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How Can You Mend a Broken Heart
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"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
Single by Bee Gees
from the album Trafalgar
B-side
"Country Woman"
Released
28 May 1971
Format
7", 45 rpm
Recorded
28 January 1971
IBC Studios, London
Length
3:57
Label
Polydor
Atco (United States, Canada)
Songwriter(s)
Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb
Producer(s)
Robert Stigwood, Bee Gees
Bee Gees singles chronology
"Lonely Days"
(1970) "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
(1971) "Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself"
(1971)
"Lonely Days"
(1970) "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
(1971) "Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself"
(1971)
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" is a song released by the Bee Gees in 1971. It was written mainly by Barry and Robin Gibb and was the lead and first single on the group's 1971 album Trafalgar. It was their first US No. 1 single and also reached No. 1 in Cashbox magazine for two weeks.[1]
In the US Atco Records issued both mono and stereo versions of the song on each side as a promo single.[2] The B-side was a Maurice Gibb composition "Country Woman".
The song appears in the 2013 film American Hustle and on its soundtrack.
Contents
[hide]
1 Writing and recording
2 Reception
3 Personnel
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Cover versions
6 References
6.1 Literature
7 External links
Writing and recording[edit]
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
An excerpt from the first chorus
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Barry and Robin Gibb wrote the song in August 1970 with "Lonely Days" when the Gibb brothers had reconvened following a period of break-up and alienation. "Robin came to my place" says Barry, "and that afternoon we wrote 'How Can You Mend a Broken Heart' and that obviously was a link to us coming back together. We called Maurice, finished the song, went to the studio and once again, with only 'Broken Heart' as a basic structure, we went in to the studio with that and an idea for 'Lonely Days', and those two songs were recorded that night". They originally offered the song to Andy Williams, but ended up recording it themselves. Barry also explains, "We might imitate a certain group, later on, the group will pick up on the song and say that suits us."[3] Maurice Gibb possibly had a hand in the writing of "How Can You Mend A Broken Heart" although the song is officially credited to Barry and Robin Gibb. The 2009 release Ultimate Bee Gees officially credited Maurice for the first time as co-writer of the song, for both the "Ultimate" CD and DVD, and it was credited to the moniker Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb.[4]
The song was recorded on 28 January 1971 in London same day as "We Lost the Road", "When Do I", "If I Were the Sky", "Bring Out the Thoughts in Me" and "Ellan Vannin".[4] The group's later song "My World" followed along the same musical ideas on this song.[3] Robin Gibb's remarked on the song, "The whole thing took about an hour to complete. The song reached the number one spot, to our great satisfaction."[5]
Reception[edit]
The song was sung live for the first time in 1971, in a performance that was notable as drummer Geoff Bridgford's first appearance with the band.[6] Although failing to chart on the UK Singles Chart, the song became the Bee Gees' first US number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and also reached number four on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1971.[7] In Spain, it was released under the title "Cómo Puedes Arreglar Un Corazón Destrozada".[8]
Following the release of "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart", the song had a Grammy nomination for Best Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus among George Harrison's "My Sweet Lord" and others.[3] It was performed as part of a medley in The Midnight Special in 1975, in Japan on the Japanese TV special Love Sounds, and on the Mr. Natural tour in 1974. A live version recorded on 17–18 Nov 1989 at the National Tennis Centre, Melbourne, Australia was used for the benefit album Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal. In 1997-1999, the song was performed on the One Night Only tour as part of a medley. It was last performed by the Bee Gees in 2001.
Personnel[edit]
Barry Gibb – lead and harmony vocals, acoustic guitar
Robin Gibb – lead and harmony vocals
Maurice Gibb – harmony vocals, bass guitar, piano, acoustic guitar, organ
Geoff Bridgeford – drums
Bill Shepherd – orchestral and strings arrangement
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Australia (Go-Set)[9] 2
Australia (Kent Music Report)[10] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50)[11] 21
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[12] 1
Chile[12] 2
Italy (FIMI)[12] 24
Malaysia[10] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 16
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12] 6
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[14] 7
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[15] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 1
US Cash Box[16] 1
US Record World[12] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Position
Australia (Go-Set)[17] 37
Belgium (Ultratop 50)[11] 29
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 23
Cover versions[edit]
1970s
1971: Johnny Mathis recorded a version of this song on his LP You've Got a Friend.[18]
1972: Al Green covered the track on his album Let's Stay Together, which also made the soundtrack to 1997's Good Will Hunting, 1999's The Virgin Suicides, 1999's Notting Hill and 2010's The Book of Eli. Green's version was released as a single in France on Cream Records.[19] In 2008, Green's version was remade into a duet with Joss Stone for the soundtrack to the film adaptation of Sex and the City, with her vocals overdubbed onto the track.[20][21]
1973: Singer-actress Cher covered the song in her 1973 album Half-Breed.[22]
1977: Florence Henderson performed the song during a medley on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.[23]
1990s
1991: Teddy Pendergrass recorded a version of this song on his LP Truly Blessed.[24]
2000s
2003: Michael Bublé recorded this song, with Barry Gibb performing backup vocals, on his self-titled album. Bublé's version reached number twenty-two on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. It was Buble's first single.[25]
2003: American Idol's second winner Ruben Studdard covered the song on his debut album Soulful.
2005: Steve Brookstein recorded it on his number-one album Heart and Soul.[26]
2007: Barry Manilow's version appears on his album The Greatest Songs of the Seventies.[27]
2009: Jazz singer-pianist Diana Krall covered this song on her album Quiet Nights.[28]
2009: Rod Stewart recorded a version for his album Soulbook, though it was left off the final track listing.
2010s
2014: Eef Barzelay recorded a version for a fundraising CD titled More Super Hits Of The Seventies for freeform radio station WFMU.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cashbox Top Singles - 1971". Cashbox Archives. Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart". 45cat. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hughes, Andrew. The Bee Gees - Tales of the Brothers Gibb. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Brennan, Joseph. "Gibb Songs: 1971". Retrieved 13 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Janovitz, Bill. "Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart (Live 1971)". YouTube. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1971
Jump up ^ How Can You Mend a Broken Heart at Discogs
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian Charts". poparchives.com. 11 September 1971. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard: Hits of the World". Billboard. 18 September 1971. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart". ultratop.be. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Songs Written by the Gibb Family on the International Charts - Part 2" (PDF). brothersgibb.org. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bee Gees - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart". dutchcharts.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Songs from the year 1971". tsort.info. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bee Gees Top Songs Discography". musicvf.com. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box Top 100". Cashbox Archives. 21 August 1971. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian Charts". Pop Archives. 30 October 1971. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Johnny Mathis - You've Got a Friend". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Al Green - How Can You Mend a Broken Heart". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Al Green on Sex and the City". Demon Music Group. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 12 July 2008. Retrieved 7 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Joss Stone - Al Green - How Can You Mend A BrokenHeart". YouTube. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cher - Half-Breed". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Brady Bunch Variety Hour - Soundtrack". IMDb. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Teddy Pendergrass - Truly Blessed". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michael Buble - Michael Buble". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment | Album success for X Factor winner". BBC News. 2005-05-15. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
Jump up ^ "New Barry Manilow Album, THE GREATEST SONGS OF THE SEVENTIES, Arrives in Stores September 18th on Arista Records" Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine., PRNewswire, 10 July 2007.
Jump up ^ "Diana Krall - Quiet Nights". Discogs. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Literature[edit]
Melinda Bilyeu, Hector Cook, and Andrew Môn Hughes, with Joseph Brennan and Mark Crohan. The Ultimate Biography of the Bee Gees. London: Omnibus, 2001.
Unpublished list of tape reels, Universal/Polygram, viewed in 2000 by Joseph Brennan.
External links[edit]
Allmusic entry
Superseventies.com entry
Gibb Songs
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"You've Got a Friend" by James Taylor U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
7-28 August 1971 Succeeded by
"Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney
Preceded by
"You've Got a Friend" by James Taylor Cash Box Top 100 number-one single
14-28 August 1971 Succeeded by
"Take Me Home, Country Roads" by John Denver
Preceded by
"Don't Pull Your Love" by Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds Canadian RPM number-one single
28 August - 4 September 1971 Succeeded by
"Sweet Hitch-Hiker" by Creedence Clearwater Revival
[show]
v
t
e
Bee Gees
Barry Gibb
Robin Gibb
Maurice Gibb
Colin Petersen
Vince Melouney
Alan Kendall
Dennis Bryon
Blue Weaver
Studio albums
The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs
Spicks and Specks
Bee Gees' 1st
Horizontal
Idea
Odessa
Cucumber Castle
2 Years On
Trafalgar
To Whom It May Concern
Life in a Tin Can
Mr. Natural
Main Course
Children of the World
Spirits Having Flown
Living Eyes
E.S.P.
One
High Civilization
Size Isn't Everything
Still Waters
This Is Where I Came In
Extended plays
The Bee Gees
New York Mining Disaster 1941
Soundtracks
Melody
Saturday Night Fever
Live albums
Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live
One Night Only
Compilation albums
Turn Around, Look at Us
Rare, Precious and Beautiful
Rare, Precious and Beautiful, Volume 2
Best of Bee Gees
Inception/Nostalgia
Best of Bee Gees, Volume 2
Bee Gees Gold
Bee Gees Greatest
Tales from the Brothers Gibb
The Very Best of the Bee Gees
Their Greatest Hits: The Record
Number Ones
Love Songs
The Ultimate Bee Gees
Mythology
Timeless: The All-Time Greatest Hits
Videography
Idea
Cucumber Castle
The Bee Gees Special
One for All Tour
One Night Only
The Ultimate Bee Gees
In Our Own Time
Tours
The Bee Gees' concerts in 1967 and 1968
Spirits Having Flown Tour
Articles
Discography
List of songs recorded
List of unreleased material
A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants
The Barry Gibb Talk Show
IBC Studios
Hither Green rail crash
Bands
The Rattlesnakes
Humpy Bong
The Fut
The Bloomfields
Tin Tin
The Groove
Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs
Toe Fat
Amen Corner
One World Project
People
Hugh Gibb
Andy Gibb
Steve Gibb
Spencer Gibb
Robert Stigwood
Arif Mardin
Ossie Byrne
Steve Kipner
Albhy Galuten
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Bee Gees singles discography
1960s
1963
"The Battle of the Blue and the Grey" / "The Three Kisses of Love"
"Timber!" / "Take Hold of That Star"
1964
"Peace of Mind" / "Don't Say Goodbye"
"Claustrophobia" / "Could It Be"
"Turn Around, Look at Me" / "(Theme From) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters"
1965
"Every Day I Have to Cry" / "You Wouldn't Know"
"Wine and Women" / "Follow the Wind"
"I Was A Lover, A Leader of Men" / "And the Children Laughing"
1966
"I Want Home" / "Cherry Red"
"Monday's Rain" / "All of My Life"
"Spicks and Specks" / "I Am the World"
1967
"Born a Man" / "Big Chance"
"New York Mining Disaster 1941" / "I Can't See Nobody"
"To Love Somebody" / "Close Another Door"
"Holiday" / "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You"
"Massachusetts" / "Barker of the UFO"
"World" / "Sir Geoffrey Saved the World"
1968
"Words" / "Sinking Ships"
"Jumbo" / "The Singer Sang His Song"
"I've Gotta Get a Message to You" / "Kitty Can"
"I Started a Joke" / "Kilburn Towers"
1969
"First of May" / "Lamplight"
"Tomorrow Tomorrow" / "Sun in My Morning"
"Don't Forget to Remember" / "The Lord"
1970s
1970
"If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else" / "Sweetheart" (US)
"I.O.I.O." / "Sweetheart"
"Lonely Days" / "Man for All Seasons"
1971
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" / "Country Woman"
"Don't Wanna Live Inside Myself" / "Walking Back to Waterloo"
1972
"My World" / "On Time"
"Run to Me" / "Road to Alaska"
"Alive" / Paper Mache, Cabbages and Kings"
1973
"Saw a New Morning" / "My Life Has Been a Song"
"Wouldn't I Be Someone" / "Elisa"
1974
"Mr. Natural" / "It Doesn't Matter Much to Me"
"Throw a Penny" / "I Can't Let You Go"
"Charade" / "Heavy Breathing"
1975
"Jive Talkin'" / "Wind of Change"
"Nights on Broadway" / "Edge of the Universe"
1976
"Fanny (Be Tender with My Love)" / "Country Lanes"
"You Should Be Dancing" / "Subway"
"Love So Right" / "You Stepped Into My Life"
1977
"Boogie Child" / "Lovers"
"Edge of the Universe (live)" / "Words (live)"
"How Deep Is Your Love" / "Can't Keep a Good Man Down" (live)
"Stayin' Alive" / "If I Can't Have You"
1978
"Night Fever" / "Down the Road (live)"
"Too Much Heaven" / "Rest Your Love on Me"
1979
"Tragedy" / "Until"
"Love You Inside Out" / "I'm Satisfied"
1980s
1981
"He's a Liar"
"Living Eyes" / "I Still Love You"
1983
"The Woman in You" / "Stayin' Alive"
"Someone Belonging to Someone" / "I Love You Too Much" (instrumental)
1987
"You Win Again" / "Backtafunk"
"E.S.P." / "Overnight"
1989
"Ordinary Lives" / "Wing and a Prayer"
"One" / "Flesh and Blood"
1990s
1990
"Bodyguard" / "Will You Ever Let Me"
1991
"Secret Love" / "Party with No Name"
"When He's Gone" / "True Confessions"
"The Only Love" / "You Win Again" (live)
"Happy Ever After" / "Evolution"
1993
"Paying the Price of Love" / "My Destiny"
"For Whom the Bell Tolls" / "Decadance"
1994
"How to Fall in Love, Part 1" / "Fallen Angel"
"Kiss of Life" / "855-7019"
1997
"Alone" / "Rings Around the Moon"
"I Could Not Love You More" / "Love Never Dies" (EUR)
"Still Waters (Run Deep)" / "Love Never Dies"
2000s
2001
"This Is Where I Came In" / "Just in Case"
Other countries
1968
"And the Sun Will Shine" / "Really and Sincerely" (France)
1970
"Let There Be Love" / "Really and Sincerely" (Netherlands)
1971
"When the Swallows Fly" / "Give Your Best" (Netherlands)
"Morning of my Life" / "To Love Somebody"
1972
"Israel" / "Dearest" (Netherlands)
"Sea of Smiling Faces" / "Please Don't Turn Out the Lights"
1977
"Children of the World" / "Boogie Child" (Australia}
1988
"Crazy for Your Love" / "You Win Again (Remix)"
"Angela" / "You Win Again (Remix)" (Germany, Netherlands)
[show]
v
t
e
Michael Bublé
Discography
Studio albums
BaBalu (2001)
Dream (2002)
Michael Bublé (2003)
It's Time (2005)
Call Me Irresponsible (2007)
Crazy Love (2009)
Christmas (2011)
To Be Loved (2013)
Nobody but Me (2016)
Live albums
Come Fly with Me (2004)
Caught in the Act (2005)
Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden (2009)
Extended plays
First Dance (1995)
Totally Bublé (2003)
Let It Snow (2003)
More (2005)
With Love (2006)
A Taste of Bublé (2008)
Special Delivery (2010)
A Holiday Gift for You (2010)
Singles
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart"
"Kissing a Fool"
"Sway"
"Spider-Man Theme"
"Feeling Good"
"Home"
"Save the Last Dance for Me"
"Everything"
"Me and Mrs. Jones"
"Lost"
"It Had Better Be Tonight"
"Comin' Home Baby"
"Haven't Met You Yet"
"Hold On"
"Baby (You've Got What It Takes)"
"Cry Me a River"
"Crazy Love"
"Hollywood"
"Georgia on My Mind"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" / "Jingle Bells"
"White Christmas"
"Nobody but Me"
Concert tours
Crazy Love Tour (2010–12)
To Be Loved Tour (2013–14)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Can_You_Mend_a_Broken_Heart&oldid=815200956"
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Osmotic concentration
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This article is about osmolarity. For the osmole unit, see Osmole (unit).
It has been suggested that Osmole (unit) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity,[1] is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L (pronounced "osmolar"), in the same way that the molarity of a solution is expressed as "M" (pronounced "molar"). Whereas molarity measures the number of moles of solute per unit volume of solution, osmolarity measures the number of osmoles of solute particles per unit volume of solution.[2] This value allows the measurement of the osmotic pressure of a solution and the determination of how the solvent will diffuse across a semipermeable membrane (osmosis) separating two solutions of different osmotic concentration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of solutes
2 Definition
3 Osmolarity vs. tonicity
4 Plasma osmolarity vs. osmolality
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Types of solutes[edit]
Osmolarity is distinct from molarity because it measures osmoles of solute particles rather than moles of solute. The distinction arises because some compounds can dissociate in solution, whereas others cannot.[2]
Ionic compounds, such as salts, can dissociate in solution into their constituent ions, so there is not a one-to-one relationship between the molarity and the osmolarity of a solution. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into Na+ and Cl− ions. Thus, for every 1 mole of NaCl in solution, there are 2 osmoles of solute particles (i.e., a 1 mol/L NaCl solution is a 2 osmol/L NaCl solution). Both sodium and chloride ions affect the osmotic pressure of the solution.[2]
Another example is magnesium chloride (MgCl2), which dissociates into Mg2+ and 2Cl− ions. For every 1 mole of MgCl2 in the solution, there are 3 osmoles of solute particles.
Nonionic compounds do not dissociate, and form only 1 osmole of solute per 1 mole of solute. For example, a 1 mol/L solution of glucose is 1 osmol/L.[2]
Multiple compounds may contribute to the osmolarity of a solution. For example, a 3 Osm solution might consist of: 3 moles glucose, or 1.5 moles NaCl, or 1 mole glucose + 1 mole NaCl, or 2 moles glucose + 0.5 mole NaCl, or any other such combination.[2]
Definition[edit]
The osmolarity of a solution, given in osmoles per liter (osmol/L) is calculated from the following expression:
o s m o l a r i t y = ∑ i φ i n i C i {\displaystyle \mathrm {osmolarity} =\sum _{i}\varphi _{i}\,n_{i}C_{i}}
where
φ is the osmotic coefficient, which accounts for the degree of non-ideality of the solution. In the simplest case it is the degree of dissociation of the solute. Then, φ is between 0 and 1 where 1 indicates 100% dissociation. However, φ can also be larger than 1 (e.g. for sucrose). For salts, electrostatic effects cause φ to be smaller than 1 even if 100% dissociation occurs (see Debye–Hückel equation);
n is the number of particles (e.g. ions) into which a molecule dissociates. For example: glucose has n of 1, while NaCl has n of 2;
C is the molar concentration of the solute;
the index i represents the identity of a particular solute.
Osmolarity can be measured using an osmometer which measures colligative properties, such as Freezing-point depression, Vapor pressure, or Boiling-point elevation.
Osmolarity vs. tonicity[edit]
Osmolarity and tonicity are related but distinct concepts. Thus, the terms ending in -osmotic (isosmotic, hyperosmotic, hyposmotic) are not synonymous with the terms ending in -tonic (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic). The terms are related in that they both compare the solute concentrations of two solutions separated by a membrane. The terms are different because osmolarity takes into account the total concentration of penetrating solutes and non-penetrating solutes, whereas tonicity takes into account the total concentration of only non-penetrating solutes.[2]
Penetrating solutes can diffuse through the cell membrane, causing momentary changes in cell volume as the solutes "pull" water molecules with them. Non-penetrating solutes cannot cross the cell membrane, and therefore osmosis of water must occur for the solutions to reach equilibrium.
A solution can be both hyperosmotic and isotonic.[2] For example, the intracellular fluid and extracellular can be hyperosmotic, but isotonic – if the total concentration of solutes in one compartment is different from that of the other, but one of the ions can cross the membrane, drawing water with it, thus causing no net change in solution volume.
Plasma osmolarity vs. osmolality[edit]
Plasma osmolarity can be calculated from plasma osmolality by the following equation:[3]
Osmolarity = osmolality * (ρsol − ca)
where:
ρsol is the density of the solution in g/ml, which is 1.025 g/ml for blood plasma.[4]
ca is the (anhydrous) solute concentration in g/ml – not to be confused with the density of dried plasma
According to IUPAC, osmolality is the quotient of the negative natural logarithm of the rational activity of water and the molar mass of water, whereas osmolarity is the product of the osmolality and the mass density of water (also known as osmotic concentration).
In simpler terms, osmolality is an expression of solute osmotic concentration per mass of solvent, whereas osmolarity is per volume of solution (thus the conversion by multiplying with the mass density of solvent in solution (kg solvent/kg solution).
o s m o l a r i t y = ∑ i φ i n i m i {\displaystyle osmolarity=\sum _{i}\varphi _{i}\,n_{i}m_{i}}
where mi is the molality of component i.
Plasma osmolarity/osmolality is important for keeping proper electrolytic balance in the blood stream. Improper balance can lead to dehydration, alkalosis, acidosis or other life-threatening changes. Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) is partly responsible for this process by controlling the amount of water the body retains from the kidney when filtering the blood stream.[5]
See also[edit]
Molarity
Molality
Plasma osmolality
Tonicity
van't Hoff factor
References[edit]
D. J. Taylor, N. P. O. Green, G. W. Stout Biological Science
Jump up ^ IUPAC goldbook
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Widmaier, Eric P.; Hershel Raff; Kevin T. Strang (2008). Vander's Human Physiology, 11th Ed. McGraw-Hill. pp. 108–12. ISBN 978-0-07-304962-5.
Jump up ^ Page 158 in: Martin, Alfred N.; Patrick J Sinko (2006). Martin's physical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences: physical chemical and biopharmaceutical principles in the pharmaceutical sciences. Phila: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-5027-X. [1]
Jump up ^ Density of Blood The Physics Factbook. Edited by Glenn Elert. Retrieved on 26 Mars, 2009
Jump up ^ Earley, LE; Sanders, CA (1959). "The Effect of Changing Serum Osmolality on the Release of Antidiuretic Hormone in Certain PAtients with Decompensated Cirrhosis of the Liver and Low Serum Osmolality". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 38 (3): 545–550. doi:10.1172/jci103832. PMC 293190  . PMID 13641405.
External links[edit]
Information on osmotic concentration from IUPAC Gold Book
Online Serum Osmolarity/Osmolality calculator
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osmotic_concentration&oldid=804307669"
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When Calls the Heart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls.
When Calls the Heart
Genre
Family Drama
Western
Based on
When Calls the Heart
by Janette Oke
Developed by
Michael Landon Jr.
Starring
Erin Krakow
Daniel Lissing
Lori Loughlin
Martin Cummins
Jack Wagner
Pascale Hutton
Kavan Smith
Country of origin
Canada
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
5
No. of episodes
50 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Michael Landon Jr.
Jimmy Townsend
Roman Viaris
Francisco Gonzalez
Brian Bird
Brad Krevoy
Producer(s)
Vicki Sotheran
Greg Malcolm
Location(s)
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Running time
42–84 minutes
Production company(s)
Believe Pictures
Brad Krevoy Television
Jordan Films
Release
Original network
Hallmark Channel (U.S.)
Super Channel (Canada)
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11) – present (present)
External links
Website
When Calls the Heart is a Canadian-American television drama series, inspired by Janette Oke's book of the same name from her Canadian West series, and developed by Michael Landon Jr. The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11, 2014,[1] and on April 16, 2014 on Super Channel in Canada.[2]
The series originally debuted as a two-hour television movie pilot in October 2013, starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney.[3] In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece, whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher (played by Poppy Drayton in the movie[4]), and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton, with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton.[1][5]
On April 24, 2017, Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season,[6] which premiered with a two-hour Christmas special broadcast as part of Hallmark's Countdown to Christmas event and resumed in February 2018, ending in April.[7] On March 21, 2018, Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Episodes
3 Cast
3.1 Main
3.2 Recurring
4 Characters
5 Production
6 Broadcast
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.
Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[9]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of When Calls the Heart episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 12 January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11) March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)
2 7 April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25) June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)
New Year's Wish December 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)
3 8 February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21) April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)
Christmas December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)
4 10 February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19) April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)
The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)
5 10 February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18) April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter
Recurring[edit]
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster
Characters[edit]
This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie. Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss," (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth, "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends. When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan. Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth.
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town.
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor.
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley. He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her. When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities. Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her. With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home." When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laidback outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies." Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken. While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman. Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.
Production[edit]
The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]
The series was renewed for a second season,[12] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[13] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[14]
In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[15][16]
Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[17][18]
Broadcast[edit]
The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[19] The network has since aired all five seasons.[20][21] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Reiher, Andrea (January 11, 2014). "'When Calls the Heart' premiere: Will you return to the frontier?". Zap2It. From Inside the Box (blog). Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'When Calls the Heart' features Aussie Mountie". Canadian Press, April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast". Hallmarkchannel.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
Jump up ^ ""When Calls the Heart," Hallmark Channel's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2-Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5" (Press release). Hallmark Channel. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 2016-01-11 – via The Futon Critic.
Jump up ^ The Deadline Team (June 12, 2013). "Hallmark Channel's 'When Calls The Heart' Adds Cast; 'Cedar Cove' July Premiere Set". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2014-01-13.
Jump up ^ "Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart". April 24, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 31, 2017). "'When Calls The Heart' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (March 21, 2018). "Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm, Net Makes Announcements, Including 'When Calls the Heart' Renewal, At Central Park Event". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Hallmark Channel - About the Series". Hallmarkchannel.com. Retrieved 2014-02-28.
Jump up ^ Brioux, Bill (December 6, 2013). "'When Calls The Heart' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C." The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 7, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ Owen, Rob (May 1, 2015). "TV Q&A: 'Grey's Anatomy,' 'Younger,' 'Bones' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 5, 2014). "When Calls the Heart' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 28, 2015). "'When Calls The Heart' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "When Calls the Heart videos". Hallmark Channel.
Jump up ^ McLennan, Cindy (April 11, 2016). "When Calls the Heart: Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series". TV Series Finale. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (April 15, 2016). "'When Calls The Heart' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ Takeuchi, Craig (August 21, 2017). "Filming in Vancouver: Johnny Depp, When Calls the Heart, and Eggplant Emoji". Inside Vancouver. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Krakow, Erin [@erinkrakow] (December 21, 2017). "That's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth! It flew! Missing my Hope Valley friends already!" (Tweet). Retrieved December 25, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ "CBC-TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British, Aussie fare". 680 News, May 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ "CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series, returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games". CBC Television. May 18, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CBC Announces 2017-18 Programming Slate". CBC Television. May 24, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
External links[edit]
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UCSB College of Letters and Science
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University of California, Santa Barbara
Location
Santa Barbara, California, United States
Website
http://www.ucsb.edu/
The College of Letters and Science is the largest college at the University of California, Santa Barbara. The College, which offers 80 majors and 38 minors to over 17,000 undergraduates and 2,000 graduate students, has about 700 faculty members. [1]
Contents
1 Academics
1.1 Degrees
1.2 Departments and Programs
2 Faculty
3 Publications
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Academics[edit]
Degrees[edit]
The college offers the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees.
Departments and Programs[edit]
Forty-seven Academic departments and programs within the College of Letters and Science are grouped into three academic divisions: the Division of Humanities and Fine Arts; the Division of Mathematical, Life, and Physical Sciences; and the Division of Social Sciences. The College’s Division of Undergraduate Education, offers academic services to the undergraduates and is the home of the Honors Program.
The Division of Humanities and Fine Arts includes 22 academic departments and programs:
Department of Art
Department of Classics
Comparative Literature Program
Department of East Asian Languages and Cultural Studies
Department of English
English for Multilingual Students Program
Department of Film and Media Studies
Department of French and Italian
Department of Germanic, Slavic, and Semitic Studies
Department of History
Department of the History of Art and Architecture
Program in Latin American and Iberian Studies
Department of Linguistics
Graduate Program in Media Arts and Technology (joint with College of Engineering)
Program in Medieval Studies
Department of Music
Department of Philosophy
Department of Religious Studies
Renaissance Studies Program
Department of Spanish and Portuguese
Department of Theater and Dance
Writing Program
The Division of Mathematical, Life, and Physical Sciences includes 14 academic departments and programs:
Graduate Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering (joint with College of Engineering)
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
Department of Earth Science
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology
Program in Environmental Studies
Program in Financial Mathematics and Statistics
Department of Geography
Graduate Program in Marine Science
Department of Mathematics
Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology
Department of Physics
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences
Department of Statistics and Applied Probability
The Division of Social Sciences includes 11 academic departments and programs:
Department of Anthropology
Department of Asian American Studies
Department of Black Studies
Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies
Department of Communication
Department of Economics
Department of Feminist Studies
Global and International Studies Program
Department of Military Science
Department of Political Science
Department of Sociology
Faculty[edit]
The college has about 700 faculty members engaged in teaching and research. The L&S faculty includes four Nobel Prize laureates and 29 members of the National Academy of Sciences.
Publications[edit]
Convergence is the magazine of Engineering and the Sciences at UC Santa Barbara. Sponsored by the College of Engineering, the Division of Mathematical, Life, and Physical Sciences in the College of Letters and Science, and the California NanoSystems Institute, Convergence was begun in early 2005 as a three-times-a-year print publication. It is available online and in print.[2]
See also[edit]
University of California, Santa Barbara
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The College of Letters and Science". University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
Jump up ^ "About Convergence Online". University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved 2008-10-20.
External links[edit]
UCSB College of Letters and Science
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Name of Turkey
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Look up Turkey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Türk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The English name Turkey, now applied to the modern Republic of Turkey, is historically derived (via Old French Turquie) from the Medieval Latin Turchia, Turquia; and Greek Τουρκία. It is first recorded in Middle English (as Turkye, Torke, later Turkie, Turky), attested in Chaucer, ca. 1369.[1][2] The Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.
Contents
1 Etymology
1.1 Official name
1.2 Turkic sources
1.3 Chinese sources
1.4 Greek and Latin sources
1.5 Persian sources
1.6 Arabic sources
1.7 In other languages
2 See also
3 References
Etymology[edit]
The name of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) means "land of the Turks". Middle English usage of Turkye is attested to in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369). The phrase land of Torke is used in the 15th-century Digby Mysteries. Later usages can be found in the Dunbar poems, the 16th century Manipulus Vocabulorum ("Turkie, Tartaria") and Francis Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum (Turky). The modern spelling "Turkey" dates back to at least 1719.[3]
Official name[edit]
On 29 October 1923, upon the country declaring a Republic, Turkey adopted its official name, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, known in English as the Republic of Turkey.
Turkic sources[edit]
The first recorded use of the term "Türk" or "Türük" as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. AD 735).[4] The Turkic self-designation Türk is attested to reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan."[5][better source needed]
Chinese sources[edit]
An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of "tie-le" (鐵勒) or "tu-jue" (突厥), name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC.[1]
Greek and Latin sources[edit]
The Greek name, Tourkia (Greek: Τουρκία) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio,[6][7] though in his use, "Turks" always referred to Magyars.[8] Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources.[9] However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk-controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey. Instead, they were mostly synonymous with Tartary, a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe, until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century, reflecting the progress of the Turkic expansion.
Persian sources[edit]
By contrast, the Persian derivation Turkestan remains mostly applied to Central Asia. The name is derived from the ethnic self-designation Türk, as Turkestan is a Persian or Persianate term meaning "abode of the Turks". The Modern Persian word ترکیه is a derivation with the Arabic nisba suffix. The name for Turkey in the Turkish language, Türkiye, also contains the nisba suffix –iye.
Arabic sources[edit]
The Arabic cognate Turkiyya (Arabic: تركيا) in the form Dawla al-Turkiyya (State of the Turks) was historically used as an official name for the medieval Mamluk Sultanate which covered Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz and Cyrenaica.
In other languages[edit]
The Icelandic word Tyrkland, and the Hungarian word Törökország, i.e. "Turk-land", use native forms of derivation.
See also[edit]
Turkestan
Turkic expansion
Turan
Turki
Names of Anatolia
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Harper, Douglas. "Turk". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary (2000). "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk"". bartleby.com. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
Jump up ^ "Turkey". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel., Engelschoff. ISBN 3-933847-00-1, 9783933847003.
Jump up ^ 卷099 列傳第八十七突厥鐵勒- 新亞研究所- 典籍資料庫 Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Romilly James Heald (1967). De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Corpus fontium historiae Byzantinae (New, revised ed.). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. p. 65. ISBN 0-88402-021-5. Retrieved 28 August 2013. According to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, writing in his De Administrando Imperio (ca. 950 AD) "Patzinakia, the Pecheneg realm, stretches west as far as the Siret River (or even the Eastern Carpathian Mountains), and is four days distant from Tourkia (i.e. Hungary)."
Jump up ^ Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999). Byzanz und Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 46. ISBN 978-3-447-04146-1. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Henry Hoyle Howorth (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: The So-called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Cosimo, Inc. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-60520-134-4. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Öztürk, Özhan (2011). "Pontus: Antik Çağ'dan Günümüze Karadeniz'in Etnik ve Siyasi Tarihi". Ankara: Genesis Yayınları. p. 364. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. ... Greek term Tourkoi first used for the Khazars in 568 AD. In addition in "De Administrando Imperio" Hungarians call Tourkoi too once known as Sabiroi ...
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