text:
Good Year for the Roses
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"A Good Year for the Roses"
Single by George Jones
from the album George Jones with Love
B-side
"Let a Little Loving Come In"
Released
October 1970
Format
Gramophone record
Genre
Country
Length
3:12
Label
Musicor
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Chesnut
Producer(s)
Bob Moore
George Jones singles chronology
"Tell Me My Lying Eyes Are Wrong"
(1970) "A Good Year for the Roses"
(1970) "Sometimes You Just Can't Win"
(1971)
"Tell Me My Lying Eyes Are Wrong"
(1970) "Good Year for the Roses"
(1970) "Sometimes You Just Can't Win"
(1971)
"Good Year for the Roses"
Single by George Jones and Alan Jackson
from the album The Bradley Barn Sessions
B-side
"High-Tech Redneck"
Released
November 1994
Genre
Country
Length
3:38
Label
MCA Nashville
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Chesnut
Producer(s)
Brian Ahern
George Jones singles chronology
"Never Bit a Bullet Like This"
(1994) Never Bit a Bullet Like This1994 "Good Year for the Roses"
(1994) Good Year for the Roses1994 "One"
(1995) One1995
Alan Jackson singles chronology
"Livin' on Love"
(1994) Livin' on Love1994 "Good Year for the Roses"
(1994) Good Year for the Roses1994 "Gone Country"
(1994) Gone Country1994
"A Good Year for the Roses"
Single by George Jones
Released
1970
Genre
Country
Length
3:12
Label
Musicor
Songwriter(s)
Jerry Chestnut
Producer(s)
Pappy Daily
George Jones singles chronology
"Tell Me My Lying Eyes Are Wrong"
(1970) "A Good Year for the Roses"
(1970) "Sometimes You Just Can't Win"
(1971)
"Tell Me My Lying Eyes Are Wrong"
(1970) "A Good Year for the Roses"
(1970) "Sometimes You Just Can't Win"
(1971)
"A Good Year for the Roses" is a ballad written by Jerry Chesnut and originally recorded by American country singer George Jones. It rose to #2 on the country singles chart in 1970.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Other recordings
3 Chart performance
3.1 George Jones version
3.2 Elvis Costello version
3.3 George Jones and Alan Jackson version
4 References
Background[edit]
"A Good Year for the Roses" describes the thoughts of a man as his wife is preparing to leave him, and is as good an example as any of Jones' ability to deliver an intensely moving vocal, in this case one that conveys both the sadness and profound bitterness that comes with a broken marriage. Although recorded while George was with Musicor, the production is typical of the sound Billy Sherrill would employ when Jones moved to Epic Records the following year. Although supported by a choir of background singers and strings on the chorus, Jones' stunning clenched-teeth vocal is the centerpiece throughout, with Chris Woodstra of AllMusic calling it "one of his all-time greatest performances." The lyric, infused by Jones' nuanced delivery, captures the disillusion of the narrator:
Jones recorded two versions of the song; the second can be heard on the A Good Year for the Roses: The Complete Musicor Recordings 1965-1971. Jones also cut the song with Alan Jackson as a duet in 1994 for the Bradley Barn Sessions, but was disappointed with its reception by country radio, noting in his autobiography, "Alan was white-hot on the radio, and programmers wanted his voice. But some didn't want his if they had to take mine. The vast majority of Alan's other single records have gone to number one. His duet with me was his first not to crack the top 50."[1] It actually peaked at number 57. In June 1995, the song won the Music City News Country Awards "Vocal Collaboration of the Year."
Other recordings[edit]
Elvis Costello scored a No. 6 hit in the UK Singles Chart with the song in 1981.[2] Berlin-based band Dangerpony with Laura Bruce and Laurent Lavolé made a cover of the song in 2013. Wizex recorded the song in 1982 on the album Nattfjäril, with Kikki Danielsson on lead vocals.[3] Stefan Sundström wrote lyrics in Swedish as Fläder, and the song was recorded as Apache on the album Babyland in 1997. Mona Haledy wrote other lyrics in Swedish Ännu blommor våra rosor, recorded by among others Stefan Borsch 1982 on the album En liten fågel, and by Lasse Stefanz on the 2010 album Texas.[4] In 2016, Michael Daves released both an acoustic and an electric version of the song on his Orchids and Violence album.
Chart performance[edit]
George Jones version[edit]
Chart (1970–1971)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[5] 4
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[6] 12
US Hot Country Singles (Billboard) 2
Elvis Costello version[edit]
Chart (1981–1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[7] 34
Belgium (Flanders)[8] 25
Netherlands[9] 11
UK Singles Chart[2] 6
George Jones and Alan Jackson version[edit]
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)[10] 65
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[11] 56
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jones, George; Carter, Tom 1995, pp. 330.
^ Jump up to: a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Nattfjäril | Svensk mediedatabas". Smdb.kb.sde. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Texas | Svensk mediedatabas". Smdb.kb.sde. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 3738." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. January 16, 1971. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2005). Joel Whitburn's Top Country Songs 1944 to 2005. Record Research. p. 195.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). Sydney: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Elvis Costello - Good Year For The Roses". Ultratop.be. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Elvis Costello - Good Year For The Roses". Dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 2692." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 19, 1994. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "George Jones Chart History (Hot Country Songs)" Billboard.
[show]
v
t
e
George Jones songs
Singles
"No Money in This Deal"
"Why Baby Why"
"Achin', Breakin' Heart"
"Seasons of My Heart"
"Too Much Water"
"Just One More"
"Don't Stop the Music"
"Color of the Blues"
"White Lightning"
"Window Up Above"
"Tender Years"
"She Thinks I Still Care"
"I'll Share My World with You
"The Race Is On"
"Love Bug"
"Walk Through This World with Me"
"If My Heart Had Windows"
"Good Year for the Roses"
"Loving You Could Never Be Better"
"A Picture of Me (Without You)"
"The Grand Tour"
"The Door"
"He Stopped Loving Her Today"
"I'm Not Ready Yet"
"If Drinkin' Don't Kill Me (Her Memory Will)"
"Still Doin' Time"
"Same Ole Me"
"Shine On (Shine All Your Sweet Love on Me)"
"I Always Get Lucky with You"
"Tennessee Whiskey"
"You've Still Got a Place in My Heart"
"She's My Rock"
"Hallelujah, I Love You So"
"Who's Gonna Fill Their Shoes"
"The One I Loved Back Then (The Corvette Song)"
"Somebody Wants Me Out of the Way"
"Wine Colored Roses"
"The Right Left Hand"
"I Turn to You"
"The Bird"
"I'm a One Woman Man"
"I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair"
"Choices"
"Funny How Time Slips Away"
Collaborative singles
"We Must Have Been Out of Our Minds" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"Let's Invite Them Over" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"What's in Our Heart" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"Blue Moon of Kentucky" (w/ Melba Montgomery)
"We're Gonna Hold On" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Golden Ring" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Near You" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"Maybellene" (w/ Johnny Paycheck)
"Two Story House" (w/ Tammy Wynette)
"You Better Move On" (w/ Johnny Paycheck)
"Yesterday's Wine" (w/ Merle Haggard)
"C.C. Waterback" (w/ Merle Haggard)
Guest singles
"A Few Ole Country Boys" (w/ Randy Travis)
"You Don't Seem to Miss Me" (w/ Patty Loveless)
"A Country Boy Can Survive (Y2K version)" (w/ Chad Brock and Hank Williams, Jr.)
"Murder on Music Row" (w/ Dierks Bentley)
Related articles
Albums discography
Singles discography
Discography with Tammy Wynette
Awards
[show]
v
t
e
Alan Jackson singles
Here in the Real World
"Blue Blooded Woman"
"Here in the Real World"
"Wanted"
"Chasin' That Neon Rainbow"
"I'd Love You All Over Again"
Don't Rock the Jukebox
"Don't Rock the Jukebox"
"Someday"
"Dallas"
"Midnight in Montgomery"
"Love's Got a Hold on You"
A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love)
"She's Got the Rhythm (And I Got the Blues)"
"Tonight I Climbed the Wall"
"Chattahoochee"
"Mercury Blues"
"(Who Says) You Can't Have It All"
Who I Am
"Summertime Blues"
"Livin' on Love"
"Gone Country"
"Song for the Life"
"I Don't Even Know Your Name"
The Greatest Hits Collection
"Tall, Tall Trees"
"I'll Try"
"Home"
Everything I Love
"Little Bitty"
"Everything I Love"
"Who's Cheatin' Who"
"There Goes"
"Between the Devil and Me"
"A House with No Curtains"
High Mileage
"I'll Go On Loving You"
"Right on the Money"
"Gone Crazy"
"Little Man"
Under the Influence
"Pop a Top"
"The Blues Man"
"It Must Be Love"
When Somebody Loves You
"www.memory"
"When Somebody Loves You"
"Where I Come From"
"It's Alright to Be a Redneck"
Drive
"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)"
"Drive (For Daddy Gene)"
"Work in Progress"
"That'd Be Alright"
Greatest Hits Volume II
"It's Five O'Clock Somewhere" (w/ Jimmy Buffett)
"Remember When"
What I Do
"Too Much of a Good Thing"
"Monday Morning Church"
"The Talkin' Song Repair Blues"
"USA Today"
Like Red on a Rose
"Like Red on a Rose"
"A Woman's Love"
Good Time
"Small Town Southern Man"
"Good Time"
"Country Boy"
"Sissy's Song"
"I Still Like Bologna"
Freight Train
"It's Just That Way"
"Hard Hat and a Hammer"
34 Number Ones
"Ring of Fire"
Thirty Miles West
"Long Way to Go"
"So You Don't Have to Love Me Anymore"
"You Go Your Way"
Angels and Alcohol
"Jim and Jack and Hank"
"The One You're Waiting On"
Other songs
"Tequila Sunrise"
"Good Year for the Roses" (w/ George Jones)
"Redneck Games" (w/ Jeff Foxworthy)
"Margaritaville" (w/ Jimmy Buffett)
"Murder on Music Row" (w/ George Strait)
"Designated Drinker" (w/ George Strait)
"Hey, Good Lookin'" (w/ Jimmy Buffett, Clint Black, Kenny Chesney, Toby Keith and George Strait)
"You Ain't Just Whistlin' Dixie" (w/ The Bellamy Brothers)
"Barefootin'" (w/ Jimmy Buffett)
"As She's Walking Away" (w/ Zac Brown Band)
"A Million Ways to Die"
See also
Singles discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Year_for_the_Roses&oldid=806050449"
Categories:
1970 songs
1970 singles
1981 singles
1994 singles
George Jones songs
Alan Jackson songs
Musicor Records singles
MCA Nashville Records singles
Song recordings produced by Brian Ahern (producer)
Songs written by Jerry Chesnut
Vocal duets
Hidden categories:
Articles with hAudio microformats
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Singlechart usages for Canadacountry
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Optic nerve
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Optic Nerve.
Optic Nerve
The left optic nerve and the optic tracts.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
nervus opticus
MeSH
A08.800.800.120.680
TA
A14.2.01.006
A15.2.04.024
FMA
50863
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Cranial nerves
CN 0 – Terminal
CN I – Olfactory
CN II – Optic
CN III – Oculomotor
CN IV – Trochlear
CN V – Trigeminal
CN VI – Abducens
CN VII – Facial
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal
CN X – Vagus
CN XI – Accessory
CN XII – Hypoglossal
Overview
Table
v
t
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The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, is a paired nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
3.1 Disease
4 Regeneration
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The optic nerve is the second of twelve paired cranial nerves and is technically part of the central nervous system, rather than the peripheral nervous system because it is derived from an out-pouching of the diencephalon (optic stalks) during embryonic development. As a consequence, the fibers of the optic nerve are covered with myelin produced by oligodendrocytes, rather than Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system, and are encased within the meninges. Peripheral neuropathies like Guillain–Barré syndrome do not affect the optic nerve. However, most typically the optic nerve is grouped with the other eleven cranial nerves and considered to be part of the peripheral nervous system.
Dissection of Optic Nerve from above showing parts. Courtesy Dr. John B. Selhorst
The optic nerve is ensheathed in all three meningeal layers (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater) rather than the epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium found in peripheral nerves. Fiber tracts of the mammalian central nervous system (as opposed to the peripheral nervous system) are incapable of regeneration, and, hence, optic nerve damage produces irreversible blindness. The fibres from the retina run along the optic nerve to nine primary visual nuclei in the brain, from which a major relay inputs into the primary visual cortex.
A fundus photograph showing the back of the retina. The white circle is the beginning of the optical nerve.
The optic nerve is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells. Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers,[3] which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors.
The optic nerve leaves the orbit (eye socket) via the optic canal, running postero-medially towards the optic chiasm, where there is a partial decussation (crossing) of fibres from the temporal visual fields (the nasal hemi-retina) of both eyes. The proportion of decussating fibers varies between species, and is correlated with the degree of binocular vision enjoyed by a species.[4] Most of the axons of the optic nerve terminate in the lateral geniculate nucleus from where information is relayed to the visual cortex, while other axons terminate in the pretectal nucleus and are involved in reflexive eye movements. Other axons terminate in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Its diameter increases from about 1.6 mm within the eye to 3.5 mm in the orbit to 4.5 mm within the cranial space. The optic nerve component lengths are 1 mm in the globe, 24 mm in the orbit, 9 mm in the optic canal, and 16 mm in the cranial space before joining the optic chiasm. There, partial decussation occurs, and about 53% of the fibers cross to form the optic tracts. Most of these fibres terminate in the lateral geniculate body.[1]
Based on this anatomy, the optic nerve may be divided in the four parts as indicated in the image at the top of this section (this view is from above as if you were looking into the orbit after the top of the skull had been removed): 1. the optic head (which is where it begins in the eyeball (globe) with fibers from the retina; 2. orbital part (which is the part within the orbit). 3. intracanicular part (which is the part within a bony canal known as the optic canal); and, 4. cranial part (the part within the cranial cavity, which ends at the optic chiasm).[2]
From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more specific terms, fibers carrying information from the contralateral superior visual field traverse Meyer's loop to terminate in the lingual gyrus below the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe, and fibers carrying information from the contralateral inferior visual field terminate more superiorly, to the cuneus[citation needed].
Function[edit]
The optic nerve transmits all visual information including brightness perception, color perception and contrast (visual acuity). It also conducts the visual impulses that are responsible for two important neurological reflexes: the light reflex and the accommodation reflex. The light reflex refers to the constriction of both pupils that occurs when light is shone into either eye; the accommodation reflex refers to the swelling of the lens of eye that occurs when one looks at a near object as in reading (lens adjusts to near vision).[1]
The eye's blind spot is a result of the absence of photoreceptors in the area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.[1]
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
Main article: List of eye diseases and disorders
Damage to the optic nerve typically causes permanent and potentially severe loss of vision, as well as an abnormal pupillary reflex, which is diagnostically important. The type of visual field loss will depend on which portions of the optic nerve were damaged. In general:
Damage to the optic nerve anterior to the optic chiasm causes loss of vision in the eye on the same side as the damage.
Damage at the optic chiasm typically causes loss of vision laterally in both visual fields (bitemporal hemianopsia). It may occur with large pituitary tumors pituitary adenoma. (see image on right of Paris seen with bitemporal hemianopsia)
Paris views showing vision with loss of both temporal visual fields
Damage to the optic tract, which is behind (posterior) to the chiasm, causes loss of the entire visual field from the side opposite the damage (so if the left optic tract is cut, there is a loss of vision from the entire right visual field).
Injury to the optic nerve can be the result of congenital or inheritable problems like Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy, glaucoma, trauma, toxicity, inflammation, ischemia, infection (very rarely), or compression from tumors or aneurysms. By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma, optic neuritis (especially in those younger than 50 years of age), and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (usually in those older than 50).
Glaucoma is a group of diseases involving loss of retinal ganglion cells causing optic neuropathy in a pattern of peripheral vision loss, initially sparing central vision. Glaucoma is associated with increased intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve as it exits the eyeball. Although glaucoma does eventually damage the optic nerve, it is primarily a disease of eye not of the nerve.
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being multiple sclerosis. The patient will likely experience varying vision loss and eye pain. The condition tends to be episodic.
Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head. There is usually a sudden loss of blood supply and nutrients to the optic nerve head (where the nerve exits the eyeball). Vision loss is typically sudden and most commonly occurs upon waking up in the morning. This condition is most common in diabetic patients 40–70 years old.
Optic nerve hypoplasia is the underdevelopment of the optic nerve resulting in little to no vision in the affected eye.
Tumors, especially those of the pituitary gland, can put pressure on the optic nerve causing various forms of visual loss. Similarly, cerebral aneurysms (swelling of blood vessels) can also affect the nerve.
Trauma can cause serious injury to the nerve. Direct optic nerve injury can occur from a penetrating injury to the orbit, but the nerve can also be injured by indirect trauma in which severe head impact or movement stretches or even tears the nerve [1]
Ophthalmologists and optometrists can detect and diagnose some optic nerve diseases but neuro-ophthalmologists are often best suited to diagnose and treat diseases of the optic nerve.
The International Foundation for Optic Nerve Diseases (IFOND) sponsors research and provides information on a variety of optic nerve disorders.
Regeneration[edit]
Similar to other CNS tracts, the optic has very limited regenerative potential after injury. However, some new techniques are being developed to increase this potential.[5]
Additional images[edit]
MRI scan of human eye showing optic nerve.
The ophthalmic artery and its branches. (optic nerve is yellow)
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts.
Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.
Nerves of the orbit, and the ciliary ganglion. Side view.
The terminal portion of the optic nerve and its entrance into the eyeball, in horizontal section.
Structures of the eye labeled
This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye
Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
Optic nerve.Deep dissection.Inferior view.
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Human brain dura mater (reflections)
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Optic nerve
Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep dissection
Cerebral peduncle, optic chasm, cerebral aqueduct. Inferior view. Deep dissection.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Optic nerve.
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Cranial nerve
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top". Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1118492017.
^ Jump up to: a b Selhorst, JB; Chen, Y (2009). "The Optic Nerve". Seminars in Neurology. 29: 29–35.
Jump up ^ Jonas, Jost B.; et al. (May 1992). "Human optic nerve fiber count and optic disc size". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 33 (6).
Jump up ^ Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, 4th Edition. Dyce, Sack and Wensing
Jump up ^ "Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegenerative Research Group". www.ucl.ac.uk.
External links[edit]
The optic nerve on MRI
Stained brain slice images which include the "optic%20nerve" at the BrainMaps project
IFOND
online case history – Optic nerve analysis with both scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDx VCC) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (HRT II - Heidelberg Retina Tomograph). Also includes actual fundus photos.
Animations of extraocular cranial nerve and muscle function and damage (University of Liverpool)
lesson3 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (orbit4)
cranialnerves at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (II)
Notes on Optic Nerve
[show]
v
t
e
The cranial nerves
terminal
Nuclei
Septal nuclei
Course
no significant branches
olfactory
Nuclei
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Course
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
optic
Nuclei
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Course
optic chiasm
optic tract
oculomotor
Nuclei
Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Branches
superior
parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion/ciliary ganglion
inferior
trochlear
Nucleus
Branches
no significant branches
trigeminal
Nuclei
PSN
Spinal trigeminal nucleus
MN
TMN
Course
trigeminal ganglion
Branches
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
abducens
Nucleus
Branches
no significant branches
facial
near origin
intermediate nerve
geniculate
inside
facial canal
greater petrosal
pterygopalatine ganglion
nerve to the stapedius
chorda tympani
lingual nerve
submandibular ganglion
at stylomastoid
foramen
posterior auricular
suprahyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
parotid plexus
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
Nuclei
Facial motor nucleus
Solitary nucleus
Superior salivary nucleus
vestibulocochlear
Nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Cochlear nuclei
cochlear nerve
striae medullares
lateral lemniscus
vestibular
Scarpa's ganglion
glossopharyngeal
before jugular fossa
ganglia
superior
inferior
after jugular fossa
tympanic
tympanic plexus
lesser petrosal
otic ganglion
stylopharyngeal branch
pharyngeal branches
tonsillar branches
lingual branches
carotid sinus
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Solitary nucleus
vagus
before jugular fossa
ganglia
superior
inferior
after jugular fossa
meningeal branch
auricular branch
neck
pharyngeal branch
pharyngeal plexus
superior laryngeal
external
internal
recurrent laryngeal (inferior)
superior cervical cardiac
thorax
inferior cardiac
pulmonary
vagal trunks
anterior
posterior
abdomen
celiac
renal
hepatic
anterior gastric
posterior gastric
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Solitary nucleus
accessory
Nuclei
Nucleus ambiguus
Spinal accessory nucleus
cranial
spinal
hypoglossal
Nucleus
Branches
lingual
[show]
v
t
e
Optical illusions
List of optical illusions
Afterimage
Barberpole
Bezold
Blivet
Café wall
Cornsweet
Delboeuf
Ebbinghaus
Ehrenstein
Flash lag
Fraser spiral
Grid
Hering
Jastrow
Mach
McCollough
Müller-Lyer
Necker
Orbison
Penrose
stairs
triangle
Peripheral drift
Poggendorff
Ponzo
Rubin
Sander
Schroeder
Ternus
Vertical–horizontal
White's
Wundt
Zöllner
Related
Auditory
Tactile
Temporal
Op art
Ascending and Descending
Waterfall
Authority control
GND: 4205981-1
NDL: 00571252
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optic_nerve&oldid=804841103"
Categories:
Optic nerve
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text:
List of Dutch noble families
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dutch nobility is regulated by act of law in the Wet op de adeldom (Law Regarding Nobility, passed into law on May 10, 1994) and is overseen by the Hoge Raad van Adel (nl) (High Council of Nobility), an official state institution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Before 1814, the history of nobility was separate for each of the Dutch provinces. In the Early Middle Ages, there were, in each province, a number of feudal lords who often were just as powerful, and sometimes more so, than the rulers themselves. In old times, no title other than knight existed.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, quarrels between the feudal lords reduced many families and castles to ruins, contributing to the Dukes of Burgundys' acquisition by conquest or inheritance of many of the provinces forming the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
In 1581, representatives of the Seven Provinces abjured Philip II of Spain, heir of the Dukes of Burgundy. This left a great part of the executive and legislative power to the Ridderschap (knight) of each province, which consisted of the representatives of those families of the old feudal nobility.
In 1795, the Batavian Revolution did away with their power, and it was not before 1813, when William I became King of the Netherlands, that they were again given power in another form. Still, by the time of the constitution of 1848, they had no influence in government affairs.
In 1813, if no higher title was recognised, the men only were to bear the hereditary predicate of Jonkheer. Some old feudal families obtained the title of Baron or Baroness for all their descendants.
Older nobility, having been granted their titles by either the Holy Roman Emperors or French Kings long before 1813, held their pre-existent titles, which were confirmed in the new Kingdom of the Netherlands (such as the families Bentinck, Limburg Stirum and Van Rechteren). In some of these families it is more usual that only the oldest male descendant bears the family title while other descendants bear the predicate of Jonkheer (m) or Jonkvrouw (f).
Contents
[hide]
1 Princes
2 Dukes
3 Marquises
4 Counts
5 Viscounts
6 Barons
7 Hereditary knights
8 Jonkheer
9 See also
10 References
11 Sources
12 External links
Princes[edit]
Van Oranje-Nassau; members of the royal house are Prince of the Netherlands and/or Prince of Orange-Nassau
De Bourbon de Parme,
De Riquet de Caraman; the head of the family is the Prince of Chimay
Wellesley; the Duke of Wellington is the Prince of Waterloo
Dukes[edit]
The title Duke/Duchess (Hertog in Dutch) is no longer in existence in noble families of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
Marquises[edit]
Le Poer Trench; the Earl of Clancarty is the Marquis of Heusden,
D'Auxy
Van Hoensbroeck (this family left the Netherlands in the 19th century. Known in Germany as Graf von und zu Hoensbroech, the head of this family bears the titles of Marquis and Count von und zu Hoensbroech)
Counts[edit]
D'Auxy
Bentinck van Aldenburg
De Borchgrave d'Altena
Van den Bosch
Van Bylandt
Dumonceau
Van der Duyn
Festetics de Tolna
De Ficquelmont / De Ficquelmont de Vijle
De Geloes
Van der Goltz
Van Heerdt
Van Heiden
De Hochepied
Van Hoensbroeck
Van Hogendorp
Van Limburg Stirum
Van Lynden
De Marchant et d'Ansembourg
Van Montfort
De Norman et d'Audenhove
Von Oberndorff
Van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg; members of this family are Count of Oranje-Nassau as well Jonkheer van Amsberg
De Perponcher Sedlnitsky
Von Quadt
Van Randwijck
Von Ranzow
Van Rechteren / Van Rechteren Limpurg
van Renesse (extinct since 1855)
De Riquet de Caraman
Schimmelpenninck
Zu Stolberg-Stolberg
Van Wassenaer
Wolff Metternich
Van Zuylen van Nijevelt
Viscounts[edit]
De Preud'homme d'Hailly de Nieuport (nl) (Viscount of Nieuport)
Du Bus
Roest van Alkemade
Barons[edit]
Coat of arms van den Boetzelaer
Coat of arms Taets van Amerongen
d'Ablaing van Giessenburg (extinct in the Netherlands)
Van Aerssen Beijeren van Voshol
Van Asbeck
Berghmans
d'Aulnis de Bourouill
Baud
Bentinck
Van Boetzelaer / Van Boetzelaer van Dubbeldam
Van der Borch tot Verwolde
De Haan
Brantsen
Van Breugel
Calkoen
Van der Capellen
Van Coeverden
Collot d'Escury
De Constant Rebecque
Creutz
Van Dedem
Dibbets
Van Doorn
Van Dorth tot Medler
Du Bus (extinct since 1976)
Van Eck
Van der Feltz (Barons of Larochette in Luxembourg)
Van Geen
De Geer
Gericke
Gevers
De Girard de Mielet van Coehoorn
Groeninx van Zoelen
Van Haersolte
Van Haersolte van Haerst
Van Hangest d'Yvoy
Van Hardenbroek
Van Harinxma thoe Slooten
Van Heeckeren
Van Heemstra
Van Heerdt
Van Hemert tot Dingshof
De Heusch
Van der Heyden
Van der Heyden van Doornenburg
Van Hogendorp
Van Hövell / Van Hövell tot Westerflier / Van Hövell van Wezeveld en Westerflier
Huyssen van Kattendijke
Van Imhoff
Van Isselmuden
Van Ittersum
De Keverberg (extinct since 1928)
Van Knobelsdorff
De Kock
Krayenhoff
Lampsins
Van Lamsweerde
Van Lawick
Van Pabst
Lewe van Aduard
De Loë (Barons of Terworm near Heerlen)
Van Lynden
Mackay of Ophemert and Zennewijnen (see Lord Reay, Baronet of Strathnaver, and Chief of Clan Mackay)
Melvill van Carnbee
Michiels
Mollerus
Van Montfort
Van Nagell
Nahuys
Van Oldeneel tot Oldenzeel
D'Olne (extinct since ca. 1890)
Van Pallandt
Prisse
Van Raders
Van Randwijck
Van Reede
Rengers, van Welderen
Van Rijckevorsel van Kessel
Röell
Sandberg
Sandberg noble family coat of arms
Schimmelpenninck van der Oije
Thoe Schwartzenberg en Hohenlansberg
Sirtema van Grovestins
Six
Van Slingelandt
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh / Sloet tot Everlo / Sloet tot Lindenhorst
De Smeth
Snouckaert van Schauburg
Speyart van Woerden
Steengracht
Stratenus
Van der Stroom
Sweerts de Landas
Van Sytzama
Taets van Amerongen / Taets van Amerongen van Renswoude
Van Till
Van Tuyll van Serooskerken
Van Verschuer
Van Voorst tot Voorst
De Vos van Steenwijk
Van Vredenburch
Van Wassenaer / Van Wassenaer van Catwijck
De Weichs de Wenne
Van Welderen Rengers
De Wijkerslooth de Weerdesteijn
Van Wijnbergen
Wilbrenninck
Wittert
Van Zuylen van Nijevelt
Hereditary knights[edit]
Alewijn
De Haan
De Behr (extinct 1954)
De Bye (also: Van der Does de Bye)
Van Citters
Van Cleef
Von Devivere
Du Bus (extinct 1976)
Van der Heim (extinct 1898)
Huyssen van Kattendijke
Van Lockhorst (extinct 1921)
De Maurissens
Pauw
De Plevits
Van Rappard (nl)
Van der Renne (extinct 1964)
Van Rosenthal
De van der Schueren
De Stuers
De Thier
Van Westreenen van Tiellandt (extinct 1848)
Jonkheer[edit]
Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw
Van Aefferden
Alberda van Ekenstein
Van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg; members of this family are Count of Oranje-Nassau as well Jonkheer van Amsberg
Van Andringa de Kempenaer
Van Asch van Wijck
Van Baerdt van Sminia
Von Balluseck
Barnaart
Barnaart van Bergen
De Beaufort
Van Beek en Donk
Beelaerts van Blokland
Van Beijma
Van Beijma thoe Kingma
Van Benthem van den Bergh / Van den Berch van Heemstede
Van Beresteyn
Van den Bergh
Backer
De Beaufort / Godin de Beaufort
Den Beer Poortugael
Bicker
De Blocq van Scheltinga
Bloys van Treslong
Boddaert
Boogaert / Van Adrichem Boogaert
Boreel
Van den Bosch
Bosch van Drakestein
De Bosch Kemper
Von Bose
Bowier
nl:Van den Brandeler
De Brauw
Von Chrismar
Calkoen
Van Citters
Clifford Kocq van Breugel
Dedel
Van der Does
Van der Does de Willebois
Van Doorn
Elias
Van Eys
Van Eysinga
Feith
Flugi van Aspermont
Van Foreest
Van Geen
De Geer / De Geer van Jutphaas / De Geer van Oudegein / Van Lintelo de Geer
Von Geusau / Alting van Geusau / Valckenier von Geusau
Gevaerts / Gevaerts van Nuland
Gevers / Gevers Deynoot / Gevers van Endegeest / Gevers Leuven
Von Ghyczy
De Girard de Mielet van Coehoorn
Van der Goes / Van der Goes van Naters/van der Goes van Gendt[1]
Goldman
Graafland / Hooft Graafland / Hooft Graafland van Schotervlieland
De Graeff
Graswinckel
Greven
Groeninx van Zoelen
Van Grotenhuis van Onstein
Gülcher (noble branch extinct)
Van Haeften
Van Haersma de With
Van Heemskerck van Beest
Hesselt van Dinter
Van Heurn
Van der Hoeven
Van Holthe / Van Holthe tot Echten
Hooft
Hooft van Woudenberg
Van Humalda van Eysinga
Huydecoper / Huydecoper van Nigtevecht
Van Iddekinge
Jankovich de Jeszenice
De Jong van Beek en Donk
De Jonge / De Jonge van Campens Nieuwland / De Jonge van Ellemeet / De Jonge van Zwijnsbergen
Just de la Paisières
Van Karnebeek
Kenessey de Kenese
Van Kinschot
De Kock
Kreutzwendedich von dem Borne
De Kuyper
De la Court
De Lange
Van Lawick van Pabst van Nijevelt
Leijssius
Van Lennep
Van Lidth de Jeude / Van Lidth de Jeude van de Souburgen
Van Loon
Loudon
Lycklama à Nijeholt
Van der Maessen de Sombreff
De Marees van Swinderen
Martens van Sevenhoven
Martini Buys
Van der Meer de Walcheren
Merkes van Gendt
Meyer
Michiels van Kessenich
Van der Mieden / Van der Mieden van Opmeer
Mock
Mollerus
Von Mühlen
De Muralt
Nahuys
Van Nispen tot Pannerden /Van Nispen tot Sevenaer
Op ten Noort
Van Panhuys
De Pesters
Ploos van Amstel
Van de Poll
Pompe van Meerdervoort
Prins van Westdorpe
Prisse
Quarles van Ufford
Quintus
Van Raab van Canstein
De Ranitz
Reigersman
Rengers Hora Siccama
Repelaer / Repelaer van Driel
Rethaan Macaré
Reuchlin
Van Riemsdijk
Van Rijckevorsel
Röell
De Rotte
De Roy van Zuidewijn
Rutgers van Rozenburg
Sandberg / Sandberg van Boelens / Sandberg tot Essenburg
Van Santen
Van Sasse van Ysselt
De Savornin Lohman
Schimmelpenninck
Von Schmidt auf Altenstadt
Schorer
De Serière
Serraris
Sicking(h)e
Six
Six van Hillegom
Van Sminia
Smissaert
Smits van Oyen
Snoeck
Snouck Hurgronje
Speelman
Spengler
Van Spengler
Stoop / Stoop van Goudswaard
Storm van 's-Gravesande
Stratenus
Strick van Linschoten
Van Suchtelen / Van Suchtelen van de Haare
Tassel
Teding van Berkhout
Testa
Van Tets
Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer
Des Tombe
Trip / Laman Trip / Van Vierssen Trip
Tulleken
Vegelin van Claerbergen
Verheyen
Versélewel de Witt Hamer
De Villeneuve
Van Vliet
Van Vredenburch
Van Weede / Van Weede van Dijkveld
Wesselman van Helmond
Wichers / Van Buttingha Wichers
De Wijkerslooth de Weerdesteijn
Wittert van Hoogland
Wladimiroff
Van der Wyck
Van Zuylen
See also[edit]
Patricianship in the Netherlands
Regenten
Nederland's Patriciaat
List of Dutch patrician families
Dutch Nobility (in Dutch)
Published Official List of Dutch Nobles (in Dutch)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 1892 document from Her Majesty Willemina to my great grandfather Lodewijk Frederik Antoon van der Goes conferring this honour
Sources[edit]
Melville de Massue, Marquis de Ruvigny, The Nobilities of Europe, Adamant Media Corporation, 2000
External links[edit]
List of all noble families in the Netherlands from 1814 till present (in Dutch)
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text:
List of state and union territory capitals in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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States and union
territories of India
ordered by
Area
Population
Abbreviations
Capitals
Child Nutrition
Crime rate
Electricity penetration
Fertility rate
Forest cover
GDP (per capita)
Highest point
HIV awareness
HDI
Home ownership
Household size
Human Trafficking
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Literacy rate
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Number of Vehicles
Number of voters
Obesity
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Safe Drinking Water
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v
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India is a country located in southern Asia. With over 1.3 billion people, India is the most populous democracy in the world. It is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system consisting of 29 states and 7 union territories.[1] All states, as well as the union territories of Puducherry and the National Capital Territory of Delhi, have elected legislatures and governments, both patterned on the Westminster model. The remaining five union territories are directly ruled by the centre through appointed administrators. In 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act, states were reorganised on a linguistic basis.[2] Since then, their structure has remained largely unchanged. Each state or union territory is further divided into administrative districts.
The state and union territory capitals are sorted according to no legislative and judicial capitals. The administrative capital is where the executive government offices are located, the legislative capital is where the state assembly convenes, and the judicial capital is the location of the state or territorial High Courts. Union territories are marked with a dagger ( ).
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 Explanatory notes
3 Citations
4 References
5 External links
List[edit]
No.
State or
union territory
Administrative capitals
Legislative capitals
Judiciary capitals
Year capital was established
The Former capital
1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Port Blair Port Blair Kolkata 1955 Calcutta (1945–1955)
2
Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad (de jure to 2024)
Amaravati (de facto from 2017)[3] [4] [a] Amaravati [3] Hyderabad 1956
2017 Kurnool (1953-1956)
3
Arunachal Pradesh
Itanagar Itanagar Guwahati 1986
4
Assam
Dispur Guwahati Guwahati 1975 Shillong[b] (1874–1952)
5
Bihar
Patna Patna Patna 1912
6
Chandigarh
Chandigarh[c] — Chandigarh 1966 —
7
Chhattisgarh
Naya Raipur[d] Raipur Bilaspur 2000 —
8
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Silvassa — Mumbai 1945 Mumbai (1954–1961)
Panaji (1961–1987)
9
Daman and Diu
Daman — Mumbai 1987 Ahmedabad (1961–1963)
Panaji (1963–1987)
10
National Capital Territory of Delhi
New Delhi New Delhi New Delhi 1931 —
11
Goa
Panaji[e] Porvorim Mumbai 1961 Panaji (1961–1987)
12
Gujarat
Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1960 Ahmedabad (1960–1970)
13
Haryana
Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966 —
14
Himachal Pradesh
Shimla
Dharamshala (W/2nd)[8]
Shimla (Summer)
Dharamsala(Winter)
Shimla 1971
2017
Bilaspur (1950–1956)
15
Jammu and Kashmir
Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter) 1947 —
16
Jharkhand
Ranchi Ranchi Ranchi 2000
17
Karnataka
Bengaluru Bengaluru Bengaluru 1940 (Mysore)
18
Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1956
19
Lakshadweep
Kavaratti Kavaratti Kochi 1956
20
Madhya Pradesh
Bhopal Bhopal Jabalpur 1956 Nagpur[f] (1861–1956)
21
Maharashtra
Mumbai[g]
Nagpur (W/2nd)[h] Mumbai (S+B)
Nagpur (W)[i] Mumbai 1818
1960 —
22
Manipur
Imphal Imphal Imphal 1947 —
23
Meghalaya
Shillong Shillong Shillong 1970 —
24
Mizoram
Aizawl Aizawl Guwahati 1972 —
25
Nagaland
Kohima Kohima Guwahati 1963 —
26
Odisha
Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Cuttack 1948 Cuttack (1936–1948)
27
Puducherry
Puducherry Puducherry Chennai 1954 Madras (1948–1954)
28
Punjab
Chandigarh Chandigarh Chandigarh 1966
29
Rajasthan
Jaipur Jaipur Jodhpur 1950 —
30
Sikkim
Gangtok[j] Gangtok Gangtok 1890 —
31
Tamil Nadu
Chennai[k] Chennai Chennai 1956
32
Telangana
Hyderabad[l] Hyderabad Hyderabad 2014 —
33
Tripura
Agartala Agartala Agartala 1956 —
34
Uttar Pradesh
Lucknow Lucknow Allahabad 1938 —
35
Uttarakhand
Dehradun[m] Dehradun Nainital 2000 —
36
West Bengal
Kolkata Kolkata Kolkata 1947
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana, as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for up to ten years. The new capital of Andhra Pradesh is going to be Amaravati, decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shilong was the joint capital of Assam and Meghalaya until 1971.[5]
Jump up ^ Chandigarh is the capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana, and is a Union Territory, separate from the two states.[6]
Jump up ^ Raipur is the interim capital of Chhattisgarh. The town of Naya Raipur 17 km from Raipur is envisaged as the state's new capital.
Jump up ^ Panaji was the capital of Goa from 1843 when it was ruled by the Portuguese.[7]
Jump up ^ Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar which was a province from 1861 until 1950.[9] Central Province became the major constituent of Madhya Pradesh, after it was formed in 1950.[9] Nagpur remained the capital of the new state.[10] In 1956, Berar (Vidarbha) was separated from Madhya Pradesh, and merged with the Bombay State. Nagpur thus lost the status of a capital city. In 1960, under the Nagpur pact, Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra.[11]
Jump up ^ Mumbai / Bombay was the capital of Bombay Presidency which was a province until 1950. After that Bombay became the capital of Bombay State. Subsequently, Bombay State was split into Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960.
Jump up ^ In 1960, under the Nagpur pact, Nagpur became the second capital of Maharashtra.[11] Although an official notification to this effect was only given in 1988. The India yearbook of the government of India still does not mention Nagpur, being either the second or winter capital of Maharashtra.
Jump up ^ Under the Nagpur pact, one of the preconditions for Vidarbha joining the state of Maharastra was that, at least one of the legislative sessions every year should be held in Nagpur. The winter session is held in Nagpur.[12]
Jump up ^ Gangtok has been the capital of Sikkim since 1890. Sikkim joined the Indian Union in 1975.[13]
Jump up ^ Chennai (Madras) was the capital of the Madras Presidency since 1839, which was redrawn as Madras State in 1956. Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1968.
Jump up ^ After the formation of Telangana, as per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, both states will share Hyderabad as their common capital for ten years. The new Andhra Pradesh Capital City capital is going to be Amaravati, decided by the Andhra Pradesh government in April, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand. The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state's new capital.[14]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2004.
Jump up ^ Sharma 2007, p. 49.
^ Jump up to: a b "After 2200 Years, Amaravati Gets Back Power!". Gulte.com. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "AP Government Portal - Official Andhra Pradesh State Govt. Portal". Ap.gov.in. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Baruah 1999, p. xiii.
Jump up ^ Menon & Banerjea 2002, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Ring 1996, p. 288.
Jump up ^ "Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal | Hill Post". www.hillpost.in. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Boland-Crewe & Lea 2002, p. 155.
Jump up ^ Kumāra 1998, p. 136.
^ Jump up to: a b Kini 1974, pp. 34–35.
Jump up ^ Khandewale 1989, p. 21.
Jump up ^ Spate 1953, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Sati & Kumar 2004, pp. 9–10.
References[edit]
Baruah, Sanjib (1999). India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3491-6. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David, eds. (15 November 2002). The Territories and States of India. Europa. ISBN 978-1-85743-148-3. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
"Country Profile: India" (PDF), Library of Congress Country Studies (5th ed.), Library of Congress Federal Research Division, December 2004, retrieved 30 September 2011
Khandewale, Shrinivas Vishnu (1989). Industrial Area and Regional Resources: A Case Study of Nagpur Industrial Area. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-134-2. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Mathew, George (1995). Status of Panchayati Raj in the States of India, 1994. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-553-9. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Kini, N. G. S. (1974). The City Voter in India: A Study of 1967 General Elections in Nagpur. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-0-88386-524-8. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (1 January 1998). Small States Syndrome In India. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-691-8. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Kippen, James (2006). Gurudev's Drumming Legacy: Music, Theory, and Nationalism in the Mr̥daṅg Aur Tablā Vādanpaddhati of Gurudev Patwardhan. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-5424-7. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
Menon, N. R. Madhava; Banerjea, D. (2002). Criminal Justice India Series: Haryana, 2002. Allied Publishers in collaboration with National University of Juridical Sciences. ISBN 978-81-7764-518-7. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
"Post-Independence Era", History of Andhra Pradesh, Government of Andhra Pradesh, archived from the original on 20 December 2013, retrieved 4 August 2012
Ring, Trudy (1 January 1996). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-04-6. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Sati, Vishwambhar Prasad; Kumar, Kamlesh (2004). Uttaranchal: Dilemma Of Plenties And Scarcities. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-898-3. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
Sharma, B. K. (August 2007). Introduction to the Constitution of India (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-81-203-3246-1.
Spate, Oskar Hermann Khristian (1953). The Changing Map Of Asia A Political Geography. Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
External links[edit]
List of states in India
Legislative bodies in India
[hide]
v
t
e
State and Union Territory capitals of India
Agartala
Aizawl
Amaravati (de facto)
Bangalore
Bhopal
Bhubaneswar
Chandigarh
Chennai
Daman
Dehradun (interim)
New Delhi
Dispur
Gandhinagar
Gangtok
Hyderabad
Imphal
Itanagar
Jaipur
Jammu (in winter)
Kavaratti
Kohima
Kolkata
Lucknow
Mumbai
Panaji
Patna
Pondicherry
Port Blair
Raipur
Ranchi
Shillong
Shimla
Silvassa
Srinagar (in summer)
Thiruvananthapuram
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India&oldid=827911859"
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Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
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Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
Intertitle of Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
Genre
Teen Drama
Thriller
Romance
Mystery
Created by
Ekta Kapoor
Written by
Story
Sonali Jaffar
Screenplay
Athlea Kaushal
Dialogues
Ritu Bhatia
Directed by
Partho Mitra, Raminder Singh Suri, Ashish Shrivatav and Nitesh Singh
Creative director(s)
Prashant Bhatt, Chloe Ferns and Meet Kohli
Starring
Cast list
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of episodes
331[1]
Production
Producer(s)
Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor
Location(s)
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Cinematography
Mahesh Talkad
Editor(s)
Vikas Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Sandeep Bhatt and Rajiv Yadav
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
Balaji Telefilms
Release
Original network
STAR One
Picture format
720i (SDTV)
Original release
18 October 2010 – 15 December 2011
Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani (translation: This is a story of love) was an Indian supernatural television series produced by Ekta Kapoor that aired on STAR One from 18 October 2010 to 15 December 2011.
The show was earlier tentatively titled "Fanaa".[2] It was one of the more "ambitious" projects by producer Ekta Kapoor. The plot of the show was inspired by the Twilight vampire series[3] and The Vampire Diaries.[4] Vivian Dsena's portrayal of a vampire in the show helped establish his public notability.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot summary
2 Cast
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Plot summary[edit]
Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani is a story about the forbidden love between a vampire and a human. Abhay Raichand (Vivian Dsena), a 200-year-old vampire, falls in love with the orphan, Piyali Jaiswal, also known as Piya (Sukirti Kandpal), who resembles his first love Maithali (also played by Kandpal), a picture of whom he keeps in his wallet. Piya is the illegitimate daughter of Arnab Dobriyal (Anupam Bhattacharya) who abandoned Piya and her mother, Sugandh (Neeta Shetty), when Piya was a child. Piya has lived in an orphanage since Sugandh’s death, when she was 10.
After receiving a scholarship Piya moves to Dehradun to pursue her degree at Mount College. While at college, she meets her father, Arnab, her step-mother, Madhu (Papiya Dey Sengupta), her half sisters, Misha (Priya Wal) and Panchi (Vahbbiz Dorabjee), as well as Abhay, a handsome young man who not only saves her life again and again, but also stands by her when no one else would. She meets him in the chill of the dense forests surrounding the college, but Abhay's mysterious disposition raises questions in Piya's mind. Unlike the other boys at college, he is a recluse, yet despite this, there is a charm about him that draws Piya.
Puzzled by all the oddities she sees with Abhay’s behavior, Piya does research, and is shocked to see that the results all point toward vampires. Eventually Abhay admits his heritage to Piya. Torn, Piya decides to leave the college, however, realizing she is in love with Abhay, she returns. Siddharth (Siddhant Karnick), another vampire, returns to get revenge on Abhay, with whom he was rivals for Maithali. To save Piya from Siddharth, Abhay bites her. Afterward, Abhay admits his love for Piya. She feels a strong connection with him and yet gets the unmistakable feeling that Abhay decidedly does not want to get too close. However, in time the heart wins and, they are swept off their feet falling passionately in love with each other. But the closer they get, the more Abhay must struggle to resist his primal instincts.
Piya asks Siddharth about the Raichands, He tells her that he knows so much about them, He takes her to the burnt house where mathili died, there Piya meets Maithili. Siddharth kidnaps Piya, who learns that Siddharth is Abhay’s brother, and that he and Maithali (who Siddharth has turned into a vampire) are conspiring together against Abhay. In a fight, Abhay kills Siddharth, Maithali takes an ice slab and touches it to his heart and tells him to go and meet piya as he is going to freeze here and live as a ghost, after which Abhay wipes Piya’s memories. Abhay becomes buried under snow, frozen, as Piya’s parents come to take her home.
In the second season, a year has passed and Piya returns in Dehradun from Paris, where she has become a super model. Although she remembers nothing about her prior time at Dehradun, she feels drawn to the spot where Abhay lies frozen. She meets Jeh Khurana (Rithvik Dhanjani), a werewolf who is searching for Abhay to take revenge on him for killing his brother. Without knowing who he is, Piya saves Abhay from his icy abode. He is once again very rude to her, and she is conflicted about her feelings, feeling both repulsed and attracted to him at the same time. Meanwhile, she and Jeh become good friends.
Battles ensue between the vampires and the werewolves. During this time Piya regains her memory, and reunites with Abhay, but he fears for her safety, so they tell no one. Alina, Jeh’s sister, falls in love with Abhay, and he agrees to be with her, if only to protect Piya. Another battle occurs, during which Deepanita, Jeh’s mother, dies. Eventually, Abhay turns from a vampire to a human by using a magical potion and leaves Dehradun with Pia.
Three months later, Jeh kidnaps Piya, and Abhay returns to save her. A battle ensues, during which Jeh is killed by Arnab who has been turned into a vampire. Later Arnab turns into a human and the show ends with the marriage of Abhay and Piya.
Cast[edit]
Vivian Dsena[5] as Abhay Raichand, Piya's husband
Sukirti Kandpal as Piya Dobriyal/Raichand, Abhay's wife
Rithvik Dhanjani as Jay Khurana
Priya Wal as Misha Dobriyal
Kishwer Merchantt as Haseena Raichand
Naved Aslam as Chand Raichand
Vishal Gandhi as Kabir
Madhura Naik as Tanushree Ambolkar
Siddhant Karnick as Siddharth Raichand
Vahbbiz Dorabjee as Panchi Dobriyal
Suyyash Rai as Neil Khurana
Priya Chauhan as Alina Khurana
Neetha Shetty as Suganth Jaiswal
Karuna Verma as Dipanita Khurana
Tabrez Khan as Danish
Roshni Shetty as Ruhi
Aanshuman Singh Mahant as Angad
Papiya Dey Sengupta as Madhu Dobriyal
Anupam Bhattacharya as Arnab Dobriyal
Tanvi Thakkar as Maya
Gautam Gulati as Shauraya
Yash Gera as Shankar
Sanaya Irani as Khushi (from Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?)
Drashti Dhami as Geet (from Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi)
Gurmeet Choudhary as Mann (from Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi)
See also[edit]
List of vampire television series
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani on HotStar". Hotstar. Retrieved June 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fanaa to start in September?". Tellychakkar.com. July 29, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff (Nov 10, 2011). "Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani to end?". Times Internet. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "The changing face of vampires". The Deccan Herald. June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Surabhi Rawat. "Slideshow: TV's hot actor Vivian D'sena turns 27". Times Internet. pp. Slide 3. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
External links[edit]
Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani on IMDb
"Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani on Hotstar". Hotstar.
[show]
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Annu Ki Ho Gayee Waah Bhai Waah
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[show]
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Balaji Telefilms
[show]
Key individuals
Jeetendra
Shobha Kapoor
Ekta Kapoor
Tusshar Kapoor
[show]
Companies
Balaji Telefilms
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ALT Digital Media Entertainment
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[show]
Film productions
2001
Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
2003
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2004
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2005
Kyaa Kool Hai Hum
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2007
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2008
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2011
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2012
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2013
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2014
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2016
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Flying Jat
2017
Half Girlfriend
Super Singh
Lipstick Under My Burkha
2018
Vishwaroopam II (Upcoming)
XXX (Upcoming)
Laila Majnu (Upcoming)
Veere Di Wedding (Upcoming)
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[show]
Present TV shows
Zee TV
Kumkum Bhagya (2014-)
Kundali Bhagya (2017-)
Star Plus
Ye Hai Mohabbatein (2013-)
Kayamath Ki Raat (2018-)
Ye Hai Chahatein (Upcoming)
Colors
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki (2016-)
Naagin (season 3) (2018-)
Sony TV
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Untitled (Upcoming)
[show]
Past TV shows
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