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Foot
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This article is about the anatomical structure. For the unit of measure, see Foot (unit). For other uses, see Foot (disambiguation).
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Foot
Details
Artery
dorsalis pedis, medial plantar, lateral plantar
Nerve
medial plantar, lateral plantar, deep fibular, superficial fibular
Identifiers
Latin
Pes
MeSH
D005528
TA
A01.1.00.040
FMA
9664
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The foot (plural feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws or nails.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Structure
2.1 Bones
2.2 Arches
2.3 Muscles
2.3.1 Extrinsic
2.3.2 Intrinsic
3 Clinical significance
4 Pronation
5 Society and culture
6 Other animals
7 Metaphorical and cultural usage
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Bibliography
10 External links
Etymology
The word "foot", in the sense of meaning the "terminal part of the leg of a vertebrate animal" comes from "Old English fot "foot," from Proto-Germanic *fot (source also of Old Frisian fot, Old Saxon fot, Old Norse fotr, Danish fod, Swedish fot, Dutch voet, Old High German fuoz, German Fuß, Gothic fotus "foot"), from PIE root *ped- "foot." [1] The "[p]lural form feet is an instance of i-mutation." [1]
Structure
The feet of a newborn infant.
The human foot is a strong and complex mechanical structure containing 26 bones, 33 joints (20 of which are actively articulated), and more than a hundred muscles, tendons, and ligaments.[2] The joints of the foot are the ankle and subtalar joint and the interphalangeal articulations of the foot. An anthropometric study of 1197 North American adult Caucasian males (mean age 35.5 years) found that a man's foot length was 26.3 cm with a standard deviation of 1.2 cm.[3]
The foot can be subdivided into the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot:
The hindfoot is composed of the talus (or ankle bone) and the calcaneus (or heel bone). The two long bones of the lower leg, the tibia and fibula, are connected to the top of the talus to form the ankle. Connected to the talus at the subtalar joint, the calcaneus, the largest bone of the foot, is cushioned underneath by a layer of fat.[2]
The five irregular bones of the midfoot, the cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones, form the arches of the foot which serves as a shock absorber. The midfoot is connected to the hind- and fore-foot by muscles and the plantar fascia.[2]
The forefoot is composed of five toes and the corresponding five proximal long bones forming the metatarsus. Similar to the fingers of the hand, the bones of the toes are called phalanges and the big toe has two phalanges while the other four toes have three phalanges each. The joints between the phalanges are called interphalangeal and those between the metatarsus and phalanges are called metatarsophalangeal (MTP).[2]
Both the midfoot and forefoot constitute the dorsum (the area facing upwards while standing) and the planum (the area facing downwards while standing).
The instep is the arched part of the top of the foot between the toes and the ankle.
Bones
Illustration of bones in lower leg and foot.
tibia, fibula
tarsus (7): talus, calcaneus, cuneiformes (3), cuboid, and navicular
metatarsus (5): first, second, third, fourth, and fifth metatarsal bone
phalanges (14)
There can be many sesamoid bones near the metatarsophalangeal joints, although they are only regularly present in the distal portion of the first metatarsal bone.[4]
Arches
Main article: Arches of the foot
The human foot has two longitudinal arches and a transverse arch maintained by the interlocking shapes of the foot bones, strong ligaments, and pulling muscles during activity. The slight mobility of these arches when weight is applied to and removed from the foot makes walking and running more economical in terms of energy. As can be examined in a footprint, the medial longitudinal arch curves above the ground. This arch stretches from the heel bone over the "keystone" ankle bone to the three medial metatarsals. In contrast, the lateral longitudinal arch is very low. With the cuboid serving as its keystone, it redistributes part of the weight to the calcaneus and the distal end of the fifth metatarsal. The two longitudinal arches serve as pillars for the transverse arch which run obliquely across the tarsometatarsal joints. Excessive strain on the tendons and ligaments of the feet can result in fallen arches or flat feet.[5]
Muscles
The muscles acting on the foot can be classified into extrinsic muscles, those originating on the anterior or posterior aspect of the lower leg, and intrinsic muscles, originating on the dorsal (top) or plantar (base) aspects of the foot.
Extrinsic
Anterior leg muscles.
All muscles originating on the lower leg except the popliteus muscle are attached to the bones of the foot. The tibia and fibula and the interosseous membrane separate these muscles into anterior and posterior groups, in their turn subdivided into subgroups and layers. [6]
Anterior group
Extensor group: tibialis anterior originates on the proximal half of the tibia and the interosseous membrane and is inserted near the tarsometatarsal joint of the first digit. In the non-weight-bearing leg tibialis anterior flexes the foot dorsally and lift its medial edge (supination). In the weight-bearing leg it brings the leg towards the back of the foot, like in rapid walking. Extensor digitorum longus arises on the lateral tibial condyle and along the fibula to be inserted on the second to fifth digits and proximally on the fifth metatarsal. The extensor digitorum longus acts similar to the tibialis anterior except that it also dorsiflexes the digits. Extensor hallucis longus originates medially on the fibula and is inserted on the first digit. As the name implies it dorsiflexes the big toe and also acts on the ankle in the unstressed leg. In the weight-bearing leg it acts similar to the tibialis anterior. [7]
Peroneal group: peroneus longus arises on the proximal aspect of the fibula and peroneus brevis below it on the same bone. Together, their tendons pass behind the lateral malleolus. Distally, peroneus longus crosses the plantar side of the foot to reach its insertion on the first tarsometatarsal joint, while peroneus brevis reaches the proximal part of the fifth metatarsal. These two muscles are the strongest pronators and aid in plantar flexion. Longus also acts like a bowstring that braces the transverse arch of the foot. [8]
Deep and superficial layers of posterior leg muscles
Posterior group
The superficial layer of posterior leg muscles is formed by the triceps surae and the plantaris. The triceps surae consists of the soleus and the two heads of the gastrocnemius. The heads of gastrocnemius arise on the femur, proximal to the condyles, and soleus arises on the proximal dorsal parts of the tibia and fibula. The tendons of these muscles merge to be inserted onto the calcaneus as the Achilles tendon. Plantaris originates on the femur proximal to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius and its long tendon is embedded medially into the Achilles tendon. The triceps surae is the primary plantar flexor and its strength becomes most obvious during ballet dancing. It is fully activated only with the knee extended because the gastrocnemius is shortened during knee flexion. During walking it not only lifts the heel, but also flexes the knee, assisted by the plantaris.[9]
In the deep layer of posterior muscles tibialis posterior arises proximally on the back of the interosseous membrane and adjoining bones and divides into two parts in the sole of the foot to attach to the tarsus. In the non-weight-bearing leg, it produces plantar flexion and supination, and, in the weight-bearing leg, it proximates the heel to the calf. flexor hallucis longus arises on the back of the fibula (i.e. on the lateral side), and its relatively thick muscle belly extends distally down to the flexor retinaculum where it passes over to the medial side to stretch across the sole to the distal phalanx of the first digit. The popliteus is also part of this group, but, with its oblique course across the back of the knee, does not act on the foot. [10]
Intrinsic
On the back (top) of the foot, the tendons of extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis lie deep to the system of long extrinsic extensor tendons. They both arise on the calcaneus and extend into the dorsal aponeurosis of digits one to four, just beyond the penultimate joints. They act to dorsiflex the digits. [11]
Plantar aspects of foot, varying depths (superficial to deep)
Similar to the intrinsic muscles of the hand, there are three groups of muscles in the sole of foot, those of the first and last digits, and a central group:
Muscles of the big toe: abductor hallucis stretches medially along the border of the sole, from the calcaneus to the first digit. Below its tendon, the tendons of the long flexors pass through the tarsal canal. It is an abductor and a weak flexor, and also helps maintain the arch of the foot. flexor hallucis brevis arises on the medial cuneiform bone and related ligaments and tendons. An important plantar flexor, it is crucial for ballet dancing. Both these muscles are inserted with two heads proximally and distally to the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Adductor hallucis is part of this group, though it originally formed a separate system (see contrahens.) It has two heads, the oblique head originating obliquely across the central part of the midfoot, and the transverse head originating near the metatarsophalangeal joints of digits five to three. Both heads are inserted into the lateral sesamoid bone of the first digit. Adductor hallucis acts as a tensor of the plantar arches and also adducts the big toe and then might plantar flex the proximal phalanx. [12]
Muscles of the little toe: Stretching laterally from the calcaneus to the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit, abductor digiti minimi form the lateral margin of the foot and is the largest of the muscles of the fifth digit. Arising from the base of the fifth metatarsal, flexor digiti minimi is inserted together with abductor on the first phalanx. Often absent, opponens digiti minimi originates near the cuboid bone and is inserted on the fifth metatarsal bone. These three muscles act to support the arch of the foot and to plantar flex the fifth digit. [13]
Central muscles of foot
Central muscle group: The four lumbricals arise on the medial side of the tendons of flexor digitorum longus and are inserted on the medial margins of the proximal phalanges. Quadratus plantae originates with two slips from the lateral and medial margins of the calcaneus and inserts into the lateral margin of the flexor digitorum tendon. It is also known as flexor accessorius. Flexor digitorum brevis arise inferiorly on the calcaneus and its three tendons are inserted into the middle phalanges of digits two to four (sometimes also the fifth digit). These tendons divide before their insertions and the tendons of flexor digitorum longus pass through these divisions. Flexor digitorum brevis flexes the middle phalanges. It is occasionally absent. Between the toes, the dorsal and plantar interossei stretch from the metatarsals to the proximal phalanges of digits two to five. The plantar interossei adducts and the dorsal interossei abducts these digits and are also plantar flexors at the metatarsophalangeal joints. [14]
Clinical significance
Main article: Diseases of the foot
Due to their position and function, feet are exposed to a variety of potential infections and injuries, including athlete's foot, bunions, ingrown toenails, Morton's neuroma, plantar fasciitis, plantar warts and stress fractures. In addition, there are several genetic disorders that can affect the shape and function of the feet, including a club foot or flat feet.
This leaves humans more vulnerable to medical problems that are caused by poor leg and foot alignments. Also, the wearing of shoes, sneakers and boots can impede proper alignment and movement within the ankle and foot. For example, High-heeled footwear are known to throw off the natural weight balance (this can also affect the lower back). For the sake of posture, flat soles with no heels are advised.
A doctor who specializes in the treatment of the feet practices podiatry and is called a podiatrist. A pedorthist specializes in the use and modification of footwear to treat problems related to the lower limbs.
Fractures of the foot include:
Lisfranc fracture – in which one or all of the metatarsals are displaced from the tarsus[15]
Jones fracture – a fracture of the fifth metatarsal
March fracture – a fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress
Calcaneal fracture
Foot sweat is the major cause of foot odor. Sweat itself is odorless, but it creates a beneficial environment for certain bacteria to grow and produce bad-smelling substances.
Pronation
Main article: Pronation of the foot
In anatomy, pronation is a rotational movement of the forearm (at the radioulnar joint) or foot (at the subtalar and talocalcaneonavicular joints). Pronation of the foot refers to how the body distributes weight as it cycles through the gait. During the gait cycle the foot can pronate in many different ways based on rearfoot and forefoot function. Types of pronation include neutral pronation, underpronation (supination), and overpronation.
Neutral pronation
An individual who neutrally pronates initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will roll in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed evenly across the metatarsus. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track directly over the hallux.
This rolling inwards motion as the foot progresses from heel to toe is the way that the body naturally absorbs shock. Neutral pronation is the most ideal, efficient type of gait when using a heel strike gait; in a forefoot strike, the body absorbs shock instead via flexation of the foot.
Overpronation
As with a neutral pronator, an individual who overpronates initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, however, the foot will roll too far in a medial direction, such that the weight is distributed unevenly across the metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the hallux. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track inwards.
An overpronator does not absorb shock efficiently. Imagine someone jumping onto a diving board, but the board is so flimsy that when it is struck, it bends and allows the person to plunge straight down into the water instead of back into the air. Similarly, an overpronator's arches will collapse, or the ankles will roll inwards (or a combination of the two) as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involves external rotation at the hip, knee, or ankle will be more likely to overpronate than one whose bone structure has internal rotation or central alignment. An individual who overpronates tends to wear down their running shoes on the medial (inside) side of the shoe towards the toe area.[16]
When choosing a running or walking shoe, a person with overpronation can choose shoes that have good inside support—usually by strong material at the inside sole and arch of the shoe. It is usually visible. The inside support area is marked by strong greyish material to support the weight when a person lands on the outside foot and then roll onto the inside foot.
Underpronation (supination)
Underpronation of foot
An individual who underpronates also initially strikes the ground on the lateral side of the heel. As the individual transfers weight from the heel to the metatarsus, the foot will not roll far enough in a medial direction. The weight is distributed unevenly across the metatarsus, with excessive weight borne on the fifth metatarsal, towards the lateral side of the foot. In this stage of the gait, the knee will generally, but not always, track laterally of the hallux.
Like an overpronator, an underpronator does not absorb shock efficiently – but for the opposite reason. The underpronated foot is like a diving board that, instead of failing to spring someone in the air because it is too flimsy, fails to do so because it is too rigid. There is virtually no give. An underpronator's arches or ankles don't experience much motion as they cycle through the gait. An individual whose bone structure involves internal rotation at the hip, knee, or ankle will be more likely to underpronate than one whose bone structure has external rotation or central alignment. Usually – but not always – those who are bow-legged tend to underpronate.[citation needed] An individual who underpronates tends to wear down their running shoes on the lateral (outside) side of the shoe towards the rear of the shoe in the heel area.[17]
Society and culture
Humans usually wear shoes or similar footwear for protection from hazards when walking outside. There are a number of contexts where it is considered inappropriate to wear shoes. Some people consider it rude to wear shoes into a house and a Māori Marae should only be entered with bare feet.
Foot fetishism is the most common form of sexual fetish.[18][19]
Other animals
Main article: Comparative foot morphology
A paw is the soft foot of a mammal, generally a quadruped, that has claws or nails (e.g., a cat or dog's paw). A hard foot is called a hoof. Depending on style of locomotion, animals can be classified as plantigrade (sole walking), digitigrade (toe walking), or unguligrade (nail walking).
The metatarsals are the bones that make up the main part of the foot in humans, and part of the leg in large animals or paw in smaller animals. The number of metatarsals are directly related to the mode of locomotion with many larger animals having their digits reduced to two (elk, cow, sheep) or one (horse). The metatarsal bones of feet and paws are tightly grouped compared to, most notably, the human hand where the thumb metacarpal diverges from the rest of the metacarpus.[20]
Metaphorical and cultural usage
Study of a pair of feet crossed, 1847, by Margaret Louisa Herschel, daughter of John Herschel, from the Royal Museums Greenwich
The word "foot" is used to refer to a "...linear measure was in Old English (the exact length has varied over time), this being considered the length of a man's foot; a unit of measure used widely and anciently. In this sense the plural is often foot. The current inch and foot are implied from measurements in 12c." [1] The word "foot" also has a musical meaning; a "...metrical foot (late Old English, translating Latin pes, Greek pous in the same sense) is commonly taken to represent one rise and one fall of a foot: keeping time according to some, dancing according to others."[1]
The word "foot" was used in Middle English to mean "a person" (c. 1200).[1] The expression "...to put one's best foot foremost first recorded 1849 (Shakespeare has the better foot before, 1596)".[1] The expression to "...put one's foot in (one's) mouth "say something stupid" was first used in 1942.[1] The expression "put (one's) foot in something" meaning to "make a mess of it" was used in 1823.[1]
The word "footloose" was first used in the 1690s, meaning "free to move the feet, unshackled"; the more "figurative sense of "free to act as one pleases" was first used in 1873.[1] Like "footloose", "flat-footed" at first had its obvious literal meaning (in 1600, it meant "with flat feet") but by 1912 it meant "unprepared" (U.S. baseball slang).[1]
See also
Flat feet
Foot binding
Foot fetishism
Foot gymnastics
Foot pressure
Foot washing
Gait analysis
Pes cavus
Sole (foot)
Runner's toe, repetitive injury seen in runners
Ball (anatomy)
Barefoot
Heel
Squatting position
Comparison of orthotics
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Foot". www.etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Podiatry Channel, Anatomy of the foot and ankle
Jump up ^ Hawes MR, Sovak D (July 1994). "Quantitative morphology of the human foot in a North American population". Ergonomics. 37 (7): 1213–26. doi:10.1080/00140139408964899. PMID 8050406.
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 220
Jump up ^ Mareb-Hoehn 2007, pp. 244–45
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 256
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 258
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 260
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 262
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 264
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 268
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, pp. 270–72
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 272
Jump up ^ Platzer 2004, p. 274
Jump up ^ TheFreeDictionary > Lisfranc's fracture Citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. 2009
Jump up ^ "Overpronation, Explained". Runner's World. 21 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Supination, Explained". Runner's World. 21 September 2001. Archived from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rex Ryan's Apparent Foot Fetish Not Necessarily Unhealthy". Abcnews.go.com. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-01-04. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ France 2008, p. 537
Bibliography
France, Diane L. (2008). Human and Nonhuman Bone Identification: A Color Atlas. CRC Press. ISBN 1-4200-6286-7.
Marieb, Elaine Nicpon; Hoehn, Katja (2007). Human anatomy & physiology. Pearson Education. ISBN 0-321-37294-8.
Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
"Anatomy of the foot and ankle". Podiatry Channel. Archived from the original on August 31, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2009.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foot.
Look up foot in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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text:
Gilmore Girls (season 7)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gilmore Girls (season 7)
Season 7 DVD cover
Starring
Lauren Graham
Alexis Bledel
Scott Patterson
Melissa McCarthy
Keiko Agena
Yanic Truesdale
Liza Weil
Sean Gunn
Matt Czuchry
Kelly Bishop
Edward Herrmann
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
The CW
Original release
September 26, 2006 – May 15, 2007
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
Next →
A Year in the Life
List of Gilmore Girls episodes
The seventh and final season of Gilmore Girls, an American dramedy television series, began airing on September 26, 2006 on The CW. The season and series concluded on May 15, 2007, after 22 episodes. This was the first and only season to air on The CW, which was a merge of UPN and the show's previous home, The WB. The season aired Tuesday nights at 8/7c.
This is the only season to not have Amy Sherman-Palladino or Daniel Palladino as a show-runner or a writer. The newly formed CW network claimed their departure was due to a salary dispute. Amy Sherman-Palladino later insisted that she and Daniel Palladino could not come to an agreement with CW because they needed a short series hiatus to rest, the hiring of more writers to relieve their work load, and an additional eighth season to finish the story lines properly. Because of this change, this season received mixed reviews from television critics and fans.
This was to be the last of the series to air until, in October 2015, it was reported that the series would return as a limited series on Netflix to consist of four 90-minute films.[1][2] Sherman-Palladino was in charge of the new revival.[3]
Contents
1 Overview
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
3 Episodes
4 DVD release
5 References
Overview[edit]
The season picks up with Lorelai having slept with Christopher immediately after ending her engagement to Luke, while Rory is attempting a long-distance relationship with Logan. Lorelai and Christopher attempt a relationship and, after going to Paris together, come back married. The marriage lasts until midway through the season but Christopher struggles to fit into Lorelai's life in Stars Hollow. Luke learns Anna is moving to New Mexico with April and applies for joint custody, winning after Lorelai gives him a glowing character reference. Christopher finds out and he and Lorelai argue, with Christopher feeling like second choice. Richard, who has just started working at Yale as a lecturer, has a heart attack during a class and Christopher stays away from the hospital while everyone worries about him. He and Lorelai eventually admit their marriage isn't right and split. Emily struggles with the finances while Richard is convalescing and Lorelai helps her out.
Lane comes back from her honeymoon pregnant with twins. Her mother moves in with her and Zach, sending Brian to live with her relatives, but is eventually convinced to back off, with Lane giving birth to sons Steve and Kwan. Sookie also becomes pregnant for the third time, since Jackson never had the vasectomy she arranged for him. Michel's dog Chin Chin dies and Lorelai organises a memorial at the inn. Luke sells the boat he inherited from his father to Kirk and buys a larger one so he can take a trip with April over the summer, but she has to cancel when she is accepted to science camp.
Rory and Logan try to spend time together while he works in London and New York. Rory feels awkward living in his old apartment rent-free so moves back in with Paris and Doyle. She also befriends Lucy and Olivia, two girls she met at an art exhibition. Lucy's boyfriend turns out to be Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Rory goes along with it, upsetting Lucy when Logan tells her the truth, but Lucy breaks up with Marty and reconciles with Rory. Logan pursues a software deal against Mitchum's wishes, losing his trust fund and costing the company a multimillion-dollar lawsuit for patent infringement. Logan resigns and takes a job in San Francisco. Paris is accepted into every grad school she applies to but Rory is rejected for an internship. In the penultimate episode, Paris and Doyle depart for Harvard Medical. Logan proposes to Rory at a graduation party thrown by Richard and Emily but she turns him down, not willing to put him ahead of her career, and he breaks up with her.
In the series finale, Rory gets a job covering Barack Obama's election campaign for an online newspaper but has to leave in three days, throwing off plans for a graduation re-enactment. Luke organises the town in throwing a farewell party for her. Emily tries to find a way to get involved in the running of the inn to stay close to Lorelai but Lorelai assures her she will keep attending Friday night dinners. Lorelai and Luke share a kiss at the party and the show's run ends with Lorelai and Rory sharing a last breakfast at Luke's diner.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Gilmore Girls characters
Main cast[edit]
Lauren Graham as Lorelai Gilmore
Alexis Bledel as Rory Gilmore
Scott Patterson as Luke Danes
Melissa McCarthy as Sookie St. James
Keiko Agena as Lane Kim
Yanic Truesdale as Michel Gerard
Liza Weil as Paris Geller
Sean Gunn as Kirk Gleason
Matt Czuchry as Logan Huntzberger
Kelly Bishop as Emily Gilmore
Edward Herrmann as Richard Gilmore
Recurring cast[edit]
David Sutcliffe as Christopher Hayden
Liz Torres as Miss Patty
Sally Struthers as Babette Dell
Jackson Douglas as Jackson Belleville
Emily Kuroda as Mrs. Kim
Michael Winters as Taylor Doose
Kathleen Wilhoite as Liz Danes
Michael DeLuise as TJ
Ted Rooney as Morey Dell
Todd Lowe as Zach Van Gerbig
John Cabrera as Brian Fuller
Sebastian Bach as Gil
Danny Strong as Doyle McMaster
Gregg Henry as Mitchum Huntzberger
Sherilyn Fenn as Anna Nardini
Vanessa Marano as April Nardini
Krysten Ritter as Lucy
Michelle Ongkingco as Olivia Marquont
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
US viewers
(millions) [4]
132
1 "The Long Morrow" Lee Shallat-Chemel David S. Rosenthal September 26, 2006 (2006-09-26) 2T7751 4.48
Picking up on the day after last season's finale, Lorelai wakes up in bed with Christopher. Confused and mortified, she makes a hasty exit, ignoring Christopher's pleas that she stay. Once at home, Lorelai tries to get rid of everything that reminds her of Luke and ends up practically emptying her house. Rory receives a toy rocket ship as a parting gift from Logan and is baffled as to its meaning. She decides she should join him in London for the summer, only to learn he has bought her a ticket for a visit at Christmas. Lorelai reveals to Luke that she slept with Christopher after he pleas for her to marry him.[5]
133
2 "That's What You Get, Folks, for Makin' Whoopee" Bethany Rooney Rebecca Rand Kirshner October 3, 2006 (2006-10-03) 2T7752 4.62
Luke drives to Boston for one purpose: to punch out Christopher. Rory is upset over Logan's absence and the fact that they had to cancel their long-planned trip to Asia. Wanting to cheer Rory up and take her mind off her own sad love life, Lorelai turns her house into an Asian-themed wonderland. Meanwhile, Lane returns from her disastrous honeymoon and finds out she's pregnant. While repairing the damage to the diner, Luke tells TJ about his break-up with Lorelai. Finally, Rory is furious when she learns that Lorelai slept with Christopher.
134
3 "Lorelai's First Cotillion" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rina Mimoun October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10) 2T7753 4.71
When Richard and Emily have no real reaction to the news of her break up, Lorelai suddenly realizes that most of her emotional life has been based on doing and feeling the opposite of whatever her parents want. Later, when Michel forces Lorelai to attend Emily's cotillion dance, Lorelai discovers that some things her parents wanted for her weren't really that terrible. Meanwhile, Rory has a tough time making her long-distance relationship work.
135
4 "'S Wonderful, 'S Marvelous" Victor Nelli, Jr. Gayle Abrams October 17, 2006 (2006-10-17) 2T7754 4.77
Lorelai and Christopher have begun to date, and although Lorelai is finding it difficult to fully commit to the relationship, Christopher keeps coming up with romantic dates to win her over. Back at Yale, Rory meets some eccentric new girlfriends at an art exhibit, and Richard becomes a guest lecturer. April comes to stay with Luke for a few weeks while Anna is out of town. Finally, Emily gets arrested and Lorelai has to bail her out of jail. First appearance of Olivia (Michelle Ongkingco) and Lucy (Krysten Ritter).
136
5 "The Great Stink" Michael Schultz Gina Fattore October 24, 2006 (2006-10-24) 2T7755 4.73
Emily and Richard are delighted when Lorelai and Christopher attend Friday night dinner together as a couple. Christopher reveals that Sherry has written him a letter saying she regrets leaving their daughter, Gigi, and asking him to send Gigi to visit her in Paris. Lorelai can't believe that Chris would consider this and they get into an argument over dinner. Logan returns to town on business to acquire an internet company and pays Rory a surprise visit. Rory is thrilled, but during a dinner with Logan's colleagues, she realizes that she has no connection to his new life.
137
6 "Go, Bulldogs!" Wil Shriner David S. Rosenthal, Rebecca Rand Kirshner November 7, 2006 (2006-11-07) 2T7757 4.34
Christopher talks Lorelai into visiting Rory at Yale during Parents' Weekend, and Lorelai is surprised to find that Richard and Emily are also there. Trying to prove how cool he is, Christopher invites all of Rory's co-workers on the "Yale Daily News" to an expensive lunch where they all drink too much. The meal ends abruptly when Rory insists they leave to cover a breaking story. Meanwhile, Luke meets April's swimming coach, who convinces him to take her adult swimming class. When the coach flirts with him, Luke asks her out on a date.
138
7 "French Twist" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock November 14, 2006 (2006-11-14) 2T7756 4.51
Christopher and Lorelai take his daughter Gigi to visit her mother in Paris. Despite severe jet lag, they manage to have a wonderful, romantic time enjoying the city and each other. Rory comes to the end of her tenure as Editor-in-Chief of the "Yale Daily News" and suddenly finds herself unsure of her future. Her new friends Olivia and Lucy suggest a trip to Stars Hollow for a girls' night. When they return, Rory is surprised to find that Lucy's new boyfriend (whom she always calls "Boyfriend" instead of his name) is her old friend Marty, who pretends not to know Rory. Miss Kim wants Lane and Zack to move in, then wants to move in with them when they aren't interested. Christopher and Lorelai return home with a surprise: that they are now Mr. and Mrs. Hayden.
139
8 "Introducing Lorelai Planetarium" Lee Shallat-Chemel Jennie Snyder November 21, 2006 (2006-11-21) 2T7758 4.20
Rory goes home to Stars Hollow to have dinner with her parents, where it is revealed that they eloped while in Paris. Rory pretends to be happy, but later reveals her anger to Lorelai. Logan comes back to town for a launch party, which Rory attends and about which she later writes a judgmental article. Due to accusations by Logan, Rory plans to find a new apartment. Meanwhile, Luke turns to Lorelai in a time of medical emergency with April.
140
9 "Knit, People, Knit!" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Grae November 28, 2006 (2006-11-28) 2T7759 4.89
Here comes the birth of Liz's baby delivered by a midwife. Luke is informed of the news. A "knitathon festival" takes place in Stars Hollow, where Christopher donates substantially. Chris and Lorelai tell Emily and Richard about their marriage.
141
10 "Merry Fisticuffs" Jackson Douglas David S. Rosenthal December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05) 2T7760 4.81
Emily throws an extravagant party. Meanwhile, Luke talks to a lawyer about partial custody over April. Luke and Christopher get in a long, exhaustive fistfight.
142
11 "Santa's Secret Stuff" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23) 2T7761 3.72
Lorelai and Christopher decide to put their Christmas holidays on hold while Rory is in London over the holidays, Once Rory returns to Stars Hollow, they decorate several Christmas trees, do their shopping and even bake Christmas cookies for the first time as a family. Turning up unexpectedly at the inn, Luke asks Lorelai to write a character recommendation letter for his custody battle over April. Lorelai struggles to write the letter until she and Rory run into Luke and April at the mall and Lorelai suddenly remembers how important Luke has always been in Rory's life. Inspired, Lorelai writes the letter and mails it to Luke's attorney. Rory decides she will write an apology letter to her friend Lucy, explaining why she and Marty kept their past friendship a secret.
143
12 "To Whom It May Concern" Jamie Babbit David Babcock January 30, 2007 (2007-01-30) 2T7762 4.27
Noticing Sookie's recent odd behavior, Lorelai forces Jackson to tell her the reason. Luke and Anna attend a hearing to decide their custody battle over April. With help from Paris, Rory finally makes amends with Lucy, who tells her that she and Marty have broken up. While attending Richard's economics class at Yale, Rory witnesses a frightening scene. Finally, Christopher finds the letter Lorelai wrote for Luke's character reference and confronts Lorelai about whether he was her second choice.
144
13 "I'd Rather Be in Philadelphia" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 6, 2007 (2007-02-06) 2T7763 4.70
Lorelai and Rory receive unexpected comfort and some grief while at the hospital and at Richard's side: Christopher won't return Lorelai's calls, but Luke is there for her and the family. Emily is so distraught that she tries to distract herself by maintaining her rigorous social calendar with Luke offering to help her out in keeping up her appearances. Rory is met by Logan, who flies to the hospital in a helicopter. When Christopher finally does arrive, he speaks words of sympathy to Lorelai, but his emotions betray him: he's still mad at her from their fight
145
14 "Farewell, My Pet" Jamie Babbit Jennie Snyder February 13, 2007 (2007-02-13) 2T7764 4.37
Rory quickly develops a crush on Richard's replacement teaching assistant and feels compelled to confess the attraction to Logan. But she feels really bad about it and he completely understands and the two of them reassure each other that in the end they are crazy about each other. Meanwhile, Lorelai distracts herself from thinking about Christopher by arranging a memorial service for Michel's dog. Christopher seeks her out, however, and the two are forced to face their problems. Christopher feels like he's been trying to get Lorelai to fall in love with him, and Lorelai realizes she still has feelings for Luke. Lorelai and Christopher end their marriage.
146
15 "I Am Kayak, Hear Me Roar" Lee Shallat-Chemel Rebecca Rand Kirshner February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20) 2T7765 4.04
Lorelai puts off telling her parents about her separation from Christopher by helping Emily to arrange Richard's recovery. Rory celebrates Logan's birthday, but bad news from Logan's business partner spoils their evening.
147
16 "Will You Be My Lorelai Gilmore?" David Paymer Gina Fattore, Gayle Abrams February 27, 2007 (2007-02-27) 2T7766 4.17
Rory goes to meet with an editor from the New York Times just as she starts to put together Lane's baby shower. Lorelai takes over the production and has to arbitrate a disagreement between Lane and Mrs. Kim about how to raise the unborn children. Meanwhile, Luke decides to change his situation in life and buy a new boat. Logan comes home drunk and reveals to Rory his failed business venture, and then runs off to Las Vegas with his buddies.
148
17 "Gilmore Girls Only" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock March 6, 2007 (2007-03-06) 2T7767 4.47
Lorelai, Rory, and Emily take a road trip to North Carolina to attend Mia's wedding. Lane goes into labor. Finally, Lane and Zack ask Luke to be the godfather to their twins Steve and Kwan.
149
18 "Hay Bale Maze" Stephen Clancy Rebecca Rand Kirshner April 17, 2007 (2007-04-17) 2T7768 3.83
During Stars Hollow's annual Spring Fling festival, a huge hay bale maze leads to a chance encounter for Luke and Lorelai, where they apologize to one another and talk about the problems that led to their engagement being called off. As Rory shows Logan around town, Lorelai begins to feel that Logan might be too irresponsible for her daughter. Meanwhile, Rory has a job interview with the Providence Journal Bulletin.
150
19 "It's Just Like Riding a Bike" Lee Shallat-Chemel Jennie Snyder April 24, 2007 (2007-04-24) 2T7769 3.75
Lorelai heads to Luke's for her first breakfast there in a while -- overall, it's an awkward experience for them both. Later on, when Lorelai's Jeep breaks down, Luke helps her shop for a new car. They argue and fight, which Lorelai thinks is ultimately a good sign. Paris considers breaking up with Doyle so she can be free of influences when it comes to picking which law or medical school she will attend. Rory receives a letter that will certainly influence her future plans.
151
20 "Lorelai? Lorelai?" Bethany Rooney David S. Rosenthal May 1, 2007 (2007-05-01) 2T7770 4.08
Rory stresses out as graduation approaches, which leads to a day of eating and shopping with Lorelai. Later, with Luke in tow, the Gilmores hit the bars, where Lorelai takes the stage for a karaoke number obviously intended for Luke. Logan returns from a business trip and looks to discuss his and Rory's future with Lorelai. After getting into a science camp, April tells Luke that she cannot go on the boating trip with him over the summer. Zach is asked to go on tour with another band.
152
21 "Unto the Breach" Lee Shallat-Chemel David Babcock, Jennie Snyder May 8, 2007 (2007-05-08) 2T7771 3.96
Lorelai and Christopher are reunited at a party Emily and Richard throw in honor of Rory's graduation. Logan surprises everyone at the party by proposing to Rory, but she is too shocked to give him an answer. Then, on graduation day, Rory and Paris receive their diplomas, and Rory finally gives Logan her answer and says no. Meanwhile, Lorelai is embarrassed about her recent karaoke serenade to Luke, and Luke is hurt when he overhears her saying it didn't mean anything.
153
22 "Bon Voyage" Lee Shallat-Chemel David S. Rosenthal May 15, 2007 (2007-05-15) 2T7772 4.90
Rory gets a job following the presidential campaign of one of the candidates running for president. While she prepares to leave in a mere three days, Lorelai adjusts to the idea that she may not see her daughter again for weeks, even months. Meanwhile, Luke is still trying to sort out how he really feels about Lorelai after they locked eyes at the karaoke jam. To see Rory off before she leaves for her new job, the entire town puts on a farewell party, despite the presence of rain.
DVD release[edit]
The Complete Seventh Season[6]
Set details Special features
22 episodes
6-disc set
1.33:1 aspect ratio
1.78:1 aspect ratio (international)
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5 1 Surround)
Additional scene
"The Great Stink"
Gilmore Fashionistas
A Best Friend's Peek Inside the Gilmore Girls with Keiko Agena
Kirk's Town Tours
Who Wants to Talk Boys – Season Montage
Release dates
North America United Kingdom Continental Europe Norway Australia
November 13, 2007 August 30, 2010 November 25, 2007 November 14, 2007 April 9, 2008
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 19, 2015). "Gilmore Girls Limited-Series Revival Set at Netflix — This Is Not a Drill". TVLine. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "'Gilmore Girls' revival series in the works at Netflix - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
Jump up ^ Satran, Joe. "Netflix Is Reportedly Reviving 'Gilmore Girls'". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
Jump up ^ ""Gilmore Girls" USA ratings".
Jump up ^ "Episode list for Season 7 of Gilmore Girls". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Jeffrey (December 16, 2007). "Gilmore Girls – The Complete Seventh Season". DVD Talk. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
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Memoirs of a Geisha (soundtrack)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Memoirs of a Geisha: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Film score by John Williams
Released
November 22, 2005
Recorded
2005
Studio
Sony Pictures Studios
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
61:02
Label
Sony Classical
Producer
John Williams
John Williams chronology
War of the Worlds
(2005)War of the Worlds2005 Memoirs of a Geisha
(2005) Munich
(2005)Munich2005
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
ScoreNotes
SoundtrackNet
Memoirs of a Geisha: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the film score to the 2005 film of the same name, composed and conducted by John Williams. The original score and songs were composed and conducted by Williams and features Yo-Yo Ma and Itzhak Perlman as cellist and violinist, respectively.[1] The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical Records on November 22, 2005.
The score won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, BAFTA Award for Best Film Music and the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media. It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score but lost to the original score of the film Brokeback Mountain.
Track listing[edit]
Sayuri's Theme 1:31
The Journey to the Hanamachi 4:06
Going to School 2:42
Brush on Silk 2:31
Chiyo's Prayer 3:36
Becoming a Geisha 4:52
Finding Satsu 3:44
The Chairman's Waltz 2:39
The Rooftops of the Hanamachi 3:49
The Garden Meeting 2:44
Dr. Crab's Prize 2:18
Destiny's Path 3:20
A New Name... A New Life 3:33
The Fire Scene and the Coming of War 6:48
As the Water... 2:01
Confluence 3:42
A Dream Discarded 2:00
Sayuri's Theme and End Credits 5:06
Total Time: 61:02
Credits[edit]
Yo-Yo Ma – cello
Itzhak Perlman – violin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "John Williams – Memoirs Of A Geisha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". discogs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
Awards
Preceded by
The Aviator Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score
2005 Succeeded by
The Painted Veil
Preceded by
Diarios de motocicleta
(The Motorcycle Diaries) BAFTA Award for Best Film Music
2005 Succeeded by
Babel
Preceded by
Ray Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album
2005 Succeeded by
Ratatouille
[hide]
v
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John Williams
Discography
List of compositions
Soundtracks
Jaws (1975)
Star Wars (1977)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Return of the Jedi (1983)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)
Home Alone (1990)
JFK (1991)
Home Alone 2: Lost in New York (1992)
Jurassic Park (1993)
Schindler's List (1993)
The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997)
Saving Private Ryan (1998)
Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999)
Angela's Ashes (1999)
The Patriot (2000)
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
Catch Me If You Can (2002)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Memoirs of a Geisha (2005)
Munich (2005)
Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)
Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)
Compilations
John Williams Greatest Hits 1969–1999
Category

This soundtrack-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_a_Geisha_(soundtrack)&oldid=788404332"
Categories:
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Hierarchy of hazard controls
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Infographic by NIOSH. Control methods at the top of graphic are potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced.[1]
Occupational hazards
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Psychosocial
Hierarchy of hazard controls
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment
Prevention through design
Occupational hygiene
Occupational exposure limit
Exposure assessment
Workplace health surveillance
Occupational epidemiology
Occupational toxicology
v
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Hierarchy of hazard control is a system used in industry to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] It is a widely accepted system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. Various illustrations are used to depict this system, most commonly a triangle.
The hazard controls in the hierarchy are, in order of decreasing effectiveness:
Elimination
Substitution
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment
Contents
[hide]
1 Components of the hierarchy
1.1 Elimination
1.2 Substitution
1.3 Engineering controls
1.4 Administrative controls
1.5 Personal protective equipment
2 Role in Prevention through Design
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Components of the hierarchy[edit]
Elimination[edit]
Main article: Hazard elimination
physically removing the hazard—is the most effective hazard control.[5] For example, if employees must work high above the ground, the hazard can be eliminated by moving the piece they are working on to ground level to eliminate the need to work at heights.[3]
Substitution[edit]
Main article: Hazard substitution
This pesticide contains DDT, an effective substitution would be to replace it with a green pesticide.
Substitution, the second most effective hazard control, involves replacing something that produces a hazard (similar to elimination) with something that does not produce a hazard—for example, replacing lead-based paint with titanium white. To be an effective control, the new product must not produce another hazard. Because airborne dust can be hazardous, if a product can be purchased with a larger particle size, the smaller product may effectively be substituted with the larger product.[5]
Engineering controls[edit]
Main article: Engineering controls
The third most effective means of controlling hazards is engineered controls. These do not eliminate hazards, but rather isolate people from hazards.[3] Capital costs of engineered controls tend to be higher than less effective controls in the hierarchy, however they may reduce future costs.[6] For example, a crew might build a work platform rather than purchase, replace, and maintain fall arrest equipment. "Enclosure and isolation" creates a physical barrier between personnel and hazards, such as using remotely controlled equipment. Fume hoods can remove airborne contaminants as a means of engineered control.[5]
Administrative controls[edit]
This sign warns people that there are explosives in Walker Lake, however it cannot prevent people from swimming in it.
Main article: Administrative controls
Administrative controls are changes to the way people work. Examples of administrative controls include procedure changes, employee training, and installation of signs and warning labels (such as those in the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System).[3] Administrative controls do not remove hazards, but limit or prevent people's exposure to the hazards, such as completing road construction at night when fewer people are driving.[5]
Personal protective equipment[edit]
Main article: Personal protective equipment
Personal protective equipment (PPE) includes gloves, Nomex/Uniform, respirators, hard hats, safety glasses, high-visibility clothing, and safety footwear. PPE is the least effective means of controlling hazards because of the high potential for damage to render PPE ineffective.[5] Additionally, some PPE, such as respirators, increase physiological effort to complete a task and, therefore, may require medical examinations to ensure workers can use the PPE without risking their health.
Role in Prevention through Design[edit]
The hierarchy of controls is a core component of Prevention through Design, the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process. Prevention through Design emphasizes addressing hazards at the top of the hierarchy of controls (mainly through elimination and substitution) at the earliest stages of project development.[13]
See also[edit]
Prevention through design
Control banding
Job safety analysis
Safety engineering
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Jump up ^ "Hierarchy of Controls". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Hierarchy of Controls" (PDF). Health and Safety Authority (Ireland).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hierarchy of Hazard Controls". New York Committee for Occupational Safety & Health. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "How the hierarchy of control can help you fulfil your health and safety duties". Occupational Health & Safety Handbook. 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Hazard Control". Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2006-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Engineering Controls". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Tree Work – Working at height". UK Health and Safety Executive. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Hierarchy of control diagram". Safework SA. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Hierarchy of Controls". SA Unions. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ MANUAL HANDLING HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS Archived 2012-09-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Manual Handling: Hierarchy of Controls" (PDF). WorkCover New South Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-22.
Jump up ^ "Hazard identification, risk assessment & risk control in the workplace". WorkSafe Victoria. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2012-04-11.
Jump up ^ "CDC - Hierarchy of Controls - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-07.
External links[edit]
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety document
Hierarchy of prevention and control measures on OSH Wiki (EU)
[hide]
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Occupational safety and health
Occupational diseases
and injuries
Acrodynia
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Asthma
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Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")
Concussions in sport
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Occupational hygiene
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Hierarchy of hazard controls
Prevention through design
Exposure assessment
Occupational exposure limit
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Professions
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Occupational medicine
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Agencies and organizations
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
UK Health and Safety Executive
International Labour Organization
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
World Health Organization
Standards
Bangladesh Accord
Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981
OHSAS 18001
Worker Protection Standard (US)
Working Environment Convention, 1977
See also
Environment, health and safety
Environmental toxicology
Ergonomics
Health physics
Indoor air quality
International Chemical Safety Card
National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)
Process safety management
Public health
Risk management
Safety data sheet (SDS)
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Category
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