qualifying round
Champions Route
(20 teams)
3 champions from associations 13–15
17 winners from the second qualifying round
League Route
(10 teams)
9 runners-up from associations 7–15
1 third-placed team from association 6
Play-off round
Champions Route
(10 teams)
10 winners from the third qualifying round (Champions Route)
League Route
(10 teams)
2 third-placed teams from associations 4–5
3 fourth-placed teams from associations 1–3
5 winners from the third qualifying round (League Route)
Group stage
(32 teams)
12 champions from associations 1–12
6 runners-up from associations 1–6
3 third-placed teams from associations 1–3
Europa League title holders
5 winners from the play-off round (Champions Route)
5 winners from the play-off round (League Route)
Knockout phase
(16 teams)
8 group winners from the group stage
8 group runners-up from the group stage
Teams[edit]
League positions of the previous season shown in parentheses (TH: Champions League title holders; EL: Europa League title holders).[15][16]
Group stage
Real MadridTH (1st) Chelsea (1st) Porto (2nd) Feyenoord (1st)
Barcelona (2nd) Tottenham Hotspur (2nd) Monaco (1st)[Note FRA] Beşiktaş (1st)
Atlético Madrid (3rd) Manchester City (3rd) Paris Saint-Germain (2nd) Basel (1st)
Bayern Munich (1st) Juventus (1st) Spartak Moscow (1st) Manchester United (EL)
RB Leipzig (2nd) Roma (2nd) Shakhtar Donetsk (1st)
Borussia Dortmund (3rd) Benfica (1st) Anderlecht (1st)
Play-off round
Champions Route
League Route
Sevilla (4th) Liverpool (4th) Sporting CP (3rd)
1899 Hoffenheim (4th) Napoli (3rd)
Third qualifying round
Champions Route
League Route
Slavia Prague (1st) Nice (3rd) Ajax (2nd) AEK Athens (2nd)
Olympiacos (1st) CSKA Moscow (2nd) İstanbul Başakşehir (2nd) FCSB (2nd)
Viitorul Constanța (1st) Dynamo Kyiv (2nd) Young Boys (2nd)
Club Brugge (2nd) Viktoria Plzeň (2nd)
Second qualifying round
Red Bull Salzburg (1st) Copenhagen (1st) Honvéd (1st) Dundalk (1st)
Rijeka (1st) Celtic (1st) Sheriff Tiraspol (1st) Spartaks Jūrmala (1st)
Legia Warsaw (1st) Qarabağ (1st) FH (1st) F91 Dudelange (1st)
APOEL (1st) Partizan (1st) Samtredia (1st) Budućnost Podgorica (1st)
BATE Borisov (1st) Astana (1st) IFK Mariehamn (1st) Žalgiris Vilnius (1st)
Malmö FF (1st) Ludogorets Razgrad (1st) Zrinjski Mostar (1st)
Rosenborg (1st) Maribor (1st) Kukësi (1st)
Hapoel Be'er Sheva (1st) Žilina (1st) Vardar (1st)
First qualifying round
Linfield (1st) Víkingur Gøta (1st) Europa FC (1st) Trepça'89 (1st)
FCI Tallinn (1st) Hibernians (1st) FC Santa Coloma (1st)
Alashkert (1st) The New Saints (1st) La Fiorita (1st)
Notes
^ France (FRA): AS Monaco are a club based in Monaco (which is not a UEFA member), but participates in the Champions League through one of the berths for France (any coefficient points they earn count towards France's total).
Round and draw dates[edit]
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).[8][17][18]
Phase
Round
Draw date
First leg
Second leg
Qualifying First qualifying round 19 June 2017 27–28 June 2017 4–5 July 2017
Second qualifying round 11–12 July 2017 18–19 July 2017
Third qualifying round 14 July 2017 25–26 July 2017 1–2 August 2017
Play-off Play-off round 4 August 2017 15–16 August 2017 22–23 August 2017
Group stage Matchday 1 24 August 2017
(Monaco) 12–13 September 2017
Matchday 2 26–27 September 2017
Matchday 3 17–18 October 2017
Matchday 4 31 October – 1 November 2017
Matchday 5 21–22 November 2017
Matchday 6 5–6 December 2017
Knockout phase Round of 16 11 December 2017 13–14 & 20–21 February 2018 6–7 & 13–14 March 2018
Quarter-finals 16 March 2018 3–4 April 2018 10–11 April 2018
Semi-finals 13 April 2018 24–25 April 2018 1–2 May 2018
Final 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
Qualifying rounds[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase
In the qualifying rounds and the play-off round, teams are divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients,[19][20][21] and then drawn into two-legged home-and-away ties. Teams from the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
First qualifying round[edit]
The draw for the first qualifying round was held on 19 June 2017, 12:00 CEST.[22] The first legs were played on 27 and 28 June, and the second legs were played on 4 July 2017.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Víkingur Gøta 6–2 Trepça'89 2–1 4–1
Hibernians 3–0 FCI Tallinn 2–0 1–0
Alashkert 2–1 FC Santa Coloma 1–0 1–1
The New Saints 4–3 Europa FC 1–2 3–1 (a.e.t.)
Linfield 1–0 La Fiorita 1–0 0–0
Second qualifying round[edit]
The draw for the second qualifying round was held on 19 June 2017, 12:00 CEST (after the completion of the first qualifying round draw).[22] The first legs were played on 11, 12 and 14 July, and the second legs were played on 18 and 19 July 2017.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
APOEL 2–0 F91 Dudelange 1–0 1–0
Žalgiris Vilnius 3–5 Ludogorets Razgrad 2–1 1–4
Qarabağ 6–0 Samtredia 5–0 1–0
Partizan 2–0 Budućnost Podgorica 2–0 0–0
Hibernians 0–6 Red Bull Salzburg 0–3 0–3
Sheriff Tiraspol 2–2 (a) Kukësi 1–0 1–2
Spartaks Jūrmala 1–2[A] Astana 0–1 1–1
BATE Borisov 4–2 Alashkert 1–1 3–1
Žilina 3–4 Copenhagen 1–3 2–1
Hapoel Be'er Sheva 5–3 Honvéd 2–1 3–2
Rijeka 7–1 The New Saints 2–0 5–1
Malmö FF 2–4 Vardar 1–1 1–3
Zrinjski Mostar 2–3 Maribor 1–2 1–1
Dundalk 2–3 Rosenborg 1–1 1–2 (a.e.t.)
FH 3–1 Víkingur Gøta 1–1 2–0
Linfield 0–6 Celtic 0–2 0–4
IFK Mariehamn 0–9 Legia Warsaw 0–3 0–6
Notes
^ Order of legs reversed after original draw.
Third qualifying round[edit]
The third qualifying round was split into two separate sections: Champions Route (for league champions) and League Route (for league non-champions). The losing teams in both sections entered the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League play-off round.
The draw for the third qualifying round was held on 14 July 2017, 12:00 CEST.[23] The first legs were played on 25 and 26 July, and the second legs were played on 1 and 2 August 2017.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Champions Route
Slavia Prague 2–2 (a) BATE Borisov 1–0 1–2
Astana 3–2 Legia Warsaw 3–1 0–1
Maribor 2–0 FH 1–0 1–0
Vardar 2–4[B] Copenhagen 1–0 1–4
Celtic 1–0 Rosenborg 0–0 1–0
Hapoel Be'er Sheva 3–3 (a) Ludogorets Razgrad 2–0 1–3
Viitorul Constanța 1–4 APOEL 1–0 0–4 (a.e.t.)
Red Bull Salzburg 1–1 (a) Rijeka 1–1 0–0
Qarabağ 2–1 Sheriff Tiraspol 0–0 2–1
Partizan 3–5 Olympiacos 1–3 2–2
League Route
FCSB 6–3 Viktoria Plzeň 2–2 4–1
Nice 3–3 (a) Ajax 1–1 2–2
Dynamo Kyiv 3–3 (a) Young Boys 3–1 0–2
AEK Athens 0–3 CSKA Moscow 0–2 0–1
Club Brugge 3–5 İstanbul Başakşehir 3–3 0–2
Notes
^ Order of legs reversed after original draw.
Play-off round[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 UEFA Champions League play-off round
The play-off round was split into two separate sections: Champions Route (for league champions) and League Route (for league non-champions). The losing teams in both sections entered the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage.
The draw for the play-off round was held on 4 August 2017, 12:00 CEST.[24] The first legs were played on 15 and 16 August, and the second legs were played on 22 and 23 August 2017.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Champions Route
Qarabağ 2–2 (a) Copenhagen 1–0 1–2
APOEL 2–0 Slavia Prague 2–0 0–0
Olympiacos 3–1 Rijeka 2–1 1–0
Celtic 8–4 Astana 5–0 3–4
Hapoel Be'er Sheva 2–2 (a) Maribor 2–1 0–1
League Route
İstanbul Başakşehir 3–4 Sevilla 1–2 2–2
Young Boys 0–3 CSKA Moscow 0–1 0–2
Napoli 4–0 Nice 2–0 2–0
1899 Hoffenheim 3–6 Liverpool 1–2 2–4
Sporting CP 5–1 FCSB 0–0 5–1
Group stage[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage
Qarabağ
Anderlecht
APOEL
London
Manchester
Liverpool
Monaco
PSG
Bayern
Dortmund
Leipzig
Olympiacos
Juventus
Napoli
Roma
Feyenoord
Lisbon
Porto
Moscow
Celtic
Maribor
Madrid
Barcelona
Sevilla
Basel
Beşiktaş
Shakhtar
Lisbon teams
Benfica
Sporting CP
London teams
Chelsea
Tottenham Hotspur
Madrid teams
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Manchester teams
Manchester City
Manchester United
Moscow teams
CSKA Moscow
Spartak Moscow
Location of teams of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage.
Brown: Group A; Red: Group B; Orange: Group C; Yellow: Group D;
Green: Group E; Blue: Group F; Purple: Group G; Pink: Group H.
The draw for the group stage was held on 24 August 2017, 18:00 CEST, at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco.[25] The 32 teams were drawn into eight groups of four, with the restriction that teams from the same association cannot be drawn against each other. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots based on the following principles (introduced starting 2015–16 season):[26][27]
Pot 1 contained the title holders and the champions of the top seven associations based on their 2016 UEFA country coefficients.[9][10] As the title holders, Real Madrid, are one of the champions of the top seven associations, the champions of the association ranked eighth are also seeded into Pot 1 (regulations Article 13.05).[5]
Pot 2, 3 and 4 contained the remaining teams, seeded based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients.[19][20][21]
In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advanced to the round of 16, while the third-placed teams entered the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League round of 32. The matchdays were 12–13 September, 26–27 September, 17–18 October, 31 October – 1 November, 21–22 November, and 5–6 December 2017.
The youth teams of the clubs that qualify for the group stage also participated in the 2017–18 UEFA Youth League on the same matchdays, where they competed in the UEFA Champions League Path (the youth domestic champions of the top 32 associations compete in a separate Domestic Champions Path until the play-offs).
A total of 17 national associations were represented in the group stage. Qarabağ and RB Leipzig made their debut appearances in the group stage. Qarabağ were the first team from Azerbaijan to play in the Champions League group stage.[28]
showTiebreakers
Teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria were applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Articles 17.01):[5]
Points in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goal difference in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
Away goals scored in head-to-head matches among tied teams;
If more than two teams are tied, and after applying all head-to-head criteria above, a subset of teams are still tied, all head-to-head criteria above are reapplied exclusively to this subset of teams;
Goal difference in all group matches;
Goals scored in all group matches;
Away goals scored in all group matches;
Wins in all group matches;
Away wins in all group matches;
Disciplinary points (red card = 3 points, yellow card = 1 point, expulsion for two yellow cards in one match = 3 points);
UEFA club coefficient.
Group A[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
MU
BSL
CSKA
BEN
1
Manchester United 6 5 0 1 12 3 +9 15 Advance to knockout phase — 3–0 2–1 2–0
2
Basel 6 4 0 2 11 5 +6 12 1–0 — 1–2 5–0
3
CSKA Moscow 6 3 0 3 8 10 −2 9 Transfer to Europa League 1–4 0–2 — 2–0
4
Benfica 6 0 0 6 1 14 −13 0 0–1 0–2 1–2 —
Source: UEFA
Group B[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
PAR
BAY
CEL
AND
1
Paris Saint-Germain 6 5 0 1 25 4 +21 15[a] Advance to knockout phase — 3–0 7–1 5–0
2
Bayern Munich 6 5 0 1 13 6 +7 15[a] 3–1 — 3–0 3–0
3
Celtic 6 1 0 5 5 18 −13 3[b] Transfer to Europa League 0–5 1–2 — 0–1
4
Anderlecht 6 1 0 5 2 17 −15 3[b] 0–4 1–2 0–3 —
Source: UEFA
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b Head-to-head results: Paris Saint-Germain 3–0 Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich 3–1 Paris Saint-Germain.
^ Jump up to: a b Head-to-head results: Anderlecht 0–3 Celtic, Celtic 0–1 Anderlecht.
Group C[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
ROM
CHL
ATL
QRB
1
Roma 6 3 2 1 9 6 +3 11[a] Advance to knockout phase — 3–0 0–0 1–0
2
Chelsea 6 3 2 1 16 8 +8 11[a] 3–3 — 1–1 6–0
3
Atlético Madrid 6 1 4 1 5 4 +1 7 Transfer to Europa League 2–0 1–2 — 1–1
4
Qarabağ 6 0 2 4 2 14 −12 2 1–2 0–4 0–0 —
Source: UEFA
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b Head-to-head results: Chelsea 3–3 Roma, Roma 3–0 Chelsea.
Group D[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
BAR
JUV
SPO
OLY
1
Barcelona 6 4 2 0 9 1 +8 14 Advance to knockout phase — 3–0 2–0 3–1
2
Juventus 6 3 2 1 7 5 +2 11 0–0 — 2–1 2–0
3
Sporting CP 6 2 1 3 8 9 −1 7 Transfer to Europa League 0–1 1–1 — 3–1
4
Olympiacos 6 0 1 5 4 13 −9 1 0–0 0–2 2–3 —
Source: UEFA
Group E[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
LIV
SEV
SPM
MRB
1
Liverpool 6 3 3 0 23 6 +17 12 Advance to knockout phase — 2–2 7–0 3–0
2
Sevilla 6 2 3 1 12 12 0 9 3–3 — 2–1 3–0
3
Spartak Moscow 6 1 3 2 9 13 −4 6 Transfer to Europa League 1–1 5–1 — 1–1
4
Maribor 6 0 3 3 3 16 −13 3 0–7 1–1 1–1 —
Source: UEFA
Group F[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
MC
SHK
NAP
FEY
1
Manchester City 6 5 0 1 14 5 +9 15 Advance to knockout phase — 2–0 2–1 1–0
2
Shakhtar Donetsk 6 4 0 2 9 9 0 12 2–1 — 2–1 3–1
3
Napoli 6 2 0 4 11 11 0 6 Transfer to Europa League 2–4 3–0 — 3–1
4
Feyenoord 6 1 0 5 5 14 −9 3 0–4 1–2 2–1 —
Source: UEFA
Group G[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
BES
POR
RBL
MON
1
Beşiktaş 6 4 2 0 11 5 +6 14 Advance to knockout phase — 1–1 2–0 1–1
2
Porto 6 3 1 2 15 10 +5 10 1–3 — 3–1 5–2
3
RB Leipzig 6 2 1 3 10 11 −1 7 Transfer to Europa League 1–2 3–2 — 1–1
4
Monaco 6 0 2 4 6 16 −10 2 1–2 0–3 1–4 —
Source: UEFA
Group H[edit]
Pos
Team
[
v
t
e
]
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
TOT
RM
DOR
APO
1
Tottenham Hotspur 6 5 1 0 15 4 +11 16 Advance to knockout phase — 3–1 3–1 3–0
2
Real Madrid 6 4 1 1 17 7 +10 13 1–1 — 3–2 3–0
3
Borussia Dortmund 6 0 2 4 7 13 −6 2[a] Transfer to Europa League 1–2 1–3 — 1–1
4
APOEL 6 0 2 4 2 17 −15 2[a] 0–3 0–6 1–1 —
Source: UEFA
Notes:
^ Jump up to: a b Head-to-head results: APOEL 1–1 Borussia Dortmund, Borussia Dortmund 1–1 APOEL (tied on head-to-head results, ranked on total goal difference).
Knockout phase[edit]
Main article: 2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase
In the knockout phase, teams play against each other over two legs on a home-and-away basis, except for the one-match final. The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows:
In the draw for the round of 16, the eight group winners are seeded, and the eight group runners-up are unseeded. The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams, with the seeded teams hosting the second leg. Teams from the same group or the same association cannot be drawn against each other.
In the draws for the quarter-finals onwards, there are no seedings, and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other.
Bracket[edit]
Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final (26 May – Kiev)
Sevilla 0 2
2
Manchester United 0 1
1
Sevilla 1 0
1
Bayern Munich 2 0
2
Bayern Munich 5 3
8
Beşiktaş 0 1
1
Bayern Munich 1 2
3
Real Madrid 2 2
4
Juventus 2 2
4
Tottenham Hotspur 2 1
3
Juventus 0 3
3
Real Madrid 3 1
4
Real Madrid 3 2
5
Paris Saint-Germain 1 1
2
Real Madrid
3
Liverpool
1
Porto 0 0
0
Liverpool 5 0
5
Liverpool 3 2
5
Manchester City 0 1
1
Basel 0 2
2
Manchester City 4 1
5
Liverpool 5 2
7
Roma 2 4
6
Chelsea 1 0
1
Barcelona 1 3
4
Barcelona 4 0
4
Roma (a) 1 3
4
Shakhtar Donetsk 2 0
2
Roma (a) 1 1
2
Round of 16[edit]
The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017, 12:00 CET.[29] The first legs were played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs were played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Juventus 4–3 Tottenham Hotspur 2–2 2–1
Basel 2–5 Manchester City 0–4 2–1
Porto 0–5 Liverpool 0–5 0–0
Sevilla 2–1 Manchester United 0–0 2–1
Real Madrid 5–2 Paris Saint-Germain 3–1 2–1
Shakhtar Donetsk 2–2 (a) Roma 2–1 0–1
Chelsea 1–4 Barcelona 1–1 0–3
Bayern Munich 8–1 Beşiktaş 5–0 3–1
Quarter-finals[edit]
The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 16 March 2018, 12:00 CET.[30][31] The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Barcelona 4–4 (a) Roma 4–1 0–3
Sevilla 1–2 Bayern Munich 1–2 0–0
Juventus 3–4 Real Madrid 0–3 3–1
Liverpool 5–1 Manchester City 3–0 2–1
Semi-finals[edit]
The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST.[32] The first legs were played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs were played on 1 and 2 May 2018.
Team 1
Agg.
Team 2
1st leg
2nd leg
Bayern Munich 3–4 Real Madrid 1–2 2–2
Liverpool 7–6 Roma 5–2 2–4
Final[edit]
Main article: 2018 UEFA Champions League Final
The final was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018. The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[32]
26 May 2018 (2018-05-26)21:45 EEST
Real Madrid
3–1
Liverpool
Benzema 51'
Bale 64', 83'
Report
Mané 55'
NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
Attendance: 61,561[33]
Referee: Milorad Mažić (Serbia)
Statistics[edit]
Statistics exclude qualifying rounds and play-off round.
Top goalscorers[edit]
Rank
Player
Team
Goals
Minutes played
1 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 15 1170
2 Mohamed Salah Liverpool 10 930
Sadio Mané Liverpool 940
Roberto Firmino Liverpool 1056
5 Wissam Ben Yedder Sevilla 8 651
Edin Džeko Roma 1078
7 Harry Kane Tottenham Hotspur 7 597
Edinson Cavani Paris Saint-Germain 680
9 Neymar Paris Saint-Germain 6 630
Lionel Messi Barcelona 783
Source:[34]
Top assists[edit]
Rank
Player
Team
Assists
Minutes played
1 James Milner Liverpool 9[36] 874
2 Roberto Firmino Liverpool 8 1056
3 Luis Suárez Barcelona 5 884
4 Eden Hazard Chelsea 4 611
Neymar Paris Saint-Germain 630
Kevin De Bruyne Manchester City 667
Mohamed Salah Liverpool 930
8 16 players 3 N/A
Source:[37]
Squad of the Season[edit]
The UEFA technical study group selected the following 18 players as the squad of the tournament.[38]
Pos.
Player
Team
GK Keylor Navas Real Madrid
Alisson Roma
DF Joshua Kimmich Bayern Munich
Sergio Ramos Real Madrid
Marcelo Real Madrid
Giorgio Chiellini Juventus
Virgil van Dijk Liverpool
Raphaël Varane Real Madrid
MF Kevin De Bruyne Manchester City
Casemiro Real Madrid
Luka Modrić Real Madrid
Toni Kroos Real Madrid
James Rodríguez Bayern Munich
FW Edin Džeko Roma
Roberto Firmino Liverpool
Lionel Messi Barcelona
Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid
Mohamed Salah Liverpool
See also[edit]
2017–18 UEFA Europa League
2018 UEFA Super Cup
2018 FIFA Club World Cup
2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League
2017–18 UEFA Youth League
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kyiv to host 2018 Champions League final". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Evolution of UEFA club competitions from 2018". UEFA.com. 26 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Who is in the 2018/19 Champions League group stage?". UEFA.com. 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Football Federation of Kosovo joins UEFA". UEFA. 3 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017/18 Season" (PDF). UEFA.com. 4 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "How the Europa League winners will enter the Champions League". UEFA.com. 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Timeline for UEFA Presidential elections decided". UEFA. 18 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Preliminary Access List 2017/18" (PDF). Bert Kassies. RFEF.
^ Jump up to: a b "Country coefficients 2015/16". UEFA.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Country Ranking 2016". Bert Kassies. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 2017/18 Champions League and Europa League access list". UEFA.com. 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Access List 2015/18 with explanations" (PDF). Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "Access list 2017/2018". Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "Europa League win earns Manchester United a Champions League spot". UEFA.com. 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Qualification for European Cup Football 2017/2018". Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "Who is in this season's UEFA Champions League?". UEFA.com. 13 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "UEFA European Football Calendar 2017/2018". Bert Kassies.
Jump up ^ "2017/18 Champions League match and draw calendar". UEFA.com. 11 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Club coefficients 2016/17". UEFA.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "UEFA Team Ranking 2017". Bert Kassies.
^ Jump up to: a b "Seeding in the Champions League 2017/2018". Bert Kassies.
^ Jump up to: a b "First and second qualifying rounds draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Third qualifying round draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Play-off round draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Group stage draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Champions League: Domestic title winners to receive top-seed status". BBC Sport. 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Champions' bonus for group stage draw". UEFA.com. 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Champions League group stage number crunching". UEFA.org. Union of European Football Associations. 24 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Round of 16 draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Quarter-final draw". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League quarter-final draw". UEFA.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Semi-final and final draws". UEFA.com.
Jump up ^ "Full Time Report Final – Real Madrid v Liverpool" (PDF). UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Statistics — Tournament phase — Players — Goals". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "Milner beats Champions League assists record". UEFA. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Jump up ^ This total beats the record for the most assists in the Champions League.[35]
Jump up ^ "Statistics — Tournament phase — Players — Goals (Assists)". UEFA.com. Union of European Football Associations. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season". UEFA.com. 27 May 2018.
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UEFA Champions League (official website)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017–18_UEFA_Champions_League&oldid=850549207"
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