text:
Careful What You Wish For (film)
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Careful What You Wish For
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum
Produced by
Ashok Amritraj
Michael A. Helfant
Robert L. Stein
Bradley Gallo
Kirk D'Amico
Written by
Chris Frisina
Starring
Nick Jonas
Isabel Lucas
Paul Sorvino
Kandyse McClure
Graham Rogers
Dermot Mulroney
Music by
Josh Debney
The Newton Brothers
Cinematography
Rogier Stoffers
Edited by
Padraic McKinley
Geofrey Hildrew
Production
company
Troika Pictures
Hyde Park Entertainment
Amasia Entertainment
Roberi Media
Image Nation
Merced Media Partners
Myriad Pictures
Ashok Amritraj Productions
Distributed by
Starz Digital
Release date
April 3, 2015 (2015-04-03) (Germany)
June 10, 2016 (2016-06-10) (United States)
Running time
90 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$4.5 million
Careful What You Wish For is a 2015 American erotic thriller film directed by Elizabeth Allen Rosenbaum, and starring Nick Jonas, Isabel Lucas, Graham Rogers, and Dermot Mulroney. The film was released on June 10, 2016, by Starz Digital. Its plot is heavily inspired by the 1981 movie Body Heat.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Filming
5 Release
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Doug Martin (Nick Jonas) is a young adult spending the summer with his parents at their lake house. When rich investment banker Elliot Harper (Dermot Mulroney) moves in next door, Doug finds himself immediately drawn to Elliot's young wife, Lena Harper (Isabel Lucas). Elliot hires Doug to work on his sailboat, and this gives Doug an excuse to interact with Lena, who is often alone due to Elliot traveling for business. Eventually Lena and Doug begin an affair, starting with Doug losing his virginity to Lena. Lena gets them pre-paid cellphones to communicate on, and constantly warns Doug about Elliot's possessive and jealous nature. Lena also shows signs of physical abuse, which she says are from Elliot.
One night Lena calls Doug over to house, where he finds Elliot dead on the floor. Lena claims he attacked her and she accidentally killed him when she fought back. After some major trepidation on Doug's part, Lena convinces him to help her cover up her part in Elliot's death. Soon after an insurance investigator named Angie Alvarez (Kandyse McClure) shows up to investigate Elliot's death, due to the large settlement of 10 million dollars Lena is now set to receive from his life insurance. Suspicion quickly falls on Doug, and he grows nervous from the increased attention on him by both Angie and the town Sheriff (Paul Sorvino). Eventually he realizes that Lena has been manipulating him this whole time, intending to frame him for Elliot's murder; she claims that instead of a consensual affair Doug had been stalking her and raped her, and then killed Elliot in a jealous rage. Doug's attempts to prove his innocence are thwarted at every turn, presumably by Lena. For example, a gardener of the Harper's who had seen Doug and Lena together turns up murdered before the police can talk to him.
With the police ready to arrest him and with Lena having received the insurance money, Doug follows her to a hotel she is at with Angela, intending to retrieve one of the pre-paid cellphones he and Lena used from her person for evidence. It is there that Doug realizes that Angela is actually Lena's lover and has been her accomplice since the beginning. At first it seems that Lena will leave Doug to take the rap, however in a last gesture of love she decides to leave Doug the cell phone, which contains the exonerating evidence he needs. Angela & Lena flee the country on a private plane.
In the closing voice-over, Doug explains how he was eventually sent to prison, but on reduced charges for a short period of time. Lena and Angela are still on the run. He contemplates if he would do it all over again.
Cast[edit]
Nick Jonas as Doug Martin
Isabel Lucas as Lena Harper
Kandyse McClure as Angie Alvarez
Graham Rogers as Carson
Dermot Mulroney as Elliott Harper
Marc Macaulay as Gordon
Paul Sorvino as The Sheriff
John Driskell Hopkins as Gus
Alex ter Avest as Emma Shalloway
David Sherrill as Brian
Kiki Harris as Emily Martin
Jay Potter as Richard
Production[edit]
In September 2012, it was announced that Isabel Lucas had joined the cast of the film, with Elizabeth Allen directing the film from a script by Chris Frisina, with Hyde Park-Image Nation, Troika Pictures and Merced Media Partners will finance and producing the film.[1] In January 2013, a casting call for the film was held.[2] In March 2013, it was announced that Nick Jonas had joined the cast of the film, portraying the role of a man who starts an affair with the wife of an investment banker.[3] That same month, it was announced that Dermot Mulroney had joined the cast of the film, portraying the role of an investment banker who is married to Lena.[4] In April 2013, it was announced that Graham Rogers had joined the cast of the film, portraying the role of Doug's best friend.[5] That same month, it was also announced that Paul Sorvino had been cast in the film, portraying the role of a sheriff.[6]
Filming[edit]
Production on the film began on April 22, 2013, in North Carolina,[6][3][7][8] and concluded in May 2013.[9] The film was partially financed by $1,193,150 (approximately 25% of the film's costs) in film production tax credits allocated by the State of North Carolina's Department of Revenue.[10][11]
Release[edit]
Prior to production on the film, Hyde Park International sold international distribution rights to the film in Germany, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Middle East, Turkey, Portugal, South Africa and Indonesia.[12][13] The film aired in Spain on August 22, 2015, to a success of 1.4 million viewers during the first airing.[14] In March 2016, Starz Digital acquired U.S distribution rights to the film.[3] The film was scheduled to be released on June 10, 2016.[15]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Foreman, Liza (September 9, 2012). "Toronto Deals: Hyde Park Adds 'Careful What You Wish For' to Slate". TheWrap.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Casting for feature film Careful What You Wish For". Acting-Auditions.org. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c McNary, Dave (March 18, 2013). "Nick Jonas Joins 'Careful What You Wish For'". Variety.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (March 26, 2013). "Dermot Mulroney Joins 'Careful What You Wish For'". Deadline.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (April 8, 2013). "Graham Rogers Joins 'Careful What You Wish For'". Variety.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b The Deadline Team (April 16, 2013). "Paul Sorvino Joins Cast Of 'Careful What You Wish For'". Variety.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Casting for feature film Careful What You Wish For". Acting-Auditions.org. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Christine (April 24, 2013). "'Careful What You Wish For', starring Nick Jonas, filming in North Carolina, Extras needed". OnLocationVacations.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Behind the scenes scoop from Nick Jonas movie filming in Charlotte". WCNC.com. December 5, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.dornc.com/publications/incentives/2014/film_2013_summary_report.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.wral.com/films-tv-productions-in-nc-generated-254m-in-2013/13224291
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 18, 2013). "Nick Jonas Joins 'Careful What You Wish For'". Variety.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Foreman, Liza (September 9, 2012). "Toronto Deals: Hyde Park Adds 'Careful What You Wish For' to Slate". TheWrap.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Un tiempo nuevo' no da la talla en su estreno en Cuatro y registra un pobre 4,2%". FormulaTV.com. August 23, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Crust, Kevin (April 24, 2016). "Every single movie coming out this summer". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
External links[edit]
Careful What You Wish For on IMDb
Careful What You Wish For at Rotten Tomatoes
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Careful_What_You_Wish_For_(film)&oldid=814807590"
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Fifty Shades of Grey
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the novel. For its film adaptation, see Fifty Shades of Grey (film). For the novel series, see Fifty Shades trilogy.
Fifty Shades of Grey
2012 paperback cover
Author
E. L. James
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Series
Fifty Shades trilogy
Genre
Erotic romance
Published
20 June 2011 (Vintage Books)
Media type
Print (Hardcover, paperback)
Pages
514
ISBN
978-1-61213-028-6
OCLC
780307033
Followed by
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2011 erotic romance novel by British author E. L. James, originally a Twilight fanfiction with Christian Grey a non-vampire Edward Cullen and Anastasia Steele as a wan, gamine Bella Swan.[1] It is the first instalment in the Fifty Shades trilogy that traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate, Anastasia Steele, and a young business magnate, Christian Grey. It is notable for its explicitly erotic scenes featuring elements of sexual practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM). Originally self-published as an ebook and a print-on-demand, publishing rights were acquired by Vintage Books in March 2012.
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, selling over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015. It has been translated into 52 languages, and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time. Critical reception of the book, however, has tended towards the negative, with the quality of its prose generally seen as poor. Universal Pictures and Focus Features produced a film adaptation, which was released on 13 February 2015[2] and also received generally unfavourable reviews.
The second and third volumes of the trilogy, Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed, were published in 2012. Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, a version of Fifty Shades of Grey being told from Christian's point of view, was published in June 2015.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Background and publication
3 Reception
3.1 Critical response
3.2 Controversy
3.3 Censorship
4 Media
4.1 Film adaptation
4.2 Film soundtrack
4.3 Classical album
4.4 Parodies
4.4.1 In print
4.4.2 In film
4.4.3 Online
4.4.4 On stage
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Anastasia "Ana" Steele is a 21-year-old college senior attending Washington State University in Vancouver, Washington. Her best friend is Katherine "Kate" Kavanagh, who writes for the college newspaper. Due to an illness, Kate is unable to interview 27-year-old Christian Grey, a successful and wealthy Seattle entrepreneur, and asks Ana to take her place. Ana finds Christian attractive as well as intimidating. As a result, she stumbles through the interview and leaves Christian's office believing it went poorly. Ana does not expect to meet Christian again, but he appears at the hardware store where she works. While he purchases various items including cable ties, masking tape, and rope, Ana informs Christian that Kate would like some photographs to illustrate her article about him. Christian gives Ana his phone number. Later, Kate urges Ana to call Christian and arrange a photo shoot with their photographer friend, José Rodriguez.
The next day José, Kate, and Ana arrive for the photo shoot at the Heathman Hotel, where Christian is staying. Christian asks Ana out for coffee and asks if she's dating anyone, specifically José. Ana replies that she is not dating anyone. During the conversation, Ana learns that Christian is also single, but he says he is not romantic. Ana is intrigued but believes she is not attractive enough for Christian. Later, Ana receives a package from Christian containing first edition copies of Tess of the d'Urbervilles, which stuns her. Later that night, Ana goes out drinking with her friends and ends up drunk dialling Christian, who informs her that he will be coming to pick her up because of her inebriated state. Ana goes outside to get some fresh air, and José attempts to kiss her, but he is stopped by Christian's arrival. Ana leaves with Christian, but not before she discovers that Kate has been flirting with Christian's brother, Elliot. Later, Ana wakes to find herself in Christian's hotel room, where he scolds her for not taking proper care of herself. Christian then reveals that he would like to have sex with her. He initially says that Ana will first have to fill out paperwork, but later goes back on this statement after making out with her in the elevator.
Ana goes on a date with Christian, on which he takes her in his helicopter, Charlie Tango, to his apartment. Once there, Christian insists that she sign a non-disclosure agreement forbidding her from discussing anything they do together, which Ana agrees to sign. He also mentions other paperwork, but first takes her to his playroom full of BDSM toys and gear. There, Christian informs her that the second contract will be one of dominance and submission, and there will be no romantic relationship, only a sexual one. The contract even forbids Ana from touching Christian or making eye contact with him. At this point, Christian realises that Ana is a virgin and agrees to take her virginity without making her sign the contract. The two then have sex. The following morning, Ana and Christian again have sex. His mother arrives moments after their sexual encounter and is surprised by the meeting, having previously thought Christian was homosexual, because he was never seen with a woman. Christian later takes Ana out to eat, and he reveals that he lost his virginity at age 15 to one of his mother's friends, Elena Lincoln, and that his previous dominant/submissive relationships failed due to incompatibility. Christian also reveals that in his first dominant/submissive relationship he was the submissive. Christian and Ana plan to meet again, and he takes Ana home, where she discovers several job offers and admits to Kate that she and Christian had sex.
Over the next few days, Ana receives several packages from Christian. These include a laptop to enable her to research the BDSM lifestyle in consideration of the contract; to communicate with him, since she has never previously owned a computer; and to receive a more detailed version of the dominant/submissive contract. She and Christian email each other, with Ana teasing him and refusing to honour parts of the contract, such as only eating foods from a specific list. Ana later meets with Christian to discuss the contract and becomes overwhelmed by the potential BDSM arrangement and the potential of having a sexual relationship with Christian that is not romantic in nature. Because of these feelings, Ana runs away from Christian and does not see him again until her college graduation, where he is a guest speaker. During this time, Ana agrees to sign the dominant/submissive contract. Ana and Christian once again meet to further discuss the contract, and they go over Ana's hard and soft limits. Christian spanks Ana for the first time, and the experience leaves her both enticed and slightly confused. This confusion is exacerbated by Christian's lavish gifts and the fact that he brings her to meet his family. The two continue with the arrangement without Ana's having yet signed the contract. After successfully landing a job with Seattle Independent Publishing (SIP), Ana further bristles under the restrictions of the non-disclosure agreement and her complex relationship with Christian. The tension between Ana and Christian eventually comes to a head after Ana asks Christian to punish her in order to show her how extreme a BDSM relationship with him could be. Christian fulfils Ana's request, beating her with a belt, and Ana realises they are incompatible. Devastated, she leaves Christian and returns to the apartment she shares with Kate.
Background and publication[edit]
E. L. James in 2012
The Fifty Shades trilogy was developed from a Twilight fan fiction series originally titled Master of the Universe and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer's characters in Twilight, Edward Cullen and Bella Swan. After comments concerning the sexual nature of the material, James removed the story from the fan-fiction websites and published it on her own website, FiftyShades.com. Later she rewrote Master of the Universe as an original piece, with the principal characters renamed Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele and removed it from her website before publication.[3] Meyer commented on the series, saying "that's really not my genre, not my thing... Good on her—she's doing well. That's great!"[4]
This reworked and extended version of Master of the Universe was split into three parts. The first, titled Fifty Shades of Grey, was released as an e-book and a print on demand paperback in May 2011 by The Writers' Coffee Shop, a virtual publisher based in Australia.[5][6] The second volume, Fifty Shades Darker, was released in September 2011; and the third, Fifty Shades Freed, followed in January 2012. The Writers' Coffee Shop had a restricted marketing budget and relied largely on book blogs for early publicity, but sales of the novel were boosted by word-of-mouth recommendation. The book's erotic nature and perceived demographic of its fan base as being composed largely of married women over thirty led to the book being dubbed "Mommy Porn" by some news agencies.[7][8] The book has also reportedly been popular among teenage girls and college women.[8][9][10] By the release of the final volume in January 2012, news networks in the United States had begun to report on the Fifty Shades trilogy as an example of viral marketing and of the rise in popularity of female erotica, attributing its success to the discreet nature of e-reading devices.[11][12] Due to the heightened interest in the series, the license to the Fifty Shades trilogy was picked up by Vintage Books for re-release in a new and revised edition in April 2012.[13][14] The attention that the series has garnered has also helped to spark a renewed interest in erotic literature. Many other erotic works quickly became best-sellers following Fifty Shade's success, while other popular works, such as Anne Rice's The Sleeping Beauty trilogy, have been reissued (this time without pseudonyms) to meet the higher demand.[15]
On 1 August 2012, Amazon UK announced that it had sold more copies of Fifty Shades of Grey than it had the entire Harry Potter series combined, making E. L. James its best-selling author, replacing J. K. Rowling, though worldwide the Harry Potter series sold more than 450 million copies compared with Fifty Shades of Grey's sales of 60 million copies.[16]
Reception[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey has topped best-seller lists around the world, including those of the United Kingdom and the United States.[17][18] The series had sold over 125 million copies worldwide by June 2015 and has been translated into 52 languages,[19][20] and set a record in the United Kingdom as the fastest-selling paperback of all time.[21]
Critical response[edit]
It has received mixed to negative reviews, with most critics noting poor literary qualities of the work. Salman Rushdie said about the book: "I've never read anything so badly written that got published. It made Twilight look like War and Peace."[22] Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written "like a Bronte devoid of talent," and said it was "dull and poorly written."[23] Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said: "As a reading experience, Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke, puny of plot".[24]
Princeton professor April Alliston wrote, "Though no literary masterpiece, Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series."[25] Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a "B+" rating and praised it for being "in a class by itself."[26] British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote "It is jolly, eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM (bondage, discipline, sadism and masochism) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act" and also praised the book for being "more enjoyable" than other "literary erotic books".[27] The Daily Telegraph noted that the book was "the definition of a page-turner", noting that the book was both "troubling and intriguing".[28] A reviewer for the Ledger-Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism, and that it "also touches on one aspect of female existence [female submission]. And acknowledging that fact – maybe even appreciating it – shouldn't be a cause for guilt."[29] The New Zealand Herald stated that the book "will win no prizes for its prose" and that "there are some exceedingly awful descriptions," although it was also an easy read; "(If you only) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to – if you'll pardon the expression – slap the heroine for having so little self respect, you might enjoy it."[30] The Columbus Dispatch stated that, "Despite the clunky prose, James does cause one to turn the page."[31] Metro News Canada wrote that "suffering through 500 pages of this heroine's inner dialogue was torturous, and not in the intended, sexy kind of way".[32] Jessica Reaves, of the Chicago Tribune, wrote that the "book's source material isn't great literature", noting that the novel is "sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases", and described it as "depressing".[33]
The book garnered some accolades. In December 2012, it won both "Popular Fiction" and "Book of the Year" categories in the UK National Book Awards.[34][35] In that same month, Publishers Weekly named E. L. James the 'Publishing Person of the Year', a decision whose criticism in the LA Times and the New York Daily News was referred to by and summarised in The Christian Science Monitor.[36] Earlier, in April 2012, when E. L. James was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Most Influential People in the World",[37] Richard Lawson of The Atlantic Wire criticised her inclusion due to the trilogy's fan fiction beginnings.[38]
Controversy[edit]
Fifty Shades of Grey has attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM, with some BDSM participants stating that the book confuses BDSM with abuse and presents it as a pathology to be overcome, as well as showing incorrect and possibly dangerous BDSM techniques.[39][40]
Coinciding with the release of the book and its surprising popularity, injuries related to BDSM and sex toy use spiked dramatically. In 2012, the year after the book was published, injuries requiring Emergency Room visits increased by over 50% from 2010 (the year before the book was published). This is speculated to be due to people unfamiliar with both the proper use of these toys and the safe practice of bondage and other "kinky" sexual fetishes attempting what they had read in the book.[41]
There has also been criticism against the fact that BDSM is part of the book. Archbishop Dennis Schnurr of Cincinnati said in an early February 2015 letter, "The story line is presented as a romance; however, the underlying theme is that bondage, dominance, and sadomasochism are normal and pleasurable."[42] The feminist anti-pornography organisation Stop Porn Culture called for a boycott of the movie based on the book because of its sex scenes involving bondage and violence.[43] By contrast, Timothy Laurie and Jessica Kean argue that "film fleshes out an otherwise legalistic concept like 'consent' into a living, breathing, and at times, uncomfortable interpersonal experience," and "dramatises the dangers of unequal negotiation and the practical complexity of identifying one's limits and having them respected."[44]
Several critics and scientists have expressed concern that the nature of the main couple's relationship is not BDSM at all, but rather is characteristic of an abusive relationship. In 2013, social scientist Professor Amy E. Bonomi published a study wherein the books were read by multiple professionals and assessed for characteristics of intimate partner violence, or IPV, using the CDC's standards for emotional abuse and sexual violence. The study found that nearly every interaction between Ana and Christian was emotionally abusive in nature, including stalking, intimidation, and isolation. The study group also observed pervasive sexual violence within the CDC's definition, including Christian's use of alcohol to circumvent Ana's ability to consent, and that Ana exhibits classic signs of an abused woman, including constant perceived threat, stressful managing, and altered identity.[45][46]
A second study in 2014 was conducted to examine the health of women who had read the series, compared with a control group that had never read any part of the novels. The results showed a correlation between having read at least the first book and exhibiting signs of an eating disorder, having romantic partners that were emotionally abusive and/or engaged in stalking behaviour, engaging in binge drinking in the last month, and having 5 or more sexual partners before age 24. The authors could not conclude whether women already experiencing these "problems" were drawn to the series, or if the series influenced these behaviours to occur after reading by creating underlying context.[47] The study's lead researcher contends that the books romanticise dangerous behaviour and "perpetuate dangerous abuse standards."[48] The study was limited in that only women up to age 24 were studied, and no distinction was made among the reader sample between women who enjoyed the series and those that had a strong negative opinion of it, having only read it out of curiosity due to the media hype or other obligation.[49]
At the beginning of the media hype, Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed on The Today Show[50] whether the book perpetuated violence against women; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject, this trilogy had nothing to do with it – this was a book about a consensual relationship. Dr. Drew commented that the book was "horribly written" in addition to being "disturbing" but stated that "if the book enhances women's real-life sex lives and intimacy, so be it."[51]
Censorship[edit]
In March 2012, branches of the public library in Brevard County, Florida, removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves, with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor. A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches.[52] Deborah Caldwell-Stone of the American Library Association commented that "If the only reason you don't select a book is that you disapprove of its content, but there is demand for it, there's a question of whether you're being fair. In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information."[52] Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand.[53]
In Macaé, Brazil, Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors.[54] The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them,[55] basing his decision on a law stating that "magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content".[56]
Media[edit]
Film adaptation[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades of Grey (film)
Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson were cast in the roles of Christian Grey and Anastasia Steele, respectively.
A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features,[57] Michael De Luca Productions, and Trigger Street Productions,[58] with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012.[59] Universal is also the film's distributor. Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele,[60][61] but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013,[62] with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October.[63]
The film was released on 13 February 2015,[2] and although popular at the box office, critical reactions were mixed to negative.[64]
Film soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Fifty Shades of Grey: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
E. L. James announced the film's soundtrack would be released on 10 February 2015.[65][66] Prior to the soundtrack's release, the first single, "Earned It", by The Weeknd, was released on 24 December 2014.[67] On 7 January 2015, the second single, "Love Me like You Do" by Ellie Goulding was released.[68] Australian singer Sia released the soundtrack's third single, "Salted Wound", on 27 January 2015.[69]
Classical album[edit]
An album of songs selected by E. L. James was released on 11 September 2012 by EMI Classics under the title Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album, and reached number four on the US Billboard classical music albums chart in October 2012.[70][71] A Seattle P-I reviewer favourably wrote that the album would appeal both to fans of the series and to "those who have no intention of reading any of the Grey Shades".[72]
Parodies[edit]
The Fifty Shades of Grey trilogy has inspired many parodies in print,[73][74] in film, online, and on stage. In November 2012, Universal Studios attempted to prevent the release of Fifty Shades of Grey: A XXX Adaptation, a pornographic film based on the novel, citing copyright and trademark infringement. Smash Pictures, the porn producer, later responded to the lawsuit with a counterclaim that "much or all" of the Fifty Shades material was placed in the public domain in its original Twilight-based form,[75] but later capitulated and stopped production of their film.[76]
In print[edit]
Amazon.com lists over 50 book parodies, e.g.:
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey (2013)[77] by E. L. Jamesbergstein
Fifty Shames of Earl Grey (2012)[78] by Fanny Merkin (a.k.a. Andrew Shaffer)
In film[edit]
Fifty Shades of Black (2016)
Online[edit]
Parodying the fan fiction origins of Fifty Shades of Grey, Ivy league MBA students have created Erotic FinFiction, a blog containing steamy entries written in business jargon.[79]
On stage[edit]
Stage productions include:
50 Shades! The Musical Parody[80]
Cuff Me: The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody[81]
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
See also[edit]
United Kingdom portal
2010s portal
Novels portal
Pornography portal
Maestra, a 2016 novel frequently compared to Fifty Shades of Grey
BDSM in culture and media
Sadism and masochism in fiction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Eakin, Marah. "Holy crow! Fifty Shades Of Grey is crazy similar to its Twilight origin story". News. Retrieved 2017-10-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Universal Shifts '50 Shades' Release Date to February 2015". Variety. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Boog, Jason (21 November 2012). "The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey". Media bistro.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey: Stephenie Meyer Speaks Out". MTV. 29 May 2012.
Jump up ^ '50 Shades of Grey,' a Self-Published E-Book, Is the Future of Publishing. Lizzie Shurnick. The Daily Beast. 17 March 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Bestseller Success Stories that Started Out as Self-Published Books. Ronald H. Balsom. 8 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Bosman, Julie (20 March 2012). "Discreetly Digital, Erotic Novel Sets American Women Abuzz". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Goudreau, Jenna (19 March 2012). "Will Fifty Shades of Grey Make 'Mommy Porn' The Next Big Thing?". Forbes. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James reveals real-life secrets to her readers". The Belfast Telegraph. 4 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Lewak, Doree (11 July 2012). "The hot sex text". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "Erotic novel 50 Shades of Grey unites gals, unnerves some guys". Fox News. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Bennett-Smith, Meredith (15 March 2012). "50 Shades of Grey: What is the appeal?". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Julie Bosman. Fifty Shades of Gray Hits a Sales Milestone. The New York Times. 27 February 2014. page C3.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey" Sales Hit 100 Million. Andy Lewis. The Hollywood Reporter. 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Publishing world is turned on by 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". USA Today. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Meredith, Charlotte (1 August 2012), "Fifty Shades of Grey becomes the bestselling book of all time", Daily Express, UK
Jump up ^ "EL James' Fifty Shades of Grey tops New York Times list". UK: BBC. 11 March 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Erotic book Fifty Shades of Grey becomes UK bestseller". UK: BBC. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Alex Stedman. "'Fifty Shades' Spinoff 'Grey' Stolen From Publisher (Report)". Variety. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey Release Date Pushed Back to February 13, 2015—Just in Time for Valentine's Day!". E! Online. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Bentley, Paul (18 June 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Irvine, Chris (9 October 2012). "Sir Salman Rushdie: 'Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Dowd, Maureen (31 March 2012). "She's Fit to Be Tied". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Kornbluth, Jesse (12 March 2012). "'Fifty Shades Of Grey': Is The Hottest-Selling Book In America Really Just 'S&M For Dummies?'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 30 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "'Mommy porn' novel has retro message". CNN. 29 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (21 March 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Colgan, Jenny (13 April 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Barnett, Laura (13 April 2012). "Mommy porn?: Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James: review". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Sorich, Sonya (11 April 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey: The undressed review". Ledger-Enquirer.
Jump up ^ Sheehy, Christine (13 April 2012). "The 'mommy porn' seducing women". The New Zealand Herald.
Jump up ^ Osterheldt, Jenee (26 March 2012). "Book Review – Fifty Shades of Grey: Sultry subject spells success". The Columbus Dispatch.
Jump up ^ Napier, Jessica (16 April 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial". Metro News Canada. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Reaves, Jessica (14 April 2012). "Fifty shades of retrograde". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (5 December 2012). "EL James comes out on top at National Book awards". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (26 December 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Driscoll, Molly (3 December 2012). "E L James as 'Publishing Person of the Year' draws outcry from literary world". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 100 Most Influential People in the World: 2012". Time. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Lawson, Richard (18 April 2012). "Five Things Wrong with This Year's 'Time 100'". The Atlantic Wire. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Velvet, Lady. (14 February 2015) 'Fifty Shades of Grey': A Dominatrix's View (Guest Column). Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved on 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ 'Fifty Shades Of Grey' Isn't A Movie About BDSM, And That's A Problem. Huffingtonpost.com (16 February 2015). Retrieved on 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ingraham, Christopher. "Sex Toy Injuries Surged after 'Fifty Shades of Grey's was Published". The Washington Post. 10 February
Jump up ^ Fifty Shades of Grey is an ‘assault on marriage’, say bishops. CatholicHerald.co.uk (12 February 2015). Retrieved on 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Bishop: Seeing '50 Shades of Grey' is a sin. Azcentral.com (13 February 2015). Retrieved on 27 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Laurie, Timothy; Kean, Jessica (2015). "Why consenting adults should see 50 Shades of Grey - and take their teens". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 February
Jump up ^ Bonomi, Amy E.; Altenburger, Lauren E.; Walton, Nicole L. (September 2013). ""Double crap!" Abuse and harmed identity in Fifty Shades of Grey". Journal of Women's Health. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 22 (9): 733–744. PMID 23931257. doi:10.1089/jwh.2013.4344.
Jump up ^ Bonomi, Amy E. (12 August 2013). "Is Fifty Shades triumphant for women? Or further entrapping them?". The Huffington Post. AOL.
Jump up ^ Bonomi, Amy E.; Nemeth, Julianna M.; Altenburger, Lauren E.; Anderson, Melissa L.; Snyder, Anastasia; Dotto, Irma (August 2014). "Fiction or not? Fifty Shades is associated with health risks in adolescent and young adult females". Journal of Women's Health. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 23 (9): 720–728. PMID 25144515. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.4782.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades: Exploring the Sexual Revolution". Newsweek Special Issue / Topix Media Lab Special #13. New York, NY: Topix Media Lab: Page 13. 2015.
Jump up ^ "Reading 'Fifty Shades' linked to unhealthy behaviors". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show – Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Dr. Drew: 50 Shades of Grey pathological, poorly written". WTOP-FM. 22 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Meredith (11 May 2012). "Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves". Library Journal.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Suzan (30 May 2012). "Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS '50 SHADES OF GREY' SEALED". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brazil judge orders '50 Shades of Grey' removed". USA Today. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order". Global Legal Post. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (26 March 2012). "Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey". Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (10 July 2012). "Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar-Nominated Producers, Christian Grey–Casting Inspiration". Vanity Fair (online). Retrieved 12 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike (26 March 2012). "Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey". Deadline.com. PMC. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role". EntertainmentWise (Yahoo! UK). Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (2 September 2013). "'Fifty Shades of Grey' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charlie Hunnam: Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was "Heartbreaking" - Us Weekly". usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (23 October 2013). "Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". Variety. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
Jump up ^ James, E L (12 January 2015). "Movie Tie-in Edition Now Available & Soundtrack Coming Soon!". Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Kozak, Oktay Ege (12 January 2015). "'Fifty Shades Of Grey' Soundtrack Features Beyoncé, The Rolling Stones, Frank Sinatra, Sia, And More". Indie Wire. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Esther (24 December 2014). "Hear The Weeknd's 'Earned It' from 'Fifty Shades of Grey'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Strecker, Erin (7 January 2015). "Listen To Ellie Goulding's Sexy New Song From 'Fifty Shades of Grey' Soundtrack". Billboard. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Artists, Various (27 January 2015). "Fifty Shades of Grey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". Apple. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Shades of Grey Classical Album Coming in August", Billboard.com, 7 August 2012
Jump up ^ "Billboard Charts Top 5 Classical Music Albums". Classicalite. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Goodstein, Jack (15 September 2012). "Music Review: Fifty Shades of Grey: The Classical Album". Seattle PI. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "18 things you don't know about Fifty Shades of Grey: The Parody Books Keep Coming". CBS News. 17 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Rachel Kramer Bussel (22 April 2015). "In the wake of 50 Shades of Grey, what's even better than sex? Ridiculous sex". Salon.com.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (4 March 2013). "'Fifty Shades' Porn Parody Countersuit Claims Books Are In Public Domain (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Romano, Aja (12 March 2013). ""Fifty Shades" porn parody lost its lawsuit, but everyone wins". Daily Dot.
Jump up ^ Jamesbergstein, E.L. (2013). Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody.
Jump up ^ Merkin, Fanny; Shaffer, Andrew (2012). Fifty Shames of Earl Grey: A Parody. ISBN 0-306-82199-0.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Peter (17 December 2013). "Business students steam up spreadsheets with 'Fifty Shades of Grey' treatment". The Star. Toronto.
Jump up ^ Webster, Andy (14 March 2014). "If a Book Annoys You, Ridicule It in Song: '50 Shades! The Musical' Parodies That Erotic Best Seller". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Cuff Me: The Fifty Shades of Grey Musical Parody. Broadway.com. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
External links[edit]
Official author page
[hide]
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Parodies
Fifty Shades of Oy Vey: A Parody
Spank! The Fifty Shades Parody
Fifty Shades of Black
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Heart development
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a general overview of heart development. For protein signalling in heart development, see Protein signalling in heart development.
Heart development
Development of the human heart during the first eight weeks (top), and the formation of the heart chambers (bottom). In this figure, the blue and red colors represent blood inflow and outflow (not venous and arterial blood). Initially, all venous blood flows from the tail/atria to the ventricles/head, a very different pattern from that of an adult.[1]
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Heart development refers to the prenatal development of the human heart. This begins with the formation of two endocardial tubes which merge to form the tubular heart, also called the primitive heart tube, that loops and septates into the four chambers and paired arterial trunks that form the adult heart. The heart is the first functional organ in vertebrate embryos, and in the human, beats spontaneously by week 4 of development.[2]
The tubular heart quickly differentiates into the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus. The truncus arteriosus splits into the ascending aorta and pulmonary artery. The bulbus cordis forms part of the ventricles. The sinus venosus connects to the fetal circulation.
The heart tube elongates on the right side, looping and becoming the first visual sign of left-right asymmetry of the body. Septa form within the atria and ventricles to separate the left and right sides of the heart.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Primitive development
1.1 Endocardial tubes
1.2 Training and heart tube position
2 Cardiac folding
3 Formation of heart chambers
3.1 Sinus venosus
3.2 Heart wall
3.3 Atria
3.4 Ventricles
3.5 Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal
3.6 Atrioventricular valves
4 Development of valves and outflow tracts
4.1 Truncus septum formation and arterial cone
5 Development of the pacemaker and conduction system
6 References
7 Additional images
8 References
Primitive development[edit]
The heart derives from embryonic mesodermal germ-layer cells that differentiate after gastrulation into mesothelium, endothelium, and myocardium. Mesothelial pericardium forms the outer lining of the heart. The inner lining of the heart, lymphatic and blood vessels, develop from endothelium.[4]
Endocardial tubes[edit]
In the splanchnopleuric mesenchyme on either side of the neural plate, a horseshoe-shaped area develops as the cardiogenic region. This has formed from cardiac myoblasts and blood islands as forerunners of blood cells and vessels.[5] By day 19, an endocardial tube begins to develop in each side of this region. These two tubes grow and by the third week have converged towards each other to merge, using programmed cell death to form a single tube, the tubular heart.[6]
From splanchnopleuric mesenchyme, the cardiogenic region develops cranially and laterally to the neural plate. In this area, two separate angiogenic cell clusters form on either side and coalesce to form the endocardial tubes. As embryonic folding continues, the two endocardial tubes are pushed into the thoracic cavity, where they begin to fuse together, and this is completed at about 22 days.[7]
At around 18 to 19 days after fertilisation, the heart begins to form. This early development is critical for subsequent embryonic and prenatal development. The heart is the first functional organ to develop and starts to beat and pump blood at around day 21 or 22.[1] The heart begins to develop near the head of the embryo in the cardiogenic area.[1] Following cell signalling, two strands or cords begin to form in the cardiogenic region[1] As these form, a lumen develops within them, at which point, they are referred to as endocardial tubes.[1] At the same time that the tubes are forming other major heart components are also being formed.[8] The two tubes migrate together and fuse to form a single primitive heart tube, the tubular heart which quickly forms five distinct regions.[1] From head to tail, these are the truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis, primitive ventricle, primitive atrium, and the sinus venosus.[1] Initially, all venous blood flows into the sinus venosus, and contractions propel the blood from tail to head, or from the sinus venosus to the truncus arteriosus.[1] The truncus arteriosus will divide to form the aorta and pulmonary artery; the bulbus cordis will develop into the right ventricle; the primitive ventricle will form the left ventricle; the primitive atrium will become the front parts of the left and right atria and their appendages, and the sinus venous will develop into the posterior part of the right atrium, the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus.[1]
Training and heart tube position[edit]
The central part of cardiogenic area is in front of the oropharyngeal membrane and the neural plate. The growth of the brain and the cephalic folds push the oropharyngeal membrane forward, while the heart and the pericardial cavity move first to the cervical region and then into the chest. The curved portion of the horseshoe-shaped area expands to form the future ventricular infundibulum and the ventricular regions, as the heart tube continues to expand. The tube starts receiving venous drainage in its caudal pole and will pump blood out of the first aortic arch and into the dorsal aorta through its polar head. Initially the tube remains attached to the dorsal part of the pericardial cavity by a mesodermal tissue fold called the dorsal mesoderm. This mesoderm disappears to form the two pericardial sinuses the transverse and the oblique pericardial sinuses, which connect both sides of the pericardial cavity.[5]
The myocardium thickens and secretes a thick layer of rich extracellular matrix containing hyaluronic acid which separates the endothelium. Then mesothelial cells form the pericardium and migrate to form most of the epicardium. Then the heart tube is formed by the endocardium, which is the inner endothelial lining of the heart, and the myocardial muscle wall which is the epicardium that covers the outside of the tube.[5]
Cardiac folding[edit]
The heart tube continues stretching and by day 23, in a process called morphogenesis, cardiac looping begins. The cephalic portion curves in a frontal clockwise direction. The atrial portion starts moving in a cephalic ally and then moves to the left from its original position. This curved shape approaches the heart and finishes its growth on day 28. The conduit forms the atrial and ventricular junctions which connect the common atrium and the common ventricle in the early embryo. The arterial bulb forms the trabecular portion of the right ventricle. A cone will form the infundibula blood of both ventricles. The arterial trunk and the roots will form the proximal portion of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The junction between the ventricle and the arterial bulb will be called the primary intra-ventricular hole. The tube is divided into cardiac regions along its craniocaudal axis: the primitive ventricle, called primitive left ventricle, and the trabecular proximal arterial bulb, called the primitive right ventricle.[9]
Formation of heart chambers[edit]
Sinus venosus[edit]
In the middle of the fourth week, the sinus receives venous blood from the poles of right and left sinus. Each pole receives blood from three major veins: the vitelline vein, the umbilical vein and the common cardinal vein. The sinus opening moves clockwise. This movement is caused mainly by the left to right shunt of blood, which occurs in the venous system during the fourth and fifth week of development.[10]
When the left common cardinal vein disappears in the tenth week, with only the oblique vein of the left atrium and the coronary sinus remaining. The right pole joins the right atrium to form the wall portion of the right atrium. The right and left venous valves fuse and form a peak known as the septum spurium. At the beginning, these valves are large but the left venous valve and the septum spurium fuse with the developing atrial septum. The upper right venous valve disappearing. The bottom evolves into: the inferior valve of the vena cava and the coronary sinus valve.[10]
Heart wall[edit]
The main walls of the heart are formed between day 27 and 37 of the development of the early embryo. The growth consists of two tissue masses actively growing that approach one another until they merge and split light into two separate conduits. Tissue masses called endocardial cushions develop into atrioventricular and conotroncal regions. In these places, the cushions will help in the formation of auricular septum, ventricular conduits, atrio-ventricular valves and aortic and pulmonary channels.[11]
Atria[edit]
Septa formation in 30-day embryo
At the end of the fourth week, a crest grows that leaves the cephalic part. This crest is the first part of the septum primum. The two ends of the septum extend into the interior of the endocardial cushions in the atrioventricular canal. The opening between the bottom edge of the septum primum and endocardial cushions is the ostium primum (first opening). The extensions of the upper and lower endocardial pads grow along the margin of the septum primum and close the ostium primum. Coalescence of these perforations will form the ostium secundum (second opening), which allows blood to flow freely from the right atrium to the left. When the right of the atrium expands due to the incorporation of the pole of the sinus, a new fold appears, called the septum secundum. At its right side it is fused with the left venous valve and the septum spurium. A free opening will then appear, called the foramen ovale. The remains of the upper septum primum, will become the valves of the foramen ovale. The passage between the two atrial chambers consists of a long oblique slit through which blood flows from the right atrium to the left.[11]
Ventricles[edit]
Initially, a single pulmonary vein develops in the form of a bulge in the back wall of the left atrium. This vein will connect with the veins of the developing lung buds. As development proceeds the pulmonary vein and its branches are incorporated into the left atrium and they both form the smooth wall of the atrium. The embryonic left atrium remains as the trabecular left atrial appendage, and the embryonic right atrium remains as the right atrial appendage.[12]
Septum formation of the atrioventricular canal[edit]
At the end of the fourth week, two atrioventricular endocardial cushions appear. Initially the atrioventricular canal gives access to the primitive left ventricle, and is separated from arterial bulb by the edge of the ventricular bulb. In the fifth week, the posterior end terminates in the center part of the upper endocardial cushion. Because of this, blood can access both the left primitive ventricle and the right primitive ventricle. As the anterior and posterior pads project inwardly, they merge to form a right and left atrioventricular orifice.[13]
Atrioventricular valves[edit]
When forming intra-atrial septa, atrio-ventricular valves will begin to grow. An intra-muscular ventricular septum begins to grow from the common ventricle to the atrio-ventricular endocardial cushions. The division begins in the common ventricle where a furrow in the outer surface of the heart will appear the interventricular foramen eventually disappears. This closure is achieved by further growth muscular interventricular septum, a contribution of trunk crest-conal tissue and a membranous component.[14]
Development of valves and outflow tracts[edit]
Truncus septum formation and arterial cone[edit]
The arterial cone is closed by the infundibular cushions. The trunk cones are closed by the forming of an infundibulotroncal septum, which is made from a straight proximal portion and distal spiral portion. Then, the narrowest portion of the aorta is in the left and dorsal portion. The distal portion of the aorta is pushed forward to the right. The proximal pulmonary artery is right and ventral, and the distal portion of the pulmonary artery is in the left dorsal portion.[11]
Development of the pacemaker and conduction system[edit]
The rhythmic electrical depolarization waves that trigger myocardial contraction is myogenic, which means that they begin in the heart muscle spontaneously and are then responsible for transmitting signals from cell to cell. Myocytes that were obtained in the primitive heart tube, start beating as they connect together by their walls in a syncytium. Myocytes initiate rhythmic electrical activity, before the fusion of the endocardial tubes. The heartbeat begins in the region of the pacemaker which has a spontaneous depolarization time faster than the rest of myocardium.[15]
The primitive ventricle acts as initial pacemaker. But this pacemaker activity is actually made by a group of cells that derive from the sinoatrial right venous sinus. These cells form an ovoid sinoatrial node (SAN), on the left venous valve. After the development of the SAN, the superior endocardial cushions begin to form a pacemaker as known as the atrioventricular node. With the development of the SAN, a band of specialized conducting cells start to form creating the bundle of His that sends a branch to the right ventricle and one to the left ventricle. Most conduction pathways originate from the cardiogenic mesoderm but the sinus node may be derived from the neural crest.[15]
The human embryonic heart begins beating approximately 21 days after fertilization, or five weeks after the last normal menstrual period (LMP), which is the date normally used to date pregnancy in the medical community. The electrical depolarizations that trigger cardiac myocytes to contract arise spontaneously within the myocyte itself. The heartbeat is initiated in the pacemaker regions and spreads to the rest of the heart through a conduction pathway. Pacemaker cells develop in the primitive atrium and the sinus venosus to form the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricular node respectively. Conductive cells develop the bundle of His and carry the depolarization into the lower heart. Cardiac activity is visible beginning at approximately 5 weeks of pregnancy.
The human heart begins beating at a rate near the mother’s, about 75-80 beats per minute (BPM). The embryonic heart rate (EHR) then accelerates linearly for the first month of beating, peaking at 165-185 BPM during the early 7th week, (early 9th week after the LMP). This acceleration is approximately 3.3 BPM per day, or about 10 BPM every three days, an increase of 100 BPM in the first month.[16]
After peaking at about 9.2 weeks after the LMP, it decelerates to about 150 BPM (+/-25 BPM) during the 15th week after the LMP. After the 15th week the deceleration slows reaching an average rate of about 145 (+/-25 BPM) BPM at term.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Betts, J. Gordon (2013). Anatomy & physiology. pp. 787–846. ISBN 1938168135. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Moorman, A; Webb, S; Brown, NA; Lamers, W; Anderson, RH (Jul 2003). "Development of the heart: (1) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks.". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 89 (7): 806–14. PMC 1767747  . PMID 12807866. doi:10.1136/heart.89.7.806.
Jump up ^ Anderson, RH; Webb, S; Brown, NA; Lamers, W; Moorman, A (Aug 2003). "Development of the heart: (2) Septation of the atriums and ventricles.". Heart (British Cardiac Society). 89 (8): 949–58. PMC 1767797  . PMID 12860885. doi:10.1136/heart.89.8.949.
Jump up ^ "Animal Tissues". Users.rcn.com. 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sadler, T.W (2012). Langman. Embriología Médica. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 165. ISBN 978-84-96921-46-7.
Jump up ^ Larsen, William (2001). Human Embryology (3rd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 159. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
Jump up ^ "Main Frame Heart Development". Meddean.luc.edu. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
Jump up ^ Larsen, William (2001). Human Embryology (3rd ed.). Churchill Livingstone. p. 159. ISBN 0-443-06583-7.
Jump up ^ Rohen, Johannes; Lutjen, Elke (2008). Embriología functional: una perspectiva desde la biología del desarrollo. Panamericana. p. 70. ISBN 978-84-9835-155-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlson, Bruce (2012). Embriología humana y biología del desarrollo. Mosby. p. 451. ISBN 84-8174-785-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fernández, Patricia Martha (2002). Manual de biología del desarrollo. Manual Moderno. p. 243. ISBN 968-426-976-5.
Jump up ^ Eynard, Aldo; Valentich, Mirta; Rovasio, Roberto (2011). Histología y embriología del ser humano: bases celulares y moleculares. Panamericana. p. 283. ISBN 978-950-06-0602-8.
Jump up ^ Moore, Keith L.; Persaud, T.V.N (2008). Embriología Clínica. Elsevier Saunders. p. 245. ISBN 978-84-8086-337-7.
Jump up ^ Tellez de Peralta, Gabriel (2003). Tratado de cirugía cardiovascular. Díaz de Santos. p. 44.
^ Jump up to: a b Larsen, William (2003). Embriología humana. Elsevier Science. p. 177. ISBN 968-426-976-5.
Jump up ^ OBGYN.net "Embryonic Heart Rates Compared in Assisted and Non-Assisted Pregnancies"
Additional images[edit]
M-mode sonography measuring embryonic heart rate.
Blood flow in a neonate
Human embryo, 38 mm, 8–9 weeks–anterior view, heart is visible.
References[edit]
This article incorporates text from the CC-BY book: OpenStax College, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. 30 jul 2014..
[hide]
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Development of the circulatory system
Heart
Tubular heart
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Primitive ventricle
Primitive atrium
Sinus venosus
Septa
Atrioventricular cushions/Septum intermedium
Primary interatrial foramen
Septum primum
Foramen secundum
Septum secundum
Foramen ovale
Aorticopulmonary septum
Other
Atrioventricular canal
Primary interventricular foramen
Protein signalling in heart development
Vessels
Arteries
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Aortic arches
Aortic sac
Veins
Anterior cardinal vein
Posterior cardinal vein
Common cardinal veins
Lymph vessels
Lymph sacs
Extraembryonic
hemangiogenesis
Blood islands
Chorion
Connecting stalk
Yolk sac
Placenta
Fetal circulation
umbilical cord: Umbilical vein → Ductus venosus → Inferior vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary artery → Ductus arteriosus → Aorta → Umbilical artery
yolk sac: Vitelline veins
Vitelline arteries
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Snow cone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the food snow cone. For the meteorological phenomenon, see snow roller. For the deadmau5 single, see Snowcone (song).
Snow cone
Snow cone with cherry syrup
Type
Shaved ice
Cookbook: Snow cone Media: Snow cone
Snow cones are a variation of shaved ice or ground-up ice desserts commonly served in paper cones or foam cups.[1] The dessert consists of ice shavings that are topped with flavored sugar syrup.
Depending on the region of North America, the terms "snowball" and "snow cone" may refer to different things. Where the distinction is made, the former refers to a dessert made of finely shaved ice ("like soft fresh snow"), while the latter contains ground-up ice that is coarser and more granular ("crunchy").
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Industrial Revolution
1.2 Theaters
1.3 Great Depression and World War II
2 Similar confections
3 Kala Khatta
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Snow cone vending truck in Arizona, with an unofficial image of Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse painted on the door, and an unofficial image of Mario painted on the upper-right corner.
Industrial Revolution[edit]
In the 1850s, the American Industrial Revolution made ice commercially available. Ice houses in New York would commonly sell ice to places like Florida. To transport the ice to Florida, the ice houses would send a wagon with a huge block of ice south. The route to Florida would pass right through Baltimore where children would run up to the wagon and ask for a small scraping of ice. Before long, mothers started to make flavoring in anticipation of their children receiving some ice. The first flavor the women made is still a Baltimore favorite: egg custard. Egg custard was an easy flavor to make as the only ingredients were eggs, vanilla, and sugar.[2]
Theaters[edit]
By the 1870s, the snowball's popularity had risen to the degree that in the warm summer months, theaters would sell snowballs to keep their patrons cool. Because of this association with the theater, snowballs were thought of as an upper-class commodity. Signs in theaters instructing patrons to finish their snowballs before coming in to the second act are the earliest tangible evidence of snowballs. In the theaters in Baltimore during the time hand shavers were used to shave the ice. Around the city, snowballs were served on newspaper, but in the classy theaters, butchers' boats were used. In the 1890s, many people started to invent easier ways to make snowballs. In that decade, patents for electric ice shavers were filed.[3][4]
Great Depression and World War II[edit]
During the Great Depression and World War II, snowballs became available outside of Baltimore. As snowballs were so cheap, they were one of the few treats that people could afford. This inexpensiveness earned snowballs the nicknames Hard Times Sundae and Penny Sunday. People in need of a job could sell snowballs, as it required little overhead. The treat became more popular during World War II, when all available ice cream was sent to soldiers, creating a need for an icy treat. This newfound lack of competition helped snowballs become popular across the country.[5]
Similar confections[edit]
Snowball
In Hawaii, "shave ice" is similar to snowballs, and is sold in cone-shaped paper cups. "Rainbow," a popular flavor, consists of three colors of syrup chosen usually for their color rather than their taste compatibility. Commonly, a scoop of vanilla ice cream or sweetened azuki beans is first added to the bottom of the cup and is capped with condensed milk.[6]
Vendors in Texas and northern Mexico serve finely shaved ice desserts. Called a raspa, they are usually sold from a roadside stand or trailer. They come in many flavors, including leche (milk and cinnamon) and picosito (the Spanish word for 'spicy' made with lemon and chili powder.). In central and southern Mexico it is called "raspado" (Spanish for 'shaved'), most commonly bought from street cart vendors, and both sugar syrups or chili flavors are added. In Costa Rica, these are called "copos" (Spanish for 'flake', as in 'ice flake') and are sold in a very similar fashion, though no spicy or chili options are available.
The dessert ais kacang served in Malaysia and Singapore is another form of shaved ice. Ais kacang was originally served with red beans but now includes various fruits and other sweet toppings.
In Japan they are known as kakigori, and in India it is called a "gola" and usually served on popsicle sticks.
In Britain the term snowball is sometimes used, however it refers to a different treat [1]. However Slush (beverage) are both similar (though more for drinking than eating) and are common in the UK. They are often served in the same places as ice creams.
In Perú this dessert is called Raspadilla, which is served in cups along with a spoon and/or a straw. It consists in ground ice which is thick and topped with juices of different flavors that can be combined, regularly the most common flavors are pineapple and strawberry juices but it can also be served with berries juice, passion fruit juice (maracuya), chicha morada (purple corn juice), and in some cases but uncommon it can be topped with condensed milk or yogurt. Its very popular in the beaches during summertime, but it also is consumed in the towns and the cities as well. It is sold in carts spread around some streets and avenues of the city, being prepared at the moment (some of them grind the ice in a block with a device or some spoon with a blade like razor in one end, others have the ice already ground stored in a coolerbox) but all of them serve the portion of ice in the cup in front of the customer and then ask which flavor of juice would be poured on top of the ice, then they put a spoon and the straw.
In France this dessert is called GRANITE HAWAÏEN.
Kala Khatta[edit]
Kala Khatta is a syrup made from the jambul fruit in India and some other parts of South Asia. It is primarily used as a flavoring for Indian ice lollipops or popsicles, sold as street food. Crushed ice is formed into a lump by hand and mounted on a stick to make the lollipop. Kala khatta syrup and seasonings such as salt and pepper are then poured on the lollipop.
See also[edit]
Food portal
Bingsu - shaved ice dessert
Grattachecca - traditional Roman snow cone
Halo-halo - a popular Filipino dessert
Italian ice - water ice
Granita - a similar Italian ice based sweet snack
Granizado - a similar Spanish ice based sweet snack
Piragua (food) - the Puerto Rican version
Slush / Slushie - a shaved ice drink
Icee - brand-name product
Slurpee - brand name
Slush Puppie - brand name
Sno-ball - New Orleans' version of snow cone
Snow cream - a cream or snow and dairy-based dessert
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Carnival Scenes". St. Petersburg Independent. 26 October 1968. p. 6. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Gienow, Michelle. “Cold Comfort: On the Cultural Significance of the Snowball in Baltimore” City Paper. September 18, 1996. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Zay, Libby. "Summer in Baltimore: Snowballs Are the Essential Sweet Treat in Charm City". about.com. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mayhugh, Jess. "The Snowball: A Baltimore Summer Classic". Serious Eats. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Arnett, Earl “Tracing the Origin, Spread of Snowballs.” Baltimore Sun. 3 Aug. 1977, B1.
Jump up ^ Interview with Henry Hong about Baltimore summer dessert traditions, on the 1:00 hour of the "Mid-Day with Dan Rodricks" program, July 9, 2009, WYPR
[hide]
v
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Ice-based drinks and desserts
Drinks
Iced coffee
Frappuccino
Iced cappuccino
Frozen carbonated drinks
Slurpee
ICEE
Thirst Buster
Froster
Frozen alcoholic drinks
Frozen margarita
Frozen daiquiri
Freaky Ice
Frozen non-carbonated
beverage (slushes)
Slush Puppie
Frozen lemonade (Del's)
Desserts
Freezie
Otter Pops
Fla-Vor-Ice
Bon Ice
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Ice pop
Popsicle
Rim Jim
Fab
Melona
Shaved ice
Ais kacang
Baobing
Es campur
Granita
Halo-halo
Kakigōri
Namkhaeng sai
Patbingsu
Piragua
Shave ice
Shikashika
Shirokuma (kakigōri)
Sno-ball
Snow cone
List of frozen dessert brands
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es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granizado
Granizado – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: ברד (מאכל) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaafijs
Schaafijs – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shave_ice
Shave ice – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granizado
Granizado – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Snow_cone rootpage-Snow_cone skin-vector action-view