text:
Bones (season 10)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bones (season 10)
Season 10 DVD cover art
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
22
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25) – June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 9
Next →
Season 11
List of Bones episodes
The tenth season of the American television series Bones premiered on September 25, 2014, and concluded on June 11, 2015, on Fox. The show moved time slots from its previous season, airing on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Recurring cast
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Ratings
4.1 Live +7 DVR ratings
5 DVD release
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
See also: List of Bones characters
Main cast[edit]
Emily Deschanel as Dr. Temperance "Bones" Brennan, a forensic anthropologist, and wife of Seeley Booth
David Boreanaz as FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, who is the official FBI liaison with the Jeffersonian, and husband of Temperance Brennan
Michaela Conlin as Angela Montenegro, a forensic artist and wife of Jack Hodgins
Tamara Taylor as Dr. Camille Saroyan, a forensic pathologist, the head of the forensic division and girlfriend of the intern Arastoo Vaziri
T. J. Thyne as Dr. Jack Hodgins, an entomologist, mineralogist, palynologist, and forensic chemist, and husband of Angela Montenegro
John Francis Daley as Dr. Lance Sweets, an FBI psychologist who provides psychological reports on criminals and staff including Brennan and Booth[a]
John Boyd as James Aubrey, a junior FBI agent working under Booth
Recurring cast[edit]
Sunnie Pelant as Christine Booth, Seeley and Temperance's daughter
Patricia Belcher as Caroline Julian, a prosecutor who often works with the team
Andrew Leeds as Christopher Pelant, a hacker
Sterling Macer, Jr. as Victor Stark, the FBI Deputy Director
Ryan O'Neal as Max Keenan, Brennan's father
Sam Anderson as Hugo Sanderson, the owner of a powerful organization that may be the origin of the FBI conspiracy
Michael Badalucco as Scott Starret, a previous Jeffersonian intern
Billy Gibbons as Angela's father
Cyndi Lauper as Avalon Harmonia, a psychic
Danny Woodburn as Alex Radziwill, a Diplomatic immunity and State Department official
Mather Zickel as Aldo Clemens, an ex-priest who counseled Booth when he was a sniper
Interns
Carla Gallo as Daisy Wick
Michael Grant Terry as Wendell Bray
Eugene Byrd as Dr. Clark Edison
Laura Spencer as Jessica Warren
Pej Vahdat as Arastoo Vaziri
Ignacio Serricchio as Rodolfo Fuentes
Brian Klugman as Dr. Oliver Wells
Production[edit]
The series was renewed for a tenth season on January 29, 2014.[2] Series creator Hart Hanson stepped down as showrunner for the tenth season to focus on his new TV series, Backstrom; longtime executive producer and writer Stephan Nathan took over the role of showrunner.[2] In January 2014, Fox Entertainment President Kevin Reilly commented that season 10 would possibly be the final season, but in July 2014, Fox chairman and CEO Peter Rice commented, "I hope it's not the last year ... it's a fantastic series, it's famously moved all over our schedule for 10 years ... It's [Emily Deschanel and David Boreanaz's] last year contractually, so we have to have that conversation ... but I hope that they will come back."[3] The tenth season features the series' 200th episode, written by Stephen Nathan and directed by series star David Boreanaz, which is an Alfred Hitchcock homage set in the 1950s.[4]
In July 2014, John Boyd was cast in a recurring role of James Aubrey, a junior FBI agent working under Booth.[5] However, it was later revealed that Boyd would be a series regular.[6] The character of Lance Sweets, portrayed by John Francis Daley who joined the cast in the third season, is killed off in the season premiere episode. The decision to kill off the character was because Daley needed a break from the series to direct the upcoming National Lampoon's Vacation remake, Vacation, and executive producer Stephan Nathan thought killing off the character instead of just writing him off would be more impactful.[7] With the series' 206th episode, Bones became the longest-running one-hour drama for producing studio 20th Century Fox Television, and the episode also names all 206 bones in the human body.[8] Emily Deschanel's real-life pregnancy was written into the show (like her first pregnancy), and the season features the reveal that Brennan is pregnant with her and Booth's second child.[9] The season finale was written as a potential series finale, as it was written before the writers knew the series was renewed for another season.[10]
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
191
1 "The Conspiracy in the Corpse" Ian Toynton Stephen Nathan & Jonathan Collier September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25) AAKY01 6.34[11]
The team attempt to find the identities of the people responsible for framing Booth and sending him to prison. Booth is introduced to his new junior agent James Aubrey (John Boyd). Near the end of the episode, Lance Sweets is killed in a parking garage as the conspiracy continues to grow, and the Jeffersonian team vows to solve the case and find out who killed him.
192
2 "The Lance to the Heart" Dwight Little Teleplay by: Nkechi Okoro Carroll & Keith Foglesong
Story by: Michael Peterson October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02) AAKY02 6.41[12]
As the team mourn the loss of Sweets, they must piece together the final clues in order to find the identity of his killer and thus another piece in the conspiracy that sent Booth to prison.
193
3 "The Purging of the Pundit" Tim Southam Michael Peterson October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09) AAKY03 6.39[13]
After a right-wing radio host's remains are found in a storm drain, the team narrow the list of suspects after learning about his surprising extracurricular activities, while Agent Aubrey and Brennan both express concern over Booth's state of mind.
194
4 "The Geek in the Guck" Milan Cheylov Gene Hong October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16) AAKY04 6.56[14]
A body dumped in a river proves to be a wealthy games designer with a history of manipulating others, leaving the team with no shortage of suspects. Meanwhile, Booth and Brennan begin to consider Christine's future.
195
5 "The Corpse at the Convention" Chad Lowe Dave Thomas October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30) AAKY05 5.60[15]
A forensic scientist convention becomes complicated when all the attendees want to help determine cause of death for a body found in a stairwell, with the subsequent investigation revealing that Hodgins is a potential suspect. Brennan encounters a rival after making a speech and Wendell returns with an update on his health.
196
6 "The Lost Love in the Foreign Land" Allison Liddi-Brown Emily Silver November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) AAKY06 5.64[16]
The body of a murdered maid proves complicated when they discover that she was an undocumented immigrant, and Arastoo's preparation for his dissertation coincides with talk of marriage between him and Cam.
197
7 "The Money Maker on the Merry-Go-Round" Michael Lange Keith Foglesong November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13) AAKY07 5.50[17]
Aubrey is troubled by an emotional connection to the case of a murdered hedge-fund trader, and Booth and Brennan face a parental conflict over their contrasting reactions to Christine swearing for the first time.
198
8 "The Puzzler in the Pit" Chad Lowe Nkechi Okoro Carroll November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20) AAKY08 5.26[18]
The team is called in after a crossword puzzle master is discovered in an urban fracking site. Meanwhile, Daisy goes into labor.
199
9 "The Mutilation of the Master Manipulator" Tim Southam Hilary Weisman Graham December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04) AAKY09 5.70[19]
The team investigates the murder of a college professor. Wendell meets a girl during his clinical trial. Booth has to pass a drivers test after getting too many traffic tickets.
200
10 "The 200th in the 10th" David Boreanaz Stephen Nathan December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11) AAKY10 5.49[20]
In the 200th episode, Bones pays tribute to Alfred Hitchcock, by reimagining the Jeffersonian and FBI teams in 1950s Hollywood.
201
11 "The Psychic in the Soup" Jeannot Szwarc Lena D. Waithe March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26) AAKY11 5.84[21]
The team investigate the death of a psychic whose body is found in a tree. They are assisted by Angela's psychic friend, Avalon Harmonia, however some of the team are skeptical regarding her having real psychic powers. Meanwhile, the team remember Sweets, and it would have been his 30th birthday.
202
12 "The Teacher in the Books" Anne Renton Taylor Martin April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02) AAKY12 4.74[22]
The team investigate the death of a school teacher whose body is discovered in a bookstore. Meanwhile, Brennan joins Twitter as encouraged by her publisher to expand her fan base for her novels.
203
13 "The Baker in the Bits" Michael Lange Jonathan Collier April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09) AAKY13 5.03[23]
An ex-con's body is found in pieces after being blown up in a mine explosion, which leads the team to investigate a bakery which is known for hiring ex-felons. Meanwhile, Arastoo learns that his brother is dying from cancer, and must decide whether to return to Iran, his birth country from which he fled as a teenager.
204
14 "The Putter in the Rough" Milan Cheylov Dave Thomas April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16) AAKY14 4.88[24]
The team investigate the death of a professional mini-golfer. Brennan's father, Max, returns, however she becomes suspicious when he says he has to leave town. Meanwhile, Wendell has Hodgins assist him after he accidentally breaks a family heirloom of his girlfriend's.
205
15 "The Eye in the Sky" Arlene Sanford Gene Hong April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23) AAKY15 4.65[25]
When the remains of a high-stakes gambler are found in an industrial shredder, Booth goes undercover in an underground poker game, much to the dismay of Brennan, and risks relapsing into his gambling addiction. Meanwhile, Hodgins invents an unbreakable material which keeps glass from breaking when dropped, and Brennan and Booth find out they're expecting a second child. Later, Booth, affected by going undercover, breaks his gambling sobriety and makes a bet.
206
16 "The Big Beef at the Royal Diner" Alex Chapple Hilary Weisman Graham April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30) AAKY16 4.29[26]
The death of a TV celebrity chef leads Booth and Brennan to investigate the Royal Diner, a local restaurant the Jeffersonian team frequent for lunch every day. Meanwhile, Hodgins sells his invention for millions, and Cam receives word from Arastoo who is in Iran. Booth buys Brennan a golden necklace with the money he won from the bet, and Brennan becomes skeptical of his behavior when she discovers his misplaced gambling sobriety chip, an item he always has.
207
17 "The Lost in the Found" Jeannot Szwarc Emily Silver May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07) AAKY17 4.49[27]
When the remains of a girl are discovered in a ditch, it leads Booth and Brennan to a private high school where they discover she was a victim of bullying. They discover that the girl committed suicide, but made her own death to look like a murder and planted evidence so that the other girls who bullied her would be blamed for her death. Meanwhile, the rest of the Jeffersonian team discover Brennan is pregnant and Daisy ponders whether to start dating again, still reeling from the death of Sweets.
208
18 "The Verdict in the Victims" Michael Lange Nkechi Okoro Carroll May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07) AAKY18 4.49[27]
After Brennan re-examines an old case and finds new evidence, she believes Alex Rockwell, a man she and Booth convicted as a serial killer in "The Baker in the Bits" did not actually commit the murders. The team races to prove who the serial killer is as Rockwell will be put to death in 48 hours. Meanwhile, Angela and Hodgins contemplate their future, possibly moving to Paris.
209
19 "The Murder in the Middle East" Milan Cheylov Michael Peterson May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14) AAKY19 4.71[28]
Booth and Cam travel to Tehran, Iran, when they learn Arastoo has been kidnapped by a member of the Iranian parliament to assist in a murder investigation. They must identify the killer for Arastoo to be released. Meanwhile, Brennan learns Booth has been gambling again when his bookie shows up at their home telling her he owes money. When Booth returns from Iran, Brennan confronts him and tells him to leave.
210
20 "The Woman in the Whirlpool" Dwight Little Kathy Reichs & Kerry Reichs May 28, 2015 (2015-05-28) AAKY20 5.42[29]
Booth and Aubrey investigate the murder of a woman who was a collector of cookie jars. Meanwhile, Booth, who is no longer living at home with Brennan, begins to attend Gamblers Anonymous hoping to overcome his addiction. Also, Aubrey gets close with Jeffersonian intern, Jessica.
211
21 "The Life in the Light" Randy Zisk Keith Foglesong June 4, 2015 (2015-06-04) AAKY21 5.21[30]
The team investigate the death of a yoga instructor, who was previously a biker gang member. Meanwhile, Booth reaches his 30th day clean and continues to make progress with healing his relationship with Brennan. Angela and Hodgins decide to move to Paris and Hodgins finally learns Angela's birth name.
212
22 "The Next in the Last" Ian Toynton Stephen Nathan & Jonathan Collier June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11) AAKY22 5.11[31]
The team investigates the remains of a possible protégé of serial killer Christopher Pelant. Angela and Hodgins decide not to move to Paris and stay at the Jeffersonian. Meanwhile, Brennan and Booth move on from their careers at the Jeffersonian and the FBI.
Ratings[edit]
Live +7 DVR ratings[edit]
Live +7 ratings is the number of viewers who watched a particular episode live, plus the number of viewers via DVR over a seven-day period from the original broadcast.
No.
Episode
Air date
Time slot (ET)
18–49 rating
increase
Viewers increase
(millions)
Total 18–49
Total viewers
(millions)
Ref
1 "The Conspiracy in the Corpse" September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25) Thursdays
8:00 p.m. 0.8 2.49 2.4 8.83
2 "The Lance to the Heart" October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02) 0.9 2.75 2.4 9.16 [32]
3 "The Purging of the Pundit" October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09) 0.8 2.35 2.4 8.74 [33]
4 "The Geek in the Guck" October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16) 0.8 2.58 2.5 9.14 [34]
5 "The Corpse at the Convention" October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30) 0.8 2.57 2.1 8.17 [35]
6 "The Lost Love in the Foreign Land" November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06) 0.9 2.69 2.2 8.33 [36]
7 "The Money Maker on the Merry-Go-Round" November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13) 0.8 2.53 2.1 8.03 [37]
8 "The Puzzler in the Pit" November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20) 0.8 2.31 2.1 7.58 [38]
9 "The Mutilation of the Master Manipulator" December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04) 0.8 2.63 2.3 8.33 [39]
10 "The 200th in the 10th" December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11) 0.8 1.85 2.0 7.34 [39]
11 "The Psychic in the Soup" March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26) 0.7 2.36 2.0 8.20 [40]
12 "The Teacher in the Books" April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02) 0.8 2.68 1.9 7.42 [41]
13 "The Baker in the Bits" April 9, 2015 (2015-04-09) 0.6 2.21 1.7 7.24 [42]
14 "The Putter in the Rough" April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16) 0.7 2.48 1.7 7.36 [43]
15 "The Eye in the Sky" April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23) 0.6 2.13 1.6 6.78 [44]
16 "The Big Beef at the Royal Diner" April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30) 0.7 2.25 1.7 6.54 [45]
17 "The Lost in the Found" May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07) 0.5 1.93 1.6 6.64 [46]
18 "The Verdict in the Victims" May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07) 0.5 1.84 1.6 6.11 [46]
19 "The Murder in the Middle East" May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14) 0.6 1.91 1.6 6.62 [47]
20 "The Woman in the Whirlpool" May 28, 2015 (2015-05-28) 0.6 2.01 1.8 7.43 [48]
21 "The Life in the Light" June 4, 2015 (2015-06-04) 0.7 1.97 1.8 7.17 [49]
22 "The Next in the Last" June 11, 2015 (2015-06-11) 0.7 2.25 1.9 7.36 [50]
DVD release[edit]
The tenth season of Bones was released on DVD (subtitled "Blackmail & Jail Edition") in region 1 on September 29, 2015,[51] and in region 2 on October 12, 2015.[52] The set includes all 22 episodes of season ten on a 6-disc DVD set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include deleted scenes, a gag reel, and two featurettes—"Sweets' Sweetest Moments" and "From Script to Screen: Creating the 200th Episode".[51]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ John Francis Daley only appears in the season premiere and is removed from the opening credits in the second episode. John Boyd guest stars in the season premiere and is then added to the opening credits beginning with the second episode.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (July 10, 2014). "Fox's Fall Premiere Plan Includes Family Guy/Simpsons Crossover, 3-Part Utopia Launch, Late Mulaney Start". TVLine. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Bricker, Tierney (January 29, 2014). "Bones Renewed for Season 10, but Moving to a New Night". E! Online. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 20, 2014). "'Bones' season 11? More '24'? Fox chief gives odds". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 20, 2014). "Bones' 200th Episode Premise Revealed (and It's Pretty Freakin' Cool)". TVLine. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 15, 2014). "Bones Recruits 24 Alum as Booth's FBI Protégé in Season 10". TVLine. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bonk, Kate (October 16, 2014). "Tonight on 'Bones' season 10, episode 4: Growing pains". Hypable. Retrieved October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Keveney, Bill (September 26, 2014). "Exclusive: 'Bones' star reacts to dark twist". USA Today. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Connolly, Kelly (April 30, 2015). "Bones preview: 206 bones for 206 episodes". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (December 10, 2014). "Bones Boss: Emily Deschanel's Pregnancy Will Be Written into Show". TVLine. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Connolly, Kelly (June 10, 2015). "Bones EP Stephan Nathan talks Booth's gambling, teases 'emotional' season finale". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 26, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Scandal' & 'How to Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 27, 2014. Retrieved September 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 3, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Scandal' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 10, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 17, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 31, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 7, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'The McCarthys', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Bad Judge', 'A to Z', 'Elementary', 'Parenthood' & 'The Biggest Loser' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 21, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Gracepoint', 'Reign', 'Parenthood', 'Bad Judge', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men' 'The Biggest Loser' & 'A to Z' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 5, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Peter Pan Live!' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Reign', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 27, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'American Crime' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 3, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 10, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' and 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Dateline' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (April 17, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Backstrom' Adjusted Up; 'The Odd Couple' & 'Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 24, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 1, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'American Crime' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (May 8, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment to 'Scandal'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 29, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Aquarius' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 5, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: Final Ratings for NBA Finals Game 1, 'Hannibal' & 'Wayward Pines'". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 12, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up & Final Basketball Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved June 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (October 3, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: Soft Starts for 'Bad Judge', 'A to Z', 'Gracepoint'". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (October 10, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: NFL on CBS Continues to Dominate the Night". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (October 17, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: NFL Continues Its Thursday Win Streak for CBS and NFL Network". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (November 2, 2014). "Thursday Final Nationals: CBS, ABC Share Leadership". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 24, 2014). "'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'The Originals' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Blacklist' Leads Viewer Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 2, 2014). "'The Big Bang Theory' Has Biggest Adults 18-49 Ratings Increase; 'The Vampire Diaries' Tops Percentage Gains & 'The Blacklist' Leads Viewer Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (December 22, 2014). "'Modern Family' Has Biggest Adults 18-49 Ratings & Viewership Increase; 'Constantine' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Top Percentage Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week 11 Ending December 7". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Pucci, Douglas (July 16, 2015). "Wednesday Final Nationals: ABC Dominates with Record-High ESPYs". TV Media Insights. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (March 27, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: Record-Setting NCAA March Madness Sweet Sixteen Ratings for CBS and TBS". TV Media Insights. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 20, 2015). "'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 Gains, 'The Blacklist' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live +7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (May 2, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: ESPN Tops Broadcast Nets Among Adults 18-49 with NFL Draft Despite Year-to-Year Declines". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 4, 2015). "'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 & Viewership Gains, 'Reign', 'Supernatural' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Top Percentage Growth in Live +7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (April 24, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: ABC's 'Grey's Anatomy' Boosted by Emotional Episode". TV Media Insights. Retrieved July 16, 2015. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (May 23, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: Double-Digit Week-to-Week Increases for 'Wayward Pines' on Fox". TV Media Insights. Retrieved July 16, 2015. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Pucci, Douglas (May 8, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: 'The Big Bang Theory' on CBS Rises with Season Finale". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (May 16, 2015). "Thursday Final Nationals: ESPN Tops Among Key Demos, Double-Digit Finale Declines for Several Series, Soft Debut for 'Wayward Pines' on Fox". TV Media Insights. Archived from the original on May 20, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (May 11, 2015). "'The Big Bang Theory' Leads Adults 18-49 & Viewership Gains, 'The Blacklist' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Top Percentage Growth in Live +7 Ratings for Week 31 Ending April 26". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (June 22, 2015). "'Wayward Pines' Leads Adults 18-49, Viewership & Percentage Gains in Live +7 Ratings for Week 37 Ending June 7". TV Media Insights. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (June 29, 2015). "'Wayward Pines' Leads Adults 18-49 Absolute Gains & Total Viewership Increases While 'The Whispers' Tops Percentage Gains for the Week Ending June 14". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lambert, David (August 20, 2015). "Bones - Official Fox Press Brief for 'The Complete 10th Season' on DVD". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved August 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bones - Season 10 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
General references
"Bones Season 10 episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
"shows A–Z – bones on fox". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
List of Bones episodes on IMDb
List of Bones episodes at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Bones
Characters
Temperance Brennan
Seeley Booth
Angela Montenegro
Zack Addy
Jack Hodgins
Lance Sweets
Gormogon
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
"The Man in the S.U.V."
"A Boy in a Tree"
"The Man in the Bear"
"A Boy in a Bush"
"The Man in the Wall"
"A Man on Death Row"
"The Girl in the Fridge"
"The Man in the Fallout Shelter"
"The Woman at the Airport"
"The Woman in the Car"
"Two Bodies in the Lab"
"The Man in the Morgue"
Season 2
"The Titan on the Tracks"
Spin-off
The Finder
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bones_(season_10)&oldid=818943620"
Categories:
Bones (TV series)
2014 American television seasons
2015 American television seasons
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from August 2017
Articles with dead external links from July 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Français
Italiano
Русский
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 January 2018, at 14:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background: #ECE6D6; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

value: abbr

values: text-align:center;background: #ECE6D6; color: black; padding: 0.25em 1em; line-height: 1.5em;

values:
/wiki/Forensic_anthropologist
mw-redirect
Forensic anthropologist

values:
/wiki/Forensic_artist
mw-redirect
Forensic artist

values:
/wiki/Camille_Saroyan
mw-redirect
Camille Saroyan

values:
/wiki/Forensic_pathologist
mw-redirect
Forensic pathologist

values:
/wiki/Forensic_chemist
mw-redirect
Forensic chemist

values:
/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)
mw-redirect
Hacker (computer security)

values:
description
8
border-bottom:solid 3px #ECE6D6

values:
/wiki/Dwight_Little
mw-redirect
Dwight Little

values:
/wiki/Tehran,_Iran
mw-redirect
Tehran, Iran

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00W5C5FWE

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.fox.com/bones/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.tv.com/shows/bones/episodes/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:2014 American television seasons

values: Category:2015 American television seasons

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2017

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bones_(season_10)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Episodi di Bones (decima stagione) – Italian

values: Кости (10-й сезон) – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bones_season_10 rootpage-Bones_season_10 skin-vector action-view


text:
Gulf of Tonkin incident
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gulf of Tonkin incident
Part of the Vietnam War

Photo taken from USS Maddox during the incident, showing three North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats
Date
August 2, 1964 (1964-08-02)
Location
Gulf of Tonkin
19°42′N 106°46′E / 19.700°N 106.767°E / 19.700; 106.767Coordinates: 19°42′N 106°46′E / 19.700°N 106.767°E / 19.700; 106.767
Result
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; escalation of the War in Vietnam
Belligerents
United States North Vietnam
Commanders and leaders
George S. Morrison
John J. Herrick Le Duy Khoai[1]
Strength
Sea:
1 aircraft carrier,
1 destroyer
Air:
4 aircraft[2] 3 torpedo boats
Casualties and losses
1 destroyer slightly damaged,
1 aircraft slightly damaged[3] 1 torpedo boat severely damaged,
2 torpedo boats moderately damaged,
4 killed,
6 wounded[4]
[show]
v
t
e
Military engagements of the Vietnam War
Guerrilla phase
Laos
Chopper
Sunrise
1st Ap Bac
Go Cong
Hiep Hoa
34A
Long Dinh
Kien Long
Quyet Thang 202
Bien Hoa Airbase
USNS Card
Nam Dong
An Lao
Binh Gia
Camp Holloway
Qui Nhơn
Song Be
Ba Gia
Dong Xoai
American intervention
Starlite
Piranha
An Ninh
Plei Me
Hump
Gang Toi
1st Bau Bang
Bushmaster II
Ia Drang
Marauder
Crimp
Van Buren
Masher/White Wing
Bong Son
Mastiff
Suoi Bong Trang
New York
Harrison
Cocoa Beach
Utah
Silver City
A Shau
Oregon
Texas
Lincoln
Birmingham
Xa Cam My
Fillmore
Davy Crockett
Austin IV
Paul Revere
Crazy Horse
El Paso
Hawthorne
Hill 488
Nathan Hale
Wahiawa
Hastings
Minh Thanh Road
John Paul Jones
Seward
Prairie
Colorado
Duc Co
Long Tan
Amarillo
Thayer
Attleboro
Deckhouse IV
Irving
Tan Son Nhut airbase
Lam Son II
Firebase Bird
SS Baton Rouge Victory
Sunset Beach
Shenandoah
Paul Revere IV
Thayer II
Geronimo
Fairfax
Deckhouse V
Cedar Falls
Desoto
Tra Binh Dong
Sam Houston
Gadsden
Pershing
Bribie
Junction City (1st Prek Klok
2nd Prek Klok
Ap Gu
Suoi Tre
2nd Bau Bang)
Lejeune
Francis Marion
Manhattan
Beaver Cage
Union
The Hill Fights
Con Thien
Malheur I and Malheur II
Union II
Akron
Concordia
Buffalo
Hong Kil Dong
Diamond Head
Hood River
Suoi Chau Pha
Benton
Swift
Dragon Fire
Wheeler/Wallowa
Kunia
Medina
Ong Thanh
1st Loc Ninh
Kingfisher
Kentucky
Lancaster
Dak To
Phoenix
Yellowstone
Auburn
1968
New Year's Day Battle of 1968
Khe Sanh
Coburg
Tet Offensive
1st Saigon
Hue
1st Quảng Trị
Ban Houei Sane
Lang Vei
Lo Giang
Truong Cong Dinh
Lima Site 85
My Lai Massacre
Pegasus
Toan Thang I
Scotland II
Delaware
Allen Brook
May '68
Kham Duc
Coral–Balmoral
Mameluke Thrust
Robin
Duc Lap
Vinh Loc
Maui Peak
Meade River
Speedy Express
Drawdown 1969–71
Bold Mariner
Dewey Canyon
Taylor Common
2nd Tet
Purple Martin
Massachusetts Striker
Maine Crag
Montana Mauler
Oklahoma Hills
Virginia Ridge
Apache Snow
Hamburger Hill
Twinkletoes
Binh Ba
LZ Kate
Bu Prang
Texas Star
Chicago Peak
FSB Ripcord
1st Cambodia
Kompong Speu
Prey Veng
2nd Cambodia
Snuol
Tailwind
Jefferson Glenn
Hat Dich
Lam Son 719
Son Tay Raid
Chenla I
Chenla II
FSB Mary Ann
Long Khanh
Nui Le
Easter Offensive
2nd Quang Trị
3rd Quang Trị
2nd Loc Ninh
An Lộc
Kontum
Thunderhead
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)
Cửa Việt
Ap Da Bien
Svay Rieng
Iron Triangle
Thượng Đức
Spring '75
Phuoc Long
Ban Me Thuot
Hue–Da Nang
Phan Rang
Xuân Lộc
2nd Saigon
Air operations
Farm Gate
Chopper
Ranch Hand
Pierce Arrow
Barrel Roll
Pony Express
Flaming Dart
Iron Hand
Rolling Thunder
Steel Tiger
Arc Light
Tiger Hound
Shed Light
Thanh Hoa
Bolo
Popeye
Yen Vien
Niagara
Igloo White
Giant Lance
Commando Hunt
Menu
Patio
Freedom Deal
Linebacker I
Enhance Plus
Linebacker II
Homecoming
Tan Son Nhut Air Base
Babylift
New Life
Eagle Pull
Frequent Wind
Naval operations
Yankee & Dixie Stations
Gulf of Tonkin
Market Time
Vung Ro Bay
Game Warden
Double Eagle
PIRAZ
Sea Dragon
Deckhouse Five
Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River
Sealords
Đồng Hới
Pocket Money
Custom Tailor
End Sweep
Paracel Islands
East Sea
Mayaguez incident
USS Maddox
The Gulf of Tonkin incident (Vietnamese: Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ), also known as the USS Maddox incident, was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the Vietnam War. It involved either one or two separate confrontations involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. The original American report blamed North Vietnam for both incidents, but eventually became very controversial with widespread claims that either one or both incidents were false, and possibly deliberately so. On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a signals intelligence patrol as part of DESOTO operations, was pursued by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron.[1][5] Maddox fired three warning shots and the North Vietnamese boats then attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire.[5] Maddox expended over 280 3-inch and 5-inch shells in a sea battle. One U.S. aircraft was damaged, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed, with six more wounded. There were no U.S. casualties.[6] Maddox "was unscathed except for a single bullet hole from a Vietnamese machine gun round".[5]
It was originally claimed by the National Security Agency that a Second Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on August 4, 1964, as another sea battle, but instead evidence was found of "Tonkin ghosts"[7] (false radar images) and not actual North Vietnamese torpedo boats. In the 2003 documentary The Fog of War, the former United States Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara admitted that the August 2 USS Maddox attack happened with no Defense Department response, but the August 4 Gulf of Tonkin attack never happened.[8] In 1995, McNamara met with former Vietnam People's Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp to ask what happened on August 4, 1964 in the second Gulf of Tonkin Incident. "Absolutely nothing", Giáp replied.[9] Giáp claimed that the attack had been imaginary.[10]
The outcome of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression". The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.
In 2005, an internal National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded that Maddox had engaged the North Vietnamese Navy on August 2, but that there were no North Vietnamese naval vessels present during the incident of August 4. The report stated, regarding the first incident on August 2, that "at 1500G,[note 1] Captain Herrick ordered Ogier's gun crews to open fire if the boats approached within ten thousand yards. At about 1505G, Maddox fired three rounds to warn off the communist boats. This initial action was never reported by the Johnson administration, which insisted that the Vietnamese boats fired first."[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Incident
2.1 First attack
2.2 Second attack
3 The United States' response
3.1 President Johnson's speech to the American people
3.2 Reaction from Congress
4 Distortion of the event
5 Consequences
6 Later statements about the incident
7 NSA report
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
11.1 Declassified documents
Background[edit]
The Geneva Conference
Main articles: Vietnam War; Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group; and Operation 34A
Although the United States attended the Geneva Conference (1954), which was intended to end hostilities between France and the Vietnamese at the end of the First Indochina War, it refused to sign the Geneva Accords (1954). The accords mandated, among other measures, a temporary ceasefire line, intended to separate Vietnamese and French forces, and elections to determine the future political fate of the Vietnamese within two years. It also forbade the political interference of other countries in the area, the creation of new governments without the stipulated elections, and foreign military presence. By 1961, President Ngo Dinh Diem faced significant discontent among some quarters of the southern population, including some Buddhists who were opposed to the rule of Diem's Catholic supporters. After suppressing Vietminh political cadres who were legally campaigning between 1955 and 1959 for the promised elections, Diem faced a growing communist-led uprising that intensified by 1961, headed by the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or Viet Cong).[11]
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred during the first year of the Johnson administration. While Kennedy had originally supported the policy of sending military advisers to Diem, he had begun to alter his thinking due to what he perceived to be the ineptitude of the Saigon government and its inability and unwillingness to make needed reforms (which led to a U.S.-supported coup which resulted in the death of Diem). Shortly before his assassination, in November 1963, Kennedy had begun a limited recall of U.S. forces. Johnson's views were likewise complex, but he had supported military escalation as a means of challenging what was perceived to be the Soviet Union's expansionist policies. The Cold War policy of containment was to be applied to prevent the fall of Southeast Asia to communism under the precepts of the domino theory. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson ordered in more U.S. forces to support the Saigon government, beginning a protracted United States presence in Southeast Asia.[citation needed]
Chart showing the U.S. Navy's explanation of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
A highly classified program of covert actions against North Vietnam known as Operation Plan 34-Alpha, in conjunction with the DESOTO operations, had begun under the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in 1961. In 1964 the program was transferred to the Defense Department and conducted by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG).[12]
Norwegian MTB Nasty
For the maritime portion of the covert operation, a set of fast patrol boats had been purchased quietly from Norway and sent to South Vietnam. In 1963 three young Norwegian skippers traveled on a mission in South Vietnam. They were recruited for the job by the Norwegian intelligence officer Alf Martens Meyer. Martens Meyer, who was head of department at the military intelligence staff, operated on behalf of U.S. intelligence. The three skippers did not know who Meyer really was when they agreed to a job that involved them in sabotage missions against North Vietnam.[13] Although the boats were crewed by South Vietnamese naval personnel, approval for each mission conducted under the plan came directly from Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp, Jr., CINCPAC in Honolulu, who received his orders from the White House.[14] After the coastal attacks began, Hanoi lodged a complaint with the International Control Commission (ICC), which had been established in 1954 to oversee the terms of the Geneva Accords, but the U.S. denied any involvement. Four years later, Secretary McNamara admitted to Congress that the U.S. ships had in fact been cooperating in the South Vietnamese attacks against North Vietnam. Maddox, although aware of the operations, was not directly involved.
What was generally not considered by U.S. politicians at the time[according to whom?] were the other actions taken under Operations Plan 34-Alpha just prior to the incident. The night before the launching of the actions against North Vietnamese facilities on Hòn Mê and Hòn Ngư islands, the SOG had launched a covert long-term agent team into North Vietnam, which was promptly captured. That night (for the second evening in a row), two flights of CIA-sponsored Laotian fighter-bombers (piloted by Thai mercenaries) attacked border outposts well within southwestern North Vietnam. The Hanoi government (which, unlike the U.S. government, had to give permission at the highest levels for the conduct of such missions) probably assumed that they were all a coordinated effort to escalate military actions against North Vietnam.[15]
Incident[edit]
A North Vietnamese P-4 engaging USS Maddox
Daniel Ellsberg, who was on duty in the Pentagon the night of August 4, receiving messages from the ship, reported that the ship was on a secret electronic warfare support measures mission (codenamed "DESOTO") near Northern Vietnamese territorial waters.[16] On July 31, 1964, USS Maddox had begun her intelligence collection mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Captain George Stephen Morrison was in command of local American forces from his flagship USS Bon Homme Richard. Maddox was under orders not to approach closer than eight miles (13 km) from the North's coast and four miles (6 km) from Hon Nieu island.[17] When the SOG commando raid was being carried out against Hon Nieu, the ship was 120 miles (190 km) away from the attacked area.[17]
First attack[edit]
P-4 torpedo boat, similar to those used by North Vietnam's military
F-8 Crusader
In July 1964, "the situation along North Vietnam's territorial waters had reached a near boil," due to South Vietnamese commando raids and airborne operations that inserted intelligence teams into North Vietnam, as well as North Vietnam's military response to these operations.[5] On the night of July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked a North Vietnamese radar station on Hòn Mê island.[5] According to Hanyok, "it would be attacks on these islands, especially Hòn Mê, by South Vietnamese commandos, along with the proximity of the Maddox, that would set off the confrontation," although the Maddox did not participate in the commando attacks.[5] In this context, on July 31, Maddox began patrols of the North Vietnamese coast to collect intelligence, coming within a few miles of Hòn Mê island.[5] A U.S. aircraft carrier, the USS Ticonderoga, was also stationed nearby.[5] By August 1, North Vietnamese patrol boats were tracking Maddox, and several intercepted communications indicated that they were preparing to attack Maddox.[5] Maddox retreated, but the next day, August 2, Maddox, which had a top speed of 28 knots, resumed her routine patrol, and three North Vietnamese P-4 torpedo boats with a top speed of 50 knots began to follow Maddox.[5] Intercepted communications indicated that the vessels intended to attack Maddox.[5] As the ships approached from the southwest, Maddox changed course from northeasterly to southeasterly and increased speed to 25 knots.[5] On the afternoon of August 2, as the torpedo boats neared, Maddox fired three warning shots.[5] The North Vietnamese boats then attacked[5] and Maddox radioed she was under attack from the three boats, closing to within 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), while located 28 nautical miles (52 km; 32 mi) away from the North Vietnamese coast in international waters.[18] Maddox stated she had evaded a torpedo attack and opened fire with its five-inch (127 mm) guns, forcing the torpedo boats away. Two of the torpedo boats had come as close as 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) and released one torpedo each, but neither one was effective, coming no closer than about 100 yards (91 m) after Maddox evaded them.[18] Another P-4 received a direct hit from a five-inch shell from Maddox; its torpedo malfunctioned at launch.[18] Four USN F-8 Crusader jets launched from the aircraft carrier USS Ticonderoga and 15 minutes after Maddox had fired her initial warning shots, attacked the retiring P-4s,[5] claiming one was sunk and one heavily damaged. Maddox suffered only minor damage from a single 14.5 mm bullet from a P-4's KPV heavy machine gun into her superstructure. Retiring to South Vietnamese waters, Maddox was joined by the destroyer USS Turner Joy. The North Vietnamese claimed that Maddox was hit by one torpedo, and one of the American aircraft had been shot down.
The original account from the Pentagon Papers has been revised in light of a 2005 internal NSA historical study,[5] which stated on page 17:
At 1500G, Captain Herrick (commander of Maddox) ordered Ogier's gun crews to open fire if the boats approached within ten thousand yards. At about 1505G, Maddox fired three rounds to warn off the communist boats. This initial action was never reported by the Johnson administration, which insisted that the Vietnamese boats fired first.[5]
Maddox, when confronted, was approaching Hòn Mê Island, three to four nautical miles (nmi) (6 to 7 km) inside the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit claimed by North Vietnam. This territorial limit was unrecognized by the United States. After the skirmish, President Johnson ordered Maddox and Turner Joy to stage daylight runs into North Vietnamese waters, testing the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit and North Vietnamese resolve. These runs into North Vietnamese territorial waters coincided with South Vietnamese coastal raids and were interpreted as coordinated operations by the North, which officially acknowledged the engagements of August 2, 1964.[19]
Others, such as Admiral Sharp, maintained that U.S. actions did not provoke the August 2 incident. He claimed that the North Vietnamese had tracked Maddox along the coast by radar, and were thus aware that the destroyer had not actually attacked North Vietnam and that Hanoi (or the local commander) had ordered its craft to engage Maddox anyway. North Vietnamese general, Phùng Thế Tài, later claimed that Maddox had been tracked since July 31 and that she had attacked fishing boats on August 2 forcing the North Vietnamese Navy to "fight back".[20]
Sharp also noted that orders given to Maddox to stay 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) off the North Vietnamese coast put the ship in international waters, as North Vietnam claimed only a 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) limit as its territory (or off of its off-shore islands). In addition, many nations had previously carried out similar missions all over the world, and the destroyer USS John R. Craig had earlier conducted an intelligence-gathering mission in similar circumstances without incident.[21]
However Sharp's claims include some factually incorrect statements. North Vietnam never claimed an 8-kilometer (5 mi) limit for its territorial waters, instead it adhered to a 20-kilometer (12 mi) limit claimed by French Indochina in 1936.[22] Moreover it officially claimed a 12 nm limit, which is practically identical to the old 20 km French claim, after the incidents of August, in September 1964.[22][23] The North Vietnamese stance is that they always considered a 12 nautical mile limit, consistently with the positions regarding the law of the sea of both the Soviet Union and China, their main allies.[22]
Second attack[edit]
A sonar console
On August 4, another DESOTO patrol off the North Vietnamese coast was launched by Maddox and Turner Joy, in order to "show the flag" after the first incident. This time their orders indicated that the ships were to close to no less than 11 miles (18 km) from the coast of North Vietnam.[17] During an evening and early morning of rough weather and heavy seas, the destroyers received radar, sonar, and radio signals that they believed signaled another attack by the North Vietnamese navy. For some four hours the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of enemies. Despite the Navy's claim that two attacking torpedo boats had been sunk, there was no wreckage, bodies of dead North Vietnamese sailors, or other physical evidence present at the scene of the alleged engagement.[24]
Secretary McNamara at the White House told President Johnson that a U.S. Navy vessel had been attacked and urged retaliation. The President agreed.[25]
At 01:27, Washington time, Herrick sent a cable in which he acknowledged that the second attack may not have happened and that there may actually have been no Vietnamese craft in the area: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. No actual visual sightings by Maddox. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken".[26]
One hour later, Herrick sent another cable, stating, "Entire action leaves many doubts except for apparent ambush at beginning. Suggest thorough reconnaissance in daylight by aircraft."[27] In response to requests for confirmation, at around 16:00 Washington time, Herrick cabled, "Details of action present a confusing picture although certain that the original ambush was bona fide."[27] Secretary McNamara decided against informing the president that a new report had been received casting grave doubt on the existence of the incident that was the premise of the president's decision earlier that day to retaliate, and McNamara continued making plans for U.S. military retaliation.[25]
At 18:00 Washington time (05:00 in the Gulf of Tonkin), Herrick cabled yet again, this time stating, "the first boat to close the Maddox probably launched a torpedo at the Maddox which was heard but not seen. All subsequent Maddox torpedo reports are doubtful in that it is suspected that sonarman was hearing the ship's own propeller beat" [sic].[27]
Within thirty minutes of August 4 incident, President Johnson had decided on retaliatory attacks. That same day he used the "hot line" to Moscow, and assured the Soviets he had no intent in opening a broader war in Vietnam. Early on August 5, Johnson publicly ordered retaliatory measures stating, "The determination of all Americans to carry out our full commitment to the people and to the government of South Vietnam will be redoubled by this outrage." One hour and forty minutes after his speech, aircraft launched from U.S. carriers reached North Vietnamese targets. On August 5, at 10:40, these planes bombed four torpedo boat bases and an oil-storage facility in Vinh.[28]
The United States' response[edit]
President Johnson's speech to the American people[edit]
President Johnson in 1964
Shortly before midnight, on August 4, President Johnson interrupted national television to make an announcement in which he described an attack by North Vietnamese vessels on two U.S. Navy warships, Maddox and Turner Joy and requested authority to undertake a military response.[29][30] Johnson's speech repeated the theme that "dramatized Hanoi/Ho Chi Minh as the aggressor and which put the United States into a more acceptable defensive posture."[29] Johnson also referred to the attacks as having taken place "on the high seas," suggesting that they had occurred in international waters.[31]
He emphasized commitment to both the American people, and the South Vietnamese government. He also reminded Americans that there was no desire for war. "A close scrutiny of Johnson's public statements...reveals no mention of preparations for overt warfare and no indication of the nature and extent of covert land and air measures that already were operational." Johnson's statements were short to "minimize the U.S. role in the conflict; a clear inconsistency existed between Johnson's actions and his public discourse."[32]
Reaction from Congress[edit]
Wayne Morse
While President Johnson's final resolution was being drafted, Senator Wayne Morse attempted to hold a fundraiser to raise awareness about possible faulty records of the incident involving Maddox. Morse supposedly received a call from an informant who has remained anonymous urging Morse to investigate official logbooks of Maddox.[33] These logs were not available before President Johnson's resolution was presented to Congress.[33]
After urging Congress that they should be wary of President Johnson's coming attempt to convince Congress of his resolution, Morse failed to gain enough cooperation and support from his colleagues to mount any sort of movement to stop it.[33] Immediately after the resolution was read and presented to Congress, Morse began to fight it. He contended in speeches to Congress that the actions taken by the United States were actions outside the constitution and were "acts of war rather than acts of defense."[33]
Morse's efforts were not immediately met with support, largely because he revealed no sources and was working with very limited information.[33] It was not until after the United States became more involved in the war that his claim began to gain support throughout the United States government. Morse was defeated when he ran for re-election in 1968.[34]
Distortion of the event[edit]
Evidence was still being sought on the night of August 4 when Johnson gave his address to the American public on the incident. Messages recorded that day indicate that neither President Johnson nor Secretary McNamara was certain of an attack.[35]
Various news sources, including Time, Life and Newsweek, ran articles throughout August on the Tonkin Gulf incident.[36] Time reported: "Through the darkness, from the West and south...intruders boldly sped...at least six of them... they opened fire on the destroyers with automatic weapons, this time from as close as 2,000 yards."[37] Time stated that there was "no doubt in Sharp's mind that the US would now have to answer this attack", and that there was no debate or confusion within the administration regarding the incident.[37]
William Bundy
The use of the set of incidents as a pretext for escalation of U.S. involvement follows the issuance of public threats against North Vietnam, as well as calls from American politicians in favor of escalating the war.[38] On May 4, 1964, William Bundy called for the U.S. to "drive the communists out of South Vietnam", even if that meant attacking both North Vietnam and communist China.[38] Even so, the Johnson administration in the second half of 1964 focused on convincing the American public that there was no chance of war between the United States and North Vietnam.[38]
North Vietnam's General Giap suggested that the DESOTO patrol had been sent into the gulf to provoke North Vietnam into giving an excuse for escalation of the war.[38] Various government officials and men aboard Maddox have suggested similar theories.[38] American politicians and strategists had been planning provocative actions against North Vietnam for some time. George Ball told a British journalist after the war that "at that time...many people...were looking for any excuse to initiate bombing".[38]
According to Raymond McGovern, a retired CIA officer (CIA analyst from 1963 to 1990, and in the 1980s, chairman of the National Intelligence Estimates), the CIA, "not to mention President Lyndon Johnson, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy all knew full well that the evidence of any armed attack on the evening of Aug. 4, 1964, the so-called "second" Tonkin Gulf incident, was highly dubious.... During the summer of 1964, President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were eager to widen the war in Vietnam. They stepped up sabotage and hit-and-run attacks on the coast of North Vietnam." Maddox, carrying electronic spying gear, was to collect signals intelligence from the North Vietnamese coast, and the coastal attacks were seen as a helpful way to get the North Vietnamese to turn on their coastal radars. For this purpose, it was authorized to approach the coast as close as 13 kilometers (8 mi) and the offshore islands as close as four; the latter had already been subjected to shelling from the sea.[39]
In his book, Body of Secrets, James Bamford, who spent three years in the United States Navy as an intelligence analyst, writes, that the primary purpose of the Maddox "was to act as a seagoing provocateur—to poke its sharp gray bow and the American flag as close to the belly of North Vietnam as possible, in effect shoving its five-inch cannons up the nose of the communist navy.... The Maddox' mission was made even more provocative by being timed to coincide with commando raids, creating the impression that the Maddox was directing those missions..." Thus, the North Vietnamese had every reason to believe that Maddox was involved in these actions.[40]
Provocative action against North Vietnam was considered after the August 1964 incidents. John McNaughton suggested in September 1964, that the U.S. prepare to take actions to provoke a North Vietnamese military reaction, including plans to use DESOTO patrols North. William Bundy's paper dated September 8, 1964, suggested more DESOTO patrols as well.[38]
Consequences[edit]
President Johnson as he signs the resolution on August 10, 1964
Tonkin Gulf Resolution
Main article: Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Secretary McNamara failed to inform President Johnson that the U.S. Naval task group commander in the Tonkin Gulf, Captain John J. Herrick, had changed his mind about the alleged North Vietnamese torpedo attack on U.S. warships he had reported earlier that day.[25]
By early afternoon of August 4, Washington time, Herrick had reported to the Commander in Chief Pacific in Honolulu that "freak weather effects" on the ship's radar had made such an attack questionable. In fact, Herrick was now saying, in a message sent at 1:27 pm Washington time, that no North Vietnamese patrol boats had actually been sighted. Herrick now proposed a "complete evaluation before any further action taken."[26]
McNamara later testified that he had read the message after his return to the Pentagon that afternoon. But he did not immediately call Johnson to tell him that the whole premise of his decision at lunch to approve McNamara's recommendation for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam was now highly questionable. Had Johnson been accurately informed about the Herrick message, he might have demanded fuller information before proceeding with a broadening of the war. Johnson had fended off proposals from McNamara and other advisers for a policy of bombing the North on four separate occasions since becoming president.[41]
President Johnson, who was up for election that year, ordered retaliatory air strikes and went on national television on August 4. Although Maddox had been involved in providing intelligence support for South Vietnamese attacks at Hòn Mê and Hòn Ngư, Johnson denied, in his testimony before Congress, that the U.S. Navy had supported South Vietnamese military operations in the Gulf. He thus characterized the attack as "unprovoked" since the ship had been in international waters.[citation needed]
As a result of his testimony, on August 7, Congress passed a joint resolution (H.J. RES 1145), titled the Southeast Asia Resolution, which granted President Johnson the authority to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without the benefit of a declaration of war. The resolution gave President Johnson approval "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty requesting assistance in defense of its freedom."[42]
Map in the U.S. Navy All Hands magazine
Later statements about the incident[edit]
In 1965, President Johnson commented privately: "For all I know, our navy was shooting at whales out there."[43]
In 1967, former naval officer, John White, wrote a letter to the editor of the New Haven (CT) Register. He asserted "I maintain that President Johnson, Secretary McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff gave false information to Congress in their report about US destroyers being attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin." [48] White continued his whistleblowing activities in the 1968 documentary In the Year of the Pig. White soon arrived in Washington to meet with Senator Fulbright to discuss his concerns, particularly the faulty sonar reports.[citation needed]
In 1981, Captain Herrick and journalist Robert Scheer re-examined Herrick's ship's log and determined that the first torpedo report from August 4, which Herrick had maintained had occurred—the "apparent ambush"—was in fact unfounded.[27]
Although information obtained well after the fact supported Captain Herrick's statements about the inaccuracy of the later torpedo reports as well as the 1981 Herrick and Scheer conclusion about the inaccuracy of the first, indicating that there was no North Vietnamese attack that night, at the time U.S. authorities and all of the Maddox's crew stated that they were convinced that an attack had taken place. As a result, planes from the aircraft carriers Ticonderoga and Constellation were sent to hit North Vietnamese torpedo boat bases and fuel facilities during Operation Pierce Arrow.[citation needed]
Squadron Commander James Stockdale was one of the U.S. pilots flying overhead during the second alleged attack. Stockdale wrote in his 1984 book Love and War: "[I] had the best seat in the house to watch that event, and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targets—there were no PT boats there... There was nothing there but black water and American fire power." Stockdale at one point recounts seeing Turner Joy pointing her guns at Maddox.[44] Stockdale said his superiors ordered him to keep quiet about this. After he was captured, this knowledge became a heavy burden. He later said he was concerned that his captors would eventually force him to reveal what he knew about the second incident.[44]
Võ Nguyên Giáp
In 1995, retired Vietnamese Defense Minister, Võ Nguyên Giáp, meeting with former Secretary McNamara, denied that Vietnamese gunboats had attacked American destroyers on August 4, while admitting to the attack on August 2.[45][46] A taped conversation of a meeting several weeks after passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was released in 2001, revealing that McNamara expressed doubts to President Johnson that the attack had even occurred.[47]
In the fall of 1999, retired Senior CIA Engineering Executive S. Eugene Poteat wrote that he was asked in early August 1964 to determine if the radar operator's report showed a real torpedo boat attack or an imagined one. He asked for further details on time, weather and surface conditions. No further details were forthcoming. In the end he concluded that there were no torpedo boats on the night in question, and that the White House was interested only in confirmation of an attack, not that there was no such attack.[48]
In October 2012 retired Rear Admiral, Lloyd "Joe" Vasey, was interviewed by David Day on Asia Review and gave a detailed account of the August 4 incident. According to Admiral Vasey, who was aboard USS Oklahoma City, a Galveston-class guided missile cruiser, in the Gulf of Tonkin and serving as chief of staff to Commander Seventh Fleet, Turner Joy intercepted an NVA radio transmission ordering a torpedo boat attack on Turner Joy and Maddox. Shortly thereafter, radar contact of "several high speed contacts closing in on them" was acquired by the USS Turner Joy, which locked on to one of the contacts, fired and struck the torpedo boat. There were 18 witnesses, both enlisted and officers, who reported various aspects of the attack; smoke from the stricken torpedo boat, torpedo wakes (reported by four separate individuals on each destroyer), sightings of the torpedo boats moving through the water and searchlights. All 18 of the witnesses testified at a hearing in Olongapo, Philippines, and their testimony is a matter of public record.[49]
In 2014, as the incident's 50th anniversary approached, John White wrote The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War. In the foreword, he notes "Among the many books written on the Vietnamese war, half a dozen note a 1967 letter to the editor of a Connecticut newspaper which was instrumental in pressuring the Johnson administration to tell the truth about how the war started. The letter was mine."[50] The story discusses Lt. White reading Admiral Stockdale's In Love and War[44] in the mid-80s, then contacting Stockdale who connected White with Joseph Schaperjahn, chief sonarman on Turner Joy. Schaperjahn confirmed White's assertions that Maddox's sonar reports were faulty and the Johnson administration knew it prior to going to Congress to request support for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. White's book explains the difference between lies of commission and lies of omission. Johnson was guilty of willful lies of omission. White was featured in the August 2014 issue of Connecticut Magazine.[51]
NSA report[edit]
In October 2005 The New York Times reported that Robert J. Hanyok, a historian for the U.S. National Security Agency, concluded that the NSA deliberately distorted intelligence reports passed to policy makers regarding the August 4, 1964 incident. The NSA historian concluded that the motive was not political, but rather to cover up honest, but errant, intelligence.[52]
Hanyok's conclusions were initially published in the Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition of Cryptologic Quarterly[53] about five years before the Times article. According to intelligence officials, the view of government historians that the report should become public was rebuffed by policy makers concerned that comparisons might be made to intelligence used to justify the Iraq War (Operation Iraqi Freedom) which commenced in 2003.[54] Reviewing the NSA's archives, Mr. Hanyok concluded that the NSA initially misinterpreted North Vietnamese intercepts, believing there was an attack on August 4. Mid-level NSA officials almost immediately discovered the error, he concluded, but covered it up by altering documents, to make it appear a second attack had occurred.[citation needed]
On November 30, 2005, the NSA released a first installment of previously classified information regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident, including a moderately sanitized version of Mr. Hanyok's article.[5] The Hanyok article stated that intelligence information was presented to the Johnson administration "in such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events." Instead, "only information that supported the claim that the communists had attacked the two destroyers was given to Johnson administration officials."[55]
With regard to why this happened, Hanyok wrote:
As much as anything else, it was an awareness that President Johnson would brook no uncertainty that could undermine his position. Faced with this attitude, Ray Cline was quoted as saying "... we knew it was bum dope that we were getting from Seventh Fleet, but we were told only to give facts with no elaboration on the nature of the evidence. Everyone knew how volatile LBJ was. He did not like to deal with uncertainties."[56]
Hanyok included his study of Tonkin Gulf as one chapter in an overall history of NSA involvement and American signals intelligence (SIGINT), in the Indochina Wars. A moderately sanitized version of the overall history[57] was released in January 2008 by the National Security Agency and published by the Federation of American Scientists.[58]
See also[edit]
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
False flag
The Fog of War
Niger uranium forgeries
Operation Pierce Arrow
War Powers Clause
USS Pueblo (AGER-2) incident, 1968
USS Maine (ACR-1) sinking, 1898
Attack on Pearl Harbor
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Moïse 1996, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, p. 82.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, pp. 82, 83.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, p. 92.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Robert J. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964" Archived 31 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Cryptologic Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition, Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, pp. 78, 82, 92.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, pp. 106, 107
Jump up ^ Gulf of Tonkin: McNamara admits It didn't happen. March 4, 2008 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? Archived 2015-03-06 at the Wayback Machine., Associated Press, 1995
Jump up ^ Robert J. Hanyok, "Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery", 2–4 August 1964", Cryptologic Quarterly, Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition (Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1), pp. 1–55.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Lipsman & Weiss 1981, pp. 145–148
Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group, Documentation Study (July 1970), Annex F, Appendix x.
Jump up ^ NRK. "Vi som støtter Amerika – Norges rolle i Vietnamkrigen". NRK.
Jump up ^ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix C, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Moïse 1996, pp. 60–61.
Jump up ^ Polmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)" United States Naval Institute Proceedings October 1979 p.138
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 3, Chapter 2, "Military Pressures Against North Vietnam, February 1964 – January 1965," second section".
^ Jump up to: a b c Pentagon Papers, Part IV. C. 2. b. Archived 2013-08-09 at the Wayback Machine., "Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN." July – October 1964, National Archives Identifier no. 5890500
Jump up ^ OAH Magazine of History, fall 1992. The Gulf of Tonkin by Erich Martel
Jump up ^ "Interview with Phung The Tai, 1981" Archived 2012-05-29 at Archive.is. February 19, 1981. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp, Strategy for Defeat — Vietnam in Retrospect (San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1978) P. 42
^ Jump up to: a b c Farrell, Epsey Cooke (1998). The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Law of the Sea. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 46–47. ISBN 9041104739. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Buchholz, Hanns Jürgen (December 1987). Law of the Sea Zones in the Pacific Ocean. ASEAN Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 47. ISBN 9971988739. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB132/essary.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-29. Missing or empty |title= (help), Prados, John. The White House Tapes: Eavesdropping on the President A Book-and-CD Set. New York: New, 2003. George Washington University. Web. October 25, 2009.[dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c The Real News Network, 12 July 2009, "McNamara Deceived LBJ on Gulf of Tonkin," http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=3990
^ Jump up to: a b Ellsberg 2002, pp. 9–10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ellsberg 2002, p. 10.
Jump up ^ The World Today, Vol. 26, No. 5 (May 1970), pp. 209–217, Adam Roberts
^ Jump up to: a b Ball, Moya Ann (1991). "Revisiting the Gulf of Tonkin Crisis: An Analysis of the Private Communication of President Johnson and his Advisers". Discourse & Society. 2 (3): 281–296 [p. 286]. doi:10.1177/0957926591002003002.
Jump up ^ "Gulf of Tonkin Incident". August 4, 1964. p. 1. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Text of Lyndon Johnson's speech, Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
Jump up ^ Cherwitz, Richard A. (1980). "Masking Inconsistency: The Tonkin Gulf Crisis". Communication Quarterly. 28 (2): 27–37. doi:10.1080/01463378009369364.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Goulden, Joseph C. (1969). Truth is the First Casualty. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company.
Jump up ^ Myers, Clay. Oregon Blue Book. Salem, Oregon: Office of the Secretary of State, 1970.
Jump up ^ Wise, David (1973). The Politics of Lying: government deception, secrecy, and power. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-47932-7.
Jump up ^ Bradlee, Ben (April 29, 1987). "Deceit and dishonesty – The first James Cameron Memorial Lecture". The Guardian. London. [dead link] The Emperor's New Clothes. Web. October 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Action in Tonkin Gulf". Time. August 14, 1964. Retrieved October 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Moïse 1996.
Jump up ^ Robert Parry. "Consortiumnews.com".
Jump up ^ Bamford, James in Body of Secrets, Anchor, Reprint edition (April 30, 2002), ISBN 978-0385499088
Jump up ^ Porter, Gareth. "Robert McNamara deceived LBJ on Gulf of Tonkin, documents show".
Jump up ^ "United States Congress resolution, Pub.L. 88–408, 78 Stat. 384" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jeff; Solomon, Norman (July 27, 1994). 30-year Anniversary: Tonkin Gulf Lie Launched Vietnam War. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stockdale, Jim; Stockdale, Sybil (1984). In Love and War: The Story of a Family's Ordeal and Sacrifice During the Vietnam Years (1st ed.). Harpercollins. ISBN 0-06-015318-0.
Jump up ^ "McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? Archived 2015-03-06 at the Wayback Machine.". (November 9, 1995). Associated Press
Jump up ^ "CNN Cold War – Interviews: Robert McNamara". CNN. Archived from the original on June 14, 2008. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "New Tapes Indicate Johnson Doubted Attack in Tonkin Gulf". New York Times. 6 November 2001.
Jump up ^ Poteat, S. Eugene (Fall 1999). "Engineering in the CIA: ELINT, Stealth and the Beginnings of Information Warfare" (PDF). The Bent of Tau Beta Pi. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Gulf of Tonkin: The Record Set Straight". Fall 2012.
Jump up ^ The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War [49]
Jump up ^ the August 2014 issue of Connecticut Magazine Archived 2014-08-06 at Archive.is.
Jump up ^ Shane, Scott (December 2, 2005). "Vietnam War Intelligence 'Deliberately Skewed,' Secret Study Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2005.
Jump up ^ Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964 Archived 11 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.; Cryptalogic Quarterly, Vols. 19/20, Nos. 4–1
Jump up ^ Robert J. Hanyok: His United States National Security Council study on Tonkin Gulf Deception. (October 31, 2005). New York Times. Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hanyok article (page 177)
Jump up ^ "NSA.gov" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Spartans in Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975".
Jump up ^ Report reveals Vietnam War hoaxes, faked attacks. Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ NSA source: "For purposes of clarity, all time references will be marked either Zulu time ("Z," or Greenwich Mean Time) or Golf ("G," or Zulu +7), which is the time zone for the Gulf of Tonkin. [...] All times will be in given in the military twenty four-hour clock. So, all "P.M." times after 1200 hours can be determined by subtracting 1200 from the time: e.g., 1700 hours equals 5:00 P.M."
References[edit]
Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel & Weiss, Stephen (1981). Passing the Torch. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. ISBN 0-939526-01-8.
Ellsberg, Daniel (2002). Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03030-9.
Fletcher, Martin (November 7, 2001). "LBJ tape 'confirms Vietnam war error'". The Times.
Hanyok, Robert J. (2002). Spartans In Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975. Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency.
Moïse, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Tonkin Incident.
The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years Later; Flawed Intelligence and the Decision for War in Vietnam — National Security Archive at George Washington University
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Escalation of the Vietnam War — EDSITEment lesson from the National Endowment for the Humanities
US Navy Historical Site showing charts and photos of the incident (archived)
Tonkin Gulf Intelligence "Skewed" According to Official History and Intercepts — National Security Archive at George Washington University
Ronnie E. Ford "New Light on Gulf of Tonkin"
Original Document: Tonkin Gulf Resolution
50 years after the Tonkin incident, the powerful elite have only become more so, CounterPunch
Why the Tonkin Incident Matters 50 Years Later: Part 1 (2014-07-31) and Part 2 (2014-08-01), Daniel Ellsberg and Gareth Porter, The Real News Network
Declassified documents[edit]
NSA Topic Collection
Chronologies of Events
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Reports (R) and Translations (T) Mar 64 – Oct 64
Related Command and Technical Messages from 02 Aug 64 to 26 Aug 64
Oral History Interviews
OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Service Center
Transcript of Telephone Conversations, Gulf of Tonkin Transcripts
US Navy
Formerly Classified Documents from 2 August 1964
Formerly Classified Documents Subsequent to 4 August 1964
'Tonkin Gulf: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Words Used in Original Documents
US State Department
U.S. Reaction To Events in the Gulf of Tonkin, August 1–10, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964–1968, VOLUME I, VIETNAM, 1964.
[show]
v
t
e
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1964
Shipwrecks
12 Jan: Demeter
10 Feb: HMAS Voyager (Melbourne–Voyager collision)
2 May: Alkimos, USNS Card
29 June: RPS Rajah Soliman
4 Aug: USS Spikefish
14 Sep: Avalon
7 Oct: USS Barbero
14 Oct: Dia
15 Nov: Archangelos/ ex-Dolly Madison
24 Nov: USS Sea Devil
7 Dec: Scantic
23 Dec: Vijaya
Unknown date: Charles A. Dunning
Other incidents
10 Jan: HMS Tiptoe
10 Feb: HMAS Melbourne (Melbourne–Voyager collision)
18 Feb: San Jacinto
2 Aug: USS Maddox (Gulf of Tonkin Incident)
4 Aug: USS Maddox, USS Turner Joy (Gulf of Tonkin Incident)
26 Nov: Shalom
Unknown date: Thorium
1963 1965
Authority control
NDL: 00573277
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident&oldid=817189238"
Categories:
1964 in military history
1964 in Vietnam
August 1964 events
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1964
Combat incidents
Conflicts in 1964
False flag operations
Gulf of Tonkin
History of cryptography
History of the United States (1964–80)
International maritime incidents
Maritime incidents in 1964
Maritime incidents in Vietnam
National Security Agency
Naval battles of the Vietnam War
Naval battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States
Signals intelligence
United States Navy in the 20th-century
Vietnam War
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Webarchive template archiveis links
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Articles with dead external links from August 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Vietnamese-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Български
Boarisch
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 December 2017, at 19:47.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: class colspan style

value: tr

attrs: href title

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: i

value: span

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Joint warfare in South Vietnam 1963–1969

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/F8_Crusader
mw-redirect
F8 Crusader

values: Lists of allied military operations of the Vietnam War

values: Attack on the Bien Hoa Airbase (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Song_Be
mw-redirect
Battle of Song Be

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_A_Shau
mw-redirect
Battle of A Shau

values: Viet Cong attack on Tan Son Nhut Air Base (1966)

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Bau_Bang_II
mw-redirect
Battle of Ap Bau Bang II

values: Operation Massachusetts Striker (page does not exist)

values: Operation Twinkletoes (page does not exist)

values: Battle of Bu Prang (page does not exist)

values: Operation Chicago Peak (page does not exist)

values: Escape of the Provisional Revolutionary Government

values:
/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus
mw-redirect
Operation Enhance Plus

values:
/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle
mw-redirect
Operation Double Eagle

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Robert_S._McNamara
mw-redirect
Robert S. McNamara

values:
/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army
mw-redirect
Vietnam People's Army

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Conference (1954)

values:
/wiki/Geneva_Accords_(1954)
mw-redirect
Geneva Accords (1954)

values:
/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination
mw-redirect
John F. Kennedy assassination

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/U.S._Grant_Sharp,_Jr.
mw-redirect
U.S. Grant Sharp, Jr.

values: The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2016)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/USS_Bon_Homme_Richard_(CVA-31)
mw-redirect
USS Bon Homme Richard (CVA-31)

values:
/wiki/F-8_Crusader
mw-redirect
F-8 Crusader

values:
/wiki/USS_Ticonderoga_(CVA-14)
mw-redirect
USS Ticonderoga (CVA-14)

values:
/wiki/USS_Turner_Joy_(DD-951)
mw-redirect
USS Turner Joy (DD-951)

values: Edit section: The United States' response

values: Edit section: President Johnson's speech to the American people

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/General_Giap
mw-redirect
General Giap

values:
/wiki/George_Wildman_Ball
mw-redirect
George Wildman Ball

values:
/wiki/Raymond_McGovern
mw-redirect
Raymond McGovern

values: Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty

values: Edit section: Later statements about the incident

values:
/wiki/Guided_missile_cruiser
mw-redirect
Guided missile cruiser

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em;

values: Cryptologic Quarterly (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/H._Clay_Myers,_Jr.
mw-redirect
H. Clay Myers, Jr.

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=2261

values:
nofollow
https://www.amazon.com/dp/1494719800/
external text

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Gulf of Tonkin Incident

values:
/wiki/USS_Card_(CVE-11)
mw-redirect
USS Card (CVE-11)

values:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_Incident
mw-redirect
Gulf of Tonkin Incident

values: Category:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1964

values: Category:History of the United States (1964–80)

values: Category:Naval battles of the Vietnam War

values: Category:Naval battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States

values: Category:United States Navy in the 20th-century

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Webarchive template archiveis links

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2013

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles containing Vietnamese-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2016

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: حادث خليج تونكين – Arabic

values: Інцыдэнт у Танкінскім заліве – Belarusian

values: Тонкински инцидент – Bulgarian

values: 통킹 만 사건 – Korean

values: Incidente del golfo del Tonchino – Italian

values: トンキン湾事件 – Japanese

values: Incidente do Golfo de Tonkin – Portuguese

values: Инцидент в Тонкинском заливе – Russian

values: Инцидент у Тонкиншком заливу – Serbian

values: Тонкінський інцидент – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident rootpage-Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident skin-vector action-view