text:
Blending inheritance
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Flowers would converge to a single coloration in a few generations if inheritance blended the characteristics of the two parents.
Blending inheritance is a 19th century concept implied by some contemporary theories of evolution, implying that the inheritance of any characteristic would operate by averaging out the parents' values of that characteristic. This would mean that crossing a red flower variety with a white variety of the same species would yield pink-flowered offspring.
Charles Darwin's theory of inheritance by pangenesis, with contributions to egg or sperm from every part of the body, implied blending inheritance. His reliance on this mechanism led Fleeming Jenkin to attack natural selection on the grounds that blending inheritance would average out any novel beneficial characteristic before selection had time to act.
Blending inheritance was discarded with the general acceptance of particulate Mendelian inheritance during the development of modern genetics after 1900.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Darwin's pangenesis
1.2 Replacement by Mendelian inheritance
2 See also
3 References
4 Sources
History[edit]
Further information: The eclipse of Darwinism and modern synthesis (20th century)
Diagram of Charles Darwin's pangenesis theory. Every part of the body emits tiny particles, gemmules, which migrate to the gonads and contribute to the fertilised egg and so to the next generation. The theory implied that changes to the body during an organism's life would be inherited, as proposed in Lamarckism, and that inheritance would be blending.
Darwin's pangenesis[edit]
Further information: Pangenesis
Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection on the basis of an understanding of uniform processes in geology, acting over very long periods of time on inheritable variation within populations. One of those processes was competition for resources, as Thomas Malthus had indicated, leading to a struggle to survive and to reproduce. Since some individuals would by chance have traits that allowed them to leave more offspring, those traits would tend to increase in the population. Darwin assembled many lines of evidence to show that variation occurred and that artificial selection by animal and plant breeding had caused change. All of this demanded a reliable mechanism of inheritance.[1]
Pangenesis was Darwin's attempt to provide such a mechanism of inheritance. The idea was that each part of the parent's body emitted tiny particles called gemmules, which migrated through the body to contribute to that parent's gametes, their eggs or sperms. The theory had an intuitive appeal, as characteristics of all parts of the body, such as shape of nose, width of shoulders and length of legs are inherited from both the father and the mother. However, it had some serious weaknesses. Firstly, many characteristics can change during an individual's lifetime, and are affected by the environment: blacksmiths can develop strong arm muscles during their work, so the gemmules from these muscles ought to carry this acquired characteristic. That implies the Lamarckian inheritance of acquired characteristics. Secondly, the fact that the gemmules were supposed to mix together on fertilisation implies blending inheritance, namely that the offspring wwould all be intermediate between the father and the mother in every characteristic. That directly contradicts the observed facts of inheritance, not least that children are usually either male or female rather than all intersex, and that traits such as flower colour often re-emerge after a generation, even when they seem to disappear when two varieties are crossed.[1][2][3] Darwin was aware of both these objections, and accordingly had strong doubts about blending inheritance, as evidenced in his private correspondence. In a letter to T.H. Huxley, dated November 12, 1857, Darwin wrote:
I have lately been inclined to speculate very crudely & indistinctly, that propagation by true fertilisation, will turn out to be a sort of mixture & not true fusion, of two distinct individuals, or rather of innumerable individuals, as each parent has its parents & ancestors:— I can understand on no other view the way in which crossed forms go back to so large an extent to ancestral forms."[4]
Blending inheritance leads to the averaging out of every characteristic, which as the engineer Fleeming Jenkin pointed out, would make natural selection impossible if blending were the mechanism of inheritance.
In a letter to Alfred Wallace, dated February 6, 1866, Darwin mentioned conducting hybridization experiments with pea plants, not unlike those done by Gregor Mendel, and like him obtaining segregating (unblended) varieties, effectively disproving his theory of pangenesis with blending:
I do not think you understand what I mean by the non-blending of certain varieties. It does not refer to fertility; an instance I will explain. I crossed the Painted Lady and Purple sweetpeas, which are very differently coloured varieties, and got, even out of the same pod, both varieties perfect but not intermediate. Something of this kind I should think must occur at least with your butterflies & the three forms of Lythrum; tho’ those cases are in appearance so wonderful. I do not know that they are really more so than every female in the world producing distinct male and female offspring...[5]
Blending inheritance was also clearly incompatible with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The engineer Fleeming Jenkin used this to attack natural selection in his 1867 review of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Jenkin noted, correctly, that if inheritance were by blending, any beneficial trait that might arise in a lineage would have "blended away" long before natural selection had time to act.[1][6][7] The evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins commented that "blending inheritance is incompatible...with obvious fact. If it were really true that variation disappeared, every generation should be more uniform than the previous one. By now, all individuals should be as indistinguishable as clones", and that Darwin should have said as much to Jenkin. The problem was not with natural selection, but with blending, and in Dawkins's view, Darwin should have settled for saying that the mechanism of inheritance was unknown, but certainly non-blending.[1]
Replacement by Mendelian inheritance[edit]
A Punnett square for one of Mendel's pea plant experiments - self-fertilization of the F1 generation, shows that inheritance is particulate, not blending.
Further information: Mendelian inheritance and Germ plasm
Blending inheritance was dismissed by the eventual widespread acceptance, after his death, of Gregor Mendel's theory of particulate inheritance, which he had presented in Experiments on Plant Hybridization (1865).[8][9] In 1892, August Weismann set out the idea of a hereditary material, which he called the germ plasm, confined to the gonads and independent of the rest of the body (the soma). In Weismann's view, the germ plasm formed the body, but the body did not influence the germ plasm, except indirectly by natural selection. This contradicted both Darwin's pangenesis and Lamarckian inheritance.[10][11] Mendel's work was rediscovered in 1900 by the geneticist Hugo de Vries and others, soon confirmed that same year by experiments by William Bateson.[12] Mendelian inheritance with segregating, particulate alleles came to be understood as the explanation for both discrete and continuously varying characteristics.[13][14]
See also[edit]
Aristotle's biology
Incomplete dominance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dawkins, Richard (8 February 2003). "An early flowering of genetics". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Holterhoff, Kate (2014). "The History and Reception of Charles Darwin's Hypothesis of Pangenesis". Journal of the History of Biology. 47: 661–695. doi:10.1007/s10739-014-9377-0.
Jump up ^ Darwin, Charles (1868). The variation of animals and plants under domestication. London: John Murray. ISBN 1-4191-8660-4.
Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter #2166 -- Darwin C. R. to Huxley, T. H. dated before 12 Nov 1857
Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project, Letter #4989 -- Darwin, C. R. to Wallace A. R. dated 6 Feb 1866
Jump up ^ Bowler 1983, pp. 23–26, 196–253.
Jump up ^ Larson 2004, pp. 105–129.
Jump up ^ Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, Abhandlungen: 3–47, [1]
Jump up ^ Druery, C. T.; Bateson, William (1901). "Experiments in plant hybridization" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–32.
Jump up ^ Weismann, August (1892). Das Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung. Jena: Fischer.
Jump up ^ Bowler 1989, pp. 247–253, 257.
Jump up ^ Ambrose, Mike. "Mendel's Peas". Norwich, UK: Germplasm Resources Unit, John Innes Centre. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Larson 2004, pp. 157–166, 221–243.
Jump up ^ Bowler 1989, pp. 275–276.
Sources[edit]
Bowler, Peter J. (1983). The Eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolutionary theories in the decades around 1900. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4391-4.
Bowler, Peter J. (1989). Evolution: The History of an Idea (2nd revised ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06386-4.
Larson, Edward J. (2004). Evolution:The Remarkable History of Scientific Theory. Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64288-9.
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Alice Roosevelt Longworth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Alice Roosevelt Longworth
Hand-tinted photograph of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston, taken around her debut in 1903
Born
Alice Lee Roosevelt
(1884-02-12)February 12, 1884
New York City
Died
February 20, 1980(1980-02-20) (aged 96)
Washington, D.C.
Spouse(s)
Nicholas Longworth III (m. 1906; d. 1931)
Children
Paulina Longworth
Parent(s)
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
Alice Hathaway Lee
Relatives
See Roosevelt family
Alice Lee Roosevelt Longworth (February 12, 1884 – February 20, 1980) was an American writer and prominent socialite. She was the eldest child of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and the only child of Roosevelt and his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee.
Alice led an unconventional and controversial life. Her marriage to Representative Nicholas Longworth III (Republican-Ohio), a party leader and 38th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, was shaky, and her only child Paulina was allegedly a result of her affair with Senator William Edgar Borah of Idaho. She was a Democrat during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations.
Contents
[hide]
1 Childhood
2 Relationship with Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt
3 Father's presidency
4 Married life
5 Post-Roosevelt presidency
6 Political connections
7 Later life
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
10.1 Articles
11 Further reading
12 External links
Childhood[edit]
Roosevelt family in 1903 with Quentin on the left, Theodore Roosevelt, Ted, Archie, Alice, Kermit, Edith, and Ethel.
Alice Lee Roosevelt was born in the Roosevelt family home at 6 West 57th St. in New York City. Her mother, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, was a Boston banking heiress. Her father, Theodore, was then a New York State Assemblyman. As an Oyster Bay Roosevelt, Alice was a descendant of the Schuyler family.[1]
Two days after her birth, in the same house, her mother died of undiagnosed kidney failure. Eleven hours earlier that day, Theodore's mother Martha Stewart "Mittie" Bulloch had also died, of typhoid fever.[2]
Theodore was rendered so distraught by his wife's death that he could not bear to think about her. He almost never spoke of her again, would not allow her to be mentioned in his presence, and even omitted her name from his autobiography. Therefore, his daughter Alice was called "Baby Lee" instead of her name.[3] She continued this practice late in life, often preferring to be called "Mrs. L" rather than "Alice".[4]
Seeking solace, Theodore retreated from his life in New York and headed west, where he spent two years traveling and living on his ranch in North Dakota. He left his infant daughter in the care of his sister Anna, known as "Bamie" or "Bye". There are letters to Bamie that reveal Theodore's concern for his daughter. In one 1884 letter, he wrote, "I hope Mousiekins will be very cunning, I shall dearly love her."[5]
Bamie had a significant influence on young Alice, who would later speak of her admiringly: "If auntie Bye had been a man, she would have been president."[6] Bamie took her into her watchful care, moving Alice into her book-filled Manhattan house, until Theodore married again.[7]
After Theodore's marriage to Edith Kermit Carow, Alice was raised by her father and stepmother. Theodore and Edith's five children were Theodore III (Ted), Kermit, Ethel, Archibald (Archie), and Quentin. They remained married until his death in January 1919. During much of Alice's childhood, Bamie was a remote figure who eventually married and moved to London for a time. But later, as Alice became more independent and came into conflict with her father and stepmother, Aunt "Bye" provided needed structure and stability. Late in life, she said of her Aunt Bye: "There is always someone in every family who keeps it together. In ours, it was Auntie Bye."[8]
Relationship with Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt[edit]
Edith Kermit Carow (circa. 1900)
Alice Roosevelt around 1902 by Frances Benjamin Johnston
There were tensions in the relationship between young Alice and her stepmother, who had known her husband's previous wife and made it clear that she regarded her predecessor as a beautiful, but insipid, childlike fool. Edith once angrily told her that if Alice Hathaway Lee had lived, she would have bored Theodore to death.[9]
Alice, frequently spoiled with gifts, matured into young womanhood, and became known as a great beauty like her mother. However, continuing tension with her stepmother and prolonged separation and limited attention from her father created a young woman who was as independent and outgoing as she was self-confident and calculating. When her father was Governor of New York, he and his wife proposed that Alice attend a conservative school for girls in New York City. Pulling out all the stops, Alice wrote, "If you send me I will humiliate you. I will do something that will shame you. I tell you I will."[10]
In later years, Alice expressed admiration for her stepmother's sense of humor and stated that they had shared similar literary tastes. In her autobiography Crowded Hours, Alice wrote of Edith Carow, "That I was the child of another marriage was a simple fact and made a situation that had to be coped with, and Mother coped with it with a fairness and charm and intelligence which she has to a greater degree than almost any one else I know." [11]
Father's presidency[edit]
Alice Roosevelt, formal portrait by Theobald Chartran 1901.
When her father took office in 1901 following the assassination of President William McKinley, Jr. in Buffalo (an event that she greeted with "sheer rapture"[12]), Alice became an instant celebrity and fashion icon at age 17, and at her social debut in 1902 she wore a gown of what was to become known forever afterwards as "Alice blue", sparking a color trend in women's clothing.[13] Alice was known as a rule-breaker in an era when women were under great pressure to conform. The American public noticed many of her exploits. She smoked cigarettes in public, rode in cars with men, stayed out late partying, kept a pet snake named Emily Spinach (Emily after her spinster aunt and Spinach for its green color) in the White House, and was seen placing bets with a bookie.[4]
Alice Roosevelt with her dog, Leo, a long-haired Chihuahua. She was also given a Pekingese named Manchu, by the Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi in 1905
In 1905, Alice, along with her father's Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, led the American delegation to Japan, Hawaii, China, the Philippines, and Korea. It was the largest such diplomatic mission thus far, composed of 23 congressmen (including her future husband Nicholas Longworth), seven senators, diplomats, officials and businessmen.[14]
During the cruise to Japan, Alice jumped into the ship's pool fully clothed, and coaxed Congressman Longworth to join her in the water.[15] (Years later Bobby Kennedy would chide her about the incident, saying it was outrageous for the time, to which the by-then-octogenarian Alice replied that it would only have been outrageous had she removed her clothes.[16]) In her autobiography, Crowded Hours, Alice made note of the event, pointing out that there was little difference between the linen skirt and blouse she had been wearing and a lady's swimsuit of the period.
1902 studio portrait of Alice Roosevelt by Frances Benjamin Johnston.
Once, a White House visitor commented on Alice's frequent interruptions to the Oval Office, often to offer political advice. The exhausted president commented to his friend, author Owen Wister, after her third interruption to their conversation and threatening to throw her 'out the window', "I can either run the country or I can attend to Alice, but I cannot possibly do both." [17]
Alice was the center of attention in the social context of her father's presidency, and she thrived on the attention, even as she chafed at some of the restrictions such attention placed on her. In this, Alice resembled her father. She later said of Theodore, "He wants to be the bride at every wedding, the corpse at every funeral, and the baby at every christening." [18]
Married life[edit]
1906 postcard associated with her wedding
In December 1905, after returning to Washington from their diplomatic travels, Alice became engaged to Nicholas Longworth III, a Republican U.S. House of Representatives member from Cincinnati, Ohio, who ultimately would rise to become Speaker of the House. The two had travelled in the same social circles for several years, but their relationship solidified during the Imperial Cruise. A scion of a socially prominent Ohio family, Longworth was 14 years her senior and had a reputation as a Washington D.C. playboy. Their wedding took place in February 1906 and was the social event of the season. It was attended by more than a thousand guests with many thousands gathered outside hoping for a glimpse of the bride. She wore a blue wedding dress and dramatically cut the wedding cake with a sword (borrowed from a military aide attending the reception).[19] Immediately after the wedding, the couple left for a honeymoon that included a voyage to Cuba and a visit to the Longworths in Cincinnati. This was followed by travels to England and the Continent which included having dinners with many notables of the day: King Edward, Kaiser Wilhelm, Clemenceau, Whitelaw Reid, Lord Curzon, and William Jennings Bryan.[20] They bought a house at 2009 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., in Washington, D.C., now the headquarters of the Washington Legal Foundation.[4]
Alice publicly supported her father's 1912 Bull Moose presidential candidacy, while her husband stayed loyal to his mentor, President Taft. During that election cycle, she appeared on stage with her father's vice presidential candidate, Hiram Johnson, in Longworth's own district. Longworth later lost by about 105 votes and she joked that she was worth at least 100 votes (meaning she was the reason he lost). However, he was elected again in 1914 and stayed in the House for the rest of his life.[4]
Alice's campaign against her husband caused a permanent chill in her marriage. During their marriage, she carried on numerous affairs. As reported in Carol Felsenthal's biography of Alice, and in Betty Boyd Caroli's The Roosevelt Women, as well as by Time journalist Rebecca Winters Keegan, it was generally accepted knowledge in D.C. that she also had a long, ongoing affair with Senator William Borah, and the opening of Alice's diaries to historical researchers indicates that Borah was the father of her daughter, Paulina Longworth (1925–1957).[21]
Alice was renowned for her "brilliantly malicious" humor, even in this sensitive situation, since she had originally wanted to name her daughter "Deborah," as in "de Borah." And according to one family friend, "everybody called her [Paulina] 'Aurora Borah Alice.'" [22]
On May 11, 1908, Alice similarly amused herself in the Capitol's gallery at the House of Representatives by placing a tack on the chair of an unknown but "middle-aged" and "dignified" gentleman. Upon encountering the tack, "like the burst of a bubble on the fountain, like the bolt from the blue, like the ball from the cannon," the unfortunate fellow leapt up in pain and surprise while she looked away.[23]
Post-Roosevelt presidency[edit]
Alice Roosevelt Longworth and her husband, House Speaker & Ohio Congressman Nicholas Longworth on the steps of the US Capitol in 1926
When it came time for the Roosevelt family to move out of the White House, Alice buried a Voodoo doll of the new First Lady, Nellie Taft, in the front yard.[24] Later, the Taft White House banned her from her former residence—the first but not the last administration to do so. During Woodrow Wilson's administration (from which she was banned in 1916 for a bawdy joke at Wilson's expense), Alice worked against the entry of the United States into the League of Nations.[4]
Alice Roosevelt Longworth on her 43rd birthday in 1927 with her daughter Paulina, age 2. The child's biological father was Senator William Borah.
During the Great Depression, when she, like many other Americans, found her fortunes reversed, Alice appeared in tobacco advertisements to raise money. She also published an autobiography, Crowded Hours. The book sold well and received rave reviews. TIME Magazine praised its "insouciant vitality."[25]
Alice's wit could have a political effect on friend and foe alike. When columnist and cousin Joseph Wright Alsop V claimed that there was grass-roots support for Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie, the Republican hope to defeat F.D.R. in 1940, she said yes, "the grass roots of 10,000 country clubs."[26] During the 1940 Presidential campaign, she publicly proclaimed that she'd "rather vote for Hitler than vote for Franklin for a third term."[27] Alice demolished Thomas Dewey, the 1944 opponent of her cousin Franklin, by comparing the pencil-mustached Republican to "the bridegroom on the wedding cake." The image stuck and Governor Dewey lost two consecutive presidential elections.[28]
Paulina Longworth married Alexander McCormick Sturm, with whom she had a daughter, Joanna (b. July 1946). Alexander died in 1951. Paulina herself died in 1957 due to an overdose of sleeping pills.
Not very long before Paulina's death, she and Alice had discussed the care of Joanna in case of such an event. Alice fought for and won the custody of her granddaughter, whom she raised. In contrast to Alice's relationship with her daughter, she doted on her granddaughter, and the two were very close. In an article in American Heritage in 1969, Joanna was described as a "highly attractive and intellectual twenty-two-year-old" and was called "a notable contributor to Mrs. Longworth’s youthfulness.... The bonds between them are twin cables of devotion and a healthy respect for each other's tongue. 'Mrs. L.,' says a friend, 'has been a wonderful father and mother to Joanna: mostly father.' "[29]
Political connections[edit]
Alice Roosevelt Longworth with Joanna Sturm, her granddaughter, at Tricia Nixon's wedding in 1971
From an early age, Alice was interested in politics. When advancing age and illness incapacitated her Aunt Bamie, Alice stepped into her place as an unofficial political adviser to her father. She warned her father against challenging the renomination of William Howard Taft in 1912. Alice took a hard-line view of the Democrats and in her youth sympathized with the conservative wing of the Republican Party. She supported her half-brother Ted when he ran for governor of New York in 1924. When Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for president in 1932, Alice publicly opposed his candidacy. Writing in the Ladies' Home Journal in October 1932, she said of FDR, "Politically, his branch of the family and ours have always been in different camps, and the same surname is about all we have in common..... I am a Republican..... I am going to vote for Hoover..... If I were not a Republican, I would still vote for Mr. Hoover this time."[30]
Although Alice did not support John F. Kennedy in the 1960 election, she became very enamored of the Kennedy family and "learned how amusing and attractive Democrats could be."[31] She developed an affectionate, although sometimes strained, friendship with Bobby Kennedy, perhaps because of his relatively thin skin. When Alice privately made fun of his scaling the newly named Mount Kennedy in Canada, he was not amused. She even admitted to voting for President Lyndon Johnson over Senator Barry Goldwater in 1964 because she believed Goldwater was too mean.[32]
Alice developed a genuine friendship with Richard Nixon when he was vice president, and when he returned to California after Eisenhower's second term, she kept in touch and did not consider his political career to be over. Alice encouraged Nixon to reenter politics and continued to invite him to her famous dinners. Nixon returned these favors by inviting her to his first formal White House dinner and to the 1971 wedding of his daughter Tricia Nixon.[4]
Later life[edit]
In 1955, Alice fell and suffered a broken hip. In 1956, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, and though she successfully underwent a mastectomy at the time, cancer was found in her other breast in 1970, requiring a second mastectomy.[citation needed]
Alice Roosevelt Longworth christening the submarine named after her father, the USS Theodore Roosevelt, in 1959
Alice was a lifelong member of the Republican party. Yet her political sympathies began to change when she became close to the Kennedy family and Lyndon Johnson. She voted Democratic in 1964 and was known to be supporting Bobby Kennedy in the 1968 Democratic primary.[4]
It is possible her change in political leanings was the result of the social upheavals occurring in American society at the same time. Beginning in the late 1950s and continuing into the 1970s, the struggle of African-Americans for social and legal equality could not have escaped the notice of a woman always known for approaching everyone she first met with respect, without regard for station in life. As an example of her attitudes on race, in 1965 her black chauffeur Richard Turner, who was also one of her best friends, was driving Alice to an appointment. During the trip, Turner pulled out in front of a taxi, and the driver got out and demanded to know of Turner, "What do you think you're doing, you black bastard?" Turner took the insult calmly, but Alice did not and told the taxi driver, "He's taking me to my destination, you white son of a bitch!"[29]
After Robert Kennedy was assassinated in 1968, Alice again supported her friend Richard Nixon, just as she had done in his 1960 campaign against John F. Kennedy. Her long friendship with Nixon ended at the conclusion of the Watergate Scandal, specifically when Nixon quoted her father's diary at his resignation, saying, "Only if you've been to the lowest valley can you know how great it is to be on the highest mountain top." This infuriated Alice, who spat curse words at her television screen as she watched him compare his early departure from the White House (in the face of probable impeachment and possible criminal prosecution) to her idealistic young father's loss of his wife and mother on the same day due to illness. Nixon, however, called her "the most interesting [conversationalist of the age]" and said, "No one, no matter how famous, could ever outshine her."[33]
She remained cordial with Nixon's successor, Gerald Ford, but a perceived lack of social grace on the part of Jimmy Carter caused her to decline to ever meet him, the last sitting president in her lifetime. In the official statement marking her death, President Carter wrote "She had style, she had grace, and she had a sense of humor that kept generations of political newcomers to Washington wondering which was worse—to be skewered by her wit or to be ignored by her." [34]
After many years of ill health, Alice died in her Embassy Row house on February 20, 1980 at age 96 of emphysema and pneumonia, with contributory effects of a number of other chronic illnesses. She is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D.C.[4] She was the last surviving child of Theodore Roosevelt.
Of her quotable comments, Alice's most famous found its way to a pillow on her settee: "If you can't say something good about someone, sit right here by me."[35] To Senator Joseph McCarthy, who had jokingly remarked at a party "Here's my blind date. I am going to call you Alice," she sarcastically said "Senator McCarthy, you are not going to call me Alice. The truckman, the trashman and the policeman on my block may call me Alice, but you may not."[36] She informed President Lyndon B. Johnson that she wore wide-brimmed hats so he couldn't kiss her.[29] When a well-known Washington senator was discovered to have been having an affair with a young woman less than half his age, she quipped, "You can't make a soufflé rise twice."[37] She said in a 60 Minutes interview with Eric Sevareid, televised on February 17, 1974, that she was a hedonist.[38]
See also[edit]
Alice blue
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brogan, Hugh and Mosley, Charles American Presidential Families October 1993, page 568
Jump up ^ Morris, pp. 229-230
Jump up ^ Morris, pp. 232, 373
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Hansen, Stephen (Sep 10, 2012). "What Was Once Princess Alice's Palace". TheInTowner. Retrieved Sep 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wead D. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books, 2003 p. 48.
Jump up ^ Rixey, L. Bamie: Theodore Roosevelt's remarkable sister. D. McKay Co., 1963, p. v.
Jump up ^ Morris, pp. 373-374
Jump up ^ Teague, Michael. Mrs. L: Conversations with Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 1981. ISBN 0-7156-1602-1.
Jump up ^ Miller, N. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Renehan, Edward J., Jr. The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War. Oxford University Press, 1999 p. 47.
Jump up ^ Longworth, A. L. R. Crowded Hours. Charles Scribner's Press, 1933, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Brough, J. Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Little, Brown & Company, 1975, p. 122.
Jump up ^ Ken Tate; Janice Tate (2004), Favorite Songs of the Good Old Days, DRG Wholesale, p. 13, ISBN 978-1-59217-034-0
Jump up ^ "Excerpt – 'The Imperial Cruise' by James Bradley." New York Times. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
Jump up ^ The Pittsburgh Post (September 12, 1905, p. 1). "Daughter, Fully Dressed, Jumps Into a Swimming Tank On Board a Steamship." Retrieved April 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ Teichmann, H. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Prentice Hall, 1979, p. 203.
Jump up ^ Ripper, J. American Stories: Living American History, Vol. II: From 1865. M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 2008, p. 72.
Jump up ^ Wead D. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. Atria Books, 2003, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Quinn-Musgrove, Sandra L., and Kanter, Sanford. "America's Royalty: All the Presidents' Children". Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995 p. 149.
Jump up ^ Roosevelt-Longworth, Alice. Crowded Hours. Ayer Publishing, 1988, p. 120-123.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Winters Keegan (3 July 2006). "An American Princess". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Brands, H.W. (2008). Traitor to his Class. New York, NY: Doubleday. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-385-51958-8.
Jump up ^ The New York Times (12 May 1908). "Mrs. Longworth's Joke". nytimes.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Lawrence L. Knutson (7 June 1999). "Alice Roosevelt Longworth, wild thing". salon.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (6 November 1933). "Princess Alice". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ John Skow (25 April 1988). "Swordplay Alice Roosevelt Longworth". time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Felsenthal, Carol (1988). Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0399132582.
Jump up ^ Black, Conrad (2003). Champion of Freedom. New York: Public Affairs. p. 950. ISBN 1-58648-184-3. Alice Roosevelt Longworth, in what must have been almost the only favor she ever did for FDR, greatly damaged the natty but diminutive Dewey by calling him 'the bridegroom on the wedding cake.'
^ Jump up to: a b c June Bingham (February 1969). "Before the Colors Fade: Alice Roosevelt Longworth Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.". American Heritage. Retrieved on 2008-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Disclaimer", Time magazine (24 October 1932). time.com. Retrieved on 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Felsenthal, C. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. St. Martin's Press, 1988, p. 242.
Jump up ^ Cordery, S. A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. Viking Penguin, 2007, p. 459.
Jump up ^ Nixon, 163–164.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Frank. Jimmy Carter The Government Printing Office, 1978, p. 362
Jump up ^ "If You Can't Say Something Good About Someone, Sit Right Here by Me". Quote Investigator. 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2015-09-11. quoting Vanden Heuvel, Jean. "The Sharpest Wit in Washington", The Saturday Evening Post, p. 32 (December 4, 1965).
Jump up ^ Graham, Katharine. Katharine Graham's Washington. Alfred A. Knopf, 2002, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Safire, W. Safire's political dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 415.
Jump up ^ Looker, Earle and Mitchell, Arthur. Colonel Roosevelt and the White House Gang, p. 191 (Balboa Press, 2016).
Bibliography[edit]
Brough, James. Princess Alice: A Biography of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975.
Caroli, Betty Boyd. The Roosevelt Women. New York: Basic Books, 1998.
Cordery, Stacy A. Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker. New York: Viking, 2007.
Felsenthal, Carol. Princess Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988.
Longworth, Alice Roosevelt. Crowded Hours (Autobiography). New York: Scribners. 1933.
Miller, Nathan. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. William Morrow, 1992,
Morris, Edmund. The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt. New York: Random House Trade Paperback Edition. ISBN 0-375-75678-7.
Peyser, Mark; Dwyer, Timothy (2015). Hissing Cousins: The Untold Story of Eleanor Roosevelt and Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Doubleday. ISBN 9780385536028.
Teichmann, Howard. Alice: The Life and Times of Alice Roosevelt Longworth. Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 1979.
Wead, Doug. All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families. New York: Atria Books, 2004.
Nixon, Richard (1990). In the Arena: A Memoir of Victory, Defeat and Renewal. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 163–164. ISBN 0-671-72934-9.
Articles[edit]
Marquis James (pseud. Quid), "Princess Alice" The New Yorker 1/2 (28 February 1925): 9–10 [profile]
Further reading[edit]
Kerley, Barbara (2008). What to Do About Alice?: How Alice Roosevelt Broke the Rules, Charmed the World, and Drove Her Father Teddy Crazy!. illustrated by Edwin Fotheringham. New York: Scholastic Press. ISBN 9780439922319. OCLC 76820781.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Roosevelt Longworth.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alice Roosevelt Longworth
New York Times Book Review of "Conversations with Mrs. L" in August 1981
Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt: Alice Roosevelt Longworth
Alice Roosevelt Longworth at Find a Grave
Alice Roosevelt Longworth portrait in the 1920s by Nickolas Muray
Interview with Dr. Stacy Cordery author of Alice: Alice Roosevelt Longworth, from White House Princess to Washington Power Broker
[hide]
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Theodore Roosevelt
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