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Mormon Trail
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Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail
Echo Canyon, Utah on Mormon Trail
Location
Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, US
Nearest city
Nauvoo, Illinois ; Salt Lake City, Utah
Established
November 10, 1978
Governing body
National Trails System
Website
www.nps.gov/mopi
The Mormon Trail is the 1,300-mile (2,092 km) route that members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints traveled from 1846 to 1868. Today, the Mormon Trail is a part of the United States National Trails System, known as the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail.
The Mormon Trail extends from Nauvoo, Illinois, which was the principal settlement of the Latter Day Saints from 1839 to 1846, to Salt Lake City, Utah, which was settled by Brigham Young and his followers beginning in 1847. From Council Bluffs, Iowa to Fort Bridger in Wyoming, the trail follows much the same route as the Oregon Trail and the California Trail; these trails are collectively known as the Emigrant Trail.
The Mormon pioneer run began in 1846, when Young and his followers were driven from Nauvoo. After leaving, they aimed to establish a new home for the church in the Great Basin and crossed Iowa. Along their way, some were assigned to establish settlements and to plant and harvest crops for later emigrants. During the winter of 1846–47, the emigrants wintered in Iowa, other nearby states, and the unorganized territory that later became Nebraska, with the largest group residing in Winter Quarters, Nebraska. In the spring of 1847, Young led the vanguard company to the Salt Lake Valley, which was then outside the boundaries of the United States and later became Utah.
During the first few years, the emigrants were mostly former occupants of Nauvoo who were following Young to Utah. Later, the emigrants increasingly comprised converts from the British Isles and Europe.
The trail was used for more than 20 years, until the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869. Among the emigrants were the Mormon handcart pioneers of 1856–60. Two of the handcart companies, led by James G. Willie and Edward Martin, met disaster on the trail when they departed late and were caught by heavy snowstorms in Wyoming.
Contents
1 Background
2 The Trek West
2.1 Trek of 1846
2.2 The Vanguard Company of 1847
2.3 Ongoing migration
2.4 Handcarts: 1856–60
3 Sites along the trail
3.1 Illinois
3.2 Iowa
3.3 Nebraska
3.4 Wyoming
3.5 Utah
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
Under the leadership of Joseph Smith, Latter Day Saints established several communities throughout the United States between 1830 and 1844, most notably in Kirtland, Ohio; Independence, Missouri; and Nauvoo. However, the Saints were driven out of each of them in turn, due to conflicts with other settlers (see History of the Latter Day Saint movement). This included the actions of Governor Lilburn Boggs, who issued Missouri Executive Order 44, which called for the "extermination" of all Mormons in Missouri. Latter-day Saints were finally forced to abandon Nauvoo in 1846.[1]
Although the movement had split into several denominations after Smith's death in 1844, most members aligned themselves with Brigham Young and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). Under Young's leadership, about 14,000 Mormon citizens of Nauvoo set out to find a new home in the West.[2]
The Trek West[edit]
Main article: Mormon pioneers
As the senior apostle of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles after Joseph Smith's death, Brigham Young assumed responsibility of the leadership of the church. He would later be sustained as President of the Church and prophet.[3]
Young now had to lead the Saints into the far west, without knowing exactly where to go or where they would end up. He insisted the Mormons should settle in a place no one else wanted and felt the isolated Great Basin would provide the Saints with many advantages.[4]
Young reviewed information on the Great Salt Lake Valley and the Great Basin, consulted with mountain men and trappers, and met with Father Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Jesuit missionary familiar with the region. Young also organized a vanguard company to break trail to the Rocky Mountains, evaluate trail conditions, find sources of water, and select a central gathering point in the Great Basin. A new route on the north side of the Platte and North Platte rivers was chosen to avoid potential conflicts over grazing rights, water access, and campsites with travelers using the established Oregon Trail on the river's south side.
The Quincy Convention of October 1845 passed resolutions demanding that the Latter-day Saints withdraw from Nauvoo by May 1846. A few days later, the Carthage Convention called for establishment of a militia that would force them out if they failed to meet the May deadline.[5] To try to meet this deadline and to get an early start on the trek to the Great Basin, the Latter-day Saints began leaving Nauvoo in February 1846.[6]
Trek of 1846[edit]
The departure from Nauvoo began on February 4, 1846, under the leadership of Brigham Young. This early departure exposed them to the elements in the worst of winter. After crossing the Mississippi River, the journey across Iowa Territory followed primitive territorial roads and Native American trails.
Young originally planned to lead an express company of about 300 men to the Great Basin during the summer of 1846. He believed they could cross Iowa and reach the Missouri River in four to six weeks. However, the actual trip across Iowa was slowed by rain, mud, swollen rivers, and poor preparation, and it required 16 weeks – nearly three times longer than planned.
Heavy rains turned the rolling plains of southern Iowa into a quagmire of axle-deep mud. Furthermore, few people carried adequate provisions for the trip. The weather, general unpreparedness, and lack of experience in moving such a large group of people all contributed to the difficulties they endured.
The initial party reached the Missouri River on June 14. It was apparent that the Latter-day Saints could not make it to the Great Basin that season and would have to winter on the Missouri River.[7]
Some of the emigrants established a settlement called Kanesville on the Iowa side of the river. Others moved across the river into the area of present-day Omaha, Nebraska, and built a camp called Winter Quarters.[8]
The Vanguard Company of 1847[edit]
Historic Information along the National Historic Trail
In April 1847, chosen members of the vanguard company gathered, final supplies were packed, and the group was organized into 14 military companies. A militia and night guard were formed. The company consisted of 143 men, including three blacks and eight members of the Quorum of the Twelve, three women, and two children. The train contained 73 wagons, draft animals, and livestock, and carried enough supplies to provision the group for one year. On April 5, the wagon train moved west from Winter Quarters toward the Great Basin.[9]
The journey from Winter Quarters to Fort Laramie took six weeks; the company arrived at the fort on June 1. While at Fort Laramie, the vanguard company was joined by members of the Mormon Battalion, who had been excused due to illness and sent to winter in Pueblo, Colorado, and a group of Church members from Mississippi. At this point, the now larger company took the established Oregon Trail toward the trading post at Fort Bridger.[2][10]
Young met mountain man Jim Bridger on June 28. They discussed routes into the Salt Lake Valley and the feasibility of viable settlements in the mountain valleys of the Great Basin. The company pushed on through South Pass, rafted across the Green River, and arrived at Fort Bridger on July 7. About the same time, they were joined by 12 more members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion.[2][9]
Now facing a more rugged and hazardous trek, Young chose to follow the trail used by the Donner–Reed party on their journey to California the previous year. As the vanguard company traveled through the rugged mountains, they divided into three sections. Young and several other members of the party suffered from a fever, generally accepted as a "mountain fever" induced by wood ticks. The small sick detachment lagged behind the larger group, and a scouting division was created to move farther ahead on the designated route.[2]
Scouts Erastus Snow and Orson Pratt entered the Salt Lake Valley on July 21. On July 23, Pratt offered a prayer dedicating the land to the Lord. Ground was broken, irrigation ditches were dug, and the first fields of potatoes and turnips were planted. On July 24, Young first saw the valley from a "sick" wagon driven by his friend Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, Young expressed his satisfaction in the appearance of the valley and declared, "This is the right place, drive on."[2][11]
In August 1847, Young and selected members of the vanguard company returned to Winter Quarters to organize the companies scheduled for following years. By December 1847, more than 2,000 Mormons had completed the journey to the Salt Lake Valley, then in Mexican territory.[2][12]
Farming the uncultivated land was initially difficult, as the shares broke when they tried to plow the dry ground. Therefore, an irrigation system was designed and the land was flooded before plowing, and the resulting system provided supplemental moisture during the year.
Salt Lake City was laid out and designated as Church headquarters. Hard work produced a prosperous community. In their new settlement, entertainment was also important, and the first public building was a theater.
It did not take long, however, until the United States caught up with them, and in 1848, after the end of the war with Mexico, the land in which they settled became part of the United States.[13]
Ongoing migration[edit]
1859 map of route from Sioux City, Iowa, through Nebraska, to gold fields of Wyoming, following old Mormon trails.
Each year during the Mormon migration, people continued to be organized into "companies", each company bearing the name of its leader and subdivided into groups of 10 and 50. The Saints traveled the trail broken by the vanguard company, splitting the journey into two sections. The first segment began in Nauvoo and ended in Winter Quarters, near modern-day Omaha, Nebraska. The second half of the journey took the Saints through the area that later became Nebraska and Wyoming, before finishing their journey in the Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah. The earlier groups used covered wagons pulled by oxen to carry their supplies across the country. Some later companies used handcarts and traveled by foot.[2]
By 1849, many of the Latter-day Saints who remained in Iowa or Missouri were poor and unable to afford the costs of the wagon, teams of oxen, and supplies that would be required for the trip. Therefore, the LDS Church established a revolving fund, known as the Perpetual Emigration Fund, to enable the poor to emigrate. By 1852, most of the Latter-day Saints from Nauvoo who wished to emigrate had done so, and the church abandoned its settlements in Iowa. However, many church members from the eastern states and from Europe continued to emigrate to Utah, often assisted by the Perpetual Emigration Fund.[14]
Handcarts: 1856–60[edit]
Main article: Mormon handcart pioneers
In 1856, the church inaugurated a system of handcart companies in order to enable poor European emigrants to make the trek more cheaply. Handcarts, two-wheeled carts that were pulled by emigrants instead of draft animals, were sometimes used as an alternate means of transportation from 1856 to 1860. They were seen as a faster, easier, and cheaper way to bring European converts to Salt Lake City. Almost 3,000 Mormons, with 653 carts and 50 supply wagons, traveling in 10 different companies, made the trip over the trail to Salt Lake City. While not the first to use handcarts, they were the only group to use them extensively.[15]
The handcarts were modeled after carts used by street sweepers and were made almost entirely of wood. They were generally six to seven feet (183 to 213 cm) long, wide enough to span a narrow wagon track, and could be alternately pushed or pulled. The small boxes affixed to the carts were three to four feet (91 to 122 cm) long and eight inches (20 cm) high. They could carry about 500 pounds (227 kg), most of this weight consisting of trail provisions and a few personal possessions.[16]
All but two of the handcart companies successfully completed the rugged journey, with relatively few problems and only a few deaths. However, the fourth and fifth companies, known as the Willie and Martin Companies, respectively, had serious problems. The companies left Iowa City, Iowa, in July 1856, very late to begin the trip across the plains. They met severe winter weather west of present-day Casper, Wyoming, and continued to cope with deep snow and storms for the remainder of the journey. Food supplies were soon exhausted. Young organized a rescue effort that brought the companies in, but more than 210 of the 980 emigrants in the two parties died.[17]
The handcart companies continued with more success until 1860, and traditional ox-and-wagon companies also continued for those who could afford the higher cost. After 1860, the church began sending wagon companies east each spring, to return to Utah in the summer with the emigrating Latter-day Saints. Finally, with the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, future emigrants were able to travel by rail, and the era of the Mormon pioneer trail came to an end.[18]
Sites along the trail[edit]
Map of Mormon Trail
Daguerreotype of Nauvoo as it appeared at the time of the Mormon exodus.
The following are major points along the trail at which the early Mormon pioneers stopped, established temporary camps, or used as landmarks and meeting places. The sites are categorized by their location in respect to modern-day US states.
Illinois[edit]
Nauvoo – Nauvoo was the starting point for the Mormon trail and the early home base for LDS migrants. They left because they were treated poorly by those who lived there. Brigham Young took a group of people through Illinois to Utah, not part of the United States
Iowa[edit]
Sugar Creek (7 miles (11 km) west of Nauvoo) – Beginning with their first ferry crossing of the Mississippi River on February 4, 1846, months before many of them were ready, the Latter-day Saints started gathering at the frozen banks of Sugar Creek. More refugees continued to cross into Iowa for a number of months many taking advantage of the freezing of the Mississippi river a few weeks later. The poorly prepared emigrants suffered from severe winter weather while camped there. Sugar Creek was the staging area for the westward trek across Iowa. Ultimately about 2,500 refugees and 500 wagons started west on March 1, 1846. Several thousand more would follow on later as they sold their property for what they could get and continued to leave Nauvoo, Illinois.[19][20]
Richardson's Point (35 miles (56 km) west) – The emigrants made their way past Croton and Farmington to ford the Des Moines River at Bonaparte. In early March 1846 the party was halted for 10 days by heavy rain at a wooded area known as Richardson's Point. Some of the first deaths of the pioneers occurred at this location.[21]
Chariton River Crossing (80 miles (129 km) west) – The trail continues past the modern towns of Troy, Drakesville, and West Grove to reach the Chariton River. At this crossing, on March 27, Young organized the lead group of the migration, forming three camps of 100 families, each led by a captain. This military-style organization would be used for all subsequent Mormon emigrant companies.[22]
Locust Creek (103 miles (166 km) west) – The trail proceeds past Cincinnati to Locust Creek. There on April 13 William Clayton, scribe for Brigham Young, composed "Come, Come Ye Saints," the most famous and enduring hymn from the Mormon Trail.[19][23]
Garden Grove (128 miles (206 km) west) – On April 23 the emigrants arrived at the location of their first semi-permanent settlement, which they named Garden Grove. They enclosed and planted 715 acres (2.89 km2) to supply food for later emigrants and established a village that is still in existence today. About 600 Latter-day Saints settled at Garden Grove. By 1852 they had moved on to Utah.[2][19]
Mount Pisgah (153 miles (246 km) west) – As they entered Potawatomi territory, the emigrants established another semi-permanent settlement that they named Mount Pisgah. Several thousand acres were cultivated and a settlement of about 700 Latter-day Saints thrived there from 1846 to 1852. Now the site is marked by a 9-acre (36,000 m2) park, which contains exhibits, historical markers, and a reconstructed log cabin. However, little remains from the 19th century except a cemetery memorializing the 300 to 800 emigrants who died there.[2][24]
Nishnabotna River Crossing (232 miles (373 km) west) – From Mount Pisgah the trail proceeds past the modern towns of Orient, Bridgewater, Massena and Lewis. Just west of Lewis, the 1846 emigrants passed a Potawatomi encampment on the Nishnabotna River. The Potawatomis were also refugees; 1846 was their last year in the area.[25][26]
Grand Encampment (255 miles (410 km) west) – From the Nishnabotna River, the trail proceeds past present-day Macedonia to Mosquito Creek on the eastern outskirts of present-day Council Bluffs. The first emigrant company arrived on June 13, 1846. At this open area, where the Iowa School for the Deaf is now located, the LDS emigrant companies paused and camped, forming what was called the Grand Encampment. From this site on July 20, the Mormon Battalion departed for the Mexican–American War.[25][27]
Kanesville (later Council Bluffs) (265 miles (426 km) west) – The emigrants established an important settlement and outfitting point at this site on the Missouri River, originally known as Miller's Hollow. The emigrants renamed the settlement as Kanesville, honoring Thomas L. Kane, a non-LDS attorney who was politically well connected and used his influence to assist the Latter-day Saints. From 1846 to 1852, it was an important LDS settlement and the outfitting point for companies traveling to present-day Utah. Orson Hyde, an Apostle and ecclesiastical leader of the settlement, published a newspaper called the Frontier Guardian. In 1852 the major LDS settlements at Kanesville, Mount Pisgah, and Garden Grove were closed as the settlers moved on to Utah. After 1852, however, the Church continued to outfit and supply emigrant companies (mostly LDS converts coming from the British Isles and mainland Europe) at this community, now renamed Council Bluffs, until the mid-1860s, when the terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad was extended to the west.[2][28][29]
Nebraska[edit]
Winter Quarters (266 miles (428 km) west) – Although Brigham Young had originally planned to travel all the way to the Salt Lake Valley in 1846, the emigrants' lack of preparation had become apparent during their difficult crossing of Iowa. Furthermore, the departure of the Mormon Battalion left the emigrants short on manpower. Young decided to settle for the winter along the Missouri River. The emigrants were located on both sides of the river, but their settlement at Winter Quarters on the west side was the largest. There they built 700 dwellings where an estimated 3,500 Latter-day Saints spent the winter of 1846–47; many would also reside there during the winter of 1847–48. Conditions such as scurvy, consumption, chills and fever were common; the settlement recorded 359 deaths between September 1846 and May 1848. However, while at Winter Quarters the LDS emigrants were able to save or trade for the equipment and supplies that they would need to continue the westward trek. The settlement was later renamed Florence and is now located in Omaha.[30]
Elkhorn River (293 miles (472 km) west)
Platte River (305 miles (491 km) west) – All emigrants leaving Missouri traveled along the Great Platte River Road for hundreds of miles. There was a prevailing opinion that the North side of the river was healthier, so most Latter-day Saints generally stuck to that side, which also separated them from unpleasant encounters with potential former enemies, like emigrants from Missouri or Illinois. In 1849, 1850 & 1852, traffic was so heavy along the Platte that virtually all feed was stripped from both sides of the river. The lack of food and the threat of disease made the journey along the Platte a deadly gamble.[31]
Loup Fork (352 miles (566 km) west) – Crossing the Loup Fork was, like the Elkhorn, one of the early and very difficult crossings during the trek west from Council Bluffs.[32]
Fort Kearny (469 miles (755 km) west) – This fort, named after Stephen Watts Kearny, was established in June 1848. Another fort named after Kearny was established in May 1846, but was abandoned in May 1848. Due to this, the second Fort Kearny is sometimes called New Fort Kearny. The site for the fort was purchased from the Pawnee Indians for $2,000 in goods.[33]
Confluence Point (563 miles (906 km) west) – On May 11, 1847, three-fourths of a mile north of the confluence of the North and South Platte Rivers, a "roadometer" was attached to Heber C. Kimball's wagon driven by Pilo Johnson. Although they did not invent the device, the measurements of the version they used were accurate enough to be used by William Clayton in his famous Latter-day Saints' Emigrants' Guide.[34]
Ash Hollow (646 miles (1,040 km) west) – Many passing diarists noted the beauty of Ash Hollow, although this was ruined by thousands of passing emigrants. The Sioux Indians were often on location and were at the site and General William S. Harney's troops won a battle over the Sioux there in September 1855 – the Battle of Ash Hollow. The site is also the burial ground of many who died of cholera during the gold rush years.[35]
Chimney Rock (718 miles (1,156 km) west) – Chimney Rock is perhaps the most significant landmark on the Mormon Trail. Emigrants commented in their diaries that the landmark appeared closer than it actually was, and many sketched or painted it in their journals and carved their names into it.[36]
Scotts Bluff (738 miles (1,188 km) west) – Hiram Scott was a Rocky Mountain Fur Company trapper abandoned on the bluff that now bears his name by his companions when he became ill. Accounts of his death are noted by almost all those who kept journals that traveled on the north side of the Platte. The grave of Rebecca Winters, a Latter-day Saint mother who fell victim to cholera in 1852, is also located near this site, although it has since been moved and rededicated.[37]
Wyoming[edit]
Independence Rock, a site along the Mormon Trail.
Fort Laramie (788 miles (1,268 km) west) – This old trading and military post served as a place for the emigrants to rest and restock provisions. The 1856 Willie Handcart Company was unable to obtain provisions at Fort Laramie, contributing to their subsequent tragedy when they ran out of food while encountering blizzard conditions along the Sweetwater River.[38][39]
Upper Platte/Mormon Ferry (914 miles (1,471 km) west) – The last crossing of the Platte River took place near modern Casper. For several years the Latter-day Saints operated a commercial ferry at the site, earning revenue from the Oregon- and California-bound emigrants. The ferry was discontinued in 1853 after a competing toll bridge was constructed. On October 19, 1856, the Martin Handcart Company forded the freezing river in mid-October, leading to exposure that would prove fatal to many members of the company.[40][41]
Red Butte (940 miles (1,513 km) west) – Red Butte was the most tragic site of the Mormon Trail. After crossing the Platte River, the Martin Handcart Company camped near Red Butte as heavy snow fell. Snow continued to fall for three days, and the company came to a halt as many emigrants died. For nine days the company remained there, while 56 persons died from cold or disease. Finally, on October 28, an advance team of three men from the Utah rescue party reached them. The rescuers encouraged them that help was on the way and urged the company to start moving on.[42]
Sweetwater River (964 miles (1,551 km) west) – From the last crossing of the Platte, the trail heads directly southwest toward Independence Rock, where it meets and follows the Sweetwater River to South Pass. To shorten the journey by avoiding the twists and turns of the river, the trail includes nine river crossings.[43][44]
Independence Rock (965 miles (1,553 km) west) – Independence Rock was one of the trail's best known and most anticipated landmarks. Many emigrants carved their names on the rock; many of these carvings are still visible today. The emigrants sometimes also celebrated their arrival at this landmark with a dance.[45]
Devil's Gate, a gorge on the Sweetwater River.
Devil's Gate (970 miles (1,561 km) west) – Devil's Gate was a narrow gorge cut through the rocks by the Sweetwater River. A small fort was located at Devil's Gate, which was unoccupied in 1856 when the Martin Handcart Company was rescued. The rescuers unloaded unnecessary equipment from the wagons so the weaker handcart emigrants could ride. A group of 19 men, led by Daniel W. Jones, stayed at the fort over the winter to protect the property.[46][47]
Martin's Cove (993 miles (1,598 km) west) – On November 4, 1856, the Martin Handcart Company set up camp in Martin's Cove as another blizzard halted their progress. They remained there for five days until the weather abated and they could proceed toward Salt Lake City. Today, a visitor's center is located on the site.[48][49]
Rocky Ridge (1,038 miles (1,670 km) west) – Between the fifth and sixth crossings of the Sweetwater, on October 19, 1856, the Willie Handcart Company was halted by the same snowstorm that stopped the Martin Handcart Company near Red Butte. At the same time, the members of the Willie Company reached the end of their supplies of flour. A small advance team from the rescue party found their camp and gave them a small amount of flour, but then pushed on to the east to try to locate the Martin Company. Captain James Willie and Joseph Elder went ahead through the snow to find the main rescue party and inform them of the Willie Company's peril. On October 23, with the help of the rescue party, the Willie Company pushed ahead through the biting wind and snow up Rocky Ridge, a rough 5-mile (8.0 km) section of the trail that ascends to a ridge in order to bypass a section of the Sweetwater River valley that is impassable.[50]
Rock Creek (1,048 miles (1,687 km) west) – After their grueling 18-hour trek up Rocky Ridge, the Willie Handcart Company camped at the crossing of Rock Creek. That night 13 emigrants died; the next morning their bodies were buried in a shallow grave.[51]
South Pass
South Pass (Continental Divide) (1,065 miles (1,714 km) west) – South Pass, a 20-mile (32 km) wide pass across the Continental Divide, is located between the modern towns of Atlantic City and Farson. At an elevation of 7,550 feet (2,300 m) above sea level, it was one of the most important landmarks of the Mormon Trail. Near South Pass is Pacific Springs, which received its name because its waters ran to the Pacific Ocean.[52]
Green River/Lombard Ferry (1,128 miles (1,815 km) west) – The trail crosses the Green River between the modern towns of Farson and Granger. The Latter-day Saints operated a ferry at this location to assist the church's emigrants and to earn money from other emigrants traveling to Oregon and California.[53]
Ft. Bridger (1,183 miles (1,904 km) west) – Fort Bridger was established in 1842 by famous mountain man Jim Bridger. This was the site where the paths of the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Mormon Trail separated; the three trails ran in parallel from Missouri River to Fort Bridger. In 1855, the LDS Church bought the fort from Jim Bridger and Louis Vazquez for $8,000. During the Utah War in 1857, the Utah militia burned down the fort so that it would not fall into the hands of the advancing U.S. Army under General A.S. Johnston.[54]
Bear River Crossing (1,216 miles (1,957 km) west) – At this, one of the last river crossings on the Mormon Trail, Lansford Hastings and his company turned north, while the Reed–Donner Company turned south. Also at this site, the vanguard company met mountaineer Miles Goodyear on July 10, 1847, who attempted to persuade them to take the northern track toward his trading post.[55]
The Needles (1,236 miles (1,989 km) west) – Near this very prominent rock formation, close to the Utah–Wyoming border, Brigham Young became ill with what was probably Rocky Mountain spotted fever during the advance push into the Salt Lake Valley.[56]
Utah[edit]
Echo Canyon
Echo Canyon (1,246 miles (2,005 km) west) – One of the last canyons through which the emigrants descended, this deep and narrow canyon made it a veritable, and frequently noted, echo chamber.[57]
Big Mountain (1,279 miles (2,058 km) west) – Although dwarfed by the surrounding Wasatch mountain peaks, this was the highest elevation of the entire Mormon trail at 8,400 feet (2560 m).[58]
Golden Pass Road (1,281 miles (2,062 km) west) – Although unsuccessful in a petition to Salt Lake City for funding, Parley P. Pratt obtained the deed to the canyon and began the construction of a road through Big Canyon Creek in the Wasatch Mountains just south of Emigration Canyon in July 1849. The canyon became known as Parley's Canyon and the road he built as the "Golden Pass Road," due to the large number of gold miners who used it on their way to California. A cutoff was constructed through Silver Creek Canyon by 1862, diverting much of the traffic on what is today the route of I-80.[59]
Emigration Canyon (Donner Hill) (1,283 miles (2,065 km) west) – About a year before the Latter-day Saint emigrants, the Reed–Donner wagon train carved the first road through the final geographic obstacle between Big Mountain and the Salt Lake Valley. About halfway through, the group changed course and went up and around the final constriction near the valley's mouth. The resulting exhaustingly brutal climb over rock and sage most likely contributed to the historic tragedy that befell the travelers three months and 600 miles (970 km) to the west. When an advance team from the Latter-day Saint vanguard company came through, it chose to stick to the valley floor and hacked its way through to the bench overlooking the Great Salt Lake basin in less than four hours.[60]
Salt Lake Valley (1,297 miles (2,087 km) west) – Although the Salt Lake Valley had a special meaning to each emigrant, signifying the end of more than a year of crossing the plains, not all of the pioneering Saints settled in the Salt Lake Valley. Settlement outside the Salt Lake Valley began as early as 1848, with a number of communities planted in the Weber valley to the north. Additional townsites were carefully chosen, with settlements placed near canyon mouths with access to dependable streams and stands of timber. Latter-day Saints founded more than 600 communities from Canada down into Mexico. As historian Wallace Stegner stated, the Latter-day Saints "were one of the principal forces in the settlement of the West."[61][62]
See also[edit]
Book: Historic Sites of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Latter Day Saints portal
LDS Church portal
History of the Latter Day Saint movement portal
Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory
Mormon handcart pioneers
Mormon Pioneer National Heritage Area
Mormon Trail (Canada)
Mormonism
National Historic Trails Interpretive Center
Martin's Cove
Oregon-California Trails Association
Pioneer Day in Utah on July 24
This Is The Place Heritage Park
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 53–222
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Hartley (1997)
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Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 208–215
Jump up ^ Bennett (1997), p. 6
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 222–223
Jump up ^ Bennett (1997), p. 31–40
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 234–238, 247–248
^ Jump up to: a b Clayton, William (1921). William Clayton's Journal. Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), p. 244
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 246–247
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), p. 247
Jump up ^ Fisher, Albert L. (1994). "Physical Geography of Utah". In Powell, Allan Kent. Utah History Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 279–287
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 29–34, 193–194
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 53–55
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992)
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 191–192
^ Jump up to: a b c Kimball (1979), p. 14
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Sugar Creek". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Richardson's Point". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Chariton River Crossing". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Locust Creek". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ Kimball (1979), pp. 14–15
^ Jump up to: a b Kimball (1979), p. 16
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Nishnabotna River Crossing". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Grand Encampment". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 247–248
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Council Bluffs". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ Allen & Leonard (1976), pp. 234–238
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Platte River". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-22.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Loup Fork". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Fort Kearny". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Confluence Point". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-29.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Ash Hollow". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Chimney Rock". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Scotts Bluff". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-30.
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), p. 101
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Fort Laramie". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 108–109
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Upper Platte (Mormon) Ferry". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 110–115
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Sweetwater River". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Ninth Crossing of the Sweetwater (Burnt Ranch)". Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Independence Rock". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Devil's Gate". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ Jones, Daniel W. (1890). Forty Years Among the Indians: A True Yet Thrilling Narrative of the Author's Experiences Among the Natives. Salt Lake City, Utah: Juvenile Instructor Office.
Jump up ^ Hafen & Hafen (1992), pp. 132–134
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Martin's Cove". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ Bartholomew & Arrington (1981), pp. 15–18
Jump up ^ Bartholomew & Arrington (1981), pp. 17–18
Jump up ^ Kimball (1979), p. 30
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Green River". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-28.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Fort Bridger". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Bear River". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / The Needles". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Echo Canyon". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Big Mountain". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Golden Pass Road". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Emigration Canyon". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Jump up ^ Stegner (1992), p. 7
Jump up ^ "The Pioneer Story / Trail Location / Salt Lake Valley". Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Retrieved 2006-05-31.
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, James B.; Leonard, Glen M. (1976). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 0877475946. OCLC 2493259.
Bartholomew, Rebecca; Arrington, Leonard J. (1981). Rescue of the 1856 Handcart Companies. Brigham Young University, Charles Redd Center for Western Studies. ISBN 0-8425-1941-6.
Bennett, Richard E. (October 1997). We'll Find the Place: The Mormon Exodus, 1846–1848. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-57345-286-6.
Hafen, Leroy; Hafen, Ann (May 1992). Handcarts to Zion. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-7255-3.
Hartley, William G. (July 1997). "Gathering the Dispersed Nauvoo Saints, 1847–52". Ensign: 12–15.
Kimball, Stanley B. (1979). Discovering Mormon Trails: New York to California, 1831–1868. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. LCCN 79053092. OCLC 5614526.
Kimball, Stanley B. (1997). The Mormon Pioneer Trail: MTA 1997 Official Guide. Salt Lake City, Utah: Mormon Trails Association. ISBN 0-87905-263-5.
Madsen, Carol Cornwall (1997). Journey to Zion: Voices from the Mormon Trail. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-57345-244-0.
Slaughter, William; Michael Landon (September 1997). Trail of Hope: The Story of the Mormon Trail. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company. ISBN 1-57345-251-3.
Stegner, Wallace Earl (1992). The Gathering of Zion. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-935704-12-4.
Further reading[edit]
Jenkins, Matt (July 24, 2009). "Following the Wagon Wheels of the Latter-Day Saints". The New York Times.
Kimball, Stanley B. (May 1991). Historic Resource Study: Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail. National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. OCLC 43406906.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mormon Trail.
National Park Service site on the Mormon trail
The Mormon Pioneer Story
Photos and history of the trail in Wyoming
Mormon Trails Association
National Mormon National Trail itinerary in Iowa
Church History Library at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists
LDS Emigration and Immigration at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists
Mormon Trail at FamilySearch Research Wiki for genealogists with strategies and records for finding pioneer ancestors
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Frank Morgan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Frank Morgan, see Frank Morgan (disambiguation).
Frank Morgan
Born
Francis Phillip Wuppermann
(1890-06-01)June 1, 1890
New York City, New York, U.S.
Died
September 18, 1949(1949-09-18) (aged 59)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Heart attack
Resting place
Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York
Alma mater
Cornell University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1914–1949
Spouse(s)
Alma Muller (m. 1914–49) (his death)
Children
George Morgan (1916–2003)
Frank Morgan (born Francis Phillip Wuppermann; June 1, 1890 – September 18, 1949) was an American character actor.[1] He is best known as a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player and as the titular character in The Wizard of Oz (1939).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life and death
4 Awards and honors
5 Filmography
6 Radio appearances
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Morgan was born Francis Phillip Wuppermann in New York City, to Josephine Wright (née Hancox) and George Diogracia Wupperman. He was the youngest of six boys and five girls. The elder Mr. Wuppermann was born in Venezuela, but was brought up in Hamburg, Germany and was of German and Spanish ancestry.[2][3][4] His mother was born in the United States, of English ancestry. The family earned its wealth distributing Angostura bitters, allowing Wuppermann to attend Cornell University where he joined Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity and the Glee Club.[5][6] He then followed his older brother Ralph Morgan into show business, first on the Broadway stage and then into motion pictures.
Career[edit]
Morgan and Madge Kennedy in Baby Mine (1917)
After his film debut The Suspect (1916), he provided support to his friend John Barrymore in Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman (1917), an independent film produced in and about New York City. Morgan's career expanded when talkies began, his most stereotypical role being that of a befuddled but good hearted middle-aged man.
By the mid-1930s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer had been so impressed by Morgan that they signed him to a lifetime contract. Morgan's best remembered film performance, playing five roles, is in The Wizard of Oz (1939), where he played the carnival huckster "Professor Marvel", the Gatekeeper at the Emerald City, the coachman of the carriage drawn by "The Horse of a Different Color", the Guard who initially refuses to let Dorothy and her friends in to see the Wizard, and the Wizard himself. Morgan was cast in the role on September 22, 1938. W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the role of the Wizard, but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over his fee. An actor with a wide range, he was equally effective playing comical, befuddled men such as Jesse Kiffmeyer in Saratoga (1937) and Mr. Ferris in Casanova Brown (1944), as he was with more serious, troubled characters like Hugo Matuschek in The Shop Around the Corner (1940) and Professor Roth in The Mortal Storm (1940). MGM's 1946 film The Great Morgan was written with the story centering on Frank Morgan.
In the 1940s, Morgan co-starred with Fanny Brice in one version (of several different series) of the radio program Maxwell House Coffee Time, aka The Frank Morgan-Fanny Brice Show. During the first half of the show Morgan would tell increasingly outlandish tall tales about his life adventures, much to the dismay of his fellow cast members. After the Morgan segment there was a song, followed by Brice as 'Baby Snooks' for the last half of the show. In 1947, Morgan starred as the title character in the radio series The Fabulous Dr. Tweedy. He also recorded a number of children's records, including the popular Gossamer Wump, released in 1949 by Capitol Records.
Like most character actors of the studio era, Morgan was sought out for numerous motion picture roles. One of his last roles was as Barney Wile in The Stratton Story (1949), a true story about a ballplayer (played by James Stewart) who makes a comeback after having his leg amputated due to a hunting accident.
His final film Key to the City (1950) was released posthumously, in which he played Fire Chief Duggan. He was the third lead, after Clark Gable and Loretta Young.
Morgan as The Gatekeeper at the entrance to the Emerald City in The Wizard of Oz
Personal life and death[edit]
Morgan married Alma Muller (1895–1949) in 1914; they had one son. Their marriage ended with his death in 1949. He was widely known to have had a drinking problem, according to several who worked with him, including actress Margaret Hamilton (the Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz) and Oz historian Aljean Harmetz. Morgan sometimes carried a black briefcase to work fully equipped with a small mini-bar.[7] Morgan's niece Claudia Morgan (née Wuppermann) was a stage and film actress, most notable for playing the role of Vera Claythorne in the first Broadway production of Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None.
Morgan was also a brother of playwright Carlos Wupperman, who was killed in the Rhineland in 1919 while on duty there with the Army of Occupation. Wupperman had only one play produced on Broadway, The Triumph of X which opened at the Comedy Theater in New York City on August 24, 1921,[8] but ran for only 30 performances. The production starred Morgan, and also featured Helen Menken as the female lead. Also in the production for his first Broadway outing was Robert Keith, father of actor Brian Keith and one-time husband of Theater Guild actress Peg Entwistle. Entwistle committed suicide by jumping from the Hollywood Sign in 1932.[9]
Morgan died of a heart attack on September 18, 1949, while filming Annie Get Your Gun (he was replaced by Louis Calhern). His death came before the 1956 premiere televised broadcast on CBS[10] of The Wizard of Oz, which would make him the only major cast member from the film who would not live to see the film's revived popularity and become in the 1960s an annual holiday American television institution.[10] He is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His tombstone carries his real name, Wuppermann, as well as his stage name.
Awards and honors[edit]
Morgan was nominated for two Academy Awards, one for Best Actor for his role as the cuckolded Duke of Florence in The Affairs of Cellini (1934) and one for Best Supporting Actor for Tortilla Flat (1942), as a simple Hispanic owner of the dogs.
Morgan has two stars dedicated to him on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California: one for motion pictures at 1708 Vine Street, and one for his work in radio at 6700 Hollywood Boulevard. Both were dedicated on February 8, 1960.
Filmography[edit]
The Suspect (1916)
The Daring of Diana (1916)
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The Great Morgan (1946)
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Lady Luck (1946)
Green Dolphin Street (1947)
Summer Holiday (1948)
The Three Musketeers (1948)
The Stratton Story (1949)
The Great Sinner (1949)
Any Number Can Play (1949)
Key to the City (1950) as Fire Chief Duggan
Radio appearances[edit]
Year
Program
Episode/source
1940 Screen Guild Players The Shop Around the Corner[11]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Film portal
Radio portal
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Obituary Variety, September 21, 1949, page 63.
Jump up ^ The National cyclopaedia of American biography: being the history of the ... - James Terry White - Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Playbills to Photoplays - New England Vintage Film Inc Society, New England Vintage Film Society, Inc. - Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://irishmafia.us/morgan.html
Jump up ^ Grand Catalogue of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity - Twelfth Edition, p.377: Bernard C. Harris Publishing Company, 1985.
Jump up ^ Slon, Michael (1998-01-01). Songs from the Hill: A History of the Cornell University Glee Club. Cornell University Glee Club. ISBN 9780962010316.
Jump up ^ "Frank Morgan at Hollywood's Irish Mafia". Retrieved 18 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Theater Review by Alexander Woollcot New York Times, August 25, 1921.
Jump up ^ "Internet Broadway Database". Archived from the original on 2012-07-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Doug Fuhrmann, "Pop Culture History: Wizard of Oz televised (1950s), The Daily Journal.com April 6, 2009. Accessed 24 August, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest. 41 (3): 32–39. Summer 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Morgan.
Frank Morgan on IMDb
Frank Morgan at the TCM Movie Database
Frank Morgan at the Internet Broadway Database
Frank Morgan at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
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MusicBrainz: 5057db5d-afe9-4fc9-b0c2-60c6c90292f2
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I Want You (She's So Heavy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Abbey Road
Released
26 September 1969
Recorded
22 February–11 August 1969,
EMI and Trident Studios, London
Genre
Blues rock[1][2]
hard rock[3]
progressive rock[1]
Length
7:47
Label
Apple
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
Audio sample
file
help
"I Want You (She's So Heavy)" is a song by the Beatles, written by John Lennon[4] (credited to Lennon–McCartney). The song closes side one on the Beatles' 1969 album Abbey Road. This song is an unusual Beatles composition for a variety of reasons, namely its length (nearly eight minutes), few lyrics (the title makes up most of the lyrics, aside from two more phrases; only 14 different words are sung), a three-minute descent through repeated guitar chords (a similar arpeggiated figure appears in another Lennon contribution to the album, "Because"), and abrupt ending. It was the first song recorded for the Abbey Road album but one of the last songs to be finished, on 20 August 1969, the last time all four Beatles were together in the studio.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
2 Recording
3 Personnel
4 Covers
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Composition[edit]
The song begins in 6
8 time, with an arpeggio guitar theme in D minor, progressing through E7(♭9) and B♭7 before cadencing on an A augmented chord. In this chord sequence, the F note is a drone. The bass and lead guitar ascend and descend with a riff derived from the D minor scale. As the last chord fades, a verse begins in 4
4 time, based on the A and D blues scales, with Lennon singing "I want you / I want you so bad . . ." The two blues verses alternate, before the reappearance of the E7(♭9) chord, and McCartney playing a notably aggressive bass riff. This would function, throughout the song, as a transition to the main theme. The main theme repeats with Lennon singing "She's so heavy", with a long sustain on the last word. The second set of verses are rendered instrumentally with lead guitar. Another repeat of the "She's So Heavy" theme (this time featuring harmonies) is followed by Lennon singing a livelier repeat of the "I Want You" verse. During the next E7(♭9) transition, Lennon lets loose a primal scream of "Yeah", until his voice breaks. The song's coda consists of a three-minute repetition of the "She's So Heavy" theme, with the arpeggios double tracked, intensifying with "white noise" fading in as the theme continues; this consists of multi-tracked guitars from Lennon and Harrison, Moog white-noise from Lennon, and drums and bass from Starr and McCartney respectively until an abrupt ending.[6]
Josh Hart and Damien Fanelli, writing for Guitar World, placed the song 34th in their list of the 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath, and called the song a "bluesy rocker" that "might have inadvertently started doom metal."[7] Similarly, Jo Kendall of Classic Rock magazine commented that the song pre-dated "Black Sabbath's creation of doom rock by several months" and noted the "Santana-like Latin blues section" in the song.[8]
Recording[edit]
Lennon wrote the song about his love for Yoko Ono.[4] The song was rehearsed several times during the Get Back/Let It Be sessions; the basic track and Lennon's guide vocal (which is used in the master) were recorded at Trident Studios on 22 February 1969, shortly after shooting for the Let It Be film ended. Lennon played the lead guitar, as George Harrison stated:
It's very heavy. John plays lead guitar and sings the same as he plays. It's really basically a bit like a blues. The riff that he sings and plays is really a very basic blues-type thing. But again, it's very original sort of John-type song.[9]
Lennon and Harrison overdubbed multi-tracked heavy guitars on 18 April 1969. Billy Preston's Hammond organ and Ringo Starr's congas were added on 20 April 1969. "I Want You" received the "She's So Heavy" vocals on 11 August, and thus the title became "I Want You (She's So Heavy)".[10] "'She's So Heavy' was about Yoko," Lennon told Rolling Stone. "When you're drowning, you don't say, 'I would be incredibly pleased if someone would have the foresight to notice me drowning and come and help me.' You just scream."[4]
Three takes from 22 February were edited into a master (second generation), which was overdubbed, mixed down on 18 April (third generation), and overdubbed on 18 April, 20 April, 8 August and 11 August. Different overdubs were made to the second generation tape on 8 August. The mix is the third generation for 4:37 and then the second generation tape, which has white noise produced by the Moog synthesizer played by Lennon and additional drums added on 8 August. The final overdub session for "I Want You (She's So Heavy)", which included the final mixing and editing, was the last time all four Beatles worked in the studio together.[11][12]
The final master lasted 8:04, but Lennon decided on a surprise ending. During the final edit with the guitars, drums and white noise climaxing endlessly, he told recording engineer Geoff Emerick to "cut it right there" at the 7:44 mark, bringing the song (and Side 1 of Abbey Road) to an abrupt end. On Love, the three-minute stretch of repeated guitar chords that ends the song intercuts with elements of "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" and "Helter Skelter", while retaining the abrupt cut to silence at the end.[13][14]
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – lead and harmony vocals, multi-tracked lead guitar, Moog synthesizer
Paul McCartney – harmony vocals, bass
George Harrison – harmony vocals, rhythm guitar, multi-tracked lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, congas, wind machine[4]
Billy Preston – Hammond organ
(Personnel per Ian MacDonald)[15]
Covers[edit]
Numerous bands and solo artists have covered "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" in the studio and live, in particular the following:
Performer
Album
Year
Comment
Alvin Lee Nineteen Ninety-Four 1994 Accompanied by George Harrison on slide guitar
Beatallica Sgt. Hetfield's Motorbreath Pub Band 2007 Merged with Metallica's "The Call of Ktulu" to create "Ktulu (He's So Heavy)"
Bee Gees – 1978 Performance for the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band movie, with Peter Frampton, Frankie Howerd, Dianne Steiberg and Stargard
Blackmail Science Fiction 1999 Usage of part of the lyrics ("I want you so bad") and part of the tune for the song "3.000.000 Years From Here"[original research?]
Booker T. and the MGs McLemore Avenue 1969 Album cover also mimicks the Abbey Road album cover
Budka Suflera - 1978 -
Coroner Mental Vortex 1991
Earth to Andy Simple Machine 1998 As hidden track at the end of the album that features a "talking guitar" effect
Eddie Hazel Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs 1977 Founding lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic. Eddie Hazel's solo debut album
Eric Gales Band Picture of a Thousand Faces 1993
The Flaming Lips - 2011 15-minute performance of the song at NYE Freakout in Oklahoma City, in honour of the special guest performance by The Plastic Ono Band
George Benson The Other Side of Abbey Road 1970
George Lynch Furious George 2004 Cover album
Groove Collective - 1996 Single, which charted in the US
Halestorm ReAniMate: The CoVeRs eP 2011
Incubus (band) - 2013 Covered a small snippet of the song multiple times, usually to close their performances during the 2013 and 2014 tour
Joe Anderson, Dana Fuchs and T.V. Carpio - 2007 Performance by cast members for Julie Taymor's film Across the Universe'
John Legend Live in Philadelphia 2008
The Last Shadow Puppets - 2008 Performance during the BBC Electric Proms[16] Regularly performed as part of their setlist.
Ministry Cover Up 2008 track only on Japanese issue of the album
Noir Désir Dies Irae 1994 Live album; the title means The Day of Wrath (Lat.)
Robyn Hitchcock CD: Various Artists – Abbey Road Now! 2009 Album of covers of songs from Abbey Road
Sarah Vaughan Songs of the Beatles 1981 Omits any "She's So Heavy" vocals
Soda Stereo - 1990–91 Covered song in several live performances during that time
Soulive Rubber Soulive 2010 Beatles cover album
Soundgarden - 1994-97 Covered the song multiple times, usually to close their performances in their Superunknown and Down on the Upside tours.
Steel Train 1969 2004 Cover album
Thrice - 2010 Released as download track for their label Vagrant Records[17]
Transatlantic All of the above 2000 Live album, cover appears as last segment of the closing medley
Type O Negative World Coming Down 1999 As part of a medley with "Day Tripper" and "If I Needed Someone"
Phillips, Grier & Flinner Looking Back 2002 Instrumental version, with David Grier on acoustic guitar, Todd Phillips (musician) on acoustic bass, and Matt Flinner on mandolin
Umphrey's McGee The London Session 2015 Recorded at Abbey Road studios in London
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. p. 62. the most convincing exploration of blues and progressive rock the Beatles ever attempted, "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
Jump up ^ Perone, James E. (2012). The Album: A Guide to Pop Music's Most Provocative, Influential, and Important Creations. Praeger. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-313-37907-9.
Jump up ^ Sander, Ellen (25 October 1969). "The Beatles: "Abbey Road"". Saturday Review. Vol. 52. p. 69. ISSN 0036-4983.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "59 – 'I Want You (She's So Heavy)' -". 100 Greatest Beatles Songs. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
Jump up ^ The Beatles. J Lennon, P McCartney, G Harrison… – John Lennon – books.google.com
Jump up ^ "Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"". Icce.rug.nl. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "The 50 Heaviest Songs Before Black Sabbath: #40-31". guitarworld.com.
Jump up ^ Classic Rock Magazine, September 2014
Jump up ^ "George Harrison interview with Ritchie Yorke, September, 1969". Ottawa Beatles Site. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Voice Leading and Harmony as Expressive Devices in the Early Music of the Beatles:'She Loves You'W Everett – College Music Symposium, 1992 – JSTOR
Jump up ^ "Mixing, editing: I Want You (She's So Heavy)". beatlesbible.com.
Jump up ^ "The Final Days of The Beatles". Mental Floss.
Jump up ^ Willman, Chris (26 December 2006). "peace". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles: LOVE". Yahoo!. 20 November 2006. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 342.
Jump up ^ "Last Shadow Puppets cover The Beatles in Liverpool". NME. 25 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Competition to win Thrice songs for download". Vagrant Records. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
References[edit]
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (Second Revised ed.). London: Pimlico (Rand). ISBN 1-84413-828-3.
External links[edit]
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
hide
v
t
e
Abbey Road
Songs
Side one
"Come Together"
"Something"
"Maxwell's Silver Hammer"
"Oh! Darling"
"Octopus's Garden"
"I Want You (She's So Heavy)"
Side two
"Here Comes the Sun"
"Because"
"You Never Give Me Your Money"
"Sun King"
"Mean Mr. Mustard"
"Polythene Pam"
"She Came In Through the Bathroom Window"
"Golden Slumbers"
"Carry That Weight"
"The End"
"Her Majesty"
Non-album single
"The Ballad of John and Yoko"
"Old Brown Shoe"
Outtakes
"All Things Must Pass"
"Come and Get It"
"Ain't She Sweet"
Related articles
Abbey Road, London
The Beatles discography
Break-up of the Beatles
Iain Macmillan
McLemore Avenue
The Other Side of Abbey Road
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Want_You_(She%27s_So_Heavy)&oldid=846572090"
Categories:
The Beatles songs
British blues rock songs
British hard rock songs
British progressive rock songs
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Songs published by Northern Songs
1969 songs
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//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-4983

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