text:
Water Music
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This article is about Handel suites. For the Telemann suite, see Water Music (Telemann). For other topics, see Water Music (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Handel (left) and King George I on the River Thames, 17 July 1717. Painting by Edouard Hamman (1819–88).
Westminster Bridge on Lord Mayor's Day by Canaletto, 1746 (detail)
The Water Music is a collection of orchestral movements, often published as three suites, composed by George Frideric Handel. It premiered on 17 July 1717, in response to King George I's request for a concert on the River Thames.
The Water Music is scored for a relatively large orchestra, making it suitable for outdoor performance. Some of the music is also preserved in arrangement for a smaller orchestra.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Suite in F major (HWV 348)
1.2 Suite in D major (HWV 349)
1.3 Suite in G major (HWV 350)
2 First performance
3 Legends
4 Popular culture and the media
5 Recordings
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The Water Music opens with a French overture and includes minuets, bourrées and hornpipes. It is divided into three suites:
Suite in F major (HWV 348)[edit]
Overture (Largo – Allegro)
Adagio e staccato
Allegro – Andante – Allegro da capo Aria
Minuet
Air
Minuet
Bourrée
Hornpipe
Andante
Allegro
Hornpipe
Suite in D major (HWV 349)[edit]
Overture (Allegro)
Hornpipe
Minuet
Lentement
Bourrée
Suite in G major (HWV 350)[edit]
Allegro
Rigaudon
Allegro
Minuet
Allegro
There is evidence for the different arrangement found in Chrysander's Gesellschaft edition of Handel's works (in volume 47, published in 1886), where the movements from the "suites" in D and G were mingled and published as one work with HWV 348. This sequence derives from Samuel Arnold's first edition of the complete score in 1788 and the manuscript copies dating from Handel's lifetime. Chrysander's edition also contains an earlier version of the first two movements of HWV 349 in the key of F major composed in 1715 (originally scored for two natural horns, two oboes, bassoon, strings and continuo), where in addition to the horn fanfares and orchestral responses, the original version contained an elaborate concerto-like first violin part.[1]
The music in each of the suites has no set order today.
First performance[edit]
The first performance of the Water Music suites is recorded in The Daily Courant, the first British daily newspaper. At about 8 p.m. on Wednesday, 17 July 1717, King George I and several aristocrats boarded a royal barge at Whitehall Palace, for an excursion up the Thames toward Chelsea. The rising tide propelled the barge upstream without rowing. Another barge, provided by the City of London, contained about 50 musicians who performed Handel's music. Many other Londoners also took to the river to hear the concert. According to The Courant, "the whole River in a manner was covered" with boats and barges. On arriving at Chelsea, the king left his barge, then returned to it at about 11 p.m. for the return trip. The king was so pleased with the Water Music that he ordered it to be repeated at least three times, both on the trip upstream to Chelsea and on the return, until he landed again at Whitehall.[2]
King George's companions in the royal barge included Anne Vaughan, the Duchess of Bolton, the Duchess of Newcastle, the Duke of Kingston, the Countess of Darlington, the Countess of Godolphin, Madam Kilmarnock, and the Earl of Orkney. Handel's orchestra is believed to have performed from about 8 p.m. until well after midnight, with only one break while the king went ashore at Chelsea.[3]
It was rumoured that the Water Music was composed to help King George steal some of the London spotlight back from the prince, who at the time, worried that his time to rule would be shortened by his father's long life, was throwing lavish parties and dinners to compensate for it. The Water Music's first performance on the Thames was the King's way of reminding London that he was still there and showing he could carry out gestures even grander than his son's.[4]
Legends[edit]
Legend has it that Handel composed Water Music to regain the favour of King George I. Handel had been employed by the future king George while he was still Elector of Hanover, before he succeeded to the British throne. The composer supposedly fell out of favour for moving to London during Queen Anne's reign. This story was first related by Handel's early biographer John Mainwaring; although it may have some foundation in fact, the tale as told by Mainwaring has been doubted by some Handel scholars.
Another legend has it that the Elector of Hanover approved of Handel's permanent move to London, knowing the separation between them would be temporary. Both were allegedly aware the Elector of Hanover would eventually succeed to the British throne after Queen Anne's death.[5]
Popular culture and the media[edit]
Many portions of Water Music have become familiar in popular culture.
From 1977 to 1996, Walt Disney World featured movements from both instalments of Water Music as the background music for the Electrical Water Pageant, a parade of sea creatures lit up with electric lights off the coast of the Magic Kingdom.[6]
Recordings[edit]
There are many recordings. The Music for the Royal Fireworks (1749), composed over 30 years later for another outdoor performance (this time, for George II of Great Britain for the fireworks in London's Green Park, on 27 April 1749), has often been paired with the Water Music on recordings.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wassermusik [Water Music] (score) (in German), Germany: Bib BVB (the piece is given its German title in this edition by Friedrich Chrysander, Leipzig 1886).
Jump up ^ The Daily Courant, 17 Jul 1717, pp. 76–77 , cited by Burrows, Donald (2012), Handel (2 ed.), Oxford, p. 101 .
Jump up ^ Hogwood, Christopher (2005). Handel: Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-521-83636-4.
Jump up ^ Handel's Water Music – Recreating a Royal Spectacular (documentary). 2005.
Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Andrew, Simply Handel, Union Square, liner notes .
Jump up ^ "Electrical Water Pageant Review", Orlando: Disney world, Fodors
External links[edit]
Water Music: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
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Unintended pregnancy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page. (August 2012)
Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are mistimed, unplanned or unwanted at the time of conception.[1] Unintended pregnancies may also result from rape, incest or various other forms of forced or unwanted sex.
Vaginal sexual activity without the use of contraception through choice or coercion is the predominant cause of unintended pregnancy. The incorrect use of a contraceptive method,[1] and failure of the method chosen also contributing. Available contraception methods include use of birth control pills, a condom, intrauterine device (IUD, IUC, IUS), contraceptive implant (implanon/nexplanon), hormonal patch, hormonal ring, cervical caps, diaphragms, spermicides, or sterilization.[2] Women choose to use a contraceptive method based on method efficacy, medical considerations, side effects, convenience, availability, friends' or family members' experience, religious views, and many other factors.[3] Some cultures limit or discourage access to birth control because they consider it to be morally or politically undesirable.[4]
Unintended pregnancies may be unwanted pregnancies or mistimed pregnancies.[5] Worldwide, 38% of pregnancies (about 80 million pregnancies) were unintended in 1999.[6][7] Unintended pregnancies are the main reason for induced abortions,[5] resulting in about 42 million induced abortions;[6] not all unintended pregnancies result in abortions or unwanted children. Unintended pregnancy has been linked to numerous maternal and child health problems.[5] States that have legalized abortions and easier access to abortions have lower rates of child neglect and better living conditions for children overall. Which can be attributed to the fact that children in those states are more likely to be wanted when they are born. [8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Intention
2 Causes
3 Facts
3.1 Induced abortions
3.2 Adoption
3.3 Maternal deaths
4 Prevention
5 Epidemiology
5.1 Incidence
6 By country/region
6.1 Europe
6.1.1 Britain
6.1.2 France
6.1.3 Sweden
6.1.4 Russia
6.2 United States of America
6.2.1 History
6.2.2 Costs and potential savings
6.2.3 Teens
6.2.4 Prevention
6.2.5 Rape
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Intention[edit]
An intended pregnancy is one that is consciously desired at the time of conception.[5] A pregnancy is intended if either partner intended or desired a pregnancy to occur, though the other partner may not want a pregnancy either at all or at that time, or he/she may be ambivalent to a pregnancy.[5]
Feelings towards a pregnancy can change during the course of a pregnancy. For instance, a change of circumstances might lead to the continued pregnancy being unwanted and perhaps a desire to terminate an initially intended pregnancy. On the other hand, an initially unintended pregnancy might later be welcomed.
Couples often desire to control not just the number of children, but also the timing.[9][10]
Causes[edit]
Not using contraception or family planning services.[6]
Using contraception inconsistently or incorrectly.[6]
Contraceptive failure (the method was used correctly, but did not work.)[6] Contraceptive failure accounts for a relatively small fraction of unintended pregnancies when modern highly effective contraceptives are used.[11] A condom breaking during intercourse or using a condom with a hole in it can lead to malfunctioning contraceptives.
Reasons contraceptives might not have been used or been used incorrectly include:
Coercion. Rape, or even forced pregnancy, which sometimes happens in the context of domestic violence. Unintended pregnancies are more likely to be associated with abuse than intended pregnancies.[12] This may also include birth control sabotage, which is the manipulation of someone's use of birth control to undermine efforts to prevent pregnancy.
Lack of knowledge about sex and reproduction, including erroneous beliefs.
Lack of knowledge or experience with the contraceptive or lack of motivation to use it correctly.
Lack of planning or ambivalence about whether to have a child.
Lack of over-the-counter availability of contraceptives.
Inability or unwillingness to attend healthcare appointments to obtain contraceptives.
A mistaken belief that the woman is infertile, e.g. post-menopausal, previous diagnosis of infertility
Facts[edit]
Live births: Unless the fetus dies in utero, the result of an unintended pregnancy is an unintended birth. According to one study, over one-third of living people in the US under 31 years of age (born since 1982) were the result of unintended pregnancies, a rate that has remained largely unchanged to date.[13][14]
Pregnancy has risks and potential complications. On average, unintended pregnancies result in poorer outcomes for the mother and for the child, if birth occurs. Unintended pregnancy usually precludes pre-conception counseling and pre-conception care, and sometimes delays initiation of prenatal care.[15] The great majority of abortions result from unintended pregnancies.
Results of unintended pregnancy include:
Prenatal care initiated later, and less adequate.[5] Adversely affects health of woman and of child and less preparation for parenthood.[5] Delay from unintended pregnancy is in addition to that from other risk factors for delay.[5] Unwanted pregnancies have more delay than mistimed.[5]
Unintended pregnancies preclude chance to resolve sexually transmitted diseases (STD) before pregnancy.[5] Untreated STD in pregnant woman can result in premature delivery, infection in newborn or infant death.[5]
Preclude use of genetic testing to help make decisions about whether to become pregnant.
Women with an unintended pregnancy are more likely to suffer depression during or after pregnancy.[15][16]
Poorer maternal mental health[15]
Increased risk of physical violence during pregnancy.[15]
Reduced likelihood of breastfeeding, resulting in less healthy children.[15]
Lower mother-child relationship quality.[15] (see also Maternal bond)
More likely that mother smokes tobacco (about 30% more likely in the US) or drinks during pregnancy,[5] which results in poorer health outcomes and additional costs for welfare system.[5] (see also Fetal alcohol syndrome, Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder)
Greater relationship instability[17]
More likely to delay initiation of prenatal care[17]
Children whose births were unintended are:
Greater likelihood of low birth weight, particularly for unwanted pregnancies.[5][18] This may be through increased risk of preterm delivery.[5] In the US, eliminating all unwanted pregnancies would reduce rate of low birth weight by 7% for blacks, and 4% for whites, helping to decrease the large disparity in rates for whites vs. blacks.[5]
Greater infant mortality.[5][18] If all sexually active couples in the US had routinely used effective contraception in 1980, there would have been 1 million fewer abortions, 340,000 fewer live births that were unintended at conception, 5,000 fewer infant deaths, and the infant mortality rate would have been 10% lower.[5]
Likely to be less mentally and physically healthy during childhood.[19]
At higher risk of child abuse and neglect.[5][20]
Less likely to succeed in school,[21]
More likely to live in poverty and need public assistance.[21]
More likely to have delinquent and criminal behavior.[21] (see also Legalized abortion and crime effect)
Significantly lower test scores[17]
Less likely to have a close relationship with their mother.[17]
Unintended pregnancies lead to higher rates of maternal morbidity, and threaten the economic viability of families.[18]
Women with unintended pregnancies have less education and participate less in the workforce than women whose pregnancies are intended.[21]
Induced abortions[edit]
Main article: Abortion
Abortion, the voluntary termination of pregnancy, is one of the primary consequences of unintended pregnancy.[5] A large proportion of induced abortions worldwide are due to unwanted or mistimed pregnancy.[22][23] Unintended pregnancies result in about 42 million induced abortions per year worldwide.[6] In the United States, over 92% of abortions are the result of unintended pregnancy.[21]
Abortion carries few health risks when performed in accordance with modern medical technique.[5][24][25] It is safer for the pregnant woman than childbirth.[5][26][27] However where safe abortions are not available, abortion can contribute significantly to maternal mortality[28] and morbidity.[24]
While decisions about abortion may cause some individuals psychological distress,[29] some find a reduction in distress after abortion.[5][30] There is no evidence of widespread psychological harm from abortion.[5][31][32] Unwanted pregnancy and births resulting from these pregnancies are also psychologically distressing, so considerations of psychological impact of abortion should be in comparison to potential harm from these stressors.[33][34]
Some find abortion morally objectionable.[5] This could be due to religious beliefs, one's own personal beliefs or the context of the situation.
Adoption[edit]
Main article: Adoption
Unintended pregnancies often result in an adoption of the infant, where the biological parents (or birth parents) transfer their privileges and responsibilities to the adoptive parents. There are two forms of adoptions: open adoptions and closed adoptions. Open adoption allows birth parents to know and have contact with the adoptive parents and the adopted child.[35] In a closed adoption, there is no contact between the birth parents and adoptive parents. Information identifying the adoptive parents and the birth parents is not shared. However, non-identifying information (i.e. background and medical information) about the birth parents, will be shared with the adoptive parents.[36] Birth parents choose adoption when parenting is not possible and they don’t want to endure an abortion.[37] In the United States alone, 135,000 children are adopted each year[38] which represents about of all live births. According to the 2010 census, there were 1,527,020 adopted children in the United States, representing 2.5 percent of all U.S. children.[39]
Maternal deaths[edit]
Main article: Maternal death
Over the six years between 1995 and 2000 there were an estimated 338 million pregnancies that were unintended and unwanted worldwide (28% of the total 1.2 billion pregnancies during that period).[40] These unwanted pregnancies resulted in nearly 700,000 maternal deaths (approximately one-fifth of maternal deaths during that period). More than one-third of the deaths were from problems associated with pregnancy or childbirth, but the majority (64%) were from complications from unsafe or unsanitary abortion.[40] Most of the deaths occurred in less developed parts of the world, where family planning and reproductive health services were less available.[40]
In cultures that practice honor killing, unintended pregnancy may increase the woman's chance of being killed.[citation needed]
Prevention[edit]
Main article: Family planning
Prevention includes comprehensive sexual education, availability of family planning services, abstinence and increased access to a range of effective birth control methods. Most unintended pregnancies result from not using contraception, and many result from using contraceptives inconsistently or incorrectly. Though, increased rates of sexual activity are also a factor.[41]
Increasing use of long-acting reversible contraceptives (such as IUD and contraceptive implants) decreases the chance of unintended pregnancy by decreasing the chance of incorrect use. Method failure is relatively rare with modern, highly effective contraceptives, and is much more of an issue when such methods are unavailable or not used. (See comparison of contraceptive methods).
In the United States, women who have an unintended pregnancy are more likely to have subsequent unplanned pregnancies.[16] Providing family planning and contraceptive services as part of prenatal, postpartum and post abortion care can help reduce recurrence of unintended pregnancy.
Providing contraceptives and family planning services at low or no cost to the user helps prevent unintended pregnancies. Many of those at risk of unintended pregnancy have little income, so even though contraceptives are highly cost-effective,[42] up front cost can be a barrier. Subsidized family planning services improve the health of the population and saves money for governments and health insurers by reducing medical,[15] education and other costs to society.
Providing modern contraceptives to the 201 million women at risk of unintended pregnancy in developing countries who do not have access to contraception would cost an estimated US$3.9 billion per year.[43] This expenditure would prevent an estimated 52 million unintended pregnancies annually, preventing 1.5 million maternal and child deaths annually, and reduce induced abortions by 64% (25 million per year).[43] Reduced illness related to pregnancy would preserve 27 million healthy life years, at a cost of $144 per year of healthy life.[43]
It is theorized that reducing unintended pregnancies could help break the cycle of poverty.[44]
Epidemiology[edit]
Note: Numbers and rates are for detected pregnancies. A large proportion of pregnancies miscarry before the woman is aware of the pregnancy.
Incidence[edit]
The global rate of unintended pregnancy was 55 per 1,000 women aged 15–44 in 2008, of which 26 per 1,000 ended in abortion.[45] The rate of intended pregnancy was 79 per 1,000.[45] The estimated 208 million pregnancies in 2008 resulted in 102 million intended births, 41 million induced abortions, 33 million unintended births, and 31 million miscarriages.[45]
Globally, the proportion of married women practicing contraception increased from 54% in 1990 to 63% in 2003.[45] The global rate of unintended pregnancy declined from 69 per 1,000 women in 1995.[45] The decline was greatest in the more developed world.[45]
Worldwide, 38% of pregnancies were unintended in 1999 (some 80 million unintended pregnancies in 1999).[6][7] In developed world an estimated 49% of pregnancies were unintended, 36% in the developing world.[7]
By country/region[edit]
Europe[edit]
Britain[edit]
According to a 2013 study approximately 16% of British pregnancies are unplanned, 29% are ambivalent, and are 55% planned.[46]
France[edit]
In France, 33% of pregnancies are unintended. Of women at risk for unintended pregnancy, only 3% do not use contraception, and 20% use intrauterine devices (IUDs).[47]
Sweden[edit]
One study from Sweden (2008-2010) showed that the prevalence of unintended pregnancies was 23.2%[48]. One study conducted in Uppsala (2012-2013) found that 12% of pregnancies were fairly or very unplanned[49].
Russia[edit]
See also: Demographics of Russia
According to a 2004 study, current pregnancies were termed "desired and timely" by 58% of respondents, while 23% described them as "desired, but untimely", and 19% said they were "undesired".[50]
United States of America[edit]
The United States rate of unintended pregnancies is higher than the world average, and much higher than that in other industrialized nations.[51] Almost half (49%) of U.S. pregnancies are unintended, more than 3 million unintended pregnancies per year.[11][42]
A 2011 study by the Guttmacher Institute based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other sources determined that the average U.S. rate of unintended pregnancies was 51 per 1,000 women ages 15 to 44 in 2006. Most states' rates were between 40 and 65 unintended pregnancies per 1,000 women. The state with the highest rate of unintended pregnancies was Mississippi, 69 per 1,000 women, followed by California, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii and Nevada (66 to 67 per 1,000). New Hampshire had the lowest rate, 36 per 1,000 women, followed by Maine, North Dakota, Vermont and West Virginia (37 to 39 per 1,000 women).[52][53]
Over 92% of abortions are the result of unintended pregnancy,[21] unintended pregnancies result in about 800,000 abortions/year.[6] In 2001, 44% of unintended pregnancies resulted in births, and 42% resulted in induced abortion and the rest in miscarriage.[51] It is estimated that more than half of US women have had an unintended pregnancy by age 45.[54] The U.S. states with the highest levels of abortions performed were Delaware, New York and New Jersey, with rates of 40, 38 and 31 per 1,000 women, respectively. High rates were also seen in the states of Maryland, California, Florida, Nevada and Connecticut with rates of 25 to 29 per 1,000 women. The state with the lowest abortion rate was Wyoming, which had less than 1 per 1,000 women, followed by Mississippi, Kentucky, South Dakota, Idaho and Missouri with rates of 5 to 6 abortions per 1,000 women.[55][56]
History[edit]
US birth rates declined in the 1970s. Factors that are likely to have led to this decline include: The introduction of the birth control pill in 1960, and its subsequent rapid increase in popularity; the completion of legalization of contraceptives in the 1960s and early 1970s; the introduction of federal funding for family planning in the 1960s and Title X in 1970; increased career and educational gains for women and its consequence of increased opportunity costs; and the legalization of abortion, which was completed in 1973. The decline in the birth rate was associated with reductions in the number of children put up for adoption and reduction in the rate of neonaticide.
It is unclear to what extent legalization of abortion may have increased the availability of the procedure.[5] It is estimated that before legalization about 1 million abortions were performed annually.[5] Before legalization, abortion was probably one of the most common criminal activities.[5] Before legalization, an estimated 1,000 to 10,000 women died each year from complications of poorly performed abortions.[5] Legalization was followed by a decrease in pregnancy related deaths in young women, as well as decrease in hospital admissions for incomplete or septic abortions, conditions more common than induced abortion.[5]
The infanticide rate during the first hour of life dropped from 1.41 per 100,000 during 1963 to 1972 to 0.44 per 100,000 for 1974 to 1983; the rate during the first month of life also declined, whereas the rate for older infants rose during this time.[57]
The rate of unintended pregnancy declined significantly from 1987 until 1994, due to increased contraceptive use.[58][59] Since then until 2001 the rate has remained relatively unchanged.[59]
Unintended pregnancies and births in the United States[58]
Rate per 1000 women.
Year
Unintended pregnancies
Unintended births
1981 54.2[58] 25[58]
1987 53.5[58] 27[58]
1994 44.7[58] 21[58]
2001 48[60] 23
2008 51[60] 27
The proportion of births that were unintended at the time of conception decreased during the 1970s and early 1980s. Between 1982 and 1988 the proportion of births that were unintended began increasing.[5] In 1990 about 44% of births were unintended at time of conception.[5] The fraction of births that were unintended at the time of conception was even higher among lower class women (almost 60%), never-married women (73%) and unmarried teens (86%).[5]
Among lower-class women, the rate of unintended pregnancy and unintended birth rose from 1994 to 2001, while it declined for the more affluent women (those more than 200% of federal poverty level).[59] (Unintended pregnancy rose almost 30% and unintended births rose 50% for those below federal poverty level.) Contraceptive use had been increasing for years, but stopped in the 1990s, and began to decline among lower class women.[61] Cuts in federal and state family planning programs may account for the decreased use of contraceptives and increase in unintended pregnancies.[61]
Costs and potential savings[edit]
The public cost of unintended pregnancy is estimated to be about 11 billion dollars per year in short-term medical costs.[21] This includes costs of births, one year of infant medical care and costs of fetal loss.[21] Preventing unintended pregnancy would save the public over 5 billion dollars per year in short-term medical costs.[21] Savings in long-term costs and in other areas would be much larger.[21] By another estimate, the direct medical costs of unintended pregnancies, not including infant medical care, was $5 billion in 2002.[62] The Brookings Institution conducted a research and their results show that taxpayers spend more than $12 billion each year on unintended pregnancies. They also find that, if all unintended pregnancies were prevented, the resulting savings on medical spending alone would equal more than three-quarters of the federal FY 2010 appropriation for the Head Start and Early Head Start programs and would be roughly equivalent to the amount that the federal government spends each year on the Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF).[63]
Teens[edit]
See also: Teenage pregnancy and Adolescent sexuality
Of the 800,000 teen pregnancies per year,[64] over 80% were unintended in 2001.[6] One-third of teen pregnancies result in abortion.[64] In 2002, about 9% of women at risk for unintended pregnancy were teenagers,[47] but about 20% of the unintended pregnancies in the United States are to teenagers.[65] A somewhat larger proportion of unintended births are reported as mistimed, rather than unwanted, for teens compared to women in general (79% mistimed for teens vs. 69% among all women in 1998).[66]
In 2011, a total of 329,797 babies were born to women aged 15–19 years, for a live birth rate of 31.3 per 1,000 women in this age group.1 This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group and a drop of 8% from 2010. Birth rates fell 11% for women aged 15–17 years, and 7% for women aged 18–19 years. While reasons for the declines are not clear, teens seem to be less sexually active, and more of those who are sexually active seem to be using birth control than in previous years.[67]
Prevention[edit]
In the US it is estimated that 52% of unintended pregnancies result from couples not using contraception in the month the woman got pregnant, and 43% result from inconsistent or incorrect contraceptive use; only 5% result from contraceptive failure, according to a report from the Guttmacher Institute.[6] Contraceptive use saved an estimated $19 billion in direct medical costs from unintended pregnancies in 2002.[62]
In 2006, publicly funded family planning services (Title X, Medicaid, and state funds) helped women avoid 1.94 million unintended pregnancies, thus preventing about 860,000 unintended births and 810,000 abortions.[68] Without publicly funded family planning services, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the United States would be nearly two-thirds higher among women overall and among teens; the number of unintended pregnancies among lower class women would nearly double[68] The services provided at publicly funded clinics saved the federal and state governments an estimated $5.1 billion in 2008 in short term medical costs.[68] Nationally, every $1.00 invested in helping women avoid unintended pregnancy saved $3.74 in Medicaid expenditures that otherwise would have been needed.[68]
Reducing unintended pregnancy in the United States would be particularly desirable since abortion is such a politically divisive issue.[5]
The CDC encourages men and women to formulate a reproductive life plan, to help them in avoiding unintended pregnancies and to improve the health of women and reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes.[69]
In the period from 2001 to 2008, there were notable increases in the use of long-acting methods among younger women, while the pill and condom are most common, the more effective methods, such as intrauterine devices and implants, are recommended for young women and women without children.[60]
Rape[edit]
Main article: Pregnancy from rape
Rape is defined as sexual intercourse that is forced on a person without his or her permission. It may involve physical force, the threat of force, or it may be done against someone who is unable to give consent. Sexual intercourse may be vaginal, anal, or oral, and may involve the use of a body part or an object.[70]
A longitudinal study in 1996 of over 4000 women in the United States followed for 3 years found that the rape-related pregnancy rate was 5.0% among victims aged 12–45 years. Applying that rate to rapes committed in the United States would indicate that there are over 32,000 pregnancies in the United States as a result of rape each year.[71]
History[edit]
See also: History of abortion, History of condoms, and Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
Early ways of preventing unwanted pregnancy included withdrawal and various alternatives to intercourse; they are difficult to use correctly and, while much better than no method, have high failure rates compared to modern methods.[9][72] Various devices and medications thought to have spermicidal, contraceptive, abortifacient or similar properties were also used.
Abortions have been induced to prevent unwanted births since antiquity,[5] abortion methods are described in some of the earliest medical texts.[72] The degree of safety of early methods relative to the risks of child birth is unclear.[72]
Infanticide (‘customary neonaticide’) or abandonment (sometimes in the form of exposure) are other traditional ways of dealing with babies that were not wanted or that a family could not support.[72] Opinions on the morality or desirability of the practices have changed through history.
Where modern contraceptives are not available, abortion has sometimes been used as a major way of preventing birth. For instance in much of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet republics in the 1980s, desired family size was small, but modern contraceptive methods were not readily available, so many couples relied on abortion, which was legal, safe, and readily accessible, to regulate births.[9] In many cases, as contraceptives became more available the rate of unintended pregnancy and abortion dropped rapidly during the 1990s.[9]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the desired number of pregnancies has declined as reductions in infant and childhood mortality have increased the probability that children will reach adulthood. Other factors, such as level of education and economic opportunities for women, have also led to reductions in the desired number of children.[9] As the desired number of children decreases, couples spend more of their reproductive lives trying to avoid unintended pregnancies.[9]
See also[edit]
Contraceptive mandate
Demographic dividend
Prevalence of teenage pregnancy
Feminization of poverty
Healthy People program
International Conference on Population and Development
Legalized abortion and crime effect
The Impact of Legalized Abortion on Crime
Millennium Development Goals
Miscarriage
Nutrition and pregnancy
Religious views on birth control
Take Charge
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Further reading[edit]
Eisenberg, Leon; Brown, Sarah Hart (1995). The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press. ISBN 0-309-05230-0.
Mosher, William D., Jo Jones, and Joyce C. Abma. (2012). Intended and unintended births in the United States, 1982-2010. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics.
External links[edit]
CDC:Unintended Pregnancy Prevention
Ways to prevent pregnancy
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Mr. Moose
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mr. Moose and the Captain's Jacket at the Smithsonian Institution
Mr. Moose was a puppet character on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo.
He would tell riddles and knock-knock jokes that would result in hundreds of ping pong balls falling from above, and hitting the Captain on the head. Mr. Moose was created and played by Cosmo Allegretti, who also created and played Mr. Bunny Rabbit, Dancing Bear, and the Captain's painter and handyman Dennis.[1]
In other media[edit]
In the animated television series Family Guy episode "Hell Comes to Quahog", after Joe sends a ping pong ball out a window, Peter persuades Mr. Moose to say "Knock, knock", then answers "Ping pong balls!", and ping pong balls fall on top of Peter.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cosmo Allegretti". IMDb.com. Internet Movie Database.
External links[edit]
Captain Kangaroo with Mr. Moose at YouTube

This article about a fictional television character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Luv Is Rage 2
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Luv Is Rage 2
Studio album by Lil Uzi Vert
Released
August 25, 2017
Recorded
2015–17
Genre
Alternative hip hop
trap
Length
56:13
Label
Generation Now
Atlantic
Producer
Don Cannon (also exec.)
DJ Drama (exec.)
Leighton "LakeShow" Morrison (exec.)
BeldonDidThat
Bobby Kritical
Cubeatz
DaHeala
DJ Plugg
FrancisGotHeat
Ike Beatz
Illmind
JW Lucas
Lyle LeDuff
Maaly Raw
Metro Boomin
Michael Piroli
Pharrell Williams
Pi'erre Bourne
Rex Kudo
The Weeknd
TM88
WondaGurl
Lil Uzi Vert chronology
Luv Is Rage 1.5
(2017)Luv Is Rage 1.52017 Luv Is Rage 2
(2017) Lil Uzi Vert vs. The World 2
(2018)Lil Uzi Vert vs. The World 22018
Singles from Luv Is Rage 2
"XO Tour Llif3"
Released: March 24, 2017
"The Way Life Goes"
Released: October 3, 2017
Luv Is Rage 2 is the debut studio album by American rapper Lil Uzi Vert. It was released on August 25, 2017, by Generation Now and Atlantic Records.[1] The album serves as a sequel to Uzi Vert's commercial breakthrough mixtape Luv Is Rage (2015). It features guest appearances from The Weeknd and Pharrell Williams.
The album was supported by two singles: "XO Tour Llif3" and "The Way Life Goes". Luv Is Rage 2 charted at number one on the US Billboard 200, and received positive critical reviews from critics.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Singles
3 Release
4 Critical reception
5 Commercial performance
6 Track listing
7 Charts
8 See also
9 References
Background
In November 2016, Lil Uzi Vert initially announced Luv Is Rage 2 that would suffered from numerous delays and media confusion.[2][3] In February 2017, Lil Uzi released a extended play (EP), Luv Is Rage 1.5 (2017) containing four tracks, for streaming on SoundCloud. It serves as a prequel for Luv Is Rage 2; as well as Uzi previewing snippets of those songs online throughout the whole year.[4] In July 2017, DJ Drama and Don Cannon premiered five songs on their Shade 45 radio show, which were not to be included on the album.[5][6] On August 24, 2017, Lil Uzi unexpectedly announced the release of Luv Is Rage 2 a day before release via social media, including the cover art and track listing.[7]
Singles
"XO Tour Llif3" was released for free streaming as the album's lead single on March 24, 2017. The song was originally included on Lil Uzi's prequel extended play (EP), Luv Is Rage 1.5 (2017). The song was produced by TM88 and JW Lucas.[8][9] The song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100.[10]
"The Way Life Goes" was released as the album's second single to urban contemporary radio on October 3, 2017.[11]
Release
Luv Is Rage 2 was released on August 25, 2017, for purchase on iTunes[1] and Google Play,[12] and for streaming on Apple Music,[1] Spotify,[13] Deezer,[14] Google Play[12] and Tidal.[15]
Critical reception
Professional ratings
Aggregate scores
Source
Rating
Metacritic 76/100[16]
Review scores
Source
Rating
Consequence of Sound B[17]
HipHopDX 3.7/5[18]
HotNewHipHop 77%[19]
Pitchfork 7.7/10[20]
RapReviews.com 6.5/10[21]
Sputnikmusic 3/5[22]
Tiny Mix Tapes [23]
XXL 4/5 (XL)[24]
Luv Is Rage 2 received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 76, based on seven reviews.[16] Scott Glaysher of XXL gave a positive review, stating "Despite the long-winded nature of the album, Uzi definitely got it right with Luv Is Rage 2. The songs are catchy, the beats are hot and Uzi gives a vocal performance that redefines the term rap rock star."[24] Hip hop website HotNewHipHop stated that "Uzi is changed a person now, more weary of the world, less naively cheerful, and this is reflected on Luv Is Rage 2. If he does have a heart, it may soon be blackened. Uzi is feeling vindictive, rather than just being "happy to be here" (as he was on Luv Is Rage), he's looking, now, for admiration and acknowledgement that's deserved of him."[19] Dan Weiss of Consequence of Sound said, "Nearly every song on Luv Is Rage 2 comes with a distinct enough hook to break up the limited set of things it does and subjects it ponders."[17] In his review, Aaron McKrell of HipHopDX states, "Luv Is Rage 2 is proof that Lil Uzi Vert is simply an artist who succeeds in makes music he loves, for people that hold tightly to his carpe-diem attitude."[18] Corrigan B of Tiny Mix Tapes said, "The breadth of sounds covered will scan as inconsistency to all but the most pious Uzi devotees, but it's hard to imagine anything else serving as a more comprehensive document of rap in 2017."[23]
Paul Thompson of Pitchfork stated that Luv Is Rage 2 is Lil Uzi Vert's "most musically developed work and features a bulk of his most interesting songs to date", as well as commending the subject matter and production, concluding: "Whether he's full of joy or howling into the void, he pushes his songs to their edge, which helps to deliver on the promise shown in his earlier work. We knew Lil Uzi Vert would become one of rap's biggest stars, but Rage 2 suggests that he may spend his time on top experimenting rather than retreating to a comfort zone."[20] Steve "Flash" Juon of RapReviews.com wrote: "As for today's singing rappers, Vert fits in comfortably next to the likes of Fetty Wap and French Montana, and I have little qualms with calling him a better writer than the latter. The production is a little bit more of a mixed bag."[21] In a mixed review, Sputnikmusic's Robert Lowe stated: "A lot of tracks start off OK, but his flow and style are so unfocused and muddled the songs become a chore to sit through."[22]
Commercial performance
Luv Is Rage 2 debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 135,000 album-equivalent units, of which 28,000 were pure album sales.[25] In its second week on the chart, Luv Is Rage 2 moved another 73,000 units bringing the total sales to 208,000.[26]
The album also entered at number 14 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 3,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.[27]
Track listing
Songwriting credits adapted from Tidal.[15]
Luv Is Rage 2[1]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Two®"
Symere Woods
Donald Cannon
Lyle LeDuff
Don Cannon
LeDuff
Lil Uzi Vert[a]
3:05
2. "444+222"
Woods
Jamaal Henry
Ike Smith
Maaly Raw
Ike Beatz
4:07
3. "Sauce It Up"
Woods
Cannon
Don Cannon
BeldonDidThat
Michael Piroli[a]
3:27
4. "No Sleep Leak"
Woods
Cannon
Kevin Gomringer
Tim Gomringer
Don Cannon
Cubeatz
3:09
5. "The Way Life Goes"
Woods
I. Smith
Ebony Oshunrinde
Ike Beatz
Don Cannon
3:41
6. "For Real"
Woods
Kenneth Smith
Bobby Turner
DJ Plugg
Bobby Kritical
2:57
7. "Feelings Mutual"
Woods
Oshunrinde
Francis Nguyen-Tran
WondaGurl
FrancisGotHeat
3:53
8. "Neon Guts" (featuring Pharrell Williams)
Woods
Pharrell Williams
Williams 4:18
9. "Early 20 Rager"
Woods
Henry
Maaly Raw 4:34
10. "UnFazed" (featuring The Weeknd)
Woods
Henry
Cannon
Abel Tesfaye
Maaly Raw
Don Cannon
DaHeala
The Weeknd
3:10
11. "Pretty Mami"
Woods
Cannon
Ramon Ibanga, Jr.
Don Cannon
Illmind
4:24
12. "How to Talk"
Woods
Oshunrinde
WondaGurl 3:21
13. "X"
Woods
Leland Wayne
Jordan Jenks
Metro Boomin
Pi'erre Bourne
2:53
14. "Malfunction"
Woods
Oshunrinde
WondaGurl 3:19
15. "Dark Queen"
Woods
Henry
Maaly Raw
Rex Kudo[a]
2:53
16. "XO Tour Llif3"
Woods
Bryan Simmons
John Lucas
TM88
JW Lucas
3:02
Total length: 56:13
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
"Unfazed" is stylized as "UnFazed"
"XO Tour Llif3" is stylized as "XO TOUR Llif3"
Sample credits
"The Way Life Goes" contains a sample of "Landslide", written by Josephine Gucht and Anthony West and performed by Oh Wonder.
Charts
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[28]
22
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[29]
27
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[30]
88
Canadian Albums (Billboard)[31]
3
Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[32]
80
Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[33]
12
Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[34]
13
Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[35]
8
French Albums (SNEP)[36]
51
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[37]
80
Italian Albums (FIMI)[38]
27
New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[39]
10
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[40]
9
Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[41]
15
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[42]
91
UK Albums (OCC)[43]
14
UK R&B Albums (OCC)[44]
7
US Billboard 200[25]
1
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[45]
1
See also
List of Billboard 200 number-one albums of 2017
References
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Uzi London 🌎 ☄ 💕® on Twitter: "Luv Is RAGE 2®😔🔥". Twitter. December 13, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Uzi London 🌎 ☄ 💕® on Twitter: "Y'all want me too drop the real one before the Album 🔥® LuvIsRage 2". Twitter. November 27, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 1.5 (New Mixtape)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "So What's Really Going on With Lil Uzi Vert's 'Luv Is Rage 2'?". Complex. July 25, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Uzi London 🌎 ☄ 💕® on Twitter: "Y'all thought them songs was on luv is rage 🙄 we coming way harder den dat 🔥🔥🔥🔥🔊🦇2®". Twitter. July 23, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Uzi London 🌎 ☄ 💕® on Twitter: "Tonight at 12 🦇....2 the album ®🚧 Okay Bye 🤓⚰🔥®". Twitter. August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "XO TOUR Llif3 – Single by Lil Uzi Vert on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goddard, Kevin (March 24, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert – XO Tour Lif3 (Prod. By TM88)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lil Uzi Vert – Chart history – Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Urban/UAC Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Lil Uzi Vert: Luv Is Rage 2 – Music on Google Play". Google Play. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Luv Is Rage 2". Spotify. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Discover Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert on Deezer". Deezer. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Luv Is Rage 2 / Lil Uzi Vert TIDAL". Tidal. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reviews for Luv Is Rage 2 by Lil Uzi Vert". Metacritic. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Weiss, Dan (August 30, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b McKrell, Aaron (August 31, 2017). "Review: Lil Uzi Vert's "Luv Is Rage 2" Is Solo Cup Turn-Up & Sorrow". HipHopDX. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pierre, Alphonso (August 29, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert "Luv Is Rage 2" (Review)". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Thompson, Paul (August 30, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert: Luv Is Rage 2 Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Joun, Steve "Flash" (September 5, 2017). "RapReviews.com Feature for September 5, 2017 – Lil Uzi Vert – "Luv Is Rage 2"". RapReviews.com. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowe, Robert (September 8, 2017). "Review: Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2 – Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b B, Corrigan. "Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2". Tiny Mix Tapes. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Glaysher, Scott (September 12, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert Mixes Passion With Pain on 'Luv Is Rage 2' Album – XXL". XXL. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Caulfield, Keith (September 3, 2017). "Lil Uzi Vert's 'Luv Is Rage 2' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart". Billboard. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (September 10, 2017). "LCD Soundsystem Earns First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With 'American Dream'". Billboard. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Charts Analysis: Queens Of The Stone Age debut at No.1 on albums chart". Music Week. September 1, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums". Australian Recording Industry Association. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "On The Charts: September 4, 2017". FYIMusicNews. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Czech Albums – Top 100". ČNS IFPI. Note: On the chart page, select 201735 on the field besides the word "Zobrazit", and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 35, 2017". Hitlisten. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lil Uzi Vert: Luv Is Rage 2" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved September 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums – SNEP (Week 35, 2017)". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 35 (dal 2017-08-25 al 2017-08-31)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. September 4, 2017. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista – Lil Uzi Vert". VG-lista. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sverigetopplistan – Sveriges Officiella Topplista". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved September 1, 2017. Click on "Veckans albumlista".
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Lil Uzi Vert – Luv Is Rage 2". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Albums Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lil Uzi Vert – Chart history" Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums for Lil Uzi Vert. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
[hide]
v
t
e
Lil Uzi Vert
Discography
Studio albums
Luv Is Rage 2 (2017)
Extended plays
1017 vs. The World (with Gucci Mane) (2016)
Luv Is Rage 1.5 (2017)
Mixtapes
The Real Uzi (2014)
Luv Is Rage (2015)
Lil Uzi Vert vs. the World (2016)
The Perfect Luv Tape (2016)
Singles
"Money Longer"
"XO Tour Llif3"
Featured singles
"Pull Up"
"Too Much Sauce"
"Bad and Boujee"
"Woke Up Like This"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luv_Is_Rage_2&oldid=804446489"
Categories:
2017 albums
Atlantic Records albums
English-language albums
Lil Uzi Vert albums
Albums produced by Pharrell Williams
Albums produced by Metro Boomin
Albums produced by Don Cannon
Albums produced by WondaGurl
Albums produced by Illmind
Sequel albums
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