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Promised Land
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This article is about the biblical promise of land to the descendants of Abraham. For other uses, see Promised Land (disambiguation).
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Map showing the borders of the Promised Land, based on Bible. (Genesis 15).
Map showing one interpretation of the borders of the Promised Land, based on God's promise to Abraham (Genesis 15).
The Promised Land (Hebrew: הארץ המובטחת, translit.: Ha'Aretz HaMuvtahat; Arabic: أرض الميعاد, translit.: Ard Al-Mi'ad; also known as "The Land of Milk and Honey") is the land which, according to the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), was promised and subsequently given by God to Abraham and his descendants, and in modern contexts an image and idea related both to the restored Homeland for the Jewish people and to salvation and liberation is more generally understood.
The promise was first made to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21), then confirmed to his son Isaac (Genesis 26:3), and then to Isaac's son Jacob (Genesis 28:13), Abraham's grandson. The Promised Land was described in terms of the territory from the River of Egypt to the Euphrates river (Exodus 23:31). A smaller area of former Canaanite land and land east of the Jordan River was conquered and occupied by their descendants, the Israelites, after Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt (Numbers 34:1-12), and this occupation was interpreted as God's fulfilment of the promise (Deuteronomy 1:8). Moses anticipated that God might subsequently give the Israelites land reflecting the boundaries of God's original promise, if they were obedient to the covenant (Deuteronomy 19:8-9).
The concept of the Promised Land is the central tenet of Zionism, whose discourse suggests that modern Jews descend from the Israelites and Maccabees through whom they inherit the right to re-establish their "national homeland". Palestinians also claim partial descent from the Israelites and Maccabees, as well as all the other peoples who have lived in the region.[1]
The imagery of the "Promised Land" was invoked in African-American spirituals as heaven or paradise and as an escape from slavery, often which can only be reached by death. The imagery and term have also been used in popular culture (see Promised Land (disambiguation)), sermons and in speeches, such as the "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (1968) speech by Martin Luther King Jr.:
"I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord."
Contents
1 Divine promise
2 Descendants of Abraham
3 Christian interpretation
4 Boundaries from the Book of Numbers
5 See also
6 References
Divine promise[edit]
Yahweh (God) shows Moses the Promised Land (Frans Pourbus the Elder, c. 1565–80)
The promise that is the basis of the term is contained in several verses of Genesis in the Torah. In Genesis 12:1 it is said:
The LORD had said to Abram, "Leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you."
and in Genesis 12:7:
The LORD appeared to Abram and said, "To your offspring [or seed] I will give this land."
Commentators have noted several problems with this promise and related ones:
It is to Abram's descendants that the land will (in the future tense) be given, not to Abram directly nor there and then. However, in Genesis 15:7 it is said: He also said to him, "I am the LORD, who brought you out from Ur of the Chaldeans to give you this land to take possession of it." However, how this verse relates to the promises is a matter of controversy.
There is nothing in the promise to indicate God intended it be applied to Abraham’s physical descendants unconditionally, exclusively (to nobody but these descendants), exhaustively (to all of them) or in perpetuity.[2]
Jewish commentators drawing on Rashi's comments to the first verse in the Bible, assert that no human collective ever has any a priori claim to any piece of land on the planet, and that only God decides which group inhabits which land in any point in time. This interpretation has no contradictions since the idea that the Jewish people have a claim to ownership rights on the physical land is based on the idea of God deciding to give the land to the Jewish people and commanding them to occupy it as referred to in Biblical texts previously mentioned.
In Genesis 15:18-21 the boundary of the Promised Land is clarified in terms of the territory of various ancient peoples, as follows:
On that day the LORD made a covenant with Abram and said, "To your descendants I give this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the Euphrates - the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaite, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites and Jebusites."
The verse is said to describe what are known as "borders of the Land" (Gevulot Ha-aretz).[3] In Jewish tradition, these borders define the maximum extent of the land promised to the descendants of Abraham through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob.[4]
The promise was confirmed to Jacob at Genesis 28:13, though the borders are still vague and is in terms of "the land on which you are lying". Other geographical borders are given in Exodus 23:31 which describes borders as marked by the Red Sea, the "Sea of the Philistines" i.e. the Mediterranean, and the "River," (the Euphrates).
The promise is fulfilled at the end of the Exodus from Egypt. Deuteronomy 1:8 says:
See, I have given you this land. Go in and take possession of the land that the LORD swore he would give to your fathers—to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob—and to their descendants after them.
It took a long time before the Israelites could subdue the Canaanite inhabitants of the land. The furthest extent of the Land of Israel was achieved during the time of the united Kingdom of Israel under David.[5][6] The actual land controlled by the Israelites has fluctuated considerably over time, and at times the land has been under the control of various empires. However, under Jewish tradition, even when it is not in Jewish occupation, the land has not lost its status as the Promised Land.
Descendants of Abraham[edit]
The concept is central to Zionism. In 1896, Herzl exhorted Jews to take up the movement, writing "for these have never lost the faith in the Promised Land".
Traditional Jewish interpretation, and that of most Christian commentators, define Abraham's descendants as Abraham's seed only through his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob, to the exclusion of Ishmael and Esau.[4][7][8][9] [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] This may however reflect an eisegesis or reconstruction of primary verses based on the later biblical emphasis of Jacob's descendants. The promises given to Abraham happened prior to the birth of Isaac and were given to all his offspring signified through the rite of circumcision. Johann Friedrich Karl Keil is less clear, as he states that the covenant is through Isaac, but notes that Ishmael's descendants have held much of that land through time.[17]
Mainstream Jewish tradition regards the promise made to Abraham, Isaac and Jacob as having been given to all Jews, including proselytes and in turn their descendants,[18] with the traditional view being that a convert becomes a child of Abraham, as in the term "ben Avraham".[citation needed]
Christian interpretation[edit]
In the New Testament, the descent and promise is reinterpreted along religious lines.[19] In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul the Apostle draws attention to the formulation of the promise, avoiding the term "seeds" in plural (meaning many people), choosing instead "seed," meaning one person, who, he understands to be Jesus (and those united with him). For example, in Galatians 3:16 he notes:
"The promises were spoken to Abraham and to his seed. Scripture does not say “and to seeds,” meaning many people, but “and to your seed,” meaning one person, who is Christ."
In Galatians 3:28-29 Paul goes further, noting that the expansion of the promise from singular to the plural is not based on genetic/physical association, but a spiritual/religious one:
"There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, neither male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise."[2]
In Romans 4:13 it is written:
"It was not through the law that Abraham and his offspring received the promise that he would be heir of the world, but through the righteousness that comes by faith."
Boundaries from the Book of Numbers[edit]
Boundaries of the 'Promised Land' given in the Book of Numbers (chapter 34)
The South border. —(v. 3) "Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward : (v. 4) And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin : and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadesh-barnea, and shall go on to Hazar-addar, and pass on to Azmon : (v. 5) And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea."
The Western border. —(v. 6) "And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea for a border : this shall be your west border."
The North border. —(v. 7) "And this shall be your north border : from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount Hor : (v. 8) From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath ; and the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad : (v 9) And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazar-enan : this shall be your north border."
The East border. —(v. 10) "And ye shall point out your east border from Hazar-enan to Shepham : (v. 11) And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain ; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward : (v. 12) And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea : this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about."[20]
Boundaries of the 'Promised Land' given by Jerome c.400
You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains[21] and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.[22][23]
1845: Salomon Munk, Palestine, Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique," in "L'Univers Pittoresque ;
Under the name Palestine, we comprehend the small country formerly inhabited by the Israelites, and which is today part of Acre and Damascus pachalics. It stretched between 31 and 33° N. latitude and between 32 and 35° degrees E. longitude, an area of about 1300 French: lieues carrées. Some zealous writers, to give the land of the Hebrews some political importance, have exaggerated the extent of Palestine; but we have an authority for us that one can not reject. St. Jerome, who had long traveled in this country, said in his letter to Dardanus (ep. 129) that the northern boundary to that of the southern, was a distance of 160 Roman miles, which is about 55 French: lieues. He paid homage to the truth despite his fears, as he said himself, of availing the Promised Land to pagan mockery, "Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur".[24][25]
See also[edit]
Battle of Refidim
Conquest of Canaan
Abrahamic Covenant
Greater Israel
Land of Israel
Southern Levant
Who is a Jew?
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "(With reference to Palestinians in Ottoman times) Although proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from indigenous peoples who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient Hebrews and the Canaanites before them. Acutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history, the Palestinians saw themselves as the heirs of its rich associations." Walid Khalidi, 1984, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians, 1876–1948. Institute for Palestine Studies
^ Jump up to: a b Sizer, Stephen (2007). Zion's Christian Soldiers? The Bible, Israel and the Church.
Jump up ^ Kol Torah, vol. 13, no. 9, Torah Academy of Bergen County, Nov 8, 2003
^ Jump up to: a b See 6th and 7th portion commentaries by Rashi
Jump up ^ Stuart, Douglas K., Exodus, B&H Publishing Group, 2006, p. 549
Jump up ^ Tyndale Bible Dictionary, Walter A. Elwell, Philip Wesley Comfort, Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001, p. 984
Jump up ^ "Edersheim Bible History - Bk. 1, Ch. 10". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Edersheim Bible History - Bk. 1, Ch. 13". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Albert Barnes Notes on the Bible - Genesis 15". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Genesis 15 Commentary - John Gill's Exposition on the Whole Bible". StudyLight.org. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Parshah In-Depth - Lech-Lecha
Jump up ^ Doe, John. "Where the World Comes to Study the Bible". Bible.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-13. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Methodists and Roman Catholics". Third Millennium Ministries. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Promises to Isaac and Ishmael". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "GOD CALLS ABRAM ABRAHAM". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nigeriaworld Feature Article - The Abrahamic Covenant: Its scope and significance - A commentary on Dr. Malcolm Fabiyi's essay". Nigeria World. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Biblical commentary on the Old Testament, Volume 1, Carl Friedrich Keil, Franz Delitzsch, p. 224
Jump up ^ "Conversion to Judaism Resource Center". Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Burge, Gary M (2014). "The New Testament and the land". In Paul S Rowe, John H.A. Dyck, Jens Zimmermann. Christians and the Middle East Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 9781317801115. Thus if you were a child of Abraham by race you inevitably were heir to the great land promises in the Holy Land ... Paul challenges the exclusivity of racial descent from Abraham. Children of Abraham consist of people - Jews and Gentiles - who share Abraham's faith. And the promise of God, he notes, comes to Abraham and his seed (singular) and this seed is Christ (Gal. 3:16). Thus Christ is the true heir of Abraham and his promises. And if we belong to Christ, we too are attached to Abraham and the promises given to him. Again, for the non-Jewish Christian, it is hard to imagine the impact of this theological subversion. Paul has upended one of the chief arguments for exclusive Jewish privilege in the Holy Land ... If you want a glimpse of just how striking Paul's rethinking of this could be, just look at Romans 4:13. Here Paul refers directly to the inheritance of Abraham. This was the gift of Canaan, the Holy Land and Israel! And yet look at what Paul actually says: the promise to Abraham was that he would inherit the entire world. How can that be? This is not in Genesis. But it can be true in only one way: the family of Abraham now includes the Gentiles - Gentiles living throughout the world: Romans, Greeks, Cappadocians, Arabs - and they now, inasmuch as they belong to Christ, also belong to Abraham. God's new claim is not for the restoration of Judaea. It is not for a political rebuilding of the Holy Land. God's new claim is for the entire world; His people in Christ will be instruments of that claim. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Henry P. Linton (1884). Notes on the book of Numbers. pp. 169–170. Image of p. 170 at Google Books
Jump up ^ Bechard, Dean Philip (1 January 2000). Paul Outside the Walls: A Study of Luke's Socio-geographical Universalism in Acts 14:8-20. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 203–205. ISBN 978-88-7653-143-9. In the Second Temple period, when Jewish authors were seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the Land, it became customary to construe “Mount Hor” of Num 34:7 as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain (Bechard 2000, p. 205, note 98.)
Jump up ^ Sainte Bible expliquée et commentée, contenant le texte de la Vulgate. Bibl. Ecclésiastique. 1837. p. 41. Quod si objeceris terram repromissionis dici, quae in Numerorum volumine continetur (Cap. 34), a meridie maris Salinarum per Sina et Cades-Barne, usque ad torrentem Aegypti, qui juxta Rhinocoruram mari magno influit; et ab occidente ipsum mare, quod Palaestinae, Phoenici, Syriae Coeles, Ciliciaeque pertenditur; ab aquilone Taurum montem et Zephyrium usque Emath, quae appellatur Epiphania Syriae; ad orientem vero per Antiochiam et lacum Cenereth, quae nunc Tiberias appellatur, et Jordanem, qui mari influit Salinarum, quod nunc Mortuum dicitur; (Image of p. 41 at Google Books)
Jump up ^ Hieronymus (1910). "Epistola CXXIX Ad Dardanum de Terra promissionis (al. 129; scripta circa annum 414ce)". Epistularum Pars III —Epistulae 121-154, p. 171 (The fifty-sixth volume of Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum also known as the Vienna Corpus: Letters Part 3, Containing letters 121-154 of St. Jerome.) Image of p. 171 at Archive.org
Jump up ^ Munk, Salomon (1845). Palestine: Description géographique, historique et archéologique (in French). F. Didot. pp. 2–3. Sous le nom de Palestine, nous comprenons le petit pays habité autrefois par les Israélites, et qui aujourd'hui fait partie des pachalics d'Acre et de Damas. Il s'étendait entre le 31 et 33° degré latitude N. et entre le 32 et 35° degré longitude E., sur une superficie d'environ 1300 lieues carrées. Quelques écrivains jaloux de donner au pays des Hébreux une certaine importance politique, ont exagéré l'étendue de la Palestine; mais nous avons pour nous une autorité que l'on ne saurait récuser. Saint Jérôme, qui avait longtemps voyagé dans cette contrée, dit dans sa lettre à Dardanus (ep. 129) que de la limite du nord jusqu'à celle du midi il n'y avait qu'une distance de 160 milles romains, ce qui fait environ 55 lieues. Il rend cet hommage à la vérité bien qu'il craigne, comme il le dit lui-même de livrer par la terre promise aux sarcasmes païens. (Pudet dicere latitudinem terrae repromissionis, ne ethnicis occasionem blasphemandi dedisse uideamur)
Jump up ^ Munk, Salomon; Levy, Moritz A. (1871). Palästina: geographische, historische und archäologische Beschreibung dieses Landes und kurze Geschichte seiner hebräischen und jüdischen Bewohner (in German). Leiner. p. 1. Image of p. 1 at Google Books
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Korean Demilitarized Zone
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Demilitarized zone running across the Korean Peninsula
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Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
한반도 비무장 지대
韓半島非武裝地帶
Hanbando Bimujang jidae
Korean Peninsula
A South Korean checkpoint at the Civilian Control Line, located outside of the DMZ
The Korean DMZ denoted by the red highlighted area. The blue line indicates the international border.
Type
DMZ
Length
250 kilometres (160 mi)
Site information
Open to
the public
No; access only granted by the South Korean government.
Condition
Fully manned and operational
Site history
Built by
North Korea
South Korea
United Nations
In use
since 27 July 1953 (1953-07-27)
Events
Division of Korea
show
v
t
e
Division of Korea
Post-armistice conflicts
Border Incidents
DMZ conflicts
1966–1969 conflict
Blue House raid
Major Henderson incident
Axe murder incident
NLL conflicts
1st Yeonpyeong
2nd Yeonpyeong
Daecheong
Cheonan incident
3rd Yeonpyeong
Other maritime incidents
Pueblo incident
EC-121 shootdown
Gangneung
Yosu
Terror attacks
Rangoon bombing
Gimpo International Airport bombing
KAL Flight 858
2013 Korean crisis
South Korea cyberattack
Panama ship seizure
Post-crisis threats
2017–18 North Korea crisis
Hwasong missile tests
The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ; Chosŏn'gŭl/Hangul: 한반도 비무장 지대; Hanja: 韓半島非武裝地帶) is a strip of land running across the Korean Peninsula. It is established by the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement to serve as a buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea. The demilitarized zone (DMZ) is a border barrier that divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half. It was created by agreement between North Korea, China and the United Nations in 1953. The DMZ is 250 kilometres (160 miles) long, and about 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) wide.
Within the DMZ is a meeting point between the two nations in the small Joint Security Area (JSA) near the western end of the zone, where negotiations take place. There have been various incidents in and around the DMZ, with military and civilian casualties on both sides.
Contents
1 Location
2 History
3 Joint Security Area
4 Villages
4.1 Flagpoles
5 DMZ-related incidents and incursions
5.1 Incursion tunnels
5.1.1 First tunnel
5.1.2 Second tunnel
5.1.3 Third tunnel
5.1.4 Fourth tunnel
5.2 Korean Wall
6 North Korean side of the DMZ
7 Propaganda
7.1 Loudspeaker installations
7.2 Balloons
8 Civilian Control Line
9 Neutral Zone of the Han River Estuary
10 Castle of Gung Ye
11 Transportation
12 Nature reserve
13 See also
14 Notes
15 References
16 External links
Location[edit]
The Korean Demilitarized Zone intersects but does not follow the 38th parallel north, which was the border before the Korean War. It crosses the parallel on an angle, with the west end of the DMZ lying south of the parallel and the east end lying north of it.
The Korean Demilitarized Zone is visible at night from space
The DMZ is 250 kilometres (160 miles) long,[1] approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. Though the zone separating both sides is demilitarized, beyond that strip the border is one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world.[2] The Northern Limit Line, or NLL, is the disputed maritime demarcation line between North and South Korea in the Yellow Sea, not agreed in the armistice. The coastline and islands on both sides of the NLL are also heavily militarized.[3]
History[edit]
Detail of the DMZ
A portion of the North Korean DMZ seen from the Joint Security Area in January 1976
Main article: Division of Korea
The 38th parallel north—which divides the Korean Peninsula roughly in half—was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet Union's brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. Upon the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, informally South Korea) in 1948, it became a de facto international border and one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War.
Both the North and the South remained dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War. That conflict, which claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines, commenced on 25 June 1950, with a full-front DPRK invasion across the 38th parallel, and ended in 1953 after international intervention pushed the front of the war back to near the 38th parallel.
In the Armistice Agreement of 27 July 1953, the DMZ was created as each side agreed to move their troops back 2,000 m (2,200 yards) from the front line, creating a buffer zone 4 km (2.5 mi) wide. The Military Demarcation Line (MDL) goes through the center of the DMZ and indicates where the front was when the agreement was signed.
Owing to this theoretical stalemate, and genuine hostility between the North and the South, large numbers of troops are still stationed along both sides of the line, each side guarding against potential aggression from the other side. The armistice agreement explains exactly how many military personnel and what kind of weapons are allowed in the DMZ. Soldiers from both sides may patrol inside the DMZ, but they may not cross the MDL; ROK soldiers, however heavily armed, patrol under the aegis of military police, and have memorized each line of the armistice.[4] Sporadic outbreaks of violence have killed over 500 South Korean soldiers, 50 US soldiers and 250 soldiers from DPRK along the DMZ between 1953 and 1999.[5]
Daeseong-dong (also written Tae Sung Dong) and Kijŏng-dong are the only settlements allowed by the armistice committee to remain within the boundaries of the DMZ.[6] Residents of Tae Sung Dong are governed and protected by the United Nations Command and are generally required to spend at least 240 nights per year in the village to maintain their residency.[6] In 2008, the village had a population of 218 people.[6] The villagers of Tae Sung Dong are direct descendants of people who owned the land before the 1950–53 Korean War.[7]
To continue to deter North Korean incursion, in 2014 the United States government exempted the Korean DMZ from its pledge to eliminate anti-personnel landmines.[8]
Joint Security Area[edit]
View of the North from the southern side of the JSA
Conference Row seen from the northern side of the JSA
Main article: Joint Security Area
Inside the DMZ, near the western coast of the peninsula, Panmunjom is the home of the Joint Security Area (JSA). Originally, it was the only connection between North and South Korea[9] but that changed on 17 May 2007, when a Korail train went through the DMZ to the North on the new Donghae Bukbu Line built on the east coast of Korea. However, the resurrection of this line was short-lived, as it closed again in July 2008 following an incident in which a South Korean tourist was shot and killed.
There are several buildings on both the north and the south side of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL), and there have been some built on top of it. The JSA is the location where all negotiations since 1953 have been held, including statements of Korean solidarity, which have generally amounted to little except a slight decline of tensions. The MDL goes through the conference rooms and down the middle of the conference tables where the North Koreans and the United Nations Command (primarily South Koreans and Americans) meet face to face.
Within the JSA are a number of buildings for joint meetings called Conference Rooms. These are used for direct talks between the Korean War participants and parties to the armistice. Facing the Conference Row buildings are the North Korean Panmungak (English: Panmun Hall) and the South Korean Freedom House. In 1994, North Korea enlarged Panmungak by adding a third floor. In 1998, South Korea built a new Freedom House for its Red Cross staff and to possibly host reunions of families separated by the Korean War. The new building incorporated the old Freedom House Pagoda within its design.
Since 1953 there have been occasional confrontations and skirmishes within the JSA. The axe murder incident in August 1976 involved the attempted trimming of a tree which resulted in two deaths (Captain Arthur Bonifas and First Lieutenant Mark Barrett). Another incident occurred on 23 November 1984, when a Soviet tourist named Vasily Matuzok (sometimes spelled Matusak), who was part of an official trip to the JSA (hosted by the North), ran across the MDL shouting that he wanted to defect.[10] North Korean troops immediately chased after him, opening fire. Border guards on the South Korean side returned fire, eventually surrounding the North Koreans as they pursued Matusak. One South Korean and three North Korean soldiers were killed in the action, and Matusak was not captured.[11]
In late 2009, South Korean forces in conjunction with the United Nations Command began renovation of its three guard posts and two checkpoint buildings within the JSA compound. Construction was designed to enlarge and modernize the structures. Work was undertaken a year after North Korea finished replacing four JSA guard posts on its side of the MDL.[12]
Villages[edit]
North Korean Kijŏng-dong, seen from South Korea
Both North and South Korea maintain peace villages in sight of each other's side of the DMZ. In the South, Daeseong-dong is administered under the terms of the DMZ. Villagers are classed as Republic of Korea citizens, but are exempt from paying tax and other civic requirements such as military service. In the North, Kijŏng-dong features a number of brightly painted, poured-concrete multi-story buildings and apartments with electric lighting. These features represented an unheard-of level of luxury for rural Koreans, north or south, in the 1950s. The town was oriented so that the bright blue roofs and white sides of the buildings would be the most distinguishing features when viewed from the border. However, based on scrutiny with modern telescopic lenses, it has been claimed the buildings are mere concrete shells lacking window glass or even interior rooms,[13][14] with the building lights turned on and off at set times and the empty sidewalks swept by a skeleton crew of caretakers in an effort to preserve the illusion of activity.[15]
Flagpoles[edit]
South Korean Daeseong-dong and its flagpole
The world's fourth-tallest flagpole (160m) flying a North Korean flag over Kijŏng-dong near Panmunjom
In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a 98.4 m (323 ft) flagpole in Daeseong-dong, which flies a South Korean flag weighing 130 kilograms (287 pounds). In what some have called the "flagpole war," the North Korean government responded by building the 160 m (525 ft) Panmunjeom flagpole in Kijŏng-dong, only 1.2 km (0.7 mi) west of the border with South Korea. It flies a 270 kg (595 lb) flag of North Korea. As of 2014, the Panmunjom flagpole is the fourth tallest in the world, after the Jeddah Flagpole in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at 170 m (558 ft), the Dushanbe Flagpole in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, at 165 m (541 ft) and the pole at the National Flag Square in Baku, Azerbaijan, which is 162 m (531 ft).[16][17]
DMZ-related incidents and incursions[edit]
Operation Paul Bunyan, to remove a tree in front of the Bridge of No Return, takes place following the axe murder incident in August 1976.
Main article: List of border incidents involving North Korea
Since demarcation, the DMZ has had numerous cases of incidents and incursions by both sides, although the North Korean government typically never acknowledges direct responsibility for any of these incidents (there are exceptions, such as the axe incident).[18] This was particularly intense during the Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) when a series of skirmishes along the DMZ resulted in the deaths of 43 American, 299 South Korean and 397 North Korean soldiers.[19] This included the Blue House Raid in 1968, an attempt to assassinate President Park Chung Hee at the Blue House.[20]
In 1976, in now-declassified meeting minutes, U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense William Clements told Henry Kissinger that there had been 200 raids or incursions into North Korea from the south, though not by the U.S. military.[21] Details of only a few of these incursions have become public, including raids by South Korean forces in 1967 that had sabotaged about 50 North Korean facilities.[22]
Incursion tunnels[edit]
See also: Tunnel warfare
Since 15 November 1974, South Korea has discovered four tunnels crossing the DMZ that had been dug by North Korea; the orientation of the blasting lines within each tunnel indicated they were dug by North Korea. North Korea claimed that the tunnels were for coal mining; however, no coal was found in the tunnels, which were dug through granite. Some of the tunnel walls were painted black to give the appearance of anthracite.[23]
The tunnels are believed to have been planned as a military invasion route by North Korea. They run in a north-south direction and do not have branches. Following each discovery, engineering within the tunnels has become progressively more advanced. For example, the third tunnel sloped slightly upwards as it progressed southward, to prevent water stagnation. Today, visitors from the south may visit the second, third and fourth tunnels through guided tours.[24]
First tunnel[edit]
The first of the tunnels was discovered on 20 November 1974, by a South Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground. The initial discovery was met with automatic fire from North Korean soldiers. Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel, US Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and ROK Marine Corps Major Kim Hah-chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Korean explosive device. The blast also wounded five Americans and one South Korean from the United Nations Command.
The tunnel, which was about 0.9 by 1.2 m (3 by 4 ft), extended more than 1 km (0.62 mi) beyond the MDL into South Korea. The tunnel was reinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting. There were weapon storage and sleeping areas. A narrow-gauge railway with carts had also been installed. Estimates based on the tunnel's size suggest it would have allowed considerable numbers of soldiers to pass through it.[25]
Second tunnel[edit]
Entrance to the North Korean-dug 4th Infiltration Tunnel, Korean DMZ
The second tunnel was discovered on 19 March 1975. It is of similar length to the first tunnel. It is located between 50 and 160 m (160 and 520 ft) below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately 2 by 2 m (7 by 7 feet).
Third tunnel[edit]
Main article: Third Tunnel of Aggression
The third tunnel was discovered on 17 October 1978. Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discovered following a tip from a North Korean defector. This tunnel is about 1,600 m (5,200 ft) long and about 73 m (240 ft) below ground.[26] Foreign visitors touring the South Korean DMZ may view inside this tunnel using a sloped access shaft.
Fourth tunnel[edit]
A fourth tunnel was discovered on 3 March 1990, north of Haean town in the former Punchbowl battlefield. The tunnel's dimensions are 2 by 2 m (7 by 7 feet), and it is 145 metres (476 ft) deep. The method of construction is almost identical in structure to the second and the third tunnels.[27]
Korean Wall[edit]
The Korean Wall in the demilitarized zone seen through binoculars from the North Korean side
According to North Korea, between 1977 and 1979 the South Korean and United States authorities constructed a concrete wall along the DMZ.[28] North Korea, however, began to propagate information about the wall after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, when the symbolism of a wall unjustly dividing a people became more apparent.[29]
Various organisations, such as the North Korean tour guide company Korea Konsult, claimed a wall was dividing Korea, saying that:
In the area south of the Military Demarcation Line, which cuts across Korea at its waist, there is a concrete wall which ... stretches more than 240 km (149 mi) from east to west, is 5–8 m (16–26 ft) high, 10–19 m (33–62 ft) thick at the bottom, and 3–7 m (10–23 ft) wide in the upper part. It is set with wire entanglements and dotted with gun embrasures, look-outs and varieties of military establishments.[30]
In December 1999, Chu Chang-jun, North Korea's ambassador to China, repeated claims that a "wall" divided Korea. He said the south side of the wall is packed with soil, which permits access to the top of the wall and makes it effectively invisible from the south side. He also claimed that it served as a bridgehead for any northward invasion.[31][32]
The United States and South Korea deny the wall's existence, although they do claim there are anti-tank barriers along some sections of the DMZ.[33]
In the RT documentary 10 Days in North Korea, the crew shot footage of a wall as seen from North Korea and described it as a "5 metre high wall stretching from east to west".[34] Dutch journalist and filmmaker Peter Tetteroo also shot footage of a barrier in 2001 which his North Korean guides said was the Korean Wall.[28]
North Korean side of the DMZ[edit]
DMZ, North Korea. Electric fences are used in the Korean Demilitarized Zone as a means to seal off North Korea from South Korea. Behind the fence, there is a strip which has land mines hidden beneath it.
The North Korean side of the DMZ primarily serves to defend North Korea from invasion by South Korean forces. It also serves a similar function as the Berlin Wall and the inner German border did against its own citizens in the former East Germany in that it stops North Korean citizens from defecting to South Korea.[35][36]
From the armistice until 1972, approximately 7,700 South Korean soldiers and agents infiltrated North Korea to sabotage military bases and industrial areas.[37]
North Korea has thousands of artillery pieces near the DMZ. According to a 2018 article in The Economist, North Korea could bombard Seoul with over 10,000 rounds every minute.[38] Experts believe that 60 percent of its total artillery is positioned within a few kilometers of the DMZ acting as a deterrent against any South Korean invasion.
Propaganda[edit]
See also: Propaganda and Psychological warfare
Loudspeaker installations[edit]
From 1953 until 2004 both sides broadcast audio propaganda across the DMZ.[39] Massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings delivered DPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda radio broadcasts across the border.[13] In 2004, the North and South agreed to end the broadcasts.[39]
In August 2015, a border incident occurred where two South Korean soldiers were wounded after stepping on landmines that had allegedly been laid on the southern side of the DMZ by North Korean forces near an ROK guard post.[40][41] Both North Korea and South Korea then resumed broadcasting propaganda by loudspeaker.[42] After four days of negotiations, on August 25, 2015 South Korea agreed to discontinue the broadcasts following a statement from North Korea's government expressing "regret" for the landmine incident.[43]
On 8 January 2016, in response to North Korea's supposed successful testing of a hydrogen bomb, South Korea resumed broadcasts directed at the north.[44] On 15 April 2016, it was reported that the South Koreans purchased a new stereo system to combat the North's broadcasts.[45]
Balloons[edit]
Main article: Balloon propaganda campaigns in Korea
Both North and South Korea have held balloon propaganda leaflet campaigns since the Korean War.[46]
In recent years, mainly South Korean non-governmental organizations have been involved in launching balloons targeted at the DMZ and beyond.[47] Due to the winds, the balloons tend to fall near the DMZ where there are mostly North Korean soldiers to see the leaflets.[48] As with the loudspeakers, balloon operations were mutually agreed to be halted between 2004 and 2010.[49] It has been assessed that the activists' balloons may contribute to the decay of remaining cooperation between the Korean governments,[50] and the DMZ has become more militarized in recent years.[51]
Many North Korean leaflets during the Cold War gave instructions and maps to help the targeted South Korean soldiers in defecting. One of the leaflets found on the DMZ included a map of Cho Dae-hum's route of defection to North Korea across the DMZ. In addition to using balloons as a means of delivery, North Koreans have also used rockets to send leaflets to the DMZ.[52]
Civilian Control Line[edit]
Civilian Control Line, Imjingak, Paju, South Korea
Civilian Control Line, South Korea
The Civilian Control Line is a line that designates an additional buffer zone to the DMZ within a distance of 5 to 20 km from the Southern Limit Line of the DMZ. Its purpose is to limit and control the entrance of civilians into the area in order to protect and maintain the security of military facilities and operations near the DMZ. The commander of the 8th US Army ordered the creation of the CCL and it was activated and first became effective in February 1954.[53]
The buffer zone that falls south of the Southern Limit Line is called the Civilian Control Zone. Barbed wire fences and manned military guard posts mark the Civilian Control Line. The Civilian Control Zone is necessary for the military to monitor civilian travel to tourist destinations close to the Southern Limit Line of the DMZ like the discovered infiltration tunnels and tourist observatories. Usually when traveling within the Civilian Control Zone, South Korean soldiers accompany tourist buses and cars as armed guards to monitor the civilians as well as to protect them from North Korean intruders.
Right after the ceasefire, the Civilian Control Zone outside the DMZ encompassed 100 or so empty villages. The government implemented migration measures to attract settlers into the area. As a result, in 1983, when the area delineated by the Civilian Control Line was at its largest, a total of 39,725 residents in 8,799 households were living in the 81 villages located within the Civilian Control Zone.[54]
Most of the tourist and media photos of the "DMZ fence" are actually photos of the CCL fence. The actual DMZ fence on the Southern Limit Line is completely off-limits to everybody except soldiers and it is illegal to take pictures of the DMZ fence. The CCL fence acts more as a deterrent for South Korean civilians from getting too close to the dangerous DMZ and is also the final barrier for North Korean infiltrators if they get past the Southern Limit Line DMZ fence.[55]
Neutral Zone of the Han River Estuary[edit]
The whole estuary of the Han River is deemed a "Neutral Zone" and is off-limits to all civilian vessels and is treated like the rest of the DMZ. Only military vessels are allowed within this neutral zone.
According to the July 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement civil shipping was supposed to be permissible in the Han River estuary and allow Seoul to be connected to the Yellow Sea (West Sea) via the Han River.[56] However, both Koreas and the UNC failed to make this happen. The South Korean government ordered the construction of the Ara Canal to finally connect Seoul to the Yellow Sea (West Sea), which was completed in 2012. Seoul was effectively landlocked from the ocean until 2012. The biggest limitation of the Ara Canal is it is too narrow to handle any vessels except small tourist boats and recreational boats, so Seoul still cannot receive large commercial ships or passenger ships in its port.
In recent years Chinese fishing vessels have taken advantage of the tense situation in the Han River Estuary Neutral Zone and illegally fished in this area due to both the North Korean and South Korean navies never patrolling this area due to the fear of naval battles breaking out. This has led to firefights and sinkings of boats between Chinese fishermen and the South Korean Coast Guard.[57][58]
Castle of Gung Ye[edit]
Within the DMZ itself, in the town of Cheorwon, is the old capital of the kingdom of Taebong (901–918), a regional upstart that became Goryeo, the dynasty that ruled a united Korea from 918 to 1392.
Taebong was founded by the charismatic leader Gung Ye, a brilliant if tyrannical one-eyed ex-Buddhist monk. Rebelling against the kingdom of Silla, Korea's then ruling dynasty, he proclaimed the kingdom of Taebong—also called Later Goguryeo, in reference to the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo (37BC-668AD)—in 901, with himself as king. The kingdom consisted of much of central Korea, including areas around the DMZ. He placed his capital in Cheorwon, a mountainous region that was easily defensible (in the Korean War, this same region would earn the name "the Iron Triangle").
As a former Buddhist monk, Gung Ye actively promoted the religion of Buddhism and incorporated Buddhist ceremonies into the new kingdom. Even after Gung Ye was dethroned by his own generals and replaced by Wang Geon, the man who would rule over a united Korea as the first king of Goryeo, this Buddhist influence would continue, playing a major role in shaping the culture of medieval Korea.
As the ruins of Gung Ye's capital lie in the DMZ itself, visitors cannot see them. Moreover, excavation work and research have been hampered by political realities. In the future, inter-Korean peace may allow for proper archaeological studies to be conducted on the castle site and other historical sites within and underneath the DMZ.[59]
The ruins of the capital city of Taebong, the ruins of the castle of Gung Ye, and King Gung Ye's tomb all lie within the DMZ and are off-limits to everybody except soldiers who patrol the DMZ.[60]
Transportation[edit]
The Donghae Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast. The road and rail link was built for South Koreans visiting the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region in the North.
DMZ Train tour organized by Korail
Panmunjeom is the site of the negotiations that ended the Korean War and is the main center of human activity in the DMZ. The village is located on the main highway and near a railroad connecting the two Koreas.
The railway, which connects Seoul and Pyongyang, was called the Gyeongui Line before division in the 1940s. Currently the South uses the original name, but the North refers to the route as the P'yŏngbu Line. The railway line has been mainly used to carry materials and South Korean workers to the Kaesong Industrial Region. Its reconnection has been seen as part of the general improvement in the relations between North and South in the early part of this century. However, in November 2008 North Korean authorities closed the railway amid growing tensions with the South.[61] Following the death of former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, conciliatory talks were held between South Korean officials and a North Korean delegation who attended Kim's funeral. In September 2009, the Kaesong rail and road crossing was reopened.[62]
The road at Panmunjeom, which was known historically as Highway One in the South, was originally the only access point between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula. Passage is comparable to the strict movements that occurred at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin at the height of the Cold War. Both North and South Korea's roads end in the JSA; the highways do not quite join as there is a 20 cm (8 in) concrete line that divides the entire site. People given the rare permission to cross this border must do so on foot before continuing their journey by road.
In 2007, on the east coast of Korea, the first train crossed the DMZ on the new Donghae Bukbu (Tonghae Pukpu) Line. The new rail crossing was built adjacent to the road which took South Koreans to Mount Kumgang Tourist Region, a region that has significant cultural importance for all Koreans. More than one million civilian visitors crossed the DMZ until the route was closed following the shooting of a 53-year-old South Korean tourist in July 2008.[63] After a joint investigation was rebuffed by North Korea, the South Korean government suspended tours to the resort. Since then the resort and the Donghae Bukbu Line have effectively been closed by North Korea.[64][65] Currently, the South Korean Korea Railroad Corporation (Korail) organizes tours to DMZ with special DMZ themed trains.[66]
Nature reserve[edit]
In the past half century, the Korean DMZ has been a deadly place for humans, making habitation impossible. Only around the village of Panmunjeom and more recently the Donghae Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast have there been regular incursions by people.[67][68]
This natural isolation along the 250 km (160 mi) length of the DMZ has created an involuntary park which is now recognized as one of the most well-preserved areas of temperate habitat in the world.[69] In 1966 it was first proposed that the DMZ be turned into a national park.[70]
Several endangered animal and plant species now exist among the heavily fortified fences, landmines and listening posts. These include the endangered red-crowned crane (a staple of Asian art), the white-naped crane, and, potentially, the extremely rare Siberian tiger,[69] Amur leopard, and Asiatic black bear. Ecologists have identified some 2,900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds within the narrow buffer zone.[69] Additional surveys are now being conducted throughout the region.[71]
The DMZ owes its varied biodiversity to its geography, which crosses mountains, prairies, swamps, lakes, and tidal marshes. Environmentalists hope that the DMZ will be conserved as a wildlife refuge, with a well-developed set of objective and management plans vetted and in place. In 2005, CNN founder and media mogul Ted Turner, on a visit to North Korea, said that he would financially support any plans to turn the DMZ into a peace park and a UN-protected World Heritage Site.[72]
In September 2011, South Korea submitted a nomination form to Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) in UNESCO for designation of 435 km2 (168 sq mi) in the southern part of the DMZ below the Military Demarcation Line, as well as 2,979 km2 (1,150 sq mi) in privately controlled areas, as a Biosphere Reserve according to the Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[73] MAB National Committee of the Republic of Korea mentioned only southern part of DMZ to be nominated since there was no response from Pyongyang when it requested Pyongyang to push jointly. North Korea is a member nation of the international coordinating council of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, which designates Biosphere Reserves.[74]
North Korea opposed the application as a violation of the armistice agreement during the council's meeting in Paris on July 9 to 13. The South Korean government's attempt to designate the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve was turned down at UNESCO's MAB council meeting in Paris in July 2012. Pyongyang expressed its opposition by sending letters to 32 council member countries, except for South Korea, and the UNESCO headquarters a month prior to the meeting. At the council meeting, Pyongyang said the designation violated the Armistice Agreement.[75]
See also[edit]
Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission
Iron Curtain
Bamboo Curtain
United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone
Peace lines
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Korean Demilitarized Zone: Image of the Day". NASA Earth Observatory. Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
Jump up ^ Walker, Philip (24 June 2011). "The world's most dangerous borders". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Elferink, Alex G. Oude. (1994). The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the Russian Federation, p. 314, at Google Books
Jump up ^ Ahn, JH (2016-03-21). "On patrol in the DMZ: North Korean landmines, biting winds and tin cans: As tensions on the peninsula escalate, a former South Korean guard describes life at one of the world's most fortified borders. NK News reports". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
Jump up ^ Potts, Rolf (3 February 1999). "Korea's no-man's-land". Salon. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "DMZ sixth-graders become graduates". Stars and Stripes. 2008-02-19. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Santa mobbed by students during visit to Joint Security Area". army.mil.com -The Official U.S. Army Website. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-11.
Jump up ^ Kwaak, Jeyup S (24 September 2014). "Why the Korean Peninsula Keeps Land Mines". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Panmunjon". army.mil.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-15.
Jump up ^ "General revisits deadly 1984 Thanksgiving firefight at DMZ". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Korea Demilitarized Zone Incidents". 2009-05-28. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "South Korea to revamp DMZ towers". Stars and Stripes. 2009-10-22. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Potts, Rolf (1999-02-03). "Korea's no-man's-land". Salon. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Tom. "Korea's DMZ: Dangerous Divide". National Geographic, July 2003.
Jump up ^ Silpasornprasit, Susan. "Day trip to the DMZ: A look inside the Korean Demilitarized Zone". Archived 30 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. IMCOM-Korea Region Public Affairs Office, US Army. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
Jump up ^ "CNN.com – Korea's DMZ: 'Scariest place on Earth'". 2002-02-20. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
Jump up ^ 개성에 '구멍탄' 5만장 배달했습니다. economy.ohmynews.com (in Korean). Retrieved 2006-12-06. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "North Korea: Chronology of Provocations, 1950 – 2003" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
Jump up ^ Bolger, Daniel (1991). Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low intensity conflict in Korea 1966–1969. Diane Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-7881-1208-9.
Jump up ^ "Scenes from an Unfinished War: Low-Intensity Conflict in Korea, 1966–1968" (PDF). Cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington, 25 August 1976, 10:30 a.m." Office of the Historian, US Department of State. 25 August 1976. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. Clements: I like it. It doesn't have an overt character. I have been told that there have been 200 other such operations and that none of these have surfaced. Kissinger: It is different for us with the War Powers Act. I don't remember any such operations.
Jump up ^ Lee Tae-hoon (7 February 2011). "S. Korea raided North with captured agents in 1967". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Sides, Jim (2009). Almost Home. Xulon Press. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-60791-740-3.
Jump up ^ "Demilitarized Zone". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
Jump up ^ Bermudez, Joseph S. Jr. "Tunnels under the DMZ". korean-war.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2010-03-26.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Martin (2009). Seoul. Lonely Planet. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-74104-774-5.
Jump up ^ "The Fourth Infiltration Tunnel". Panmunjom Travel Center. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Welcome to North Korea: A film by Peter Tetteroo for KRO Television". Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-12-29.
Jump up ^ Salzinger, Caroline (2008). Terveisiä pahan akselilta: Arkea ja politiikkaa maailman suljetuimmissa valtioissa (in Finnish). Translated by Lempinen, Ulla. Jyväskylä: Atena. p. 40. ISBN 978-951-796-521-7.
Jump up ^ "DMZ: Demilitarized Zone". Korea Konsult. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New York Times, 1999". Korean-war.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
Jump up ^ "Tear Down the Korean Wall". DPRK UN Mission. 1999-12-03. Archived from the original on 29 March 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-29.
Jump up ^ Eckholm, Erik (December 8, 1999). "Where Most See Ramparts, North Korea Imagines a Wall". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ángela Gallardo Bernal (9 November 2014). "10 Days in North Korea". RT. at 19:30. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 2017-03-12. Bottom of the page. Retrieved 11 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-12. Retrieved 11 March 2017
Jump up ^ Norimitsu Onishi (15 February 2014). "South Korean Movie Unlocks Door on a Once-Secret Past". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "The growing danger of great-power conflict". The Economist. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "Koreas switch off loudspeakers". BBC. 15 June 2004. Archived from the original on 15 June 2004. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Choe Sang-hun (10 August 2015). "South Korea Accuses the North After Land Mines Maim Two Soldiers in DMZ". New York Times. Archived from the original on 13 August 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Park, Ju-Min (2015-08-10). "South Korea condemns North over land mine blast, vows retaliation". Seoul: Reuters. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ "North Korea and South Korea Trade Fire Across Border, Seoul Says". The New York Times. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "South Korea turns off propaganda as Koreas reach deal". 2015-08-25. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ Kim, Sam (2016-01-07). "South Korea Punishes Kim Jong Un With K-Pop for Nuclear Test". Bloomsberg. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Simon Sharwood (15 April 2016). "South Korea to upgrade national stereo defence system for US$16m". The Register. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Jung 2014, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Jung 2014, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Higginbotham, Adam (5 June 2014). "The No-Tech Tactics of North Korea's Most Wanted Defector". Bloomberg News. p. 4. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Jung 2014, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Feffer, John (6 November 2014). "Korea's Balloon War". Institute for Policy Studies. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Jung 2014, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Herbert A. (5 January 2006). "Communist Korean War Leaflets". www.psywarrior.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-11. Retrieved 10 March 2017
Jump up ^ http://www.koreana.or.kr/user/0003/nd6245.do?View&boardNo=00000415&pubLang=English&pubYear=2016&pubMonth=AUTUMN&zineInfoNo=0003 Retrieved 10 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-11. / up-close map of CCL/CCZ/Southern Limit Line. Retrieved 10 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-14. Article 1, Section 5. Retrieved 11 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-11. Retrieved 11 March 2017
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-11. Retrieved 11 March 2017
Jump up ^ Koehler, Rober. (2011). The DMZ: Dividing the Two Koreas, p. 108, at Google Books
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-11. Retrieved 10 March 2017. Many pictures, maps, and description of the old Taebong capital that is stuck in the middle of the DMZ.
Jump up ^ Chang, Jae-Soon (2008-11-28). "Last train to Kaesong as Korean relations cool". Edinburgh: News.Scotman.Com.
Jump up ^ "Inter-Korean economic cooperation Kaesong office reopens". Englishhani. 2009-09-07. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 2009-09-17.
Jump up ^ "ROK woman tourist shot dead at DPRK resort". China Daily. 2008-07-12. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "N Korea steps up row with South". BBC. 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on 30 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "North Korea 'to seize property at Kumgang resort'". BBC. 2010-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Korail". www.letskorail.com.
Jump up ^ Brady, Lisa (13 April 2012). "How wildlife is thriving in the Korean peninsula's demilitarised zone". Archived from the original on 5 September 2016 – via The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Korea's DMZ: The thin green line". CNN. 2003-08-22. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
Jump up ^ Paige, Glenn D. (January 1967). "1966: Korea Creates the Future". Asian Survey - A Survey of Asia in 1966: Part I. 7 (1): 21–30. doi:10.2307/2642450. JSTOR 2642450.
Jump up ^ "Korean 'Tigerman' Prowls the DMZ". International Korean News. Archived from the original on 13 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Ted Turner: Turn Korean DMZ into peace park". USA TODAY. 2005-11-18. Archived from the original on 6 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-07.
Jump up ^ Choi, Chungil. "Nomination of Korea DMZ Biosphere Reserve" (PDF). Retrieved 3 October 2012. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Kim, Jeong-su. "Seoul to seek UNESCO Biosphere Reserve status for DMZ". Hankyoreh. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Cho, Do-soon (14 August 2012). "Biosphere reserve status for the DMZ is urgent". JoonAng Daily. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
References[edit]
Bermudez, Joseph S. (2001). Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea. The Armed Forces of Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-582-0.
Mullen, Jethro; Novak, Kathy (August 10, 2015). "South Korea warns North will pay 'harsh price' over DMZ landmine blasts". CNN World News. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
Elferink, Alex G. Oude, (1994). The Law of Maritime Boundary Delimitation: a Case Study of the Russian Federation. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9780792330820; OCLC 123566768
Jung, Jin-Heon (2014). "Ballooning Evangelism: Psychological Warfare and Christianity in the Divided Korea" (PDF). Max Planck Institute. MMG Working Paper. pp. 7–33. ISSN 2192-2357. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Korean Demilitarized Zone.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for DMZ (Korea).
U.S. Army official Korean Demilitarized Zone image archive
Washington Post Correspondent Amar Bakshi travels to the Korean Demilitarized Zone... And uncovers the world's most dangerous tourist trap, January 2008.
Status and ecological resource value of the Republic of Korea's De-militarized Zone
Tour Of DMZ on YouTube. Dec. 2007
Tour of DMZ from the DPRK on YouTube, 2016
360 degree tour of DMZ from the DPRK on YouTube, 2016
DMZ Forum: Collaborative international NGO focusing on promoting peace and conservation within the Korean DMZ region
ABCNews/Yahoo! report/blog on the DMZ
The World’s Most Dangerous Border – A Tour of North Korea’s DMZ Visiting the DMZ from Pyongyang.
Photo of road linking DPRK to Paju, ROK
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Coordinates: 38°19′44″N 127°15′00″E / 38.329°N 127.250°E / 38.329; 127.250
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values: المنطقة المنزوعة السلاح (كوريا) – Arabic

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values: Дэмілітарызаваная зона (Карэя) – Belarusian

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values: Koreańska Strefa Zdemilitaryzowana – Polish

values: Zona Desmilitarizada da Coreia – Portuguese

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
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values: เขตปลอดทหารเกาหลี – Thai

values: Демілітаризована зона (Корея) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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values: 朝韩非军事区 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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