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Dartford Crossing
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"Queen Elizabeth II Bridge" redirects here. For other uses, see Queen Elizabeth II Bridge (disambiguation).
Dartford Crossing
Aerial view of the crossing looking northwards
Location near London
General information
Type
2 tunnels
1 cable-stayed bridge
Location
Dartford, Kent
Thurrock, Essex
Coordinates
51°27′53″N 0°15′31″E / 51.46472°N 0.25861°E / 51.46472; 0.25861Coordinates: 51°27′53″N 0°15′31″E / 51.46472°N 0.25861°E / 51.46472; 0.25861
Opened
November 1963 (western tunnel)
May 1980 (eastern tunnel)
October 1991 (bridge)
Height
61 metres (200 ft) (bridge deck)
137 metres (449 ft) (bridge tower)
The Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing, commonly known as the Dartford Crossing and until 1991 the Dartford Tunnel, is a major road crossing of the River Thames in England, carrying the A282 road between Dartford in Kent to the south with Thurrock in Essex to the north. It consists of two bored tunnels and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge. The only fixed road crossing of the Thames east of Greater London, it is the busiest estuarial crossing in the United Kingdom, with an average daily use of over 130,000 vehicles.[1] It opened in stages: the west tunnel in 1963, the east tunnel in 1980 and the bridge in 1991. The crossing, although not officially designated a motorway, is considered part of the M25 motorway's route, using the tunnels northbound and bridge southbound. Described as one of the most important road crossings in Britain, it suffers from heavy traffic and congestion.
The crossing's development started in the late 1930s, but was interrupted due to the Second World War and resumed in the 1950s. The original tunnel catered for a single lane of traffic in each direction, but rising traffic levels required the second tunnel to be built. The M25 connected to the tunnels at both ends when completed in 1986, and this increased traffic put pressure on the tunnels' capacity. A Private Finance Initiative scheme was started in 1988 to build the bridge. The combined crossing now handles four lanes of traffic in each direction.
The crossing had always been tolled, and from 1 April 2003 this became a charge, though since 2008 it has been free from 10 pm to 6 am. An automatic number plate recognition charging scheme (Dart Charge) began in November 2014. As a result, the charge can no longer be paid in cash and the old toll booths have been removed. A residents' scheme is available, offering further discounts for people living near the crossing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
1.1 Alternative routes
2 Charges
3 History
3.1 Western tunnel
3.2 Eastern tunnel
3.3 Queen Elizabeth II Bridge
3.4 Charging scheme
4 Traffic
4.1 Congestion
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Location[edit]
The crossing spans the River Thames between Dartford, Kent, to the south and Thurrock, Essex, to the north. It is about 20 miles (32 km) east of the centre of London, outside the Greater London boundary.[2] The two tunnels are 1,430 metres (4,690 ft) long,[3] while the cable-stayed bridge is 137 metres (449 ft) high[a] with a main span of 450 metres (1,480 ft).[5] A 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) speed limit is in place in both directions.[6] The high-speed rail line High Speed 1 from St Pancras International Station to Ebbsfleet International Station passes under the crossing approach roads on the north side of the river, at a near right angle.[7]
The design capacity is 135,000 vehicles per day, but in practice the crossing carries around 160,000.[8] It has been described by the Highways Agency as "a vital transport link for the national and South East economies",[9] by the former Secretary of State for Transport, Patrick McLoughlin, as "a crucial part of the country’s strategic road network",[10] and by the local Thurrock Council as "one of Europe's most heavily used crossings and complex traffic management systems".[11] It is signed as a major destination on London's orbital route, the M25, though the crossing and its approach road are an all-purpose road (the A282),[b] allowing traffic prohibited from motorways to use it. Southbound traffic crosses the four-lane bridge, while northbound traffic uses both of the two-lane road tunnels. The bridge can be closed due to high winds[6] or maintenance. On these occasions, traffic uses the tunnels in both directions.[15]
Alternative routes[edit]
The next nearest vehicle crossings to the west of Dartford are the Woolwich Ferry and the Blackwall Tunnel, both well within East London. There is no official diversion route through London for high vehicles. When the bridge is closed, vehicles over 5.03 metres (16.5 ft) are diverted around the M25 in the opposite direction.[16]
A number of new crossings have been proposed as relief for the Dartford Crossing. The proposed Thames Gateway Bridge to the west was given planning permission by Transport for London (TfL) in December 2004,[17] but was cancelled in November 2008 when Boris Johnson became Mayor of London.[18] Johnson subsequently proposed the Gallions Reach Ferry, a ferry crossing in the same location, as an alternative.[19] The Lower Thames Crossing is a proposed tunnel to the east between Shorne, Kent and South Ockendon, Essex.[20][21] Thurrock Council suggest that this crossing will be essential for managing congestion.[22] A public consultation on the scheme ended in March 2016, with the route announced in April 2017,[21][23] though Highways England do not expect to start construction before 2026.[24]
Charges[edit]
Overhead view of the crossing looking northbound. The toll booths were replaced by electronic charging barriers in 2014.
A free-flow electronic charging system called Dart Charge began in November 2014 based on automatic number plate recognition. The charge can be paid online or phone in advance or by midnight the day after crossing, but can no longer be paid in cash at the site since the old toll booths have been removed.[25] However, cash payments are accepted at some Payzone shops.[26] Reminder signs on approaches to the crossing say "Dart charge; find us online. Pay by midnight tomorrow."[27][28] Charges run between 6 am and 10 pm and this is indicated on overhead-gantry signs. The charges for the crossing as of November 2014 are as follows:[29][30]
Vehicle class
Day charges – Pay-as-you-go
Day charges – Pre-paid accounts
Motorcycles Free Free
Cars £2.50 £1.67
2 axle goods £3.00 £2.63
Multi axle goods £6.00 £5.19
Various categories of vehicles are exempt from the charge, including emergency services vehicles, military vehicles and those exempt from Vehicle Excise Duty on the grounds of disability.[31]
The charges vary according to the type of vehicle. Motorcycles are free but there are standard charges for cars, two-axle goods vehicles and larger vehicles with more than two axles.[32] Drivers who fail to pay the charge are issued with a penalty charge notice.[25] There are no signs warning of penalty charges.
Since 2008, a local residents' scheme gives 50 free crossings to car drivers resident in the Dartford and Thurrock council areas for an annual registration fee of £10, with additional crossings at 20p each.[33] On 1 March 2014,[34] this scheme was extended to include privately owned two-axle goods vehicles. A further option was introduced giving unlimited free crossings for £20 annually.[29] Around 44,000 drivers take advantage of this scheme each year.[35]
History[edit]
Western tunnel[edit]
Northbound vehicles approaching the entrance to the western tunnel, with the bridge in the background
The idea of a tunnel crossing was first proposed by the Ministry of Transport in 1924.[36] Initial reports at the start of the year suggested a crossing between Tilbury and Gravesend, replacing a ferry service,[37] but this had been rejected by July in favour of a route further upstream, near Dartford.[38] By 1929, the total cost of building the tunnel had been estimated at £3 million (£884 million as of 2016).[39] The tunnel was planned to be part of a general orbital route around London and was provisionally known as part of the "South Orbital Road".[40]
The first engineering work to take place was a compressed air driven pilot tunnel, which was drilled between 1936 and 1938.[41] Work on the tunnel was delayed due to World War II, and resumed in 1959, using a Greathead Shield, similar to the work on the Blackwall Tunnel some 60 years earlier.[41] The delay in work due to the war allowed the tunnel's design to be improved, which included a better ventilation system. After negotiations with the Ministry of Transport, Kent and Essex County Councils obtained government approval to charge tolls in 1960, before opening.[42] The two-lane bore tunnel[43] opened to traffic on 18 November 1963;[3][44] the total project cost was £13 million (£660 million as of 2016)[45] and it initially served approximately 12,000 vehicles per day.[43]
The toll was originally two shillings and sixpence, equivalent to 12.5p post-decimalisation, and approximately equivalent in purchasing power to £2.00 in 2015.[46][47] The Dartford Tunnel Act 1967 gave Kent and Essex County Councils authority to change the tolls, and in December 1977, the toll was raised from 25p to 35p for cars, 40p to 55p for 2 axle goods vehicles, and 60p to 85p for HGVs.[48] By 1984, the toll for cars had risen to 60p.[47]
Eastern tunnel[edit]
A ventilation shaft to the north of the east tunnel
The first tunnel was expected to carry two million vehicles a year[45] but by 1970 was carrying over eight million.[49] That year, Michael Heseltine, then a junior transport minister, announced that a second tunnel would be built in conjunction with the North Orbital Road, later to become the M25.[50]
Construction was approved in April 1971, with an initial expected opening date in 1976.[51] Work was delayed due to a lack of funds, which was resolved by EEC funding granted in 1974.[52] The second tunnel opened in May 1980, allowing each tunnel to handle one direction of traffic, by which time the joint capacity of the two tunnels had increased to 65,000 vehicles per day.[43] Connection of the crossing to the M25 was completed on the northerly Essex side in September 1982 (Junction 31), and to the southerly Kent side in September 1986 (Junction 1a).[53] Following the completion of the M25 in 1986, the daily demand had grown to 79,000 vehicles.[43]
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge[edit]
Each tower on the Queen Elizabeth II bridge is 137 metres (449 ft) high.
During the early 1980s, it was anticipated that traffic through the tunnel would rise on the completion of the M25 in 1986. At the time, the expectation was that other routes in London would be improved instead, diverting 15% of traffic away from the tunnel.[54] In 1985, the Transport Minister, Lynda Chalker, announced that the number of toll booths would be increased to 12 each way, but concern grew that two tunnels would not be able to cope with the full demands of a completed M25.[55]
Between September 1985 and December 1986, proposals for improvements to the Dartford Crossing underwent several changes,[56] and in 1986, a Trafalgar House consortium won a bid to build a new bridge at Dartford crossing, valued at £86 million (£325 million as of 2016).[43] At the time there were several other privately financed projects planned or under construction in the UK, including the Second Severn Crossing. From 1981 until the establishment of the Private Finance Initiatives (PFIs) in the late 1980s, private investment projects were governed by the Ryrie Rules which dictated that "any privately-financed solution must be shown to be more cost-effective than a publicly-financed alternative, and that privately-financed expenditure by nationalised industries could not be additional to public expenditure provision, which would be reduced by the amount of private financed borrowed."[57]
On 31 July 1988, a Private Finance Initiative concession was enabled under the Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Act 1988, which transferred control of the crossing from Kent and Essex county councils to Dartford River Crossing Limited, a private company managed by Rodney Jones.[58] The company would also bear the debt of the bridge, then under construction, "financed 100% by debt, with no equity contribution".[59][c] The private company was at risk of not recuperating their costs, but ultimately the Dartford scheme demonstrated that the Ryrie Rules were no longer a barrier to the private financing of public infrastructure projects.[61] The concession was scheduled for 20 years from the transfer date, with a stipulation that it could end when debts had been paid off, which was agreed to have been achieved on 31 March 2002.[62] According to the International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership, the chief financing for the project came from a "20-year subordinated loan stock, 16-year loan stock and £85 million (£259 million as of 2016) as a term loan from banks".[61]
Construction of bridge started immediately after the creation of the PFI in 1988.[63] It was designed by German civil engineer Hellmut Homberg (de), and the two main caissons supporting the bridge piers were constructed in the Netherlands. Each caisson was designed to withstand a bridge strike of a ship weighing up to 65,000 tonnes and travelling up to 18.5 kilometres per hour (11.5 mph)[64] The bridge deck is about 61 metres (200 ft) high, and it took a team of around 56 to assemble its structure. During construction of the approach road, a World War II bomb was found in its path, which required closure of the entire crossing.[65]
The bridge was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 30 October 1991.[66] The total cost of construction was £120 million (£307 million as of 2016),[67] including £30 million (£73 million as of 2016) for the approach roads.[68] The proposed name had been simply the Dartford Bridge, but Thurrock residents objected and suggested the Tilbury Bridge, leading to a compromise.[65] At the time of opening, it had the longest cable-stayed span of any bridge in Europe.[64] It is the only bridge across the Thames downstream of Central London to be opened since Tower Bridge in 1894.[69]
The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge as viewed from Greenhithe, 1.5 miles (2.5km) east of the bridge in Kent
Charging scheme[edit]
In 2000, the European Union issued a directive that value-added tax should be charged on all road tolls, including the Dartford Crossing. The Government opposed the directive and said it would bear the additional cost.[70] It was anticipated that the tolls would be removed on 1 April 2003 under the original PFI scheme contract. However, the Highways Agency decided that the tolls would become a "charge", under legislation introduced by the Transport Act 2000 to introduce charging schemes on any trunk road bridge or tunnel at least 600 metres (2,000 ft) in length.[62][71][43]
Under the 2000 Transport Act, the A282 Trunk Road (Dartford-Thurrock Crossing charging scheme) Order 2002 allowed the continuation of the crossing fee, which officially became a charge and not a toll on 1 April 2003. Management of the crossing was contracted to Le Crossing Company Limited on behalf of the Highways Agency.[72] In September 2009 the Highways Agency made a new contract with Connect Plus (M25) Limited. As well as maintaining the crossing, the contract required the company to widen around 40 miles of the M25 and to refurbish a tunnel on the A1(M) at Hatfield.[72] In October 2009, the Government announced its intention to sell the crossing as part of a public sector deficit reduction strategy.[73] The announcement was unpopular with local residents, who encouraged drivers to sound their horns in protest when using the crossing.[74] After the change of government following the 2010 Election, the new prime minister David Cameron announced that the crossing might still be sold, despite local opposition, particularly from Gareth Johnson, member of parliament for Dartford.[75] Subsequently, the chancellor George Osborne announced that charges would be increased instead to cover the budget deficit.[76] Pre-pay accounts for the crossing were introduced around this time; drivers held an electronic device called a DART-Tag in the vehicle that automatically deducted the charge at payment booths.[77] This was abolished when the Dart Charge was introduced in 2014.[78]
Under the 2008 Charging Order introduced on 15 November 2008, charges between 10 pm and 6 am were discontinued, but standard daytime rates increased, starting at £1.50 for cars.[79] On 7 October 2012 the charges increased to £2 for cars, £2.50 for 2 axle goods vehicles and £5 for multi-axle goods vehicles.[80] By 2012, local businesses were complaining that the crossing's charge booths were impeding local growth. The government announced that a new electronic charging system would be introduced in 2014. Drivers would be able to pay by phone, text, online or in shops.[81] The charge was proposed to increase to £2.50 for cars, £3 for two-axle goods vehicles and £6 for multi-axle vehicles.[82] A later report stated that drivers evading the charge could be fined as much as £105.[83]
Preparation work on the free-flow scheme started in April 2014.[84] Concerns were raised about reliability, with a Highways Agency report predicting that it could lose up to £6m of unpaid charges per year.[85] In September, the Highways Agency announced that the new scheme would start to operate at the end of November, though related works to remove barriers would continue until April 2015.[86] Subsequently, the date for removal of the booths was confirmed as 30 November.[30]
The Dart Charge scheme was considered a success by the project management, who claimed it has reduced peak-time round trips over the crossing by 15 minutes. The Automobile Association said the scheme had faults, while a BBC report showed 1.8 million drivers had been fined for failure to pay in the year since the charge was set up.[87]
Traffic[edit]
A total of 1,486,929,267 vehicles have used the crossing as of 31 March 2014. The highest recorded daily usage was 181,990 vehicles on 23 July 2004; since then traffic levels have decreased. From April 2013 to March 2014, 49,645,356 vehicles used the crossing: a daily average of 136,015 vehicles.[88] The total income for the financial year ended 31 March 2012 was £72,147,091, while the corresponding figure for the following financial year was £80,331,662.[72] A 2016 report by Highways England suggested the crossing is used around 50 million times a year.[89]
Bicycles are not permitted on the crossing, but cyclists can be carried across the crossing by the transport authority at no charge. Cyclists report to the crossing control offices on either side, using a free telephone service. The transfer takes around 15 to 30 minutes.[90]
A bus designed to transport bicycles through the Dartford Tunnel in 1963
In October 1963, London Transport ordered five double decker buses based on the Ford Thames Trader chassis for special duties, taking cyclists through the Dartford Tunnel. These had a lower deck purpose-built for carrying bicycles, with upper deck seats for cyclists. Access was via a stairwell to the upper deck starting several feet above the level of the road, accessible from special platforms built at either end of the tunnel; there was also a ladder built into the side of the bodywork for access elsewhere. The design was criticised for failing to protect any passenger from falling off the vehicle, and running costs were estimated at £2,550 per month, with only £45 revenue. The service was reduced to one bus in April 1964 and then cancelled in 1965, to be replaced by the current transfer service.[91] One of these buses has been preserved.[92]
The transport of hazardous goods through the crossing is governed by the European ADR Agreement. The Dartford Crossing is class C, which restricts transporting goods such as nitrates and flammable liquids.[93][94] The introduction of the ADR scheme initially caused confusion, and for a short time, transporting aerosols through the tunnel was banned.[95] Certain hazardous goods vehicles, together with some oversize and abnormal loads (if permitted) may require escorting by Highways Agency Traffic Officers. The crossing authority must hold exercises in conjunction with the emergency services. In 2006 Exercise Orpheus was held, involving the closure of both road tunnels for five hours.[96]
The tunnel is patrolled by Highways Agency Traffic Officers. Officers may stop and direct traffic on the crossing and its approach roads, and must be in uniform to exercise their powers.[97] The crossing's speed limit is enforced by speed cameras; between October 2012 and June 2014, 24,229 drivers were caught speeding, with some travelling as fast as 94 miles per hour (151 km/h) A spokesman from the Highways Agency said the cameras were "helping us improve safety and make journeys more reliable".[98] The bridge also has a reduced speed limit of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) when crosswind is faster than 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) or headwind faster than 60 miles per hour (97 km/h), and is closed entirely if Britain's national weather service, the Met Office, predicts crosswind above 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) or headwind above 70 miles per hour (110 km/h).[6]
Congestion[edit]
The crossing is the busiest in the United Kingdom.[99][100] Because the design capacity has been exceeded, the crossing is subject to major traffic congestion and disruption, particularly when parts are closed because of accidents or bad weather. Though the Government was adamant that the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge should be designed to avoid closure due to high winds,[101] the bridge has nevertheless had to close on occasions. On 12 February 2014, during the winter storms, it was closed owing to 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) winds,[102] and again on the evening of 13–14 February.[103]
At busy times there was significant delay at the payment booths when these existed. There are numerous junctions on either side of the crossing, and because it is not under motorway restrictions, a high proportion of local traffic mixes with long distance traffic, for example travelling from the North and Midlands onwards to Continental Europe.[104] In 2004, a BBC survey reported that the crossing was "the most stressful section of the M25"[105] while in 2009, the crossing was listed in a Royal Automobile Club report as the fourth most congested road in Britain.[106] Though Highways England have reported greatly improved journey times since automatic charging was introduced, Gareth Johnson MP claims otherwise and has insisted that the Lower Thames Crossing, along with improved signing around Dartford, are better options to reduce congestion.[107] In 2015, he said the crossing was Britain's worst stretch of motorway.[108]
See also[edit]
Thames Gateway
References[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ For ships, the individual arch clearance is 54.1 metres (177 ft) and the main arch span clearance is 60.2 metres (198 ft), both above mean high water spring[4]
Jump up ^ Highways England describe the crossing as "a trunk road link (A282) in the M25 London orbital motorway",[12] and the crossing has been described as part of the M25 by Auto Express[13] and The Independent.[14]
Jump up ^ An alternative source says "near" 100% rather than 100% explicitly.[60]
Citations
Jump up ^ Pickford & Blythe 2006, p. 256.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Robert. "Dartford River Crossing: Innovation in Civil Engineering". Dartford Town Archive. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tunnel Test 2004 – Dartford Tunnel". AA Motoring Trust. September 2004. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Thames Bridges Heights". Port of London Authority. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Bishop, Peter (2008). Bridge. Reaktion Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-861-89346-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Protocol for operating the A282 Dartford – Thurrock River Crossing during periods of strong winds (PDF) (Report). Highways England. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ East London, Billericay & Gravesend (Map). 1:50,000. Ordnance Survey. Sheet 177.
Jump up ^ "Dartford crossing – Dart Charge". Automobile Association. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Lucy (31 August 2012). "£25million to ease hold-ups at Dartford Tunnel". Kent Echo. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Francis, Paul (15 July 2014). "Two Thames crossing options". Kent Messenger. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing local resident scheme". Thurrock Council. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing Remote Payment Scheme". Highways England. February 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Drivers face up to £3m in weekly fines on the Dartford Crossing". Auto Express. 30 March 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016. There are no longer any toll booths at the Dartford Crossing on the M25.
Jump up ^ "M25 Dartford crossing: Millions of motorists face fines as crossing prepares to switch from toll-bridge to 'free flow' system". The Independent. 7 November 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Closures and diversions at Dartford Crossing". Kent Messenger. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Morris, Thom (14 May 2014). "Dartford Crossing to get tunnel and bridge closures as Dart Charge introduced and gantries installed near QEII bridge". Kent Messenger. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Troubled waters". The Guardian. 20 October 2004. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mayor outlines ten year plan for massive transport expansion" (Press release). Transport for London. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Andrew Adonis (11 June 2013). "Boris can't put off a new Thames crossing in the east". London Evening Standard. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Lower Thames Crossing: 'More M25 misery' if option agreed". BBC News. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lower Thames Crossing route between Kent and Essex revealed". BBC News. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tunnel recommended for new Thames crossing". BBC News. 9 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lower Thames Crossing Consultation". Highways England. 25 March 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Dart Charge: Dartford Crossing remote payment". Gov.uk. 1 December 2014. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pay the Dartford Crossing charge (Dart Charge)". HM Government. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Dart Tag". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dart Charge date fixed for November 30 when Dartford Crossing goes toll booth free". Kent Messenger. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Exempt scheme". Dart-tag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Charges and Methods of Payments". Dart-tag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Local residents scheme". Dart-tag.co.uk. Archived from the original on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Greater discounts for local residents". gov.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Record number of local residents signed up for Dartford Crossing discounts". Highways England. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Thames Tunnel". The Times. 20 December 1924.
Jump up ^ Gosling, Harry (28 February 1924). "Gravesend – Tilbury Tunnel". Hansard. Retrieved 30 April 2014. ,
Jump up ^ Burney, Charles (31 July 1924). "Air Force Estimates 1924–25". Hansard. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Ashley, Wilfrid (16 April 1929). "Thames Tunnel Scheme". Hansard. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ TMA 2004, p. xxxii.
^ Jump up to: a b Jardine & McCallum 2013, p. 246.
Jump up ^ TMA 2004, p. 846.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Banister & Berechman 2003, p. 65.
Jump up ^ Fautley & Garon 2004, p. 263.
^ Jump up to: a b "Golden birthday for Dartford Tunnel". Kent Messenger. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
Jump up ^ UK Consumer Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Gregory Clark (2016), "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)", MeasuringWorth.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Moate, Roger (6 February 1984). "Dartford Tunnel Bill". Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Tunnel : Proposed Increase In Tolls" (PDF). London Gazette. 16 September 1977. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Carmichael, Neil (7 July 1975). "Dartford Tunnel". Hansard. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Heseltine, Michael (20 November 1970). "Dartford Tunnel and North Orbital Road". Hansard. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Page, Graham (28 April 1971). "Second Dartford tunnel". Hansard. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Dell, Edmund (8 April 1975). "European Investment Bank Grants (London)". Hansard. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "The M25 – Statistics". Chartered Institute of Highway Technicians. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Chalker, Lynda (19 June 1984). "Dartford Tunnel". Hansard. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Townsend, Cyril; Bonsor, Nicholas; Chalker, Lynda (21 October 1985). "Dartford Tunnel". Hansard. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ H.M. Stationery Office 1989, p. 30.
Jump up ^ House of Lords: Select Committee on Economic Affairs 2010, p. 9.
Jump up ^ The Institution 1992, p. 10.
Jump up ^ ITF 2013, p. 42.
Jump up ^ Miller & Lessard 2001, p. 177.
^ Jump up to: a b Hodge, Greve & Boardman 2010, p. 529.
^ Jump up to: a b HA 2014, p. 5.
Jump up ^ "About the Crossing". Highways Agency. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Queen Elizabeth II Bridge". Engineering Timelines. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Pattison, Jo (28 October 2011). "The man who helped build the Dartford bridge". BBC News. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ TMA 2004, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ United Kingdom nominal Gross Domestic Product per capita figures follow the Measuring Worth series supplied in Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2017). "What Was the U.K. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved July 28, 2017. These are the figures as of 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Bill (26 October 1991). "Bridge design stretched to the limits: Cable-stayed bridges are a type of suspended crossing. Spare but functional, they exploit a form of bridge engineering that is bringing down the cost of progressively longer crossings". New Scientist (1792). Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Alan. "The Dartford Crossing – Forerunner of the Private Finance Initiative". Chartered Institute of Highways Engineers. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Europe imposes road toll VAT". BBC News. 12 September 2000. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Motorists "let down" by toll u-turn". BBC News. BBC. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 27 February 2008. From [1 April 2003] motorists should have been able to cross for free but the government's change of mind means car drivers still have to pay the £1 charge. The AA Motoring Trust, a new charity linked to the AA said the government had broken its promise to scrap the toll. In 1996, the consortium behind the bridge proposed building a second bridge at no extra cost to the Treasury, on condition that the concession period was increased to allow them to recover their costs and generate a profit.
^ Jump up to: a b c HA 2014, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Stratton, Allegra (12 October 2009). "Gordon Brown's fire sale of public assets to raise £16bn". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 11 July 2010. Not all of the assets are surprising, with chancellor Alistair Darling announcing last month that the government intended to sell off the Dartford crossing as part of its attempt to meet the £16bn target.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing future in doubt". BBC News. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "DARTFORD: New MP vows to fight Dartford Crossing sale and tolls". News Shopper. 16 May 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing toll charge to be increased". BBC News. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dart Charge – FAQ". Dart Tag (official website). Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dart Charge: Dartford Crossing remote payment". Highway Agency. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "The A282 Trunk Road (Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Charging Scheme) Order 2008". Highways Agency. 21 July 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing toll charges set to rise". BBC News. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Businesses want Dartford Crossing toll booth removal speeded-up". BBC News. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Penning, Mike (22 May 2012). "Revised charges at Dartford Crossing". Department for Transport. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing fines up to £105 when barriers removed". BBC News. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford free-flow crossing work begins". BBC News. 22 April 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing to lose '£6m a year in unpaid tolls'". BBC News. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing cashless system date set". BBC News. 20 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "More than 1.8 million fines at Dartford crossing under Dart charge". BBC News. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dartford – Thurrock River Crossing : Traffic flow". Highways Agency. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lower Thames Crossing – About". Lower Thames Crossing (official website). Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Improving our network : The Dartford – Thurrock River Crossing". Highways Agency. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Heather, Chris (21 November 2013). "The ill-fated cycle bus". The National Archives. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thames Trader – Country Bus". Country Bus. Retrieved 29 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "ADR Tunnel Codes explained" (PDF). Road Haulers' Association. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ ADR Classifications : Part 2 (PDF) (Report). United Nations. p. 103. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Walton, Christopher (3 August 2010). "Tunnel troubles: hauliers get to grips with ADR codes". Commercial Motor. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Tunnels shut for safety exercise". BBC News. 10 June 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Act 1988 (section 28)". National Archives. Ministry of Transport. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Thousands caught speeding on Dartford Crossing". BBC News. 7 June 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Woodman, Peter (22 May 2012). "Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing toll charges to rise". The Independent. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford Crossing celebrates golden milestone". Sevenoaks Chronicle. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Couchman, James (9 July 1987). "Dartford-Thurrock Crossing Bill". Hansard. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "QE2 Bridge at Dartford Crossing reopens after closure". BBC News. 12 February 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "30mph speed restriction on QEII bridge at Dartford crossing". Kent Echo. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Champion 1995, pp. 91–92.
Jump up ^ "Most stress at Dartford crossing". BBC News. 8 March 2004. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dartford's crossing misery is official!". Kent Messenger. 27 April 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kent talks over Dartford crossing 'worst motorway'". BBC News. 30 September 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Better signage call for Dartford crossing, MP says". BBC News. 3 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
Bibliography
Banister, David; Berechman, Joseph (29 August 2003). Transport Investment and Economic Development. Routledge. ISBN 1-135-80270-X.
Bridle, Ron; Baldwin, Peter; Porter, John; Baldwin, Robert, eds. (2004). The Motorway Achievement, Volume 1. Thomas Telford. ISBN 978-0-7277-3196-8.
Champion, M.A (1995), Pritchard, Brian, ed., Bridge Modification: Proceedings of the Conference "Bridge Modification", Thomas Telford, ISBN 978-0-7277-2028-3
Fautley, M.P.B.; Garon, J.H. (1 July 2004). Essex Coastline: Then and Now. Matthew Fautley. ISBN 978-0-9548010-0-7.
Hodge, Graeme A.; Greve, Carsten; Boardman, Anthony E. (1 January 2010). International Handbook on Public-Private Partnership. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84980-469-1.
House of Lords: Select Committee on Economic Affairs (17 March 2010). Private finance projects and off-balance sheet debt: 1st report of session 2009–10, Vol. 1: Report. The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-10-845964-1.
H.M. Stationery Office (1989). M25 Review: The Report. H.M. Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-550915-5.
The Institution (1992). Highways and Transportation. The Institution.
ITF (26 September 2013). ITF Round Tables Better Regulation of Public-Private Partnerships for Transport Infrastructure. International Transport Forum, OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-821-0395-1.
Jardine, F.M.; McCallum, R.I., eds. (2013). Engineering and Health in Compressed Air Work: Proceedings of the International Conference, Oxford, September 1992. Routledge. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-135-82609-3.
Miller, Roger; Lessard, Donald R. (2001). The Strategic Management of Large Engineering Projects: Shaping Institutions, Risks, and Governance. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-26351-1.
Pickford, Andrew T. W.; Blythe, Philip T. (1 October 2006). Road User Charging and Electronic Toll Collection. Artech House. ISBN 978-1-58053-858-9.
"Dartford-Thurrock River Crossing Charging Scheme : Account 2012–2013" (PDF). Highways Agency. January 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dartford Crossing.
Dartford River Crossing website
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British Pathe video of the first tunnel in 1957
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List of ancient Greek philosophers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This list of ancient Greek philosophers contains philosophers who studied in ancient Greece or spoke Greek. Ancient Greek philosophy began in Miletus with the pre-Socratic philosopher Thales[1][2] and lasted through Late Antiquity. Some of the most famous and influential philosophers of all time were from the ancient Greek world, including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Abbreviations used in this list:
c. = circa
fl. = flourished
Name
Life
School
Notes
Acrion 5th / 4th century BC Pythagorean visited by Plato
Adrastus of Aphrodisias 2nd century AD Peripatetic wrote commentaries on Aristotle's works and a commentary on Plato's Timaeus
Aedesia 5th century Neoplatonic wife of Hermias, and mother of Ammonius and Heliodorus
Aedesius 3rd / 4th century Neoplatonic studied under Iamblichus before founding his own school in Pergamum
Aeneas of Gaza 5th / 6th century Neoplatonic a Christian convert who studied under Hierocles
Aenesidemus 1st century BC? Pyrrhonist wrote a book called Pyrrhonist Discourses which became a central text for the skeptics
Aesara 5th / 4th century BC Pythagorean
Aeschines of Neapolis 2nd / 1st century BC Academic skeptic
Aeschines of Sphettus 5th / 4th century BC Socratic part of Socrates' circle and likely present at his death
Aetius 4th century AD Peripatetic Antiochean convert to Christianity who studied in Alexandria
Agapius 5th / 6th century AD Neoplatonic studied under Marinus of Neapolis. known for his learning
Agathobulus 1st / 2nd century AD Cynicism Known for his severe asceticism and teacher of Demonax
Agathosthenes
Agrippa the Skeptic 1st / 2nd century AD Pyrrhonist thought to be the creator of the "five grounds of doubt"
Albinus 2nd century AD Middle Platonist
Alcinous 2nd century AD? Middle Platonist
Alcmaeon of Croton 5th / 5th century BC Pythagorean interested in medicine
Alexamenus of Teos 5th century BC? Socratic may have been the first to write philosophical dialogues
Alexander of Aegae 1st century AD Peripatetic school tutored the emperor Nero
Alexander of Aphrodisias 2nd / 3rd century AD Peripatetic school influential commentator on the Corpus Aristotelicum
Alexicrates 1st / 2nd century AD Pythagorean
Alexinus 4th / 3rd century BC Megarian founded his own school which did not fare well
Amelius 3rd century AD Neoplatonic student of Plotinus who wrote voluminously
Ammonius Hermiae 5th / 6th century AD Neoplatonic
Ammonius of Athens 1st century AD Middle Platonist teacher of Plutarch
Ammonius Saccas 2nd / 3rd century AD Neoplatonic Plotinus' teacher
Anaxagoras 5th century BC Pluralist
Anaxarchus 4th century BC Atomist
Anaxilaus 1st century BC / 1st century AD Pythagorean
Anaximander 7th / 6th century BC Milesian
Anaximenes of Miletus 6th century BC Milesian
Androcydes 2nd century BC? Pythagorean
Andronicus of Rhodes 1st century BC Peripatetic
Anniceris 4th / 3rd century BC Cyrenaic
Antiochus of Ascalon 2nd / 1st century BC Middle Platonist
Antipater of Cyrene 4th century BC Cyrenaic
Antipater of Tarsus 2nd century BC Stoic
Antipater of Tyre 1st century BC Stoic
Antisthenes 5th / 4th century BC Cynic
Antoninus 4th century AD Neoplatonic
Apollodorus of Athens 2nd century BC Stoic
Apollodorus of Seleucia 2nd century BC Stoic
Apollodorus the Epicurean 2nd century BC Epicurean
Apollonius Cronus 4th century BC Megarian
Apollonius of Tyana 1st century AD Neopythagorean
Apollonius of Tyre 1st century BC Stoic
Arcesilaus 4th / 3rd century BC Academic skeptic
Archedemus of Tarsus 2nd century BC Stoic
Archelaus 5th century BC Pluralist
Archytas 5th / 4th century BC Pythagorean
Arete of Cyrene 4th century BC Cyrenaic
Arignote 6th / 5th century BC Pythagorean
Aristarchus of Samos 4th / 3rd century BC Academic skeptic presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it.
Aristippus 5th / 4th century BC Cyrenaic
Aristippus the Younger 4th century BC Cyrenaic
Aristoclea fl. 6th century BC
Aristocles of Messene 1st century AD? Peripatetic
Aristocreon 3rd / 2nd century BC Stoic
Aristo of Alexandria 2nd /1st century BC Peripatetic
Aristo of Ceos 3rd / 2nd century BC Peripatetic
Aristo of Chios 4th / 3rd century BC Stoic
Aristotle 4th century BC Peripatetic founder of Peripatetic school
Aristotle of Cyrene 4th / 3rd century BC Cyrenaic
Aristotle of Mytilene 2nd century AD Peripatetic
Aristoxenus 4th century BC Peripatetic
Arius Didymus 1st century BC Stoic
Asclepiades of Phlius 4th / 3rd century BC Eretrian
Asclepiades the Cynic 4th century AD Cynicism
Asclepigenia 5th / 6th century AD Neoplatonic
Asclepiodotus 1st century BC
Asclepiodotus of Alexandria 5th century AD Neoplatonic
Aspasius 2nd century AD Peripatetic
Athenaeus of Seleucia 1st century BC Peripatetic
Athenodoros Cananites 1st century BC Stoic
Athenodoros Cordylion 2nd /1st century BC Stoic
Athenodorus of Soli 3rd century BC Stoic
Attalus 1st century BC / 1st century AD Stoic
Atticus 2nd century AD Middle Platonist
Basilides (Stoic) 2nd century BC Stoic Denied the existence of incorporeal entities
Basilides the Epicurean 3rd / 2nd century BC Epicurean Succeeded Dionysius of Lamptrai as the head of the Epicurean school at Athens
Batis of Lampsacus 3rd century BC Epicurean
Bion of Borysthenes 4th / 3rd century BC Cynic Once was a slave, later to be released
Boethus of Sidon 1st century BC Peripatetic
Boethus of Sidon (Stoic) 2nd century BC Stoic
Bolus of Mendes fl. 3rd century BC Pythagorean
Brontinus fl. 6th century BC Pythagorean
Bryson of Achaea fl. 330 BC Megarian
Callicles 5th century BCE Sophist?
Calliphon 2nd century BC Peripatetic
Calliphon of Croton 6th century BC Pythagorean
Callistratus fl. 3rd century AD Sophist
Carneades c. 214 BC – 129/8 BC Academic skeptic
Carneiscus c. 300 BC Epicurean
Cassius Longinus c. 213–273 Middle Platonist
Cebes c. 430–350 BC Pythagorean
Celsus 2nd century
Cercidas 3rd century BC Cynic
Cercops Pythagorean
Chaerephon Socratic
Chamaeleon Peripatetic
Charmadas 164 BC - c. 95 BC Academic skeptic
Chrysanthius fl. 4th century Neoplatonic
Chrysippus Stoic
Cleanthes Stoic
Clearchus of Soli Peripatetic
Cleinias of Tarentum Pythagorean
Cleomedes Stoic
Cleomenes Cynic
Clinomachus Megarian
Clitomachus 187 BC - 109 BC Academic skeptic
Colotes Epicurean
Crantor born c. 350 BC Academic Platonist
Crates of Athens died 268-265 BC Academic Platonist
Crates of Mallus Stoic
Crates of Thebes Cynic
Cratippus of Pergamon Peripatetic
Cratylus Ephesian
Crescens the Cynic Cynic
Crinis Stoic
Critolaus Peripatetic
Cronius Neopythagorean
Damascius born c. 458, died after 538 Neoplatonic
Damis Neopythagorean
Damo Pythagorean
Dardanus of Athens Stoic
Demetrius Lacon Epicurean
Demetrius Phalereus Peripatetic
Demetrius of Amphipolis fl. 4th century BC Academic Platonist
Demetrius the Cynic Cynic
Democrates Pythagorean?
Democritus Presocratic, Atomist
Demonax Cynic
Dexippus fl. 350 Neoplatonic
Diagoras of Melos Sophist
Dicaearchus Peripatetic
Dio Chrysostom Sophist
Diocles of Cnidus fl. 3rd or 2nd century BC? Academic Platonist
Diodorus Cronus Megarian
Diodorus of Adramyttium fl. 1st century BC Academic skeptic
Diodorus of Aspendus Pythagorean
Diodorus of Tyre Peripatetic
Diodotus Stoic
Diogenes of Apollonia Presocratic
Diogenes of Babylon Stoic
Diogenes of Oenoanda Epicurean
Diogenes of Seleucia Epicurean
Diogenes of Sinope Cynic
Diogenes of Tarsus Epicurean
Dionysius of Chalcedon Megarian
Dionysius of Cyrene Stoic
Dionysius of Lamptrai Epicurean
Dionysius the Renegade Stoic
Dio of Alexandria fl. 1st century BC Academic skeptic
Diotima of Mantinea
Diotimus Stoic
Domninus of Larissa c. 420 - c. 480 Neoplatonic
Echecrates Pythagorean
Ecphantus Pythagorean
Empedocles Presocratic, Pluralist
Epicharmus of Kos Pythagorean
Epictetus Stoic wrote The Enchiridion, a handbook of Stoic ethical advice
Epicurus Epicurean said that the purpose of philosophy was to attain tranquility characterized by ataraxia
Eubulides Megarian
Euclid of Megara Megarian
Eudemus of Rhodes Peripatetic
Eudorus of Alexandria Peripatetic
Eudoxus of Cnidus 410/408 BC – 355/347 BC Academic Platonist
Euenus Sophist
Euphantus Megarian
Euphraeus
Euphrates Stoic
Eurytus Pythagorean
Eusebius of Myndus fl. 4th century Neoplatonic
Eustathius of Cappadocia c. 400 Neoplatonic
Evander fl. c. 215 - c. 205 Academic skeptic
Favorinus Academic skeptic
Gaius the Platonist fl. 2nd century Middle Platonist
Geminus Stoic
Gorgias Sophist
Hagnon of Tarsus fl. 2nd century BC Academic skeptic
Hecataeus of Abdera Pyrrhonist
Hecato of Rhodes Stoic
Hegesias of Cyrene Cyrenaic
Hegesinus of Pergamon fl. c. 160 BC Academic skeptic
Hegias fl. c. 500 Neoplatonic
Heliodorus of Alexandria fl. 5th century Neoplatonic
Heraclides Lembus
Heraclides Ponticus 387 BC - 312 BC Academic Platonist
Heraclitus Presocratic, Ephesian claimed that "You cannot step in the same river twice" and "All is fire."
Heraclius Cynic
Herillus of Carthage Stoic
Hermagoras of Amphipolis Stoic
Hermarchus Epicurean
Hermias born c. 410 - died c. 450 Neoplatonic
Herminus Peripatetic
Hermippus of Smyrna Peripatetic
Hermotimus of Clazomenae
Hicetas Pythagorean
Hierius fl c. 500 Neoplatonic
Hierocles of Alexandria fl. c. 430 Neoplatonic
Hierocles (Stoic) Stoic
Hieronymus of Rhodes Peripatetic
Himerius Sophist
Hipparchia of Maroneia Cynic
Hippasus Pythagorean
Hippias Sophist
Hippo Presocratic
Horus Cynic
Hypatia of Alexandria born 350-370 – 415 Neoplatonic
Iamblichus c. 245-c. 325 Neoplatonic
Ichthyas Megarian
Idomeneus of Lampsacus Epicurean
Ion of Chios Pythagorean
Isidore of Alexandria fl. c. 475 Neoplatonic
Jason of Nysa Stoic
Lacydes of Cyrene before 241 - c. 205 BC Academic skeptic
Leonteus of Lampsacus Epicurean
Leontion Epicurean
Leucippus Presocratic, Atomist
Lyco of Iasos Pythagorean
Lyco of Troas Peripatetic
Lycophron Sophist
Lysis of Taras Pythagorean
Marinus of Neapolis born c. 450 Neoplatonic
Maximus of Ephesus died 372 Neoplatonic
Maximus of Tyre fl. 2nd century Middle Platonist
Meleager of Gadara Cynic
Melissus of Samos Presocratic, Eleatic
Menedemus Eretrian
Menedemus of Pyrrha fl. c. 350 BC Academic Platonist
Menedemus the Cynic Cynic
Menippus Cynic
Metrocles Cynic
Metrodorus of Athens
Metrodorus of Chios Atomist
Metrodorus of Cos Pythagorean
Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the elder) Presocratic
Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger) Epicurean
Metrodorus of Stratonicea fl. 2nd century BC Academic skeptic
Mnesarchus of Athens Stoic
Moderatus of Gades Neopythagorean
Monimus Cynic
Myia Pythagorean
Nausiphanes Atomist
Nicarete of Megara Megarian
Nicolaus of Damascus
Nicomachus Neopythagorean
Nicomachus (son of Aristotle) Peripatetic
Numenius of Apamea fl. c. 275 Neopythagorean
Nymphidianus of Smyrna fl. c. 360 Neoplatonic
Ocellus Lucanus Pythagorean
Oenomaus of Gadara Cynic
Olympiodorus the Elder Peripatetic
Olympiodorus the Younger c. 495-570 Neoplatonic
Onasander fl. 1st century Middle Platonist
Onatas Pythagorean
Origen the Pagan fl. c. 250 Middle Platonist
Panaetius Stoic
Pancrates of Athens Cynicism
Panthoides Megarian
Parmenides of Elea Presocratic, Eleatic held that the only thing that exists is being itself; teacher of Zeno of Elea
Pasicles of Thebes Megarian
Patro the Epicurean Epicurean
Peregrinus Proteus Cynicism
Persaeus Stoic
Phaedo of Elis Socratic, School of Elis
Phaedrus Epicurean
Phanias of Eresus Peripatetic
Phanto of Phlius Pythagorean
Philip of Opus fl. 4th century BC Academic
Philiscus of Aegina Cynicism
Philiscus of Thessaly Sophist
Philo 20 BC - 50 AD Middle Platonist
Philo of Larissa 159/158 BC – 84/83 BC Academic skeptic
Philo the Dialectician Megarian
Philodemus Epicurean
Philolaus Pythagorean
Philonides of Laodicea Epicurean
Philostratus Sophist
Phintys Pythagorean
Plato 428/427 BC - 348/347 BC Academic student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle; famous for the Theory of Forms
Plotinus c. 204 – 270 Neoplatonic
Plutarch c. 46 – 120 Middle Platonist
Plutarch of Athens c. 350 – 430 Neoplatonic
Polemarchus
Polemon of Athens Stoic
Polemon of Laodicea Sophist
Polemon before 314 BC - 270/269 BC Academic
Polus
Polyaenus of Lampsacus Epicurean
Polystratus Epicurean
Porphyry 234 – c. 305 Neoplatonic taught by Plotinus; wrote the Isagoge, an introduction to Aristotle's "Categories",
Posidonius Stoic
Potamo of Alexandria Eclecticism
Praxiphanes Peripatetic
Priscian of Lydia fl. c. 550 Neoplatonic
Priscus of Epirus c. 305-c. 395 Neoplatonic
Proclus 412 – 485 Neoplatonic
Proclus Mallotes Stoic
Prodicus Sophist
Protagoras Sophist
Ptolemy-el-Garib Peripatetic
Pyrrho Pyrrhonist credited as being the first skeptic philosopher
Pythagoras Pythagorean
Sallustius Neoplatonic
Sallustius of Emesa Cynicism
Satyrus Peripatetic
Secundus the Silent Cynicism
Sextus of Chaeronea Stoic
Simmias of Thebes Pythagorean
Simon the Shoemaker Socratic
Simplicius of Cilicia c. 490 - c. 560 Neoplatonic
Siro Epicurean
Socrates Socratic founding figure of Western philosophy; died by drinking the hemlock
Sopater of Apamea died before 337 Neoplatonic
Sosigenes Peripatetic
Sosipatra fl. c. 325 Neoplatonic
Sotion Neopythagorean
Speusippus c. 407 BC – 339 BC Academic
Sphaerus Stoic
Stilpo Megarian
Strato of Lampsacus Peripatetic
Syrianus died c. 437 Neoplatonic
Telauges Pythagorean
Telecles of Phocis died 167/166 BC Academic skeptic
Teles the Cynic Cynicism
Thales Presocratic, Milesian the first philosopher; held that the first principle (arche) is water; one of the Seven Sages of Greece
Theagenes of Patras Cynicism
Theano Pythagorean
Themista of Lampsacus Epicurean
Themistius Neoplatonic
Theodorus of Asine fl. 3rd century Neoplatonic
Theodorus the Atheist Cyrenaic
Theon of Smyrna Neopythagorean
Theophrastus Peripatetic
Thrasymachus Sophist
Thrasymachus of Corinth Megarian
Timaeus of Locri Pythagorean
Timaeus the Sophist fl. between 1st and 4th centuries Middle Platonist
Timon Pyrrhonist
Timycha Pythagorean
Tisias Sophist
Xenarchus of Seleucia Peripatetic
Xeniades Pyrrhonist
Xenocrates c. 396 BC – 314 BC Academic
Xenophanes of Colophon Presocratic, Eleatic claimed that, if oxen were able to imagine gods, those gods would be in the image of oxen
Xenophilus Pythagorean friend and teacher of Aristoxenus
Zenobius Sophist
Zenodotus fl. c. 475 Neoplatonic described as "the darling of Proclus"
Zeno of Citium Stoic founder of the Stoic school of philosophy
Zeno of Elea Presocratic, Eleatic famous creator of Zeno's paradoxes
Zeno of Sidon Epicurean sometimes termed the "leading Epicurean"
Zeno of Tarsus Stoic
See also[edit]
List of ancient Platonists
List of Cynic philosophers
List of Epicurean philosophers
List of Stoic philosophers
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics Alpha, 983b18.
Jump up ^ Russell, Bertrand. "The History of Western Philosophy." 1945
External links[edit]
"Greek philosophy" at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
"Presocratic philosophy" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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