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Sin Son-ho
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This is a Korean name; the family name is Sin.
Sin Son-ho
Chosŏn'gŭl
신선호
Hancha
辛善虎
Revised Romanization
Sin Seon-ho
McCune–Reischauer
Sin Son-ho
This article contains Korean text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hangul and Hanja.
Sin Son-ho (Korean: 신선호;[1] Korean pronunciation: [ɕin.sʌn.ɦo]; born July 5, 1948) is a North Korean diplomat who has been North Korea's Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 2008 to February 2014, until he was replaced by Ja Song-nam.[2][3] In his career as a diplomat, he has primarily represented North Korea in its relations with African countries.
Diplomatic career[edit]
Sin graduated from Kim Il-sung University in 1972. That same year, he was appointed as Third Secretary to the North Korean embassy to Egypt, where he served until 1979. From 1979 to 1983, he was a senior officer in the Foreign Ministry, then, from 1983 to 1986, counsellor at the North Korean embassy to Lesotho. From 1986 to 1990, he was Division Chief at the Foreign Ministry, before serving as counsellor to the North Korean embassy in Zimbabwe from 1990 to 1995. From 1995 to 1999, he was Deputy-Director of the Foreign Ministry.[2]
Sin's first appointment to the United Nations came in 1999, when he worked at the North Korean Mission to the United Nations for four years before returning home upon being appointed Director-General of the Foreign Ministry. He served in the latter position until May 2008, when he was appointed Permanent Representative to the United Nations.[2]
In his latter role, Sin has been tasked with expressing North Korea's positions on the issue of his country's nuclear activities. In October 2008, Sin told a session of the General Assembly that North Korea had developed nuclear weapons in response to the threat it perceived from the United States, but that it had begun dismantling its nuclear apparatus and that it supported the "denuclearisation of the Korean peninsular".
Sin added that his country wished for a peace agreement to replace the 55-year-old Korean War armistice, and that North Korea hoped for the eventual reunification of Korea.[4]
He has denied that North Korea has a human rights problem.[5][6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "반기문 유엔사무총장과 신임 신선호 유엔주재 북한대표", Newsis, May 8, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c "NEW PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF KOREA PRESENTS CREDENTIALS", United Nations, May 7, 2008
Jump up ^ "New Permanent Representative of Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Presents Credentials". United Nations. 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "LES DOSSIERS NUCLÉAIRES DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE POPULAIRE DÉMOCRATIQUE DE CORÉE ET DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN AU COEUR DES DÉBATS DE LA PREMIÈRE COMMISSION", United Nations General Assembly, October 13, 2008
Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10135822/North-Korea-has-no-human-rights-problem-insists-UN-ambassador.html
Jump up ^ http://www.dailynk.com/korean/read.php?num=100315&cataId=nk00900

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Sydney funnel-web spider
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sydney funnel-web spider
Male (top) and female Atrax robustus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Mygalomorphae
Family: Hexathelidae
Genus: Atrax
Species: A. robustus
Binomial name
Atrax robustus
O.P.-Cambridge, 1877[1]
Synonyms[2]
Euctimena tibialis Rainbow, 1914
Poikilomorpha montana Rainbow, 1914
The Sydney funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) is a species of venomous mygalomorph spider native to eastern Australia, usually found within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of Sydney. It is a member of a group of spiders known as Australian funnel-web spiders. Its bite is capable of causing serious injury or death in humans if left untreated.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Behaviour
5 Bites to humans
5.1 Venom
5.2 Antivenom
5.3 Symptoms
6 Treatment
7 References
7.1 Cited texts
8 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
Female Sydney funnel-web spider in a warning posture
The Reverend Octavius Pickard-Cambridge was the first to describe the Sydney funnel-web spider, from a female specimen housed in the British Museum in 1877. Establishing the genus Atrax, he named it Atrax robustus.[4] The species name is derived from the Latin robustus "strong/sturdy/mature".[5] Some years later, William Joseph Rainbow described a male Sydney funnel-web as a new species—Euctimena tibialis—from a spider he found under a log in Turramurra, and another from Mosman. He coined the scientific name from the Ancient Greek euktimenos "well built" and Latin tibialis "of the tibia", having noted its prominent tibial spur. In the same paper, he described a female Sydney funnel web as yet another species—Poikilomorpha montana—from a specimen collected from Jamison Valley and Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains. Its species name was derived from poikilomorphia "variety of form" referring to the eyes of different sizes, and montana "of the mountains".[6] In February 1927, a young boy died after being bitten on the hand after playing with a big black spider on the laundry steps of his home in the Sydney suburb of Thornleigh. He fell gravely ill and perished later that evening. Public interest in spiders surged and the police brought the dead spider to the Australian Museum, which Anthony Musgrave identified as Euctimena tibialis. He examined a series of male and female spiders collected around Sydney, and concluded that Euctimena tibialis was the male Atrax robustus due to anatomical similarities and after some males and females had been collected from the same locations.[7] Poikilomorpha montana was classified as the same species in 1988.[2]
As of January 2016[update], Atrax robustus is one of three species of the genus Atrax in the family Hexathelidae.[8] The Sydney funnel-web spider shares its name with some members of the genus Hadronyche. It remains, together with the northern tree funnel-web, the only Australian funnel-web spider known to have inflicted fatal bites on humans.[9]
Description[edit]
male funnel-web, McMasters Beach
Further information: Spider anatomy
The Sydney funnel-web is medium to large in size, with body length ranging from 1 to 5 cm (0.4 to 2 in). Both sexes are glossy and darkly coloured, ranging from blue-black, to black, to brown or dark-plum coloured. The carapace covering the cephalothorax is almost hairless and appears smooth and glossy. Another characteristic are finger-like spinnerets at the end of their abdomen.[10] The shorter-lived male is smaller than the female but longer legged.[9] The average leg length for the spider in general is six to seven centimeters.[11]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Distribution is centred on Sydney, extending north to the Central Coast and south to the Illawarra region, and west to the Blue Mountains in New South Wales.[2]
The spider can be found in moist microhabitats,[12] including under logs and foliage.[11]
Sydney funnel-web spiders are mostly terrestrial spiders, favouring habitats with moist sand and clays.
Behaviour[edit]
Further information: Spider behaviour
They typically build silk-lined tubular burrow retreats with collapsed "tunnels" or open "funnel" entrances from which irregular trip-lines radiate over the ground. In some exceptions, which lack trip-lines but may have trapdoors, the silk entrance tube may be split into two openings, in a Y or T form. Sydney funnel-webs burrow in sheltered habitats where they can find a moist and humid climate, for instance under rocks, logs or borer holes in rough-barked trees.[10][13] The long-lived female funnel-webs spend most of the time in their silk-lined tubular burrow retreats. When potential prey, which includes insects, lizards or frogs, walks across the trip-lines, they rush out, subduing their prey by injecting their venom.[10][13]
Males, recognized by the modified terminal segment of the palp, tend to wander during the warmer months of the year, looking for receptive females to mate with.[14] This makes encounters with male specimens more likely as they sometimes wander into backyards or houses, or fall into swimming pools. The spiders can survive such immersion for up to twenty-four hours, trapping air bubbles on hairs around their abdomen.[10] The spiders are mainly active at night, as typical day-time conditions would dehydrate them. During the day, they seek cover in cool, moist hideaways. After heavy rain, spider activity is increased as their burrows may be flooded.[13] When threatened or provoked, funnel-web spiders will display aggressive behaviour, rearing up on their hind legs and displaying their fangs.[13][15] When biting, the funnel-web spiders maintain a tight grip on their victim, often biting repeatedly.[15]
Bites to humans[edit]
Venom[edit]
Funnel-web spider venom contains a compound known as atracotoxin, an ion channel inhibitor, which makes the venom highly toxic for humans and other primates. However, it does not affect the nervous system of other mammals.[10] These spiders typically deliver a full envenomation when they bite, often striking repeatedly, due to their defensiveness and large chitinous cheliceral fangs. There has been no reported case of severe envenoming by female funnel-web spiders, which is consistent with the finding that the venom of female specimens is less potent than the venom of their male counterparts.[15][16] In the case of severe envenomation, the time to onset of symptoms is less than one hour, with a study about funnel-web spider bites finding a median time of 28 minutes. This same study revealed that children are at a particular risk of severe funnel-web envenoming, with 42% of all cases of severe envenoming being children.[16] There is at least one recorded case of a small child dying within 15 minutes of a bite from a Sydney funnel-web spider.[17]
Antivenom[edit]
Main article: Antivenom
The antivenom was developed by a team headed by Struan Sutherland at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne.[18] Since the antivenom became available in 1981,[19] there have been no recorded fatalities from Sydney funnel-web spider bites.[10][16] In September 2012, it was reported that stocks of antivenom were running low, and members of the public were asked to catch the spiders so that they could be milked for their venom. One dose of antivenom requires around 70 milkings from a spider.[20]
As part of its milking programme in January 2016, the Australian Reptile Park received a male Sydney funnel-web spider with a 10-centimetre (4 in) leg span. The spider was described by the park as the largest specimen that it had seen.[11]
Symptoms[edit]
The bite of a Sydney funnel-web is initially very painful, with clear fang marks separated by several millimetres.[21] The size of fangs is responsible for the initial pain.[22] In some cases the spider will remain attached until dislodged by shaking or flicking it off.[23]
Treatment[edit]
A funnel-web bite is regarded as a medical emergency requiring immediate hospital treatment.[24]
Current guidelines for antivenom recommend two vials, or four vials if symptoms of envenomation are severe. Patients are assessed every fifteen minutes, with further vials recommended if symptoms do not resolve.[25] The most vials used to treat a bite is 12. The patient was a 10-year-old boy who was bitten in February 2017 by a male funnel-web spider hiding in a shoe.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Taxon details Atrax robustus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 21 January 2016
^ Jump up to: a b c Gray, Michael R. (2010). "A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)". Records of the Australian Museum. 62 (3): 285. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556.
Jump up ^ Alcock, MD, MS;, Joe. "Funnel Web Spider Envenomation / Pathophysiology". Medscape Reference. Retrieved 3 November 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Pickard-Cambridge, Octavius (1877). "On some new genera and species of Araneidea". Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4 (19): 26–39.
Jump up ^ Brunet, Bert (1997). Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed. p. 91. ISBN 0-7301-0486-9.
Jump up ^ Rainbow, William Joseph (1914). "Studies in the Australian Araneidae. No. 6. The Terretelariae" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 10: 187-270 [248-52, 264-67]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.10.1914.901.
Jump up ^ Musgrave, Anthony (1927). "Some poisonous Australian spiders" (PDF). Records of the Australian Museum. 16 (1): 33–46. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.16.1927.777.
Jump up ^ "Gen. Atrax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Funnel-web spider", CSIRO, 14.10.2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Funnel-web Spiders, Australian Museum, Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Massive funnel-web's spider venom to be milked in Australia". BBC News. 25 January 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Richard (1993). "Seasonal activity patterns in Sydney funnel-web spiders, Atrax spp. (Araneae: Hexathelidae)" (PDF). Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 9 (6): 189–92.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sydney Funnel-web Spider, Atrax robustus, Australian Museum, Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Isbister, Geoffrey K; Gray, Mike R (2004). "Bites by Australian mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Mygalomorphae), including funnel-web spiders (Atracinae) and mouse spiders (Actinopodidae: Missulena spp)". Toxicon. 43 (2): 133–40. PMID 15019472. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2003.11.009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Australian Spider and Insect Bites", University of Sydney. Retrieved 18 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Isbister, GK; Gray, MR; Balit, CR; Raven, RJ; Stokes, BJ; Porges, K; Tankel, AS; Turner, E; White, J; Fisher, MM (2005). "Funnel-web spider bite: A systematic review of recorded clinical cases". The Medical journal of Australia. 182 (8): 407–11. PMID 15850438.
Jump up ^ "Battling illness, Sutherland still works to save lives from stings and bites". ABC. 13 May 1999. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Struan Keith SutherlandAO MB BS MD DSc FRACP FRCPA". The Medical Journal of Australia. January 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Fisher, M.M.; Raftos, J.; McGuinness, R.T.; Dicks, I.T.; Wong, J.S.; Burgess, K.R.; Sutherland, S.K. (1981). "Funnel-web spider (Atrax robustus) Antivenom. 2. Early Clinical Experience". The Medical Journal of Australia. 2 (10): 525–26. PMID 7321948.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Venom Running Low For Deadliest Spider". Sky News. 2 September 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
Jump up ^ White 2013, p. 190.
Jump up ^ Isbister, Geoffrey K; Fan, Hui Wen (2011). "Spider bite". The Lancet. 378 (9808): 2039–47. PMID 21762981. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1.
Jump up ^ White 2013, p. 182.
Jump up ^ White 2013, p. 185.
Jump up ^ White 2013, p. 200.
Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press. "Australia's 'biggest ever' antivenom dose saves boy bitten by funnel web spider | Environment". The Guardian. Retrieved 2017-02-25.
Cited texts[edit]
Sutherland, Struan K.; Tibballs, James (2001) [1983]. Australian Animal Toxins (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-550643-X.
White, Julian (2013). A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook. Melbourne, Victoria: CSL Ltd. ISBN 978-0-646-57998-6.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atrax robustus.
Wikispecies has information related to: Atrax robustus
External links[edit]
"'If it hasn't killed him, just give him some more". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 April 2006. Account of the first use of the antivenom on a human in 1981.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sydney_funnel-web_spider&oldid=784038265"
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Heinz dilemma
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The Heinz dilemma is a frequently used example in many ethics and morality classes. One well-known version of the dilemma, used in Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development, is stated as follows:
A woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to produce. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's laboratory to steal the drug for his wife. Should Heinz have broken into the laboratory to steal the drug for his wife? Why or why not?[1]
From a theoretical point of view, it is not important what the participant thinks that Heinz should do. Kohlberg's theory holds that the justification the participant offers is what is significant, the form of their response. Below are some of many examples of possible arguments that belong to the six stages:
Stage one (obedience): Heinz should not steal the medicine because he will consequently be put in prison which will mean he is a bad person.
Or: Heinz should steal the medicine because it is only worth $200 and not how much the druggist wanted for it; Heinz had even offered to pay for it and was not stealing anything else.
Stage two (self-interest): Heinz should steal the medicine because he will be much happier if he saves his wife, even if he will have to serve a prison sentence.
Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because prison is an awful place, and he would more likely languish in a jail cell than over his wife's death.
Stage three (conformity): Heinz should steal the medicine because his wife expects it; he wants to be a good husband.
Or: Heinz should not steal the drug because stealing is bad and he is not a criminal; he has tried to do everything he can without breaking the law, you cannot blame him.
Stage four (law-and-order): Heinz should not steal the medicine because the law prohibits stealing, making it illegal.
Or: Heinz should steal the drug for his wife but also take the prescribed punishment for the crime as well as paying the druggist what he is owed. Criminals cannot just run around without regard for the law; actions have consequences.
Stage five (human rights): Heinz should steal the medicine because everyone has a right to choose life, regardless of the law.
Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine because the scientist has a right to fair compensation. Even if his wife is sick, it does not make his actions right.
Stage six (universal human ethics): Heinz should steal the medicine, because saving a human life is a more fundamental value than the property rights of another person.
Or: Heinz should not steal the medicine, because others may need the medicine just as badly, and their lives are equally significant.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kohlberg, Lawrence (1981). Essays on Moral Development, Vol. I: The Philosophy of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-064760-4.
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Preamble to the Constitution of India
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The original text of the Preamble, (before the 42nd Ament) of the Constitution
The preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out guiding people and principles of the document, and it indicates the source from which the ordinary document derives its authority, meaning, the people.[1] The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words. It may be considered as the heart and soul of Constitution. The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution. It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January 1950.
Contents
1 Historic background
1.1 Sovereignty
1.2 Socialist
1.3 Secular
1.4 Democratic
1.5 Republic
1.6 Justice
1.7 Liberty
1.8 Equality
1.9 Fraternity
2 Amendability
2.1 Forty-second Amendment
3 References
Historic background[edit]
The preamble is based on the Objectives which was drafted and moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 December 1946.[2] B. R. Ambedkar said about the preamble:
It was, indeed, a way of life, which recognizes liberty, equality, and fraternity as the principles of life and which cannot be divorced from each other: Liberty cannot be divorced from equality; equality cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things.[3]
The Supreme Court of India originally stated in the BeruBari case presidential reference [4] that the preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution, and therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law. However, the same court, in the 1973 Kesavananda case, overruled earlier decisions and recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves. In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of India, the Supreme Court once again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution.
As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a "sovereign democratic republic", to which the terms "Secular" and "Socialist" were later added by the 42nd Amendment.[5]
The preamble-page, along with other pages of the original Constitution of India, was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time. Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's artwork without any alteration whatsoever. As such, the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha's short signature Ram in Devanagari lower-right corner. The calligraphy was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.
 WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

Sovereignty[edit]
Sovereignty means the independent authority of a State. It means that it has the power to legislate on any subject; and that it is not subject to the control of any other State or external power.

According to preamble, the constitution of India has been pursuance of the solemn resolution of the people of India to constitute India into a ‘Sovereign Democratic Republic’, and to secure well defined objects set forth in the preamble. Sovereignty denotes supreme and ultimate power. It may be real or normal, legal or political, individual or pluralistic. In monarchial orders, sovereignty was vested in the person of monarchs. But, in republican form of governments, which mostly prevail in the contemporary world, sovereignty is shifted to the elected representatives of the people. According to D.D Basu, the word ‘sovereign’ is taken from article 5 of the constitution of Ireland. ‘Sovereign or supreme power is that which is absolute and uncontrolled within its own sphere’. In the words of Cooley, “A state is sovereign when there resides within itself supreme and absolute power, acknowledging no superior”. Sovereignty, in short, means the independent authority of a state. It has two aspects- external and internal. External sovereignty or sovereignty in international law means the independence of a state of the will of other states, in her conduct with other states in the committee of nations. Sovereign in its relation between states and among states signifies independence. The external sovereignty of India means that it can acquire foreign territory and also cede any part of the Indian territory, subject to limitations(if any) imposed by the constitution. On the other hand, internal sovereignty refers to the relationship between the states and the individuals within its territory. Internal sovereignty relates to internal and domestic affairs, and is divided into four organs, namely, the executive, the legislature, the judiciary and the administrative. Though India became a sovereign country on 26 January 1950, having equal status with the other members of the international community, she decided to remain in the Commonwealth of Nations. Pandit Nehru declared that India will continue – “her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and her acceptance of the King as the symbol of the free association of the independent nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth”. Her membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and that of the United Nations Organization do not affect her sovereignty to any extent. It is merely a voluntary association of India and it is open to India to cut off this association at her will, and that it has no constitutional significance.
Socialist[edit]
Before the term was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the Constitution had a socialist content in the form of certain Directive Principles of State Policy. The term socialist here means democratic socialism i.e. achievement of socialistic goals through democratic, evolutionary and non-violent means. Socialist state basically means that wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society through distributive justice. It shall not be concentrated in the hands of few. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities.
Secular[edit]
Secular means that the relationship between the government and the people which is determined according to constitution and law. By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, the term "Secular" was also incorporated in the Preamble. There is no difference of religion i.e. all religion are equally respected and moreover there is no state religion. All the citizens of India are allowed to profess, practice and propagate any religion. Explaining the meaning of secularism as adopted by India, Alexander Owics has written, "Secularism is a part of the basic structure of the Indian Constitution and it means equal freedom and respect for all religions.'
Democratic[edit]
The people of India elect their governments by a system of universal adult franchise; popularly known as "one man one vote". Every citizen of India, 18 years of age and above and not otherwise debarred by law, is entitled to vote.The word 'democratic' not only refers to political but also to social & economic democracy.
Republic[edit]
In a republic form of government, the head of the state is an elected person and not a heredity monarch' . This word denotes a government where no one holds a public power as proprietary right . As opposed to a monarchy, in which the head of state is appointed on hereditary basis for a lifetime or until he abdicates from the throne, a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected, directly or indirectly, for a fixed tenure.

Thus, India has a President who is elected and has a fixed term of office.
Justice[edit]
India seeks to secure social, economic and political justice for its people.
(i) Social Justice:
Social Justice means the absence of socially privileged classes in the society and no discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste, creed, color, religion, sex or place of birth. India stands for eliminating all forms of exploitations from the society.
(ii) Economic Justice:
Economic Justice means no discrimination between man and woman on the basis of income, wealth and economic status. It stands for equitable distribution of wealth, economic equality, end of monopolistic control over means of production and distribution, decentralisation of economic resources, and securing of adequate opportunities to all for earning their living.
(iii) Political Justice:
Political Justice means equal, free and fair opportunities to the people for participation in the political process. It stands for the grant of equal political rights to all the people without any discrimination. The Constitution of India provides for a liberal democracy in which all the people have the right and freedom to participate.
Liberty[edit]
The idea of Liberty refers to the freedom on the activities of Indian nationals. This establishes that there are no unreasonable restrictions on Indian citizens in term of what they think, their manner of expressions and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action. This is found to be an important tool in ensuring democratic framework. However, liberty does not mean freedom to do anything, and it must be exercised within the constitutional limits.This is second provision.liberty is an absolute term while freedom is liberty with restrictions. You have the freedom to do anything provided your actions does not compromise the freedom of an other individual.
Equality[edit]
This envisages that no section of the society enjoys special privileges and individuals are provided with adequate opportunities without any discrimination.All are equal in front of law. Again, there are three dimensions of Equality - Political, Economic & Civic.
Fraternity[edit]
This refers to a feeling of brotherhood and a sense of belonging with the country among its people. It embraces psychological as well as territorial dimensions of National Integration. It leaves no room for regionalism, communalism, casteism etc.,which hinders the Unity of the State.The inclusion of the word "Fraternity" was proposed by Dr. B.R Ambedkar.
   The Preamble declares that fraternity has to assure two things—the diginity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. The word 'integrity' has been added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment (1976)...

Amendability[edit]
In Berubari Case (1960), The amendability & the Significance of the same came to the force. An important & very interesting question was raised relating to the powers of the Parliament to cede Indian territory to a foreign country, as an interpretation of the Article 3. Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to diminish the area of a state as guaranteed in article 3 of the Constitution does not cover cession of the Indian territory to a foreign country. Hence, Indian territory can be ceded to a foreign country only by means of amendment of the Constitution under the Article 368. Consequently, the 9th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1960 was enacted to transfer the Berubari Union to Bangladesh (erstwhile East Pakistan). Supreme Court also held the view that Preamble can not be a part of the constitution but later in Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973), the Supreme Court gave a comprehensive verdict. It said that Preamble is Part of Constitution and is subject to the amending power of the parliament as any other provisions of the Constitution, provided the basic structure of the constitution is not destroyed.
It has been clarified by the Supreme Court of India that being a part of Constitution, the Preamble can be subjected to Constitutional Amendments exercised under article 368, however, the basic structure cannot be altered.
Forty-second Amendment[edit]
The preamble has been amended only once so far. On 18 December 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Indira Gandhi government pushed through several changes in the Forty-second Amendment of the constitution. A committee under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh recommended that this amendment be enacted after being constituted to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experience. Through this amendment the words "socialist" and "secular" were added between the words "Sovereign" and "democratic" and the words "unity of the Nation" were changed to "unity and integrity of the Nation".[5]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baruah, Aparijita (2007). Preamble of the Constitution of India: An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions. New Delhi: Deep & Deep. p. 177. ISBN 81-7629-996-0. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. "4". Indian Polity (4th ed.). McGraw Hill Education. p. 4.5. ISBN 978-1-25-906412-8.
Jump up ^ "Fundamental rights in The Preamble,Free Law Study material,IAS Law Notes,Study material for Ancient India Law". www.civilserviceindia.com. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
Jump up ^ Can Parliament give its territory to a foreign country?, available at Learning the Law.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act, 1976". Government of India. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
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Misa Amane
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Misa Amane
Death Note character
Rem and Misa Amane,
drawn by Takeshi Obata
First appearance
Chapter 25: "Fool" (馬鹿, Baka)
Created by
Tsugumi Ohba
Takeshi Obata
Voiced by
Aya Hirano (Japanese, anime)
Shannon Chan-Kent (English)
Portrayed by
Erika Toda (films)
Fuuka Yuzuki (musical)
Hinako Sano (TV series)
Margaret Qualley (American film)
Profile
Nickname(s)
Misa Misa (ミサミサ)
Aliases
Kira II (第二のキラ, Daini no Kira, lit. "Second Kira")
Relatives
Light Yagami (fiancé)
Misa Amane (Japanese: 弥 海砂, Hepburn: Amane Misa) is a fictional character in the manga series Death Note, created by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata. A famous model, Misa seeks out mass-murderer Kira (Light Yagami) as she supports his cause to "cleanse the world of evil". Using her own Death Note, a notebook that allows its owner to kill anyone simply by knowing their name and face that she received from the Shinigami Rem, Misa does everything she can to aid Light. This includes shortening her own lifespan by half, twice, in order to receive the eyes of a Shinigami, giving her the ability to learn a person's name just by looking at their face. Although Misa fills the traditional role of the love interest, her relationship with Light is one-sided as he uses her simply for his own gains.
In the anime adaptation, Misa is voiced by Aya Hirano in Japanese and by Shannon Chan-Kent in the English version. In the live-action adaptations, she is portrayed by Erika Toda in the films, by Fuuka Yuzuki in the musical, and by Hinako Sano in the television drama. Her counterpart in the American film is portrayed by Margaret Qualley.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and conception
2 Appearances
2.1 In Death Note
2.2 In film
2.3 In other media
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
Creation and conception[edit]
Tsugumi Ohba, writer of Death Note, decided to create Misa to be the second Kira before the serialization began. Ohba felt that having the story solely consist of males would be "boring" and wanted "a cute female". Ohba, intending to introduce her with the Shinigami Eyes, described her as having to be "spontaneous and not too bright" and that he determined her personality "from the start". Since Light Yagami would never want to trade for the Shinigami Eyes, Ohba wanted another character to use to trade for the eyes, so Ohba decided to use Misa.[1] Ohba said that the conception of the name Misa "was kind of random but I think it was from "kuromisa" (Black Mass). It must have been based on something".[2]
Ohba ultimately decided to introduce Misa after the death of Naomi Misora. Ohba and Takeshi Obata, artist of Death Note, wanted to use the gothic lolita design to convey "gothic imagery of the Shinigami and that world".[3] Ohba said that they're "into that fashion" and that having Misa first appear in unusual clothing would be "more interesting".[1] Obata, imagining a mix of an "energetic Japanese artist" and a "foreign rock and roll singer", felt "set" when he drew Misa for the first time. Obata said that he felt "apprehension" regarding the length of Misa's hair; personally he wanted her fringe (bangs) to be "straight across" but believed that creating Misa completely within the bounds of gothic lolita style would be "too much".[1][3] Therefore, Obata designed her so she looked "a little more natural" and to appear "cute" to people who "weren't into the Gothic Lolita style".[3] Obata revealed that his editor warned him that the scene with Misa in restraints in chapter 33 was on "morally thin ground for a children's magazine", so they placed the title logo over the middle of it. This was a surprise to the artist, as he said he "held back" when drawing it.[4]
When the Near and Mello story arc began and Misa became a top idol, Obata decided to drop the gothic lolita style and make her look like "a popular actress". Obata said that he remembered "having a lot of fun" while looking through gothic lolita magazines and drawing Misa.[3] In response to a question inquiring about which characters the creators faced the most difficulty in creating, Obata selected Misa. Obata said that he had difficulty comprehending the concept of "doing anything for the person you love" and that he felt like the character controlled him when he drew her. Death Note 13: How to Read also states that Misa "required a lot of artistic variation" because of her "many expressions" that ranged "from goofy to serious".[5]
In the manga, Misa wears jewelry with a crucifix theme; in the anime adaptation, she wears fleur de lis jewelry, although the cross is retained on the collector's figure included with Volume 5 of the DVD series.
When designing color images, Obata assigned colors to characters to "get the atmosphere right". Obata assigned pink and black to Misa.[4]
Appearances[edit]
In Death Note[edit]
Misa as she appears in the Death Note anime
Born in Kyoto on December 25, 1984,[6] Misa Amane is a famous model known as "Misa Misa" from the Kansai region who possesses a Death Note given to her by the Shinigami Rem.[7] Prior to her introduction in the series, Misa was attacked by an obsessed stalker. Unknown to her, a Shinigami named Gelus had fallen in love with her, and in order to save her life, Gelus wrote her stalker's name into his notebook, killing him. Consequently, Gelus himself died, since Shinigami exist only to take human life, not extend it. Rem, who witnessed the whole event, then took Gelus' Death Note which had been left behind and gave it to Misa.[8]
Misa moves to Tokyo in order to meet Kira, a vigilante who uses his own Death Note to serially murder criminals in order to rid the world of evil, as she agrees with his goal.[9] A year prior to her introduction, Misa's parents were murdered in front of her eyes by a burglar. She was unable to forgive the killer and even desired to kill him herself, but following multiple delays in his trial, she began to worry of the possibility he would get off. However, he was killed by Kira leading to her worshiping him.[10] Using her Death Note, the media and her Shinigami Eyes – in exchange for half her remaining lifetime she received the ability to see a person's name and remaining lifespan just by looking at their face – she is able to identify Light Yagami as Kira and earns herself the moniker "Fake Kira" or "Second Kira" by the task force trying to stop him.
Having fallen in love with him, Misa vows to do whatever Light says in exchange for him becoming her boyfriend. Light agrees in order to use her Shinigami Eyes and even though he tells her upfront their relationship will only be an act, she believes she can ultimately win his love.[11] According to Ohba, Light sees Misa as a "bad person" who killed innocent people, so he acts emotionally cold towards her and manipulates her.[12] Light and Misa both act together as Kira for over five years, until Light decides that it is too dangerous for Misa to be Kira with members of the task force suspecting him and tells her to give up the notebook. During the series, Misa performs two eye trades, cutting her lifespan in half twice: the first, with Rem; the second, with Ryuk. That is to say that if her original lifespan was to live to be a hundred, after trading for the eyes twice, her lifespan is shortened to twenty-five years. However, it is later revealed that if a Shinigami dies while using a Death Note to protect a human, that human gains the person killed to protect the human's remaining lifespan. Thus, as Rem died while protecting Misa, her natural lifespan was extended.
Misa loses her memories related to using the Death Note at Light's orders and retains her love for him, although the rest of her fate is not shown in the manga at all; she was last seen staying at the Teito Hotel. Ohba stated that this was simply because he did not have a situation to fit her in.[13] The author speculated that after someone "like Matsuda probably let it slip" that Light died, Misa fell into despair and "committed suicide... something like that".[13] Her death date is given as slightly over a year after Light's.[14]
In the anime's finale, Misa appears standing outside the safety rail on the edge of a skyscraper and looking into the sunset. The official anime guidebook lists her date of death as unknown.[15]
In film[edit]
Erika Toda as Misa in the Death Note film series
Misa is portrayed in the films by Erika Toda.[16] In the film continuity, Misa has a brother, who is murdered along with her parents. Misa's personality is altered slightly from the manga. In addition, her appearance is slightly modified: while Misa has blonde hair in the manga and anime, she has brown hair in the films. She is first seen filming a dorama called "Misa-Misa's Happy Sweets", where she states that she is baking treats to make her enemies fat. After filming of that section ends, she expresses support for Kira to a journalist. Her supervisor asks that the statement be cut due to controversies. Misa's attacker, Ryotaro Sakajo, the assistant director for "Happy Sweets", dies from a heart attack when Gelus writes his name inside of his Death Note. Gelus' Death Note then falls in front of Misa, who immediately picks it up. After reading the notebook, she finds Rem.
In the second film, Mogi replaces Ukita as Misa's victim during the Sakura TV incident. Additionally, Misa first learns of Light's identity as Kira when Soichiro rescues Sayu who was at the TV station attending a fair. Misa is present at the final confrontation between Light and the police force, though she is handcuffed and restrained by another officer. When Light dies after Ryuk writes his name down in the Death Note, Misa breaks down emotionally. Her memory of the Death Note is erased, but she retains her obsession with Light, wishing him a happy birthday through a mini-shrine dedicated to him. Erika Toda said that, prior to filming, she felt "a lot of pressure" due to the character's popularity with audiences. She said the pressure vanished when filming began. In an article in The Star, a Malaysian newspaper, writer Kitty Sensei theorized that Toda did not have "the time to think much about how fans would react", citing film shoots that Kitty Sensei described as "physically and mentally exhausting" such as the straitjacket scene. Toda said that undoing the straitjacket took a lot of time, and at times she waited in the jacket between takes. Toda also said that on one occasion, she wore a blindfold for an hour during filming.[17]
Toda reprises the role once again in Death Note: Light Up the New World.[16] Ten years have passed since Light died. Misa continues her work as an actress while her activities are secretly supervised by police officers. She regains her memories after cyber-terrorist Yuki Shien gives her a Death Note. Initially refusing to cooperate with him, due to Light's death, she makes another eye trade from Ryuk and helps Yuki escape with the six Death Notes he collected by killing two of the Task Force investigators. Although she fails to kill Ryuzaki (whose name was written on a Death Note prior similar to L), she commits suicide by writing her own name, scribbled "Misa Amane dies in Light Yagami's hands".
Margaret Qualley portrays her counterpart, "Mia Sutton", in the American film version.[18] This version of the character is a composite of Misa and Kiyomi Takada, while also inheriting the more sociopathic and power hungry side of Light from the manga, being willing to kill innocents to protect herself. Mia is a popular classmate of Light Turner. Light has a crush on her, and shows her the Death Note to impress her. While Light writes the names of criminals in it, Mia kills members of the investigative team that is trying to track them down. She writes Light's name in the Death Note they share in the hopes that he will give it to her out of fear. However, Light writes her name in it as well. They go on top of a Ferris wheel and all three fall when Ryuk destroys it. Light falls in the water nearby to safety alongside the Death Note whereas Mia falls on a flower stall. The page on which she wrote Light's name was burned, effectively saving him from the death she planned while she herself dies.[citation needed]
In other media[edit]
In the live-action television drama, Misa is portrayed by Hinako Sano.[19] Unlike the manga and anime, she has a red death note. Her hair is also brown instead of blonde, similarly to the live-action films. When she goes to dig up her buried Death Note, Mikami's assistant steals it, and Mikami uses it to help Kira. Her Death Note is burned by a fire set by Mikami; consequently, her memory of the Death Note is erased.
In the musical adaptation, Misa is portrayed by Fuka Yuzuki.
Reception[edit]
Briana Lawrence of Anime News Network felt that even though Misa was the typical annoying girl clinging to the main character, "In a series full of geniuses it was amazing to see an average person get a hold of the Death Note. Her presence made things even more complicated for Light and she kept him on his toes as much as L did (maybe even more than L did)." Lawrence was disappointed that the epilogue of the series did not show Misa's ultimate fate.[20]
In a Salon.com article, Douglas Wolk describes Misa as being drawn in a "Japanese comics' tradition of cute, tiny, airhead girls with big eyes" and being a "lot cannier than she pretends to be". Wolk added that the reader could "watch her measuring how much quasi-innocent charm to pour on in every situation".[21]
Tom S. Pepirium, an editor of IGN website, describes Misa in a review of the Death Note anime episode "Performance" as being the "show's weakest and most annoying character". Pepirium points out the tone in which the character is written, feeling that her motivation and obsession with Kira are "in league with Death Note's dark sensibilities". He says that when Misa spouts her deep and fully realized affection for Kira in "her wacky, excited, poodle-like way", the information "loses all impact". Pepirium uses "girly sophomoric pink fluff" and "Jar Jar" (a reference to Jar Jar Binks) as figurative descriptors for Misa.[22] He has also compared Misa to Dot from Animaniacs.[23] Pepirium said that he wished that Misa was a more serious character at times, instead of being a "silly lovesick, big-eyed anime characterization".[24]
Erika Toda said that she views Misa as a "complicated and fascinating" character. Toda said that she does not comprehend why a person would willingly use a Death Note, but added that she admired the fact that Misa "does everything she sets out to do", though that the actions of Light and Misa are criminal.[17]
Christy Lee S.W. of The Star said that Toda's portrayal of Misa in the second film "may seem rather annoying for being overly bubbly and cute at first" and that the character grows on the viewer "after a while". Lee stated that at the end of the film she saw the character of Misa as "quite endearing".[25]
See also[edit]
Anime and manga portal
Fictional characters portal
List of Death Note characters
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "How to Think." Death Note 13: How to Read. VIZ Media. 62.
Jump up ^ "How to Think." Death Note 13: How to Read. VIZ Media. 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Takeshi Obata Production Note: Characters". Death Note: How to Read 13. VIZ Media. 127.
^ Jump up to: a b Death Note 13: How to Read VIZ Media. 117
Jump up ^ Death Note 13: How to Read. VIZ Media. 191.
Jump up ^ Volume 4, Chapter 31, Page 121
Jump up ^ Volume 4, Chapter 29, Page 90
Jump up ^ Volume 4, Chapter 27
Jump up ^ Volume 3, Chapter 25, Page 192
Jump up ^ Volume 4, Chapter 29, Page 93
Jump up ^ Volume 4, Chapters 29 and 30
Jump up ^ "How to Think". Death Note 13: How to Read. VIZ Media. 65.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 13 Truths About Chapter 108." Death Note 13: How to Read. VIZ Media. 200.
Jump up ^ Death Note: How to Read 13. VIZ Media. 16.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2007). Death Note A Animation Official Analysis Guide. Shueisha. p. 9. ISBN 9784088741970.
^ Jump up to: a b "2016 Death Note Film Brings Back Erika Toda as Misa". Anime News Network. 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Kitty Sensei (January 14, 2007). "Here're a few hints of the second and concluding part of Death Note the movie, The Last Name". The Star. Archived from the original on August 2, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr; Hipes, Patrick (November 12, 2015). "‘Death Note’ Movie Sets Margaret Qualley As Female Lead – Update". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Live-Action Death Note Show Casts Misa, Light's Father". Anime News Network. 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Death Note GN 12 - Review". Anime News Network. 2007-08-05. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
Jump up ^ Wolk, Douglas. "Death strip". Salon.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Performance" Review". IGN. March 19, 2008. Retrieved on September 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Friend" Review". IGN. January 28, 2008. Retrieved on September 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Confession" Review." IGN. January 28, 2008. Retrieved on September 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lee S.W., Christy (January 28, 2007). "A Name to Remember". The Star. Archived from the original on December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
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