text:
Anglican ministry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Anglicanism
Theology[show]
Christian theology
Anglican doctrine
Thirty-nine Articles
Books of Homilies
Caroline Divines
Lambeth Quadrilateral
Episcopal polity
Sacraments
Mary
Ministry and worship[show]
Ministry
Music
Eucharist
King James Version (Book of Common Prayer)
Liturgical year
Churchmanship (High, Low, Central, Broad)
Monasticism
Saints
Christianity[show]
Jesus Christ
Paul
Christian Church
First seven Ecumenical Councils
Background and history[show]
Celtic Christianity
Augustine of Canterbury
Bede
Medieval cathedral architecture
Henry VIII
English Reformation
Thomas Cranmer
Dissolution of Monasteries
Church of England
Edward VI
Elizabeth I
Parker
Hooker
James I
Charles I
Laud
Nonjuring schism
Anglo-Catholicism
Oxford Movement
Anglican Communion[show]
Anglican Communion history
Archbishop of Canterbury
Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings
Lambeth Conference
Bishops
Anglican Consultative Council
Ecumenism
Ordination of women
Windsor Report
Continuing Anglicanism[show]
Anglican realignment
Bartonville Agreement
Congress of St. Louis
North American Anglican Conference
Anglicanism portal
An Anglican priest delivers a homily, dressed in choir habit with Canterbury cap
The Anglican ministry is both the leadership and agency of Christian service in the Anglican Communion. "Ministry" commonly refers to the office of ordained clergy: the threefold order of bishops, priests and deacons. More accurately, Anglican ministry includes many laypeople who devote themselves to the ministry of the church, either individually or in lower/assisting offices such as lector, acolyte, sub-deacon, Eucharistic minister, cantor, musicians, parish secretary or assistant, warden, vestry member, etc. Ultimately, all baptized members of the church are considered to partake in the ministry of the Body of Christ. "...[I]t might be useful if Anglicans dropped the word minister when referring to the clergy...In our tradition, ordained persons are either bishops, priests, or deacons, and should be referred to as such." [1]
Each of the provinces (usually corresponding to individual world nations) of the Anglican Communion has a high degree of independence from the other provinces, and each of them have slightly different structures for ministry, mission and governance. However, personal leadership is always vested in a member of the clergy (a bishop at provincial and diocesan levels, and a priest (often termed a rector or pastor at the parish level) and consensus derived by synodical government. At different levels of the church's structure, laity, clergy (priests/pastors and deacons) and bishops meet together with prayer to deliberate over church governance. These gatherings are variously called conferences, synods, general or church-wide conventions, convocations, councils, chapters and vestries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and background
2 Ministry and the sacraments
3 Threefold order
3.1 Bishops
3.1.1 Archbishop of Canterbury
3.1.2 Primates
3.1.3 Metropolitans
3.1.4 Diocesans
3.1.5 Assistant bishops
3.2 Priests
3.2.1 Archdeacons
3.2.2 Deans, provosts, canons and prebendaries
3.2.3 Parish clergy
3.2.4 Assistant or associate clergy
3.3 Deacons
4 Lay ministers
4.1 Licensed lay ministers
4.1.1 Deaconesses
4.1.2 Readers
4.1.3 Lay administrators
4.1.4 Catechists
4.2 Other lay ministers
5 See also
6 References
History and background[edit]
The effect of Henry VIII's Act in Restraint of Appeals and first Act of Supremacy was to establish royal authority in all matters spiritual and temporal, even assigning the power of ecclesiastical visitation over the Church in the English Realm.[2] Queen Elizabeth I, while declining the title of Supreme Head, was declared to be "Supreme Governor of this realm ... as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal".[3] Thus, although the Church of England was regarded in the sixteenth century as a church of the Reformation,[4] it nonetheless maintained the historic church structure including the maintenance of the threefold order of the ministry, with bishops, consecrated in apostolic succession, ordaining deacons and priests. Thus, Anglican ordained ministry resembles that found in churches of the Catholic tradition (see Minister (Catholic Church)). While the Puritan ascendency in England briefly introduced a parallel presbyterian polity, Anglicanism worldwide is defined in part by the historic structure, although outside the British Isles it has no supreme governor.
In recent years, due to increasing theological differences within the Anglican Communion, there have been a number of instances of "valid but irregular" ordinations performed by clergy acting outside the normal authority structures of the church.
Under the Overseas and Other Clergy (Ministry and Ordination) Measure 1967 the Church of England "recognizes and accepts" as valid the orders of two churches which, although Anglican in identity, are not members of the Anglican Communion: the Church of England in South Africa and the Free Church of England.
Ministry and the sacraments[edit]
Further information: Anglican sacraments
In Anglican sacramental theology, certain ministerial functions can only be performed by individuals ordained into one or more of the three holy orders. There are two kinds of ministers in this sense. The ordinary minister of a sacrament has both the spiritual power to perform the sacrament (i.e. a valid sacrament) and the legal authority to perform the sacrament (i.e. a licit sacrament). An extraordinary minister has the spiritual power but may only perform the sacrament in certain special instances under canon law (i.e. emergencies). If a person who is neither an ordinary nor an extraordinary minister attempts to perform a sacrament, no preternatural effect happens (i.e. the putative sacrament is not merely illicit, but invalid).
In the Anglican Communion, the following are ministers of the sacraments ("clergy" refers to either a deacon, priest, or bishop):
Baptism: clergy (laity may administer only in cases of emergency).
Confirmation: bishop.
Eucharist: bishop or priest (consecration); clergy or laity licensed by the diocesan bishop (administration).
Reconciliation of a penitent: bishop or priest.
Healing (Anointing): bishop or priest.
Matrimony: the individuals to be married (presided over by clergy)
Holy Orders: at least one bishop ordains deacons and priests; three or more bishops consecrate other bishops.
Threefold order[edit]
Further information: Holy Orders
The churches of the Anglican Communion maintain the historical episcopate, which ordains clergy into the three orders of deacon, priest and bishop.
Bishops[edit]
Further information: Bishop § Catholic Church, Orthodox churches and Anglican churches
Bishops provide the leadership for the Anglican Communion, in accordance with episcopal polity. All bishops, constituting a worldwide College of Bishops, are considered to be equal in orders. However, bishops have a variety of different responsibilities, and in these some bishops are more senior than others. All bishops, of diocesan rank and below, are styled the Right Reverend; more senior bishops and archbishops are styled as the Most Reverend. Most bishops oversee a diocese, some are consecrated to assist diocesan bishops in large or busy dioceses, and some are relieved of diocesan responsibilities so they can minister more widely (especially primates who concentrate on leading a member church of the Communion). A few member churches of the Anglican Communion ordain women as bishops, many more have prepared the legislation for women to become bishops but have not yet ordained a woman to the episcopate (see Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion).
Anglican bishops are often identified by the purple clergy shirt and cassock they are entitled to wear. However, bishops are permitted to wear other colours, and a former Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, is frequently seen wearing a black cassock. Bishops also usually wear a pectoral cross and episcopal ring. The choir dress or convocation habit for bishops, which used to be their only vesture until pre-Reformation vestments were revived, consists of the cassock, rochet, chimere and tippet. Bishops carry a crosier as the sign of their ministry, and, on formal occasions, often wear a mitre and cope. When presiding at the Eucharist, most Anglican bishops now wear albs, stoles and chasubles.
Archbishop of Canterbury[edit]
Further information: Archbishop of Canterbury
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the primus inter pares, or first among equals, of the Anglican Communion. Although he has no authority outside of the Church of England, he hosts and chairs the Lambeth Conference and Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting, and is president of the Anglican Communion Office. In this way, the Archbishop of Canterbury can be seen as being at the centre of the network of Anglican ministry. For many, being an Anglican means being in communion with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Primates[edit]
Further information: Primate (bishop)
Each member church of the Anglican Communion is an independent body headed by a primate. A primate is the most senior bishop of a member church. As well as being primus inter pares, the Archbishop of Canterbury is Primate of All England, the senior bishop in the Church of England. For historical reasons, the Church of England and the Church of Ireland (which is headed by the Archbishop of Armagh who is the Primate of All Ireland) also call their second most senior bishops primate: the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Dublin are the Primate of England and Ireland, without the All, respectively.
Although some member churches of the Anglican Communion title their primates as Primate or Primate Bishop, most churches use other titles for their primates. Following the style of the Archbishop of Canterbury, many Anglican primates are styled Archbishop. They are either named after the most important episcopal see in the church (like the Archbishop of Cape Town) or named after the province they lead (like the Archbishop of Nigeria). The Scottish Episcopal Church uniquely calls its primate Primus. Other churches have followed the example of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America by calling the primate Presiding Bishop, or President Bishop. These latter titles emphasize the collegiate nature of episcopate rather than the personal authority of the primate. The primates of the Church of South India, Church of North India, Church of Pakistan and Church of Bangladesh are called Moderators, reflecting their Methodist and Presbyterian heritage. Some primates head a diocese, but some are relieved from diocesan responsibility to concentrate on leading the wider church (the Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada for example).
In recent years, the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia has moved from the traditional leadership of an Archbishop of New Zealand, to a Presiding Bishop, and now to a triumvirate of Co-Presiding Bishops representing each of the tikanga, or cultural streams, in the church — Māori, European and Polynesian. However, the style of Archbishop is still sometimes used, especially by the Co-Presiding Bishop for the Dioceses in New Zealand.
In 2006, Katharine Jefferts Schori was elected Presiding Bishop in the United States of America; she is the first woman to become a primate in the Anglican Communion.
Metropolitans[edit]
Further information: Metropolitan bishop
All of the member churches of the Anglican Communion comprise one or more ecclesiastical province, a grouping of dioceses for administrative purposes. In some provinces, one of the diocesan bishops has oversight of all of the other bishops of the province, and is known as a metropolitan bishop, or simply a metropolitan. Metropolitans are usually given the title of archbishop and Most Reverend. Some metropolitans have a fixed see (the Archbishop of Sydney is always metropolitan of the Province of New South Wales for example), while others may have any see in province (the current Archbishop of Wales just happens to be also Bishop of Llandaff for example). The primate is often one of the metropolitans.
In some provinces, all of the diocesan bishops share a collegiate metropolitical authority and there is no single metropolitan bishop. This is the case in all nine of the provinces of the Episcopal Church in the United States, which has no metropolitans, and the single province of the Scottish Episcopal Church. In these churches, the Presiding Bishop or Primus respectively is a primate without metropolitical authority over the dioceses of the church.
Diocesans[edit]
The majority of bishops in the Anglican Communion are the spiritual, pastoral, and executive heads of dioceses. A diocesan bishop is the Ordinary of his or her diocese, and has wide-ranging legal and administrative responsibilities. Some dioceses can be very large and other quite small: the Diocese of Cyprus and the Gulf covers several countries and the Diocese of Bolivia covers the whole country, while the Diocese of Sodor and Man covers just the Isle of Man. Unless they are metropolitans or primates all diocesans are styled Right Reverend, with the historical exception that the Bishop of Meath and Kildare is styled Most Reverend.
Assistant bishops[edit]
In larger or more populous dioceses, diocesan bishops may be assisted by one or more junior bishops. Where the role of an assistant bishop is a legal part of the structure of the diocese, he or she is known as a suffragan bishop. Suffragans usually have a title named after a place within the diocese. For example, the Bishop of Jarrow is a suffragan to the Bishop of Durham. Some dioceses divide into episcopal areas, with each assigned to a suffragan area bishop. For example, the Bishop of Toronto has suffragans assisting him by providing certain delegated duties in four different geographical divisions. Sometimes a diocese may appoint a bishop as coadjutor bishop, an assistant bishop who will become diocesan bishop on the retirement of the current diocesan. This arrangement allows for greater continuity of episcopal ministry but is not very common in the Anglican Communion. Where a diocesan has not been elected or appointed, a bishop or senior priest may act as vicar general through the vacancy. Retired bishops or bishops who are pursuing ministry outside the usual episcopal ministry are usually licensed as honorary assistant bishops within a diocese (Stephen Sykes, the former Bishop of Ely who was Principal of St John's College, Durham, was also an honorary assistant bishop in Durham).
Priests[edit]
A priest in traditional Anglican choir dress.
Further information: Priest
The overwhelming majority of ordained ministers in the Anglican Communion are priests (also called presbyters). Priestly ministry is derived from that of bishops in that they are licensed to a cure of souls by a diocesan or area bishop. The collegiate nature of the presbyterate is acknowledged every time a new priest is ordained as other priests share with the ordaining bishop in the laying on of hands. All priests are entitled to be styled The Reverend and many male priests are called Father. Some senior priests have other titles. Many member churches ordain women to the priesthood. There is as yet no widely used alternative title to "Father" for female priests. Priests traditionally wear a (usually) black cassock or clergy shirt - although many now wear clergy shirts in other colours. In worship, the traditional vesture for Anglican priests is their choir dress of cassock, surplice, academic hood (if one has been awarded) and a black tippet. However, at the Eucharist, the revived pre-Reformation vestments of alb, stole, chasuble and occasionally the amice and maniple, are worn in large sections of the Communion. Even in cases where a priest is not presiding at the Eucharist, he or she may wear a surplice or alb with a stole.
Archdeacons[edit]
Further information: Archdeacon
After bishops, archdeacons are the most senior clergy in dioceses, except in the Church of England and the Anglican Church of Canada and Southern Africa where the dean of the cathedral church is the senior priest in the diocese. Archdeacons are usually priests, but deacons also occasionally serve as archdeacons (for example, when women have not been allowed to be ordained priests, or when a deacon is given administrative responsibility over other deacons). Archdeacons are usually styled the Venerable instead of the Reverend. Most archdeacons oversee a part of a diocese called an archdeaconry in conjunction with their parish responsibilities, although some may hold the title in association with specific administrative responsibilities. For example, in certain dioceses, an "executive archdeacon" assists the bishop in certain administrative functions while not holding a parish appointment. Archdeacons are episcopal vicars, which means that they are responsible for the pastoral and practical management of the diocese within their archdeaconry or specific area of responsibility.
Not all member churches of the Anglican Communion have archdeacons. The Scottish Episcopal Church has the post of dean which is the most senior priest in each diocese. A Scottish dean's role is similar to that of an archdeacon, but is styled the Very Reverend.
Deans, provosts, canons and prebendaries[edit]
Each diocese has a cathedral that is the mother church and home to the diocesan bishop's cathedra or throne. Some dioceses have more than one cathedral for historical reasons. As cathedrals are sacramental, liturgical and administrative resource centres for their dioceses, their clergy are usually among the most senior in the diocese. Different member churches of the Anglican Communion have different structures of cathedral clergy. The Church of England has perhaps the most complex system. In England, the senior priest of a cathedral is called the dean (until 2000, some used to be known as provosts instead). The dean is assisted by other senior clergy who are called canons or prebendaries. These have different roles within the cathedral community. For example, a Canon Treasurer is responsible for the fabric and finance of the cathedral, a Canon Precentor is responsible for the worship of the cathedral and a Canon Chancellor is responsible for the archives and libraries of the cathedral. Some non-cathedral clergy are awarded the title of Honorary Canon or Prebendary as a particular distinction. Some cathedrals have minor canons who are similar in status to an assistant curate in a parish church. Besides cathedrals, the Church of England (and now also the Anglican Church of Canada) has a number of collegiate churches and royal peculiars that function in a similar fashion, but do not have a bishop's throne.
Other member churches of the Anglican Communion have much simpler cathedral arrangements. Most other cathedrals are also parish churches. In the Scottish Episcopal Church, the senior priest of a cathedral is a provost. In the Anglican Church of Canada, a cathedral's senior priest is known as the rector of the cathedral and a dean of the diocese. Deans and provosts are styled the Very Reverend, while canons and prebendaries (but not minor canons) are styled the Reverend Canon or Prebendary. In many provinces of the Communion, the title of "canon" is a gift of the bishop, which may be given to senior or distinguished clergy — and, in some cases, to lay people ("lay canons").
Many Anglican dioceses group parishes within an archdeaconry into subdivisions known as deaneries. To distinguish them from the posts of cathedral deans they are often called rural deaneries, regional deaneries, or area deaneries, led by rural, regional, or area deans. These are appointed by the bishop from among the parish clergy in the deanery to act as a vehicle of communication between the parishes of the deanery and the archdeacons and bishops, and to facilitate collegiality among his or her colleagues through regular meetings (often called the clericus or chapter). Regional and rural deans have no special title, and generally hold the appointment on a rotating basis.
A commissary is a priest who represents a bishop on particular issues or in regions outside of the bishop's country.
Parish clergy[edit]
Historically, parish clergy have been given the cure of souls of the bishop, and hence are perpetual curates, and the temporal freehold of the parish, and hence are incumbents or parsons. Depending on the tithes they received, they were either rectors (receiving both the greater and lesser tithes), vicars (receiving just the lesser tithes) or perpetual curates (receiving no tithes). In time, the third category was merged in with vicars. Still today, each parish in England and Wales gives to its incumbent the title rector or vicar depending on the historical situation with tithes, but, as all clergy in these churches are paid from central funds, the distinction is meaningless. In some places in England and Wales, team benefices have been established. In them, a team of clergy is licensed to a group of parishes, and the senior priest is known as a team rector and other priests of 'incumbent status' are known as team vicars. A parish priest without secure tenure but holding a bishop's licence is termed a priest in charge, temporary curate or bishop's curate.
In the rest of the Anglican Communion, most parish priests are called rectors or incumbents. However, in some member churches where mission societies have been instrumental in their continuing development, parish priests are called chaplains. In some provinces, such as the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a rector is the head of a self-sustaining parish, while a vicar is the head of a mission sustained from diocesan funds.
Assistant or associate clergy[edit]
After ordination most clergy serve as assistants to parish priests before taking up a lead post in a parish. As they share the cure of souls with the parish priest they are often known as assistant curates, although in many places they are colloquially known simply as "curates" in distinction from the incumbent, and their term of appointment as an assistant is known as a curacy. Some assistant clergy are experienced priests and deacons who for various reasons are not incumbents. They may include those who are in full-time secular employment and those who hold administrative posts within the diocese. In some parishes, such senior assistants are often known as associate priests. Junior clergy in a cathedral or collegiate church are sometimes called minor canons. If their main financial income comes from sources other than their work as ministers, they may be termed Self Supporting Ministers (SSM).[5]
Deacons[edit]
A deacon vested in an alb with a stole over the left shoulder.
Further information: Deacon
Since the English Reformation, deacons have been the lowest order of clergy: the minor orders (which only came to be clearly defined at the Council of Trent) having been removed from the hierarchy. Although deacons are fully members of the clergy (they wear clerical collars and are styled The Reverend), they are not permitted to preside at the Eucharist, bless people or absolve sins. As these ministries were, and in many ways still are, essential in the life of the church, deacons usually are ordained priests after about a year in the diaconate — they are transitional deacons. The term is somewhat misleading, since the order is never superseded — all priests are also deacons, and occasionally act in this role in worship. Most deacons serve as assistant curates in parish churches, a ministry that usually continues through into their ordination to the priesthood. Some deacons serve as minor canons in cathedrals or as assistant chaplains in a wide range of non-parochial ministry.
The responsibilities of deacons involve assisting at worship - particularly setting up the altar for the Eucharist and reading the Gospel. They are also accorded responsibility for pastoral care and community outreach, in keeping with their traditional role of manifesting the church in the world.
So-called vocational deacons are individuals ordained with the intent of staying in the order rather than seeking the priesthood. Such deacons often have secular careers. In these cases, the vocational deacon has the same responsibilities as their transitional colleagues, but without the element of apprenticeship. Many vocational deacons have careers in the social services, where they can manifest their particular ministry of care and outreach.
As different member churches of the Anglican Communion have different policies on the ordination of women, there are some churches (such as the Anglican Church of the Southern Cone) and some dioceses (such as Sydney) in which women may be ordained deacons, but not priests or bishops.
Lay ministers[edit]
Licensed lay ministers[edit]
Certain laypeople may receive specific commission or authorisation from a bishop (often on recommendation of a parish or its clergy) to perform certain aspects of ministry. The rationale for licensing is that the ministry is considered too specialised or otherwise extraordinary to be carried out in the absence of individual evaluation and recommendation. There is variation across jurisdictions, but there are four common areas.
Deaconesses[edit]
Further information: Deaconess
Although derived from the same name as deacons, deaconesses have often been considered lay ministers in the church (probably at least from the time of the First Council of Nicaea, which agreed with this view). Deaconesses disappeared completely from the Western Church by the eleventh century. In 1836, Theodor and Friederike Fliedner founded the first deaconess house in Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. In 1862, the Bishop of London, Archibald Campbell Tait, restored the 'ancient order of deaconesses' with Elizabeth Ferard by the laying on of hands. Women were ordained deaconesses by the Bishop of Alabama (in 1885) and the Bishop of New York (1887), and gradually, more dioceses began to make deaconesses, but there was no clear consensus: some intended that deaconesses be in holy orders, and others did not. In churches that now ordain women, the order of deaconess has largely died out.
Readers[edit]
Licensed Lay Readers, whose prominence varies widely among dioceses and national churches, are licensed by their bishop. They are authorised to lead worship services, apart from the celebration of the Eucharist. Their responsibilities and privileges can include:
Conducting Mattins, Evensong, and Compline
Reciting the Litany
Publishing banns of marriage
Preaching, teaching, and assisting in pastoral care
Conducting funerals
Distributing (but not celebrating) Holy Communion
Lay administrators[edit]
Licensed lay administrators may be authorised by a bishop to assist in the distribution of Holy Communion. Normally the parish priest submits to the bishop at regular intervals a list of names of persons to be so licensed. In some dioceses or parishes, lay administration is limited to the chalice, and lay administrators may also be permitted to take the consecrated elements from the church to the sick or shut-in to be administered there.
Catechists[edit]
In many parts of the Anglican Communion, day to day parish ministry is carried out by catechists. A catechist in most parts of the Anglican Communion is someone who is licensed by the bishop on recommendation of the priest and local church council. A century ago, a catechist was a teacher paid by the Church, today a village catechist is primarily a pastor in the village. In most parts of the Anglican Communion, the priest comes for Holy Communion only when it is possible. The Catechist organises and conducts worship services on Sundays when there is no priest, and throughout the week, the catechist rings the bell that calls people to Morning and Evening Prayer. In most villages, the catechist also works with youth, educates parents and godparents for the Baptism of their children, rehearses those to be confirmed, and many other duties.
Some dioceses have training centres for catechists, in some dioceses catechists are trained by priests or by more experienced catechists.
Most catechists also assist in the distribution of Holy Communion when the priest comes to a village for celebration. In some parishes, a catechist also distributes Holy Communion with elements previously consecrated by the priest.
Other lay ministers[edit]
Lay people assist in the execution of the liturgy of divine services in numerous ways, as musicians, readers of the lections (not to be confused with "lay readers," above), intercessory leaders, and ushers (often called sidesmen or sidespeople).
For many years some parts of the church have relaxed the official rules about lay ministry. Clergy often see their role as officiant and teach that the congregation are the ministers both in worship and through their daily work. In some churches lay people commonly take on the role of lay-reader as above, and as well perform some of the other functions listed below without necessarily being identified as such by either title or vestments.
Assistants to the sacred ministers may form a distinct category of altar servers, often organised into a guild. Their liturgical responsibilities include some or all of the following:
carrying the processional cross, candles, thurible, gospel book or bible or other items in processions to and from the altar, and, in certain cases, at the altar;
assistance in receiving the offertory gifts of bread, wine, money, etc.;
assistance in the preparation of the altar and of the sacred ministers for the Eucharist;
holding the missal or other books or items for the clergy;
ringing the sanctus bell or swinging the thurible at appropriate times in the liturgy
A distinct kind of assistant at the altar in services of the Eucharist (although he or she may be coincidentally ordained), especially in Anglo-Catholic worship, is the subdeacon. The subdeacon is one of the three sacred ministers of the liturgy (the other two being the presider or celebrant — a priest or bishop — and the deacon). He or she is responsible for reading the Epistle (or other non-Gospel New Testament passage, normally the "second reading"), and assisting in specific ways in the setting up of the altar and other aspects of the liturgy. Unlike the other laypeople serving in the chancel, who will usually be attired in an alb or cassock, the subdeacon wears a tunicle, a vestment distinct to the office, over the alb, sometimes with a maniple.
Laypeople perform a variety of ministries outside the context of worship — indeed, it is an article of Anglican belief that the Christian initiatory rite of baptism enables each believer to fulfil ministries specific to their skills and talents. Such ministry may include administration, teaching, finances, hospitality, childcare and visiting the sick. The essential ministry of personal or lifestyle evangelism is a role carried out by many Anglicans among their family, neighbours, friends and associates, demonstrating in practical ways the healing nature of God.
See also[edit]
Anglicanism portal
Anglican religious orders
Apostolicae curae
Sharing of Ministries Abroad (SOMA), a Anglican Communion worldwide group giving leadership training to clergy and church leaders
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ingham, Michael (1986). Rites for a New Age: Understanding the Book of Alternative Services. Toronto: Anglican Book Centre. p. 149.
Jump up ^ Tanner, J.R. (1948). Tudor Constitutional Documents. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 41–48.
Jump up ^ Tanner (1948), pp. 130–135.
Jump up ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2005). Putting the English Reformation on the Map. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 15. Cambridge: Cambridge University. pp. 75–95.
Jump up ^ Diocese of Bristol: Self Supporting Ministry Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., 1 February 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
hide
v
t
e
Anglicanism
Communions
Anglican Communion
Anglican realignment
Continuing Anglican movement
Personal ordinariate
History
History of Christianity in Britain
Celtic Christianity
Anglo-Saxon Christianity
Æthelberht
Edwin
Offa
Augustine of Canterbury
Paulinus
Hygeberht
Bede
Medieval Architecture
Henry VIII
English Reformation
Cranmer
Dissolution of Monasteries
Church of England
Church of Ireland
Edward VI
Elizabeth I
Parker
Hooker
James I
King James Version
Charles I
Laud
Caroline Divines
Nonjuring schism
Oxford Movement
Anglo-Catholicism
Modern Church
Theology
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
Thirty-nine Articles
Lambeth Quadrilateral
Affirmation of St. Louis
Sacraments
Eucharist
Mary
Saints
Liturgy and worship
Book of Common Prayer
Morning / Evening Prayer
Liturgical year
Biblical canon
Books of Homilies
High / Low / Broad church
Other topics
Converts to Anglicanism
Ministry
Monasticism
Music
Anglican prayer beads
Anglicanism of the Americas
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_ministry&oldid=845237347"
Categories:
Anglicanism
Anglican sacraments
Anglican ecclesiastical offices
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 11:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

value: tr

value: th

values: Canterbury Cathedral - Portal Nave Cross-spire.jpeg

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values:
/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils
mw-redirect
First seven Ecumenical Councils

values: Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;

values:
/wiki/Act_in_Restraint_of_Appeals
mw-redirect
Act in Restraint of Appeals

values:
/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy
mw-redirect
Act of Supremacy

values:
/wiki/Elizabeth_I
mw-redirect
Elizabeth I

values:
/wiki/Protestant_Reformation
mw-redirect
Protestant Reformation

values:
/wiki/Church_of_England_in_South_Africa
mw-redirect
Church of England in South Africa

values: Edit section: Ministry and the sacraments

values:
/wiki/Anglican_sacramental_theology
mw-redirect
Anglican sacramental theology

values:
/wiki/Reconciliation_of_a_penitent
mw-redirect
Reconciliation of a penitent

values:
/wiki/Christian_views_of_marriage
mw-redirect
Christian views of marriage

values:
/wiki/Holy_Orders
mw-redirect
Holy Orders

values:
/wiki/Most_Reverend
mw-redirect
Most Reverend

values:
/wiki/Clergy_shirt
mw-redirect
Clergy shirt

values:
/wiki/Episcopal_ring
mw-redirect
Episcopal ring

values: Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)

values: Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)

values:
/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cape_Town
mw-redirect
Archbishop of Cape Town

values: Archbishop of Nigeria (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Presiding_Bishop
mw-redirect
Presiding Bishop

values: Primate of the Anglican Church of Canada

values:
/wiki/Bishop_of_Meath_and_Kildare
mw-redirect
Bishop of Meath and Kildare

values:
/wiki/Cure_of_souls
mw-redirect
Cure of souls

values:
/wiki/Academic_hood
mw-redirect
Academic hood

values:
/wiki/Dean_(religion)
mw-redirect
Dean (religion)

values:
/wiki/Very_Reverend
mw-redirect
Very Reverend

values: Edit section: Deans, provosts, canons and prebendaries

values:
/wiki/Royal_peculiar
mw-redirect
Royal peculiar

values:
/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)
mw-redirect
Freehold (English law)

values:
/wiki/Bishop%27s_curate
mw-redirect
Bishop's curate

values:
/wiki/Mission_(Christian)
mw-redirect
Mission (Christian)

values: Edit section: Assistant or associate clergy

values: Iglesia Anglicana del Cono Sur de las Americas

values: Friederike Fliedner (page does not exist)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of people who have converted to Anglicanism

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: navigation navbox Anglicanism padding:3px

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Anglican_ministry
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Anglican_ministry rootpage-Anglican_ministry skin-vector action-view


text:
The Prayer (Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Prayer"
Single by Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli
from the album Quest for Camelot: Music from the Motion Picture, These Are Special Times and Sogno
Released
1 March 1999 (1999-03-01)
Format
Promotional recording
Recorded
1998 Chartmarker Studios, Sony Sound Stage, Criteria Recording Studios
Genre
Pop classical
Length
4:29
Label
Columbia
Epic
Songwriter(s)
David Foster
Carole Bayer Sager
Alberto Testa
Tony Renis
Producer(s)
David Foster
Tony Renis
Carole Bayer Sager
Celine Dion singles chronology
"On ne change pas"
(1999) On ne change pas1999 "The Prayer"
(1999) The Prayer1999 "Treat Her Like a Lady"
(1999) Treat Her Like a Lady1999
Andrea Bocelli singles chronology
"Je vis pour elle"
(1997) Je vis pour elle1997 "The Prayer"
(1999) The Prayer1999 "Canto della Terra"
(1999) Canto della Terra1999
"The Prayer" is a popular song written by David Foster, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa and Tony Renis. It is most commonly known as a duet between Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli. It is from Quest for Camelot: Music from the Motion Picture, the second single from Dion's Christmas album These Are Special Times and the first from Bocelli's album Sogno and was released as a promotional single on 1 March 1999.[1] The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1999 and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2000.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Critical reception
3 Track listing
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Celine Dion and Josh Groban version
6.1 Track listing
6.2 Charts
7 Anthony Callea version
7.1 Track list
7.2 Video
7.3 Charts
7.3.1 Weekly charts
7.3.2 Year-end charts
7.3.3 Decade-end charts
7.4 Certifications
8 Other notable versions
9 See also
10 References
History[edit]
Originally "The Prayer" was recorded as two separate solo versions, Dion's in English and Bocelli's in Italian. They appeared on the Quest for Camelot soundtrack in May 1998. The duet was included on albums by both artists, released a few months later on Sogno and These Times Are Special Times. Bocelli sung original Italian while Dion translated into English. The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song from the 1998 film Quest for Camelot, the second win in a row for a Celine Dion song. In that film, Dion sang it as a solo with slightly different lyrics. It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1999 and a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 2000. Dion performed it with Bocelli at both ceremonies.
It was also featured on Dion's compilation The Collector's Series, Volume One (2000) and greatest hits My Love: Ultimate Essential Collection (2008). A re-recorded solo version by Celine Dion (renamed "A Mother's Prayer") appeared on her 2004 album Miracle. Dion performed "The Prayer" live during her Taking Chances Tour as a virtual duet with Bocelli on the screen; the performance was released in the Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert CD/DVD. The song appeared also on Bocelli's 2007 compilation The Best of Andrea Bocelli: Vivere. Dion joined Bocelli to perform the song in his Concerto: One Night in Central Park concert in 2011; the performance was subsequently released on CD and DVD. Both Dion and Bocelli have sung the song with other artists, and various other artists have recorded the song, either as a duet or a solo.
The original version of "The Prayer" failed to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, but was very popular on the adult contemporary charts in both Canada and the United States, peaking at number 6 and number 22 respectively. It has also become popular during Christmas, weddings and, in some cases, funerals.
Critical reception[edit]
Paul Verna from Billboard called this song a "gorgeous duet."[2] Chuck Taylor from Billboard reviewed "The Prayer", calling it "a breathtaking, ultra-lush song, and the tour de force combination of Dion and Bocelli [which] will send a half-dozen chills up your spine." Although he felt that the song is "an unorthodox track for the radio," Taylor called it "affecting," "heartwarming," "absolutely exquisite" and "one of Dion's most radiant performances ever."[3]
Track listing[edit]
1999 North American promotional CD maxi single
"The Prayer" (Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli) – 4:29
"The Prayer" (Celine Dion) – 2:48
"The Prayer" (Andrea Bocelli) – 4:10
Personnel[edit]
Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli – vocals
David Foster – arranger, composer, keyboards, piano, producer
William Ross – arranger, orchestral arrangements
Humberto Gatica – engineer, mixing
Felipe Elgueta – engineer, programming
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1999–2012)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop Airplay Flanders)[4]
162
Belgium (Ultratop Airplay Wallonia)[4]
34
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[5]
6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[6]
22
US Classical Digital Songs (Billboard)[7]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[8]
48
Celine Dion and Josh Groban version[edit]
"The Prayer (Live)"
Single by Celine Dion and Josh Groban
Released
12 February 2008
Format
Digital download
Genre
Pop classical
Songwriter(s)
David Foster
Carole Bayer Sager
Alberto Testa
Tony Renis
Celine Dion singles chronology
"A World to Believe In"
(2008) A World to Believe In2008 "The Prayer (Live)"
(2008) The Prayer (Live)2008 "Alone"
(2008) Alone2008
Celine Dion first performed "The Prayer" live with Josh Groban, in 1999, when then 17-year old Groban filled in for Andrea Bocelli at rehearsal for the 1999 Grammy Awards. The two performed the song during her CBS TV special That's Just the Woman in Me, aired on 15 February 2008. This version was released as a music download in the U.S. and Canada two days earlier. It proved to be much more successful than the original, entering the Billboard Hot 100 at number 70, it also appeared on a few other Billboard charts: Pop 100 at number 50, Hot Digital Songs at number 32 and Hot Digital Tracks at number 29. The single sold 37,531 copies in its first week. In Canada, the song peaked at number 37 on the Canadian Hot 100 and number 19 on the Canadian Top Digital Downloads.[9]
Track listing[edit]
2008 North American digital single
"The Prayer" (Celine Dion and Josh Groban) (live) – 4:38
Charts[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[10]
37
US Billboard Hot 100[11]
70
US Pop 100 (Billboard)[12]
50
Anthony Callea version[edit]
"The Prayer"
Single by Anthony Callea
from the album Anthony Callea
Released
19 December 2004
Format
CD single
Genre
Pop classical
Length
4:16
Label
Sony BMG
Songwriter(s)
David Foster
Carole Bayer Sager
Alberto Testa
Tony Renis
Producer(s)
John Forman
Anthony Callea singles chronology
"The Prayer"
(2004) "Rain" / "Bridge over Troubled Water"
(2005)
"The Prayer"
(2004) "Rain"/"Bridge over Troubled Water"
(2005)
Music video
"The Prayer" on YouTube
Callea first performed this song during Australian Idol 2004, in the week of 'contestants choice'. He received a standing ovation for this performance and the "Grand Royal Touchdown" from judge Mark Holden. He would go on to be runner-up in this series.
At the completion of the show, Callea was signed to Sony BMG, and he released "The Prayer" as his debut single.
It was released in Australia on 19 December 2004 and debuted at number 1 on the ARIA Charts. It stayed there for five weeks and was certified 4x platinum by ARIA. It became the fastest-selling single by any Australian artist, and was the second highest selling single in Australia in the last decade overall, and for an Australian artist.[13][14] The song was included on Callea's debut album Anthony Callea.
Callea has performed "The Prayer" at numerous concerts as well as the Carols by Candlelight in Melbourne. In 2006, he performed the song in front of Queen Elizabeth at a Commonwealth Day Service [15] He also performed it as a duet with Tina Arena on her Symphony of Life CD/DVD, released in 2012.
Track list[edit]
"The Prayer" was released as a two-track CD single [16]
The Prayer (4.16)
The Prayer (Sterling remix) (4:03)
Video[edit]
The video includes excerpts of Callea recording the song and was released in 2004.[17]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2004–05)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[18]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[19]
82
Chart (2005)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[20]
1
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000–09)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[14]
2
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[21]
4× Platinum 280,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Other notable versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
2002: Angie Stone with Josh Groban on the Josh Groban in Concert bonus DVD
2002: Charlotte Church and Josh Groban's duet is found on Church's album Enchantment and Groban's debut album, and it was performed as the closing song of the Winter Olympics closing ceremony
2002: Sissel Kyrkjebø with Josh Groban at the Nobel Peace Prize Concert
2003: Donnie McClurkin with Yolanda Adams' duet is found on McClurkins "Again" Album released on Christian label Verity records
2003: Daniel Rodríguez duet with Kristin Chenoweth on Rodríguez’s album "From My Heart” on Manhattan records[22]
2004: Sandi Patty recorded it as a duet with her husband Don Peslis on her album Hymns of Faith...Songs of Inspiration. They also recorded it live for her albums Christmas Live (2009) and Forever Grateful: Live From the Farewell Tour (2017).
2006: A version by Bocelli and Heather Headley was included on his Under the Desert Sky DVD/CD (live) (also 2007's Vivere Live in Tuscany DVD/CD)
2006: Katharine McPhee with Andrea Bocelli on American Idol – season five (also on David Foster's 2008 Hit Man CD/DVD)
2008: Andrea Bocelli and Josh Groban at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in dedication to Luciano Pavarotti who had died that previous year
2008: American Idol's Adam Lambert and Noa Dori sang a live version of the song.
2010: The Mormon Tabernacle Choir on the album Heavensong, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard charts for a crossover album[23]
2011: Michael Bolton and Lara Fabian sang the song live at the David Foster and Friends Concert.
2012: Charice and the Canadian Tenors sang a live version of the song.
2012: Christina Aguilera and Chris Mann performed the song on The Voice – season two; a studio recording was released, and entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at No. 85, and No. 35 on the digital singles chart
2012: Opera duo Jonathan & Charlotte auditioned for Britain's Got Talent with their version of the song.
2013: Used for Typhoon Haiyan.
2014: South Korean singer Sohyang and Michael Bolton sung on his concert tour.
2015: American Idol alumnus David Archuleta and Nathan Pacheco recorded a version of the song.
2015: Mark Mabasa, Lucky Robles and Lilibeth Garcia performed the song for the Ading Fernando Lifetime Achievement Award to Coney Reyes in the 29th PMPC Star Awards for Television at the Kia Theatre.
2016: Jessica Sanchez performed the song on American Idol – final season's finale, receiving critical acclaim.
2016: Marcelito Pomoy sang the song live on Wish 1075, singing both parts in a female and male voice, making the video viral online. He sang the song as his finale in the Philippine talent show Pilipinas Got Talent in the second season where he was declared winner. He later recorded an album version of the song.
2016: Tori Kelly performed the song with Bocelli two times, the first was his concert in Seattle and the second was in David Foster's Hollywood Bowl concert in Los Angeles, California.
2016: Laura Bretan performed the song on America's Got Talent at the Dolby Theatre.
2016: Teresa Carpio performed the song in China in the final of 跨界歌王 2016, with a special Mandarin part written by her student, actor and comedian Wong Cho Lam. [24]
See also[edit]
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Glatzer, Jenna (2005). Céline Dion: For Keeps. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-5559-5.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Książki. Books.google.com. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard - Google Książki. Books.google.com. 20 March 1999. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sam Jaspers (2006). Ultratop 1995-2005. Book & Media Publishing. ISBN 90-5720-232-8.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 8130." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Celine Dion. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classical Digital Songs". Billboard. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "RPM 1999 Top 100 Adult Contemporary". RPM. 13 December 1999. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Flo Rida Makes It Nine Straight Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 21 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion – Chart history" Canadian Hot 100 for Celine Dion. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Celine Dion. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Celine Dion Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Cashmere, Paul (29 January 2005)Anthony Callea Premature Sales Announcement.undercover.com.au. Archived from the original on 31 January 2005. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b ARIA’s End Of Decade Charts*(PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. 7 January 2010. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Prayer Anthony Callea sings for Queen Elizabeth 2006". YouTube. 6 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "iTunes - Music - The Prayer - Single by Anthony Callea". Itunes.apple.com. 19 December 2004. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Anthony Callea - The Prayer". YouTube. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Anthony Callea – The Prayer". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2004". ARIA. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2005". ARIA. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2004 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "From My Heart - Daniel Rodriguez". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Heavensong' hits No. 1 on Billboard's chart". Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ 第四季最强大脑 (20 August 2016), 跨界歌王 第13期 20160820 王祖蓝, 杜丽莎 The Prayer, retrieved 16 February 2017
[show]
v
t
e
Celine Dion English singles
Singles discography
Albums discography
1980s
"Listen to the Magic Man"
"Michael's Song"
"Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You"
1990s
"(If There Was) Any Other Way"
"Unison"
"Where Does My Heart Beat Now"
"The Last to Know"
"Have a Heart"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"If You Asked Me To"
"Nothing Broken but My Heart"
"Love Can Move Mountains"
"Water from the Moon"
"Did You Give Enough Love"
"When I Fall in Love"
"The Power of Love"
"Misled"
"Love Lights the World"
"Think Twice"
"Only One Road"
"Calling You"
"Next Plane Out"
"Just Walk Away"
"To Love You More"
"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman"
"Falling into You"
"Because You Loved Me"
"It's All Coming Back to Me Now"
"The Power of the Dream"
"All by Myself"
"Send Me a Lover"
"Call the Man"
"Make You Happy"
"Dreamin' of You"
"Tell Him"
"Be the Man"
"The Reason"
"My Heart Will Go On"
"Immortality"
"When I Need You"
"I Hate You Then I Love You"
"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)"
"It's Hard to Say Goodbye"
"You've Got a Friend"
"I'm Your Angel"
"The Prayer"
"Treat Her Like a Lady"
"That's the Way It Is"
"Then You Look at Me"
2000s
"Live (for the One I Love)"
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"I Want You to Need Me"
"If Walls Could Talk"
"Don't Save It All for Christmas Day"
"God Bless America"
"A New Day Has Come"
"I'm Alive"
"Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)"
"At Last"
"I Drove All Night"
"Have You Ever Been in Love"
"One Heart"
"Stand by Your Side"
"Faith"
"You and I"
"Beautiful Boy"
"Miracle"
"In Some Small Way"
"Taking Chances"
"Eyes on Me"
"A World to Believe In"
"Alone"
"My Love"
2010s
"Loved Me Back to Life"
"Breakaway"
"Incredible"
"Water and a Flame"
"Hymn"
"The Show Must Go On"
"Recovering"
"How Does a Moment Last Forever"
Other
"Voices That Care"
"What More Can I Give"
"Come Together Now"
"Sing"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Book
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Andrea Bocelli singles
Il mare calmo della sera
"Il mare calmo della sera"
Bocelli
"Con te partirò"/"Vivere"
"Macchine da Guerra"
"Per amore"
"Vivo per lei"
Romanza
"Vivo por ella"
"Time to Say Goodbye"
"Ich lebe für sie"
"Je vis pour elle"
Sogno
"The Prayer"
"Canto della Terra"
Sacred Arias
"Ave Maria"
Cieli di Toscana
"Melodramma"
"Mille Lune Mille Onde"
"L'abitudine"
Andrea
"Dell'amore non si sa"
"Un nuovo giorno"
Amore
"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)"
"Because We Believe"
"Ama Credi E Vai"
Vivere
"Dare to Live (Vivere)"
"Vive Ya"
My Christmas
"White Christmas/Bianco Natale"
"What Child Is This"
Cinema
"E Più Ti Penso"
Other singles
"Bridge over Troubled Water"
Other songs
"The Power of Love"
"Bésame Mucho"
"Amapola"
"Can't Help Falling in Love"
"Panis Angelicus"
"Adeste Fideles"
"Blue Christmas"
Category
Media
[show]
v
t
e
Anthony Callea
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
Anthony Callea
A New Chapter
Thirty
This Is Christmas
Backbone
ARIA Number 1 Hits in Symphony
Live albums
Ladies & Gentlemen: The Songs of George Michael
Extended plays
Last to Go
Singles
"The Prayer"
"Rain"/"Bridge over Troubled Water"
"Hurts So Bad"
"Per Sempre (For Always)"
"Live for Love"
"Addicted to You"
"Oh Oh Oh Oh"
"Last To Go"
Related articles
Australian Idol
It Takes Two
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australia season 2)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (1990s)
"Blaze of Glory" Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi (1990)
"Beauty and the Beast" Lyrics by Howard Ashman, Music by Alan Menken (1991)
"A Whole New World" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Alan Menken (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen (1993)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Elton John (1994)
"Colors of the Wind" Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, Music by Alan Menken (1995)
"You Must Love Me" Lyrics by Tim Rice, Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1996)
"My Heart Will Go On" Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings, Music by James Horner (1997)
"The Prayer" Music & Lyrics by David Foster, Tony Renis, Carole Bayer Sager, Alberto Testa (1998)
"You'll Be in My Heart" Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins (1999)
Complete List
(1960s)
(1970s)
(1980s)
(1990s)
(2000s)
(2010s)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Prayer_(Celine_Dion_and_Andrea_Bocelli_song)&oldid=804837988"
Categories:
1999 singles
2008 singles
Andrea Bocelli songs
ARIA Award-winning songs
Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs
Celine Dion songs
Number-one singles in Australia
Pop ballads
Song recordings produced by David Foster
Songs with lyrics by Alberto Testa (lyricist)
Songs with music by Tony Renis
Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager
Songs written by David Foster
Vocal duets
1998 songs
Songs from animated films
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use dmy dates from November 2016
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary
Singlechart called without artist
Singlechart called without song
Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary
Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100
Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100
Singlechart usages for Australia
Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
Articles needing additional references from November 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Norsk
Português
ไทย
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 12:58.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Duet_(music)
mw-redirect
Duet (music)

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

values:
/wiki/Taking_Chances_Tour
mw-redirect
Taking Chances Tour

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values: Edit section: Celine Dion and Josh Groban version

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Hot_Digital_Songs
mw-redirect
Hot Digital Songs

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding:.2em .1em;

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em;

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em .2em 0; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: width:33%; padding:.2em 0 .2em .1em; text-align: center;

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values:
/wiki/Symphony_of_Life_(Live)
mw-redirect
Symphony of Life (Live)

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Jonathan_%26_Charlotte
mw-redirect
Jonathan & Charlotte

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
Celine_Dion_English_singles
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #EEEEEE;

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Can't Live with You, Can't Live Without You

values: Tell Him (Barbra Streisand and Celine Dion song)

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
Andrea_Bocelli_singles
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: What Child Is This (Andrea Bocelli and Mary J. Blige cover)

values:
/wiki/Adeste_Fideles
mw-redirect
Adeste Fideles

values: Template talk:Anthony Callea (page does not exist)

values:
Anthony_Callea
fn
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values: This Is Christmas (Anthony Callea album)

values: Ladies & Gentlemen: The Songs of George Michael

values: The Prayer (Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli song)

values: nowraplinks vcard collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s

values: Template talk:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1990s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1970s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1980s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 2000s

values: Template:Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 2010s

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Best Original Song Golden Globe winning songs

values: Category:Number-one singles in Australia

values: Category:Song recordings produced by David Foster

values: Category:Songs with lyrics by Alberto Testa (lyricist)

values: Category:Songs written by Carole Bayer Sager

values: Category:Use dmy dates from November 2016

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary

values: Category:Singlechart called without artist

values: Category:Singlechart called without song

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100

values: Category:Singlechart usages for Australia

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Australia

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: เดอะเพรร์ – Thai

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-The_Prayer_Celine_Dion_and_Andrea_Bocelli_song rootpage-The_Prayer_Celine_Dion_and_Andrea_Bocelli_song vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Tonsillolith
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tonsillolith
Synonyms
Tonsil stones
A tonsillolith lodged in the tonsillar crypt
Specialty
Otorhinolaryngology
[edit on Wikidata]
Tonsilloliths, also known as tonsil stones, are soft aggregates of bacterial and cellular debris that form in the tonsillar crypts, the crevices of the tonsils.[1] While they occur most commonly in the palatine tonsils, they may also occur in the lingual tonsils.[1] Tonsil stones are very common. Tonsilloliths have been recorded weighing from 0.3g to 42g.[1]
Protruding tonsilloliths may feel like foreign objects lodged in the tonsil crypt. They may be a nuisance and difficult to remove, but are usually not harmful. They are one of the causes of halitosis (bad breath) and always give off a putrid smell.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Classification
2.1 Giant
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
5.1 Anti-inflammatory
5.2 Curettage
5.3 Laser
5.4 Surgery
5.5 At-home remedies
6 Epidemiology
7 References
8 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Tonsilloliths may produce no symptoms, or they may be associated with bad breath, or produce pain when swallowing.[4]
Tonsilloliths occur more frequently in teens than in adults or young children. Many small tonsil stones do not cause any noticeable symptoms. Even when they are large, some tonsil stones are only discovered incidentally on X-rays or CAT scans.
Other symptoms include a metallic taste, throat closing or tightening, coughing fits, and choking.
Larger tonsilloliths may cause multiple symptoms, including recurrent halitosis, which frequently accompanies a tonsil infection, sore throat, white debris, a bad taste in the back of the throat, difficulty swallowing, ear ache, and tonsil swelling.[5] A medical study conducted in 2007 found an association between tonsilloliths and bad breath in patients with a certain type of recurrent tonsillitis. Among those with bad breath, 75% of the subjects had tonsilloliths, while only 6% of subjects with normal halitometry values (normal breath) had tonsilloliths. A foreign body sensation may also exist in the back of the throat. The condition may also be an asymptomatic condition, with detection upon palpating a hard intratonsillar or submucosal mass.
A tonsillolith protrudes from the tonsil
Large tonsillolith half exposed on tonsil
Closeup of a tonsillolith
Classification[edit]
Tonsilloliths or tonsil stones are calcifications that form in the crypts of the palatal tonsils. They are also known to form in the throat and on the roof of the mouth. Tonsils are filled with crevices where bacteria and other materials, including dead cells and mucus, can become trapped. When this occurs, the debris can become concentrated in white formations that occur in the pockets.[5] Tonsilloliths are formed when this trapped debris accumulates and are expressed from the tonsil. They are generally soft, sometimes rubbery. This tends to occur most often in people who suffer from chronic inflammation in their tonsils or repeated bouts of tonsillitis.[5] They are often associated with post-nasal drip.
Giant[edit]
Much rarer than the typical tonsil stones are giant tonsilloliths. Giant tonsilloliths may often be mistaken for other oral maladies, including peritonsillar abscess, and tumours of the tonsil.[6]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Low-power microscope magnification of a cross-section through one of the tonsillar crypts (running diagonally) as it opens onto the surface of the throat (at the top). Stratified epithelium (e) covers the throat's surface and continues as a lining of the crypt. Beneath the surface are numerous nodules (f) of lymphoid tissue. Many lymph cells (dark-colored region) pass from the nodules toward the surface and will eventually mix with the saliva as salivary corpuscles (s).
The mechanism by which these calculi form is subject to debate,[1] though they appear to result from the accumulation of material retained within the crypts, along with the growth of bacteria and fungi – sometimes in association with persistent chronic purulent tonsillitis.
Recently, an association between biofilms and tonsilloliths was shown. Central to the biofilm concept is the assumption that bacteria form a three dimensional structure, dormant bacteria being in the center to serve as a constant nidus of infection. This impermeable structure renders the biofilm immune to antibiotic treatment. By use of confocal microscopy and microelectrodes, biofilms similar to dental biofilms were shown to be present in the tonsillolith, with oxygen respiration at the outer layer of tonsillolith, denitrification toward the middle, and acidification toward the bottom.[7]
Diagnosis[edit]
Diagnosis is usually made upon inspection. Differential diagnosis of tonsilloliths includes foreign body, calcified granuloma, malignancy, an enlarged temporal styloid process or rarely, isolated bone which is usually derived from embryonic rests originating from the branchial arches.[8]
Tonsilloliths are difficult to diagnose in the absence of clear manifestations, and often constitute casual findings of routine radiological studies.
Imaging diagnostic techniques can identify a radiopaque mass that may be mistaken for foreign bodies, displaced teeth or calcified blood vessels. Computed tomography (CT) may reveal nonspecific calcified images in the tonsillar zone. The differential diagnosis must be established with acute and chronic tonsillitis, tonsillar hypertrophy, peritonsillar abscesses, foreign bodies, phlebolites, ectopic bone or cartilage, lymph nodes, granulomatous lesions or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament in the context of Eagle syndrome (elongated styloid process).[9]
Treatment[edit]
Often, no treatment is needed, as few stones produce symptoms.[5]
Some people are able to remove tonsil stones using the tip of the tongue. Oral irrigators are also simple yet effective and will thoroughly clean the tonsil crypts. Most electric oral irrigators are unsuitable for tonsil stone removal because they are too powerful and are likely to cause discomfort and rupture the tonsils, which could result in further complications such as infection. Irrigators that connect directly to the sink tap via a threaded attachment or otherwise are suitable for tonsil stone removal and everyday washing of the tonsils because they can jet water at low pressure levels that the user can adjust by simply turning the sink tap, allowing for a continuous range of pressures to suit each user's specific requirements.[5]
More simply still, gargling with warm, salty water may help alleviate the discomfort of tonsillitis, which often accompanies tonsil stones. Vigorous gargling each morning can also keep the tonsil crypts clear of all but the most persistent tonsilloliths.[5]
Anti-inflammatory[edit]
Nimesulide is prescribed as an oral mouthwash.
Curettage[edit]
Larger tonsil stones may require removal by curettage (scooping) or otherwise, although thorough irrigation will still be required afterwards to effectively wash out smaller pieces. Larger lesions may require local excision, although these treatments may not completely help the bad breath issues that are often associated with this condition.
Laser[edit]
Another option is to decrease the surface area (crypts, crevices, etc.) of the tonsils via laser resurfacing. The procedure is called laser cryptolysis. It can be performed using a local anesthetic. A scanned carbon dioxide laser selectively vaporizes and smooths the surface of the tonsils. This technique flattens the edges of the crypts and crevices that collect the debris, preventing trapped material from forming stones.
Surgery[edit]
Tonsillectomy may be indicated if bad breath due to tonsillar stones persists despite other measures.[10]
At-home remedies[edit]
Home intervention may be used to help dislodge or remove the stones and provide temporary comfort. Several methods have been used, including using a toothbrush or spoon to gently probe and squeeze the tonsil, or small flashlight, Q-tip, chopstick with tapered end, oral irrigator, gargling with warm salt water, and even specialized devices for the sole purpose of removing the invasive stones.[5][not in citation given]
Epidemiology[edit]
Tonsilloliths or tonsillar concretions occur in up to 10% of the population, frequently due to episodes of tonsillitis.[11] While small concretions in the tonsils are common, true tonsilloliths or stones are rare.[1] They commonly occur in young adults and are rare in children.[1]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ram S, Siar CH, Ismail SM, Prepageran N (July 2004). "Pseudo bilateral tonsilloliths: a case report and review of the literature". Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 98 (1): 110–4. PMID 15243480. doi:10.1016/S1079210403007042.
Jump up ^ Tsuneishi M, Yamamoto T, Kokeguchi S, Tamaki N, Fukui K, Watanabe T (2006). "Composition of the bacterial flora in tonsilloliths". Microbes Infect. 8 (9–10): 2384–9. PMID 16859950. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2006.04.023.
Jump up ^ Svoboda, Elizabeth (2009-09-01). "In Tonsils, a Problem the Size of a Pea". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
Jump up ^ Giudice M, Cristofaro MG, Fava MG, Giudice A (July 2005). "An unusual tonsillolithiasis in a patient with chronic obstructive sialoadenitis". Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 34 (4): 247–50. PMID 15961601. doi:10.1259/dmfr/19689789.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Tonsil Stones (Tonsilloliths)". WebMD.com. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Padmanabhan TK, Chandra Dutt GS, Vasudevan DM, Vijayakumar (May–Jun 1984). "Giant tonsillolith simulating tumour of the tonsil – a case report". Indian J Cancer. 21 (2): 90–1. PMID 6530236.
Jump up ^ Stoodley, P; Debeer, D; Longwell, M; Nistico, L; Hall-Stoodley, L; Wenig, B; Krespi, YP (September 2009). "Tonsillolith: not just a stone but a living biofilm.". Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 141 (3): 316–21. PMID 19716006. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2009.05.019.
Jump up ^ Images
Jump up ^ Silvestre-Donat F, Pla-Mocholi A, Estelles-Ferriol E, Martinez-Mihi V (2005). "Giant tonsillolith: report of a case" (PDF). Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal. 10 (3): 239–42. PMID 15876967.
Jump up ^ Darrow DH, Siemens C (August 2002). "Indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy". Laryngoscope. 112 (8 Pt 2 Suppl 100): 6–10. PMID 12172229. doi:10.1002/lary.5541121404.
Jump up ^ S. G. Nour; Mafee, Mahmood F.; Valvassori, Galdino E.; Galdino E. Valbasson; Minerva Becker (2005). Imaging of the head and neck. Stuttgart: Thieme. p. 716. ISBN 1-58890-009-6.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: J35.8
ICD-9-CM: 474.8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonsillolith&oldid=800595360"
Categories:
Medical signs
Oral hygiene
Hidden categories:
All articles with failed verification
Articles with failed verification from August 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 September 2017, at 14:26.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Palatine_tonsils
mw-redirect
Palatine tonsils

values:
/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography
mw-redirect
X-ray computed tomography

values:
/wiki/Asymptomatic_condition
mw-redirect
Asymptomatic condition

values:
/wiki/Organ_hypertrophy
mw-redirect
Organ hypertrophy

values:
/wiki/Lymph_nodes
mw-redirect
Lymph nodes

values: Some listed methods not in citation (August 2017)

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15243480

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16859950

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961601

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1259%2Fdmfr%2F19689789

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6530236

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19716006

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15876967

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12172229

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Flary.5541121404

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values: Category:All articles with failed verification

values: Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values:
/wiki/Tonsillolith
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: حصى اللوزتين – Arabic

values: سنگ لوزه – Persian

values: אבני שקדים – Hebrew

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caseum
Caseum – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пробки в миндалинах – Russian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proppu
Proppu – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tonsillolith rootpage-Tonsillolith skin-vector action-view


text:
Cultural behavior
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[hide]This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
(Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cultural behavior is behavior exhibited by humans (and, some would argue, by other species as well, though to a much lesser degree) that is extrasomatic or extragenetic—in other words, learned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Learned behavior
2 Concepts, generalizations, abstractions and ideas
3 Behavior shared through extragenetic transmission
4 Artifacts, concrete and abstract
5 See also
Learned behavior[edit]
There is a species of ant that builds nests made of leaves. To build a nest, some of these ants pull the edges of two leaves together and hold them in place, while others carry larva in their jaws and 'sew' them together with the silk they secrete. This is certainly a complex feat of engineering, but it is not cultural. This behavior is instinctive, built into the ants' behavior mechanisms. They cannot alter their plans or think of better ways to join leaves. They cannot teach or be taught to do so.
But there are examples of animals that can learn behaviors, such as dogs and cats. A dog doesn't know instinctively not to urinate or defecate indoors, but it can be taught not to do so. Dogs are capable of learning specific behaviors.
Concepts, generalizations, abstractions and ideas[edit]
A dog's acquisition of a behavior satisfies one of the requirements of culture, but it also fulfills another. If you were to take a dog that has learned not to eliminate indoors to a different house, it would still know not to urinate there. This is because the dog has made a generalization. It knows not to urinate or defecate in any house, not just the one in which it was taught. However, this behavior only makes two of the four requirements.
Behavior shared through extragenetic transmission[edit]
For a behavior to be considered cultural it must be shared extragenetically; that is, it must be taught. If a trained dog is introduced to a puppy that doesn't know not to urinate in a house, it cannot teach it not to do so. A particularly intelligent puppy might eventually learn not to eliminate in people's houses by observing the older dog, but no active teaching would have taken place.
Contrast this with an observed group of macaque monkeys. Some scientists wanted to learn about eating behaviors in macaque monkeys, so they put some sweet potatoes on a beach near where they lived. The sweet potatoes got sandy and, as the monkeys disliked dirty food, they would spend some time picking the sand off. One young female, however started taking her potatoes to a freshwater pool to rinse off. She showed the others how to do so as well. The scientists then threw wheat on the sand, hoping the monkeys would spend more time picking the food out so they would have more time to observe them. The same young female just scooped up handfuls of wheat and sand and dumped them in the water. The sand sank and the wheat floated, which she ate. This practice also quickly spread through the group. This is what humans could call a proto-cultural behavior. It is learned, it involves concepts and generalisations, and it is taught. There is only one thing missing.
Artifacts, concrete and abstract[edit]
Cultural behavior must involve the use of artifacts. The most famous example in the animal world is the termite stick. Some chimpanzees in Tanzania have learned to fish termites out of their nests using sticks. They select a stick and modify it to fit down an opening in a termite nest, insert it, wiggle it around and withdraw it, eating the termites that have attacked the stick and stuck to it. This fits our criteria for cultural behavior. It is not genetically programmed. Not all chimps do it, as would happen if it were built into the chimps' genes. It involves several complex generalisations and ideas, involving understanding the termites' behavior and how to exploit it, and conceiving of a tool with which to do so. It is taught by mother chimps to their offspring. And it involves the use of an artifact: the stick itself.
The difference between the culture of humans and the behaviors exhibited by others is that humans cannot survive without culture. Everything they see, touch, interact with and think about is cultural. It is the major adaptive mechanism for humans. They cannot survive winters in upper latitudes without protective clothing and shelter, which are provided culturally. They cannot obtain food without being taught how. Whereas other organisms that exhibit cultural behavior don't necessarily need it for the perpetuation of their species, they absolutely cannot live without it.
Language is an important element in human culture. It is the primary abstract artifact by which culture is transmitted extragenetically (fulfilling points 3 and 4). Only so few can be shown, much more must be explained. Most transmission of the knowledge, ideas, and values that make up a given culture, from the ten commandments to this entry, is done through language. Again, language is an aspect from which humans differ from other animals in degree rather than kind. Once more it is other apes who share the greatest similarities with humans. Though these primates lack the larynx structure that allows for sophisticated vocalization, there are other ways of communicating. The famous female gorilla, Koko, was taught to communicate in American sign language, and she taught it to other gorillas as well.
Culture does not mean civilization. It's not necessary to have cities in order to have a culture. Every society does the best it can with its circumstances. Any given social group, and therefore the culture that reflects it, is therefore neither more advanced nor more backward than any other; it is simply the way it is because that way works. If the circumstances should change due to environmental change, population pressure, or historical events, then the culture changes. From an anthropological perspective, none is wrong, and none is right.
See also[edit]
Culture theory
Cultureme
Diversity marketing
Social interaction
Intercultural competence
Intercultural relations
[show]
v
t
e
Culture
Outline
Sciences
Cultural anthropology
Cultural astronomy
Cultural ecology
Cultural geography
Cultural neuroscience
Cultural studies
Culturology
Culture theory
Neuroculture
Subfields
Bioculture
Cross-cultural studies
Cross-cultural communication
Cross-cultural leadership
Cross-cultural psychiatry
Cross-cultural psychology
Cultural analytics
Cultural economics
Cultural entomology
Cultural health
Cultural history
Cultural mapping
Cultural mediation
Cultural psychology
Culturomics
Intercultural learning
Intercultural relations
Philosophy of culture
Popular culture studies
Semiotics of culture
Sociology of culture
Sound culture
Theology of culture
Transcultural nursing
Types
Constructed culture
Dominant culture
Folk culture
High culture
Individualistic culture
Legal culture
Low culture
Microculture
Official culture
Political culture
Civic
Popular culture
Urban
Primitive culture
Subculture
Alternative culture
list
Super culture
Vernacular culture
Culture by location
Aspects
Acculturation
Cultural appropriation
Cultural area
Cultural artifact
Cultural baggage
Cultural behavior
Cultural bias
Cultural capital
Cross-cultural
Cultural communication
Cultural conflict
Cultural cringe
Cultural dissonance
Cultural emphasis
Cultural framework
Cultural heritage
Cultural icon
Cultural identity
Cultural industry
Cultural invention
Cultural landscape
Cultural learning
Cultural leveling
Cultural memory
Cultural pluralism
Cultural practice
Cultural property
Cultural reproduction
Cultural system
Cultural technology
Cultural universal
Cultureme
Enculturation
High- and low-context cultures
Interculturality
Manuscript culture
Material culture
Non-material culture
Organizational culture
Print culture
Protoculture
Safety culture
Technoculture
Trans-cultural diffusion
Transculturation
Visual culture
Politics
Colonial mentality
Consumer capitalism
Cross cultural sensitivity
Cultural assimilation
Cultural attaché
Cultural backwardness
Cultural Bolshevism
Cultural conservatism
Cultural contracts
Cultural deprivation
Cultural diplomacy
Cultural environmentalism
Cultural exception
Cultural feminism
Cultural genocide
Cultural globalization
Cultural hegemony
Cultural imperialism
Cultural intelligence
Cultural liberalism
Cultural nationalism
Cultural pessimism
Cultural policy
Cultural racism
Cultural radicalism
Cultural retention
Cultural Revolution
Cultural rights
Cultural safety
Cultural silence
Cultural subsidy
Cultural Zionism
Culture change
Culture minister
Culture of fear
Culture war
Deculturalization
Dominator culture
Interculturalism
Intraculturalism
Monoculturalism
Multiculturalism
Biculturalism
Pluriculturalism
Security culture
Transculturism
Related
Animal culture
Archaeological culture
Bennett scale
Bullying culture
Cannabis culture
Circuit of culture
Coffee culture
Cross-cultural
Cultural center
Cultural Christian
Cultural Mormon
Cultural competence
Cultural critic
Cultural Detective
Cultural determinism
Cultural diversity
Cultural encoding
Cultural evolutionism
Cultural Hindu
Cultural homogenization
Cultural institution
Cultural jet lag
Cultural Judaism
Cultural lag
Cultural literacy
Cultural mosaic
Cultural movement
Cultural mulatto
Cultural Muslim
Cultural probe
Cultural relativism
Culture speculation
Cultural tourism
Pop-culture
Cultural translation
Cultural turn
Cultural sensibility
Culture and positive psychology
Culture and social cognition
Culture gap
Culture hero
Culture industry
Culture shock
Culturgen
Children's culture
Culturalism
Cyberculture
Death and culture
Disability culture
Deaf culture
Emotions and culture
Intercultural communication
Intercultural competence
Languaculture
Living things in culture
Media culture
Oppositional culture
Participatory culture
Permission culture
Rape culture
Remix culture
Tea culture
Transformation of culture
Urban culture
Welfare culture
Category
Portal
Commons
WikiProject
changes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_behavior&oldid=753811497"
Categories:
Cultural anthropology
Hidden categories:
Articles lacking sources from December 2009
All articles lacking sources
Articles that may contain original research from October 2009
All articles that may contain original research
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 9 December 2016, at 09:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

values: mw-collapsible-toggle button 0

value: b

attrs: class href

value: i

value: small

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values:
mw-collapsible
width:95%; margin: 0.2em 0;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox

values: Edit section: Concepts, generalizations, abstractions and ideas

values: Edit section: Behavior shared through extragenetic transmission

values:
/wiki/Macaque_monkey
mw-redirect
Macaque monkey

values: Edit section: Artifacts, concrete and abstract

values:
/wiki/Koko_the_gorilla
mw-redirect
Koko the gorilla

values:
/wiki/American_sign_language
mw-redirect
American sign language

values:
/wiki/Social_interaction
mw-redirect
Social interaction

values:
/wiki/Sound_culture
mw-redirect
Sound culture

values:
/wiki/Constructed_culture
mw-redirect
Constructed culture

values:
/wiki/Folk_culture
mw-redirect
Folk culture

values:
/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures
mw-redirect
High- and low-context cultures

values:
/wiki/Cultural_racism
mw-redirect
Cultural racism

values:
/wiki/Security_culture
mw-redirect
Security culture

values:
/wiki/Cultural_competence
mw-redirect
Cultural competence

values:
/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism
mw-redirect
Cultural evolutionism

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles lacking sources from December 2009

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from October 2009

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cultural_behavior
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cultural_behavior rootpage-Cultural_behavior skin-vector action-view