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Placenta
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This article is about the human trophoblast. For general information about the placenta as an organ in biology, see placentation. For the ancient Roman Bread, see placenta (food).
placenta
Placenta
Human placenta from just after birth with the umbilical cord in place
Details
Precursor
decidua basalis, chorion frondosum
Identifiers
Latin
Placento
TE
E5.11.3.1.1.0.5
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The placenta is an organ that connects the developing fetus to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from the fetus's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus's umbilical cord develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus. Placentas are a defining characteristic of placental mammals, but are also found in marsupials and some non-mammals with varying levels of development.[1] The homology of such structures in various viviparous organisms is debatable, and in invertebrates such as Arthropoda, is analogous at best.
The word placenta comes from the Latin word for a type of cake, from Greek πλακόεντα/πλακοῦντα plakóenta/plakoúnta, accusative of πλακόεις/πλακούς plakóeis/plakoús, "flat, slab-like",[2][3] in reference to its round, flat appearance in humans. The classical plural is placentae, but the form placentas is common in modern English and probably has the wider currency at present.
The placenta functions as a fetomaternal organ with two components:[4] the fetal placenta (Chorion frondosum), which develops from the same blastocyst that forms the fetus, and the maternal placenta (Decidua basalis), which develops from the maternal uterine tissue.[5] It metabolises a number of substances and can release metabolic products into maternal or fetal circulations.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Gene and protein expression
2 Physiology
2.1 Development
2.2 Placental circulation
2.2.1 Maternal placental circulation
2.2.2 Fetoplacental circulation
2.3 Birth
2.4 Microbiome
3 Functions
3.1 Nutrition
3.2 Excretion
3.3 Immunity
3.4 Endocrine function
3.5 Cloaking from immune system of mother
3.6 Other
4 Clinical significance
5 Society and culture
6 Additional images
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Structure[edit]
Placental mammals, such as humans, have a chorioallantoic placenta that forms from the chorion and allantois. In humans, the placenta averages 22 cm (9 inch) in length and 2–2.5 cm (0.8–1 inch) in thickness, with the center being the thickest, and the edges being the thinnest. It typically weighs approximately 500 grams (just over 1 lb). It has a dark reddish-blue or crimson color. It connects to the fetus by an umbilical cord of approximately 55–60 cm (22–24 inch) in length, which contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.[6] The umbilical cord inserts into the chorionic plate (has an eccentric attachment). Vessels branch out over the surface of the placenta and further divide to form a network covered by a thin layer of cells. This results in the formation of villous tree structures. On the maternal side, these villous tree structures are grouped into lobules called cotyledons. In humans, the placenta usually has a disc shape, but size varies vastly between different mammalian species.[7]
The placenta occasionally takes a form in which it comprises several distinct parts connected by blood vessels.[8] The parts, called lobes, may number two, three, four, or more. Such placentas are described as bilobed/bilobular/bipartite, trilobed/trilobular/tripartite, and so on. If there is a clearly discernible main lobe and auxiliary lobe, the latter is called a succenturiate placenta. Sometimes the blood vessels connecting the lobes get in the way of fetal presentation during labor, which is called vasa previa.
Gene and protein expression[edit]
Further information: Bioinformatics § Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal mature placenta.[9][10] Some 350 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the placenta and fewer than 100 genes are highly placenta specific. The corresponding specific proteins are mainly expressed in trophoblasts and have functions related to female pregnancy. Examples of proteins with elevated expression in placenta compared to other organs and tissues are PEG10 and the cancer testis antigen PAGE4 expressed in cytotrophoblasts, CSH1and KISS1 expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts, and PAPPA2 and PRG2 expressed in extravillous trophoblasts.
Physiology[edit]
Development[edit]
Placenta
The initial stages of human embryogenesis.
Further information: Placentation
The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium. The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer and the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. It forms as a result of differentiation and fusion of the underlying cytotrophoblast cells, a process that continues throughout placental development. The syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium), thereby contributes to the barrier function of the placenta.
The placenta grows throughout pregnancy. Development of the maternal blood supply to the placenta is complete by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy week 14 (DM)
Placental circulation[edit]
Maternal blood fills the intervillous space, nutrients, water, and gases are actively and passively exchanged, then deoxygenated blood is displaced by the next maternal pulse.
Maternal placental circulation[edit]
In preparation for implantation of the blastocyst, the uterine endometrium undergoes "decidualisation". Spiral arteries in decidua are remodeled so that they become less convoluted and their diameter is increased. The increased diameter and straighter flow path both act to increase maternal blood flow to the placenta. There is relatively high pressure as the maternal blood fills intervillous space through these spiral arteries bathes the fetal villi in blood, allowing an exchange of gases to take place. In humans and other hemochorial placentals, the maternal blood comes into direct contact with the fetal chorion, though no fluid is exchanged. As the pressure decreases between pulses, the deoxygenated blood flows back through the endometrial veins.
Maternal blood flow is approximately 600–700 ml/min at term.
This begins at day 5 - day 12 [11]
Fetoplacental circulation[edit]
Further information: Fetal circulation
Deoxygenated fetal blood passes through umbilical arteries to the placenta. At the junction of umbilical cord and placenta, the umbilical arteries branch radially to form chorionic arteries. Chorionic arteries, in turn, branch into cotyledon arteries. In the villi, these vessels eventually branch to form an extensive arterio-capillary-venous system, bringing the fetal blood extremely close to the maternal blood; but no intermingling of fetal and maternal blood occurs ("placental barrier").[12]
Endothelin and prostanoids cause vasoconstriction in placental arteries, while nitric oxide causes vasodilation.[13] On the other hand, there is no neural vascular regulation, and catecholamines have only little effect.[13]
The fetoplacental circulation is vulnerable to persistent hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation, which can lead to generation of excessive free radicals. This may contribute to pre-eclampsia and other pregnancy complications.[14] It is proposed that melatonin plays a role as an antioxidant in the placenta.[14]
This begins at day 17 - day 22 [15]
Birth[edit]
Main article: Placental expulsion
Placental expulsion begins as a physiological separation from the wall of the uterus. The period from just after the child is born until just after the placenta is expelled is called the "third stage of labor". The placenta is usually expelled within 15–30 minutes of birth.
Placental expulsion can be managed actively, for example by giving oxytocin via intramuscular injection followed by cord traction to assist in delivering the placenta. Alternatively, it can be managed expectantly, allowing the placenta to be expelled without medical assistance. Blood loss and the risk of postpartum bleeding may be reduced in women offered active management of the third stage of labour, however there may be adverse effects and more research is necessary.[16]
The habit is to cut the cord immediately after birth, but it is theorised that there is no medical reason to do this; on the contrary, it is theorized that not cutting the cord helps the baby in its adaptation to extrauterine life, especially in preterm infants.[17]
Microbiome[edit]
Main article: Placental microbiome
The placenta is traditionally thought to be sterile, but recent research suggests that a resident, non-pathogenic, and diverse population of microorganisms may be present in healthy tissue. However, whether these microbes exist or are clinically important is highly controversial and is the subject of active research.[18][19][20][21]
Functions[edit]
Nutrition[edit]
Maternal side of a placenta shortly after birth.
The placenta intermediates the transfer of nutrients between mother and fetus. The perfusion of the intervillous spaces of the placenta with maternal blood allows the transfer of nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and the transfer of waste products and carbon dioxide back from the fetus to the maternal blood. Nutrient transfer to the fetus can occur via both active and passive transport.[22] Placental nutrient metabolism was found to play a key role in limiting the transfer of some nutrients.[23] Adverse pregnancy situations, such as those involving maternal diabetes or obesity, can increase or decrease levels of nutrient transporters in the placenta potentially resulting in overgrowth or restricted growth of the fetus.[24]
Excretion[edit]
Waste products excreted from the fetus such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine are transferred to the maternal blood by diffusion across the placenta.
Immunity[edit]
IgG antibodies can pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero.[25] This transfer of antibodies begins as early as the 20th week of gestational age, and certainly by the 24th week.[26] This passive immunity lingers for several months after birth, thus providing the newborn with a carbon copy of the mother's long-term humoral immunity to see the infant through the crucial first months of extrauterine life. IgM, however, cannot cross the placenta, which is why some infections acquired during pregnancy can be hazardous for the fetus.
Furthermore, the placenta functions as a selective maternal-fetal barrier against transmission of microbes. However, insufficiency in this function may still cause mother-to-child transmission of infectious diseases.
Endocrine function[edit]
The first hormone released by the placenta is called the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone. This is responsible for stopping the process at the end of menses when the Corpus luteum ceases activity and atrophies. If hCG did not interrupt this process, it would lead to spontaneous abortion of the fetus. The corpus luteum also produces and releases progesterone and estrogen, and hCG stimulates it to increase the amount that it releases. hCG is the indicator of pregnancy that pregnancy tests look for. These tests will work when menses has not occurred or after implantation has happened on days seven to ten. hCG may also have an anti-antibody effect, protecting it from being rejected by the mother’s body. hCG also assists the male fetus by stimulating the testes to produce testosterone, which is the hormone needed to allow the sex organs of the male to grow.
Progesterone helps the embryo implant by assisting passage through the fallopian tubes. It also affects the fallopian tubes and the uterus by stimulating an increase in secretions necessary for fetal nutrition. Progesterone, like hCG, is necessary to prevent spontaneous abortion because it prevents contractions of the uterus, and is necessary for implantation.
Estrogen is a crucial hormone in the process of proliferation. This involves the enlargement of the breasts and uterus, allowing for growth of the fetus and production of milk. Estrogen is also responsible for increased blood supply towards the end of pregnancy through vasodilation. The levels of estrogen during pregnancy can increase so that they are thirty times what a non-pregnant woman mid-cycles estrogen level would be.
Human placental lactogen is a hormone used in pregnancy to develop fetal metabolism and general growth and development. Human placental lactogen works with Growth hormone to stimulate Insulin-like growth factor production and regulating intermediary metabolism. In the fetus, hPL acts on lactogenic receptors to modulate embryonic development, metabolism and stimulate production of IGF, insulin, surfactant and adrenocortical hormones. hPL values increase with multiple pregnancies, intact molar pregnancy, diabetes and Rh incompatibility. They are decreased with toxemia, choriocarcinoma, and Placental insufficiency.[27][28]
Cloaking from immune system of mother[edit]
Further information: Immune tolerance in pregnancy
The placenta and fetus may be regarded as a foreign allograft inside the mother, and thus must evade from attack by the mother's immune system.
For this purpose, the placenta uses several mechanisms:
It secretes Neurokinin B-containing phosphocholine molecules. This is the same mechanism used by parasitic nematodes to avoid detection by the immune system of their host.[29]
There is presence of small lymphocytic suppressor cells in the fetus that inhibit maternal cytotoxic T cells by inhibiting the response to interleukin 2.[30]
However, the Placental barrier is not the sole means to evade the immune system, as foreign fetal cells also persist in the maternal circulation, on the other side of the placental barrier.[31]
Other[edit]
The placenta also provides a reservoir of blood for the fetus, delivering blood to it in case of hypotension and vice versa, comparable to a capacitor.[32]
Ultrasound image of human placenta and umbilical cord (color Doppler rendering) with central cord insertion and three umbilical vessels, at 20 weeks of pregnancy
Clinical significance[edit]
Main article: Placental disease
Micrograph of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the placenta (CMV placentitis). The characteristic large nucleus of a CMV-infected cell is seen off-centre at the bottom-right of the image. H&E stain.
Numerous pathologies can affect the placenta.
Placenta accreta, when the placenta implants too deeply, all the way to the actual muscle of uterine wall (without penetrating it)
Placenta praevia, when the placement of the placenta is too close to or blocks the cervix
Placental abruption/abruptio placentae
Infections involving the placenta:
Placentitis, such as the TORCH infections.
Chorioamnionitis.
Society and culture[edit]
The placenta often plays an important role in various cultures, with many societies conducting rituals regarding its disposal. In the Western world, the placenta is most often incinerated.[33]
Some cultures bury the placenta for various reasons. The Māori of New Zealand traditionally bury the placenta from a newborn child to emphasize the relationship between humans and the earth.[34] Likewise, the Navajo bury the placenta and umbilical cord at a specially chosen site,[35] particularly if the baby dies during birth.[36] In Cambodia and Costa Rica, burial of the placenta is believed to protect and ensure the health of the baby and the mother.[37] If a mother dies in childbirth, the Aymara of Bolivia bury the placenta in a secret place so that the mother's spirit will not return to claim her baby's life.[38]
The placenta is believed by some communities to have power over the lives of the baby or its parents. The Kwakiutl of British Columbia bury girls' placentas to give the girl skill in digging clams, and expose boys' placentas to ravens to encourage future prophetic visions. In Turkey, the proper disposal of the placenta and umbilical cord is believed to promote devoutness in the child later in life. In Ukraine, Transylvania, and Japan, interaction with a disposed placenta is thought to influence the parents' future fertility.
Several cultures believe the placenta to be or have been alive, often a relative of the baby. Nepalese think of the placenta as a friend of the baby; Malaysian Orang Asli regard it as the baby's older sibling.[37] Native Hawaiians believe that the placenta is a part of the baby, and traditionally plant it with a tree that can then grow alongside the child.[33] Various cultures in Indonesia, such as Javanese, believe that the placenta has a spirit and needs to be buried outside the family house.
In some cultures, the placenta is eaten, a practice known as placentophagy. In some eastern cultures, such as China, the dried placenta (ziheche 紫河車, literally "purple river cart") is thought to be a healthful restorative and is sometimes used in preparations of traditional Chinese medicine and various health products.[39] The practice of human placentophagy has become a more recent trend in western cultures and is not without controversy; its practice being considered cannibalism is debated.
Some cultures have alternative uses for placenta that include the manufacturing of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and food.
Additional images[edit]
Fetus of about 8 weeks, enclosed in the amnion. Magnified a little over two diameters.
Picture of freshly delivered placenta and umbilical cord wrapped around Kelly clamps
Fresh human placenta
Micrograph of a placental infection (CMV placentitis).
Micrograph of CMV placentitis.
A 3D Power doppler image of vasculature in 20-week placenta
Placenta held.
Schematic view of the placenta
Maternal side of a whole human placenta, just after birth
Fetal side of same placenta
Close-up of umbilical attachment to fetal side of freshly delivered placenta
Ziheche (紫河车), dried human placenta used in traditional Chinese medicine
See also[edit]
Choriovitelline placenta
Caul
Embryo
Uterus
Zygote
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Placenta.
Look up placenta in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Placenta at the Human Protein Atlas
Additional Human placenta photography
The Placenta, gynob.com, with quotes from Williams Obstetrics, 18th Edition, F. Gary Cunningham, M.D., Paul C. MacDonald, M.D., Norman F. Grant, M.D., Appleton & Lange, Publishers.
Evaluation of Hydropic Placentas, by Miller RT, (PDF), ProPath.
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text:
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The phrase shown in metal moveable type, used in printing presses (image reversed for readability)
"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an English-language pangram—a sentence that contains all of the letters of the alphabet. It is commonly used for touch-typing practice, testing typewriters and computer keyboards, displaying examples of fonts, and other applications involving text where the use of all letters in the alphabet is desired. Owing to its brevity and coherence, it has become widely known.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Computer usage
3 Cultural references
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Item from the February 10, 1885 edition of The Boston Journal mentioning the phrase "A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
The earliest known appearance of the phrase is from The Boston Journal. In an article titled "Current Notes" in the February 10, 1885 morning edition, the phrase is mentioned as a good practice sentence for writing students: "A favorite copy set by writing teachers for their pupils is the following, because it contains every letter of the alphabet: 'A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.'"[1] Dozens of other newspapers published the phrase over the next few months, all using the version of the sentence starting with "A" rather than "The".[2] The earliest known use of the phrase in its modern form (starting with "The") is from the 1888 book Illustrative Shorthand by Linda Bronson.[3] The modern form (starting with "The") became more common despite the fact that it is slightly longer than the original (starting with "A").
As the use of typewriters grew in the late 19th century, the phrase began appearing in typing lesson books as a practice sentence. Early examples include How to Become Expert in Typewriting: A Complete Instructor Designed Especially for the Remington Typewriter (1890),[4] and Typewriting Instructor and Stenographer's Hand-book (1892). By the turn of the 20th century, the phrase had become widely known. In the January 10, 1903, issue of Pitman's Phonetic Journal, it is referred to as "the well known memorized typing line embracing all the letters of the alphabet".[5] Robert Baden-Powell's book Scouting for Boys (1908) uses the phrase as a practice sentence for signaling.[6]
The first message sent on the Moscow–Washington hotline on August 30, 1963 was the test phrase "THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOG'S BACK 1234567890".[7] Later, during testing, the Russian translators sent a message asking their American counterparts "What does it mean when your people say 'The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog?'"[8]
During the 20th century, technicians tested typewriters and teleprinters by typing the sentence.[9]
Computer usage[edit]
In the age of computers, this pangram is commonly used to display font samples and for testing computer keyboards. In cryptography, it is commonly used as a test vector for hash and encryption algorithms to verify their implementation, as well as to ensure alphabetic character set compatibility. Microsoft Word has a command to auto-type the sentence, in versions up to Word 2003, using the command =rand(), and in Microsoft Office Word 2007 and later using the command =rand.old().[10]
Examples of how the phrase is used in font display
Cultural references[edit]
Numerous passing references to the phrase have occurred in movies, television, books, video games, advertising, websites, and graphic arts.
The lipogrammatic novel Ella Minnow Pea by Mark Dunn is built entirely around the "Quick Brown Fox" pangram and its inventor. It depicts a fictional country off the South Carolina coast that idealizes the pangram, chronicling the effects on literature and social structure as various letters are banned from daily use by government dictum.[11]
In the fifth episode of the first season of "Philip K. Dick's Electric Dreams" a character recites this phrase over and over again trying to prevent a telepath from reading his mind. She defeats him with an alternative phrase, "The slow black dog bows before the regal fox."
See also[edit]
Etaoin shrdlu
Filler text
Lorem ipsum
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Current Notes". Boston Journal (morning ed.). Boston, Massachusetts. February 10, 1885. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Search for 'quick brown fox'". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Bronson, Linda Pennington (1888). Illustrative Shorthand. San Francisco. p. 76.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Lovisa Ellen (1890). How to Become Expert in Typewriting. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "The Fox Typewriter". Pitman's Phonetic Journal. January 10, 1903.
Jump up ^ Baden-Powell, Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys (PDF). London: Pearson. ISBN 0-665-98794-3.
Jump up ^ "Washington Moscow Hotline". Cryptomuseum.com. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Jump up ^ Rusk, Dean (1991). As I Saw It: A Secretary of State’s Memoirs. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. p. 225.
Jump up ^ Vegter, Wobbe (June 2007). "Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot". ThemNews. 8 (2). Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Jump up ^ "kb212251 Microsoft support". Support.microsoft.com. 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
Jump up ^ Ella Minnow Pea: A Novel in Letters, by Mark Dunn, Anchor, 2001, ISBN 0385722435
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_quick_brown_fox_jumps_over_the_lazy_dog&oldid=832825865"
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Sweet Home Alabama (film)
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This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sweet Home Alabama
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Andy Tennant
Produced by
Neal H. Moritz
Screenplay by
C. Jay Cox
Story by
Douglas J. Eboch
Starring
Reese Witherspoon
Josh Lucas
Patrick Dempsey
Ethan Embry
Mary Kay Place
Fred Ward
Candice Bergen
Jean Smart
Music by
George Fenton
Cinematography
Andrew Dunn
Edited by
Troy Takaki
Tracey Wadmore-Smith
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Original Film
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
September 27, 2002 (2002-09-27)
Running time
109 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$30 million[1]
Box office
$180.6 million[1]
Sweet Home Alabama is a 2002 American romantic comedy film directed by Andy Tennant and starring Reese Witherspoon, Josh Lucas, Patrick Dempsey and Candice Bergen. The film was released by Touchstone Pictures on September 27, 2002. The film takes its title from the Lynyrd Skynyrd song of the same name.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office performance
4.3 Accolades
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 See also
8 External links
Plot[edit]
On a stormy Alabama beach, Jake Perry shows Melanie Smooter the glass sculptures that result when sand is struck by lightning. They discuss their future together, with Jake asserting they will be married one day.
In the present day, Melanie has changed her last name to Carmichael to hide her poor Southern roots. She is a successful up-and-coming fashion designer in New York City. After becoming engaged to Andrew, Melanie goes home alone to Alabama to tell her parents and to procure a divorce from her estranged husband Jake. Andrew's mother, the Mayor of New York, expresses doubt that Melanie is good enough for her son, whom she is grooming to eventually run for President of the United States. Melanie asks Jake why he has returned the divorce papers unsigned for the last seven years; he orders her out of his house, eventually calling the sheriff to intervene. When Melanie's father brings her home from the station, she announces her engagement.
Hoping to spur Jake to sign the papers, Melanie empties out his checking account, after learning that her name is still on it. Jake says he will sign the papers in the morning, lamenting "nobody finds their soulmate when they're ten years old". Following Jake to a local bar, Melanie gets drunk and embarrasses herself in front of her childhood friends, expressing disgust at their lifestyle, confessing that Jake got her pregnant, hence why she married him, and outing a mutual friend, Bobby Ray Bailey. When Melanie wakes up the next morning, the divorce papers are lying on her bed, finally signed by Jake.
Melanie visits the Carmichael plantation to apologize to Bobby Ray, where she is cornered by a man who claims to be a journalist but is actually the mayor's assistant, sent to gather information on Melanie's background. Realizing her predicament, Bobby Ray pretends to be her cousin, backing up her pretense that this is her childhood home. Melanie soon reconciles with her other friends, and learns that Jake followed her to New York City to win her back—intimidated by the size of Manhattan, he returned home determined to make something of himself first. Jake finds Melanie in a graveyard upset over their old dog, and they have a heart to heart about their wedding, the loss of their baby due to miscarriage, and Melanie leaving for a new life. Melanie now realizes why Jake never signed the divorce papers.
Andrew arrives at the Carmichael Plantation to surprise Melanie. Jake takes him to a Civil War reenactment, where Melanie is with her father. On the way, knowing who Andrew is, Jake regales him with the story of "Felony" Melanie Smooter, a young girl who once tied dynamite to a cat's tail and then was arrested after it ran into the bank. When Andrew sees Melanie at the battlefield, she tells him Jake is her former husband. When her father introduces himself as Earl Smooter, Andrew realizes that Melanie has lied to him about who she really is and leaves. Andrew soon appears at Melanie's parents' house, having gotten over the shock and admitting he still wants to marry her, here in Alabama. Once Melanie's friends from New York arrive, they browse at a glazier whose wares they all have admired in New York, only to realize it is Jake.
Melanie's lawyer interrupts the wedding ceremony, bringing the divorce papers that Melanie herself has missed signing. Melanie hesitates, realizing her love for Jake. She wishes Andrew luck in finding a good woman. Andrew, distressed but showing no ill-feelings, wishes her well in return. His mother explodes, berating Andrew for risking his promising political career and verbally attacking Melanie. She then insults the town and Melanie's mother, for which Melanie punches her in the jaw, to the cheers of the crowd.
Melanie, in her wedding gown in the rain, finds Jake planting metal rods in the beach to draw lightning to create more sand sculptures. She tells him they are still married, and asks why he didn't tell her he came to New York. They repeat the conversation from when they were children about why they want to be married. As Jake and Melanie kiss, sheriff Wade "arrests" them and takes them to the bar owned by Jake's mother, where their friends and family are waiting. The pair finally get their long-awaited first dance as husband and wife, to the tune of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama." A mid-credits sequence shows that they have a daughter. Melanie continues to thrive as a designer and Jake opens a "Deep South Glass" franchise in New York. A newspaper clipping announces the wedding of Andrew and a girl named Erin Vanderbilt.
Cast[edit]
Reese Witherspoon as Melanie Smooter-Carmichael. She grew up in Pigeon Creek, Alabama and moved to New York City to follow her dreams. Now a noted fashion designer, she was engaged to the wealthy Andrew Hennings.
Dakota Fanning as Young Melanie
Josh Lucas as Jake Perry. Perry is married to Melanie who has been his best friend since childhood. He lives in Pigeon Creek, Alabama.
Thomas Curtis as Young Jake
Patrick Dempsey as Andrew Hennings. The son of New York City Mayor Kate Hennings, he is engaged to Melanie.
Ethan Embry as Bobby Ray Bailey, one of Melanie's childhood friends. He is outed by Melanie and is a good friend to Jake.
Mary Kay Place as Pearl Smooter, mother of Melanie. She is happily married to Earl Smooter.
Fred Ward as Earl Smooter, Melanie's father. He enjoys participating in re-enactments of the Civil War.
Candice Bergen as Mayor Kate Hennings. The mother of Andrew, she is wary of his relationship with Melanie.
Jean Smart as Stella Kay Perry, the mother of Jake, Melanie's husband. She owns "Stella's", a local tavern.
Melanie Lynskey as Lurlynn, who lives in Pigeon Creek and is a childhood acquaintance of Melanie.
Courtney Gains as Sheriff Wade, a childhood friend of Melanie.
Mary Lynn Rajskub as Dorothea, Wade's wife.
Rhona Mitra as Tabatha Wadmore-Smith, one of Melanie's best friends from New York.
Susannah Halling as the official leader of the Redneck Dancing Association.
Nathan Lee Graham as Frederick Montana, Melanie’s friend and mentor from New York. He is a fashion designer and friendly competitor.
Kevin Sussman as Barry Lowenstein, assistant to Mayor Kate Hennings.
Sean Bridgers as Eldon
Production[edit]
Filming[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Although centered in a fictional version of the town of Pigeon Creek, near a fictional version of Greenville, Alabama, the film was mostly shot in Georgia. The Carmichael Plantation, which Melanie tells the reporter is her childhood home, is the Oak Hill Berry Museum, a historic landmark in Georgia which is on the campus of Berry College in Rome, Georgia.
The streets and storefronts of Crawfordville, Georgia were used as the backdrop for the Catfish Festival and other downtown scenes. The coonhound cemetery was on Moore Street in Crawfordville, and the bar was located at Heavy's Barbecue near the town. Glass that forms when lightning hits sand, as in the film, is called fulgurite.
Jake's glassblowing shop was filmed at an old mill, named Starr's Mill, in Fayette County, Georgia. Wynn's Pond in Sharpsburg, Georgia is the location where Jake lands his plane. The historic homes shown at Melanie's return to Pigeon Creek were shot in Eufaula, Alabama.
The film title and theme song lyrics are from the "Sweet Home Alabama" song by Southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, that first appeared in 1974 on their second album, Second Helping.[2]
Release[edit]
Critical response[edit]
This film received mostly mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, 38% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 157 reviews. A critics consensus reads: "Reese Witherspoon is charming enough, but the road to Alabama is well-traveled."[3]
Roger Ebert, critic for the Chicago Sun Times, awarded it three-out-of-four stars, commenting, "It is a fantasy, a sweet, light-hearted fairy tale with Reese Witherspoon at its center. She is as lovable as Doris Day would have been in this role... So I enjoyed Witherspoon and the local color, but I am so very tired of the underlying premise."[4]
Andrew Sarris, critic for the New York Observer, said that the movie "Would be an unendurable viewing experience for this ultra-provincial New Yorker if 26-year-old Reese Witherspoon were not on hand to inject her pure fantasy character, Melanie Carmichael, with a massive infusion of old-fashioned Hollywood magic."[5]
Box office performance[edit]
The film grossed over US$35 million in its first weekend. By the end of its run in the United States, Sweet Home Alabama grossed over US$130 million, and another US$53,399,006 internationally. With a reported budget of US$30 million, it was a box office hit, despite the mixed reviews.[1]
Accolades[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The film won the following awards:
Association
Category
Recipient
Result
Ref
BMI Film & Television Award BMI Film Music Award George Fenton Won [6]
GLAAD Media Award Outstanding Film — Wide Release Sweet Home Alabama Nominated
Golden Trailer Award Best Romance Secretary Nominated
Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Award Best Contemporary Hair Styling — Feature Anne Morgan Nominated
MTV Movie + TV Award Best Female Performance Reese Witherspoon Nominated
Teen Choice Award Choice Movie — Comedy Sweet Home Alabama Won
Choice Movie Actress — Comedy Reese Witherspoon Nominated
Choice Movie — Villain Candice Bergen Nominated
Choice Movie — Liplock Reese Witherspoon
Josh Lucas
Won
Soundtrack[edit]
Sweet Home Alabama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), the film soundtrack, includes thirteen songs by different artists.[7]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "Sweet Home Alabama" Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, Edward King 3:43
2. "Mine All Mine" Kristyn Osborn, Hollie Poole 3:55
3. "Falling Down" Avril Lavigne, David Alspach, Lauren Christy, Graham Edwards 3:54
4. "Gonna Make You Love Me" Ryan Adams 2:36
5. "To Think I Used to Love You (DJ Homicide Remix)" Uncle Kracker 3:26
6. "Keep Your Hands to Yourself" Daniel J. Baird 3:06
7. "Bring On the Day" Amy Powers, Jeffrey C.J. Vanston 4:33
8. "Long Gone Lonesome Blues" Hank Williams 2:55
9. "You Got Me" Jason Chain 3:44
10. "Now That I Know" Eric Bazilian, Shannon McNally 4:44
11. "Marry Me" Dolly Parton 3:15
12. "Weekend Song" Matt Cantor, Pete Chill, Aston Harvey, Tenor Fly 3:58
13. "Felony Melanie - Sweet Home Alabama Suite (Score)" 5:02
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sweet Home Alabama (2002)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Home Alabama by Lynyrd Skynyrd Songfacts". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Sweet Home Alabama". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved September 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. "Sweet Home Alabama". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Critic Reviews for Sweet Home Alabama". Rottten Tomatoes. Flixster, Inc. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Sweet Home Alabama, retrieved 2018-08-15
Jump up ^ "Various - Sweet Home Alabama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) on Apple Music". iTunes. Retrieved 1 January 2002.
See also[edit]
Alabama portal
Film portal
The Judge - a 2014 film with a similar plot of a protagonist with a successful big city career drawn back to an old hometown.
Middle America
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sweet Home Alabama
Sweet Home Alabama on IMDb
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Films directed by Andy Tennant
Keep the Change (1992)
Desperate Choices: To Save My Child (1992)
The Amy Fisher Story (1993)
It Takes Two (1995)
Fools Rush In (1997)
Ever After (1998)
Anna and the King (1999)
Sweet Home Alabama (2002)
Hitch (2005)
Fool's Gold (2008)
The Bounty Hunter (2010)
Wild Oats (2016)
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Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie – Comedy
There's Something About Mary (1999)
Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me (2000)
Miss Congeniality (2001)
American Pie 2 (2002)
Sweet Home Alabama (2003)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Napoleon Dynamite (2005)
She's the Man (2006)
Knocked Up (2007)
Juno (2008)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
Date Night (2010)
Bad Teacher (2011)
21 Jump Street (2012)
Pitch Perfect (2013)
The Other Woman (2014)
Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
Ride Along 2 (2016)
Finding Dory (2017)
Love, Simon (2018)
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LCCN: no2003022737
VIAF: 184125906
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Home_Alabama_(film)&oldid=856427319"
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2002 films
English-language films
2000s romantic comedy films
American comedy-drama films
American romantic comedy films
American films
Films scored by George Fenton
Films about weddings
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Films set in 2002
American LGBT-related films
Films shot in Georgia (U.S. state)
Touchstone Pictures films
Original Film films
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