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Concord, New Hampshire
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For other places of the same name, see Concord (disambiguation).
capital of New Hampshire
State capital and city in New Hampshire, United States
Concord, New Hampshire
State capital and city
The New Hampshire State House as seen from Eagle Square

Flag
Seal

Location in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Concord
Location in New Hampshire, United States & North America
Concord
Concord (the US)
Concord
Concord (North America)
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Coordinates: 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W / 43.20667°N 71.53806°W / 43.20667; -71.53806Coordinates: 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W / 43.20667°N 71.53806°W / 43.20667; -71.53806
Country
United States
State
New Hampshire
County
Merrimack
Incorporated
1734[1]:147
Villages
East Concord
Penacook
West Concord
Government
• Mayor
Jim Bouley
• City Council
Members[show]
Brent Todd
Allan Herschlag
Jennifer Kretovic
Byron Champlin
Robert Werner
Linda Kenison
Keith Nyhan
Gail Matson
Candace C. W. Bouchard
Dan St. Hilaire
Mark Coen
Amanda Grady Sexton
Fred Keach
Steve Shurtleff
• City Manager
Thomas J. Aspell, Jr.
Area
• Total
67.5 sq mi (174.8 km2)
• Land
64.2 sq mi (166.4 km2)
• Water
3.2 sq mi (8.4 km2) 4.79%
Elevation
288 ft (88 m)
Population (2010)[2]
• Total
42,695
• Estimate (2016)[3]
42,904
• Density
668/sq mi (257.8/km2)
Time zone
Eastern (UTC−5)
• Summer (DST)
Eastern (UTC−4)
ZIP Codes
03301, 03302, 03303, 03305
Area code(s)
603
FIPS code
33-14200
GNIS feature ID
0873303
Website
www.concordnh.gov
Concord (/ˈkɒŋkərd/) is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County. As of the 2010 census, its population was 42,695.[4]
Concord includes the villages of Penacook, East Concord, and West Concord. The city is home to the University of New Hampshire School of Law, New Hampshire's only law school; St. Paul's School, a private preparatory school; NHTI, a two-year community college; and the Granite State Symphony Orchestra.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Economy
4.1 Top employers
5 Transportation
5.1 Highways
5.2 Bus
5.3 Other modes
6 Notable people
7 Government
8 Media
9 Sites of interest
10 Education
11 Notes
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
History[edit]
Old Town House, 1790
The area that would become Concord was originally settled thousands of years ago by Abenaki Native Americans called the Pennacook.[1]:65 The tribe fished for migrating salmon, sturgeon, and alewives with nets strung across the rapids of the Merrimack River. The stream was also the transportation route for their birch bark canoes, which could travel from Lake Winnipesaukee to the Atlantic Ocean. The broad sweep of the Merrimack River valley floodplain provided good soil for farming beans, gourds, pumpkins, melons and maize.
On January 17, 1725, the Province of Massachusetts Bay, which then claimed territories west of the Merrimack River, granted the Concord area as the Plantation of Penacook.[1]:107 It was settled between 1725 and 1727 by Captain Ebenezer Eastman and others from Haverhill, Massachusetts. On February 9, 1734, the town was incorporated as Rumford,[1]:147 from which Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford would take his title. It was renamed Concord in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth following a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and the town of Bow; the city name was meant to reflect the new concord, or harmony, between the disputant towns.[5] Citizens displaced by the resulting border adjustment were given land elsewhere as compensation. In 1779, New Pennacook Plantation was granted to Timothy Walker, Jr. and his associates at what would be incorporated in 1800 as Rumford, Maine, the site of Pennacook Falls.
Concord grew in prominence throughout the 18th century, and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street. In the years following the Revolution, Concord's central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital, particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver, connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal. In 1808, Concord was named the official seat of state government.[1]:324–326 The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the state's legislative branches meet in their original chambers. The city would become noted for furniture-making and granite quarrying. In 1828, Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot and Downing.[1]:339–340 Their most famous product was their Concord stagecoach, widely used in the development of the American West. In the 19th century, Concord became a hub for the railroad industry, with Penacook a textile manufacturing center using water power from the Contoocook River. Today, the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies. It is also home to Concord Litho, one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country.
First Concord Bridge, 1795
State House c. 1906
Main Street c. 1908
City Hall in 1913
Old Library c. 1915
Geography[edit]
Downtown Concord in 2017
Concord is located at 43°12′24″N 71°32′17″W / 43.20667°N 71.53806°W / 43.20667; -71.53806 (43.2070, −71.5371).[6]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 67.5 square miles (174.8 km2). 64.2 square miles (166.4 km2) of it is land and 3.2 square miles (8.4 km2) of it is water, comprising 4.79% of the city.[7] Concord is drained by the Merrimack River. Penacook Lake is in the west. The highest point in Concord is 860 feet (260 m) above sea level on Oak Hill, just west of the hill's 970-foot (300 m) summit in neighboring Loudon.
Concord lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed,[8] and is centered on the river, which runs from northwest to southeast through the city. Downtown is located on a low terrace to the west of the river, with residential neighborhoods climbing hills to the west and extending southwards towards the town of Bow. To the east of the Merrimack, atop a 100-foot (30 m) bluff, is a flat, sandy plain known as Concord Heights, which has seen most of the city's commercial development since 1960. The eastern boundary of Concord (with the town of Pembroke) is formed by the Soucook River, a tributary of the Merrimack. The Turkey River winds through the southwestern quarter of the city, passing through the campus of St. Paul's School before entering the Merrimack River in Bow. In the northern part of the city, the Contoocook River enters the Merrimack at the village of Penacook. Other village centers in the city include West Concord (actually north of downtown, on the west side of the Merrimack) and East Concord (also north of downtown, but on the east side of the Merrimack).
Aerial view of downtown Concord (looking east)
The city's neighboring communities are Bow to the south, Pembroke to the southeast, Loudon to the northeast, Canterbury, Boscawen, and Webster to the north, and Hopkinton to the west.
Climate[edit]
Concord, as with much of New England, is within the humid continental climate zone (Köppen Dfb), with long, cold, snowy winters, very warm (and at times humid) summers, and relatively brief autumns and springs. In winter, successive storms deliver light to moderate snowfall amounts, contributing to the relatively reliable snow cover. In addition, lows reach at least 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 15 nights per year, and the city straddles the border between USDA Hardiness Zone 5b and 6a.[9] However, thaws are frequent, with one to three days per month with 50 °F (10 °C)+ highs from December to February. Summer can bring stretches of humid conditions as well as thunderstorms, and there is an average of 12 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually. The window for freezing temperatures on average begins on September 27 and expires on May 14.[10]
The monthly daily average temperature range from 20.6 °F (−6.3 °C) in January to 70.0 °F (21.1 °C) in July. Temperature extremes have ranged from −37 °F (−38 °C) in February 1943 to 102 °F (39 °C) in July 1966.

showClimate data for Concord Municipal Airport, New Hampshire (1981−2010 normals,[a] extremes 1903–present)[b]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
72
(22) 74
(23) 89
(32) 95
(35) 98
(37) 101
(38) 102
(39) 101
(38) 98
(37) 92
(33) 80
(27) 73
(23) 102
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
50.8
(10.4) 53.7
(12.1) 66.6
(19.2) 81.5
(27.5) 88.7
(31.5) 92.0
(33.3) 93.1
(33.9) 91.8
(33.2) 87.7
(30.9) 78.5
(25.8) 68.7
(20.4) 56.0
(13.3) 95.5
(35.3)
Average high °F (°C)
30.8
(−0.7) 34.9
(1.6) 43.8
(6.6) 57.4
(14.1) 68.9
(20.5) 77.4
(25.2) 82.3
(27.9) 80.9
(27.2) 72.6
(22.6) 60.5
(15.8) 48.4
(9.1) 36.3
(2.4) 58.0
(14.4)
Average low °F (°C)
10.4
(−12) 13.8
(−10.1) 22.5
(−5.3) 32.7
(0.4) 42.6
(5.9) 52.5
(11.4) 57.7
(14.3) 56.1
(13.4) 47.4
(8.6) 35.8
(2.1) 28.2
(−2.1) 17.2
(−8.2) 34.8
(1.6)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−11.2
(−24) −8.2
(−22.3) 0.8
(−17.3) 19.4
(−7) 28.1
(−2.2) 37.9
(3.3) 45.4
(7.4) 42.0
(5.6) 31.8
(−0.1) 21.2
(−6) 11.1
(−11.6) −2.8
(−19.3) −14.6
(−25.9)
Record low °F (°C)
−35
(−37) −37
(−38) −20
(−29) 4
(−16) 21
(−6) 30
(−1) 35
(2) 29
(−2) 20
(−7) 10
(−12) −17
(−27) −24
(−31) −37
(−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.70
(68.6) 2.62
(66.5) 3.27
(83.1) 3.41
(86.6) 3.66
(93) 3.69
(93.7) 3.74
(95) 3.18
(80.8) 3.38
(85.9) 4.04
(102.6) 3.72
(94.5) 3.20
(81.3) 40.61
(1,031.6)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
18.1
(46) 12.3
(31.2) 11.1
(28.2) 2.8
(7.1) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) trace 2.6
(6.6) 14.5
(36.8) 61.4
(156)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.8 9.5 11.5 11.8 12.4 12.7 10.9 9.8 9.3 10.1 11.2 10.9 130.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
8.2 6.5 5.3 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 6.6 29.7
Average relative humidity (%)
67.9 66.0 64.8 62.0 65.0 70.9 71.8 74.5 76.3 72.8 73.3 72.3 69.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours
162.8 171.8 210.5 223.2 258.4 274.3 295.8 261.9 214.7 183.4 127.8 134.8 2,519.4
Percent possible sunshine
56 58 57 56 57 60 64 61 57 54 44 48 56
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[10][11][12]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1790 1,747 —
1800 2,052 17.5%
1810 2,393 16.6%
1820 2,838 18.6%
1830 3,720 31.1%
1840 4,897 31.6%
1850 8,576 75.1%
1860 10,896 27.1%
1870 12,241 12.3%
1880 13,843 13.1%
1890 17,004 22.8%
1900 19,632 15.5%
1910 21,497 9.5%
1920 22,167 3.1%
1930 25,228 13.8%
1940 27,171 7.7%
1950 27,988 3.0%
1960 28,991 3.6%
1970 30,022 3.6%
1980 30,400 1.3%
1990 36,006 18.4%
2000 40,687 13.0%
2010 42,695 4.9%
Est. 2016 42,904 [3] 0.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[13]
Old Post Office in 1910
As of the census of 2010, there were 42,695 people, 17,592 households, and 10,052 families residing in the city. The population density was 632.5 people per square mile (244.2/km²). There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 293.2 per square mile (113.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.8% White, 2.2% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 2.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[14]
There were 17,592 households out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were headed by married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26, and the average family size was 2.90.[14]
In the city, the population was spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.[14]
For the period 2009-11, the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $52,695, and the median income for a family was $73,457. Male full-time workers had a median income of $49,228 versus $38,782 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,296. About 5.5% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.[15]
Economy[edit]
Top employers[edit]
According to Concord's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[16] the top employers in the city are:
#
Employer
# of Employees
1 State of New Hampshire 6,450
2 Concord Hospital 3,200
3 Steeplegate Mall 1,233
4 Genesis HealthCare 1,200
5 Concord School District 876
6 New Hampshire Hospital 850
7 Lincoln National Corporation 602
8 Market Basket 533
9 Sanel Auto Parts 525
10 Merrimack Valley School District 500
11 City of Concord 454
Transportation[edit]
Highways[edit]
Interstate 89 and Interstate 93 are the two main interstate highways serving Concord, and join just south of the city limits. Interstate 89 links Concord with Lebanon and the state of Vermont to the northwest, while Interstate 93 connects the city to Plymouth, Littleton, and the White Mountains to the north and Manchester to the south. Interstate 393 is a spur highway leading east from Concord and merging with U.S. Route 4 as a direct route to New Hampshire's seacoast. North-south U.S. Route 3 serves as Concord's Main Street, while U.S. Route 202 and New Hampshire Route 9 cross the city from east to west. Also, state routes 13 and 132 serve the city: Route 13 leads southwest out of Concord towards Goffstown and Milford, while Route 132 travels north parallel to Interstate 93. New Hampshire Route 106 passes through the easternmost part of Concord, crossing I-393 and NH 9 before crossing the Soucook River into the town of Pembroke. To the north, NH 106 leads to Loudon, Belmont, and Laconia.
Bus[edit]
Local bus service is provided by Concord Area Transit (CAT), with three routes through the city. Regional bus service provided by Concord Coach Lines and Greyhound Lines is available from the Concord Transportation Center at 30 Stickney Avenue next to Exit 14 on Interstate 93, with service south to Boston and points in between, as well as north to Littleton and northeast to Berlin.
Other modes[edit]
There is no passenger rail service to Concord.
General aviation services are available through Concord Municipal Airport, located 2 miles (3 km) east of downtown. There is no commercial air service within the city limits; the nearest such airport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport, located 23 miles (37 km) to the south.
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Concord, New Hampshire
Government[edit]
Concord City Hall
Concord is governed via the manager-council system. The city council consists of 14 members, ten of which are elected from single-member wards, while the other four are elected at large. The mayor is elected directly every two years. The current mayor is Jim Bouley.[17]
According to the Concord city charter, the mayor chairs the council (composed of 15 members, including the mayor).[18] However, the mayor has very few formal powers over the day-to-day management of the city.[18] The actual operations of the city are overseen by the city manager,[18] currently Thomas J. Aspell, Jr.[19] The current police chief is Bradley S. Osgood.[20]
In the New Hampshire Senate, Concord is in the 15th District, represented by Democrat Dan Feltes. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Concord is in the 2nd District, represented by Democrat Andru Volinsky. In the United States House of Representatives, Concord is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster.
New Hampshire Department of Corrections operates the New Hampshire State Prison for Men and New Hampshire State Prison for Women[21] in Concord.
Across from the state capitol, the former Eagle Hotel on Main Street, was a downtown landmark in Concord from its opening in 1827 until it closed in 1961. It was added in 1978 to the National Register of Historic Places.
Downtown Concord near the state capitol
Veterans Monument in Concord
Media[edit]
Newspapers
The Concord Monitor (daily)
Concord NH Patch (daily)
The Concord Insider (weekly)
The Hippo (weekly)
Radio
WKXL 1450 AM (News Talk Information)
WNHN-LP 94.7 FM (Classical music)
WEVO 89.1 FM (Public radio)
WJYY 105.5 FM (Top 40)
WXRG 102.3 FM (Adult Album Alternative)
WICX 102.7FM (Catholic Radio)
New Hampshire Public Radio is headquartered in Concord.
Television
WPXG-TV (Channel 21) (Ion Television)
Concord TV Public-access television cable TV station
Sites of interest[edit]
Capitol sign (2005)
Concord has many landmarks and other tourist attractions.
The New Hampshire State House, designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818, is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers.[22] The building was remodeled in 1866, and the third story and west wing were added in 1910.
Located directly across from the State House is the Eagle Hotel on Main Street, which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827. U.S. Presidents Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, and Benjamin Harrison all dined there, and Franklin Pierce spent the night before departing for his inauguration. Other well-known guests included Jefferson Davis, Charles Lindbergh, Eleanor Roosevelt, Richard M. Nixon (who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids), and Thomas E. Dewey. The hotel closed in 1961.[23]
South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall, which replaced "Old" Phenix Hall, which burned in 1893. Both the old and new buildings featured multi-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches, theater productions, and fairs. Abraham Lincoln spoke at the old hall in 1860; Theodore Roosevelt, at the new hall in 1912.[24]
Walker-Woodman House, built from 1733 to 1735, as it appeared c. 1908
North on Main Street is the Walker-Woodman House, also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House, the oldest standing two-story house in Concord.[25] It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735.
On the north end of Main Street is the Pierce Manse, in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency.[26] The mid-1830s Greek Revival house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition.
Beaver Meadow Golf Course, located in the northern part of Concord, is one of the oldest golf courses in New England.[27] Besides this golf course, other important sporting venues in Concord include Everett Arena and Memorial Field.
The SNOB (Somewhat North Of Boston) Film Festival, started in the fall of 2002, brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films. SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building of Red River Theatres, a locally owned, nonprofit, independent cinema in 2007. The SNOB Film Festival is one of the many arts organizations in the city.
Other sites of interest include the Capitol Center for the Arts, the New Hampshire Historical Society, which has two facilities in Concord, the Steeplegate Mall on Loudon Road, and the McAuliffe-Shepard Discovery Center, a planetarium named after Christa McAuliffe, the Concord teacher who died during the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986.
Education[edit]
Concord's public schools are within the Concord School District, except for schools in the Penacook area of the city, which are within the Merrimack Valley School District, a district which also includes several towns north of Concord. The only public high school in the Concord School District is Concord High School, which has about 2,000 students. The only public middle school in the Concord School District is Rundlett Middle School, which has roughly 1,500 students. Concord School District's elementary schools underwent a major re-configuration in 2012, with three newly constructed schools opening and replacing six previous schools. Kimball School and Walker School were replaced by Christa McAuliffe School on the Kimball School site, Conant School (and Rumford School, which closed a year earlier) were replaced by Abbot-Downing School at the Conant site, and Eastman and Dame schools were replaced by Mill Brook School, serving kindergarten through grade two, located next to Broken Ground Elementary School, serving grades three to five. Beaver Meadow School, the remaining elementary school, was unaffected by the changes.
Concord schools in the Merrimack Valley School District include Merrimack Valley High School and Merrimack Valley Middle School, which are adjacent to each other and to Rolfe Park in Penacook village, and Penacook Elementary School, just south of the village.
Concord has two parochial schools, Bishop Brady High School and Saint John Regional School.
Other area schools include Concord Christian Academy, Parker Academy, Trinity Christian School, Shaker Road School, and St. Paul's School.
Concord is also home to NHTI, Concord's Community College, Granite State College, the University of New Hampshire School of Law, and the Franklin Pierce University Doctorate of Physical Therapy program.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Concord were kept at downtown from September 1868 to April 1941 and at Concord Municipal Airport since May 1941; snow records date from December 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Lyford, James; Amos Hadley; Howard F. Hill; Benjamin A. Kimball; Lyman D. Stevens; John M. Mitchell (1903). History of Concord, N.H. (PDF). Concord, N.H.: The Rumford Press.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau, American FactFinder, 2010 Census figures. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Moore, Jacob (1824). Annals of the Town of Concord. Concord, N.H.: Jacob B. Moore. pp. 31–34.
Jump up ^ "Topo Map: Concord, New Hampshire, United States 01 July 1985". The National Map. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Concord city, New Hampshire". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved November 5, 2014.
Jump up ^ Foster, Debra H.; Batorfalvy, Tatianna N.; Medalie, Laura (1995). Water Use in New Hampshire: An Activities Guide for Teachers. U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ The Arbor Day Foundation. Arborday.org. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
^ Jump up to: a b "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Station Name: NH CONCORD MUNI AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-09-11.
Jump up ^ "WMO Climate Normals for CONCORD MUNICIPAL AP, NH 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Concord city, New Hampshire". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Selected Economic Characteristics: 2009-2011 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates (DP03): Concord city, New Hampshire". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ City of Concord CAFR[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "City Council". City of Concord. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lubsdorf, Bob (2011-09-21). "Mayor to face challenger". Concord Monitor. Retrieved 2012-06-11. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "City Manager". Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Police". City of Concord. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Locations New Hampshire Correctional Facility for Women (NHCFW)". Retrieved June 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "State House History" (PDF). nh.gov. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eagle Hotel". waymarking.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Phenix Hall". nhtourguide.com. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "History of Concord Police Department (Pre 1853)". City of Concord, NH. 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
Jump up ^ "Learn". The Pierce Brigade. Retrieved 2017-10-25.
Jump up ^ "Beaver Meadow Golf Course" (PDF). Beaver Meadow Golf Course. 2015-11-19. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
Further reading[edit]
Watson, David (1864), The Concord city directory, Concord: McFarland & Jenks
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Concord, New Hampshire.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Concord, New Hampshire.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Concord, New Hampshire.
City of Concord official website
Concord School District website
New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile
New Hampshire Historical Society
Greater Concord Chamber of Commerce
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Places adjacent to Concord, New Hampshire
Webster Boscawen and Canterbury Loudon
Hopkinton
Concord
Pembroke
Bow Bow Pembroke
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Municipalities and communities of Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States
County seat: Concord
Cities
Concord
Franklin
Towns
Allenstown
Andover
Boscawen
Bow
Bradford
Canterbury
Chichester
Danbury
Dunbarton
Epsom
Henniker
Hill
Hooksett
Hopkinton
Loudon
New London
Newbury
Northfield
Pembroke
Pittsfield
Salisbury
Sutton
Warner
Webster
Wilmot
CDPs
Blodgett Landing
Bradford
Contoocook
Henniker
Hooksett
Loudon
New London
Pittsfield
South Hooksett
Suncook
Tilton Northfield‡
Warner
Other unincorporated
communities
East Andover
Elkins
North Sutton
Penacook
South Newbury
South Sutton
West Hopkinton
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‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb120093086 (data)
GND: 4442653-7
ISNI: 0000 0004 0525 1124
NARA: 10045498
VIAF: 139542924
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concord,_New_Hampshire&oldid=850280445"
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Concord, New Hampshire
Cities in New Hampshire
Cities in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
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Quorn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Quorn (disambiguation).
Quorn
Type
Private
Industry
Food
Founded
1985
Founder
Marlow Foods Ltd (JV between RHM & ICI)
Headquarters
Stokesley, North Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
Area served
Global
Owner
Monde Nissin Corporation (2015–present)
Website
quorn.co.uk
Quorn is a meat substitute product originating in the UK and available in 19 countries.[1] It was launched in 1985 by Marlow Foods, a joint venture between Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and now owned by Monde Nissin Corporation.[2] All Quorn foods contain mycoprotein as an ingredient, which is derived from the Fusarium venenatum fungus and is grown by fermentation using a process that its manufacturer has described as similar to the production of beer or yogurt.[3] It is sold primarily in Europe, but also in other parts of the world. Quorn is sold as both a cooking ingredient and as the meat substitute used in a range of prepackaged meals.
In most Quorn products, the fungus culture is dried and mixed with egg albumen, which acts as a binder, and then is adjusted in texture and pressed into various forms. A vegan formulation also exists that uses potato protein as a binder instead of egg albumen.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Retail history
2 Ownership history
3 Production
4 Controversy
5 Mycoprotein patent expiration
6 Vegan version of product
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Microbial biomass is produced commercially as single-cell protein (SCP) for human food or animal feed and as viable yeast cells for the baking industry. The industrial production of bakers' yeast started in the early 1900s and yeast biomass was used as human food in Germany during World War I. The development of large-scale processes for the production of microbial biomass as a source of commercial protein began in earnest in the late 1960s. Several of the processes investigated did not come to fruition owing to political and economic problems but the establishment of the ICI Pruteen process for the production of bacterial SCP for animal feed was a milestone in the development of the fermentation industry. This process used continuous culture on a large scale (1500 m3). The economics of the production of SCP as animal feed were marginal, which eventually led to the discontinuation of the Pruteen process. The technical expertise gained from the Pruteen process assisted ICI in collaborating with Rank Hovis McDougall on a process for the production of fungal biomass for human food. A continuous fermentation process for the production of Fusarium venenatum biomass (marketed as Quorn) was developed using a 40-m3 air-lift fermenter.[4][5]
During the 1960s, it was predicted that by the 1980s there would be a shortage of protein-rich foods.[6][7] In response to this, research programmes were undertaken to use single-cell biomass as an animal feed. Contrary to the trend,[clarification needed] J. Arthur Rank instructed the Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) Research Centre to investigate converting starch (the waste product of cereal manufacturing undertaken by RHM) into a protein-rich food for human consumption.[citation needed][clarification needed]
The filamentous fungus, Fusarium venenatum, was discovered in a soil sample in 1967.[8] In 1985, RHM was given permission to sell mycoprotein for human consumption after a ten-year evaluation programme.[9][10]
Retail history[edit]
Quorn as a retail product (it derives its name from the Leicestershire village of Quorn),[11] was first produced in 1985 by Marlow Foods (named after Rank Hovis McDougall's headquarters in Marlow, Buckinghamshire), a joint venture between RHM and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI), who provided a fermenter left vacant from their abandoned single-cell feed programme. The two partners invested in patents for growing and processing the fungus, and other intellectual properties in the brand.
Quorn entered distribution in the UK in 1993, introduced to other parts of Europe in the 1990s, and to North America in 2002.[12] The initial advertising campaign for Quorn featured sports personalities, including footballer Ryan Giggs, rugby player Will Carling, and Olympic runner Sally Gunnell. In 2013 the company appointed Mo Farah as its ambassador in a marketing push for fitness.[13][14][15]
Quorn brand mycoprotein is sold in ready-to-cook forms, such as cubes and a form resembling minced meat. The company later introduced a range of chilled vegetarian meals, including pizzas, lasagne, cottage pie, and products resembling sliced meat, hot dogs, and burgers.[16] By 2005 Quorn enjoyed around 60% of the meat-replacement food market in the UK, with annual sales of around £95 million.[7][17] By 2006 it was available in stores in: the UK; Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland); and North America (Canada and United States). Since June 2010, it has been available in Australia.[18][19] In May 2012 Quorn Foods opened the German website quorn.de to relaunch Quorn in Germany.
After its producer switched to using free-range eggs as an ingredient, the Vegetarian Society gave the product its seal of approval.[20]
In 2004, McDonald's introduced a Quorn-branded burger bearing the seal of approval of the Vegetarian Society.[21][22] As of 2009, the Quorn burgers were no longer available at any McDonald's restaurant in the UK.[23] In 2011 Quorn Foods launched a vegan burger into the US market, using potato protein as a binder instead of egg albumen, to confer vegan status.[24] According to Quorn's website, by 2013 a number of Quorn items were available in US markets, most of which are vegetarian but not vegan, as they contain milk or cheese and egg white or albumen. In addition, some contain wheat, gluten and/or soy.
As of 2014, it was reported that most consumers of Quorn are meat eaters rather than vegetarians.[25] As of 2017 the market for Quorn products is increasing worldwide and the company expects further growth.[26]
Ownership history[edit]
Originally conceived in 1985 and owned by Marlow Foods, a joint venture between Rank Hovis McDougall (RHM) and Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). RHM exited the business in 1990 by selling its shares to ICI. When ICI spun off its biological products divisions from the core chemical business in 1993, Marlow Foods became a part of the newly formed Zeneca group, later AstraZeneca.
In 2003 AstraZeneca sold Marlow Foods, including the Quorn business and associated trademarks and patents, to Montagu Private Equity for £72m. Montagu sold the business on to Premier Foods in 2005 for £172m.[17]
In 2011 Premier Foods sold Quorn to Exponent Private Equity and Intermediate Capital Group for £205 million.[27][28] In 2015, the owners put the company up for sale via a business auction process. Attracting bidders including Danone, Kerry Group, McCain Foods and Nomad Foods, it was sold to Monde Nissin Corporation headquartered in the Philippines for £550m ($831m).[29][30]
Quorn Mince, 100g
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
393 kJ (94 kcal)
Carbohydrates
4.5 g
Sugars
0.6g
Dietary fibre
6.0 g
Fat
2 g
Saturated
0.5 g
Protein
14.5 g
Tryptophan
0.18 g
Threonine
0.61 g
Isoleucine
0.57 g
Leucine
0.95 g
Lysine
0.91 g
Methionine
0.23 g
Phenylalanine
0.54 g
Valine
0.60 g
Histidine
0.39 g
sources: mycoprotein.org[31] quorn.co.uk[32]
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Production[edit]
Quorn fillets – fried, defrosted and frozen
Quorn is made from the soil mould Fusarium venenatum strain PTA-2684 (previously misidentified as the parasitic mould Fusarium graminearum[33]). The fungus is grown in continually oxygenated water in large, otherwise sterile fermentation tanks. Glucose and fixed nitrogen are added as a food for the fungus, as are vitamins and minerals to improve the food value of the product. The resulting mycoprotein is then extracted and heat-treated to remove excess levels of RNA. Previous attempts to produce such fermented protein foodstuffs were thwarted by excessive levels of DNA or RNA; without the heat treatment, purines, found in nucleic acids, are metabolised by humans to produce uric acid, which can lead to gout.[34] However two recent studies have found dietary factors once believed to be associated with gout are in fact not, including the intake of purine-rich vegetables and total protein.[35][36] The Mayo Clinic, meanwhile, advises gout sufferers to avoid some foods that are high in purines.[37]
The product is dried and mixed with egg albumen, which acts as a binder. It is then textured, giving it some of the grained character of meat, and pressed either into a mince resembling ground beef; forms resembling chicken breasts, meatballs, and turkey roasts; or chunks resembling diced chicken breast. In these forms, Quorn has a varying colour and a mild flavour resembling the imitated meat product, and is suitable for use as a replacement for meat in many dishes, such as stews and casseroles.
The final Quorn product is high in protein and dietary fibre and is low in saturated fat. It contains less dietary iron than most meats and the manufacturers have not released much information about additives they use to make Quorn resemble meat. Quorn is considered acceptable in small amounts for babies over 9 months old but should be introduced gradually. The high fibre and low calorie content is better for adults than babies and too much fibre can cause flatulence. The salt content should be checked before giving Quorn to babies since the salt content varies between products.[38][39]
The carbon footprint of Quorn Frozen Mince in the UK is claimed to be at least 80% less than that of beef.[40]
Quorn for the UK and European market is produced at Marlow's headquarters in Stokesley, North Yorkshire and at nearby Billingham in Stockton-on-Tees.[41]
Controversy[edit]
Quorn's 2002 debut in the US was more problematic than its European introduction. The Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) expressed multiple concerns over the product.[42] Much of the concern from CSPI and others was over the original labeling of Quorn as a "mushroom based" product, since Fusarium venenatum is not a mushroom (rather, it is a microfungus).[42] The sale of Quorn was contested by The American Mushroom Institute, rival Gardenburger, as well as the CSPI. They filed complaints with advertising and trading-standards watchdogs in Europe and the US, claiming the labelling of Quorn as "mushroom based" was deceptive.[42][43] The CSPI observed that while a mushroom is a fungus, Fusarium is not a mushroom, and stated, "Quorn's fungus is as closely related to mushrooms as humans are to jellyfish."[44]
CSPI also claimed that Quorn could cause allergic reactions and should be removed from stores. Calling the product "fungus food", CSPI claimed in 2003 that it "sickens 4.5% of eaters".[45] The manufacturer (Marlow Foods) disputes the figure, claiming that only 0.0007% (1 in 146,000) suffer adverse reactions and that the strain of fungus it uses does not produce toxins.[45] The CSPI's claims were also described by Leslie Bonci, professor of nutrition at the University of Pittsburgh, as "overblown".[46] Steven Milloy, writing for the American Fox News channel, said "CSPI appears to have an unsavory relationship with Quorn competitor, Gardenburger" and called the CSPI's complaints "unscrupulous shrieking".[47] Wendy Preiser, Gardenburger's vice president of marketing, said the company was afraid that Quorn's labels would cause people to be suspicious about all meat-free products.[48][49]
The UK's Advertising Standards Authority also had concerns over Marlow's practice of marketing Quorn as "mushroom in origin", saying it had been "misleading consumers". The ASA noted "despite the advertiser’s explanation that they used the term because customers were unfamiliar with the main ingredient, mycoprotein, the ASA considered that the claim implied that Quorn was made from mushroom. Marlow Foods were asked either to delete the claim or give in the same font size a statement of the mycoprotein origin of the product or the fungal origin of the product."[50]
Quorn's acceptance in the vegetarian market was hampered by the use of battery eggs in its production process, a practice opposed on ethical grounds by many in the vegetarian community. For this reason, the Vegetarian Society initially did not approve these products. Working with the Vegetarian Society, Marlow began phasing out battery eggs in 2000,[51] and by 2004 all Quorn products sold in the UK were produced without battery eggs, earning the Vegetarian Society's seal of approval.[20]
An asthma attack in 2003 was linked to Quorn, which the patient had eaten an hour earlier. Scientists' tests showed Quorn to be the only food to which the patient had an allergic reaction. A spokesperson for the Food Standards Agency stated that an allergy was not surprising because of the high protein content.[52] Former FSA director Jon Bell responded in defence of Quorn stating that several commonly consumed foods and food ingredients have a much higher intolerance level than Quorn, such as soya. While adverse reactions were reported for one in 146,000 people who ate Quorn, this rose to one in 35 who ate shellfish and one in 350 who ate soya.[52][53]
Mycoprotein patent expiration[edit]
In the European Union, patents expire after 20 years from their filing date. Since the first patent application was filed in 1985,[54] the mycoprotein patents had already expired in 2010 in all EU countries. Now anyone can legally produce mycoprotein products using the previously patented processes (but using other brand names, because Marlow Foods maintains ownership of the Quorn brand name). On 14 March 2011, CEO Kevin Brennan said in an interview: "Some patents surrounding the core technology have expired, but the product uses a peculiar fermentation method, and we have 30-plus years' experience in perfecting this on site to produce the product better and at a lower cost. Huge related costs include £30m cost for a fermentation tower and related equipment, so you can't simply look at a patent and say 'there you go'."[55]
Vegan version of product[edit]
In late 2011, the first vegan Quorn product was released, called the Quorn Vegan Burger,[56] available initially only in the US. Following strong sales of the product and increasing demand from the UK market, Quorn Foods UK Marketing Director Chris Wragg announced that they are now developing and testing a line of vegan products for the UK market. The company said it was also reducing its use of eggs overall, using 3.5 million fewer eggs since 2010.[57] The first range of vegan Quorn in the UK, of which there are currently eight such products, was launched in October 2015.[58]
See also[edit]
In vitro meat
List of meat substitutes
Textured vegetable protein
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Quorn FAQ". Quorn.co.uk. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "FAQs About Quorn – Is Quorn Vegan/Gluten Free & More". Quorn.
Jump up ^ Finnigan, TJA (2011) Mycoprotein: origins, production and properties. In Handbook of Food Proteins (eds. G. O. Philips and P. A. Williams), pp 335–352. Woodhead Publishing Ltd
Jump up ^ P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S. J. Hall, Principles of Fermentation Technology, 2nd Ed., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1995.
Jump up ^ D. H. Sharp, Bioprotein Manufacture-A Critical Assessment, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1989, Chapter 4, p. 53.
Jump up ^ "History". Quorn USA website. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "From petri dish to plate: The £172m fungi". The Independent. 7 June 2005. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Warner, Melanie (3 May 2005). "Lawsuit Challenges a Meat Substitute". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "GRAS Notices – Notification for Mycoprotein, Submitted by Marlow FoodsLtd, November 30, 2001" (PDF). fda.gov.
Jump up ^ Wiebe, M. (March 2002). "Myco-protein from Fusarium venenatum: a well-established product for human consumption". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 58 (4): 421–427. doi:10.1007/s00253-002-0931-x. PMID 11954786.
Jump up ^ Oxford Dictionary of English (2010), page 1459
Jump up ^ "What is Quorn?". Quorn USA website. Archived from the original on 1 July 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Quorn signs up Mo Farah for new ads appealing to fitness fans". TheGrocer.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Mike Stones+ (September 7, 2015). "Quorn lifts capacity by 50% to meet surge in US sales". Food Manufacture. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quorn joins Premier line-up for £172m". Evening Standard. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Quorn product range". Quorn.co.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Quorn to get a higher profile as Premier buys maker for £172m". Yorkshire Post. 7 June 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Quorn in Australia group".
Jump up ^ "Quorn launch in Australia".
^ Jump up to: a b "Soya & mycoprotein information sheet". Vegetarian Society. Archived from the original on 28 April 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Quorn timeline". Quorn UK website. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Vegetarian group backs McDonalds". BBC News Online. 1 October 2004. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ "Make Up Your Own Mind". Retrieved 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "COK Success: Quorn Launches First Vegan Product!". Compassion Over Killing. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Riley, Tess (15 October 2014). "From vegan beef to fishless filets: meat substitutes are on the rise". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Quorn booms as 'flexitarians' increase BBC
Jump up ^ "Quorn's new owner sees bright meat-free future". Food Manufacture. 8 March 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Ebrahimi, Helia (25 January 2011). "Premier Foods sells Quorn and Cauldron for £205m". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 10 October 2011. Premier Foods [...] by offloading both Quorn and meat-free sausage brand Cauldron for £205m. [...] creating room for private equity duo Exponent and Intermediate Capital Group to swoop. The price was roughly the same as what Premier paid for the brands in 2005.
Jump up ^ "Quorn Foods meat substitute firm sold for £550m". BBC News. 30 September 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Armstrong, Ashley (30 September 2015). "Quorn gobbled up by Philippine noodle maker". The Telegraph. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Quorn™ and mycoprotein nutrition" (PDF). mycoprotein.org. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vegetarian Mince". quorn.co.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for August 2005". University of Wisconsin-La Crosse.
Jump up ^ "Mycoprotein and Quorn product manufacture". USA: Marlow Foods. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G (March 2004). "Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (11): 1093–103. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa035700. PMID 15014182.
Jump up ^ Weaver AL (July 2008). "Epidemiology of gout". Cleve Clin J Med. 75 Suppl 5: S9–12. doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.Suppl_5.S9. PMID 18819329.
Jump up ^ "Gout diet". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on 24 August 2005.
Jump up ^ "Quorn – Should I Be Eating It? 2013". Manchester Confidential.
Jump up ^ "When can I give Quorn to my baby?". www.nhs.uk.
Jump up ^ Quorn Frozen Mince certification by the Carbon Trust: "KTP provides carbon footprint certification for Quorn(TM)". Archived from the original on 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ "Marlow Foods Locality". Quorn UK website. Archived from the original on 24 August 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c ""Quorn Meat Substitute Deceptively Labeled, CSPI Tells FDA", CSPI, 2002-28-02". Cspinet.org. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Jacobson, Michael F.; Gurian-Sherman, Doug (28 February 2002). "Re: GRAS Notice No. GRN 000091; Food Additive Petition FAP 6A3930" (PDF). CSPI. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Victims Urge "Whole Foods" Supermarkets Not To Sell Quorn". Center for Science in the Public Interest. 9 December 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "4½% of Britons Report Problems After Eating Quorn". CSPI press release. 23 September 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Lewandowski, Joe (1 October 2002). "Quorn Dogged: Scientists Call Advocacy Group's Complaints Unfounded". The Natural Foods Merchandiser. Retrieved 20 May 2006. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Milloy, Steven (30 August 2002). "Quorn & CSPI: The Other Fake Meat". Fox News. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Manjoo, Farhad (16 April 2002). "A Mushrooming Quorn Controversy". Wired. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Lewandowski, Joe (1 October 2002). "Quorn Dogged: Scientists Call Advocacy Group's Complaints Unfounded". The Natural Foods Merchandiser. Retrieved 20 May 2006. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Annual Report 2002 (PDF, page 5)" (PDF). Advertising Standards Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
Jump up ^ Tina Fox; Chief Executive; Vegetarian Society. "Selling the Symbol : The Vegetarian Society's Seedling Licence Scheme". speech to the 36th World Vegetarian Congress in November 2004. Retrieved 20 May 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Quorn linked to asthma attack". BBC News. London. 30 May 2003. Retrieved 10 October 2011. The patient, a 41-year-old man with a long history of asthma, developed a severe skin reaction, including blistering, and suffered an asthma attack an hour after eating Quorn. Scientists carried out skin prick and food reaction tests and laboratory analysis to confirm what had provoked the allergic reaction. [...] On its website, the FSA currently states: "There have been some reports of intolerance to Quorn, but this is not surprising, because it has a high protein content (allergens are usually proteins).
Jump up ^ "FSA Stands by Quorn". Nutra Ingredients. 4 September 2002. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ US patent 4555485, Robert A. Marsh, "Production of edible protein containing substances", issued 1985-11-26, assigned to Ranks Hovis Mcdougall, Plc
Jump up ^ "Premier didn't realise Quorn's potential, says ceo". Foodmanufacture.co.uk. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "COK Success: Quorn Launches First Vegan Product! | Compassion Over Killing". Compassion Over Killing. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Compassion Over Killing (29 May 2012). "Quorn Foods Plans to Launch New Vegan Option in the UK | Compassion Over Killing". Cok.net. Archived from the original on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Quorn Launches Vegan Line". PETA UK blog. October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quorn (food brand).
Official website
Center for Science in the Public Interest. "Quorn complaints". Retrieved 20 May 2006. – CSPI's page on its concerns about Quorn
Manjoo, Farhad (16 April 2002). "A Mushrooming Quorn Controversy". Wired. Retrieved 20 May 2006. – Wired magazine report of Quorn's US debut
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