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Age of candidacy
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Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access.
The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis, a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Controversies
2 Reform efforts
3 In various countries
3.1 Australia
3.2 Austria
3.3 Belgium
3.4 Belize
3.5 Brazil
3.6 Canada
3.7 Chile
3.8 China
3.9 Cyprus
3.10 Czech Republic
3.11 Denmark
3.12 Estonia
3.13 France
3.14 Germany
3.15 Hong Kong
3.16 India
3.17 Indonesia
3.18 Israel
3.19 Italy
3.20 Iran
3.21 Iraq
3.22 Ireland
3.23 Japan
3.24 South Korea
3.25 Malaysia
3.26 Mexico
3.27 Netherlands
3.28 New Zealand
3.29 Nigeria
3.30 Norway
3.31 Pakistan
3.32 Philippines
3.33 Poland
3.34 Portugal
3.35 Singapore
3.36 South Africa
3.37 Switzerland
3.38 Thailand
3.39 Turkey
3.40 United Kingdom
3.41 United States
3.42 Venezuela
4 Comparison chart
5 See also
6 Notes and references
Controversies[edit]
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1972, Linda Jenness ran for President of the United States although she was only 31 at the time.
Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they don't know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.
In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]
In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.
In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a US Congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[5]
On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was only 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[6] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[7] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was only 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[8]
Reform efforts[edit]
In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.
During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[9] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[10] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[11]
In various countries[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.
The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[citation needed]
Austria[edit]
In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[12] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[13] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.
Belgium[edit]
Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[citation needed] This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.
Belize[edit]
According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[14]
Brazil[edit]
The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[15]
Canada[edit]
In Canada (other than Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) a person must be aged 19 or over (18 in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) to stand for election to public office. However, to be appointed to the Senate, one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above his or her debts and liabilities.[citation needed]
Chile[edit]
In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[16]
China[edit]
In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[17]
Cyprus[edit]
In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years.
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[18] or the President of the Czech Republic.
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.
Estonia[edit]
In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[19]
France[edit]
In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national, regional or local elections. The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required.[20] The minimum age for the President is 40.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.
India[edit]
In India a person must be at least:
35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India
30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Parishad (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral.)
25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Vidhan Sabha Speaker, Minister in the State Governments. Additionally, to be a member of Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Sabha (the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India.)
21 to be the Mayor, Chairman, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), Nagar Palika (Municipal Council), Nagar Panchayat (Town Committee), Gram Sabha (Village Council) and Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) respectively.
Indonesia[edit]
In Indonesia a person must be at least:
35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act
Israel[edit]
In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.
Italy[edit]
In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).
Iran[edit]
In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[21]
Iraq[edit]
The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[22] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[23] The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives.[24] There are proposals by various MP's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25.
Ireland[edit]
The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[25][26] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[26][27] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[26][28] The 1922–37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[29] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[30] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[31] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.
Japan[edit]
In Japan a person must be at least:[32]
25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, a person must be at least 40 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.[33]
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri. Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be President, 25 to be a Senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.[citation needed]
Nigeria[edit]
In Nigeria, a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 30 to be a Representative in parliament.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election, from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[citation needed]
Philippines[edit]
Ages of candidacy in the Philippines
Type of candidate
Minimum age
President and Vice President 40
Senator 35
Regional governor 35
Member of the House of Representatives 25
Provincial-level elected official 23
City-level elected official 21
Municipal-level elected official 21
Member of the regional legislative assembly 21
Barangay-level elected official 18
Member of youth councils 18-24
Poland[edit]
Ages of candidacy in Poland
Type of candidate
Minimum age
President 35
Senator 30
Mayor/Wójt 25
Poseł 21
Member of the European Parliament 21
Councillor 18
Portugal[edit]
Ages of candidacy in Portugal
Type of candidate
Minimum age
References
President 35 [34]
Parliament 18 [35]
Singapore[edit]
In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[36]
South Africa[edit]
Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.
Switzerland[edit]
In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years.
Turkey[edit]
The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[37]
The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as said Prime Minister is related to parliament and in order to be in parliament you have to be 18 and the government of Turkey said that 18 will be the age for when you can run for prime minister.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland, England, and Wales, and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.
United States[edit]
Main article: Age of candidacy laws in the United States
In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).
Venezuela[edit]
In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[39] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly [40] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[41]
Comparison chart[edit]
Country
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Upper house
Lower house
References
Armenia 40 - 25 - 25 [42][43]
Australia - - 18 18 18
Austria 35 - 18 [44]
Belgium - - 21 21
Belize - - 18 18 18 [45]
Brazil 35 35 35 21 [46]
Canada - - 30
Chile 35 35 21 [47]
China 45 45
Cyprus 35
Czech Republic 40 40 21 [48]
Denmark - - 18 - 18
Estonia 40 - 21 [49]
France 18 24 18
Germany 40 18 18 [50]
Hong Kong 21
India 35 35 25 30 25
Indonesia 35 35 21 21
Israel 30 - 21
Italy 50 40 25
Iran 21 [51]
Iraq 40 35 - 30 [52][53][54]
Ireland 35 30 21 [55][26][26][56][26][57][58]
Japan 30 25 [59]
South Korea 40 25 [60]
Malaysia 30 21
Mexico 35 25 21
Netherlands - - 18 18 18
New Zealand - - 18
Nigeria 40 40 35 30
Norway - - 18 - 18
Pakistan 40 25 25
Philippines 40 40 35 25
Poland 35 - 30 21
Portugal 35 - 18 [61][62]
Singapore 45
South Africa 18
Switzerland 18
Thailand 35
Turkey 40 30 30 [63]
United Kingdom - - 18
United States 35 35 - 30 25 [64]
Venezuela 30 30 - 21
See also[edit]
Youth
Youth suffrage
Youth rights
Ageism
Ballot access
Electoral reform
Voting age
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Broughton, Thomas; Marcia Patterson (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association. p. 388.
Jump up ^ "BYC Youth Manifesto" (PDF). British Youth Council. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2008-07-28. Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local, regional, national and European elections should be 16, as should the age to become a trustee of a charity. Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors; this inconsistency should be rectified. Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully.
Jump up ^ "Unsworn Senators". Time Magazine (January 14, 1935).
Jump up ^ Battle, Dick; Tom Flake (January 5, 1955). "Senate Vote Ousts Fulton". Nashville Banner.
Jump up ^ O'Brian, Jack (11 January 1969). "Senate To Have Ineligible Man". Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg, SC. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Jo (2008). We Will Be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. Only 31, Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President, but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states — six more than in 1968.
Jump up ^ "1972 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Presidency 2004". Politics1.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2007-10-16. Since they weren't going to be elected anyways, the Socialist Workers Party didn't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected. Why? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen; and Arrin Hawkins is too young. To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP, as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states, the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero-Hawkins slate to be listed.
Jump up ^ "How old is old enough?" (PDF) (Press release). British Youth Council. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-16. BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office. A candidate’s breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18...
Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2006, article 3 and Schedule 1(14)(d).
Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Part 5, Section 17 Archived July 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved on 1 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920, 1929 version Archived February 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on 3 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Laws of Belize, Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."
Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Section 2, Article 79.
Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Piven, Ben; Ben Willers (11 June 2013). "Infographic: Choosing Iran's next president". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 68
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 77
Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013, Article 8 (a)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4.1° (President) Article 16.1.1° (Dáil Éireann), Article 18.2 (Seanad Éireann)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Children and rights in Ireland". p. Elections. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Section 11". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 4". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. pp. Article 14. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State, Article 31; "Constitution (Amendment No. 8) Act, 1928, Section 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Referendum 2015: Home". Dublin: Referendum Commission. 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "公職選挙法". Ministry of Justice (Japan).
Jump up ^ 국가법령정보센터 - 공직선거법
Jump up ^ "O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições (Portugal). "Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(b).
Jump up ^ "18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni". Evrensel.net (in Turkish). 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5, Chapter II, Article 227
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5, Chapter I, Article 188, Section 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 4, Chapter III, Article 160
Jump up ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia | Official Web Site | parliament.am". www.parliament.am. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Election Code of Armenia" (in Armenian).
Jump up ^ 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved on 1 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Laws of Belize, Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."
Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Piven, Ben; Ben Willers (11 June 2013). "Infographic: Choosing Iran's next president". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 68
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 77
Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013, Article 8 (a)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4.1° (President) Article 16.1.1° (Dáil Éireann), Article 18.2 (Seanad Éireann)
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Section 11". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 4". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State, Article 31; "Constitution (Amendment No. 8) Act, 1928, Section 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "公職選挙法". Ministry of Justice (Japan).
Jump up ^ 국가법령정보센터 - 공직선거법
Jump up ^ "O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições (Portugal). "Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni". Evrensel.net (in Turkish). 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
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text:
United States women's national ice hockey team
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States
Nickname(s)
Team USA
Association
USA Hockey
General Manager
Reagan Carey
Head coach
Robb Stauber
Assistants
Brett Strot
Paul Mara
Captain
Meghan Duggan
Most games
Angela Ruggiero (257)
Top scorer
Natalie Darwitz (114)
Most points
Natalie Darwitz (237)
Team colors
IIHF code
USA
Ranking
Current IIHF
1
Highest IIHF
1 (first in 2009)
Lowest IIHF
3 (2007)
First international
Canada 2–1 United States
(North York or Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; April 21, 1987)
Biggest win
United States 20–0 Netherlands
(North York or Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; April 23, 1987)
Biggest defeat
Canada 8–0 United States
(Tampere, Finland; April 26, 1992)
IIHF World Championships
Appearances
18 (first in 1990)
Best result
Gold: (2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017)
Olympics
Appearances
6 (first in 1998)
Medals
Gold: (1998, 2018)
Silver: (2002, 2010, 2014)
Bronze: (2006)
Medal record
Olympic Games
1998 Nagano Team
2018 Pyeongchang Team
2002 Salt Lake City Team
2010 Vancouver Team
2014 Sochi Team
2006 Turin Team
World Championship
2005 Sweden
2008 China
2009 Finland
2011 Switzerland
2013 Canada
2015 Sweden
2016 Canada
2017 United States
1990 Canada
1992 Finland
1994 United States
1997 Canada
1999 Finland
2000 Canada
2001 United States
2004 Canada
2007 Canada
2012 United States
The United States women's national ice hockey team is controlled by USA Hockey. The U.S. has been one of the most successful women's ice hockey teams in international play, having won gold or silver in every major tournament with the exception of the 2006 Winter Olympics, where they captured bronze. As of 2018, the U.S. has 75,832 female players.[1]
In 1998, the women's Olympic hockey team was named the USOC Team of the Year. In April 2015, the women's national ice hockey team was named the USOC Team of the Month.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tournament record[3]
1.1 Olympic Games[4]
1.2 World Championship[5]
1.3 4 Nations Cup[6]
2 Team
2.1 Current roster
3 Facilities
4 Threatened 2017 World Championship boycott
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Tournament record[3][edit]
Olympic Games[4][edit]
Games
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Coach
Captain
Round
Position
1998 Nagano 6 6 0 0 36 8 Smith, BenBen Smith Granato, CammiCammi Granato Gold medal game 01 ! Gold
2002 Salt Lake City 5 4 1 0 33 4 Smith, BenBen Smith Granato, CammiCammi Granato Gold medal game 02 ! Silver
2006 Turin 5 4 1 0 24 6 Smith, BenBen Smith Wendell-Pohl, KrissyKrissy Wendell-Pohl Bronze medal game 03 ! Bronze
2010 Vancouver 5 4 1 — 40 4 Johnson, MarkMark Johnson Darwitz, NatalieNatalie Darwitz Gold medal game 02 ! Silver
2014 Sochi 5 3 2 — 22 8 Stone, KateyKatey Stone Duggan, MeghanMeghan Duggan Gold medal game 02 ! Silver
2018 Pyeongchang 5 4 1 — 17 5 Stauber, RobbRobb Stauber Duggan, MeghanMeghan Duggan Gold medal game 01 ! Gold
World Championship[5][edit]
1990 — 02 ! Silver
1992 — 02 ! Silver
1994 — 02 ! Silver
1997 — 02 ! Silver
1999 — 02 ! Silver
2000 — 02 ! Silver
2001 — 02 ! Silver
2004 — 02 ! Silver
2005 — 01 ! Gold
2007 — 02 ! Silver
2008 — 01 ! Gold
2009 — 01 ! Gold
2011 — 01 ! Gold
2012 — 02 ! Silver
2013 — 01 ! Gold
2015 — 01 ! Gold
2016 — 01 ! Gold
2017 — 01 ! Gold
4 Nations Cup[6][edit]
1996 — 02 ! Silver
1997 — 01 ! Gold
1998 — 02 ! Silver
1999 — 02 ! Silver
2000 — 02 ! Silver
2002 — 02 ! Silver
2003 — 01 ! Gold
2004 — 02 ! Silver
2005 — 02 ! Silver
2006 — 02 ! Silver
2007 — 02 ! Silver
2008 — 01 ! Gold
2009 — 02 ! Silver
2010 — 02 ! Silver
2011 — 01 ! Gold
2012 — 01 ! Gold
2013 — 03 ! Bronze
2014 — 02 ! Silver
2015 — 01 ! Gold
2016 — 01 ! Gold
2017 — 01 ! Gold
Team[edit]
Current roster[edit]
The following is the United States roster for the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics.[7][8]
view
Head coach: Robb Stauber Associate coaches: Brett Strot, Paul Mara
No.
Pos.
Name
Height
Weight
Birthdate
2017–18 team
2 D Lee Stecklein 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) 7001789250723800000♠174 lb (79 kg) 000000001994-04-23-0000April 23, 1994 Univ. of Minnesota
3 D Cayla Barnes 5 ft 1 in (1.55 m) 7001662244860200000♠146 lb (66 kg) 000000001999-01-07-0000January 7, 1999 Boston College
5 D Megan Keller 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 7001730283715700000♠161 lb (73 kg) 000000001996-05-01-0000May 1, 1996 Boston College
6 D Kali Flanagan 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) 7001639565241700000♠141 lb (64 kg) 000000001995-09-19-0000September 19, 1995 Boston College
7 F Monique Lamoureux-Morando 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 7001671316707600000♠148 lb (67 kg) 000000001989-07-03-0000July 3, 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps
8 D Emily Pfalzer 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) 7001571526386200000♠126 lb (57 kg) 000000001993-06-14-0000June 14, 1993 Buffalo Beauts
10 F Meghan Duggan – C 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) 7001739355563100000♠163 lb (74 kg) 000000001987-09-03-0000September 3, 1987 Boston Pride
11 F Haley Skarupa 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 7001639565241700000♠141 lb (64 kg) 000000001994-01-03-0000January 3, 1994 Boston Pride
12 F Kelly Pannek 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) 7001748427410500000♠165 lb (75 kg) 000000001995-12-29-0000December 29, 1995 Univ. of Minnesota
14 F Brianna Decker – A 5 ft 4 in (1.63 m) 7001680388555000000♠150 lb (68 kg) 000000001991-05-13-0000May 13, 1991 Boston Pride
17 F Jocelyne Lamoureux-Davidson 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 7001680388555000000♠150 lb (68 kg) 000000001989-07-03-0000July 3, 1989 Minnesota Whitecaps
19 F Gigi Marvin 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) 7001721211868300000♠159 lb (72 kg) 000000001987-03-07-0000March 7, 1987 Boston Pride
20 F Hannah Brandt 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) 7001680388555000000♠150 lb (68 kg) 000000001993-11-27-0000November 27, 1993 Minnesota Whitecaps
21 F Hilary Knight 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m) 7001789250723800000♠174 lb (79 kg) 000000001989-07-12-0000July 12, 1989 Boston Pride
22 D Kacey Bellamy – A 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) 7001662244860200000♠146 lb (66 kg) 000000001987-04-22-0000April 22, 1987 Boston Pride
23 D Sidney Morin 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) 7001580598233600000♠128 lb (58 kg) 000000001995-06-06-0000June 6, 1995 Modo Hockey
24 F Dani Cameranesi 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) 7001671316707600000♠148 lb (67 kg) 000000001995-06-30-0000June 30, 1995 Univ. of Minnesota
26 F Kendall Coyne 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) 7001557918615100000♠123 lb (56 kg) 000000001992-05-25-0000May 25, 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps
28 F Amanda Kessel 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) 7001621421546900000♠137 lb (62 kg) 000000001991-08-28-0000August 28, 1991 Metropolitan Riveters
29 G Nicole Hensley 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) 7001698532249800000♠154 lb (70 kg) 000000001994-06-23-0000June 23, 1994 Lindenwood Univ.
33 G Alex Rigsby 5 ft 7 in (1.70 m) 7001680388555000000♠150 lb (68 kg) 000000001992-01-03-0000January 3, 1992 Minnesota Whitecaps
35 G Maddie Rooney 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) 7001662244860200000♠146 lb (66 kg) 000000001997-07-01-0000July 1, 1997 Univ. of Minnesota Duluth
37 F Amanda Pelkey 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) 7001607813775800000♠134 lb (61 kg) 000000001993-05-29-0000May 29, 1993 Boston Pride
Facilities[edit]
For the 2010 Olympics, the team's training and development program was located in Blaine, Minnesota, at the Schwan Super Rink, the largest ice facility in the world. For the 2014 Olympics, the team's training was located in the Greater Boston region at the Edge Sports Center in Bedford, Massachusetts, while off-ice fitness facility was located at the Mike Boyle Strength & Conditioning Center in Woburn, Massachusetts.[9]
Threatened 2017 World Championship boycott[edit]
On 15 March 2017, players for the U.S. women's ice hockey team announced that they would boycott the 2017 World Championship over inequitable support and conditions for women's ice hockey unless concessions were made by USA Hockey.[10] Members of the team including captain Meghan Duggan made public statements regarding poor pay and conditions for female hockey players. The players were publicly supported by the players' associations for the NBA, WNBA, MLB and the NHLPA. On 28 March 2017, the players agreed to play in the World Championship after an agreement was struck with USA Hockey to increase player pay and support for women's development.[11]
See also[edit]
List of United States national women's ice hockey team rosters
2009–10 United States women's national ice hockey team
2010–11 United States women's national ice hockey team
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "United States". iihf.com. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Olympic Committee Announces Best Of April Honors For Team USA Awards, Presented By Dow". teamusa.org. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2389107-women-s-olympic-teams
Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2429450-women-s-world-championship
Jump up ^ https://teamusa.usahockey.com/page/show/2370742-four-nations-cup
Jump up ^ "2018 U.S. Olympic Women's Hockey Team". USA Hockey. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Team Roster United States
Jump up ^ "US women's hockey team's training emphasized lower body strength". Boston Globe. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (March 29, 2017). "US women's hockey team strike 'historic' pay deal and agree to end boycott". The Guardian. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Guardian Sport (March 26, 2017). "USA Hockey rebuffed as replacements stand in support of women's boycott". The Guardian. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Theberge, Nancy (2000). Higher goals: women's ice hockey and the politics of gender. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0791446417. OCLC 42771390.
Ruggiero, Angela (2006). Breaking the ice : my journey to Olympic hockey, the Ivy League, and beyond (1st ed ed.). East Bridgewater, MA: Drummond Publishing Company. ISBN 1597630098. OCLC 62261070. CS1 maint: Extra text (link)
Scott, Richard (2017). Who's Who in Women's Hockey Guide 2018. Blurb, Incorporated. ISBN 1364113309. OCLC 990850828.
Smith, Lissa (1998). Nike is a goddess : the history of women in sports. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0871137267. OCLC 39313490.
Milner, Adrienne N (2017). Women in Sports : Breaking Barriers, Facing Obstacles. Braddock, Jomills H. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 9781440851254. OCLC 968151835.
External links[edit]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_women%27s_national_ice_hockey_team&oldid=842855296"
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United States national ice hockey team
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values: Americká ženská hokejová reprezentace – Czech

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values: Frauen-Eishockeynationalmannschaft der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Équipe des États-Unis de hockey sur glace féminin – French

values: Nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio femminile degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian

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