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Citrus Bowl
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This article is about the game. For the stadium, see Camping World Stadium.
For the bowl game previously known as the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl, see Cactus Bowl.
Citrus Bowl
Citrus Bowl presented by Overton's
Stadium
Camping World Stadium
Location
Orlando, Florida
Previous stadiums
Florida Field (1973)
Previous locations
Gainesville, Florida (1973)
Operated
1947–present
Conference tie-ins
Big Ten, SEC
Previous conference tie-ins
OVC (1947–1967)
MAC (1968–1975)
SoCon (1968–1972)
SEC (1972–1973)
ACC (1987–1991)
Payout
US$4,250,000 (As of 2015[update])
Sponsors
Florida Citrus Growers Association (1983–2002)
CompUSA (1994–1999)
Ourhouse.com (2000)
Capital One (2001–2014)
Buffalo Wild Wings (2015–2017)
Overton's (2018–present)
Former names
Tangerine Bowl (1947–1982)
Florida Citrus Bowl (1983–1993)
CompUSA Florida Citrus Bowl (1994–1999)
Ourhouse.com Florida Citrus Bowl (2000)
Capital One Florida Citrus Bowl (2001–2002)
Capital One Bowl (2003–2014)
Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl (2015–2017)
2016 season matchup
LSU vs. Louisville (LSU 29–9)
2017 season matchup
Notre Dame vs. LSU (Notre Dame 21–17)
The Citrus Bowl, officially the Citrus Bowl presented by Overton's, boating and marine supply, for sponsorship purposes,[1] is an annual college football bowl game played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando, Florida.[2] It was previously known as the Tangerine Bowl (1947–1982), the Florida Citrus Bowl (1983–2002), the Capital One Bowl (2003–2014) and the Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl (2015–2017). The bowl is operated by Florida Citrus Sports, a non-profit group that also organizes the Camping World Bowl and Florida Classic.
Since becoming one of the premier bowls, the Citrus Bowl is typically played at 1 p.m. EST on New Year's Day, immediately before the Rose Bowl, both of which have been televised on ESPN since 2011. When January 1 is a Sunday, the game has been played on January 2 or December 31, to avoid conflicting with the National Football League schedule. As of 2015[update], at $4.25 million per team,[3] it has the largest payout of all the non-College Football Playoff (CFP) bowls. In nearly every year since 1985, the game has featured two teams ranked in the Top 25.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Conference tie-ins
1.2 Racial integration
1.3 Gainesville
1.4 Mascot Challenge
2 Game results
2.1 Game records
3 MVPs
4 Most appearances
5 Appearances by conference
6 Broadcasting
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Additional sources
9 External links
History[edit]
The game, which began play in 1947, is one of the oldest of the non-CFP bowls, along with the Gator Bowl and Sun Bowl. By 1952, the game was dubbed the "Little Bowl with the Big Heart", because all the proceeds from the game went to charity.
Before 1968, the game featured matchups between schools throughout the South, often featuring the Ohio Valley Conference champion or other small colleges, although a few major colleges did play in the bowl during this early era as well.
From 1964 through 1967, it was one of the four regional finals in the College Division (which became Division II and Division III in 1973), along with the Pecan, Grantland Rice, and Camellia bowls.
In 1968, the Boardwalk Bowl in Atlantic City took over as a regional final, and the Tangerine Bowl became a major college bowl game, featuring teams from the University Division (which became Division I in 1973).
In 1986, it was one of the bowl games considered for the site of the "winner take all" national championship game between Penn State and Miami, before the Fiesta Bowl was eventually chosen.
The 1990 season game had national championship implications; Georgia Tech won the Florida Citrus Bowl, finished 11–0–1, and were voted the 1990 UPI national champion.
The 1997 season game, which featured nearby Florida beating Penn State, holds the game's attendance record at 72,940.
In 2004, the bowl bid to become the fifth BCS game, but was not chosen, primarily due to the stadium's aging condition. In July 2007, the Orange County Commissioners voted in favor of spending $1.1 billion to build the Amway Center for the Orlando Magic, the Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, and to upgrade the Citrus Bowl stadium.
Following the 2014 game, Capital One ceased its sponsorship of the bowl, and moved its sponsorship to the Orange Bowl.[4] Buffalo Wild Wings was announced as the new title sponsor of the bowl game in 2014. Buffalo Wild Wings had previously been the title sponsor of what is now the Cactus Bowl.[5] In the offseason of 2017, Buffalo Wild Wings ceased sponsoring the bowl as the search for a new sponsor is ongoing.
The 2016 season game was played on December 31, the first time in 30 years that the game was not played on January 1st or 2nd.
Conference tie-ins[edit]
From 1968 through 1975, the bowl featured the Mid-American Conference (MAC) champion against an opponent from the Southern Conference (1968–1971), the Southeastern Conference (SEC) (1973–1974), or an at-large opponent (1972, 1975). MAC teams were 6–2 during those games.
As the major football conferences relaxed restrictions on post-season play in the mid-1970s, the bowl went to a matchup between two at-large teams from major conferences, with one school typically (but not always) from the South.
From the 1987 season through the 1991 season, the bowl featured the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) champion against an at-large opponent. ACC teams were 3–2 during those games.
From the 1992 season through the 2015 season, the bowl featured an SEC vs. Big Ten matchup – the SEC won 14 of those games, while the Big Ten won 10.
During the 1990s, the second-place finisher in the SEC typically went to this bowl. Florida coach Steve Spurrier, speaking to the fact that Tennessee occupied that spot three of four years as Florida finished first, famously quipped "You can't spell 'Citrus' without U-T!"[6]
Currently, the bowl has tie-ins with the SEC and the Big Ten, holding the first selection after the CFP selection process for both conferences. Since the formation of the CFP, the Citrus Bowl has a chance to occasionally host an ACC team, replacing the Big Ten representative. This will happen the years in which the Orange Bowl is not a CFP semi-final game and selects a Big Ten team to match against their ACC team. This happened following the 2016 season, as the Orange Bowl was not a CFP semi-final and invited Michigan of the Big Ten to face Florida State of the ACC; the Citrus Bowl then invited Louisville of the ACC to face LSU of the SEC.[7] The next year, Wisconsin was invited to the Orange Bowl, so the SEC's LSU was pitted against Notre Dame, who received an invite in lieu of an ACC team.
Racial integration[edit]
The undefeated 1955 Hillsdale College football team refused an invitation to the game when bowl officials insisted that Hillsdale's four African-American players would not be allowed to play in the game.[8][9]
The University at Buffalo's first bowl bid was to the Tangerine Bowl in 1958. The Tangerine Bowl Commission hoped that the Orlando High School Athletic Association (OHSAA), which operated the stadium, would waive its rule that prohibited integrated sporting events. When it refused, the team unanimously voted to skip the bowl because its two black players (halfback Willie Evans and end Mike Wilson) would not have been allowed on the field.[10] Buffalo would not be bowl-eligible for another 50 years. During the 2008 season, when the Bulls were on the verge of bowl eligibility, the 1958 team was profiled on ESPN's Outside the Lines.[11][12] The 2008 team went on to win the Mid-American Conference title, and played in the International Bowl.
By 1966, the OHSAA's rule had been changed, and Morgan State of Baltimore, under head coach Earl Banks, became the first historically black college to play in (and win) the Tangerine Bowl.[13]
Gainesville[edit]
In early 1973, construction improvements were planned for the then 17,000-seat Tangerine Bowl stadium to expand to over 51,000 seats. In early summer 1973, however, construction was stalled due to legal concerns, and the improvements were delayed. Late in the 1973 season, Tangerine Bowl President Will Gieger and other officials planned to invite the Miami Redskins and the East Carolina Pirates to Orlando for the game. On November 19, 1973, East Carolina withdrew its interests, and the bowl was left with one at-large bid. In an unexpected and unprecedented move, game officials decided to invite the Florida Gators, and move the game to Florida Field in Gainesville, the Gators' home stadium. The larger stadium would be needed to accommodate the large crowd expected. The move required special permission from the NCAA, and special accommodations were made. Both teams would be headquartered in Orlando for the week, and spend most of their time there, including practices, and would be bused up to Gainesville.
The participants were greeted with an unexpected event, a near-record low temperature of 25 degrees Fahrenheit (-4 degrees Celsius). Despite the home-field advantage, in the game nicknamed the "Transplant Bowl",[14] Miami (OH), who found the cold much more to its liking, defeated the Gators 16–7. One of the players on the victorious Redskins squad was future Gators coach Ron Zook.
The one-time moving of the game, and the fears of a permanent relocation, rejuvenated the stalled stadium renovations in Orlando. The game returned to Orlando for 1974, and within a couple of years, the expansion project was complete.
Mascot Challenge[edit]
The "Capital One Mascot Challenge" (formerly known as the "Capital One National Mascot of the Year") was a contest where fans voted for their favorite college mascot. The contest began in 2002 with the winner being named during the halftime; the winning school was awarded $20,000 towards their mascot program. With the ending of Capital One's sponsorship of the Citrus Bowl, the challenge was moved in 2014 to the Orange Bowl with Capital One's sponsorship of that game.
[show]List of Capital One Mascot Challenge winners
Season
Mascot
University
2002
Monte !Monte University of Montana
2003
Cocky !Cocky University of South Carolina
2004
Monte !Monte University of Montana
2005
Herbie Husker University of Nebraska–Lincoln
2006
Butch T. Cougar Washington State University
2007
Zippy !Zippy University of Akron
2008
Cy the Cardinal Iowa State University
2009
The Bearcat !The Bearcat University of Cincinnati
2010
Big Blue !Big Blue Old Dominion University
2011
Wolfie Jr. University of Nevada, Reno
2012
Raider Red Texas Tech University
2013
Rocky the Bull University of South Florida
2014
Aubie Auburn University
Game results[edit]
Program cover for 1967 game
Rankings are based on the AP Poll prior to the game being played. Italics denote a tie game.
No.
Season
Date played
Winning team
Losing team
Notes
1 1946 January 1, 1947 Catawba 31 Maryville 6 notes
2 1947 January 1, 1948 Catawba 7 Marshall 0 notes
3 1948 January 1, 1949 Murray State 21, Sul Ross State 21 notes
4 1949 January 2, 1950 Saint Vincent 7 Emory & Henry 6 notes
5 1950 January 1, 1951 Morris Harvey 35 Emory & Henry 14 notes
6 1951 January 1, 1952 Stetson 35 Arkansas State 20 notes
7 1952 January 1, 1953 East Texas State 33 Tennessee Tech 0 notes
8 1953 January 1, 1954 Arkansas State 7, East Texas State 7 notes
9 1954 January 1, 1955 Omaha 7 Eastern Kentucky 6 notes
10 1955 January 2, 1956 Juniata 6, Missouri Valley 6 notes
Teams competing from both NCAA College & University divisions
11 1956 January 1, 1957 West Texas State 20 Mississippi Southern 13 notes
12 1957 January 1, 1958 East Texas State 10 Mississippi Southern 9 notes
13 1958 December 27, 1958 East Texas State 26 Missouri Valley 7 notes
14 1959 January 1, 1960 Middle Tennessee 21 Presbyterian 12 notes
15 1960 December 30, 1960 The Citadel 27 Tennessee Tech 0 notes
16 1961 December 29, 1961 Lamar 21 Middle Tennessee 14 notes
17 1962 December 22, 1962 Houston 49 Miami (OH) 21 notes
18 1963 December 28, 1963 Western Kentucky 27 Coast Guard 0 notes
NCAA College Division (Small College) East Regional Final
19 1964 December 12, 1964 East Carolina 14 Massachusetts 13 notes
20 1965 December 11, 1965 East Carolina 31 Maine 0 notes
21 1966 December 10, 1966 Morgan State 14 West Chester 6 notes
22 1967 December 16, 1967 Tennessee–Martin 25 West Chester 8 notes
NCAA University Division (Major College)
23 1968 December 27, 1968 Richmond 49 #15 Ohio 42 notes
24 1969 December 26, 1969 #20 Toledo 56 Davidson 33 notes
25 1970 December 28, 1970 #15 Toledo 40 William & Mary 12 notes
26 1971 December 28, 1971 #14 Toledo 28 Richmond 3 notes
27 1972 December 29, 1972 Tampa 21 Kent State 18 notes
NCAA Division I
28 1973 December 22, 1973 #15 Miami (OH) 16 Florida 7 notes
29 1974 December 21, 1974 #15 Miami (OH) 21 Georgia 10 notes
30 1975 December 20, 1975 #12 Miami (OH) 20 South Carolina 7 notes
31 1976 December 18, 1976 #14 Oklahoma State 49 BYU 21 notes
32 1977 December 23, 1977 #19 Florida State 40 Texas Tech 17 notes
NCAA Division I-A
33 1978 December 23, 1978 NC State 30 Pittsburgh 17 notes
34 1979 December 22, 1979 LSU 34 Wake Forest 10 notes
35 1980 December 20, 1980 Florida 35 Maryland 20 notes
36 1981 December 19, 1981 Missouri 19 #18 Southern Miss 17 notes
37 1982 December 18, 1982 #18 Auburn 33 Boston College 26 notes
38 1983 December 17, 1983 Tennessee 30 #16 Maryland 23 notes
39 1984 December 22, 1984 Georgia 17, #15 Florida State 17 notes
40 1985 December 28, 1985 #17 Ohio State 10 #9 BYU 7 notes
41 1986 January 1, 1987 #10 Auburn 16 USC 7 notes
42 1987 January 1, 1988 #14 Clemson 35 #20 Penn State 10 notes
43 1988 January 2, 1989 #9 Clemson 13 #10 Oklahoma 6 notes
44 1989 January 1, 1990 #11 Illinois 31 #16 Virginia 21 notes
45 1990 January 1, 1991 #2 Georgia Tech 45 #19 Nebraska 21 notes
46 1991 January 1, 1992 #14 California 37 #13 Clemson 13 notes
47 1992 January 1, 1993 #8 Georgia 21 #15 Ohio State 14 notes
48 1993 January 1, 1994 #13 Penn State 31 #6 Tennessee 13 notes
49 1994 January 2, 1995 #6 Alabama 24 #13 Ohio State 17 notes
50 1995 January 1, 1996 #3 Tennessee 20 #4 Ohio State 14 notes
51 1996 January 1, 1997 #9 Tennessee 48 #11 Northwestern 28 notes
52 1997 January 1, 1998 #6 Florida 21 #11 Penn State 6 notes
53 1998 January 1, 1999 #15 Michigan 45 #11 Arkansas 31 notes
54 1999 January 1, 2000 #9 Michigan State 37 #10 Florida 34 notes
55 2000 January 1, 2001 #17 Michigan 31 #20 Auburn 28 notes
56 2001 January 1, 2002 #8 Tennessee 45 #17 Michigan 17 notes
57 2002 January 1, 2003 #19 Auburn 13 #10 Penn State 9 notes
58 2003 January 1, 2004 #11 Georgia 34 #12 Purdue 27 (OT) notes
59 2004 January 1, 2005 #11 Iowa 30 #12 LSU 25 notes
60 2005 January 2, 2006 #20 Wisconsin 24 #7 Auburn 10 notes
NCAA Division I FBS
61 2006 January 1, 2007 #5 Wisconsin 17 #13 Arkansas 14 notes
62 2007 January 1, 2008 Michigan 41 #12 Florida 35 notes
63 2008 January 1, 2009 #15 Georgia 24 #18 Michigan State 12 notes
64 2009 January 1, 2010 #11 Penn State 19 #15 LSU 17 notes
65 2010 January 1, 2011 #16 Alabama 49 #9 Michigan State 7 notes
66 2011 January 2, 2012 #9 South Carolina 30 #20 Nebraska 13 notes
67 2012 January 1, 2013 #6 Georgia 45 #23 Nebraska 31 notes
68 2013 January 1, 2014 #9 South Carolina 34 #19 Wisconsin 24 notes
69 2014 January 1, 2015 #16 Missouri 33 #25 Minnesota 17 notes
70 2015 January 1, 2016 #14 Michigan 41 #19 Florida 7 notes
71 2016 December 31, 2016 #20 LSU 29 #13 Louisville 9 notes
72 2017 January 1, 2018 #14 Notre Dame 21 #17 LSU 17 notes
Game records[edit]
Note: When there is a tie, the most recent one will be listed.
Team Scoring Records
Performance
Year
Most points scored (one team) 56, Toledo 1969
Most points scored (both teams) 91, Richmond vs. Ohio 1968
Most points scored (losing team) 42, Ohio 1968
Fewest points scored (winning team) 7, Omaha (tied with 2 others) 1955
Fewest points scored (both teams) 7, Catawba vs. Marshall 1948
Fewest points allowed 0, East Carolina (tied with 4 others) 1965
Largest margin of victory 42, Alabama 2011
MVPs[edit]
Multiple players were recognized in some games – detail, where known, is denoted with B (outstanding back), L (outstanding lineman), O (outstanding offensive player), D (outstanding defensive player), or M (overall MVP) per contemporary newspaper reports.
Game
MVP(s)
Team
Pos.
Type
Jan. 1949 Dale McDaniel Murray State HB
Ted Scown Sul Ross State HB
Jan. 1950 Don Henigin St. Vincent FB
Chick Davis Emory & Henry QB
Jan. 1951 Pete Anania Morris Harvey QB
Charles Hubbard Morris Harvey E
Jan. 1952 Bill Johnson Stetson QB
Jan. 1953 Marvin Brown East Texas State HB
Jan. 1954 Bobby Spann Arkansas State QB
Jan. 1955 Bill Englehardt Omaha HB
Jan. 1956 Barry Drexler Juniata E
Jan. 1957 Ron Mills West Texas State HB
Jan. 1958 Norman Roberts East Texas State E
Dec. 1958 Sam McCord East Texas State QB
Jan. 1960 Bob Waters Presbyterian QB
Dec. 1960 Jerry Nettles Citadel QB
Dec. 1961 Ralph Stone Lamar HB
Dec. 1962 Billy Roland Houston QB
Dec. 1963 Sharon Miller Western Kentucky QB
Dec. 1964 Bill Cline East Carolina TB
Dec. 1965 Dave Alexander East Carolina FB
Dec. 1966 Willie Lanier Morgan State LB
Dec. 1967 Errol Hook Tennessee–Martin QB O
Gordon Lambert Tennessee–Martin DE D
Dec. 1968 Buster O'Brien Richmond QB B
Walker Gillette Richmond SE L
Dec. 1969 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB B
Dan Crockett Toledo WB L
Dec. 1970 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB O
Vince Hubler William & Mary LB D
Dec. 1971 Chuck Ealey Toledo QB B
Mel Long Toledo DT L
Dec. 1972 Freddie Solomon Tampa QB B
Jack Lambert Kent State LB L
Dec. 1973 Chuck Varner Miami (OH) FB B
Brad Cousino Miami (OH) MG L
Dec. 1974 Sherman Smith Miami (OH) QB B
Brad Cousino Miami (OH) MG L
John Roudabush Miami (OH) LB
Dec. 1975 Rob Carpenter Miami (OH) TB O
Jeff Kelly Miami (OH) MG D
Dec. 1976 Terry Miller Oklahoma State HB M, O
Phillip Dokes Oklahoma State DT D
Dec. 1977 Jimmy Jordan Florida State QB M, O
Willie Jones Florida State LB D
Game
MVP(s)
Team
Pos.
Type
Dec. 1978 Ted Brown North Carolina State RB M
Nathan Ritter North Carolina State K O
John Stanton North Carolina State MG D
Dec. 1979 David Woodley LSU QB M
Jerry Murphree LSU RB O
Benjy Thibodeaux LSU DT D
Dec. 1980 Cris Collinsworth Florida WR M
Charlie Wysocki Florida RB O
David Galloway Florida DT D
Dec. 1981 Jeff Gaylord Missouri LB
Dec. 1982 Randy Campbell Auburn QB
Dec. 1983 Johnnie Jones Tennessee RB
Dec. 1984 James Jackson Georgia QB
Dec. 1985 Larry Kolic Ohio State LB
Jan. 1987 Aundray Bruce Auburn LB
Jan. 1988 Rodney Williams Clemson QB
Jan. 1989 Terry Allen Clemson RB
Jan. 1990 Jeff George Illinois QB
Jan. 1991 Shawn Jones Georgia Tech QB
Jan. 1992 Mike Pawlawski California QB
Jan. 1993 Garrison Hearst Georgia RB
Jan. 1994 Bobby Engram Penn State WR
Jan. 1995 Sherman Williams Alabama RB
Jan. 1996 Jay Graham Tennessee RB
Jan. 1997 Peyton Manning Tennessee QB
Jan. 1998 Fred Taylor Florida RB
Jan. 1999 Anthony Thomas Michigan RB
Jan. 2000 Plaxico Burress Michigan State WR
Jan. 2001 Anthony Thomas Michigan RB
Jan. 2002 Casey Clausen Tennessee QB
Jan. 2003 Ronnie Brown Auburn RB
Jan. 2004 David Greene Georgia QB
Jan. 2005 Drew Tate Iowa QB
Jan. 2006 Brian Calhoun Wisconsin RB
Jan. 2007 John Stocco Wisconsin QB
Jan. 2008 Chad Henne Michigan QB
Jan. 2009 Matthew Stafford Georgia QB
Jan. 2010 Daryll Clark Penn State QB
Jan. 2011 Courtney Upshaw Alabama LB
Jan. 2012 Alshon Jeffery South Carolina WR
Jan. 2013 Aaron Murray Georgia QB
Jan. 2014 Connor Shaw South Carolina QB
Jan. 2015 Markus Golden Missouri DE
Jan. 2016 Jake Rudock Michigan QB
Dec. 2016 Derrius Guice LSU RB
Jan. 2018[15] Miles Boykin Notre Dame WR
Three players have been recognized in multiple games; Chuck Ealey of Toledo (1969, 1970, 1971), Brad Cousino of Miami (OH) (1973, 1974), and Anthony Thomas of Michigan (1999, 2001).
Most appearances[edit]
Only teams with at least three appearances are listed.
Rank
Team
Appearances
Record
T1 Georgia 6 4–1–1
T1 Florida 6 2–4
2 Tennessee 5 4–1
T2 Michigan 5 4–1
T2 Auburn 5 3–2
T2 Penn State 5 2–3
T2 LSU 5 2–3
3 Miami (OH) 4 3–1
T3 Ohio State 4 1–3
4 Toledo 3 3–0
T4 Clemson 3 2–1
T4 South Carolina 3 2–1
T4 Wisconsin 3 2–1
T4 Michigan State 3 1–2
T4 Nebraska 3 0–3
T4 Southern Miss 3 0–3
Includes two Southern Miss appearances under their former name, Mississippi Southern.
Appearances by conference[edit]
Reflects games played since 1968, when the bowl started hosting major college teams.
From 1968 through the January 2018 playing, there have been 50 games (100 total appearances).
Rank
Conference
Appearances
Wins
Losses
Ties
Pct.
1 SEC 34 20 13 1 .603
2 Big Ten 26 12 14 0 .462
3 ACC 11 4 6 1 .409
T4 MAC 8 6 2 0 .750
T4 Independents 8 2 6 0 .250
5 Pac-12 2 1 1 0 .500
Records are based on a team's conference affiliation at the time the game was played.
For example, Penn State has appeared both as a Big Ten team and as an Independent team.
Broadcasting[edit]
Main article: List of Citrus Bowl broadcasters
Most editions of the Citrus Bowl have been televised by ABC, who is the current broadcaster. ESPN televised the game in 2011 and 2012, NBC televised it in 1984 and 1985, and Mizlou televised it in 1982. Broadcast information for the bowl's early years is incomplete.
See also[edit]
List of college bowl games
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Overton's Signs On as Presenting Sponsor of Citrus Bowl". Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl > Home". buffalowildwingscitrusbowl.com.
Jump up ^ "College Bowl Game Payouts". Statistic Brain.
Jump up ^ "Capital One to sponsor Orange Bowl". SI.com.
Jump up ^ Repchak, Matt (21 October 2014). "Buffalo Wild Wings Citrus Bowl begins new era for Orlando's New Year's Day game". Florida Citrus Sports. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Fuhrmeister, Chris (October 18, 2013). "The 14 best Steve Spurrier quotes of now and then". SB Nation. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whaley, Anson (December 4, 2016). "Sorting out the ACC Bowl slotting mess, Pitt missed good chance to slide into elite bowl game". SB Nation. Retrieved March 6, 2017 – via cardiachill.com.
Jump up ^ "1955 Football Team". hillsdalechargers.com. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cramer, Dick (December 2, 1955). "Better Kind Of Glory". The Michigan Daily. Ann Arbor, Michigan. p. 4. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via The Michigan Daily Digital Archives.
Jump up ^ "Race Bias Makes Lemon Of Tangerine Bowl Bid". New York Age. New York City. December 6, 1958. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Neal, Eric (2008). "All Or Nothing". ESPN. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
Jump up ^ "1958 Buffalo Football". hobbsbrother4. February 18, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Schmuck, Peter (December 25, 2015). "1966 Morgan State bowl team that broke barriers to be honored". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved March 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clark, Bill (December 22, 1973). "Temp Takes Miami Bounce So Put On The Woolies". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 7, 2017 – via newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CitrusBowl/status/947961622441709568
Additional sources[edit]
Orlando Sentinel-Star (November 20, 1973); Various articles- Accessed via microfilm 01-03-2007.
External links[edit]
Official website
Official website of the Capital One Bowl All American Halftime Show
[show]
v
t
e
Tangerine / Florida Citrus / Capital One / Citrus Bowl
History & conference tie-ins
History
Stadium
Broadcasters
Big Ten Conference
Southeastern Conference
Atlantic Coast Conference
Tangerine Bowl
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958 (Jan)
1958 (Dec)
1960 (Jan)
1960 (Dec)
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Florida Citrus Bowl
1983
1984
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Capital One Bowl
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Citrus Bowl
2015
2016
2016 (Dec)
2018
Notes
There was a game in January and December of 1958, 1960, and 2016. There was no game in 1959, 1986 or 2017.
[show]
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Moana (2016 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the soundtrack, see Moana (soundtrack). For other uses, see Moana.
Moana
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ron Clements
John Musker
Produced by
Osnat Shurer
Screenplay by
Jared Bush
Story by
Ron Clements
John Musker
Chris Williams
Don Hall
Pamela Ribon
Aaron Kandell
Jordan Kandell
Starring
Auli'i Cravalho
Dwayne Johnson
Rachel House
Temuera Morrison
Jemaine Clement
Nicole Scherzinger
Alan Tudyk
Music by
Mark Mancina
Edited by
Jeff Draheim
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
November 14, 2016 (2016-11-14) (AFI Fest)
November 23, 2016 (2016-11-23) (United States)
Running time
107 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$150 million[1][2][3]
Box office
$643.3 million[4]
Moana (/moʊˈɑːnə/) is a 2016 American 3D computer-animated musical fantasy-adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 56th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, co-directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film introduces Auli'i Cravalho as Moana and features the voices of Dwayne Johnson, Rachel House, Temuera Morrison, Jemaine Clement, Nicole Scherzinger, and Alan Tudyk. The film features music written by Lin-Manuel Miranda, Opetaia Foa'i, and Mark Mancina.
The film tells the story of Moana, the strong-willed daughter of a chief of a Polynesian village, who is chosen by the ocean itself to reunite a mystical relic with a goddess. When a blight strikes her island, Moana sets sail in search of Maui, a legendary demigod, in the hope of returning the heart of Te Fiti and saving her people.
Moana was released theatrically in the United States on November 23, 2016 to generally positive reviews from critics, with particular praise going towards its animation, music, and vocal performances. The film went on to gross over $643 million worldwide. Along with Zootopia, it marked the first time since 2002 that Walt Disney Animation Studios released two feature films in the same year. It received two Academy Award nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: one for Best Animated Feature and another for Best Original Song ("How Far I'll Go").[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Writing
3.3 Casting
3.4 Animation
3.5 Music and soundtrack
4 Release
4.1 Marketing
4.2 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.1.1 North America
5.1.2 Outside North America
5.2 Critical response
5.3 Criticism
5.4 Accolades
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
On the Polynesian island of Motunui, the inhabitants worship the goddess Te Fiti, who brought life to the ocean, using a pounamu stone as her heart and the source of her power. Maui, the shapeshifting demigod and master of sailing, steals the heart to give humanity the power of creation. However, Te Fiti disintegrates, and Maui is attacked by Te Kā, a volcanic demon, losing both his magical giant fishhook and the heart to the depths.
A millennium later, Moana, daughter of Motunui's chief Tui, is chosen by the ocean to return the heart to Te Fiti. However, Tui arrives and takes Moana away, causing her to lose the heart. Tui and Moana's mother Sina try to keep her away from the ocean to prepare for her ascension as the island's chief. Years later, after Moana has grown older, a blight strikes the island, rotting the coconuts and dwindling the number of fish caught. Moana suggests going beyond the island's reef to find more fish, but Tui forbids it. Sina explains to Moana that Tui and his best friend tried going beyond the reef, but the latter perished. Moana and her pet pig Pua try conquering the reef but are overpowered by the ocean's tides and end up shipwrecked back on Motunui.
Moana's grandmother Tala shows her a secret cave, where a number of ships are hidden, revealing to Moana that their people used to be voyagers. Tala explains they stopped when Maui stole Te Fiti's heart and that Te Kā's darkness is poisoning the island, but it can be cured if Moana and Maui return the heart to Te Fiti, which she gives to Moana. Tala falls ill shortly after and dies, but not before encouraging Moana to go and fulfil her destiny.
Moana sets sail on a drua found in the cavern, accidentally accompanied by her dim-witted rooster Heihei. Moana is caught in a typhoon and shipwrecked on an island where she finds the stranded Maui, who traps her and steals the camakau, but Moana catches up to him with help from the ocean. She demands that Maui return the heart but he refuses. Maui is accompanied by a sentient "Mini-Maui" tattoo, acting as his conscience.
They are attacked by Kakamora—coconut-armored pirates—who seek to steal the heart, but Moana and Maui outwit them. Moana realises Maui is no longer a hero, and convinces him to redeem himself by returning the heart. Maui first needs to obtain his magical fishhook, which is located in Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters, and is in the possession of Tamatoa, a giant, greedy coconut crab. Moana enters Tamatoa's lair, using herself as live bait to distract him and allowing Maui to climb atop the crab and retrieve his fishhook. However, Maui discovers he cannot control his shapeshifting and loses self-confidence, quickly becoming overpowered by Tamatoa. Moana's quick thinking allows them to escape with Maui's hook. Maui reveals that his first tattoo was earned when his mortal parents rejected him. After reassurance from Moana, Maui teaches her the art of sailing and regains control of his powers.
The two arrive at Te Fiti's island, only to be attacked by Te Kā, who badly damages Maui's fishhook. Tired of all the trials and tribulations and fearful he will lose his hook, and therefore his power, Maui angrily abandons Moana, who tearfully asks the ocean to find someone else to restore the heart. The ocean obliges and takes the heart from Moana. Tala's spirit appears, inspiring Moana to find her true calling. Moana decides to fulfill her destiny, retrieves the heart, and sails back to confront Te Kā. Maui returns, convinced by his Mini-Maui tattoo to change his mind, and buys Moana time to reach Te Fiti by fighting Te Kā, destroying his fishhook in the process. Moana discovers Te Fiti is missing, and realises Te Kā is Te Fiti without her heart. Moana tells the ocean to clear a path while singing, allowing her to restore Te Fiti's heart, transforming her back to normal. Te Fiti then heals the ocean and islands of Te Kā's poison. Maui apologizes to Te Fiti, who forgivingly restores his fishhook and goes into a deep sleep. Moana bids farewell to Maui, returning home where she reunites with her parents. Moana takes up her role as chief and wayfinder, leading her people on a voyage, accompanied from afar by Maui (in a form of a giant hawk) and Tala (in the form of a manta ray).
In a post-credits scene, Tamatoa, stuck on his back, addresses the audience, knowing they would help if he was named Sebastian and sang in a Jamaican accent (making reference to The Little Mermaid).
Cast[edit]
Auli'i Cravalho at the film's premiere in Samoa in December 2016
Auli'i Cravalho as Moana, the 16-year-old daughter of village chief Tui and Sina, who is chosen by the ocean to restore the heart of Te Fiti
Louise Bush as a younger Moana
Dwayne Johnson as Maui, a legendary shapeshifting demigod who sets off with Moana on her journey
Rachel House as Tala, Moana's grandmother. Like Moana, Tala shares a passion for the ocean
Temuera Morrison as Tui, Moana's overprotective father, who is Tala's son, chief of Motunui Island
Christopher Jackson as Tui's singing voice
Jemaine Clement as Tamatoa, a giant treasure-hoarding coconut crab from Lalotai, the Realm of Monsters
Nicole Scherzinger as Sina, Moana's mother and Tui's wife
Alan Tudyk as Heihei, Moana's pet rooster
Tudyk also voices Villager No. 3, who suggests cooking Heihei
Oscar Kightley as a fisherman
Troy Polamalu as Villager No. 1
Puanani Cravalho (Auli'i's mother) as Villager No. 2
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Directors John Musker and Ron Clements presented footage from the film at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival.
After directing The Princess and the Frog (2009), Clements and Musker started working on an adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Mort,[6] but problems with acquiring the necessary film rights prevented them from continuing with that project. To avoid a recurrence of that issue, they pitched three original ideas.[7] The genesis of one of those ideas (the one that was ultimately green-lighted) occurred in 2011, when Musker began reading up on Polynesian mythology, and learned of the heroic exploits of the demigod Māui. Intrigued with the rich culture of Polynesia, he felt it would be a suitable subject for an animated film. Shortly thereafter, Musker and Clements wrote a treatment and pitched it to John Lasseter, who recommended that both of them should go on research trips.[8][9] Accordingly, in 2012, Clements and Musker went on research trips to Fiji, Samoa, and Tahiti to meet the people of the South Pacific Ocean and learn about their culture.[10] At first, they had planned to make the film entirely about Maui, but their initial research trips inspired Clements to pitch a new idea focused on the young daughter of a chief.[11]
Clements and Musker were fascinated to learn during their research that the people of Polynesia abruptly stopped making long-distance voyages about three thousand years ago. Their navigational traditions predated those of European explorers, beginning around 300 CE.[12] Native people of the Pacific possessed knowledge of the world and their place in it prior to the incursion of foreigners. For example, Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiians) were well aware of the existence of far away islands, had names for these places, and were interested in exploring them to benefit their societies.[12] This voyaging heritage was made possible by a geographical knowledge system based on individual perspective rather than the European cardinal direction system.[12] The reasons for the halt of this voyaging tradition remain unknown, but scholars have offered climate change and resulting shifts in ocean currents and wind patterns as one possible explanation.[12] Native peoples of the Pacific resumed voyaging again a thousand years later. Clements and Musker set the film at the end of that era, about two thousand years ago, on a fictional island in the central Pacific Ocean, which drew inspiration from elements of the real-life island nations of Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga.[13]
Over the five years it took to develop and produce the film, Clements and Musker recruited experts from across the South Pacific to form an Oceanic Story Trust, who consulted on the film's cultural accuracy and sensitivity as the story evolved through nine versions.[14] The Trust responded negatively, for example, to a depiction of Maui as bald, and to a proposed scene in which Moana threw a tantrum by throwing coconuts. In response, Maui was reworked with long hair and the coconut scene was scrapped.[11]
Te Kā was referred to in early drafts of the film as Te Pō,[15] a reference to the Māori goddess Hine-nui-te-pō, who was originally the life-giving goddess Hine-tītama, but became the goddess of death upon discovering that her husband the god Tāne was also her father.[16] Māui set out to defeat her in order to bring immortality to humans, but failed and was himself killed.[17]
During the 2015 D23 Expo's panel for Disney's slate of upcoming animated films, Moana's last name was given as "Waialiki", but that name was not retained in the final film.[18]
Writing[edit]
Taika Waititi wrote the initial screenplay.[19] The first draft focused on Moana as the sole daughter in a family with "five or six brothers",[20] in which gender played into the story. However, the brothers and gender-based theme were deleted from the story, as the directors thought Moana's journey should be about finding herself.[9] A subsequent draft presented Moana's father as the one who wanted to resume navigation, but it was rewritten to have him oppose navigation so he would not overshadow Moana.[9] Instead, Pamela Ribon came up with the idea of a grandmother character for the film,[21] who would serve as a mentor linking Moana to ancient traditions.[20] Another version focused on Moana rescuing her father, who had been lost at sea.[22] The film's story changed drastically during the development phase (which happens with most Disney films), and that idea ultimately survived only as a subtle element of the father's backstory.[22] Aaron and Jordan Kandell joined the project during a critical period to help deepen the emotional story architecture of the film. They are credited with developing the core relationship between Moana and Maui, the prologue, the Cave of the Wayfinders, the Kakamora, and the collector crab Tamatoa (played by Jemaine Clement).[23] Jared Bush received sole credit as the writer of the final version of the screenplay.
Like most Disney and Pixar animated films, several major story problems were identified in 2015 only after the film had already transitioned from development into production, but computer-generated films tend to have much shorter production schedules and much larger animation teams (in this case, about 90 animators) than traditionally animated films.[22] Since Clements and Musker were already working 12-hour days (and Saturdays) directing such a large team of animators, Don Hall and Chris Williams (who had just finished directing Big Hero 6) came on board as co-directors to help fix the film's story issues.[22] The scene in which Maui and Moana encounter the Kakamora is an intentional homage to Mad Max: Fury Road.[22]
Casting[edit]
Dwayne Johnson (pictured here in 2013) played the co-starring role of Maui in Moana
After the filmmakers sat through auditions of hundreds of candidates from across the Pacific,[10] 14-year-old high school freshman Auli'i Cravalho was cast as the lead character Moana.[24][25] At that point in time, the design of Moana's face and personality was already complete, and Cravalho's obvious physical resemblance to her character was simply a coincidence.[26] During animation production, Disney animators were able to integrate some of Cravalho's mannerisms into Moana's behavior as depicted onscreen.[26]
The majority of the film's cast members are of Polynesian descent: Auli'i Cravalho (Moana) and Nicole Scherzinger (Sina, Moana's mother) were born in Hawaii and are of Native Hawaiian heritage; Dwayne Johnson (Maui), Oscar Kightley (Fisherman), and Troy Polamalu (Villager No. 1) are of Samoan heritage; and New Zealand–born Rachel House (Tala, Moana's grandmother), Temuera Morrison (Tui, Moana's father), and Jemaine Clement (Tamatoa) are of Māori heritage.
Animation[edit]
Moana is Clements and Musker's first fully computer-animated film.[10][27] One of the reasons for using computer animation was that the environment, including the ocean, benefited much more from the use of CGI as opposed to traditional animation.[28] The filmmakers have also suggested that three-dimensional computer animation is well-suited to the "beautiful sculpturing" of the faces of the people of the South Pacific.[29] Eric Goldberg worked on the hand-drawn animation used to depict Maui's sentient tattoos.[30][31] During early development, the filmmakers considered the possibility of making the film with hand-drawn traditional animation, but only a few early animation tests were made in that style. In the final cut, only Maui's tattoos are hand-drawn.[32]
Moana was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood (together with Zootopia), while Disney Animation's headquarters building in Burbank was being renovated. Musker observed that Moana was similar in that respect to The Little Mermaid, which was produced in a warehouse in Glendale. Production wrapped on October 20, 2016.[33]
Music and soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Moana (soundtrack)
The film's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on November 18, 2016. The songs were written by Opetaia Foa'i, Mark Mancina, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, while the score was written by Mancina.[34][35] The lyrics are in English, Samoan and the Tokelauan language.[36] The soundtrack peaked at number two on the Billboard 200.[37]
Release[edit]
On October 20, 2014, Walt Disney Pictures announced that it would be releasing the film in late 2016,[38] and hinted that it might be the November 23, 2016 release window previously announced by the studio in March 2014 for a then-untitled film.[39] In November 2014, Disney confirmed that it would be releasing the film on November 23, 2016.[40] The film is accompanied by the short film, Inner Workings.[41] The film's world premiere was held at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles on November 14, 2016.[42]
In many European countries, the name of the titular character, Moana, was changed to Vaiana due to a trademark conflict. The film was released in those countries to bear the alternative name in the title.[43] In Italy, Vaiana's film was released with the title Oceania.[44]
On October 25, 2016, at a press conference in Papeete, it was announced that the film will be the first motion picture to be fully dubbed in the Tahitian language.[45] This marks the third time Disney has released a special dubbing dedicated to the culture which inspired the film: the first case was The Lion King (1994), for which the directors travelled to South Africa to cast voice actors for a Zulu-dubbed version;[46] and the second case was Mulan (1998), which was the first Disney film to have a Mandarin Chinese dubbing made in China, separate from and independent of the version released in Taiwan.[47] In June 2017, a Māori-language dubbing of the movie was announced,[48] premiering in Auckland on September 11, with 30 theatres screening it for free as part of Māori Language Week.[49] Rachel House, Jemaine Clement, Temuera Morrison and Oscar Kightley reprised their respective roles in this version, directed by Rachel House herself.[50][51] In November 2017, a Hawaiian-language dubbing was announced to be under way, with Auli'i Cravalho reprising her role as Moana.[52]
In India, popular music composer Bappi Lahiri (who is known to be India's "gold-man") voiced the character of Tamatoa in the Hindi-dubbed version of the film; mostly because in reality, he too, similar to Tamatoa, has an immense love and fondness for gold.[53][54] In Russia, Tamatoa was voiced by a popular singer, Ilya Lagutenko, who performed Tamatoa's song with his distinctive soft "meowing" intonations.[55]
On January 27, 2017, a sing-along version of Moana was released in more than 2,000 theaters in the United States, featuring on-screen lyrics.[56]
Marketing[edit]
Hawaiian Airlines Airbus A330-200 Moana logojet landing at McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas in March 2017
On October 15, 2016, Hawaiian Airlines unveiled their Moana-themed livery for three of their Airbus A330-200 fleet.[57]
There are currently meet-and-greets with Moana at Disneyland, Walt Disney World, Disneyland Paris, and at Aulani, a Disney Resort and Spa. At Hong Kong Disneyland, there will be a stage show called Moana's Village Festival, which is scheduled to open in 2018.
Home media[edit]
Moana was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray (2D and 3D) and DVD in the United States on March 7, 2017, with a digital release on February 21, 2017. The releases include the short film, Inner Workings. The Blu-ray release also introduces a short film featuring Maui and Moana, titled Gone Fishing.[58] The film is also available for streaming on Netflix.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Moana grossed $248.7 million in the U.S. and Canada and $394.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $643.3 million.[4] On January 22 and March 16, 2017, respectively, the film reached the $500 million and $600 million marks, becoming the fourth consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach both milestones after Frozen (2013), Big Hero 6 (2014), and Zootopia (2016).[59][60] Although Disney has not disclosed the film's production budget, most of its animated films cost around $150 million.[61][62] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $121.3 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the 12th most profitable release of 2016.[2]
North America[edit]
In the United States, Moana was released during the Thanksgiving weekend. The film played in 3,875 theaters of which a majority of them (80%) screened it in 3D. It also played in 50 premium large format screens and more than 400 D-Box screens. It was projected to take in around $50 million in three days, with $75–85 million in five days (some estimates going as high as $90 million).[63][64][65] Deadline.com said the numbers were good for the original Disney film and marked a great rebound for the company in the wake of Pixar's The Good Dinosaur the previous year, which had made $55 million over five days off a production budget of $175–200 million.[66]
The film made $2.6 million from Tuesday paid previews which began at 7 pm, the highest ever for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film and for a non-Pixar Disney animated film.[67] On its opening day, it made $15.5 million, a new record for a Walt Disney Animation Studios film opening on Wednesday (breaking Frozen's record) and the biggest opening day ever for a film released on pre-Thanksgiving Day.[68] On Thanksgiving Day, it earned $9.9 million, a decrease of 36% from its previous day. On Black Friday—the highest-grossing day of the Thanksgiving stretch—it made $21.8 million, a 127% increase from the day before.[69] Through Sunday, the film posted a three-day opening weekend worth $56.6 million over its Friday-to-Sunday debut and $82.1 million from Wednesday to Sunday, the third biggest three-day Thanksgiving opening[70] (behind Frozen and Toy Story 2) and the second biggest five-day Thanksgiving opening[71] (behind Frozen), dethroning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them off the top spot. Among all films that did not necessarily open in this weekend but may have played, Moana ranks sixth among three-day[72] weekends and fifth among five-day weekends.[73]
The film's opening was considered to be another animated success for the studio after Zootopia and Pixar's Finding Dory posted huge openings, respectively, the same year in March and June.[74]
In its second weekend, the film dropped by about 50% for a total of $28.3 million, a smaller drop than Toy Story 2, Frozen, Tangled, and The Good Dinosaur.[75][76] The film managed to top the box office for its third weekend, despite competition from newcomers and holdovers, earning $18.5 million while falling by 34%. It became the sixth film of 2016 to top the box office three times, following Deadpool, Zootopia, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, and Suicide Squad.[77] The film was overtaken by Disney's own Rogue One: A Star Wars Story in its fourth weekend, despite only a marginal decline.[78]
It fell to number six in its fifth weekend, due to competition from four new releases—Sing, Passengers, Why Him?, and Assassin's Creed—despite a small drop again; it grossed $2.9 million on Christmas Day.[79] On the holiday week of December 23–29, the film finished at number four with a gross of $26 million, which was 14% up from the previous week, despite losing over 300 theaters.[80] It finished at number four in its sixth weekend, going up 42% and 97%, respectively, during the three-day[81] and four-day weekends;[82] it grossed $3.6 million on New Year's Day.
It fell outside the top ten in its eighth weekend (which included Martin Luther King Jr. Day), dropping 33% and 4% respectively, during the three-day[83] and four-day weekends.[84]
Outside North America[edit]
Internationally, the film earned $17.2 million in its first weekend from 12 markets, the bulk of which came from China. In its second weekend, the film expanded to a total of 30 markets, adding an additional $33.7 million.[85]
In China, the film had a November 25 opening day[86] with $1.9 million from 38,000 screenings. However, it enjoyed a big weekend bump on Saturday—even though its screens dipped—and Sunday.[87] In total, it scored an opening weekend of $17.2 million, the second best for a Disney animated title, behind only Zootopia. It was No. 2 behind Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Strong social media numbers showed among the highest the studio has seen there. Similar to how Zootopia started off slow and later became a blockbuster phenomenon.[88] The film slipped 55% in its second weekend, earning $5.8 million, and $21.8 in total in China.[89] It would eventually earn a total of $32.7 million in China.[86]
It had similar successful number-one debuts in France, Russia, Mexico and Spain. The film also saw success in Belgium, the Netherlands and French-speaking Switzerland.[85] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the film faced competition from Fantastic Beasts—which was playing in its third weekend—and as a result, it posted a low opening of only £2.2 million ($2.8 million).[90]
The biggest earning markets to date have been Japan ($45.9 million), followed by France ($35.5 million), China ($32.8 million), the UK ($25.3 million), Brazil ($22.9 million), Australia ($19 million), Germany ($17 million), Italy ($15.9 million), and South Korea ($15.5 million).[91]
Critical response[edit]
Moana holds an approval rating of 96% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 239 reviews and an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "With a title character as three-dimensional as its lush animation and a story that adds fresh depth to Disney's time-tested formula, Moana is truly a family-friendly adventure for the ages."[92] Subsequently, the film is also listed as number 11 on the website's "50 Best Computer Animated Movies" list.[93] On Metacritic, the film holds a normalized score of 81 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[94] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on a scale ranging from A+ to F.[95]
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal proclaimed that "Moana is beautiful in more ways than I can tell, thanks to the brilliance of more animators than I could count."[96] Animator Eric Goldberg received praise from critics and audiences for his hand-drawn animation of Maui's tattoos, which they claimed "stole the show" from the actual CGI-animated motion picture.[97][98][99] Wai Chee Dimock, writing in the Los Angeles Review of Books, compared the ocean in Moana to the one in "The Water Baby," a short story by Jack London, saying that both are animated: one, by the tension between digital and analog animation, and the other, by the tension between an encroaching future and a past in retreat still capable of pushing back.[100]
Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film three and a half out of four stars, stating that "Moana would have been enormously entertaining regardless of when it came out, but its arrival at this particular moment in history gives it an added sense of significance—as well as inspiration."[101] Peter Debruge of Variety praised the film, calling it "a return to the heights of the Disney Renaissance".[102]
Criticism[edit]
Disney has been accused of culturally appropriating Polynesian mythology and culture[103]. By utilizing the knowledge and narratives of native peoples to spur a profitable capitalist enterprise of music, celebrities and merchandise, Disney perpetuates settler colonialist practices of exploitation and erasure. A Maui "skin suit" costume made to tie in with the film was pulled by Disney from its online store following complaints about it being culturally insensitive[104] and for appearing to promote brownface.[105]
The film takes specific cultural elements from a variety of native Pacific groups and incorporates them into one generalized portrayal of Polynesian culture. This conglomeration of cultures has been regarded as degrading to the diversity of the Pacific, falsely reducing all of Polynesia to a single cultural entity[103].
The film has also been criticized as a tourism advertisement for the Pacific. The film fetishizes Polynesian island nations as exotic vacation spots, the people and culture of which exist only to entertain foreign audiences[103]. Most notably, Disney initiated a partnership with Hawaiian Airlines to promote the film. Auli’i Cravalho also spoke with The New York Times in an interview sharing travel tips for visitors to Hawai’i. The adverse effects of tourism have devastated native communities in the Pacific, resulting in environmental degradation and poverty[106].
Colin Philp, an educator on Polynesian history, noted that the sailing canoe used by the film's protagonists is believed to be a Fijian camakau, and that the film's concept artists based it on one of the canoes they saw when they visited the Korova settlement in Laucala. Philp said that using that design without permission of the Korova community could be viewed as a violation of the intellectual property rights of their elders.[107]
Brigham Young University–Hawaii sociocultural anthropologist Tēvita 'Ō. Ka'ili stated that "despite its important girl-power message, the film had a major flaw. It lacked symmetry by its omission of a heroic goddess. Disney resorted to reducing the mighty god Maui to a one-dimensional, selfish, borderline abusive, buffoon to foreground the strength of the movie's protagonist Moana." He went on to explain that, "the omission of a goddess-heroine is significant because Polynesia is a culture with a vast pantheon of powerful heroic goddesses. Hina, a companion goddess to the god Maui, was nowhere to be found in Disney's imagineering of Moana."[108]
Accolades[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by Moana (2016 film)
See also[edit]
List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films
Polynesians
Austronesian peoples
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Moana (2016 film)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Moana (2016 film).
Official website
Moana on IMDb
Moana at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Moana at AllMovie
[show]
v
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Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
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The Rescuers (1977)
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The Black Cauldron (1985)
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Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
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Book
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
[show]
List of feature films
Released
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Upcoming films
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Associated productions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1949)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
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People
Executives
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Disney's Nine Old Men
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Milt Kahl
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Frank Thomas
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Related topics
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VIAF: 66147663054060551721
LCCN: no2016133041
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moana_(2016_film)&oldid=816085719"
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