text:
Brighton Beach Memoirs
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This article is about the play. For the film based on the play, see Brighton Beach Memoirs (film).
"Brighton Beach Memoirs"
Original Playbill
Written by
Neil Simon
Date premiered
December 10, 1982
Genre
Comedy
Brighton Beach Memoirs is a semi-autobiographical play by Neil Simon, the first chapter in what is known as his Eugene trilogy. It precedes Biloxi Blues and Broadway Bound.
Contents
[hide]
1 Productions
2 Plot overview
2.1 Characters
3 Awards and nominations
4 Reception
5 Film adaptation
6 References
7 External links
Productions[edit]
Brighton Beach Memoirs had a pre-Broadway engagement at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles on December 10, 1982, and following an additional pre-Broadway engagement at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco,[1] the play premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre[2] on March 27, 1983 and transferred to the 46th Street Theatre, where it closed on May 11, 1986 after 1,299 performances and 7 previews. Directed by Gene Saks, the cast featured Matthew Broderick (Eugene Jerome), Elizabeth Franz (Kate Jerome), Peter Michael Goetz (Jack Jerome), Mandy Ingber (Laurie Morton), Željko Ivanek (Stanley Jerome), Jodi Thelen (Nora Morton) and Joyce Van Patten (Blanche Morton). Van Patten joined the cast after Piper Laurie was let go during rehearsals. Scenic design was by David Mitchell, Costumes were by Patricia Zipprodt and lighting was by Tharon Musser.[3][4] Cast Replacements included Fisher Stevens, Doug McKeon, Jon Cryer, Robert Sean Leonard, and Jonathan Silverman as Eugene and Elizabeth Perkins, Josh Hamilton, Stanley Tucci, Anita Gillette, Patrick Breen and Dick Latessa in other roles.
Broadway revival
A revival opened on Broadway on October 25, 2009 at the Nederlander Theatre. Directed by David Cromer, the cast featured Laurie Metcalf as Kate Jerome and Dennis Boutsikaris as Jack Jerome, with Santino Fontana as Stanley Jerome, Jessica Hecht as Blanche, Gracie Bea Lawrence as Laurie, Noah Robbins as Eugene and Alexandra Socha as Nora.[5][6]
The production was planned to run in repertory with Broadway Bound, which was to feature the same cast with the exception of Josh Grisetti, who was to assume the role of the "older" Eugene (played by Noah Robbins in the earlier play) and Allan Miller in the role of Ben. The two plays were produced and promoted as "The Neil Simon Plays".[7] Despite generally positive reviews from New York critics, Brighton Beach Memoirs closed on November 1, 2009 after 9 performances and 25 previews due to weak ticket sales. Subsequently, the planned production of Broadway Bound was cancelled.[8]
The New York Times, in analyzing the revival's failure, wrote that "What went wrong with 'Brighton Beach Memoirs' is a case study in success and failure on Broadway today. There were no big stars like Jude Law in the current commercial hit 'Hamlet,' there was no marketing campaign that framed the Simon play as a can’t-miss theatrical event, and there was no wow factor that brought the period piece to life, like the breakneck pacing of the popular farce 'Boeing-Boeing' last year. But the failure also reflects America’s evolving sense of humor and taste... It actually received good reviews, but the play was shuttered because people, for whatever reason, did not want to see the Simon show about a Depression-era family laughing through the tears. The show cost $3 million to produce but never grossed more than $125,000 a week in ticket sales during preview performances — or 15 percent of the maximum possible — an amount that did not even cover running costs."[9]
Plot overview[edit]
Set in the Brighton Beach section of Brooklyn, New York in September 1937 during The Great Depression, this coming-of-age comedy focuses on Eugene Morris Jerome, a Polish-Jewish American teenager who experiences puberty, sexual awakening, and a search for identity as he tries to deal with his family, including his older brother Stanley, his parents Kate and Jack, Kate's sister Blanche, and her two daughters, Nora and Laurie, who come to live there after their father's death.
Characters[edit]
Eugene Morris Jerome, almost 15
Blanche Morton, 38: Eugene's widowed aunt
Kate Jerome, about 40: Eugene's mother, a strong Jewish matriarch
Laurie Morton, 13: Eugene's younger cousin, has heart problems
Nora Morton, 16½: Eugene's beautiful older cousin
Stanley Jerome, 18½: Eugene's older brother
Jacob "Jack" Jerome, about 40: Eugene's father
Awards and nominations[edit]
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play (Broderick, winner; Ivanek, nominee)
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Play (Franz, nominee)
Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play (winner)
Theatre World Award (Broderick, winner)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding New Play (nominee)
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play (Broderick, nominee)
New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Play (winner)
Reception[edit]
The play became popular on Broadway. In 1983 Dolores Dolan of The New York Times said that after it achieved popularity on Broadway, the community of Brighton Beach "attracted some notice" when it had historically "receive[d] little attention".[10]
Film adaptation[edit]
In 1986 the play was adapted into a movie directed by Gene Saks with the screenplay by Neil Simon. The cast featured Jonathan Silverman (Eugene), Blythe Danner (Kate), Bob Dishy (Jack), Lisa Waltz (Nora), Brian Drillinger (Stanley), Stacey Glick (Laurie), and Judith Ivey (Blanche). The film frequently breaks the fourth wall by having Eugene speak directly to the camera.
Roger Ebert, in his review for the Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "The movie feels so plotted, so constructed, so written, that I found myself thinking maybe they shouldn't have filmed the final draft of the screenplay. Maybe there was an earlier draft that was a little disorganized and unpolished, but still had the jumble of life in it.... The movie was directed by Gene Saks, who directs many of Simon's plays on both the stage and the screen, and whose gift is for the theater. His plays have the breath of life; his movies feel like the official authorized version. Everything is by the numbers."[11][12]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ SHN Season History: 1983
Jump up ^ "Neil Simon Theatre". Nederlander Organization. Since 1927, this theatre was known as the Alvin. It was renamed in 1983 to honor America’s most prolific playwright, Neil Simon...
Jump up ^ *Brighton Beach Memoirs at the Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank. "Theater Review. Neil Simon's Brighton Beach' " The New York Times, March 28, 1983
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben."Theater review. Neil Simon’s Jeromes, at Home at the Nederlander" The New York Times, October 26, 2009
Jump up ^ *Brighton Beach Memoirs (2009 revival) at the Internet Broadway Database
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Jones, Kenneth. "'Brighton Beach Memoirs' and 'Broadway Bound' to Play the Nederlander"[permanent dead link] Playbill, June 17, 2009
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Broadway's Neil Simon Plays Will Close Nov. 1" Archived 2012-06-06 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill, October 31, 2009
Jump up ^ Healy, Patrick. Neil Simon Flop May Be a Case of the Missing ‘Wow’ " The New York Times, November 1, 2009
Jump up ^ Dolan, Dolores. "IF YOU'RE THINKING OF LIVING IN: BRIGHTON BEACH." The New York Times. June 19, 1983. Retrieved on October 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. " 'Brighton Beach Memoirs' " Chicago Sun-Times, December 25, 1986
Jump up ^ Brighton Beach Memoirs on IMDb
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brighton Beach Memoirs
New York City portal
Theatre portal
1980s portal
Judaism portal
Brighton Beach Memoirs at the Internet Broadway Database
Brighton Beach Memoirs at ThatTheatreSite
2009 Broadway Revival Official Website
[hide]
v
t
e
Neil Simon
Plays
Come Blow Your Horn (1961)
Barefoot in the Park (1963)
The Odd Couple (1965)
The Star-Spangled Girl (1966)
Plaza Suite (1968)
Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1969)
The Gingerbread Lady (1970)
The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1971)
The Sunshine Boys (1972)
The Good Doctor (1973)
God's Favorite (1974)
California Suite (1976)
Chapter Two (1977)
I Ought to Be in Pictures (1980)
Fools (1981)
The Female Odd Couple (1981)
Brighton Beach Memoirs (1983)
Biloxi Blues (1985)
Broadway Bound (1986)
Rumors (1988)
Lost in Yonkers (1991)
Jake's Women (1992)
Laughter on the 23rd Floor (1993)
London Suite (1995)
Proposals (1997)
The Dinner Party (2000)
45 Seconds from Broadway (2001)
Rose's Dilemma (2003)
Oscar and Felix: A New Look at the Odd Couple (2004)
Musicals
Little Me (1962)
Sweet Charity (1966)
Promises, Promises (1968)
They're Playing Our Song (1979)
The Goodbye Girl (1993)
Films
After the Fox (1966)
Barefoot in the Park (1967)
The Odd Couple (1968)
The Out-of-Towners (1970)
Plaza Suite (1971)
Last of the Red Hot Lovers (1972)
The Heartbreak Kid (1972)
The Prisoner of Second Avenue (1975)
The Sunshine Boys (1975)
Murder by Death (1976)
The Goodbye Girl (1977)
The Cheap Detective (1978)
California Suite (1978)
Chapter Two (1979)
Seems Like Old Times (1980)
Only When I Laugh (1981)
I Ought to Be in Pictures (1982)
Max Dugan Returns (1983)
The Lonely Guy (1984)
The Slugger's Wife (1985)
Brighton Beach Memoirs (1986)
Biloxi Blues (1988)
The Marrying Man (1991)
Broadway Bound (1992)
Lost in Yonkers (1993)
The Odd Couple II (1998)
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History of Jhelum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Jhelum (disambiguation).
Sohail Gate, Rohtas Fort.
The recorded history of Jhelum (Urdu: تاريخ جہلم), a district of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years. It has since its creation been dominated by Persian, Greek, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, Sikh and British influences to present-day Pakistan.
Jhelum is near the site of the famous Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander the Great and Raja Porus. This battle took place a few miles downstream from the city centre, along the river banks. The city was founded to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Bucephalus, and was originally called Bucephala. Nearby there is also the historic 16th century Rohtas Fort, another historic fort since Sikh era located at the backside of main bus stand near Railway Phatak Jhelum City now being used as stores under Railway Authorities and also Tilla Jogian; a centuries-long history of the area.
Contents
1 Early history
2 Greek period
3 Early Muslim period
4 Mughal era
5 Sikh era
6 British era
7 Independence
8 Military history
9 Etymology
10 References
Early history[edit]
The history of the district dates back to the semi-mythical period of the Mahabharata. Hindu tradition represents the Salt Range as the refuge of the five Pandava brethren during the period of their exile, and every salient point in its scenery is connected with some legend of the national heroes. Modern research has fixed the site of the conflict between Alexander and Porus as within Jhelum district, though the exact spot at which the Macedonian king effected the passage of the Jhelum (or Hydespes) has been hotly disputed.
Greek period[edit]
Ancient graveyard of Alexander's period.
Alexander moved from ancient Taxila of Raja Ambhi, whom he subdued without fight, to Kalar Kahar. From there he moved over the Salt Range, turning left, along the western bank of River Jhelum, which he called Hydaspes. Opposite him on the other bank was a Raja Porus. They fought one of the biggest and most fierce battle of Alexander's whole campaign, which eventually Alexander won, after using a surprise move against the valiant Porus but with great difficulty and a heavy loss of life on Alexander's side too. Before moving further, along the river Alexander established a village on west bank of the River and ordered construction of 2000 boats. Greek Admiral Nearches was to arrange wood from nearby higher hills which would be floated down the River and hauled up at this point. He called this village as Boucephila (present-day Jhelum City). The Jhelum River passes vying with the residential areas of the city.
The mosque inside the river is a famous landmark most commuters on the Grand Trunk Road even today. Alexander's Naval Chief was assigned the task of boats building on a very large scale. Therefore, the craftsmen on a large scale were gathered, hence the modern colonies in the city were named as Machine Mohallahs (Number 1, 2 and 3), because of saw mills. Jhelum became timber market for whole of Punjab over the millenniums. It was only after construction of Mangla Dam that log wood does not float down the river and the city has lost this privilege. There is a plywood factory also, which is flourishing. Greeks left marks of their chivalry and martial spirit which mixed up well with the races and clans dwelling in the area.[1]
Early Muslim period[edit]
In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin, In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region in including the Jhelum District. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.
The Janjuas and Jats, who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been the earliest inhabitants.[2]
The Gakhars, who appear to represent an early wave of conquest from the west, and who still inhabit a large tract in the east of the District; while the Awans, who now cluster in the western plain, are apparently later invaders, the Gakhars were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring District of Rawalpindi.[2]
Mughal era[edit]
During the flourishing period of the Mughal dynasty, the Gakhar chieftains were among the most prosperous and loyal vassals of the house of Babar.The heirs of Mughal tribes spread with the bank of river Jhelum and the main locations of Mughal tribes started to live in Chak Nazar, Khardiyala and Mong Rasool, chotala, Motagarbi, shamasAbad, Pandoori, chak Mughlan, Qazi Chak, and else where. These Mughal tribes belong to highest clan "Barlas" Mughal. They even lived as open declared Mughal Tribes during the hard period of British. They did not lose their identity and lived with honours. After the 1923 Flood in river Jhelum.These Mughal Families migrated to different parts of Jhelum and Gujrat. As the record shows that they were known as big land owners in Jhelum and Gujrat.One of the family of Mirza Khan Muhammad and Mirza Doust Muhammad, shifted to village Aima Afghana, having lands denoted by the British Government.Mirza Khan Muhammad had four sons, named Mirza Sarwar Baig, Mirza Aslam Baig, Mirza Sadiq Baig and Mirza Bashir Baig.
Sikh era[edit]
A Fort in Jhelum City, built during Sikh era.
In 1765 Gujar Singh defeated the last independent Gakhars Chief, Muqarrrab Khan, and reduced the wild mountaineers of the Salt Range and the Murree Hills to subjection. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the Sikh invaded and occupied Multan District. The Muslims faced severe restrictions during the Sikh rule. Gujar Singh's son succeeded to his dominions until 1810, when it fell to Ranjit Singh. Under the Lahore government the dominant classes of Jhelum suffered much from fiscal actions; and the Janjua, Gakhar and Awan families who had a feudal and aristocratic influence in the area, gradually lost their landed estates, which passed into the hands of their Jat dependents.[2]
British era[edit]
In 1847 Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories into the power of the British.In 1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and made a vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped on the night following the action, the main body. Being subsequently arrested by the Kashmir authorities, into whose territory they had escaped. British established administration at district level and Jhelum District, which originally was covering large area including Pindigheb and territory up to Indus river, was delimited later to include tehsils of Jhelum, Chakwal and Pind Dadan Khan, with District Headquarters shifting from Pind Dadan Khan to Jhelum. During the 20th Century, this city has a proud history of chivalry and achievements.[3]
During British rule, Jhelum was a district of Rawalpindi Division, and was larger than the current district of Jhelum. On April 1, 1914, the tehsil of Talagang was detached from the District and incorporated with the new District of Attock. The old Jhelum district (minus Talagang) covered an area of 2,813 square miles (7285 km2) and included Chakwal tehsil - it was bounded by Shahpur and Attock to the west, and by Rawalpindi to the north - the Jhelum River separated it from Kashmir to the north-east and from Gujrat and Shahpur to the south-east and south.[2]
During British rule, Jhelum was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire, 1,367 miles from Calcutta, 1,413 from Bombay, and 849 from Karachi. The population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,951.[4]
According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India:
"The present town is of modern origin, the old town, which may have been the Bucephala of Alexander having been, on the left or opposite bank of the river. Under Sikh rule the place was quite unimportant, being mainly occupied by a settlement of boatmen, and at the time of annexation contained about 500 houses. It was then chosen as the site of a cantonment and as the headquarters of the civil administration. For some years it was the seat of the Commissioner of the Division, but in 1859 his headquarters were transferred to Rawalpindi. Under British rule Jhelum has steadily advanced in prosperity; and it is the entrepôt for most of the trade of the District, though, since the completion of the Sind-Sāgar branch of the North-Western Railway; the salt trade no longer passes through it. It is an important timber dépôt, the timber from the Kashmir forests which is floated down the river being collected here. A good deal of boat-building is carried on. The cantonment, which is 3 miles from the civil station, contains the church and post office. The normal strength of the garrison is one Native cavalry and four Native infantry regiments. The municipality was founded 1867. During the ten years ending 1902-3 the receipts averaged Rs. 32,100, and the expenditure Rs, 31,900. Receipts and expenditure from cantonment funds in the same period averaged Rs. 31,900 and Rs. 6,100 respectively. The chief income of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs. 34,200 chiefly from octroi; and the expenditure was Rs. 41,000. The town has two Anglo vernacular schools, a municipal high school, and a middle school maintained by the American Presbyterian Mission. Besides the civil hospital, the mission also maintains a ."[4]
Marble Lectern in memory of 35 British soldiers.
During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Indian Mutiny, 35 British soldiers of the Regular 24th Regiment of Foot were killed at the Battle of Jhelum by mutineers from the Honourable East India Companies 14th Bengal Native Infantry (roughly 500 of the soldiers mutinied with roughly 100 of the Sikh soldiers remaining loyal). Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring.[5]. A lectern inside St. John's Church Jhelum shows the names of those 35 soldiers. St. John's Church is located in the Jhelum Cantonment, Pakistan beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and remains a landmark in the city. It was built as a Protestant church, and was in use throughout the British period. For the past forty years it has been closed to the public and in poor condition, however it has since[when?] been renovated and reopened and is now maintained.
The British soldier William Connolly won a Victoria Cross for his bravery during this battle. Mirza Dildar Baig, also known as Khaki Shah, took part in the mutiny at Jhelum and was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists. He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by authorities in Kashmir and later hanged near the river Jhelum. His grave is in a shrine in Jhelum Dildarnagar, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him.
The railway bridge on the river Jhelum was built in 1873 by the British engineer William St. John Galwey. He also made the great Empress Bridge over the river Sutlej.
Independence[edit]
The predominantly Muslim population supported both the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. After the independence of Pakistan and partition from India in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs were displaced to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Jhelum District.
Military history[edit]
Jhelum has long been a key recruiting ground for the Armed Forces and has a history of providing large number of soldiers in particular. It has sent men to serve first in the Honourable East India Company Army then the British Army and more recently to the Pakistan Armed Forces. As a result it is known locally as city of soldiers or land of martyrs and warriors.[6] During the First World War, Jhelum was notable for providing a significant number of recruits to the Indian Expeditionary Force and, as a result, became a strong source of recruits for the British Indian Army right up to independence.
The first Victoria Cross to be awarded to a son of Jhelum (the highest Imperial, British and Commonwealth award for gallantry) was earned by Subedar Khuda Dad Khan during the First World War whilst fighting in Belgium. Later another son of Jhelum was to be awarded its equivalent; the Nishan-e-Haider of Pakistan. Major Muhammad Akram (Shaheed) received his award posthumously for his actions during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
It is of note that when Pakistan declared independence in 1947, three out the four senior major generals of the new Pakistan Army were from Jhelum: Major General Muhammad Akbar, Major General Nazir Ahmed and Major General Muhammad Iftekhar. Other senior Pakistani military officers of note, who have originated from Jhelum, are; Air Commodore Muhammad Khan Janjua, General Asif Nawaz Janjua and Admiral Tariq Kamal Khan. Colonel Muhammad Khan, the author of Bajang Amad and Bazam Araian, also came from Jhelum.
Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen from Jhelum have distinguished themselves in combat from the time of the British Raj through the World Wars and the more recent conflicts with India. As a result several have won gallantry awards and accolades.[7]
Etymology[edit]
Anjum Sultan Shahbaz records some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as:[8]
“ Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum. One reason is that in ancient days Jhelum was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing besides the City) which has its origin in the snow-capped Himalayas.[9]
However some writers says when “Dara-e-Azam” reached a certain place on the river bank by winning the many battles, he fixed his flag on that place and called that place “Ja-e-Alam” which mean “Place of Flag”. With the passage of time it became Jhelum from “Ja-e-Alam”.
According to a traditional story, Hazrat Saeed Bin Abi Waqas, brother of Hazrat Saad Bin Abi Waqas, was sent to China for preaching Islam, during his journey he reached at city of Jhelum, he saw the shadow of city in water of the river and said “هذا جهيلم” (this is jheelum), which means “City besides river, in full moon night”.
Here a notable point is that in English its spellings are Jhelum or Jheelum, not Jehlum.
Ahmed Shah Abdali also used “Jheelum” in place of Jhelum and “Harian” for Kharian in his Diary.
”
( Shahbaz, Anjum Sultan (September 2003). Tareekh-e-Jhelum (urdu). history of jhelum (2nd ed.). Book Corner, Main Bazar, Jhelum. p. 92. )
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greek era of Jhelum
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jhelum District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 152
Jump up ^ http://pakistaniat.com/2007/02/24/pakistan-jehlum-alexander-taxila-hydaspes-porus-boucephila/
^ Jump up to: a b Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14, p. 159-160
Jump up ^ The London Gazette, 19 May 1858 http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/22141/pages/2492/page.pdf
Jump up ^ BBC NEWS - City of Soldiers
Jump up ^ Jhelum history
Jump up ^ Tareekh-e-Jhelum, page 92 by Anjum Sultan Shahbaz
Jump up ^ The District Jhelum Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine.
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Microtubule organizing center
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) is a structure found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules emerge. MTOCs have two main functions: the organization of eukaryotic flagella and cilia and the organization of the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus, which separate the chromosomes during cell division. The MTOC is a major site of microtubule nucleation and can be visualized in cells by immunohistochemical detection of γ-tubulin. The morphological characteristics of MTOCs vary between the different phyla and kingdoms.[1] In animals, the two most important types of MTOCs are the basal bodies associated with cilia and the centrosome associated with spindle formation.
Contents
[hide]
1 Organization
2 In interphase
3 Centrosomes
4 Basal body
5 Spindle pole body
6 In plants
7 Signal transduction
8 References
9 External links
Organization[edit]
Microtubule-organizing centers function as the site where microtubule formation begins, as well as a location where free-ends of microtubules attract to.[2] Within the cells, microtubule-organizing centers can take on many different forms. An array of microtubules can arrange themselves in a pinwheel structure to form the basal bodies, which can lead to the formation of microtubule arrays in the cytoplasm or the 9+2 axoneme. Other arrangements range from fungi spindle pole bodies to the eukaryotic chromosomal kinetochores (flat, laminated plaques). MTOCs can be freely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm or centrally localized as foci. The most notable MTOCs are the centrosome at interphase and the mitotic spindle poles.
Centrioles can act as markers for MTOCs in the cell.[2] If they are freely distributed in the cytoplasm, centrioles can gather during differentiation to become MTOCs. They can also be focused around a centrosome as a single MTOC, though centrosomes can work as an MTOC absent of centrioles.
In interphase[edit]
Most animal cells have one MTOC during interphase, usually located near the nucleus, and generally associated closely with the Golgi apparatus. The MTOC is made up of a pair of centrioles at its center, and is surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM) that is important for microtubule nucleation. Microtubules are anchored at the MTOC by their minus ends, while their plus ends continue to grow into the cell periphery. The polarity of the microtubules is important for cellular transport, as the motor proteins kinesin and dynein typically move preferentially in the "plus" and "minus" directions respectively, along a microtubule, allowing vesicles to be directed to or from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Particularly for the Golgi apparatus, structures associated with the apparatus travel towards the minus end of a microtubule and aid in the overall structure and site of the Golgi in the cell.[3]
Centrosomes[edit]
Main article: Centrosomes
Movements of the microtubules are based on the actions of the centrosome.[1] Each daughter cell after the cessation of mitosis contains one primary MTOC.[2] Before cell division begins, the interphase MTOC replicates to form two distinct MTOCs (now typically referred to as centrosomes). During cell division, these centrosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and nucleate microtubules to help form the mitotic/meiotic spindle. If the MTOC does not replicate, the spindle cannot form, and mitosis ceases prematurely.[1]
γ-tubulin is a protein located at the centrosome that nucleates the microtubules by interacting with the tubulin monomer subunit in the microtubule at the minus end.[1] Organization of the microtubules at the MTOC, or centrosome in this case, is determined by the polarity of the microtubules defined by y-tubulin.[1]
Basal body[edit]
Main article: Basal body
In epithelial cells, MTOCs also anchor and organize the microtubules that make up cilia. As with the centrosome, these MTOCs stabilize and give direction to the microtubules, in this case to allow unidirectional movement of the cilium itself, rather than vesicles moving along it.
Spindle pole body[edit]
Main article: Spindle pole body
In yeasts and some algae, the MTOC is embedded into the nuclear envelope as a spindle pole body. Centrioles do not exist in the MTOCs of yeast and fungi.[1] In these organisms, the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and the spindle pole body serves to connect cytoplasmic with nuclear microtubules. The disc-shaped spindle pole body is organized into three layers: the central plaque, inner plaque, and outer plaque. The central plaque is embedded in the membrane, while the inner plaque is an amorphous intranuclear layer, and the outer plaque is the layer located in the cytoplasm.[1]
In plants[edit]
Plant cells lack centrioles or spindle pole bodies except in their flagellate male gametes, and they are entirely absent in the conifers and flowering plants.[4] Instead, the nuclear envelope itself appears to function as the main MTOC for microtubule nucleation and spindle organization during plant cell mitosis.
Signal transduction[edit]
The MTOC reorients itself during signal transduction, primarily during wound repair or immune responses.[5] The MTOC is relocalized to a position between the edge of the cell and the nucleus in cells like macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Organelles like the Golgi apparatus aid in the reorientation of the MTOC which can occur rapidly. Transduction signals cause microtubules to grow or contract, as well as cause the centrosome to become motile. The MTOC is located in a perinuclear position and contains the negative ends of microtubules while the positive ends grow rapidly towards the edge of the cell. The Golgi apparatus reorients along with the MTOC, and together cause the cell to seemingly send a polarized signal.[5]
In immune responses, upon interaction with a target cell in response to antigen-specific loaded antigen-presenting cells, immune cells, such as the T cells, natural killer cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, localize their MTOCs near the contact zone between the immune cell and the target cell. For T cells, the T cell receptor signaling response causes the reorientation of the MTOC by microtubules shortening to bring the MTOC to the site of interaction of the T cell receptor.[5]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Francis, Susan; Trisha Davis (1999). "The spindle pole body of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Architecture and assembly of the core components". Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Elsevier. 49: 105–132. doi:10.1016/s0070-2153(99)49006-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brinkley, B.R. (1985). "Microtubule Organizing Centers". Annual Review of Cell Biology. 1: 145–172. doi:10.1146/annurev.cb.01.110185.001045.
Jump up ^ Kreis, Thomas (1990). "Role of Microtubules in the Organisation of the Golgi Apparatus". Cell Motility and Cytoskeleton. 15: 67–70. doi:10.1002/cm.970150202.
Jump up ^ Marshall, W.F. (2009) Centriole Evolution. Current Opinion in Cell Biology 21(1), 14–19. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2009.01.008
^ Jump up to: a b c Sancho, David; Miguel Vicente-Manzanares; Maria Mittelbrunn; Maria Montoya; Monica Gordon-Alonso; Juan Serrador; Francisco Sanchez-Madrid (11 December 2002). "Regulation of Microtubule Organizing Center Orientation and Actomyosin Cytoskeleton Rearrangement During Immune Interactions". Immunological Reviews. Wiley Online Library. 189 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.18908.x.
External links[edit]
MBInfo - MTOC Figure
MeSH A11.284.195.190.750.585
[hide]
v
t
e
Structures of the cell / organelles (TH H1.00.01.2-3)
Endomembrane system
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Parenthesome
Autophagosome
Vesicles
Exosome
Lysosome
Endosome
Phagosome
Vacuole
Acrosome
Cytoplasmic granules
Melanosome
Microbody
Glyoxysome
Peroxisome
Weibel–Palade body
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
MTOCs
Centrosome
Centriole
Basal body
Spindle pole body
Myofibril
Endosymbionts
Mitochondrion
Plastids
Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Gerontoplast
Leucoplast
Amyloplast
Elaioplast
Proteinoplast
Tannosome
Other internal
RNA
Ribosome
Spliceosome
Vault
Cytoplasm
Proteasome
External
Undulipodium
Cilium
Flagellum
Axoneme
Radial spoke
Extracellular matrix
Cell wall
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Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council
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Gem & Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) is an organisation set up by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India) with aim to promote the Indian gem and jewellery industry and its products. It was established in 1966 and represents almost 6,000 exporters. It has its headquarters in Mumbai and regional Offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Surat and Jaipur.[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-13. Retrieved 2016-02-21. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
External links[edit]
https://www.gjepc.org
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gem_and_Jewellery_Export_Promotion_Council&oldid=809488130"
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Dominick the Donkey
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Dominick the Donkey"
"Dominic the Donkey" re-release cover
Song by Lou Monte
Language
English
Released
December 1960
September 28, 2011 (re-release)
Genre
Folk, country
Length
2:35
Label
Roulette Records,
Dexterity Records
Songwriter(s)
Ray Allen, Sam Saltzberg, Wandra Merrell
"Dominick the Donkey" is a Christmas song written by Ray Allen, Sam Saltzberg and Wandra Merrell, and was recorded by Lou Monte in 1960, on Roulette Records. The song describes a donkey who helps Santa Claus bring presents ("made in Brooklyn") to children in Italy "because the reindeer cannot climb" Italy's hills. The song was re-released onto Amazon on September 26, 2011, on Dexterity Records.[1] The spelling of "Dominick" was modified to "Dominic" for the re-release. It was included in Volume 2 of the Ultimate Christmas Album series produced by Collectables Records and on the Christmas compilation album Merry Xmas 2011 by Cinquenta Musica.[2]
The song was listed at No. 14 in Billboard's "Bubbling under the Hot 100" list in December 1960.[3] The fact that Santa Claus owns a donkey is later referenced in the 1977 television special Nestor the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey. In that special, the donkey's name is "Spieltote," who is voiced by Roger Miller and who is the narrator.
Christmas 2011 number 1 campaign[edit]
In the United Kingdom, the song was used extensively on the BBC Radio 1 morning programme The Chris Moyles Show in reference to Newsbeat newsreader and regular show contributor Dominic Byrne around the Christmas 2011 period. It appeared in the Singles Chart in that country following a campaign by Chris Moyles. In the week leading up to Christmas of 2011, the show hinted at users to download the song from iTunes and Amazon. This led to the song being the No. 2 song on the British iTunes chart between December 19–25, 2011.[4] The song eventually peaked at No. 3 on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending December 31, 2011. Had the song reached No. 1, it would have achieved the record for longest time between release and reaching the summit of the British charts. The song did, however, out-chart many other campaigns in the race for the Christmas No. 1, most notably campaigns for Nirvana and Alex Day.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1960)
Peak
position:
US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[3] 14
Chart (2011)
Peak
position:
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[5] 3
UK Download (Official Charts Company)[6] 2
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[7] 3
Chart (2014)
Peak
position:
US Holiday Digital Songs (Billboard)[8] 23
US Holiday 100 (Billboard)[9] 69
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Dominick the Italian Christmas Donkey by Lou Monte". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Ultimate Christmas Album 2 on Amazon.com, retrieved 20 December 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard, 26 December 1960, page 33.
Jump up ^ "Dominick the Donkey could beat X-Factor stars Little Mix to UK Christmas no. 1". pocket-lint.com. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Lou Monte - Chart history". www.billboard.com. January 11, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lou Monte - Chart history". www.billboard.com. January 11, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominick_the_Donkey&oldid=825022171"
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text:
Home rule
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the former political party called Home Rule Party, see Irish Parliamentary Party.
Home rule is government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.[1] It is thus the power of a constituent part (administrative division) of a state to exercise such of the state's powers of governance within its own administrative area that have been decentralized to it by the central government.
In the British Isles, it traditionally referred to self-government, devolution or independence of its constituent nations—initially Ireland, and later Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In the United States and other countries organised as federations of states, the term usually refers to the process and mechanisms of self-government as exercised by municipalities, counties, or other units of local government at the level below that of a federal state (e.g., US state, in which context see special legislation). It can also refer to the similar system under which Greenland and the Faroe Islands are associated with Denmark.
Home rule is not, however, comparable with federalism. Whereas states in a federal system of government (e.g., Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Switzerland, Brazil, Ethiopia and the United States) have a guaranteed constitutional existence, a devolved home rule system of government is created by ordinary legislation and can be reformed, or even abolished, by repeal or amendment of that ordinary legislation.
A state legislature may, for example, create home rule for a county or parish (or its townships), so that a county commission, parish council, or Board of supervisors may have jurisdiction over its unincorporated areas, including important issues like zoning. (Without this, a US county is simply an extension of state government.) The legislature can also establish or eliminate municipal corporations, which have home rule within town or city limits through the city council. The state government could also abolish counties/townships, or their governments, according to the state constitution and state law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ireland
2 India
3 Scotland
4 England
5 United States
5.1 U.S. States
5.2 District of Columbia
5.3 Native American reservations
6 Faroe Islands
7 Greenland
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
Ireland[edit]
Main article: Irish Home Rule movement
The issue of Irish home rule was the dominant political question of British and Irish politics at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.[2]
From the late nineteenth century, Irish leaders of the Home Rule League, the predecessor of the Irish Parliamentary Party, under Isaac Butt, William Shaw, and Charles Stewart Parnell demanded a form of home rule, with the creation of an Irish parliament within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This demand led to the eventual introduction of four Home Rule Bills, of which two were passed, the Third Home Rule Act won by John Redmond and most notably the Government of Ireland Act 1920 (which created the home rule parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland – the latter state did not in reality function and was replaced by the Irish Free State).
The home rule demands of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century differed from earlier demands for Repeal by Daniel O'Connell in the first half of the nineteenth century. Whereas home rule meant a constitutional movement towards a national All-Ireland parliament in part under Westminster, repeal meant the repeal of the 1801 Act of Union (if need be, by physical force) and the creation of an entirely independent Irish state, separated from the United Kingdom, with only a shared monarch joining them.
1886: First Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in the House of Commons.
1893: Second Irish Home Rule Bill passed by the House of Commons, vetoed in the House of Lords.
1914: Third Irish Home Rule Bill passed to the statute books, temporarily suspended by intervention of World War I (1914–1918), finally following the Easter Rising in Dublin (1916).
1920: Fourth Irish Home Rule Act (Government of Ireland Act 1920) fully implemented in Northern Ireland and partially implemented in Southern Ireland.
Liberal leader Joseph Chamberlain led the battle against Home Rule in Parliament. He broke with the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone who insisted on Home Rule, and in 1886 formed a new party, the Liberal Unionist Party. It helped defeat Home Rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used anti-Catholicism to built a base for the new party among "Orange" Nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.[3][4] Liberal Unionist John Bright coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."[5]
India[edit]
Main article: Indian Home Rule movement
Several nationalist leaders banded together in 1916 under the leadership of Annie Besant to voice a demand for self-government, and to obtain the status of a Dominion within the British Empire as enjoyed by Australia, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Newfoundland at the time.
While enjoying considerable popularity for some years, its growth and activity were stalled by the rise of Mohandas Gandhi and his satyagraha art of revolution: non-violent, but mass-based civil disobedience, aimed at complete independence.
Scotland[edit]
Main article: History of Scottish devolution
In a similar fashion to Ireland, supporters of home rule in Scotland have historically desired greater levels of devolved governance within the United Kingdom. Although the term 'home rule' has been largely superseded by 'devolution', the home rule movement can be seen as the forerunner to the creation of the current devolved Scottish Parliament.
Administrative devolution was granted to Scotland, with the creation of the Scottish Office, in 1885. In the mid-20th century, the home rule movement became significant, campaigning for a Scottish assembly. Between 1947 and 1950, the Scottish Covenant, a petition requesting a Scottish legislature within the UK, received over two million signatures. It was not until 1979 that devolution entered the political sphere – the Scottish devolution referendum, 1979 was held. Despite a vote of 51.6% in favour of devolution, the Scotland Act 1978 was not put into effect due to a requirement that the 'Yes' vote receive the support of 40% of the electorate, which was not met on 63.8% turnout. In 1999, due to the success of a second referendum, the Scottish Parliament was created.
England[edit]
Main article: West Lothian question
English home rule has been discussed in relation to proposals for constitutional changes regarding England following the 2014 Scottish independence referendum.[6]
United States[edit]
U.S. States[edit]
Main article: Home rule in the United States
In the United States, some states constitutionally or legislatively grant home rule to cities, counties, and municipalities within their borders. These are called "home rule states." Local governments in home rule states are free to pass laws and ordinances as they see fit to further their operations, within the bounds of the state and federal constitutions. In other states, local governments have only the authority expressly granted to them by state legislatures, typically in accordance with the legal principle known as Dillon's Rule.
District of Columbia[edit]
Main article: District of Columbia home rule
The US Constitution gives jurisdiction over the capital city (District of Columbia or Washington, D.C.) to the United States Congress in "all cases whatsoever". This arrangement is due to the fact that the District is neither a state, nor part of a state. At certain times, and presently since 1973, Congress has provided for D.C. government to be carried out primarily by locally elected officials. However, congressional oversight of this local government still exists, and locally elected officials' powers could theoretically be revoked at any time.
Native American reservations[edit]
Main article: Tribal sovereignty in the United States
The United States federal government provides limited self-rule to some federally recognised Native American tribes over their lands on reservations. Tribal lands are recognised as "dependent domestic nations" and operate a parallel system of governance and law independent of the state which the reservation lies within, sometimes including separate police forces. For instance, some tribes are permitted to operate gambling establishments and produce narcotics which may be illegal in the surrounding state or states. Reservations are not states and have no direct representation in Congress, and the citizens vote as citizens of the state the reservation lies within. Furthermore, unlike the sovereignty of state legislatures, tribal sovereignty and land ownership are not guaranteed by the Constitution and is granted only by an act of Congress, which can be repealed or altered at any time.
Faroe Islands[edit]
The Faroe Islands is a self-governing country in the Danish Realm. Home rule was granted by the Parliament of Denmark in 1948, with further autonomy granted in 2005.[7] Denmark's monarch is the Faroese head of state. The Faroe Islands are not part of the European Union, even though Denmark is.
Greenland[edit]
Main article: History of Greenland § Home rule
Greenland is a self-governing country in the Danish Realm. Following a referendum in Greenland where the majority favored a higher degree of autonomy, home rule was granted by the Parliament of Denmark in 1979.[8] After another referendum, further autonomy was granted in 2009.[8] Denmark's monarch is Greenland's head of state. Greenland is not part of the European Union, even though Denmark is.
See also[edit]
Autonomous communities of Spain
Federation
Basque and Pyrenean fueros
Devolution, the practice of a national power granting specific powers to a region, state, or province
Municipal home rule, the legal ability in most American states where voters can adopt a home rule charter granting the municipal government greater local control
Home Rule Cities Act, an example of Municipal Home Rule
Scottish National Party (SNP)
Protectorate
References[edit]
Jump up ^ []https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/home_rule
Jump up ^ McConnel, James (17 February 2011). "Irish Home Rule: An imagined future". BBC History. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
Jump up ^ D. W. Bebbington (2014). The Nonconformist Conscience. Routledge. p. 93.
Jump up ^ Travis L. Crosby (2011). Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist. I.B.Tauris. pp. 74–76.
Jump up ^ Hugh Cunningham (2014). The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832-1918. pp. 134–.
Jump up ^ Greenslade, Roy (22 September 2014). "English 'home rule' - what the national newspapers say". Greenslade blog - The Guardian. Retrieved 23 September 2014.
Jump up ^ State Department of Denmark: The Faroe Islands Home Rule Arrangement.
^ Jump up to: a b State Department of Denmark: The Greenlandic Home Rule Arrangement.
Further reading[edit]
Lloyd-Jones, Naomi (August 2014). "Liberalism, Scottish Nationalism and the Home Rule crisis, c.1886-1893". The English Historical Review. 129 (539): 862–887. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceu209.
[hide]
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Unitary state
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Regional state
See also
Constituent state
Autonomy
Autonomous area
Decentralization
Home rule
Multinational state
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Subsidiarity
Supranationalism
Tribal sovereignty
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text:
Know Your Enemy (Rage Against the Machine song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Know Your Enemy"
Song by Rage Against the Machine featuring Maynard James Keenan
from the album Rage Against the Machine
Released
November 3, 1992
Genre
Rap metal
alternative metal
Length
4:55
Label
Epic
Composer(s)
Tim Commerford, Zack de la Rocha, Tom Morello, Brad Wilk
Lyricist(s)
Zack de la Rocha
Producer(s)
Garth 'GGGarth' Richardson, Rage Against the Machine
Audio sample
file
help
"Know Your Enemy" is a song by the American rap metal band Rage Against the Machine. It features Tool vocalist Maynard James Keenan on vocals during the bridge section.[1] The Allmusic describes the song as "immediately memorable" and "surprisingly straightforward",[2] while music critic Joel McIver cited it as "a standout track" of the album.[3]
Contents
1 Breakdown
2 Album vs demo
3 Political statements
4 References
Breakdown[edit]
The song is in common time. The song's intro, in a moderate tempo of 84 BPM, makes use of Tom Morello's toggle switch to switch between a pickup that is turned off, and one that is on, creating a tremolo effect. Morello's effect is to imitate 70's classic rock synthesizer sounds.[4] This is accompanied by Tim Commerford's slap bass, making this the only other track on the album to use the technique besides "Take the Power Back." After this, it starts up in a faster, punk-ish riff at a tempo of 114. This then leads into the verse, another fast paced riff centered upon the bass. Both the main and secondary riffs were written by Timmy C on an acoustic bass. The song is in the key of F# minor. The chorus then returns to the original riff again, and then returns to the verse. Then, the song goes into a slower, 4/4 beat with palm muted guitar, background percussion by Stephen Perkins and the trance-like vocals of Maynard James Keenan performing his famous words ("I've got no patience now/so sick of complacence now/sick of you/time has come to pay", 34 words including repeated lines). It was planned that Perkins' Jane's Addiction bandmate Perry Farrell would be doing the section but was absent leading to Maynard as his replacement on short notice.[5] All is brought to an end by Tom Morello's guitar solo using the DigiTech Whammy pedal harmonizer setting (as opposed to the pitch shifter setting used during the solo of "Killing in the Name") and toggle switch until the tempo slows down dramatically with a false ending.[6] The guitar chord dissolves on a sludgy note resemblant of the intro to Black Sabbath's "Iron Man".[citation needed] It goes back to the verse riff with Zack speaking the line "All of which are American dreams" eight times, finishing well after the band stops playing.
Album vs demo[edit]
The album version is not the same as the demo version. The original is over 30 seconds shorter with no singing, uses distortion under the guitar solo without any 32nd notes or whammy pedal, and is notable for the misspelling of "defiance" as D-E-F-I-E-N-C-E. There is also an alternate drum breakdown and the "Compromise..Conformity.." section is not present. In its place is a rant that includes bonus profanity. The context is also made clearer regarding the line "As we move into '92" considering the song was first recorded a year earlier.
Political statements[edit]
The song is one of many off the album which contain anti-war and anti-authoritarian lyrics.[7][8][9] The song's main message is that the American government is contradictory when it touts itself as the land of the free yet is run by an elitist enterprise, and that you should question authority figures who determine what you are able to believe. That message is evident in lines such as, "What? The land of the free? Whoever told you that is your enemy!", "As we move into '92, still in a room without a view!" and "Yes I know my enemies! They're the teachers that taught me to fight me!" The song ends with the following lines:
Compromise
Conformity
Assimilation
Submission
Ignorance
Hypocrisy
Brutality
The Elite
All of which are American dreams! [10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McIver, Joel (2009). Unleashed: The Story of Tool. London: Music Sales Group. ISBN 0857120409.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). Allmusic. San Francisco: Backbeat Books/All Media Guide. p. 326. ISBN 0-87930-627-0.
Jump up ^ Mciver, Joel (2002). Nu-Metal- the Next Generation of Rock & Punk. London: Omnibus Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-7119-9209-6.
Jump up ^ "RAGE AGAINST THE MACHINE FIGHTS THE POWER". Philadelphia Inquirer. December 8, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Tom Morello Gives Us Some Further Insight into RATM and Tool’s History" (2012-12-21). FourthEye.net. Retrieved 2018-08-20.
Jump up ^ "Songs Using a Whammy Pedal" (2017-07-18). Guitar Gear Finder. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
Jump up ^ "Rage: Do-it-yourself rock music". The Washington Times. November 25, 1993.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (November 8, 1993). "Pop and Jazz in Review". The New York Times. The New York Times Company.
Jump up ^ Blecha, Peter (2004). Taboo Tunes. San Francisco: Backbeat Books. p. 176. ISBN 0-87930-792-7.
Jump up ^ Stark, Jeff (September 24, 1997). "Disposable Heroes of Hypocrisy". SF Weekly.
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"No Shelter"
"Guerrilla Radio"
"Sleep Now in the Fire"
"Testify"
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"How I Could Just Kill a Man"
Other songs
"I'm Housin"
"Kick Out the Jams"
"Know Your Enemy"
"Maggie's Farm"
"Microphone Fiend"
"Street Fighting Man"
"Tire Me"
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Rage Against the Machine Tour
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Related articles
Discography
Songs
Political views and activism
Audioslave
Prophets of Rage
Inside Out
Lock Up
One Day as a Lion
Street Sweeper Social Club
The Nightwatchman
WAKRAT
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Know_Your_Enemy_(Rage_Against_the_Machine_song)&oldid=865772502"
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values: Renegades (Rage Against the Machine album)

values: Live & Rare (Rage Against the Machine album)

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values: Know Your Enemy (canción de Rage Against the Machine) – Spanish

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