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When I'm Gone (Eminem song)
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"When I'm Gone"
Single by Eminem
from the album Curtain Call: The Hits
Released
December 6, 2005
Format
12"
CD
digital download
Recorded
March 2004
Genre
Hip hop
Length
4:41
Label
Aftermath
Shady
Interscope
Songwriter(s)
Marshall Mathers
Luis Resto
Producer(s)
Eminem
Luis Resto (add.)
Eminem singles chronology
"Welcome 2 Detroit"
(2005) "When I'm Gone"
(2005) "Shake That"
(2006)
"Welcome 2 Detroit"
(2005) "When I'm Gone"
(2005) "Shake That"
(2006)
Curtain Call: The Hits track listing
"Just Lose It"
(15) "When I'm Gone"
(16) "Stan" (live)
(17)
Music video
"When I'm Gone" on YouTube
"When I'm Gone" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.
"When I'm Gone" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. The song charted at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100,[1] number 22 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart,[1] number four on the UK Singles Chart[2] and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the latter being the only country where it peaked at number one.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Critical reception
3 Music video
4 Track listing
5 Charts
6 Certifications
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
“When I’m Gone” was written in 2003 and released in 2005 by Shady Records, on the album Curtain Call: The Hits. It was thought at the time that this album would mark the beginning of an extended musical hiatus for Eminem, who had said "I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going...This is the reason that we called it Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing. We don't know."[4]
The song's lyrics pertain to Eminem's life as a celebrity musician interfering with his family. Eminem uses imagery to evoke a feeling of sadness about his family falling apart.
The music video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler. Tarick Salmaci, from the TV show The Contender, makes an appearance in the video with his wife.
Critical reception[edit]
AllMusic wrote a mixed to positive overview: "There's the closing "When I'm Gone," a sentimental chapter in the Eminem domestic psychodrama that bears the unmistakable suggestion that Em is going away for a while. While it's not up to the standard of "Mockingbird," it is more fully realized than the two other new cuts here..."[5] Pitchfork considered: "When I'm Gone" is an all desolate placeholder—lesser version of Eminem songs that already piss me off. "Gone" is the worst offender, yet another love letter from Em to daughter Hailie, it, like Encore's "Mockingbird", is heavy-handed and saccharine."[6]
IGN also panned the single: "The latter, however, is another prime example of the beat dragging Eminem down. The sluggish, lumbering bump causes his lyrics to stumble and sound forced in their delivery. The heartfelt storyline would have been better served drenched in some warm, fuzzy, but ultimately mournful soul instead."[7] NME called this song disappointing.[8] Sputnik Music wrote a mixed review: "Eminem gives a powerful vocal performance, with some rather touching lyrics and a nice chorus. However, much like much of his previous work on Encore, it gets bogged down in a repetitive and boring beat."[9] Rolling Stone agreed.[10]
Music video[edit]
The music video starts with Eminem rapping on a podium about his life at a small gathering. He's at an open house where he completely ignores his daughter's creations but before he can see the error of his actions, it is too late. As he watches her walk away, he raps "Then turn right around in that song and tell her you love her/And put hands on her mother, who's a spitting image of her", feeling remorse for writing songs about being violent towards Kim, who is Hailie's mother, and wonders how he could be a good parent.
Then, he is confronted by his daughter piling boxes in front of the door to prevent him from leaving. He convinces his daughter to let him go but she insists to give him a necklace with her picture. He then finds himself in a hotel room and then on a stage where he raps. At the end of his performance on the stage, he finds his daughter has followed him and tells him of the divorce.
Afterwards, Eminem goes backstage as the "bad" Slim Shady and looks in a mirror. He then punches it as a way of "killing" Slim Shady. He then finds himself back at home playing with his daughters on the swing. The video ends with him being applauded at the podium.
The video features his daughter Hailie Jade Mathers and an actress as his ex-wife Kim Mathers, from whom Eminem was divorced when the song was released. Kim's daughter Whitney Laine Scott, whom Eminem thinks of as his own daughter, is also featured as herself towards the end of the video. She is the younger girl on the swing, at the moment in the lyrics when he says "Hailie just smiles and winks at her little sister".[11][12]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[13]
"When I'm Gone" (Explicit Version) – 4:41
"Business" (Explicit Version) – 4:11
"When I'm Gone" (Instrumental) – 4:42
UK CD single[14]
"When I'm Gone" (Explicit Version) – 4:41
"Business" (Explicit Version) – 4:11
"When I'm Gone" (Instrumental) – 4:41
"When I'm Gone" (Video) – 4:41
German CD single[15]
"When I'm Gone" (Explicit Version) – 4:41
"Business" (Explicit Version) – 4:11
Charts[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[3] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16] 7
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17] 8
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18] 26
Brazilian Singles Chart (ABPD)[19] 56
Eurochart Hot 100 (Billboard)[20] 3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[21] 3
Germany (Media Control AG)[22] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[23] 5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24] 6
New Zealand (RIANZ)[25] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[26] 4
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28] 7
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[2] 4
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[29] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[30] 8
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[31] 96
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32] 13
US Rap Songs (Billboard)[33] 22
US Pop 100 (Billboard)[34] 7
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Germany (BVMI)[35]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[36]
Gold 10,000
United States (RIAA)[37]
4× Platinum 4,000,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Eminem – Charts & Awards – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved May 10, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eminem" (select "View Singles" tab). The Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eminem – When I'm Gone". australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Knopper, Steve (August 2005). "Rock & Roll: Eminem Takes a Final Bow?". Rolling Stone.
Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Curtain Call: The Hits - Eminem - Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards - AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Curtain Call". IGN. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NME Reviews - Eminem: Curtain Call – The Hits - NME.COM". NME.COM. November 30, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem - Curtain Call: The Hits (album review 2) - Sputnikmusic". Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Curtain Call: The Hits Album Review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Eminem – When I'm Gone. YouTube (June 16, 2009).
Jump up ^ Kim Mathers Biography. Monstersandcritics.com. Archived 2012-12-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ iTunes – Music – When I'm Gone – EP by Eminem. Itunes.apple.com (December 16, 2005).
Jump up ^ When I'm Gone: Amazon.co.uk: Music. Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ When I'M Gone (2-Track): Amazon.co.uk: Music. Amazon.co.uk.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in German). austriancharts.at. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Dutch). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in French). ultratop.be. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: European Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". finnishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Chartverfolgung / Eminem / Single" (in German). musicline.de. Media Control Charts. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Discography Eminem". irish-charts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 3, 2006". top40.nl. Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original (in Dutch) on August 22, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". charts.org.nz. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". norwegiancharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in German). hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Pop Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem Album & Song Chart History: Rap Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles". Macrovision. Allmusic. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Eminem; 'When I'm Gone')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Eminem – When I'm Gone". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 28, 2018. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
"When I'm Gone" Official music video on YouTube
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Run It!" by Chris Brown featuring Juelz Santana ARIA (Australia) number-one single
January 29, 2006 Succeeded by
"Run It!" by Chris Brown featuring Juelz Santana
[hide]
v
t
e
Eminem songs
Songs discography
Videography
Production discography
Awards and nominations
D12 discography
Bad Meets Evil
Slim Shady EP
"Just Don't Give a Fuck"
The Slim Shady LP
"My Name Is"
"Role Model"
"Guilty Conscience"
The Marshall Mathers LP
"The Real Slim Shady"
"The Way I Am"
"Stan"
The Eminem Show
"Without Me"
"Cleanin' Out My Closet"
"Superman"
"Sing for the Moment"
"Business"
8 Mile soundtrack
"Lose Yourself"
Encore
"Just Lose It"
"Mosh"
"Encore"
"Like Toy Soldiers"
"Mockingbird"
"Ass Like That"
Curtain Call: The Hits
"When I'm Gone"
"Shake That"
Eminem Presents: The Re-Up
"You Don't Know"
"Jimmy Crack Corn"
Relapse
"Crack a Bottle"
"We Made You"
"3 a.m."
"Old Time's Sake"
"Beautiful"
Refill
"Forever"
"Hell Breaks Loose"
"Elevator"
"Music Box"
Recovery
"Not Afraid"
"Love the Way You Lie"
"No Love"
"Space Bound"
The Marshall Mathers LP 2
"Berzerk"
"Survival"
"Rap God"
"The Monster"
"Headlights"
Shady XV
"Guts Over Fear"
"Detroit vs. Everybody"
Southpaw soundtrack
"Phenomenal"
"Kings Never Die"
Revival
"Walk on Water"
"Untouchable"
"River"
"Nowhere Fast"
"Framed"
Collaborations
"Dead Wrong"
"Forgot About Dre"
"The Watcher"
"Renegade"
"Rock City"
"Hellbound"
"Rap Name"
"Shit Hits the Fan"
"One Day at a Time"
"Welcome 2 Detroit"
"Smack That"
"Touchdown
"Drop the World"
"Roman's Revenge"
"Love the Way You Lie (Part II)"
"That's All She Wrote"
"I Need a Doctor"
"Writer's Block"
"Throw That"
"My Life"
"C'mon Let Me Ride"
"Numb"
"Calm Down"
"Best Friend"
"No Favors"
"Revenge"
Other songs
"'97 Bonnie & Clyde"
"Kim"
"Bitch Please II"
"White America"
"'Till I Collapse"
"The Warning"
"Won't Back Down"
"Bad Guy"
"Rhyme or Reason"
"Legacy"
"So Far..."
"Campaign Speech"
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Categories:
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text:
Failure to Launch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Failure to Launch
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Tom Dey
Produced by
Scott Rudin
Scott Aversano
Written by
Tom J. Astle
Matt Ember
Starring
Matthew McConaughey
Sarah Jessica Parker
Zooey Deschanel
Justin Bartha
Bradley Cooper
Terry Bradshaw
Kathy Bates
Music by
Rolfe Kent
Cinematography
Claudio Miranda
Edited by
Steven Rosenblum
Production
company
Scott Rudin Productions
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
March 10, 2006
Running time
97 minutes
Language
English
Budget
$50 million
Box office
$128.4 million
Failure to Launch is a 2006 American romantic comedy film directed by Tom Dey, and starring Matthew McConaughey and Sarah Jessica Parker. The film focuses on a 35-year-old man who lives in the home of his parents and shows no interest in leaving the comfortable life his parents, especially his mother, have made for him there. It was released on March 10, 2006, and grossed over $128 million.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Box office
3.2 Critical response
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Tripp (Matthew McConaughey), a 35-year-old man, is still living with his parents Al (Terry Bradshaw) and Sue (Kathy Bates) in Baltimore. Tripp's best friends Demo (Bradley Cooper) and Ace (Justin Bartha) are also still living in their parents' homes and seem proud of it. Tripp has a number of meaningless romances; when he gets sick of the women, he scares them off by inviting them to “his place,” and after seeing he lives at home, they promptly dump him, leaving him free again. Al and Sue are fascinated when their friends, whose adult son recently moved away from home, reveal that they hired an expert to get their son to move out.
The expert is Paula (Sarah Jessica Parker), who believes that men continue to live at home because they have low self-esteem. Her approach is to establish a relationship with the man to build his confidence and transfer his attachment from his parents to her. However, upon meeting Tripp, she finds that he does not fit any of her previous profiles, having normal social skills and no problems with self-esteem. He also has a good job which he enjoys. After an awkward encounter with his parents, Paula thwarts his attempt to dump her and has sex with him, all the while developing real feelings for him. She and Tripp find themselves sailing unfamiliar waters and confide in their friends.
Paula's vocation exasperates her roommate Kit (Zooey Deschanel), who believes that Paula took the job because she once had her heart broken by a man who lived with his parents. Paula, on the other hand, is shocked when she finds out why Tripp lives at home: his life collapsed when his fiancée suddenly died, and his family has been his source of solace ever since.
Ace discovers what is going on and blackmails Paula for a date with Kit; although Kit is more attracted to Demo, she and Ace wind up falling in love. Ace then outs Paula to Demo, who in turn reveals all to Tripp. Tripp angrily confronts his parents and breaks up with Paula. Wracked with guilt, Paula refunds Al's and Sue's money. After an awkward confrontation, Tripp manages to forgive his parents, but he cannot forgive Paula for manipulating him.
Tripp's parents and friends devise a plan to reconcile the two lovers. They tie up and gag Tripp and lock him and Paula together in a room. Paula pours her heart out to him, and he finally forgives her. The film ends with Al and Sue in their empty nest, happily singing "Hit the Road, Tripp," fading into the closing credits playing the Ray Charles song, and Tripp sailing away with Paula on his newly purchased boat.
Cast[edit]
Matthew McConaughey as Tripp
Sarah Jessica Parker as Paula
Zooey Deschanel as Katherine "Kit"
Justin Bartha as Philip "Ace"
Bradley Cooper as Demo
Terry Bradshaw as Al
Kathy Bates as Sue
Adam Alexi-Malle as Mr. Axelrod
Tyrel Jackson Williams as Jeffrey
Katheryn Winnick as Melissa
Rob Corddry as Gun Salesman
Patton Oswalt as Techie Guy
Mageina Tovah as Barista
Stephen Tobolowsky as Bud
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its opening weekend, the film grossed a total of $24.6 million, ranking first in the United States box office results for that weekend. The film grossed a total of around $90 million in the United States box office and made $128,406,887 worldwide.[1]
Critical response[edit]
The film received negative reviews from critics, gaining only 24% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 143 reviews.[2] Film critic Richard Roeper stated the film was "completely unbelievable". Some otherwise negative reviews singled out Zooey Deschanel's performance as the film's highlight.[3][4][5] Stephanie Zacharek of Salon wrote that "Even with a relatively small role, she blows the whole movie to smithereens".[3]
See also[edit]
Parasite single
Boomerang Generation
Twixters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Failure to Launch". BoxOfficeMojo.com. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Failure to Launch at Rotten Tomatoes
^ Jump up to: a b Zacharek, Stephanie (10 March 2006). "Failure to Launch". Salon.com. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Rabin, Nathan. "Failure To Launch | Film | Review". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Current Movie Reviews, Independent Movies". Film Threat. 2006-04-16. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
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Timeline of World War II
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This is a timeline of events over the period of World War II. Because of length it is subdivided into pages by year, as well as events preceding the war:
Timeline of events preceding World War II
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Timeline of World War II (1940)
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Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II (41-45)
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Cell junction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cell junction
Details
Identifiers
Latin
junctiones cellulares
TH
H1.00.01.0.00012
FMA
67394
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
A cell junction (or intercellular bridge[1]) is a type of structure that exists within the tissue of some multicellular organisms, such as animals. Cell junctions consist of multiprotein complexes that provide contact between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix. They also build up the paracellular barrier of epithelia and control the paracellular transport. Cell junctions are especially abundant in epithelial tissues.
Cell junctions are especially important in enabling communication between neighboring cells via specialized proteins called communicating junctions. Cell junctions are also important in reducing stress placed upon cells.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Anchoring junctions
1.1.1 Desmosomes
1.1.2 Hemidesmosomes
1.1.3 Adherens Junctions
1.2 Communicating (GAP) junctions
1.3 Tight junctions
1.3.1 Proteins
1.3.1.1 Roles
1.4 Tricellular junctions (TCJ)
2 Cell junction molecules
3 References
4 External links
Types[edit]
Some examples of cell junctions
In vertebrates, there are three major types of cell junction:
Adherens junctions, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes (anchoring junctions)
Gap junctions[2] (communicating junction)
Tight junctions (occluding junctions)
Invertebrates have several other types of specific junctions, for example septate junctions or the C. elegans apical junction.
In multicellular plants, the structural functions of cell junctions are instead provided for by cell walls. The analogues of communicative cell junctions in plants are called plasmodesmata.
Anchoring junctions[edit]
Cells within tissues and organs must be anchored to one another and attached to components of the extracellular matrix. Cells have developed several types of junctional complexes to serve these functions, and in each case, anchoring proteins extend through the plasma membrane to link cytoskeletal proteins in one cell to cytoskeletal proteins in neighboring cells as well as to proteins in the extracellular matrix .[3]
Three types of anchoring junctions are observed, and differ from one another in the cytoskeletal protein anchor as well as the transmembrane linker protein that extends through the membrane:
Junction
Cytoskeletal anchor
Transmembrane linker
Ties cell to:
Desmosomes Intermediate filaments Cadherin Other cells
Hemidesmosomes Intermediate filaments Integrins EC matrix
Adherens junctions Actin filaments Cadherin / Integrins Other cells / EC matrix
Anchoring-type junctions not only hold cells together but provide tissues with structural cohesion. These junctions are most abundant in tissues that are subject to constant mechanical stress such as skin and heart.[3]
Desmosomes[edit]
This image shows a desmosome junction between cells of the epidermal layer of the skin.
Desmosomes, also termed as maculae adherentes, can be visualized as rivets through the plasma membrane of adjacent cells. Intermediate filaments composed of keratin or desmin are attached to membrane-associated attachment proteins that form a dense plaque on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane. Cadherin molecules form the actual anchor by attaching to the cytoplasmic plaque, extending through the membrane and binding strongly to cadherins coming through the membrane of the adjacent cell.[4]
Hemidesmosomes[edit]
Hemidesmosomes form rivet-like links between cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components such as the basal laminae that underlie epithelia. Like desmosomes, they tie to intermediate filaments in the cytoplasm, but in contrast to desmosomes, their transmembrane anchors are integrins rather than cadherins.[5]
Adherens Junctions[edit]
Adherens junctions share the characteristic of anchoring cells through their cytoplasmic actin filaments. Similarly to desmosomes and hemidesmosomes, their transmembrane anchors are composed of cadherins in those that anchor to other cells and integrins in those that anchor to extracellular matrix. There is considerable morphologic diversity among adherens junctions. Those that tie cells to one another are seen as isolated streaks or spots, or as bands that completely encircle the cell. The band-type of adherens junctions is associated with bundles of actin filaments that also encircle the cell just below the plasma membrane. Spot-like adherens junctions help cells adhere to extracellular matrix both in vivo and in vitro where they are called focal adhesions. The cytoskeletal actin filaments that tie into adherens junctions are contractile proteins and in addition to providing an anchoring function, adherens junctions are thought to participate in folding and bending of epithelial cell sheets. Thinking of the bands of actin filaments as being similar to 'drawstrings' allows one to envision how contraction of the bands within a group of cells would distort the sheet into interesting patterns[3]
Communicating (GAP) junctions[edit]
Communicating junctions, or gap junctions allow for direct chemical communication between adjacent cellular cytoplasm through diffusion without contact with the extracellular fluid.[6] This is possible due to six connexin proteins interacting to form a cylinder with a pore in the centre called a connexon.[7] The connexon complexes stretches across the cell membrane and when two adjacent cell connexons interact, they form a complete gap junction channel.[6][7] Connexon pores vary in size, polarity and therefore can be specific depending on the connexin proteins that constitute each individual connexon.[6][7] Whilst variation in gap junction channels do occur, their structure remains relatively standard, and this interaction ensures efficient communication without the escape of molecules or ions to the extracellular fluid.[7]
Gap junctions play vital roles in the human body,[8] including their role in the uniform contractile of the heart muscle.[8] They are also relevant in signal transfers in the brain, and their absence shows a decreased cell density in the brain.[9] Retinal and skin cells are also dependent on gap junctions in cell differentiation and proliferation.[8][9]
Tight junctions[edit]
Found in vertebrate epithelia, tight junctions act as barriers that regulate the movement of water and solutes between epithelial layers. Tight junctions are classified as a paracellular barrier which is defined as not having directional discrimination; however, movement of the solute is largely dependent upon size and charge. There is evidence to suggest that the structures in which solutes pass through are somewhat like pores.
Physiological pH plays a part in the selectivity of solutes passing through tight junctions with most tight junctions being slightly selective for cations. Tight junctions present in different types of epithelia are selective for solutes of differing size, charge, and polarity.
Proteins[edit]
There have been approximately 40 proteins identified to be involved in tight junctions. These proteins can be classified into four major categories; scaffolding proteins, signalling proteins, regulation proteins, and transmembrane proteins.
Roles[edit]
Scaffolding Proteins – organise the transmembrane proteins, couple transmembrane proteins to other cytoplasmic proteins as well as to actin filaments.
Signaling Proteins – involved in junctions assembly, barrier regulation, and gene transcription.
Regulation Proteins – regulate membrane vesicle targeting.
Transmembrane Proteins – including junctional adhesion molecule (JAM), occludin, and claudin. It is believed that claudin is the protein molecule responsible for the selective permeability between epithelial layers.
A three-dimensional image is still yet to be achieved and as such specific information about the function of tight junctions is yet to be determined.
Tricellular junctions (TCJ)[edit]
Tricellular junctions (TCJ) seal epithelia at the corners of three cells. Due to the geometry of three-cell vertices, the sealing of the cells at these sites requires a specific junctional organization, different from bicellular junctions. In vertebrates, TCJs components are Tricellulin and lipolysis-stimulated lipoprotein receptors. In invertebrates TCJs components are Gliotactin and Anakonda.[10]
The cartoon of epithelium cells connected by tri-cellular-junctions (TCJ) at the regions where three cells meet.
Additionally to the barrier functions, TCJ are also implicated in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization and cell divisions. In particular they ensure that cells divide according to the Hertwig rule. In Drosophila epithelium during cell divisions TCJs establish physical contact with spindle apparatus through astral microtubules. TJCs excert pulling force on the spindle apparatus and serve as a geomentrical clues to determine orientation of cell divisions.[11]
Cell junction molecules[edit]
The molecules responsible for creating cell junctions include various cell adhesion molecules. There are four main types: selectins, cadherins, integrins, and the immunoglobulin superfamily.[12]
Selectins are cell adhesion molecules that play an important role in the initiation of inflammatory processes.[13] The functional capacity of selectin is limited to leukocyte collaborations with vascular endothelium. There are three types of selectins found in humans; L-selectin, P-selectin and E-selectin. L-selectin deals with lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, P-selectin deals with platelets and endothelium and E-selectin deals only with endothelium. They have extracellular regions made up of an amino-terminal lectin domain, attached to a carbohydrate ligand, growth factor-like domain (EGF) and short repeat units (numbered circles) that match the complimentary binding protein domains.[14]
Cadherins are calcium-dependent adhesion molecules. Cadherins are extremely important in the process of morphogenesis – fetal development. Together with an alpha-beta catenin complex, the cadherin can bind to the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of the cell. This allows for homophilic cell–cell adhesion.[15] The β-catenin–α-catenin linked complex at the adherens junctions allows for the formation of a dynamic link to the actin cytoskeleton.[16]
Integrins act as adhesion receptors, transporting signals across the plasma membrane in multiple directions. These molecules are an invaluable part of cellular communication, as a single ligand can be used for many integrins. Unfortunately these molecules still have a long way to go in the ways of research.[17]
Immunoglobulin superfamily are a group of calcium independent proteins capable of homophilic and heterophilic adhesion. Homophilic adhesion involves the immunoglobulin-like domains on the cell surface binding to the immunoglobulin-like domains on an opposing cell’s surface while heterophilic adhesion refers to the binding of the immunoglobulin-like domains to integrins and carbohydrates instead.[18]
Cell adhesion is a vital component of the body. Loss of this adhesion effects cell structure, cellular functioning and communication with other cells and the extracellular matrix and can lead to severe health issues and diseases.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson. "Ch. 13: Box on morphology of squamous cell carcinoma". Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2973-7.
Jump up ^ Andrew L Harris; Darren Locke (2009). Connexins, A Guide. New York: Springer. p. 574. ISBN 978-1-934115-46-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Yan HH, Mruk DD, Lee WM, Cheng CY (2008). "Cross-talk between tight and anchoring junctions-lesson from the testis". Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 636: 234–54. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09597-4_13. PMID 19856171.
Jump up ^ Lie PP, Cheng CY, Mruk DD (2011). "The biology of the desmosome-like junction a versatile anchoring junction and signal transducer in the seminiferous epithelium". Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 286: 223–69. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385859-7.00005-7. PMID 21199783.
Jump up ^ Gipson IK, Spurr-Michaud SJ, Tisdale AS (April 1988). "Hemidesmosomes and anchoring fibril collagen appear synchronously during development and wound healing". Dev. Biol. 126 (2): 253–62. doi:10.1016/0012-1606(88)90136-4. PMID 3350210.
^ Jump up to: a b c Evans WH, Martin PE (2002). "Gap junctions: structure and function (Review)". Mol. Membr. Biol. 19 (2): 121–36. doi:10.1080/09687680210139839. PMID 12126230.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lampe PD, Lau AF (July 2004). "The effects of connexin phosphorylation on gap junctional communication". Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36 (7): 1171–86. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00264-4. PMC 2878204  . PMID 15109565.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Abstracts: Proceedings of the International Gap Junction Conference. August 5–9, 2007. Elsinore, Denmark". Cell Commun. Adhes. 14 (6): 275–346. 2007. doi:10.1080/15419060801891042. PMID 18392995.
^ Jump up to: a b Wei CJ, Xu X, Lo CW (2004). "Connexins and cell signaling in development and disease". Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20: 811–38. doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111301.144309. PMID 15473861.
Jump up ^ Byri S, Misra T, Syed ZA, Batz T, Shah J, Boril L, Glashauser J, Aegerter-Wilmsen T, Matzat T, Moussian B, Uv A, Luschnig S (2015). "The triple-repeat protein Anakonda controls epithelial tricellular junction formation in Drosophila". Developmental Cell. 33 (5): 535–48. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.023. PMID 25982676.
Jump up ^ Bosveld F, Markova O, Guirao B, Martin C, Wang Z, Pierre A, Balakireva M, Gaugue I, Ainslie A, Christophorou N, Lubensky DK, Minc N, Bellaïche Y (2016). "Epithelial tricellular junctions act as interphase cell shape sensors to orient mitosis". Nature. 530: 496–8. doi:10.1038/nature16970. PMID 26886796.
Jump up ^ Lodish; et al. (2007). Molecular Cell Biology (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 803. ISBN 1429203145.
Jump up ^ Tedder TF, Steeber DA, Chen A, Engel P (July 1995). "The selectins: vascular adhesion molecules". FASEB J. 9 (10): 866–73. PMID 7542213.
Jump up ^ Bevilacqua MP, Nelson RM (February 1993). "Selectins". J. Clin. Invest. 91 (2): 379–87. doi:10.1172/JCI116210. PMC 287934  . PMID 7679406.
Jump up ^ Rowlands TM, Symonds JM, Farookhi R, Blaschuk OW (January 2000). "Cadherins: crucial regulators of structure and function in reproductive tissues". Rev. Reprod. 5 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1530/revreprod/5.1.53. PMID 10711736.
Jump up ^ Brembeck FH, Rosário M, Birchmeier W (February 2006). "Balancing cell adhesion and Wnt signaling, the key role of β-catenin". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16 (1): 51–9. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2005.12.007. PMID 16377174.
Jump up ^ Hynes RO (September 2002). "Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines". Cell. 110 (6): 673–87. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00971-6. PMID 12297042.
Jump up ^ Wai Wong C, Dye DE, Coombe DR (2012). "The role of immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules in cancer metastasis". Int J Cell Biol. 2012: 340296. doi:10.1155/2012/340296. PMC 3261479  . PMID 22272201.
3. From CCH(2010)
External links[edit]
Alberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2002). "Cell Junctions". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
Intercellular Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Cell-Matrix Junctions at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell junctions.
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t
e
Histology: Epithelial proteins (TH H1.00.01.1)
Lateral/cell-cell
Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction
Cadherin
Desmosome
Desmoglein
Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon
Connexin
Cytoskeleton: Desmosome
Desmoplakin
Plakoglobin
Tonofibril
other membrane proteins: Tight junction
Claudin
Occludin
MARVELD2
Basal/cell-matrix
Basal lamina
Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril
Focal adhesion
Costamere
Apical
Cilia/Kinocilium
Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC)
[show]
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e
Structures of the cell membrane
Membrane lipids
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
Proteolipids
Sphingolipids
Sterols
Membrane proteins
Membrane glycoproteins
Integral membrane proteins/transmembrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein/Lipid-anchored protein
Other
Caveolae/Coated pits
Cell junctions
Glycocalyx
Lipid raft/microdomains
Membrane contact sites
Membrane nanotubes
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Nuclear envelope
Phycobilisomes
Porosomes
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text:
Production drawing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Production drawings[1][2][3] (sometimes called working drawings) are complete sets of drawings that detail the manufacturing and assembly of products (as distinct from engineering drawings prepared by and/or for production engineers whose task it to decide how best to manufacture the products).
Machine operators, production line workers and supervisors all use production drawings.
Design engineers also use orthographic or pictorial views called "working cases" to record their ideas. These preliminary sketches are used as the basis for both the component and assembly drawings. Production drawings are 'drawn' (graphic) information prepared by the design team for use by the construction or production team, the main purpose of which is to define the size, shape, location and production of the building or component'.
Orthographic projections are often supplied, giving views of machine parts and their assembly in an accessible form akin to artistic rendering in perspective, sometimes in exploded form which illustrates how the whole may be constructed from sub-assemblies and sub-assemblies into individual components. The production drawings may describe the preferred order in which to assemble components[4] and if the engineering drawings call for a screw fastener to be tightened to a specific torque the production drawings would typically describe the tool to be used and how it should be calibrated.
Material and component specifics are commonly provided in the title block of a production drawing. Sub-assemblies (or the main assembly of components) are usually shown and the production drawings may specify where each assembled component will be built. Production drawings also record the number of parts that are required for making the assembled unit and may form an essential part of the documentation required to authorise the production of the item described.
Contents
[hide]
1 Drawing set
2 Elements of production drawings
3 Basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings
4 Dimensioning technique
4.1 Production drawing in limits, fits and tolerance
4.2 Limit system
4.2.1 Tolerances
4.2.2 Fits
4.2.2.1 Clearance fit
4.2.2.2 Transition fit
4.2.2.3 Interference fit
4.2.2.4 Minimum interference
4.2.2.5 Maximum interference
4.3 Production drawing in surface roughness
4.4 Production drawing and process sheets
4.4.1 Process sheets
4.4.2 Uses of process sheets
5 Principles of production drawings
5.1 Drawing sheets
5.1.1 Sheet size
5.1.2 Title block
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Drawing set[edit]
Three main sets of production drawings include the following:
Detail of each non-standard part on a drawing sheet, usually one part per sheet
Assembly drawing showing all parts on one sheet
A Bill of materials (BOM), essentially of each part
Elements of production drawings[edit]
The basic elements of production drawings include:[5]
Size and shape of component
Format of drawing sheet
Process sheet
Projection method
Limits, fits, and tolerances of size, form, and position
Production method
Indication of surface roughness and other heat treatments
Material specification and Shape such as Castings, Forgings, Plates, Rounds, etc.
Conventions used to represent certain machine components
Inspection and Testing Methods
Specification of Standard Components
Basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings[edit]
The basic principles of dimensioning in production drawings include the following:
The drawing module should dimension each feature only once.
The drawing should show no more dimensions than necessary.
Place dimensions outside the drawing view as far as possible.
Represent dimensions by visible outlines rather than by hidden lines.
Avoid dimensioning the center line, except when it passes through the center hole.
Avoid intersecting projection or dimension lines.
If the space for dimensioning is insufficient, you may reverse arrow heads and replace adjacent arrow heads with dots.
Dimensioning technique[edit]
Dimensioning technique
Any engineering drawing requires specifications in terms of dimensions.[6] Dimensions are classified as the following:
Functional dimensions
Non-functional dimensions
Auxiliary dimensions
Non-functional dimensions are required for manufacturing.
Auxiliary dimensions do not govern manufacturing or inspection of parts. They are arranged in the following ways:
Chain dimensioning: This method can be used only where the accumulation of tolerances does not affect the functional requirements.
Parallel dimensioning: In this type of dimensioning, a number of single dimension lines are drawn parallel to one another, spaced so as to accommodate the dimensional values.
Running dimensioning: This type of dimensioning is similar to parallel dimensioning; the only difference is that the dimensions are superimposed in one line. In this case, the origin point should be marked.
Coordinate dimensioning: The location of each hole and its size is given by specifying X and Y coordinates from the defined origin and tabulating them.
Production drawing in limits, fits and tolerance[edit]
[7]
Limit system[edit]
There are three terms used in the limit system:
Tolerance: Deviation from a basic value is defined as Tolerance. It can be obtained by taking the difference between the maximum and minimum permissible limits.
Limits: Two extreme permissible sizes between which the actual size is contained are defined as limits.
Deviation: The algebraic difference between a size and its corresponding basic size. There are two types of deviations: 1) Upper deviation 2) Lower deviation
The fundamental deviation is either the upper or lower deviation, depending on which is closer to the basic size.
Tolerances[edit]
Mechanical Tolerance Definitions
Due to human errors, machine settings, etc., it is nearly impossible to manufacture an absolute dimension as specified by the designer. Deviation in dimensions from the basic value always arises. This deviation of dimensions from the basic value is known as Tolerance.[6]
The figure shows mechanical tolerances which occur during operations.
Fits[edit]
The relation between tightness and looseness between two mating parts is called fit. Depending upon the actual limits of the hole or shaft sizes, fits may be classified as clearance fit, transition fit and interference fit.[8]
Clearance fit[edit]
Clearance fit is defined as a clearance between mating parts. In clearance fit, there is always a positive clearance between the hole and shaft.
Transition fit[edit]
Transition fit may result in either an interference or clearance, depending upon the actual values of the tolerance of individual parts.
Interference fit[edit]
Interference fit is obtained if the difference between the hole and shaft sizes is negative before assembly. Interference fit generally ranges from minimum to maximum interference. The two extreme cases of interference are as follows:
Minimum interference[edit]
The magnitude of the difference (negative) between the maximum size of the hole and the minimum size of the shaft in an interference fit before assembly.
Maximum interference[edit]
The magnitude of the difference between the minimum size of the hole and the maximum size of the shaft in an interference or a transition fit before assembly.
Hole Basis and shaft basis system: In identifying limit dimensions for the three classes of fit, two systems are in use:
Hole basis system: The size of the shaft is obtained by subtracting the allowance from the basic size of the hole. Tolerances are then applied to each part separately. In this system, the lower deviation of the hole is zero. The letter symbol indication for this is 'H'.
Shaft basis system: The upper deviation of the shaft is zero, and the size of the hole is obtained by adding the allowance to the basic size of the shaft. The letter symbol indication is 'h'.
Production drawing in surface roughness[edit]
The properties and performance of machine components are affected by the degree of roughness of various surfaces; the higher the smoothness of the surface, the greater the fatigue strength and corrosion resistance will be.[9] Friction between mating parts is also reduced by a smoother surface finish. The geometrical characteristics of the surface, in relation to roughness, are as follows:
Macro-deviations
Surface waviness
Micro irregularities
Surface roughness can be evaluated with the height and mean roughness index of micro-irregularities. Surface roughness is defined by the following terms:
Actual profile
Reference profile
Datum profile
Main profile
Mean roughness index
Surface roughness number, etc.
Surface roughness number: The surface roughness number [R(a)] represents the average departure of the surface from the projections over the sampling length, which is expressed in micrometers. It is given by R(a)={h1+h2+h3+.....+hn}/n. Surface roughness can be measured using some of the following terms:
Surface gauge
Straight edge
Profilograph
Profilometer
Optical flat, etc.
Production drawing and process sheets[edit]
Surface roughness skew2
Production drawing roughness skew is shown in the accompanying figure.
Process sheets[edit]
The production drawing of a component is usually accompanied by a sheet known as a process sheet, which indicates the sequence of operations recommended for manufacturing. It should list the machinery, tooling and skills for each act or event. The process sheet should consist of the following:
Description of the job
Component number
Size and weight
Cycle time
Drawing number
Sequence number, etc.
Uses of process sheets[edit]
Process sheets provide:
An overall view of the various operations that are to be performed for a job.
Assistance with layout of the plant during the product design.
Assistance in cost estimation, standard costs, production control and evaluation for productivity.
Information for methods study personnel, to optimize the production process.
Principles of production drawings[edit]
Production drawings are to be prepared on standard size drawing sheets and or prints. The correct size of sheet and size of object can be visualized not only from the views graphic views of but also from the various types of lines used, dimensions, notes, scales, etc. which enable everyone concerned - so long as they are fully conversant with the conventions used - to have a clear and unambiguous understanding of tasks, products and process. The ISO 128 international standards describe drawing conventions is some detail, including views, lines, cuts and sections but these are not in universal use (in India these standards are set by the Bureau of Indian Standards).
Drawing sheets[edit]
In production drawing standard size sheets are generally used to save paper and facilitate convenient storage of drawings. In specifications of sheets their size, the size of the title block and its position, the thickness of borders and frames etc., must be considered.
Sheet size[edit]
The basic principles to be followed in the sizes of drawing sheets are:
X:Y=1:1.414
X:Y=1, where X and Y are the sheet width and length.
For the reference size (A4), with a surface area of 1 sq meter, X=210mm and Y=297mm.
Title block[edit]
The title block, containing the identification of the drawing, should lie within the drawing space at the bottom right hand corner. The direction of viewing of the title block should correspond in general with that of the drawing. The block can have a maximum length of 180 mm.
See also[edit]
Technical drawing
Engineering drawing
References[edit]
Jump up ^ K.L. Narayana. Production Drawing. New Age International. ISBN 81-224-0953-9.
Jump up ^ Bhatt, N.D. Machine Drawing. Charotar Publishing House. ISBN 978-81-85594-95-8.
Jump up ^ Reddy, Venkata (2009). Production Drawing. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-2288-7.
Jump up ^ Miller, John (1932). Production Drawings. Rice Institute.
Jump up ^ Narayana, K. Machine Drawing. ISBN 81-224-0953-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Machine Drawing & Computer Graphics, Farazdak Haideri, Nirali Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-8072-527-7
Jump up ^ Production Drawing, K.L. Narayana, New Age International Publishers. ISBN 81-224-0953-9
Jump up ^ Machine Drawing, P. Kannaiah, New Age International Publishers. ISBN 978-81-224-1917-7
Jump up ^ Pohit, Goutam (2002). Machine Drawing with AutoCAD. Pearson Education. ISBN 81-317-0677-X.
External links[edit]
Design Handbook: Engineering Drawing and Sketching, by MIT OpenCourseWare
Manufacturing and Mechanical Drawing
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