text:
Average cost
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In economics, average cost and/or unit cost is equal to total cost divided by the number of goods produced (the output quantity, Q). It is also equal to the sum of variable costs (total variable costs divided by Q) plus average fixed costs (total fixed costs divided by Q). Average costs may be dependent on the time period considered (increasing production may be expensive or impossible in the short term, for example). Average costs affect the supply curve and are a fundamental component of supply and demand.
A C = T C Q {\displaystyle AC={\frac {TC}{Q}}}
Contents
[hide]
1 Short-run average cost
2 Long-run average cost
3 Relationship to marginal cost
4 Relationship between AC, AFC, AVC and MC
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Short-run average cost[edit]
Average cost is distinct from the price, and depends on the interaction with demand through elasticity of demand and an average cost due to marginal cost pricing.
Short-run average cost will vary in relation to the quantity produced unless fixed costs are zero and variable costs constant. A cost curve can be plotted, with cost on the y-axis and quantity on the x-axis. Marginal costs are often shown on these graphs, with marginal cost representing the cost of the last unit produced at each point; marginal costs are the slope of the cost curve or the first derivative of total or variable costs.
A typical average cost curve will have a U-shape, because fixed costs are all incurred before any production takes place and marginal costs are typically increasing, because of diminishing marginal productivity. In this "typical" case, for low levels of production marginal costs are below average costs, so average costs are decreasing as quantity increases. An increasing marginal cost curve will intersect a U-shaped average cost curve at its minimum, after which point the average cost curve begins to slope upward. For further increases in production beyond this minimum, marginal cost is above average costs, so average costs are increasing as quantity increases. An example of this typical case would be a factory designed to produce a specific quantity of widgets per period: below a certain production level, average cost is higher due to under-utilized equipment, while above that level, production bottlenecks increase the average cost.
Long-run average cost[edit]
The long run is a time frame in which the firm can vary the quantities used of all inputs, even physical capital. A long-run average cost curve can be upward sloping or downward sloping at relatively low levels of output and upward sloping at relatively high levels of output, with an in-between level of output at which the slope of long-run average cost is zero. The typical long-run average cost curve is U-shaped, by definition reflecting increasing returns to scale where negatively sloped and decreasing returns to scale where positively sloped.
If the firm is a perfect competitor in all input markets, and thus the per-unit prices of all its inputs are unaffected by how much of the inputs the firm purchases, then it can be shown[1][2][3] that at a particular level of output, the firm has economies of scale (i.e., is operating in a downward sloping region of the long-run average cost curve) if and only if it has increasing returns to scale. Likewise, it has diseconomies of scale (is operating in an upward sloping region of the long-run average cost curve) if and only if it has decreasing returns to scale, and has neither economies nor diseconomies of scale if it has constant returns to scale. In this case, with perfect competition in the output market the long-run market equilibrium will involve all firms operating at the minimum point of their long-run average cost curves (i.e., at the borderline between economies and diseconomies of scale).
If, however, the firm is not a perfect competitor in the input markets, then the above conclusions are modified. For example, if there are increasing returns to scale in some range of output levels, but the firm is so big in one or more input markets that increasing its purchases of an input drives up the input's per-unit cost, then the firm could have diseconomies of scale in that range of output levels. Conversely, if the firm is able to get bulk discounts of an input, then it could have economies of scale in some range of output levels even if it has decreasing returns in production in that output range.
In some industries, the LRAC is always declining (economies of scale exist indefinitely). This means that the largest firm tends to have a cost advantage, and the industry tends naturally to become a monopoly, and hence is called a natural monopoly. Natural monopolies tend to exist in industries with high capital costs in relation to variable costs, such as water supply and electricity supply.
Long run average cost is the unit cost of producing a certain output when all inputs are variable. The behavioral assumption is that the firm will choose that combination of inputs that will produce the desired quantity at the lowest possible cost.
Relationship to marginal cost[edit]
When average cost is declining as output increases, marginal cost is less than average cost. When average cost is rising, marginal cost is greater than average cost. When average cost is neither rising nor falling (at a minimum or maximum), marginal cost equals average cost.
Other special cases for average cost and marginal cost appear frequently:
Constant marginal cost/high fixed costs: each additional unit of production is produced at constant additional expense per unit. The average cost curve slopes down continuously, approaching marginal cost. An example may be hydroelectric generation, which has no fuel expense, limited maintenance expenses and a high up-front fixed cost (ignoring irregular maintenance costs or useful lifespan). Industries where fixed marginal costs obtain, such as electrical transmission networks, may meet the conditions for a natural monopoly, because once capacity is built, the marginal cost to the incumbent of serving an additional customer is always lower than the average cost for a potential competitor. The high fixed capital costs are a barrier to entry.
Two popular pricing mechanisms are Average Cost Pricing (or Rate of Return Regulation) and Marginal Cost Pricing. A monopoly will produce where their average cost curve meets the market demand curve under Average Cost Pricing, referred to as the Average Cost Pricing Equilibrium. Conversely, the same assertion can be made for Marginal Cost Pricing.
Minimum efficient scale / maximum efficient scale: marginal or average costs may be non-linear, or have discontinuities. Average cost curves may therefore only be shown over a limited scale of production for a given technology. For example, a nuclear plant would be extremely inefficient (very high average cost) for production in small quantities; similarly, its maximum output for any given time period may essentially be fixed, and production above that level may be technically impossible, dangerous or extremely costly. The long run elasticity of supply will be higher, as new plants could be built and brought on-line.
Zero fixed costs (long-run analysis) / constant marginal cost: since there are no economies of scale, average cost will be equal to the constant marginal cost.
Relationship between AC, AFC, AVC and MC[edit]
1. The Average Fixed Cost curve (AFC) starts from a height and goes on declining continuously as production increases.
2. The Average Variable Cost curve, Average Cost curve and the Marginal Cost curve start from a height, reach the minimum points, then rise sharply and continuously.
3. The Average Fixed Cost curve approaches zero asymptotically. The Average Variable Cost curve is never parallel to or as high as the Average Cost curve due to the existence of positive Average Fixed Costs at all levels of production; but the Average Variable Cost curve asymptotically approaches the Average Cost curve from below.
4. The Marginal Cost curve always passes through the minimum points of the Average Variable Cost and Average Cost curves, though the Average Variable Cost curve attains the minimum point prior to that of the Average Cost curve.
See also[edit]
Cost curve
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gelles, Gregory M., and Mitchell, Douglas W., "Returns to scale and economies of scale: Further observations," Journal of Economic Education 27, Summer 1996, 259-261.
Jump up ^ Frisch, R., Theory of Production, Drodrecht: D. Reidel, 1965.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, C. E., The Neoclassical Theory of Production and Distribution, London: Cambridge Unive. Press, 1969.
External links[edit]
Long-Run Average Total Cost by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
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text:
Monday's Child
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the 1967 Argentine film, see Monday's Child (film).
"Monday's Child"
As published in St. Nicholas Magazine, 1873
Nursery rhyme
Published
1838 (first printed source)
Songwriter(s)
unknown
"Monday's Child" is one of many fortune-telling songs, popular as nursery rhymes for children. It is supposed to tell a child's character or future based on the day of birth and to help young children remember the seven days of the week. As with all nursery rhymes, there are many versions. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19526.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lyrics
2 Origins
3 Music
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Lyrics[edit]
Common modern versions include:
Monday's child is fair of face
Tuesday's child is full of grace
Wednesday's child is full of woe
Thursday's child has far to go,
Friday's child is loving and giving,
Saturday's child works hard for a living,
And the child that is born on the Sabbath day
Is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.[1]
Origins[edit]
This rhyme was first recorded in A. E. Bray's Traditions of Devonshire (Volume II, pp. 287–288)[2] in 1838 and was collected by James Orchard Halliwell in the mid-nineteenth century.[1][not in citation given] The tradition of fortune telling by days of birth is much older. Thomas Nashe recalled stories told to "yong folks" in Suffolk in the 1570s which included "tell[ing] what luck eurie one should have by the day of the weeke he was borne on". Nashe thus provides evidence for fortune telling rhymes of this type circulating in Suffolk in the 1570s.[3]
There was considerable variation and debate about the exact attributes of each day and even over the days. Halliwell had 'Christmas Day' instead of the Sabbath.[1][not in citation given] Despite modern versions in which "Wednesday's child is full of woe," an early incarnation of this rhyme appeared in a multi-part fictional story in a chapter appearing in Harper's Weekly on September 17, 1887, in which "Friday's child is full of woe", perhaps reflecting traditional superstitions associated with bad luck on Friday – as many Christians associated Friday with the Crucifixion. In addition to Wednesday's and Friday's children's role reversal, the fates of Thursday's and Saturday's children were also exchanged and Sunday's child is "happy and wise" instead of "blithe and good".[4]
Music[edit]
The lyrics were set by John Rutter for choir a cappella in the collection Five Childhood Lyrics, first performed in 1973.
In 1982, songwriter Lindsey Buckingham quoted the first two lines in the song "Eyes Of The World", on Fleetwood Mac's Mirage album.
Vermillion Lies released "Wednesday's Child" off their 2008 album "What's In The Box?". The song features a slightly modified version of the entire poem and is sung from the perspective of a woeful child born on a Wednesday.
In popular culture[edit]
This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information. Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information. (March 2017)
Enchanted is the first novel in The Woodcutter Sisters series by Alethea Kontis about sisters named for the day of the week, mothered by Seven Woodcutter. The first concerns Sunday, who is "bonny and blithe and good and gay". The sisters' roles and personalities are based on the rhyme, though some as Sunday notes. The second novel, Hero, features Saturday as the protagonist.
In The Wild Wild West episode "The Night of Miguelito's Revenge" (1968), Dr. Loveless abducts seven individuals who match the characters in the poem, on the day each character is mentioned.
Prior Walter refers to the poem in Tony Kushner's play Angels in America (1985–86) (Act III Scene 1).
Jazz Calendar is a ballet by Frederick Ashton to music by Richard Rodney Bennett, and design by Derek Jarman, premiered by the Royal Ballet in January 1968, whose seven movements are based on the rhyme.
Monday's Child
Monday's Child (2004) and Tuesday's Child (2005) are novels written by Louise Bagshawe.
"Monday's child has learned to tie his bootlace" is a line from the song "Lady Madonna" (1968) by The Beatles.
Tuesday's Child
"Tuesday's Child" is a song on the second album (1988) by Contemporary Christian musician Steven Curtis Chapman.
"Tuesday's Child" is the second episode of season 6 of the ITV series "Vera"
In the third generation (Series 5 and 6) of British series, Skins main character Grace Violet Blood owned a Tumblr account under the url "Tuesday's Child", a reference to being full of Grace.
Wednesday's Child
"Wednesday's Child" is an episode of Salem in Season 3.
Wednesday's Child (1956) is a short story by William Tenn (pen name of Philip Klass) published in Fantastic Universe in 1956.
Wednesday's Child (1992) is a novel by Peter Robinson filmed for television as an episode of DCI Banks (2014).
Wednesday's Child (2011) is a short story by Ken Bruen, nominated for the 2011 CWA Short Story Dagger.
"Wednesday's Child" is the name of an electronic music group. [5]
Wednesday's Child is a play in the umbrella series Kraft Television Theatre (season 1, episode 15), broadcast on January 21, 1954.[6]
"Wednesday's Child" is an episode in season 1 of the US version of Prime Suspect.
"Wednesday's Child" is an episode in season 15 of Law & Order: SVU.
The news team of a TV station in Norfolk, Virginia (WAVY-TV) had an ongoing feature called "Wednesday's Child." Each story would feature a child experiencing health or family or financial woes. Salt Lake TV station KSL has a similar ongoing feature, a cooperative effort between KSL and Adoption Exchange, highlighting foster children looking for permanent homes.
John Barry's main theme for the film The Quiller Memorandum (1966) is called "Wednesday's Child" (sung by Matt Monro).
The Raiders' 1970 album "Collage" contains the track "Wednesday's Child", the lyrics of which are another variation of the "Monday's Child" nursery rhyme, with the song ending with the lines "Wednesday's child is full of woe. Woe I know, I am Wednesday's Child".
'Wednesday's Child' is the name of a story arc of David Hopkins' webcomic Jack.
Grim and macabre Wednesday Addams of the Addams Family was named for the nursery rhyme.
British folk metal pioneers Skyclad included "Wednesday's Child" as one of two main characters described in their song "The Widdershins Jig" (along with "Wise man's son"), on their 1991 debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth.
"Wednesday's Child" is a song by Emiliana Torrini which appears on her 1999 album Love in the Time of Science.
“Wednesday’s Child” is the 11 episode in season 3 of First Wave TV series during which "Crazy" Eddie recites the poem.
"Wednesday's Child" was the title of Episode 1 & 2 of the third series of Inspector Banks featuring Stephen Tompkinson, broadcast in February 2014.
Thursday's Child
The Velvet Underground includes the lyric "Thursday's Child" on the track "All Tomorrow's Parties" on The Velvet Underground and Nico
"Thursday’s child has far to go" is referred to by Zoe in the Night Town episode of James Joyces's Ulysses (1922). Stephen Dedalus (and Joyce himself) were born on a Thursday.
"Thursday's Child" is a song by Tanita Tikaram from her album The Sweet Keeper, also released as a single.
"Thursday's Child Has Far To Go" is a travel blog by Nicola Ruth Slawson.[7]
Thursday's Child (1956) is one of Eartha Kitt's three autobiographies (Kitt was actually born on Monday 17th January 1927).
Thursday's Child (1970) is a novel by Noel Streatfeild.
Thursday's Child (2000) is a novel by Sonya Hartnett.
Thursday's Child (2013) is a novel by Monique Martin.
"Thursday's Child" is an episode in the fifth season of the series Road to Avonlea, in which Great Aunt Eliza recites part of this poem in relation to Cecily.[8]
"Thursday's Child" is an episode of Murder, She Wrote in season 7.
Thursday's Child is mentioned in The Tree, a 2010 Australian/French film starring Charlotte Gainsbourg.
Thursday's Child Adoption Agency based in Bloomfield, Connecticut with special segments offered by local news teams in several large metropolitan media markets including CN, FL, MN, MO, and TX.
"Thursday's Children" is a 1954 documentary of a school for the deaf, directed by Lindsay Anderson.
The Chameleons' 1983 album Script of the Bridge contains the track Thursday's Child.[9]
Isobel Campbell included a song called "Thursday's Child" on her album Milkwhite Sheets (2006).
David Bowie included a song called "Thursday's Child" on his 1999 album Hours (Bowie sings "Only for you I don't regret, That I was Thursday's Child" but was actually born on Wednesday 8th January 1947. He later revealed it was a reference to the aforementioned Eartha Kitt autoboigraphy).
Friday's Child
Van Morrison wrote a song entitled "Friday's Child" (1971) while with the band Them.
Nancy Sinatra had a hit in 1966 with "Friday's Child," written by Lee Hazlewood.
Spandau Ballet used the line "Fridays Child is full of soul" in their 1986 hit Through The Barricades.
Friday's Child (1944) is a novel by Georgette Heyer.
"Friday's Child" (1967) is an episode of the original Star Trek television series.
Will Young released an album named Friday's Child (2003). The title track has a variant of the rhyme as its chorus.
Friday's Girl (2005) is a novel by Charlotte Bingham. Arguably the two principal women in the novel are loving and giving.
Saturday's Child
"Old Mama Saturday ('Saturday's Child Must Work for a Living')" (1995) by Marie Ponsot, featured in the 1995 volume of the annual Best American Poetry, vol. 8 (New York: Collier Books, 1995), refers to the rhyme in its title.
"Saturday's Children" is a 1940 Warner Brothers movie based on a play written by Maxwell Anderson and directed by Vincent Sherman, starring John Garfield, Anne Shirley and Claude Rains. [10]
David Gates, later of Bread, composed a song called "Saturday's Child" that was included on the 1960s' American pop rock band The Monkees' eponymous first album (1966).
Sunday's Child
"Sunday's Child" is the titular song on the album "Phil Keaggy and Sunday's Child" by Contemporary Christian musician Phil Keaggy.
"Sunday's Child" is featured in the lyrics of the song "All That Money Wants" by The Psychedelic Furs.
See also[edit]
Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron, a traditional English folk song written in the 19th century about a housewife carrying out one part of her linen chores each day of the week
Solomon Grundy, an English nursery rhyme mentioning the days of the week
Ashanti birthday names, e.g. Dwodwo (Monday's child) traditional Gold Coast Akan language naming convention, common amongst West African diaspora
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Iona Opie and Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 364-5.
Jump up ^ Traditions, Legends, Superstitions, and Sketches of Devonshire: On the Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy, Illustrative of Its Manners, Customs, History, Antiquities, Scenery, and Natural History, in a Series of Letters to Robert Southey, Esq. 2. J. Murray. 1838. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Jump up ^ A. Fox, Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700 (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 182.
Jump up ^ 'Children's charms and Oracles' New York folklore quarterly (1952), p. 46.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Kraft Television Theatre: Wednesday's Child on the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ [2][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Thursdays Child | Episode 61 (Season 5, Episode 9), originally aired on CBC: February 27, 1994". avonleaguide.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Jump up ^ Mik Foggin. "The Chameleons -". thechameleons.com. Retrieved 2015-06-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020365/reference
External links[edit]
Day of the week calculator from Ancestor Search
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text:
Oxbow lake
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the current revision of this page, as edited by Bobamnertiopsis (talk | contribs) at 02:44, 20 August 2017 (cite journal x2). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.
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This picture of the Nowitna River, Alaska shows two oxbow lakes – a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer, more curved one at the middle-right. Furthermore, it can be clearly seen how a third oxbow lake is in the making. The isthmus or bank in the centre of the most prominent meander is very narrow- much narrower than the width of the river. Eventually the two sections of river on either side of the isthmus will break through and create a new, straighter course. A new river bank then starts to accumulate, sealing off the meander and leaving another oxbow lake.
An oxbow lake is a U shaped body of water that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off, creating a free-standing body of water. This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape, resembling the bow pin of an oxbow. In Australia, an oxbow lake is known as a billabong, from the indigenous language Wiradjuri. In south Texas, oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas.
The word "oxbow" can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream, whether or not it is cut off from the main stream.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geology
2 Artificial oxbow lakes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Geology[edit]
An oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander, due to the river's eroding the bank through hydraulic action, abrasion and erosion. After a long period of time, the meander becomes very curved, and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood, cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake.
The swirls and curves of the previous courses of the Songhua River in northeast China can easily be seen in this satellite photo
When a river reaches a low-lying plain, often in its final course to the sea or a lake, it meanders widely. In the vicinity of a river bend, deposition occurs on the convex bank (the bank with the smaller radius). In contrast, both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the cut bank or concave bank (the bank with the greater radius.) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced meander with two concave banks getting closer. The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through, either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a flood. When this happens, a new straighter river channel is created and an abandoned meander loop, called a cutoff, is formed. When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel, an oxbow lake is formed. This process can occur over a time scale from a few years to several decades and may sometimes become essentially static.
Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the secondary flow across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend. The process of deposition of silt, sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in point bars.[3]
River flood plains that contain rivers with a highly sinuous platform are populated by longer oxbow lakes than those with low sinuosity. This is because rivers with high sinuosity have larger meanders, and greater opportunity for longer lakes to form. Rivers with lower sinuosity are characterized by fewer cutoffs and shorter oxbow lakes due to the shorter distance of their meanders.[4]
The effect of the secondary flow can be demonstrated using a circular bowl. Partly fill the bowl with water and sprinkle dense particles such as sand or rice into the bowl. Set the water into circular motion with one hand or a spoon. The dense particles quickly sweep into a neat pile in the center of the bowl. This is the mechanism that leads to the formation of point bars and contributes to the formation of oxbow lakes. The primary flow of water in the bowl is circular and the streamlines are concentric with the side of the bowl. However, the secondary flow of the boundary layer across the floor of the bowl is inward toward the center. The primary flow might be expected to fling the dense particles to the perimeter of the bowl, but instead the secondary flow sweeps the particles toward the center.[5]
The curved path of a river around a bend makes the water's surface slightly higher on the outside of the bend than on the inside. As a result, at any elevation within the river, water pressure is slightly greater near the outside of the bend than on the inside. A pressure gradient toward the convex bank provides the centripetal force necessary for each parcel of water to follow its curved path.
The boundary layer that flows along the river floor does not move fast enough to balance the pressure gradient laterally across the river. It responds to this pressure gradient, and its velocity is partly downstream and partly across the river toward the convex bank.[3][6] As it flows along the floor of the river, it sweeps loose material toward the convex bank. This flow of the boundary layer is significantly different from the speed and direction of the primary flow of the river, and is part of the river's secondary flow.
Early stages of formation of coastal plain oxbow lake in the Gower Peninsula of southwest Wales
A Horseshoe or oxbow lake near Hughes, Arkansas. The bulges in the border reflect changes in the course of the river; when the river shifted its course and cut off the former channel, the border remained unchanged.
When a fluid follows a curved path, such as around a circular bowl, around a bend in a river or in a tropical cyclone, the flow is described as vortex flow: the fastest speed occurs where the radius is smallest, and the slowest speed occurs where the radius is greatest. The higher fluid pressure and slower speed where the radius is greater, and the lower pressure and faster speed where the radius is smaller, are all consistent with Bernoulli's principle.
Notable examples
Bole and Burton Round in West Burton, Nottinghamshire, England are a good example of previous lakes in a close proximity to one another.
Carter Lake, Iowa was created after severe flooding in 1877 led to the river shifting approximately 1.25 mi to the southeast.
Cuckmere Haven in Sussex, England contains a widely meandering river with many oxbow lakes, often referred to in physical geography textbooks.
Half Moon Lake in downtown Eau Claire, Wisconsin was formed due to a shift in the course of the Chippewa River, which now flows immediately to the south.
Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, India contains rare and endangered migratory birds and is one of Asia's largest oxbow lakes.
The Oxbow, a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) bend in the Connecticut River, is disconnected at one end.
There are many oxbow lakes alongside the Mississippi River and its tributaries. The largest oxbow lake in North America, Lake Chicot (located near Lake Village, Arkansas), was originally part of the Mississippi River, as was Horseshoe Lake, the namesake for the town of Horseshoe Lake, Arkansas. Reelfoot Lake in west Tennessee is another notable oxbow lake; it was formed when the Mississippi River took a new channel following the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes.
Artificial oxbow lakes[edit]
Oxbow lakes may be formed when a river channel is straightened artificially to improve navigation or for flood alleviation. This occurred notably on the upper Rhine in Germany in the nineteenth century.[7]
An example of an entirely artificial waterway with oxbows is the Oxford Canal in England. When originally constructed, it had a very meandering course, following the contours of the land, but the northern part of the canal was straightened out between 1829 and 1834, reducing its length from approximately 91 to 77.5 miles (146 to 125 km) and creating a number of oxbow-shaped sections isolated from the new course.[8]
See also[edit]
Wetlands portal
Bayou
Fallacy regarding formation of point bars
Resaca (channel)
Secondary flow around river bends
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Oxbow". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Oxbow". Merriam–Webster. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Hickin, Edward J (2002). "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Springer. p. 432. ISBN 1-4020-0872-4.
Jump up ^ Constantine, J. A.; Dunne, T. (2008). "Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes". Geology. 36 (1): 23–26. doi:10.1130/G24130A.1.
Jump up ^ Bowker, Kent A. (1988). "Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers". Earth Science History. 1 (1). Retrieved 2016-07-01.
Jump up ^ Chant, R. J. (2002). "Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature: Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge". Journal of Geophysical Research. 107 (C9): 14–1–14–11. doi:10.1029/2001JC001082.
Jump up ^ Zinke, Alexander (December 17, 2000). "The New Management of Rivers and Wetlands in Central Europe". Zinke Environmental Consulting. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
Jump up ^ Boughey, Joseph (1994). Hadfield's British Canals. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-1840-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxbow lakes.
NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial: Fluvial/Deltaic/Coastal Landforms
Ox Bow Lake Formation, As Seen By the Google Earth Time Machine
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text:
Mike Breen
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Michael Breen, see Michael Breen (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mike Breen
Born
(1961-05-22) May 22, 1961 (age 56)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Education
Fordham University
Notable credit(s)
Broadcaster of the Year, 1998 National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Lead Play-by-Play, NBA on ABC and ESPN
Spouse(s)
Rosanne
Children
3
Sports commentary career
Genre(s)
Play-by-play
Sports
Basketball, American football
Michael Breen (born May 22, 1961) is an American play-by-play sports commentator for NBA on ABC and is the lead announcer for New York Knicks games on the MSG Network. Breen also calls NBA games for ESPN and was formerly a play-by-play announcer for the New York Giants' preseason games. Breen also called regular NFL season games for both NFL on Fox and NFL on NBC. Breen also calls the NBA Finals every year regularly on ESPN.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Personality
1.2 Basketball
1.3 Olympics
1.4 Radio
1.5 Personal life
2 References
3 External links
Biography[edit]
Personality[edit]
Breen is known for his yelling of the word "BANG!" after a clutch or big shot is made, usually during the end of a game.
Basketball[edit]
Breen, a 1979 graduate of Salesian High School and a 1983 graduate of Fordham University,[1] and as of 2016, he is currently in his 25th season as an NBA broadcaster, with some of those 25 taking place while Breen worked for NBC[2] up until 2002, the network's last year as both an NBA and WNBA broadcaster. He is also the main voice for New York Knicks games on MSG Network.
He first worked with the Knicks as a radio announcer for WFAN from 1992–97, when he was promoted to television play-by-play upon Marv Albert's firing following his infamous sex scandal. He later became Albert's backup upon his return in 1999, before finally becoming the lead play-by-play upon Albert's second dismissal in 2004. On February 8, 2006, with the departure of Al Michaels from the network, ABC announced that Breen would take over as the lead broadcaster for the NBA, including the NBA Finals. His broadcasting career started doing play-by-play for the Marist College Red Foxes basketball team in 1985. Other than his role as ABC's main play-by-play on Sundays, Breen usually works for ESPN on Fridays, and occasionally on Wednesdays, with the rest of his schedule reserved for MSG. He has also called college basketball games for ESPN.
When the Knicks made the 2011 NBA Playoffs, he did not call any of the games for MSG due to his involvement with ESPN and ABC; he did call Games 3 (with the MSG broadcasts handled by Kenny Albert) and 4 for ESPN and ABC, respectively.
Some of Breen's current and past broadcast partners were employed with the Knicks at one point. The list includes former Knicks head coaches Hubie Brown and Jeff Van Gundy, former Knicks players Mark Jackson and Walt Frazier, and former Knicks radio color announcer John Andariese.
In addition, he is also the voice of the NBA Live, beginning with NBA Elite 11, alongside his usual ESPN partners Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy. However, the series was canceled indefinitely. He did voice along with Van Gundy in the NBA Live series beginning with NBA Live 14.
Olympics[edit]
Breen has announced in 5 Olympic Games during his career, 1 Winter Olympics and 4 Summer Olympics. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Breen called basketball, handling play-by-play for both the men and the women. At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Breen called ski jumping. Breen served as a play-by-play announcer for NBC Sports coverage of men's and women's Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics.[3]
Radio[edit]
Breen has been a fixture on the radio as well. He began his professional radio career as a sportscaster on WNBC radio in the early 1980s, and frequently substituted for Dave Sims as host of "SportsNight" on the station. From 1988–2000, Breen did the sports segment on the WFAN and nationally syndicated Imus in the Morning talk/comedy radio show. Breen became noted for his deadpan delivery of false sports news, such as in the mid-1990s reporting that in the previous night's Mets game, "Félix Millán went 4-for-4 with 3 runs scored" (Millán retired in 1977).
Personal life[edit]
Breen resides in Long Island, New York with his wife Rosanne and their three children, Michael, Nicole, and Matt.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mike Breen". MSG.com. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mike Breen". ESPN MediaZone. ESPN. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Ray Frager (July 16, 2008). "Medium Well: Your NBC Olympics lineup – A blog on sports media, news and networks – baltimoresun.com". Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on November 5, 2008.
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text:
December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
Single by The Four Seasons
from the album Who Loves You
B-side
"Slip Away"
Released
December 1975
Format
7"
Recorded
November 1975
Genre
Rock, disco
Length
3:36
3:20 (single version)
Label
Warner / Curb
Songwriter(s)
Bob Gaudio, Judy Parker
Producer(s)
Bob Gaudio
The Four Seasons singles chronology
"Who Loves You"
(1975) "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
(1975) "Silver Star"
(1976)
"Who Loves You"
(1975) "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
(1975) "Silver Star"
(1976)
"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" is a song by the Four Seasons, written by original Four Seasons keyboard player Bob Gaudio and his future wife Judy Parker, produced by Gaudio, and included on the group's album, Who Loves You (1975).
The song features drummer Gerry Polci on lead vocals, with the usual lead Frankie Valli singing the bridge sections and backing vocals, and bass player Don Ciccone (former lead singer of The Critters) singing the falsetto part (And I felt a rush like a rolling ball of thunder / Spinning my head around and taking my body under).
Contents
[hide]
1 Song origins
2 Composition
3 1975 release
4 1988 and 1993 remixes
5 Music video
6 Charts
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
7 Clock version
7.1 Charts
8 References
Song origins[edit]
According to the co-writer and longtime group member Bob Gaudio, the song lyrics were originally set in 1933 with the title "December 5th, 1933," and celebrated the repeal of Prohibition,[1] but the lyrics were changed at the urgings of Frankie Valli and lyricist Parker to reposition the song as a nostalgic remembrance of a young man's first affair with a woman, and, more specifically, Gaudio's courtship with his wife, Judy Parker.[2]
Composition[edit]
The song is an up-tempo, piano-led dance song with a distinct and easily recognizable opening drum and then piano riff. It is written in 4/4 and in the key of D-flat major. Whilst the song’s Piano/Bass/Drums/Guitar/Keyboard arrangement is fairly typical of pop songs of the period, there is an unusual introduction of the bass guitar midway through a stanza in the 10th bar of the song’s first verse.
1975 release[edit]
The single was released in December 1975 and hit number one on the UK Singles Chart on February 21, 1976.[3] It repeated the feat on the US Billboard Hot 100 on March 13, 1976, remaining in the top spot for three weeks and one week on Cash Box. Billboard ranked it as the No. 4 song for 1976. On April 10 the same year, it topped the RPM National Top Singles Chart in Canada.[4] Drummer Gerry Polci sang lead with bassist Don Ciccone and long-time frontman Frankie Valli singing the bridge and refrain. It was the Four Seasons' final song, as a group, to reach number one. (Valli would have one final chart-topper as a solo act in 1978 with the theme song to the film Grease.)
1988 and 1993 remixes[edit]
In both 1988 and 1993, Dutch DJ and producer Ben Liebrand remixed the song and re-released it as a single.[5][6] The 1993 re-release spent 27 weeks on the Hot 100 (matching the chart life of the original 1975 single). The peak position of the 1993 remix version was #14. Adding together the two 27-week chart runs for the 1975 original single and the 1993 remix version (for a combined total of 54 weeks, two more weeks than a full year) gave the song the longest tenure ever on the Billboard Hot 100 music chart up to that time. The tenure has since been surpassed many times.[7]
Music video[edit]
A music video was produced to accompany the original 1975 release.[8] The video used the edited single version, which had a Phaser effect during Frankie's vocals, not heard on any other version of the song.
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1975-76)
Peak
position
Canada 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[9] 1
US 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[10] 18
New Zealand 2
Australia 3
Belgium 3
Netherlands 3
Norway 6
Sweden 11
Germany 16
Ireland 3
Chart (1994)
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100 14
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1976)
Rank
Australia 22
Canada[11] 13
New Zealand[12] 8
US Billboard Hot 100[13] 4
Chart (1994)
Rank
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 89
Chart (1995)
Position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[15] 46
Clock version[edit]
"Oh What a Night"
Single by Clock
from the album About Time 2
Released
1996
Format
12" single
CD single
CD maxi
Genre
Eurodance
euro house
Length
3:28
Label
MCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Bob Gaudio
Judy Parker
Producer(s)
P. Pritchard
S. Allan
Clock singles chronology
"Axel F"
(1995) "Oh What a Night"
(1996) "U Sexy Thing"
(1997)
"Axel F"
(1995) "Oh What a Night"
(1996) "U Sexy Thing"
(1997)
Music video
"Oh What a Night" on YouTube
British pop/dance act Clock released a dance cover of "Oh What a Night" in 1996. It peaked at number 13 in Ireland, number 12 in Scotland and number 13 in the UK.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)[16]
49
Ireland (Irish Singles Chart)
13
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[17]
12
United Kingdom (UK Singles Chart)
13
United Kingdom (UK Dance Singles Chart)[18]
20
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "December 1963 (Oh What a Night)". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Gaudio put words in Valli's mouth". Sun-setinel.com. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 323. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Frankie Valli & Four Seasons, The - December 1963 (Oh, What A Night) (Ben Liebrand Re-mix) (CD) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Four Seasons, The - December 1963 (Oh, What A Night) (Vinyl) at Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ Billboard.com review of album "Oh, What a Night"[dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Four Seasons - December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 90.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 26, No. 14 & 15, January 08 1977". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3865
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1976". Longboredsurfer.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top 100 - 1994". Longboredsurfer.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Charts 1995". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eurochart Hot 100" (PDF). Music & Media. Retrieved 2018-03-06.
Jump up ^ "Scottish Singles Chart 01 September 1996 - 07 September 1996". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2018-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Official UK Dance Singles Chart (01 September 1996-07 September 1996)". officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Preceded by
"Forever and Ever" by Slik UK number-one single
February 21, 1976 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)" by Tina Charles
Preceded by
"Love Machine" by The Miracles Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
March 13, 1976 - March 27, 1976 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Disco Lady" by Johnnie Taylor
Preceded by
"All by Myself" by Eric Carmen Cash Box Top 100 singles
March 20, 1976 (one week) Succeeded by
"Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright
Preceded by
"Dream Weaver" by Gary Wright RPM number-one single (Canada)
April 10, 1976 (one week) Succeeded by
"Lonely Night (Angel Face)" by Captain and Tennille
[hide]
v
t
e
The Four Seasons
Frankie Valli
Tommy DeVito
Bob Gaudio
Nick Massi
Charles Calello
Joe Long
Albums
Sherry & 11 Others (1962)
The 4 Seasons Greetings (1962)
Golden Hits of the 4 Seasons (1963)
Working My Way Back to You and More Great New Hits (1966)
The Genuine Imitation Life Gazette (1969)
Chameleon (1972)
Who Loves You (1975)
The Very Best of Frankie Valli & The Four Seasons (2002)
Singles
"Bermuda"
"Sherry"
"Big Girls Don't Cry"
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"
"Walk Like a Man"
"Ain't That a Shame"
"Candy Girl"
"New Mexican Rose"
"Dawn (Go Away)"
"Stay"
"Ronnie"
"Alone (Why Must I Be Alone)"
"Rag Doll"
"Silence Is Golden"
"Save It for Me"
"Sincerely"
"Big Man in Town"
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus"
"Bye, Bye, Baby (Baby Goodbye)"
"Since I Don't Have You"
"Girl Come Running"
"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)"
"Let's Hang On!"
"Don't Think Twice"
"Working My Way Back to You"
"Opus 17 (Don't You Worry 'bout Me)"
"On the Good Ship Lollipop"
"I've Got You Under My Skin"
"The Proud One"
"Tell It to the Rain"
"Beggin'"
"Can't Take My Eyes Off You"
"C'mon Marianne"
"Lonesome Road"
"Watch the Flowers Grow"
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow"
"My Eyes Adored You"
"Our Day Will Come"
"Who Loves You"
"December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)"
"Silver Star"
"Grease"
Related topics
Discography
Members
Albums
Songs
The Four Lovers
The Wonder Who?
Bob Crewe
"Ces soirées-là"
Jersey Boys: Original Broadway Cast Recording
Jersey Boys (musical)
Jersey Boys (film)
Book:The Four Seasons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=December,_1963_(Oh,_What_a_Night)&oldid=830703190"
Categories:
1975 singles
1976 singles
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1996 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
The Four Seasons (band) songs
Songs written by Bob Gaudio
Song recordings produced by Bob Gaudio
Disco songs
1975 songs
Warner Bros. Records singles
Curb Records singles
MCA Records singles
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
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