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List of extreme points of the United States
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There are a number of different interpretations for "easternmost" and "westernmost"; see below for full treatment.
This is a list of the extreme points of the United States, the points that are farther north, south, east, or west than any other location in the country. Also included are extreme points in elevation, extreme distances, and other points of peculiar geographic interest.
Extreme points in the 50 states: Point Barrow, Ka Lae, Sail Rock, Peaked Island
Extreme points in the contiguous 48 states: Northwest Angle, Ballast Key, Sail Rock, Bodelteh Islands
Extreme points of the U.S. on the North American continent: Point Barrow, Cape Sable, West Quoddy Head, Cape Prince of Wales
Extreme points in all U.S. territory: Point Barrow, Rose Atoll, Wake Island, Peaked Island (red dots); Point Udall, Guam, and Point Udall, USVI are shown as green dots. The International Date Line is shown in yellow.
Contents
[hide]
1 Northernmost points
2 Southernmost points
3 Easternmost points
4 Westernmost points
5 Interpretation of easternmost and westernmost
6 Highest points
7 Lowest points
8 Other points
9 Islands
10 Lakes
11 Rivers
12 Extremes in distance
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 External links
Northernmost points[edit]
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Point Barrow, Alaska 71°23′20″N 156°28′45″W / 71.38889°N 156.47917°W / 71.38889; -156.47917 (Point Barrow) – northernmost point in all U.S. territory
Barrow (Utqiaġvik), Alaska 71°17′44″N 156°45′59″W / 71.29556°N 156.76639°W / 71.29556; -156.76639 (Barrow) – northernmost incorporated place in all U.S. territory, population about 4,000
Fairbanks, Alaska 64°50′22.94″N 147°43′14.63″W / 64.8397056°N 147.7207306°W / 64.8397056; -147.7207306 (Fairbanks City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 20,000 residents, and northernmost city with public road access
Anchorage, Alaska 61°13′4.17″N 149°53′33.17″W / 61.2178250°N 149.8925472°W / 61.2178250; -149.8925472 (Anchorage City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 250,000 residents
Northwest Angle Inlet in Lake of the Woods, Minnesota 49°23′04.1″N 95°9′12.2″W / 49.384472°N 95.153389°W / 49.384472; -95.153389 (Northwest Angle) – northernmost point in the 48 contiguous states (because of incomplete information at the time of the Treaty of Paris (1783) settling the American Revolutionary War)
Sumas, Washington 49°00′08.6″N 122°15′40″W / 49.002389°N 122.26111°W / 49.002389; -122.26111 (Sumas, WA) – northernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states (because of 19th century survey inaccuracy placing the international border slightly north of the 49th parallel here.[1])
Lynden, Washington 48°56′43″N 122°27′10″W / 48.94528°N 122.45278°W / 48.94528; -122.45278 (Lynden City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Bellingham, Washington 48°45′19.12″N 122°28′43.54″W / 48.7553111°N 122.4787611°W / 48.7553111; -122.4787611 (Bellingham City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Everett, Washington 47°58′41″N 122°12′27″W / 47.97806°N 122.20750°W / 47.97806; -122.20750 (Everett City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Spokane, Washington 47°39′37″N 117°25′25″W / 47.66028°N 117.42361°W / 47.66028; -117.42361 (Spokane City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 200,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Seattle, Washington 47°36′13.81″N 122°19′48.56″W / 47.6038361°N 122.3301556°W / 47.6038361; -122.3301556 (Seattle City Hall) – northernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States
Alaska has the northernmost geographic center of all the states. North Dakota has the northernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.
Southernmost points[edit]
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Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica (90°0′0″S 0°0′0″E / 90.00000°S 0.00000°E / -90.00000; 0.00000 (South Pole)) – southernmost point under United States jurisdiction
Rose Atoll, American Samoa (14°34′11″S 168°9′10″W / 14.56972°S 168.15278°W / -14.56972; -168.15278 (Rose Atoll)) – southernmost point in all U.S.-controlled territory
Palmyra Atoll - southernmost point in all U.S. incorporated territory
Ka Lae, Hawaii (18°54′39″N 155°40′52″W / 18.91083°N 155.68111°W / 18.91083; -155.68111 (Ka Lae)) – southernmost point in the 50 states
Nā'ālehu, Hawaii (19°3′57″N 155°35′15″W / 19.06583°N 155.58750°W / 19.06583; -155.58750 (Nā'ālehu, HI)) – southernmost town in the 50 states
Hilo, Hawaii (19°41′58″N 155°4′51″W / 19.69944°N 155.08083°W / 19.69944; -155.08083) - southernmost place with a population over 25,000 in the 50 states
City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii – southernmost incorporated place in the 50 states (Hawaii's only incorporated place)
Western Dry Rocks, Florida (24°26.8′N 81°55.6′W / 24.4467°N 81.9267°W / 24.4467; -81.9267 (Western Dry Rocks)) – In the Florida Keys - southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide
Ballast Key, Florida (24°31′15″N 81°57′49″W / 24.52083°N 81.96361°W / 24.52083; -81.96361 (Ballast Key)) – southernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water
Key West, Florida (24°32′38.724″N 81°48′17.658″W / 24.54409000°N 81.80490500°W / 24.54409000; -81.80490500 (Key West, FL)) – southernmost incorporated place in the contiguous 48 states
Cape Sable, Florida (25°7′6″N 81°5′11″W / 25.11833°N 81.08639°W / 25.11833; -81.08639 (Cape Sable)) – southernmost point on the U.S. mainland
Florida City, Florida – Southernmost municipality in continental USA
Miami, Florida – the southernmost major metropolitan city in the 48 contiguous states
Cameron County, Texas 25°50′14.5″N 97°23′39.9″W / 25.837361°N 97.394417°W / 25.837361; -97.394417 – Southernmost point on the Mexico–United States border.
Hawaii has the southernmost geographic center of all the states. Florida has the southernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.
Easternmost points[edit]
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Point Udall, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands 17°45′19″N 64°33′54″W / 17.75528°N 64.56500°W / 17.75528; -64.56500 (Point Udall, St. Croix) – easternmost point in all U.S. territory, by direction of travel
Christiansted, United States Virgin Islands 17°44′54″N 64°43′00″W / 17.7482°N 64.7168°W / 17.7482; -64.7168 (Christainsted) – easternmost town in all US territory, by direction of travel
Sail Rock, Maine 44°48′45.2″N 66°56′49.3″W / 44.812556°N 66.947028°W / 44.812556; -66.947028 (Sail Rock), just offshore of West Quoddy Head, Maine – easternmost point in the 50 states, by direction of travel
West Quoddy Head, Maine 44°48′55.4″N 66°56′59.2″W / 44.815389°N 66.949778°W / 44.815389; -66.949778 (West Quoddy Head) – easternmost point on the U.S. mainland
Lubec, Maine 44°49′03″N 66°57′00″W / 44.817419°N 66.949895°W / 44.817419; -66.949895 (Lubec, ME) – easternmost incorporated place in the 50 states
Eastport, Maine – easternmost incorporated city in the 50 states[2]
Calais, Maine – easternmost city of more than 2,500 residents in the 50 states
Houlton, Maine – easternmost city of more than 5,000 residents in the 50 states
Bangor, Maine – easternmost city of more than 20,000 residents in the 50 states
Portland, Maine – easternmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 50 states
Boston, Massachusetts – easternmost major U.S. city (more than 500,000 residents)
Pochnoi Point, Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska 51°57′42″N 179°46′23″E / 51.96167°N 179.77306°E / 51.96167; 179.77306 (Pochnoi Point, Semisopochnoi Island) – easternmost point in all U.S. territory by longitude—ironically, in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands "west" of the westernmost point in the U.S. by longitude (Amatignak Island) due to interposition of 180° longitude, which conventionally divides "west" from "east" in geographic terms.
Peacock Point, Wake Island 19°16′13.2″N 166°39′26.3″E / 19.270333°N 166.657306°E / 19.270333; 166.657306 (Peacock Point, Wake Island) – first sunrise (at equinox) in all U.S. territory
Northern Islands Municipality, Northern Mariana Islands 16°01′38″N 146°03′52″E / 16.0271°N 146.0645°E / 16.0271; 146.0645 (Farallon de Medinilla) – easternmost municipality in all U.S. territory, by longitude
Maine has the easternmost geographic center of the 50 states.
Westernmost points[edit]
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Point Udall, Guam (13°26′51″N 144°37′5.5″E / 13.44750°N 144.618194°E / 13.44750; 144.618194 (Point Udall, Guam)) – westernmost point in all U.S. territory, by direction of travel
Peaked Island, offshore from Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska 52°55′14″N 172°26′16″E / 52.92056°N 172.43778°E / 52.92056; 172.43778 (Peaked Island) – westernmost point in the 50 states by direction of travel, and last sunset (at equinox) in all U.S. territory. West of it passes the International Date Line, after which come Russian territorial islands
Amatignak Island, Alaska 51°16′7″N 179°8′55″W / 51.26861°N 179.14861°W / 51.26861; -179.14861 (Amatignak Island) – technically, westernmost point in all of U.S. territory by longitude, but not the westernmost of the U.S. Aleutian Islands. It possesses the highest longitude west figure (179°8'55"W) before 180° longitude, which passes west of it. After 180°, longitude is termed "east" and declines numerically.
Adak, Alaska 51°49′21″N 176°42′53″W / 51.8224°N 176.7147°W / 51.8224; -176.7147 (Adak, AK) – westernmost incorporated city in the 50 states
Unalaska, Alaska 53°53′20″N 166°31′38″W / 53.888984°N 166.527239°W / 53.888984; -166.527239 (Unalaska, AK) - westernmost city of more than 2,500 residents in the 50 states
Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska 65°38′32″N 168°7′8″W / 65.64222°N 168.11889°W / 65.64222; -168.11889 (Cape Prince of Wales) – westernmost point on the North American continent
Anchor Point, Alaska (59°46′20.8914″N 151°52′2.373″W / 59.772469833°N 151.86732583°W / 59.772469833; -151.86732583 (Anchor Point, AK)) – Westernmost point on the continuous road system of North America[3]
Umatilla Reef, offshore from Cape Alava, Washington (48°11.1′N 124°47.1′W / 48.1850°N 124.7850°W / 48.1850; -124.7850 (Umatilla Reef)) – westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states occasionally above water at low tide
Bodelteh Islands, offshore from Cape Alava, Washington 48°10′42.7″N 124°46′18.1″W / 48.178528°N 124.771694°W / 48.178528; -124.771694 (Bodelteh Islands) – westernmost point in the 48 contiguous states continuously above water
Cape Alava, Washington (48°9′51″N 124°43′59″W / 48.16417°N 124.73306°W / 48.16417; -124.73306 (Cape Alava)) – westernmost point on the U.S. mainland (contiguous)
Ozette, Washington 48°09′17″N 124°40′02″W / 48.154722°N 124.667222°W / 48.154722; -124.667222 (Ozette, WA) – westernmost town in the 48 contiguous states
Port Orford, Oregon 42°45′15″N 124°30′45″W / 42.754065°N 124.512605°W / 42.754065; -124.512605 (Port Orford, OR) – westernmost incorporated place in the 48 contiguous states
Brookings, Oregon – westernmost city of more than 5,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Coos Bay, Oregon – westernmost city of more than 10,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Eureka, California – westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Corvallis, Oregon – westernmost city of more than 50,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Eugene, Oregon – westernmost city of more than 100,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states
Portland, Oregon – westernmost city of more than 500,000 residents in the United States
Hawaii has the westernmost geographic center of all the states. Oregon has the westernmost geographic center of the 48 contiguous states.
Interpretation of easternmost and westernmost[edit]
There are three methods for reckoning the eastern and western extremes of the United States.
One method is to use the Prime Meridian as the dividing line between east and west. This meridian running through Greenwich, London, is defined as zero degrees longitude and could be called the least eastern and least western place in the world. The 180th meridian, on the opposite side of the globe, is therefore the easternmost and westernmost place in the world.
Another method is to use the International Date Line as the easternmost–westernmost extreme. On the equinox, the easternmost place would be where the day first begins, and the westernmost is where the day last ends.[citation needed]
Still another method is to first determine the geographic center of the country and from there measure the shortest distance to every other point. All U.S. territory is spread across less than 180° of longitude, so from any spot in the U.S. it is more direct to reach Point Udall, U.S. Virgin Islands, by traveling east than by traveling west. Likewise, there is not a single point in U.S. territory from which heading east is a shorter route to Point Udall, Guam, than heading west would be, even accounting for circumpolar routes. The two Udalls for whom the two Points are named were brothers, Mo Udall in Guam and Stewart Udall in the Virgin Islands.[4]
Highest points[edit]
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Denali, Alaska, United States 63°4′9″N 151°0′23″W / 63.06917°N 151.00639°W / 63.06917; -151.00639 (Mount McKinley) – highest summit in the United States, all US territories, and North America at 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m)[5]
Mount Whitney,[note 1][6][7][8] California 36°34′43″N 118°17′31″W / 36.57861°N 118.29194°W / 36.57861; -118.29194 (Mount Whitney) – highest point in the 48 contiguous states at 14,505 feet (4,421 m)
Mount Elbert,[note 2][9][10] Colorado – highest point on the Continental Divide of North America at 14,440 feet (4,400 m)
Mauna Kea,[note 3][11] Hawaiʻi 19°49′14″N 155°28′5″W / 19.82056°N 155.46806°W / 19.82056; -155.46806 (Mauna Kea) – highest island summit in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)
Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico 36°35′52″N 105°26′42″W / 36.59778°N 105.44500°W / 36.59778; -105.44500 (Taos Ski Valley, New Mexico) – highest village limits in all U.S. territory at 12,581 feet (3,835 m) (No residents of Taos Ski Valley live above 10,350 feet (3,150 m))[12]
Winter Park, Colorado 39°53′34″N 105°45′43″W / 39.89278°N 105.76194°W / 39.89278; -105.76194 (Winter Park, CO) – highest city limits in all U.S. territory at 12,060 feet (3,680 m) (No residents of Winter Park live above 9,550 feet (2,910 m))
San Juan County, Colorado 37°49′N 107°40′W / 37.817°N 107.667°W / 37.817; -107.667 (San Juan County, Colorado) – highest U.S. county based on a mean elevation (11,240 feet (3,430 m))
Alma, Colorado 39°17′2″N 106°3′46″W / 39.28389°N 106.06278°W / 39.28389; -106.06278 (Alma, Colorado) – highest town in all U.S. territory at 10,355 feet (3,156 m); contiguous residential areas extend to 11,680 feet (3,560 m).
Leadville, Colorado 39°14′50″N 106°17′30″W / 39.24722°N 106.29167°W / 39.24722; -106.29167 (Leadville, Colorado) – highest city in all U.S. territory at 10,152 feet (3,094 m). (No residents of Leadville live above 10,360 feet (3,160 m))
Lake County Airport, Colorado 39°13′13″N 106°19′00″W / 39.22028°N 106.31667°W / 39.22028; -106.31667 (Lake County Airport) – highest airfield in all U.S. territory and North America at 9,927 feet (3,026 m)
New Mexico State Capitol, Santa Fe 35°40′56″N 105°56′23″W / 35.68222°N 105.93972°W / 35.68222; -105.93972 (New Mexico State Capitol) – highest state capitol in the United States at 7,005 feet (2,135 m)
State of Colorado 39°00′N 105°30′W / 39.000°N 105.500°W / 39.000; -105.500 (State of Colorado) – highest U.S. state based on an average elevation of 6,800 feet (2,100 m)
Mount Mitchell, North Carolina 35°45′53″N 82°15′54″W / 35.76472°N 82.26500°W / 35.76472; -82.26500 (Mount Mitchell) – highest point in eastern United States at 6,684 feet (2,037 m)
Mount Washington, New Hampshire 44°16′13″N 71°18′12″W / 44.27028°N 71.30333°W / 44.27028; -71.30333 (Mount Washington) – highest point in northeastern United States at 6,288 feet (1,917 m)
Arikaree River, Yuma County, Colorado at Kansas state line 39°58′42″N 102°3′6″W / 39.97833°N 102.05167°W / 39.97833; -102.05167 (Arikaree River) – highest U.S. state low point at 3,317 feet (1,011 m)
Beech Mountain, North Carolina 36°12′23″N 81°52′59″W / 36.20639°N 81.88306°W / 36.20639; -81.88306 is the highest incorporated community at an elevation of 5,506 feet (1,678 m) east of the Mississippi River.
Boone, North Carolina 36°12′41″N 81°40′7″W / 36.21139°N 81.66861°W / 36.21139; -81.66861 has the highest elevation (3,333 feet, 1015.9 m) of any town of its size (over 10,000 population) east of the Mississippi River.
Eisenhower Tunnel west of Denver, Colorado is the highest point on the Interstate Highway System at 11,158 feet.
Lowest points[edit]
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Badwater Basin, Death Valley, California 36°14′23″N 116°50′5″W / 36.23972°N 116.83472°W / 36.23972; -116.83472 (Badwater Basin) – lowest surface point in all U.S. territory and North America at −279 feet (−85 m)[13]
Salton Sea, California 33°19′59″N 115°50′3″W / 33.33306°N 115.83417°W / 33.33306; -115.83417 (Salton Sea) – lowest lake in all U.S. territory and North America at −226 feet (−69 m)
Furnace Creek Airport, California 36°27′50″N 116°52′53″W / 36.46389°N 116.88139°W / 36.46389; -116.88139 (Furnace Creek Airport) – lowest airfield in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at −210 feet (−64 m)
Furnace Creek, California[14] 36°27′29″N 116°52′15″W / 36.45806°N 116.87083°W / 36.45806; -116.87083 (Furnace Creek, California) – lowest settlement in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at −190 feet (−58 m)
Calipatria, California 33°07′32″N 115°30′51″W / 33.12556°N 115.51417°W / 33.12556; -115.51417 (Calipatria, California) – lowest city in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere at −184 feet (−56 m)
Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana 30°02′40″N 89°56′47″W / 30.04444°N 89.94639°W / 30.04444; -89.94639 (Ninth Ward of New Orleans, LA) – lowest surface point in eastern United States at −7 feet (−2.1 m)
New Orleans, Louisiana 29°58′N 90°03′W / 29.967°N 90.050°W / 29.967; -90.050 (New Orleans, Louisiana) – lowest city over 250,000 population in all U.S. territory and Western Hemisphere with an average elevation of −1.5 feet (−0.46 m)
State of Delaware 39°0′17″N 75°32′46″W / 39.00472°N 75.54611°W / 39.00472; -75.54611 (State of Delaware) – lowest U.S. state with an average elevation of 60 feet (18 m)
Britton Hill, Florida 30°59′18″N 86°16′55″W / 30.98833°N 86.28194°W / 30.98833; -86.28194 (Britton Hill, FL) – lowest U.S. state high point at 345 feet (105 m)
Lake Superior bottom, Michigan 46°54′31″N 86°35′52″W / 46.90861°N 86.59778°W / 46.90861; -86.59778 (Deepest Point in Lake Superior) – lowest fresh water point in all U.S. territory at −732 feet (−223 m)[15]
Puget Sound bottom, Washington 47°44.9′N 122°25.7′W / 47.7483°N 122.4283°W / 47.7483; -122.4283 (Deepest Point in Puget Sound) – lowest sea water point in the interior of the United States at −956 feet (−291 m)[16]
Other points[edit]
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Most remote point in the 50 states: Ipnavik River, National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, 68°45′N 156°41′W / 68.750°N 156.683°W / 68.750; -156.683 (most remote point); 120 miles (190 km) from nearest habitation
Geographic center of the 50 states: approximately 20 miles (32 km) north of Belle Fourche, South Dakota, 44°58′N 103°46′W / 44.967°N 103.767°W / 44.967; -103.767 (geographic center of 50 states)
Geographic center of the 48 contiguous states: approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Lebanon, Kansas, 39°50′N 98°35′W / 39.833°N 98.583°W / 39.833; -98.583 (geographic center of 48 contiguous states)
Closest to the equator: Baker Island is located at 0°11′41″N 176°28′46″W / 0.19472°N 176.47944°W / 0.19472; -176.47944 (Baker Island).[17][18][19]
The geographic center of the North American continent is located at 48°10′N 100°10′W / 48.167°N 100.167°W / 48.167; -100.167 (Geographic center of the North American continent), about 6 miles (10 km) west of Balta in Pierce County, North Dakota.[20]
The North American pole of inaccessibility is located at 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.367°N 101.967°W / 43.367; -101.967 (North American pole of inaccessibility), about eleven miles (18 km) southeast of the town of Kyle on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Bennett County, South Dakota, 1,025 miles (1,650 km) from the nearest coastline.
The southwest most point of the contiguous United States is Border Field State Park, California.[21]
The northwest most point of the contiguous United States is Cape Flattery, Washington.[22]
Islands[edit]
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Island of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiʻi 19°49′15″N 155°28′5″W / 19.82083°N 155.46806°W / 19.82083; -155.46806 (Island of Hawaii) – most extensive island in all U.S. territory at 4,028 square miles (10,430 km2) and tallest island in all U.S. territory and the entire Pacific Ocean at 13,796 feet (4,205 m)
Kodiak Island, Alaska 57°28′N 153°26′W / 57.467°N 153.433°W / 57.467; -153.433 (Kodiak Island) – most extensive Gulf of Alaska island at 3,595.09 square miles (9,311.2 km2)
Island of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico 18°15′N 66°30′W / 18.250°N 66.500°W / 18.250; -66.500 (Island of Puerto Rico) – most extensive island of U.S. Caribbean territory at 3,515.1 square miles (9,104 km2)
Prince of Wales Island, Alaska 55°37′55″N 132°54′27″W / 55.63194°N 132.90750°W / 55.63194; -132.90750 (Prince of Wales Island) – most extensive island of the Alexander Archipelago at 2,577 square miles (6,670 km2)
Saint Lawrence Island, Alaska 63°24′54″N 170°23′58″W / 63.41500°N 170.39944°W / 63.41500; -170.39944 (Saint Lawrence Island) – most extensive Bering Sea island at 1,791.56 square miles (4,640.1 km2)
Unimak Island, Alaska 54°46′6″N 164°11′12″W / 54.76833°N 164.18667°W / 54.76833; -164.18667 (Unimak Island) – most extensive Aleutian island at 1,571.41 square miles (4,069.9 km2)
Long Island, New York 40°52′10″N 73°00′00″W / 40.86944°N 73.00000°W / 40.86944; -73.00000 (Long Island) – most extensive island of the U.S. Atlantic coast at 1,401 square miles (3,630 km2)
Padre Island, Texas 26°50′40″N 97°22′04″W / 26.84444°N 97.36778°W / 26.84444; -97.36778 (Padre Island) – most extensive Gulf of Mexico island at 209 square miles (540 km2) and longest barrier island on Earth at 113 miles (182 km)
Isle Royale in Lake Superior, Michigan 48°0′N 88°55′W / 48.000°N 88.917°W / 48.000; -88.917 (Isle Royale) – most extensive island in a lake in all U.S. territory at 206.73 square miles (535.4 km2)
Whidbey Island, Washington 48°8′11″N 122°34′57″W / 48.13639°N 122.58250°W / 48.13639; -122.58250 (Whidbey Island) – most extensive island of Puget Sound at 168.67 square miles (436.9 km2)
Santa Cruz Island, California 34°0′13″N 119°43′35″W / 34.00361°N 119.72639°W / 34.00361; -119.72639 (Santa Cruz Island) – most extensive of the Channel Islands of California at 97 square miles (250 km2)
Lakes[edit]
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Lake Michigan-Huron 45°48′N 84°45′W / 45.800°N 84.750°W / 45.800; -84.750 (Lake Michigan-Huron) – largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, at 45,300 square miles (117,000 km2), of which 31,507 square miles (81,600 km2) is within the United States.
Lake Superior 47°42′N 87°30′W / 47.700°N 87.500°W / 47.700; -87.500 – Located along the Canada–United States border, it is the second largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area, at 31,700 sq mi (82,100 km2), of which 20,600 square miles (53,350 km2) is within the United States.[23] It is also North America's largest by volume, at 2,900 cu mi (12,000 km3). Commonly called the largest lake by surface area when Lake Michigan and Lake Huron are called separate lakes.
Great Salt Lake, Utah 41°10′N 112°35′W / 41.167°N 112.583°W / 41.167; -112.583 (Great Salt Lake) – most extensive endorheic lake at 1,700 square miles (4,400 km2)
Crater Lake, Oregon 42°57′N 122°5′W / 42.950°N 122.083°W / 42.950; -122.083 (Deepest point in Crater Lake) – deepest lake at 1,943 feet (592 m)[24]
Rivers[edit]
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Mississippi River 29°9′4″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333 (Mississippi River) – most extensive river basin at 1,151,000 square miles (2,980,000 km2)
Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson Rivers 29°9′4″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333 (Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson Rivers) – longest river system at 3,902 miles (6,280 km)
Missouri River 38°48′49″N 90°7′11″W / 38.81361°N 90.11972°W / 38.81361; -90.11972 (Missouri River) – longest main stem river at 2,341 miles (3,767 km)
Mississippi River 29°9′4″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333 (Mississippi River) – longest Gulf of Mexico main stem river at 2,202 miles (3,544 km)
Yukon River 62°35′55″N 164°47′40″W / 62.59861°N 164.79444°W / 62.59861; -164.79444 (Yukon River) – longest Bering Sea main stem river at 1,979 miles (3,185 km)
Colorado River 31°48′57″N 114°48′22″W / 31.81583°N 114.80611°W / 31.81583; -114.80611 (Colorado River) – longest Gulf of California main stem river at 1,450 miles (2,330 km)
Columbia River 46°14′39″N 124°3′29″W / 46.24417°N 124.05806°W / 46.24417; -124.05806 (Columbia River) – longest Pacific Ocean main stem river at 1,243 miles (2,000 km)
Saint Lawrence River 49°40′N 64°30′W / 49.667°N 64.500°W / 49.667; -64.500 (Saint Lawrence River) – longest Atlantic Ocean main stem river at 600 miles (970 km)
Bear River 41°27′30″N 112°17′25″W / 41.45833°N 112.29028°W / 41.45833; -112.29028 (Bear River) – longest endorheic basin main stem river at 491 miles (790 km)
Extremes in distance[edit]
Greatest east-west distance in the 48 contiguous states: 2,800 miles (4,500 km)
Greatest north-south distance in the 48 contiguous states: 1,650 miles (2,660 km).[25]
Greatest distance between any two points within U.S. Territory: 9,514 miles (15,311 km) from Point Udall, Guam to Point Udall, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands (formerly known as Orote Point and East Point, respectively).[26]
Greatest distance between any two points within the 50 states: 5,859 miles (9,429 km) from Kure Atoll, Hawaii to Log Point, Elliott Key, Florida.[26]
Greatest distance between any two points within the contiguous 48 states: 2,901 miles (4,669 km) from North Farallon Island, California to Sail Rock, east of West Quoddy Head, Maine.[26]
Greatest distance between any two mainland points within the contiguous 48 states: 2,892 miles (4,654 km) from Point Arena, California to West Quoddy Head, Maine.[26]
Greatest distance between two points on the same latitude: 5,823 miles (9,371 km) from Kure Atoll, Hawaii to Riviera Beach, Florida.[26]
Note that some map projections make diagonal lines appear longer than they actually are. However, the diagonal line from Kure Atoll, Hawaii to West Quoddy Head, Maine is only 5,797 miles (9,329 km) and the diagonal from Cape Wrangell, Attu Island, Alaska to Log Point on Elliott Key, Florida is only 5,505 miles (8,859 km).
See also[edit]
Geography of the United States
Territories of the United States on stamps
Extreme points of the Earth
Extreme points of the Americas
Extreme points of North America
Extreme points of Canada
Extreme points of Canadian provinces
Extreme communities of Canada
Extreme points of Greenland
Extreme points of Mexico
Extreme points of the United States
Extreme points of U.S. states
Extreme points of New England
Extreme points of Central America
Extreme points of the Caribbean
Extreme points of Cuba
Extreme points of South America
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada, the State of California, and the contiguous United States.
Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide of North America.
Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawaiʻi, the State of Hawaiʻi, and the entire Pacific Ocean. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit. The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 19,678 feet (5,998 m) for a total height of 33,474 feet (10,203 m).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ International Boundary Commission
Jump up ^ http://www.quoddyloop.com/ep.shtml
Jump up ^ The Milepost 61st edition pg. 626 ISBN 978-1892-15426-2
Jump up ^ Donald Winslow Carson; James W. Johnson (2001). Life and times of Morris K. Udall. University of Arizona Press. p. 220. ISBN 0-8165-2049-6.
Jump up ^ Mark Newell; Blaine Horner (September 2, 2015). "New Elevation for Nation's Highest Peak" (Press release). USGS. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mount Whitney". NGS Station Datasheet. United States National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mount Whitney". Summits of the World. peakbagger.com. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Whitney includes an adjustment of +1.869 m (+6.1 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.
Jump up ^ "Mount Elbert". NGS Station Datasheet. United States National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mount Elbert". Summits of the World. peakbagger.com. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mauna Kea". Summits of the World. peakbagger.com. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Taos Ski Valley". Taos Ski Valley Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) - National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Furnace Creek, in Death Valley, California, set the world record for the highest reliably reported ambient air temperature of 134 °F (57 °C) on July 10, 1913. This record has been eclipsed only once by a questionable reading of 136 °F (58 °C) recorded in 'Aziziya, Libya, on September 13, 1922.
Jump up ^ Sounding at 46° 54' 31"N, 86° 35' 52"W on NOAA chart 14963, Grand Marais to Big Bay Point, scale 1:120,000, 2006. Chart datum (as shown on the chart) is 601.1 feet above mean sea level at Rimouski, Quebec
Jump up ^ Two identical soundings at 47° 45.2'N, 122° 26.0'W and 47° 44.6'N, 122° 25.4'W on NOAA chart 18446, Puget Sound: Apple Cove Point to Keyport, scale 1:25,000, 2005. Chart datum (as shown on the chart) is lower low water.
Jump up ^ "Baker Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "State University Encyclopedia: Equator". State University Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CIA World Factbook: Jarvis Island". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.jaunted.com/story/2014/4/2/102926/6498/travel/Kinda-Sorta+Stand+at+the+Center+of+North+America+in+This+North+Dakota+Town+
Jump up ^ The Canyoneers (1 June 2016). "No bay at Border Field State Park for about 7000 years". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Binkowski, Brooke (8 October 2012). "Friendship Park — A Link Between Two Countries — Opens Again". KPBS. San Diego. Retrieved 6 April 2017. San Diego's Friendship Park, or Border Field State Park, is tucked into the extreme southwest corner of the United States and the extreme northwest of Mexico, with fields on the U.S. side, the city of Tijuana on the other, and the blue Pacific Ocean to the west.
"Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve Comprehensive Management Plan" (PDF). Office of Coastal Management. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ National Geographic Society (U. S.); National Geographic (2013). Guide to Scenic Highways & Byways. National Geographic. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-4262-1014-3.
Victoriah Arsenian (22 December 2015). Moon Pacific Coast Highway Road Trip: California, Oregon & Washington. Avalon Publishing. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-63121-029-7.
Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ 2009 Crater Lake National Park map
Jump up ^ http://geography.howstuffworks.com/united-states/geography-of-united-states1.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c d e https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/Elevations-Distances/elvadist.html
External links[edit]
Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
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Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Text of congressional resolution designating Udall Point, Guam
Maps of Orote Point, Guam:
http://guampedia.com/maps-of-guam/ Maps of Guam, Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/guam_pol_1991.pdf
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/guam_rel_1991.pdf
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/pacific_islands/txu-oclc-10552559-apra_harbor.jpg
Map of Ballast Key, FL
Detailed US coastline maps
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text:
List of 30 Days of Night characters
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This is a list of characters in the 30 Days of Night series and its follow ups.
Contents
[hide]
1 Humans
1.1 Eben Olemaun
1.2 Stella Olemaun
1.3 Brian Kitka
1.4 Charlie Keating
2 Vampires
2.1 Marlowe
2.2 Vicente
2.3 Lilith
2.4 Dane
2.5 Lilly
2.6 Zurial
Humans[edit]
Eben Olemaun[edit]
Eben Olemaun, the primary protagonist of 30 Days of Night, is the sheriff of the small town of Barrow, Alaska. When the vampires attack Barrow, Olemaun leads a small group of survivors including his wife Stella and young teenage brother, Jake. Eben saves the town by injecting vampire blood into his veins and uses his enhanced strength to fight the vampire elder Vicente. Suffering the same weakness as all vampires, Eben dies and turns to ash when the sun rises.
In the sequel, Dark Days, Stella learns that there may be a way to bring back Eben. Stella exchanges proof of the existence of vampires for her husband's remains, in the hope of bringing him back from the dead. She double crosses the vampire party, blowing up a large number of them in a house, before successfully resurrecting Eben, who goes for her neck, turning her into a vampire. The two are reunited.
They return to save the son of new Barrow sheriff Brian Kitka in 30 Days of Night: Return to Barrow.
In the 30 Days of Night film adaptation, the character's name was changed from Eben Olemaun to Eben Oleson. Eben was portrayed by American actor Josh Hartnett and in 30 Days of Night: Dark Days was portrayed by Canadian film and television actor Stephen Huszar.
Stella Olemaun[edit]
Stella Olemaun is the wife of Eben Olemaun, the sheriff of the small town of Barrow, Alaska. When the vampires attack Barrow, Stella is among a small group of survivors led by Eben.
In the sequel, Dark Days, Stella publishes a book about the events in Barrow. This gets the attention of the Los Angeles vampire population. Learning that there may be a way to bring back Eben, Stella strikes a deal with a vampire named Dane. The two form a brief romantic relationship. Stella exchanges proof of the existence of vampires for her husband's remains, in the hope of bringing him back from the dead. She double crosses the vampire party, blowing up a large number of them in a house, before successfully resurrecting Eben. She is reunited with her husband, who goes for her throat, turning her into a vampire.
In the 30 Days of Night film adaptation, the character's name was changed from Stella Olemaun to Stella Oleson. In the movie, she was a fire marshal in Barrow and the estranged wife of sheriff Eben Oleson. During the attack, she worked with Eben to survive the month. She was portrayed by actress Melissa George. In the film adaptation of Dark Days, she was played by Kiele Sanchez.
Brian Kitka[edit]
Brian Kitka is a character from the 30 Days of Night comic series. He first appears in the second comic sequel, Return to Barrow. His brother was William "Billy" Kitka, the deputy sherriff of Barrow, Alaska from the original comic. Both Billy and the full sheriff, Eben Olemaun, were killed in the vampire attack on the town that took place there. In Return to Barrow, set three years later, Brian goes to Barrow to both become the new sheriff and to try to find answers about what really happened to the town.
Charlie Keating[edit]
Charlie Keating was the main protagonist in 30 Days of Night: Red Snow.
Vampires[edit]
Marlowe[edit]
Marlowe (alternatively spelled Marlow) is a vampire who organizes the attack on Barrow, Alaska, during the polar night in winter. His plan is to have a month of uninterrupted killing and feeding without the burden of sunlight. The premise of the story is that vampires live all over the world, hidden in the shadows and coming out at night to prey on humans.
Upon learning of Marlowe's plan, Vicente, the ruler of all vampires, becomes enraged at having spent decades trying to convince humans that vampires are not real only to have Marlowe's plan risk exposing them. He comes to Barrow and kills Marlowe himself before determining to eradicate all the humans in the village to eliminate potential witnesses.
The film version of Marlowe played by Danny Huston is much the same as the graphic novel, but is combined with the character of Vincente as well.
Vicente[edit]
Vicente is a character from the 30 Days of Night franchise, first appearing in the original comic. He is the husband of Lilith, and together they are referred to as the "elders". In Dark Days, Lilith claimed that they were the parents of all other vampires. However, Vicente stated that he had outlived both his "brothers and fathers". In addition to Lilith, Vicente had at least two other female vampire consorts, although Lilith seemed to be his real wife. He lived in Norway.
During the course of the original comic, Vicente was invited to witness and participate in the raid on Barrow, Alaska organized by Marlow. Vicente was angry that Marlow would so casually arrange a situation that could destroy the cover that Vicente had helped establish over the previous thousand years, and killed him, taking command of the vampires in Barrow. He decided to destroy the town by killing any other survivors of the town and breaching the Alaskan pipeline, making it look like the town had been destroyed by accident. However, Vicente's plan was defeated by Sheriff Eben Olemaun, who turned himself into a vampire and killed Vicente in hand-to-hand combat.
The plot of Dark Days and Immortal Remains centers around Lilith's plans to avenge Vicente's death on Eben's widow, Stella Olemaun. In the movie adaptation, Vicente is absent, the film's version of Marlowe has more in common with Vicente.
Lilith[edit]
Lilith is a character from the 30 Days of Night franchise, first appearing in the original comic sequel, Dark Days. She is the wife of Vicente, and together they are referred to as the "elders". She claims to be the mother of all other vampires. She was presumably named after, and could be intended to be, the mythological Lilith. She lives in the mountains of Norway.
After Vicente is killed in Barrow, Alaska by Eben Olemaun in the events of the first comic, Lilith came to Los Angeles to confront Stella Olemaun, who had become a vampire hunter. She traded the remains of Eben to Stella in return for the visual records of the vampire attack on Barrow. Dark Days ended with Stella destroying the house that Lilith was in, with her fate left unsaid.
However, Lilith survived, and was a major character in the spinoff novel Immortal Remains, which dealt with her parentage and backstory as an elder.
In the film adaptation of Dark Days, she was played by Mia Kirshner.
Dane[edit]
Dane is a vampire that appears in 30 Days of Night: Dark Days and 30 Days of Night: Return to Barrow. He had a romantic affair with Stella and was a friend of Marlowe's. Though he joins the group of vampires preparing to attack Barrow, he did not participate in killing the humans. He's apparently killed by vampire Agent Norris when it is revealed he was Stella's former lover. His character does appear in 30 Days of Night: Dark Days film, though his role greatly altered. Instead of being her lover, he becomes a temporary ally along with a group of human survivors and is killed by Norris with a shotgun.
Lilly[edit]
Lilly first appeared in 30 Days of Night unnamed as one of the 19 vampires that attacked Barrow. She was seen in the initial attack and later encountered Eben while she was feeding on a man in the street. She later laughed when Vincente killed Marlowe.
She was the main antagonist in 30 Days of Night: Red Snow where her name was revealed to be Lilly. She is the sister of Zurial.
In the film version, she is played by Abbey-May Wakefield
Zurial[edit]
The vampire brother of Lilly that appeared in 30 Days of Night: Red Snow.
Although not in the original comic, he was in the film version and was played by John Rawls.
[hide]
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30 Days of Night
Creators
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Comics
Red Snow
Novels
30 Days of Night
Rumors of the Undead
Immortal Remains
Characters
Screen
30 Days of Night
Blood Trails
Dust to Dust
Dark Days
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text:
Modern Hebrew verb conjugation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Main articles: Modern Hebrew grammar and Biblical Hebrew grammar
In Hebrew, verbs, which take the form of derived stems, are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. This article deals mostly with Modern Hebrew, but to some extent, the information shown here applies to Biblical Hebrew as well.
Contents
[hide]
1 Classification of roots
2 Binyanim or conjugations
3 Present Tense (Present Participle)
4 Past Tense (Past/ Perfect)
5 Future Tense (Unpast/ Imperfect)
6 Imperative
7 Participles
8 Infinitives (Prospectives)
9 Gerunds
10 Conditional
11 See also
12 Bibliography
13 External links
Classification of roots[edit]
Verbs in Hebrew, like nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are formed and declined by altering a (usually) three letter root. However, the root can be identified as having a different pattern than normal in certain cases.
A root that contains at least one of the "weak" letters א alef, ה hey, ו vav, ח het, י yod, נ nun, and ע 'ayin or two of the same consonant (geminates) is called a weak root. Each pairing of a weak letter with a position results in a slightly different conjugation pattern. Resh ר is often considered a weak letter, though it occasionally functions as a strong letter, depending on speaker and era of the language. Roots without weak letters are called strong roots, among other names.
A root that contains ח het, ה hey (except in third position without mappiq), or ע 'ayin or א alef (in first position only) is a guttural root. The pattern changes from this group are largely due to all of these letters being unable to take schwa nah. Alef outside of first position is in its own group due to the vowel changes that accompany it being drastically different than other guttural roots. A root that contains ה hey word-finally without mappiq is also similarly divergent from guttural roots, due to being a marker of vowel-final words rather than any historical consonant.
A root that contains a ו vav or a י yod as the first or second letter is called a hollow root, as the simple (pa'al and nif'al) conjugation function as two-letter roots, while the other conjugations keep the letters somewhat due to the middle root being geminated. A root beginning with yod usually marks a waw-initial root (due to Old Hebrew /w/ becoming /j/ at the beginning of words), but occasionally functions as if it a regular yod root.
A root containing נ nun is irregular due to the fact it will form geminated consonants rather than clusters of it. Roots containing two of the same consonant as the second and third part of the root function similarly.
Roots of four or more letters treat the middle letters as a permanent cluster and don't have forms in the simple conjugations pa'al and nif'al, but are regular otherwise.
There are also entirely irregular verbs like הָיָה ("to be"), and הָלַךְ ("to walk"), which are unusual beyond their bearing of weak letters.
Binyanim or conjugations[edit]
Hebrew verbs are conjugated according to specific patterns, derived stems, called בִּנְיָנִים (/binjaˈnim/ - binyanim, "constructions") where vowels patterns and affixes are slotted into the (usually) three-letter שרשים (/ʃoʀaˈʃim/ - shorashim, "roots") from which the majority of Hebrew words are built.
There are seven basic conjugations and a very rare eighth hitpuʕal, as well as some irregular verbs technically pa'al, nif'al or pi'el being used irregularly without necessarily a weak root (due to being descendants of obsolete conjugation or confluence between multiple conjugations). The traditional demonstration root is פ.ע.ל, which has the basic meaning of "action" or "doing":
root : פעל
active
reflexive
passive
פָּעַל
paˈʕal פִּעֵל
piˈʕel הִפְעִיל
hifˈʕil הִתְפַּעֵל
hitpaˈʕel הֻפְעַל
hufˈʕal פֻּעַל
puˈʕal נִפְעַל
nifˈʕal
causative
intensive
simple
This simplified chart's menorah-like shape is sometimes invoked in teaching the binyanim to help students remember the main ideas about the binyanim: (1) which binyanim are active voice (left side) vs. passive voice (right side), and (2) which binyanim are simple (outer-most menorah branches), intensive (second-outer-most), causative (third-outer-most), and reflexive (center). Note that some binyanim have more than one meaning.
Examples:
In Hebrew (and in Arabic), many words that have a meaning related to writing contain the root K-T-B. (In Hebrew, due to a process called begadkefat, when the letter B does not come at the beginning of a word, it may sound like a V. The same thing happens with K and Ḥ.) Thus:
"he wrote" (simple active voice) is כָּתַב "kaˈtav", while "it was written" (simple passive voice) is נִכְתַּב "niḥˈtav"
"he dictated" (causative active v.) is הִכְתִּיב "hiḥˈtiv", while "it was dictated" (causative passive v.) is הֻכְתַּב "huḥˈtav"
כִּתֵּב "kiˈtːev" and כֻּתַּב "kuˈtːav" have a few meanings, none of which is commonly used, while "he corresponded" (intensive-reflexive) is הִתְכַּתֵּב "hitkaˈtːev"
"he rewrote" is שִׁכְתֵּב "ṣiḥˈtev", while "it was rewritten" is שֻׁכְתַּב "ṣuḥˈtav" (though these two rare binyanim are used only with a few roots and thus are omitted from most of the discussion within this article).
In Hebrew, many words that have a meaning related to clothing contain the root לב״ש L-B-SH (in Arabic, لبس L-B-S). When this root is put through the seven common binyanim, it changes its meaning similarly to the way the root כת״ב K-T-B does, but with a small difference. Here, the intensive reflexive form, הִתְלַבֵּשׁ "hitlaˈb:esh", does not connote reciprocity as with "he corresponded", so the meaning is "he dressed himself", not "he dressed the person who dressed him".
The root גד״ל G-D-L is common to words related to growth. Thus:
"he grew up" (simple act, either active or passive) is גָּדַל "gaˈdal"; the nifˈʕal binyan is not used with this root
"he enlarged" is הִגְדִּיל "higˈdil", while "it was enlarged" is הֻגְדַּל "hugˈdal"
"he grew apples" (intensive, active) is גִּדֵּל תַּפּוּחִים "giˈdːel tap:uħim", while "the apples were grown" (intensive, passive) is גֻּדְּלוּ הַתַּפּוּחִים "gudːəˈlu hat:ap:uħim ", and the intensive-reflexive form of this root (הִתְגַּדֵּל "hitgaˈd:el") is used almost exclusively in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic prayers.
As mentioned, some binyanim have more than one meaning. For example, הִפְעִיל hifˈʕil's second most common meaning is "become". Verbs like "became fat" (הִשְׁמִין "hiʃˈmin") and "turned pale" (הֶחְוִיר "heħˈvir") are in this binyan. This meaning of הִפְעִיל hifˈʕil is similar to that of the Arabic ninth derived stem, افعلّ ifʕalla, while הִפְעִיל hifˈʕil's main meaning is shared with its Arabic historical equivalent, the fourth derived stem, أفعل afʕala.
Present Tense (Present Participle)[edit]
A verb in the present tense (הוֹוֶה, hoˈve) agrees with its subject in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural), so each verb has four present-tense forms:
Form
Root
Singular
Plural
Translation
M
F
M
F
paˈʕal שׁמר שׁוֹמֵר שׁוֹמֶרֶת שׁוֹמְרִים שׁוֹמְרוֹת guards
sh-m-r ʃoˈmeʀ ʃoˈmeʀet ʃomˈʀim ʃomˈʀot
piˈʕel גדל מְגַדֵּל מְגַדֶּלֶת מְגַדְּלִים מְגַדְּלוֹת raises, grows (something)
g-d-l məɡaˈdːel məɡaˈdːelet məɡadːəˈlim məɡadːəˈlot
hifˈʕil קטנ מַקְטִין מַקְטִינָה מַקְטִינִים מַקְטִינוֹת shrinks (something)
q-t'-n makˈtin maktiˈna maktiˈnim maktiˈnot
hitpaˈʕel בטל מִתְבַּטֵּל מִתְבַּטֶּלֶת מִתְבַּטְּלִים מִתְבַּטְּלוֹת belittles oneself, loafs
b-t'-l mitbatˈ(t)el mitbatˈ(t)elet mitbat'(t)lim mitbat'(t)lot
hufˈʕal קטן מֻקְטָן מֻקְטֶנֶת מֻקְטָנִים מֻקְטָנוֹת is shrunken by
q-t'-n mukˈtan mukˈtenet muktaˈnim muktaˈnot
puˈʕal גדל מְגֻדָּל מְגֻדֶּלֶת מְגֻדָּלִים מְגֻדָּלוֹת is raised
g-d-l məɡuˈdːal məɡuˈdːelet məɡudːaˈlim məɡudːaˈlot
nifˈʕal שׁמר נִשְׁמָר נִשְׁמֶרֶת נִשְׁמָרִים נִשְמָרוֹת is guarded
sh-m-r niʃˈmaʀ niʃˈmeʀet niʃmaˈʀim niʃmaˈʀot
Example conjugations in the present tense.
The present tense does not inflect by first, second, or third person because its use as a present tense is a relatively recent trend, as this form was originally used only as the participle. The modern present tense verb is still used as the present participle; see below.
The ancient language did not have strictly defined past, present, or future tenses, but merely perfective and imperfective aspects, with past, present, or future connotation depending on context. Later the perfective and imperfective aspects were explicitly refashioned as the past and future tenses respectively, with the participle standing in as the present tense. (This also happened to the Aramaic language around the same time, but did not happen in Arabic, where the present and future tenses still share the same morphology, the one equivalent to the Hebrew future tense. The future tense is distinguished from the present tense by the use of prefixes.)
Past Tense (Past/ Perfect)[edit]
A verb in the past tense (עָבָר ʕaˈvar) agrees with its subject in person (first, second, or third) and number, and in the second-person singular and plural and third-person singular, gender.
Note that the past/perfect and the present/participle inflections of the third-person singular nif'al were historically pronounced with different vowels in the final syllable—the past/perfect with a paˈtaħ ( ַ = /ɐː/), and the present/participle with a qaˈmats ɡaˈdol ( ָ = /ɔː/). In Modern Hebrew, both of these vowels have merged to /a/, and the two verb forms now are pronounced the same. For example, the past tense נִשְׁמַר niʃˈmar means "he was guarded" (or in old-fashioned perfective "he is/was guarded"), whereas the present tense נִשְׁמָר niʃˈmar means "he is being guarded".
Form
Root
Singular
Plural
He
She
You
I
They
You
We
M
F
M
F
paˈʕal שׁמר שָׁמַר שָֽמְרָה שָׁמַרְתָּ שָׁמַרְתְּ שָׁמַרְתִּי שָֽמְרוּ שְׁמַרְתֶּם שְׁמַרְתֶּן שָׁמַרְנוּ
sh-m-r ʃaˈmar ʃaməˈra ʃaˈmarta ʃaˈmart ʃaˈmarti ʃaməˈru ʃəmarˈtem ʃəmarˈten ʃaˈmarnu
piˈʕel גדל גִּדֵּל גִּדְּלָה גִּדַּלְתָּ גִּדַּלְתְּ גִּדַּלְתִּי גִּדְּלוּ גִּדַּלְתֶּם גִּדַּלְתֶּן גִּדַּלְנוּ
g-d-l ɡiˈdːel ɡidːəˈla ɡiˈdːalta ɡiˈdːalt ɡiˈdːalti ɡidːəˈlu ɡidːalˈtem ɡidːalˈten ɡiˈdːalnu
hifˈʕil קטנ הִקְטִין הִקְטִינָה הִקְטַנְתָּ הִקְטַנְתְּ הִקְטַנְתִּי הִקְטִינוּ הִקְטַנְתֶּם הִקְטַנְתֶּן הִקְטַנּוּ
q-t'-n hiqˈtin hiqtiˈna hiqˈtanta hiqˈtant hiqˈtanti hiqˈtinu hiqtanˈtem hiqtanˈten hiqˈtanu
hitpaˈʕel בטל הִתְבַּטֵּל הִתְבַּטְּלָה הִתְבַּטַּלְתָּ הִתְבַּטַּלְתְּ הִתְבַּטַּלְתִּי הִתְבַּטְּלוּ הִתְבַּטַּלְתֶּם הִתְבַּטַּלְתֶּן הִתְבַּטַּלְנוּ
b-t'-l hitbaˈtːel hitbatːəˈla hitbaˈtːalta hitbaˈtːalt hitbaˈtːalti hitbatːəˈlu hitbatːalˈtem hitbatːalˈten hitbaˈtːalnu
hufˈʕal קטנ הֻקְטַן הֻקְטְנָה הֻקְטַנְתָּ הֻקְטַנְתְּ הֻקְטַנְתִּי הֻקְטְנוּ הֻקְטַנְתֶּם הֻקְטַנְתֶּן הֻקְטַנּוּ
q-t'-n huqˈtan huqteˈna huqˈtanta huqˈtant huqˈtanti huqteˈnu huqtanˈtem huqtanˈten huqˈtanu
puˈʕal גדל גֻּדַּל גֻּדְּלָה גֻּדַּלְתָּ גֻּדַּלְתְּ גֻּדַּלְתִּי גֻּדְּלוּ גֻּדַּלְתֶּם גֻּדַּלְתֶּן גֻּדַּלְנוּ
g-d-l ɡuˈdːal ɡudːəˈla ɡuˈdːalta ɡuˈdːalt ɡuˈdːalti ɡudːəˈlu ɡudːalˈtem ɡudːalˈten ɡuˈdːalnu
nifˈʕal שׁמר נִשְׁמַר נִשְׁמְרָה נִשְׁמַרְתָּ נִשְׁמַרְתְּ נִשְׁמַרְתִּי נִשְׁמְרוּ נִשְׁמַרְתֶּם נִשְׁמַרְתֶּן נִשְׁמַרְנוּ
sh-m-r niʃˈmar niʃməˈra niʃˈmarta niʃˈmart niʃˈmarti niʃməˈru niʃmarˈtem niʃmarˈten niʃˈmarnu
Example conjugations in the past tense.
Future Tense (Unpast/ Imperfect)[edit]
A verb in the future tense (עָתִיד ʕaˈtid) agrees with its subject in person and number, and in the second- and third-person singular, gender. The second-person singular masculine and third-person singular feminine forms are identical for all verbs in the future tense. Historically, there have been separate feminine forms for the second- and third-person plural (shown in parentheses on the table). These are still occasionally used today (most often in formal settings), and could be seen as the 'correct' forms. However, in everyday speech, most Israelis use the historically male form for both genders.
Form
Root
Singular
Plural
He
She
You
I
They
You
We
M
F
M
(F)
M
paˈʕal שׁמר יִשְׁמֹר תִּשְׁמֹר תִּשְׁמְרִי אֶשְׁמֹר יִשְׁמְרוּ תִּשְׁמֹרְנָה תִּשְׁמְרוּ נִשְׁמֹר
sh-m-r jiʃˈmor tiʃˈmor tiʃməˈri ʔeʃˈmor jiʃməˈru tiʃˈmorna tiʃməˈru niʃˈmor
piˈʕel גדל יְגַדֵּל תְּגַדֵּל תְּגַדְּלִי אֲגַדֵּל יְגַדְּלוּ תְּגַדֵּלְנָה תְּגַדְּלוּ נְגַדֵּל
g-d-l jəɡaˈdːel təɡaˈdːel təɡadːəˈli ʔaɡaˈdːel jəɡadːəˈlu təɡaˈdːelna təɡadːəˈlu nəɡaˈdːel
hifˈʕil קטנ יַקְטִין תַּקְטִין תַּקְטִינִי אַקְטִין יַקְטִינוּ תַּקְטֵנָּה תַּקְטִינוּ נַקְטִין
q-t-n jaqˈtin taqˈtin taqˈtini ʔaqˈtin jaqˈtinu taqˈtenːa taqˈtinu naqˈtin
hitpaˈʕel בטל יִתְבַּטֵּל תִּתְבַּטֵּל תִּתְבַּטְּלִי אֶתְבַּטֵּל יִתְבַּטְּלוּ תִּתְבַּטֵּלְנָה תִּתְבַּטְּלוּ נִתְבַּטֵּל
b-t-l jitbaˈtːel titbaˈtːel titbatːəˈli ʔetbaˈtːel jitbatːəˈlu titbaˈtːelna titbatːəˈlu nitbaˈtːel
hufˈʕal קטנ יֻקְטַן תֻּקְטַן תֻּקְטְנִי אֻקְטַן יֻקְטְנוּ תֻּקְטַנָּה תֻּקְטְנוּ נֻקְטַן
q-t-n juqˈtan tuqˈtan tuqtəˈni ʔuqˈtan juqtəˈnu tuqˈtanːa tuqtəˈnu nuqˈtan
puˈʕal גדל יְגֻדַּל תְּגֻדַּל תְּגֻדְּלִי אֲגֻדַּל יְגֻדְּלוּ תְּגֻדַּלְנָה תְּגֻדְּלוּ נְגֻדַּל
g-d-l jəɡuˈdːal təɡuˈdːal teɡudːəˈli ʔaɡuˈdːal jəɡudːəˈlu təɡuˈdːalna təɡudːəˈlu nəɡuˈdːal
nifˈʕal שׁמר יִשָּׁמֵר תִּשָּׁמֵר תִּשָּׁמְרִי אֶשָּׁמֵר יִשָּׁמְרוּ תִּשָּׁמֵרְנָה תִּשָּׁמְרוּ נִשָּׁמֵר
sh-m-r jiʃːaˈmer tiʃːaˈmer tiʃːamˈri ʔeʃːaˈmer jiʃːaməˈru tiʃːaˈmerna tiʃːaməˈru niʃːaˈmer
Example conjugations in the future tense.
As in the past tense, personal pronouns are not strictly necessary in the future tense, as the verb forms are sufficient to identify the subject, but they are frequently used.
Imperative[edit]
Form
Root
Singular
Plural
Translation
M
F
M
F
paˈʕal שׁמר שְׁמֹר שִׁמְרִי שִׁמְרוּ שְׁמֹרְנָה Guard
sh-m-r ʃəmor ʃimˈri ʃimˈru ˈʃəmorna
piˈʕel גדל גַּדֵּל גַּדְּלִי גַּדְּלוּ גַּדֵּלְנָה Raise, grow (it)
g-d-l ɡaˈdːel ɡadːəˈli gadːəˈlu ɡaˈdːelna
hifˈʕil קטנ הַקְטֵן הַקְטִינִי הַקְטִינוּ הַקְטֵנָּה Shrink (it)
q-t'-n haqˈten haqˈtini haqˈtinu haqˈtenːa
hitpaˈʕel בטל הִתְבַּטֵּל הִתְבַּטְּלִי הִתְבַּטְּלוּ הִתְבַּטֵּלְנָה Belittle yourself, loaf
b-t'-l hitbaˈtːel hitbatːəˈli hitbatːəˈlu hitbaˈtːelna
nifˈʕal שׁמר הִשָּׁמֵר הִשָּׁמְרִי הִשָּׁמְרוּ הִשָּׁמֵרנָה Be guarded
sh-m-r hiʃːaˈmer hiʃːaməˈri hiʃːaməˈru hiʃːaˈmerna
Example conjugations in the imperative.
Except for the strictly passive binyaním (puˈʕal and hufˈʕal), each binyan has distinct imperative forms in the second person. This imperative form is only used for affirmative commands. The pa'al, nif'al, pi'el and hif'il form their imperatives by dropping the initial ת taw of the future-tense form (e.g., תִּפְתַּח /tifˈtaħ/ (singular, masc.) → פְּתַח /ˈpətaħ/ "open!", תִּשְׁמְרִי /tiʃməˈri/ (singular, fem.) → שִׁמְרִי /ʃimˈri/ "guard!"); the fifth, hitpa'el, forms its imperative by replacing this initial ת with ה (/titbaˈtːel/ → /hitbaˈtːel/ "do nothing!"). (Note that the dropping of the initial ת often results in a change in vocalization, as can be seen in the instance of /tiʃməˈri/ vs. /ʃimˈri/).
Negative commands use the particle אַל /ˈal/ followed by the future-tense form. For example, אַל תִּדְאַג /ˈal tidˈaɡ/ means "don't worry" (masculine, singular).
In informal speech, the future tense is commonly used for affirmative commands when making requests. Thus for example, תִּפְתַּח /tifˈtaħ/ can mean either "you will open" or "would you open" (masculine, singular). (Similarly in English one might say "would you open" or "could you open" in lieu of simply "open".) In Hebrew, as in English, the more formal way to avoid the implication of commanding is to use the word "please" (בְּבַקָּשָׁה /bə-vaq:aʃa/) with the imperative.
The infinitive can be used as a "general imperative" when addressing nobody in particular (e.g., on signs, or when giving general instructions to children or large groups), so that for example, נָא לֹא לִפְתֹּחַ /ˈna ˈlo lifˈtoaħ/ means "please do not open". This might be more literally rendered as "it is requested that [this] not be opened", avoiding the question of address by using a passive voice.
Participles[edit]
Present participles are identical to present tense forms (the modern present tense actually having been derived from the ancient present participle): נֵרוֹת בּוֹעֲרִים /neˈrot boʕaˈrim/ (burning candles), יַלְדָּה מַקְסִימָה /jalˈda maqsiˈma/ (charming girl).
Only the pa'al binyan has a true past participle: from כתב k-t-b we have כָּתוּב /kaˈtuv/, (writ, written). For verbs that have a pa'al form and a nif'al form serving as its passive, this provides a means to distinguish between a completed and a continuing action. The pa'al past participle indicates completion:
הַסְּפָרִים כְּתוּבִים /hasːəfaˈrim kətuˈvim/ (the books are written)
while the present tense of nif'al indicates that the action continues:
הַסְּפָרִים נִכְתָּבִים /hasːəfaˈrim nixtaˈvim/ (the books are being written)
The passive participle is commonly used as an adjective, as in הַפְּקֻדָּה הַכְּתוּבָה /hapːəquˈd:a hakːətuˈva/ (the written order).
The present tense of the pu'al and huf'al are used as passive participles for the pi'el and hif'il respectively. For example, from hif'il הֵאִיר /heˈʔir/ (lit) we get חֶדֶר מוּאָר /ˈħeder muˈʔar/ (lit room).
Infinitives (Prospectives)[edit]
Infinitives (ʃəˈmot hapːoˈʕal) in Hebrew are primarily formed by adding the letter lamed (ל) to the front of the base form (tsuˈrat hamːaˈqor). The vowels change systematically according to the binyan.
כָּתַב /kaˈtav/ (wrote, paʕal) → לִכְתֹּב /lixˈtov/ (to write)
מְדַבֵּר /mədaˈb:er/ (speak, piʕel) → לְדַבֵּר /lədaˈb:er/ (to speak)
הִתְחִיל /hitˈħil/ (started, hifʕil) → לְהַתְחִיל /ləhatˈħil/ (to start)
הִתְפַּלֵּל /hitpaˈlel/ (prayed, hitpaʕel) → לְהִתְפַּלֵּל /ləhitpaˈl:el/ (to pray)
נִפְגַשׁ /nifˈɡaʃ/ (met with, nifʕal) → לְהִפָּגֵשׁ /ləhip:aˈɡeʃ/ (to meet with)
Note that puʕal and hufʕal verbs do not have infinitives.
Gerunds[edit]
Gerunds (ʃəˈmot pəʕuˈla) are nouns expressing an action. Gerunds are created in Hebrew by putting the root of a verb into a miʃˈkal, a noun pattern (see Modern Hebrew grammar#Noun derivation). Five of the binyanim have gerunds: paʕal, piʕel, hifʕil, hitpaʕel, and nifʕal. For example:
שָׁמַר /ʃaˈmar/ (guarded — paˈʕal) → שְׁמִירָה /ʃəmiˈra/ (guarding, a watch)
שָׁב /ˈʃav/ (returned — hollow paʕal) → שִׁיבָה /ʃiˈva/ (returning, a return)
שָׁתָה /ʃaˈta/ (drank — final hey paʕal) → שְׁתִיָּה /ʃətiˈjːa/ (drinking, a drink)
נִכְנַס /nixˈnas/ (enter — nifʕal) → הִכָּנְסוּת /hik:anˈsut/ (entering, an entrance)
בִּקֵּר /biˈqːeʁ/ (visited — piʕel) → בִּקּוּר /biˈqːur/ (visiting, a visit)
הִפְתִּיעַ /hifˈtiaʕ/ (surprised — hifʕil) → הַפְתָעָה /haftaˈʕa/ (surprising, a surprise)
הִתְחַמֵּם /hitħaˈmːem/ (warmed — hitpaʕel) → הִתְחַמְּמוּת /hitħamːəˈmut/ (warming)
Note that unlike in English (where gerunds and present participles share the same form but different etymology), Hebrew gerunds cannot be used as adjectives.
Conditional[edit]
Modern Hebrew has an analytic conditional~past-habitual mood expressed with the auxiliary /haˈja/:
"לוּ הָיָה לִי זְמַן, הָיִיתִי הוֹלֵךְ."
lu haˈja ˈli zəˈman, haˈjiti hoˈleχ.
if was to-me, I have time, I-was go.
If I had the time, I would go.
"לוּ מִישֶׁהוּ הָיָה טוֹרֵחַ לְסַפֵּר לִי, הָיִיתִי יוֹדֵעַ."
lu ˈmiʃehu haˈja toˈreaħ ləsaˈp:er ˈli, haˈjiti joˈdeaʕ.
if someone was bother to-tell me, I-was know.
If someone had bothered to tell me, I'd have known.
"פַּעַם הָיִיתִי הוֹלֵךְ הָמוֹן לַקּוֹלְנוֹעַ."
ˈpaʕam haˈjiti hoˈleχ haˈmon laqːolˈnoaʕ.
once I-was go a-lot to-the-cinema.
I used to go a lot to the cinema.
See also[edit]
Hebrew grammar
Prefixes and suffixes in Hebrew
Waw-consecutive
Bibliography[edit]
Academy Decisions: Grammar, chapter 3, for the Academy of the Hebrew Language's decisions on the conjugations of less common verb patterns
Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, §38 ff.
Ornan, Uzzi (2003). The Final Word: Mechanism for Hebrew Word Generation (in Hebrew). Haifa University.
External links[edit]
Hebrew Verbs Conjugation Tool - Online Hebrew Verb Learning Tool (Hebrew/English)
hspell - המאיית העברי החופשי - טופס הטיית פעלים - Online Hebrew verb conjugator, based on hspell, the Free Hebrew spelling engine (in Ktiv male)
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Subject (linguistics)

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Grammatical voice

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Vav (letter)

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Arabic language

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Tav (letter)

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Hebrew grammar

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Prefixes and suffixes in Hebrew

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http://www.hebrew-verbs.co.il

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Free Software

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values: בניינים בעברית – Hebrew

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