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Dead by Daylight
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Dead by Daylight
Developer(s)
Behaviour Interactive
Publisher(s)
Starbreeze Studios
Director(s)
Ash Pannell
Producer(s)
Mathieu Côté
Designer(s)
Dave Richard
Composer(s)
Michel F. April[1]
Engine
Unreal Engine 4
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
Microsoft Windows
WW: June 14, 2016
PlayStation 4 & Xbox One
NA: June 20, 2017
AU: June 22, 2017
EU: June 23, 2017
Genre(s)
Survival horror
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
Dead by Daylight is an asymmetric survival horror game developed by Behaviour Interactive and published by Starbreeze Studios.[2] Dead by Daylight was released for the Microsoft Windows operating system in June 2016,[3][4] and released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One home consoles in June 2017.[5][6][7] The game is played exclusively as a one versus four (1 v. 4) online multiplayer where one player takes on the role of the savage Killer, and the other four players play as Survivors, trying to escape the Killer and avoid being caught, tortured, and killed.
Among a handful of original characters, the game also includes unlockable and downloadable (DLC) characters. Characters from horror franchises such as The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Halloween and Saw are featured.
A spiritual successor, Identity V, developed by NetEase and co-developed by Behavior Interactive, was released for mobiles in China in early 2018, and was released worldwide on July 2018.[8]
Contents
1 Gameplay
1.1 Survivors
1.2 Killers
1.3 Objectives
1.4 Bloodweb
2 Setting
2.1 Locales
2.2 Buildings
3 Plot
4 Reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Gameplay[edit]
The player repairing a generator with other survivors
A group of up to four survivors must elude one killer. The survivor’s perspectives are third-person, while the killer's perspective is first-person.[2]
Survivors[edit]
Players assume the role of one of the 13 survivors, Dwight Fairfield, Meg Thomas, Claudette Morel, Jake Park, Nea Karlsson, Laurie Strode, William 'Bill' Overbeck, Ace Visconti, Feng Min, David King,[9][10] Quentin Smith, David Tapp, Kate Denson, or Adam Francis. More survivors can be obtained by either purchasing DLC, or buying them from the item shop, which update 2.0 introduced. The goal of the survivors is to escape the enclosed area, which can be done in one of two ways: either by repairing a certain number of disabled generators (usually, the number of generators is one greater than the number of survivors playing) to provide power to switches which open large, metal doors leading out of the area; or by escaping through the black lock, a hatch. The hatch appears when the number of repaired generators is one greater than the number of survivors that are still alive and opens when only one survivor is left. The survivors will need a key to open the hatch if there is more than one person alive. The hatch will appear at one of several predetermined locations.[11] The survivor's movement options consist of sprinting, walking, crouch-walking, or crawling. They must elude the killer by using the darkness; crouching behind objects; and hiding in buildings, foliage, or inside lockers.
The survivors have the option to utilize up to four perks per match that affect how they play each game. Each of the survivors has a set of three unique-to-them perks that are only available to that survivor until the ability to teach them to other survivors is unlocked. These perks can be unlocked and upgraded in the Bloodweb using Bloodpoints and each Bloodweb can only hold up to two perks. These perks can range from giving a burst of speed when running from the killer, to being able to self-heal without a first aid kit, to unlocking the ability to sabotage meat hooks without a toolbox. There are also a multitude of 'universal' perks that are available to unlock by any survivor.
In dealing with the killer, survivors can also make use of a handful of items and traps in the area – searching chests inside buildings will sometimes yield first-aid kits (which allow the survivors to heal themselves rather than wait for a teammate), flashlights (which can be used to temporarily blind the killer), toolboxes (which can be used both to repair generators faster and to disable the sacrificial meat hooks), broken key (does a variety of things depending on its add-ons), maps (which locate all the generators or more depending on its rarity and add-ons), dull key (which can be used to open the hatch whenever it's found), and skeleton key (which does a variety of things depending on its add-ons and can be used to open the hatch). One trap that survivors can use is a massive wooden pallet, which are placed upright, and can be pulled down when a survivor runs past them – if the killer is right behind them, the pallet will stun the killer for a brief period of time.[11] The survivors can vault over fallen pallets, while the killer has to destroy them or go around. They can also climb through windows. The killer can go through windows too, but does it significantly slower.
Other technical advantages that survivors have include the ability to see the aura of downed and hooked teammates – thus easily drawing them to their location for a rescue – and can similarly see the locations of newly repaired generators and the exit doors for a short period of time once all necessary generators are repaired. When the killer is near, the survivors will hear a heartbeat, and eventually tense music, both of which increase in intensity with proximity to the killer. They can also see a red light (called the "red stain") emanating from the killer's eyes, which shows his/her approximate field of view.
Killers[edit]
As the killer, players assume the role of either the Trapper, the Wraith, the Hillbilly, the Nurse, the Shape, the Hag, the Doctor, the Huntress, the Cannibal, the Nightmare, the Pig, the Clown, or the Spirit. The killer cannot crouch (unless playing as the Pig) or run, but simply walks at a very fast pace which is slightly faster than the pace of a sprinting survivor. When hunting the survivors, the killer must capture them by either striking them twice with his/her weapon (the first hit reduces the survivor to a limp and pushes them a short distance ahead of the killer , while the second hit drops them to crawling on the ground), or can grab them in one move by either catching them inside lockers, while attempting to vault over pallets or through windows, while repairing a generator, trying to save a fellow survivor on a hook or attempting to escape through a trap door. Some killers have a secondary attack that reduces a survivor directly to the crawling state.
The killer can initially mainly only kill the survivors by throwing them on one of the many meat hooks in the area and waiting for the claws of the 'Entity' to eventually finish off the survivor, carrying their soul into the sky. After a player has earned enough experience points as the killer, however, certain single-use items called 'Mori's can be unlocked that include the ability to finish off survivors instantly with their weapon, rather than the lengthy process of taking them to the meat hooks. The killer can also kill survivors by leaving them on the ground and waiting for them to bleed to death, or, in the case of the Pig, the survivors can also be killed by the Reverse Bear Traps she places on their heads.
The first time a survivor is hooked, they enter the first phase. In this phase only, the player can try for a low (4%) chance of escaping the hook at the cost of accelerating their death upon failure to escape based on their 'hook health' (at full, granting up to four chances). Players can also be rescued by fellow survivors. If the player escapes or is saved and is hooked a second time, they will enter the struggle state, in which the player has to resist the entity trying to stab him/her by pressing the spacebar continuously until saved by an ally or killed by the 'Entity'. If the player is saved during the struggle state and is hooked a third time, they will die instantly with no opportunity of survival.
The killer, despite walking at a fast pace, is slower in most other movements: After striking a player, the killer will slow their movement to wipe the blood off their weapon. The killer is also slower in climbing through windows, and cannot leap over the pallets survivors can lay into their path, but can spend a lengthy amount of time destroying the barricades. The killer also has an aura reading ability similar to the survivors, only for the killer it can be used to see the locations of every single generator, hex totem and meat hook on the map. A new mechanic was also added in update 1.5.0 which introduced bloodlust. Twelve seconds into a chase, the killer gets a 0.2 m/s boost; 24 seconds into a chase gives the killer a 0.6 m/s boost; and finally, if a chase lasts for 32 seconds, the killer gets a 1.2 m/s boost. These effects only last until a chase ends in which the effects go down 10% every second spent not chasing a survivor, a pallet is broken (this lowers bloodlust down 1 level), and when a survivor is hit (this removes bloodlust completely). This was added to prevent a time wasting mechanic known as "pallet looping", which is when a survivor runs around pallets for an extended period of time so the rest of the team can complete generators, and instead encourages the survivor to break line of sight and completely escape from the killer.
Objectives[edit]
Interacting with most objects and actions in the game causes random Skill Checks to trigger. When a skill check triggers, a needle appears within a circle on-screen and quickly spins around, the player must hit the action button, when the needle is within a certain randomly chosen section of the circle before the needle passes it. Failing a skill check has multiple consequences based on the action being taken.
Repairing each generator takes a lengthy period of time and makes a rather small mechanical noise during the process. Failing a repair skill check will cause an explosion that will set the progress of the generator repair back and make a loud noise alerting the killer where the player is and what they are up to.[12] The killer has also been granted the ability to damage generators at a very slow rate for 90 seconds. This process can be stopped simply by survivors fixing the generator for a second. If nothing is done for 90 seconds, all of the generator's progress is lost, putting survivors in a disadvantage for waiting too long.
Sabotaging a hook takes a significantly shorter amount of time than repairing a generator but is considerably louder. To sabotage a hook, survivors must be equipped with a 'tool kit' or have the Saboteur perk active. Skill checks are more common during this action than when repairing a generator. Failing a sabotage skill check makes a loud banging sound, also setting back progress and alerting the killer.
Healing yourself or your allied survivors can take drastically different lengths of time depending on multiple factors such as if they have a first aid kit, certain perks active, killer debuffs and whether the player is healing themselves or an ally. Skill checks are as common as when repairing but have a slightly less severe consequence when failed. Failing a healing skill check still reduces the progress of the action but the wail made by the survivor being healed is quieter than the other explosions and bangs, but still alerts the killer of your location within a certain range.
If a survivor is caught by the killer, they are picked up and usually carried to the nearest meat hook. During this time they can attempt to wiggle out of the killer’s grasp before they reach the hook, and attempt to run away. If the killer succeeds in impaling a survivor on one of the many meat hooks in the area, a teammate can rescue the impaled survivor or, more rarely, the impaled survivor (with a 4% chance) can pull themselves off the hook (although attempting this is likely to backfire and injure the survivor further, drawing them closer to death).
Once all generators are repaired, a survivor must find a switch next to one of two the possible exit doors and hold it for 10 seconds in order to open the door. The game only ends when all survivors have either escaped or have been killed – thus, while some survivors may escape and finish early, those still inside must keep playing. Players who have escaped or died have the ability to observe the remaining players through the game's conclusion, or return to the menu and join a new game.
If only one survivor remains then repairing generators can become nearly impossible. An alternative escape method would be to use the "Black Lock" which is a hatch on the ground that spawns in a random area after the number of generators repaired equals one more than there are survivors left alive in the game (i.e. 3 generators repaired with only 2 survivors still living). The hatch spawns closed but when only one survivor remains then it will open automatically. While closed it can be opened if one survivor has a "Dull Key" or a "Skeleton Key" and will remain open for 30 seconds, allowing any remaining survivors to hop in and escape.[13]
Bloodweb[edit]
Both survivors and killers are able to unlock items, perks, and offerings through the Bloodweb. Every action performed in a match gives the player a number of Bloodpoints, and the sum are added to the player's total at the end of the match. Each level of the Bloodweb is procedurally generated, and gets larger as the character gains levels. The rewards are connected to each other in a radial tree, and players must purchase rewards along the progression path to gain access to others. Once every reward on the tree has been purchased, the Bloodweb will generate a new level for the player to progress to, increasing that character's level. Once the character reaches level 50 they will be given the option to prestige. While given the option, they will still be able to buy things from the blood web but will not increase their level. Once prestiged, characters will reset their level, items, offerings, and addons in exchange for a better chance for rarer items in the bloodweb and a bloody coat (prestige one), bloody trousers or weapon for killer (prestige two), and a bloody face (prestige three). These effects are irreversible and cannot be undone.
The Bloodweb may contain items, add-ons for items that increase their efficiency, offerings that can be spent at the start of the round to influence the match's conditions, and perks that make the character more powerful. Offerings and add-ons may only be used in one match, whereas items can be re-used until the player dies or loses them, and perks are permanent. Items can also be acquired from chests on the map, but this does not affect the character's Bloodweb. Since a killer's special ability is tied to their item and killers are invulnerable, their items are permanent and cannot be changed.
Setting[edit]
Locales[edit]
The game takes place across ten locales[14] which are based on the places the killers became murderers: The MacMillan Estate (Trapper), Autohaven Wreckers (Wraith), Coldwind Farm (Hillbilly), Crotus Prenn Asylum (Nurse, Clown), Haddonfield (Shape),[15] Backwater Swamp (Hag),[16] Léry's Memorial Institute (Doctor), the Red Forest (Huntress), Springwood/Badham Preschool (Nightmare), Gideon Meat Plant (Pig) and Yamaoka Estate (Spirit) . Over time, the evilness of their actions accumulated there until it attracted the attention of the Entity, an unknown force of darkness from a place with no name. Most locales are split into multiple maps with similar features but small variations.
Buildings[edit]
Every locale and map features a map-specific building or landmark that remains in the same place in the map every game. Every map also features a building known as "The Shack" which is the same throughout all maps and appears a different one of a few predetermined locations in the map, with the exception of the two indoor maps, Léry's Memorial Institute and Gideon Meat Plant. Every new game, a room known as the "Basement" is placed under either the map-specific building or the shack.
The Basement is a special room consisting of 1 item chest for the survivors to scavenge in, and 4 cabinets for them to hide in. It's also home to a special 4-pointed hook that cannot be destroyed or tampered with in any way by survivors. The basement only has one way in and one way out, making it a very secure place for killers to bring their victims without fear of other survivors saving them. Because of this danger, survivors are awarded a small number of points for even venturing into the basement.
Plot[edit]
The Entity, a supernatural being hailing from the ancient blood web, is awakened from its slumber whenever it is summoned by actions of great violence and malice. The killers, exclusively serial murderers, are pulled out of reality by it and convinced to do its bidding. In order to maintain its existence, the Entity requires sacrifices, and demands that they hunt and kill the survivors so it can feed off their hope and steal a piece of their soul upon death. Then they are brought back to life to repeat the trial, endlessly attempting to escape.
The survivors are pulled into the Entity's constructed world when they wander too close to the places the killers were taken from, disappearing from the real world without a trace. They end up at a lonely campfire, where they rest between trials, until a killer pursues them again. Each trial takes place in a series of realms constructed by the Entity of areas from where the killers were taken. The survivors' only hope of escape is to complete a series of generators scattered throughout each realm to power up large gates to escape. If the killer has killed all but one survivor, the Entity will offer the latter a final mean of escape in the form of a hatch. Escaping from the grounds always takes the survivors back to the campfire, and offerings can be created to be burnt at it and appeal for the Entity's favour. Since the Entity feeds off the hope of the survivors to escape, it helps them just as much as the killers, acting as an impartial observer of the hunt, stepping in only to claim those hung on its hooks.
Reception[edit]
Reception
Aggregate score
Aggregator
Score
Metacritic 71/100[17]
Review score
Publication
Score
GameSpot 6/10[18]
Dead by Daylight received mixed reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[17] GameSpot awarded it a score of 6 out of 10, saying "Dead by Daylight executes the concept of a competitive horror game well, but only to a point." [18]
See also[edit]
Left 4 Dead
List of horror video games

References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1] "Dead by Daylight: Original Soundtrack " Retrieved on 7 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Herrera, Kayla (February 10, 2016). "Dead By Daylight Is Just Another Upcoming Slasher Horror Game—Or Is It?". www.cinemablend.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Save 10% on Dead by Daylight on Steam". store.steampowered.com. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dead by Daylight [Publishing]". Starbreeze. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Tach, Dave (April 26, 2016). "Dead by Daylight is a horror movie where you're the victim (or the killer)". Polygon. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sykes, Tom (February 6, 2016). "Dead by Daylight is an asymmetrical slasher horror". pcgamer. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Alice (April 22, 2016). "Dead By Daylight Bringing 4v1 Slasher Horror To June". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www-newsweek-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.newsweek.com/identity-v-mobile-horror-game-review-asymmetrical-multiplayer-dead-daylight-1010283?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&amp=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAE%3D#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fidentity-v-mobile-horror-game-review-asymmetrical-multiplayer-dead-daylight-1010283
Jump up ^ Dodd, Adam (April 21, 2016). "New 'Dead by Daylight' Footage Introduces the Killers - Bloody Disgusting!". Bloody Disgusting!. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dead By Daylight Gets Halloweenie In New DLC".
^ Jump up to: a b Johnston, Rich (June 15, 2016). "E3: Dead By Daylight Wants To Kill You". Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "【オススメSteam】暑い夏は『Dead by Daylight』で肝を冷やそう【DayDreamSteamer 第2回】". ファミ通.com. July 25, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dead by Daylight - Manual". archive.deadbydaylight.com.
Jump up ^ "Dead by Daylight - Manual". Dead by Daylight. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Halloween Chapter - Dead by Daylight".
Jump up ^ "Of Flesh and Mud - Dead by Daylight".
^ Jump up to: a b "Dead by Daylight for PC". Metacritic. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilroy, Joab (July 3, 2016). "Dead by Daylight Review". GameSpot. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
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text:
Little House on the Prairie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Little House on the Prairie (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Little House on the Prairie
Front hardcover, first edition of the most frequently adapted volume (1935)
Author
Laura Ingalls Wilder
Country
United States
Language
English
Publisher
Harper & Brothers
Published
1932-1943
Little House on the Prairie is a series of American children's novels written by Laura Ingalls Wilder based on her childhood in the northern Midwestern United States during the 1870s and 1880s. Eight were completed by Wilder, and published by Harper & Brothers from 1932 and 1943, of which the last covers her courtship with Almanzo Wilder and one covers his childhood. The first draft of a ninth novel was published posthumously in 1971 and is commonly included in the Little House series.
Little House on the Prairie is also the title of the third-published book in the series and it may refer to the American media franchise that includes the fiction series, screen and stage adaptations, related non-fiction books by Ingalls Wilder, perhaps some books by her daughter Rose Wilder Lane (who assisted with the Little House series), several subseries by later writers featuring descendants, and some tourist attractions.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Books
2.1 Little House in the Big Woods
2.2 Farmer Boy
2.3 Little House on the Prairie
2.4 On the Banks of Plum Creek
2.5 By the Shores of Silver Lake
2.6 The Long Winter
2.7 Little Town on the Prairie
2.8 These Happy Golden Years
2.9 The First Four Years
3 Little House locations and historical sites
3.1 Laura's birthplace in Wisconsin
3.2 Independence, Kansas
3.3 Walnut Grove, Minnesota
3.4 Burr Oak, Iowa
3.5 De Smet, South Dakota
3.6 Mansfield, Missouri
4 Television adaptations
4.1 Jackanory (1966, 1968)
4.2 Little House on the Prairie (TV series, 1974–1984)
4.3 Laura, the Prairie Girl (animated series, 1975)
4.4 Beyond the Prairie (2000, 2001)
4.5 Little House on the Prairie (2005 miniseries)
5 Stage adaptation
6 Documentary
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
The Little House series is based on decades-old memories of Laura Ingalls Wilder's childhood in the northern Midwest region of the United States late in the 19th century. The books are narrated in the third person with Laura Ingalls as the central character and protagonist, and are generally classified as fiction rather than as autobiography in libraries and bookstores.[1] Wilder's daughter Rose Wilder Lane assisted her mother with the editing of the works. The depth of her involvement, and the extent of her influence on the theme and content of the books, has been the subject of some scholarly debate in recent years. Almost all Wilder scholars and her biographers consider that the writing of the books was a tense but ultimately effective continuing collaboration between mother and daughter, with Wilder writing the books and her daughter editing them.
The original Little House books have remained continuously in print since their publication in the 1930s and early 1940s by Harper & Brothers (succeeded by Harper & Row and HarperCollins). They are considered classics of American children's literature and remain widely read. In a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience, Little House in the Big Woods was ranked number 19 among all-time best children's novels, and two of its sequels were ranked among the top 100.[2]
The eight children's novels were originally illustrated primarily by Helen Sewell, with Mildred Boyle co-illustrator for the last five of them. Those five were all among the annual Newbery Medal runners-up (now called Newbery Honor Books). In 1953 Harper issued a complete set re-illustrated by Garth Williams, who also illustrated The First Four Years (1971). Modern editions generally retain the Williams illustrations.
The books have been adapted for stage or screen more than once, most successfully as the American television series Little House on the Prairie, which ran from 1974 to 1983.
Books[edit]
Main article: List of Little House on the Prairie books
Little House in the Big Woods (1932)
Farmer Boy (1933) – about her husband's childhood on a farm in New York
Little House on the Prairie (1935)
On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
The Long Winter (1940)
Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
These Happy Golden Years (1943)
The first eight novels were published by Harper with cover illustrations by Helen Sewell and interior illustrations by Sewell or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle. The last concluded with a note, "The end of the Little house books."[3] In 1953, the eight were reissued in a "newly illustrated, uniform edition" with cover and interior illustrations by Garth Williams, which later editions have commonly retained. The eight Little House books published during the author's lifetime are now public domain in countries where the term of copyright lasts 50 years after the death of the author, or less. The books first published posthumously are not covered by this rule.
The First Four Years (1971), unedited and published posthumously, perhaps intended as a book in the series or a novel for adults; Ingalls Wilder never developed the manuscript beyond a first draft, and her ultimate intent is not known
The ninth novel, unfinished and published posthumously, is commonly considered part of the Little House series and is included in the 9-volume paperback box set Little House, Big Adventure (Harper Trophy, May 1994).[1][a] The nine alone are summarized in the subsections below.
On the Way Home (1962), published posthumously original diary from a trip from De Smet to Mansfield in 1894
West From Home (1974), unedited and published posthumously
The Road Back (2006), unedited and published posthumously as a part of A Little House Traveler: Writings from Laura Ingalls Wilder's Journeys Across America
The success of the Little House series has resulted in two series ("Little House Chapter Books" and "My First Little House Books") that present the original stories in condensed and simplified form for younger readers. Other titles include sticker and craft books, cookbooks, diaries, calendars, dishes, and so on.
Four series of books expand the Little House series to include five generations of Laura Ingalls Wilder's family. The "Martha Years" and "Charlotte Years" series, by Melissa Wiley, are fictionalized tales of Laura's great-grandmother in Scotland in the late 18th century and grandmother in early 19th century Massachusetts. The "Caroline Years" series narrates Laura's mother, Caroline Quiner's, childhood in Wisconsin. The Rose Years (originally known as the "Rocky Ridge Years") series follows Rose Wilder Lane from childhood in Missouri to early adulthood in San Francisco. It was written by her surrogate grandson Roger MacBride. Lane's novels, Let the Hurricane Roar (also known as Young Pioneers) and Free Land can be seen as re-tellings of the Little House books from an adult perspective, as many of the incidents in both books mirror the experiences of her parents and grandparents. In fact, "Young Pioneers"'s main characters are even named Charles and Caroline, the names of Laura's parents.
Noted children's author Cynthia Rylant has written a slender volume, Old Town in the Green Groves, that covers the two years in Laura's life between On The Banks of Plum Creek and By The Shores of Silver Lake which are unnarrated in the original series of books. Two volumes of Laura's letters and diaries have also been issued under the Little House imprint: On The Way Home and West From Home, both published by Harper Collins in 1962 and 1974 respectively.
The series The Days of Laura Ingalls Wilder by Thomas L. Tedrow, offers tales of Laura's early adulthood in Missouri; unlike the core Little House books, the Tedrow series is not drawn from episodes in Wilder's life.[citation needed] In 2011 Wendy McClure published The Wilder Life: My Adventures in The Lost World of Little House on the Prairie. McClure describes in detail her personal journey into what she calls "Laura World": visiting the locations mentioned in the original books, attempting to buy a butter churn on eBay so she can experience making butter the way Laura and Ma did, and her internet research into anyone or anything remotely connected with the Ingalls family. McClure brings her somewhat reluctant boyfriend Chris with her on her journeys.
Little House in the Big Woods[edit]
Main article: Little House in the Big Woods
Front hardcover, first ed. of the first vol. (1932)
The story of the first book in the series, Little House in the Big Woods revolves around the life of the Ingalls family in their small home near Pepin, Wisconsin. The family includes mother Caroline Ingalls, father Charles Ingalls, elder daughter Mary Amelia Ingalls, and younger daughter (and protagonist), Laura Ingalls Wilder.[6] Also in the story, though not yet born historically, is Laura's baby sister Carrie. In the book, Laura herself turns five years old, when the real-life author had only been three during the events of the book. According to a letter from her daughter, Rose, to biographer William Anderson, the publisher had Laura change her age in the book because it seemed unrealistic for a three-year-old to have specific memories such as she wrote about.[7] For similar reasons and for the sake of consistency, in the later book, Little House on the Prairie, Laura portrayed herself as 6–7 years old.
Little House replica at the Little House Wayside
Little House in the Big Woods describes the homesteading skills Laura observed and began to practice during her fifth year. The cousins come for Christmas that year, and Laura receives a doll, which she names Charlotte. Later that winter, the family goes to Grandma Ingalls’s and has a “sugaring off,” when they harvest sap and make maple syrup. They return home with buckets of syrup, enough to last the year. Laura remembered that sugaring off, and the dance that followed, for the rest of her life.
The book also describes other farm work duties and events, such as the birth of a calf, and the availability of milk, butter and cheese, gardening, field work, hunting, gathering, and more. Everyday housework is also described in detail. When Pa went into the woods to hunt, he usually came home with a deer then smoked the meat for the coming winter. One day he noticed a bee tree and returned from hunting early to get the wash tub and milk pail to collect the honey. When Pa returned in the winter evenings, Laura and Mary always begged him to play his fiddle, as he was too tired from farm work to play during the summertime.
Farmer Boy[edit]
Main article: Farmer Boy
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Farmer Boy, published in 1933, is the second-published of the Little House books and it is commonly numbered two in the series, but its story is unrelated to that of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods. It features the boyhood of Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder from before his ninth birthday until after his tenth. The Wilder family – in the novel as in fact – lived in New York state. In the book, Almanzo has two sisters, Eliza Jane and Alice, and one brother, Royal. In reality, he had a sister named Laura, but she was left out of the book. The book describes his schooling, holidays, farm work, and most of all, food.
Little House on the Prairie[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (novel)
Little House on the Prairie, published in 1935, is the third book in the Little House series but only the second that features the Ingalls family; it continues directly the story of the inaugural novel, Little House in the Big Woods. The book takes place from 1869 to 1870.[citation needed]
The book tells about the months the Ingalls family spent on the prairie of Kansas, around the town of Independence, Kansas. At the beginning of this story, Pa Ingalls decides to sell the house in the Big Woods of Wisconsin, and move the family, via covered wagon to the Indian Territory near Independence, Kansas, as there were widely circulating stories that the land (technically still under Osage ownership) would be opened to settlement by homesteaders imminently. So Laura, along with Pa and Ma, Mary, and baby Carrie, move to Kansas. Along the way, Pa trades his two horses for two Western mustangs, which Laura and Mary name Pet and Patty.
Caroline and Charles Ingalls
When the family reaches Indian Territory, they meet Mr. Edwards, who is extremely polite to Ma, but tells Laura and Mary that he is "a wildcat from Tennessee." Mr. Edwards is an excellent neighbor, and helps the Ingalls in every way he can, beginning with helping Pa erect their house. Pa builds a roof and a floor for their house and digs a well, and the family is finally settled.
At their new home, unlike their time in the Big Woods, the family meets difficulty and danger. The Ingalls family becomes terribly ill from a disease called at that time "fever 'n' ague" (fever with severe chills and shaking) which was later identified as malaria. Laura comments on the varied ways they believe to have acquired it, with "Ma" believing it came from eating bad watermelon. Mrs. Scott, another neighbor, takes care of the family while they are sick. Around this time, Mr. Edwards brings Laura and Mary their Christmas presents from Independence, and in the spring, the Ingalls plant the beginnings of a small farm.
Irony also becomes a part of this book. Ma's prejudice about American Indians, and Laura's childish observations of them, are contrasted with Pa's more egalitarian view of them, and these views collectively are shown side by side with the objective portrayal of the Osage tribe that lives on and owns that land.
At the end of this book, the family is told that the land must be vacated by settlers as it is not legally open to settlement yet, and in 1870 Pa elects to leave the land and move before the Army forcibly requires him to abandon the land.
Many of the incidents in the book are actual situations that happened to the Ingalls family at that time in their lives as told to Laura by her Pa, Ma and sister Mary over the years. Because Laura was, in fact, 2 to 3½ years old while her family lived in Indian Territory during 1869–1870, and did not remember the incidents herself, Laura did more historical research on this novel than on any other novel she wrote, in an attempt to have all details as correct as possible.
On the Banks of Plum Creek[edit]
Main article: On the Banks of Plum Creek
On the Banks of Plum Creek, published in 1937 and fourth in the series, follows the Ingalls family as they move from Pepin, Wisconsin to Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, and settle in a dugout "on the banks of Plum Creek (Redwood County, Minnesota)".[8] In reality, the occurrences and anecdotes in the first book Little House on the Prairie took place after their return from Indian Territory. The Ingalls family left for their journey to Minnesota on Laura's seventh birthday, February 7, 1874. In this book, Laura is between the ages of seven to nine years old, which was chronologically correct.
During the course of the story, Jack, the family bulldog, moves with the family to Plum Creek, though in real life he did not make the journey with the family. Readers liked Jack so much that Laura decided to include him in this book.
Pa trades his horses Pet and Patty to the property owner (a man named Hanson) for the land and crops, but later gets two new horses as Christmas presents for the family, which Laura and her sister Mary name "Sam" and "David". Pa soon builds a new, above-ground, wooden house for the family. During this story, Laura and Mary go to school for the first time in Walnut Grove (the town is never actually named by Laura in the book) where they meet their teacher, Miss Eva Beadle. They also meet Nellie Oleson, who makes fun of Laura and Mary for being "country girls." Laura plays with her bulldog Jack when she is home, and she and Mary are invited to a party at the Olesons' home. Laura and Mary invite all the girls (including Nellie) to a party at their house to reciprocate. The family soon goes through hard times when a plague of Rocky Mountain Locust decimates their crops. The book ends with Pa returning safely to the house after being unaccounted for during a severe four-day blizzard.
By the Shores of Silver Lake[edit]
Main article: By the Shores of Silver Lake
By the Shores of Silver Lake, published in 1939 and fifth in the series, is based on Laura's late childhood spent near De Smet, South Dakota, beginning in 1879. The book also introduces Laura's youngest sister Grace Pearl.
The story begins when the family is about to leave Plum Creek, shortly after the family has recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind. The family welcomes a visit from Aunt Docia, whom they had not seen for several years. She suggests that Pa and Ma move west to the rapidly developing Dakota Territory, where Pa could work in Uncle Henry’s railroad camp at very good wages for that era. Ma and Pa agree, since it will allow Pa to look for a homestead while he works. The family has endured many hardships on Plum Creek and Pa especially is anxious for a new start. After selling his land and farm to neighbors, Pa goes ahead with the wagon and team. Mary is still too weak to travel so the rest of the family follows later by train.
The day Pa leaves, however, their beloved bulldog Jack is found dead, which saddens Laura greatly. In actuality, the dog upon whom Jack was based was no longer with the family at this point, but the author inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence. Laura also begins to play a more mature role in the family due to Mary's blindness – Pa instructs Laura to "be Mary's eyes" and to assist her in daily life as she learns to cope with her disability. Mary is strong and willing to learn.
The family travels to Dakota Territory by train – this is the children's first train trip and they are excited by the novelty of this new mode of transportation that allows them to travel in one hour the distance it would take a horse and wagon an entire day to cover.
With the family reunited and situated at the railroad camp, Laura meets her cousin Lena, and the two become good friends.
As winter approaches, and the railroad workers take down the cabins and head back East, the family wonders where they might stay for the winter. As luck would have it, the county surveyor needs a house-sitter while he is East for the winter, and Pa signs up. It is a winter of luxury for the Ingalls family as they are given all the provisions they need in the large, comfortable house. They spend a cozy winter with their new friends, Mr. and Mrs. Boast, and both families look forward to starting their new claims in the spring.
But the "Spring Rush" comes early. The large mobilization of pioneers to the Dakotas in early March prompts Pa to leave immediately on the few days' trip to the claims office. The girls are left alone and spend their days and nights boarding and feeding all the pioneers passing through. They charge 25 cents for dinner and boarding, starting a savings account toward sending Mary to the School for the Blind in Vinton, Iowa (she does go two books later).
Pa successfully files his claim, with the aid of old friend Mr. Edwards. As the spring flowers bloom and the prairie comes alive with new settlers, the Ingalls family moves to their new piece of land and begins building what will become their permanent home.
The Long Winter[edit]
Main article: The Long Winter (novel)
The Long Winter, published in 1940 and sixth in the series, covers the shortest timespan of the novels, only an eight-month period. The winter of 1880–1881 was a notably severe winter in history, sometimes known as "The Snow Winter".[9][10][11]
The story begins in Dakota Territory at the Ingalls homestead in South Dakota on a hot September day in 1880 as Laura and her father ("Pa") are haying. Pa tells Laura that he knows the winter is going to be hard because muskrats always build a house with thick walls before a hard winter, and this year, they have built the thickest walls he has ever seen. In mid-October, the Ingalls wake with an unusually early blizzard howling around their poorly insulated claim shanty. Soon afterward, Pa receives another warning from an unexpected source: a dignified old Native American man comes to the general store in town to warn the white settlers that there will be seven months of blizzards. Impressed, Pa decides to move the family into town for the winter.
Laura attends school with her younger sister, Carrie until the weather becomes too severe to permit them to walk to and from the school building. Blizzard after blizzard sweeps through the town over the next few months. Food and fuel become scarce and expensive, as the town depends on the trains to bring supplies but the frequent blizzards prevent the trains from getting through. Eventually, the railroad company suspends all efforts to dig out the train, stranding the town. For weeks, the Ingalls subsist on potatoes and coarse brown bread, using twisted hay for fuel. As even this meager food runs out, Laura's future husband Almanzo Wilder and his friend Cap Garland risk their lives to bring wheat to the starving townspeople – enough to last the rest of the winter.
Laura's age in this book is also accurate. (In 1880, she would have been 13, as she states in the first chapter.) However, Almanzo Wilder's age is misrepresented in this book. Much is made of the fact that he is 19 pretending to be 21 in order to illegally obtain a homestead claim from the US government. But in 1880, his true age would have been 23. Scholar Ann Romines has suggested that Laura made Almanzo younger because it was felt that more modern audiences would be scandalized by the great difference in their ages in light of their young marriage.
As predicted, the blizzards continue for seven months. Finally, the trains begin running again, bringing the Ingalls a Christmas barrel full of good things – including a turkey. In the last chapter, they sit down to enjoy their Christmas dinner in May.
Little Town on the Prairie[edit]
Main article: Little Town on the Prairie
Little Town on the Prairie, published in 1941 and seventh in the series, begins in 1881, just after the long winter, and is largely set in De Smet, South Dakota. Laura is 14 years old.
The story begins as Laura accepts her first job performing sewing work in order to earn money for Mary to go to a college for the blind in Iowa. Laura's hard work comes to an end by summer when she is let go, and the family begins planning to raise cash crops to pay for Mary's college. After the crops are destroyed by blackbirds, Pa sells a calf to earn the balance of the money needed. When Ma and Pa escort Mary to the college, Laura, Carrie, and Grace are left alone for a week. In order to stave off the loneliness stemming from Mary's departure, Laura, Carrie, and Grace do the fall cleaning. They have several problems, but the house is sparkling when they are done. Ma and Pa come home, and are truly surprised.
In the fall, the Ingalls quickly prepare for a move to town for the winter. Laura and Carrie attend school in town and Laura is reunited with her friends Minnie Johnson and Mary Power and meets a new girl, Ida Brown. There is a new schoolteacher for the winter term: Eliza Jane Wilder, Almanzo’s sister. Nellie Oleson, Laura's nemesis from Plum Creek, has moved to De Smet and is attending the school. Nellie turns the teacher against Laura and Miss Wilder loses control of the school for a time. A visit by the school board restores order; however, Miss Wilder leaves at the end of the fall term, and is eventually replaced by Mr. Clewett and then Mr. Owen, the latter of whom befriends Laura. Through the course of the winter, Laura sets herself to studying, as she only has one year left before she can apply for a teaching certificate.
At the same time, Almanzo Wilder begins escorting Laura home from church. By Christmastime, Almanzo once again sees Laura home, and offers to take her on a sleigh ride after he completes the cutter he is building.
At home, Laura is met by Mr. Boast and Mr. Brewster, who ask Laura if she would be interested in a teaching position at a settlement led by Brewster twelve miles (19 km) from town. The school superintendent, George Williams, comes and tests Laura (though she is two months too young, he never asks her age), and she is awarded a third-grade teaching certificate.
These Happy Golden Years[edit]
Main article: These Happy Golden Years
These Happy Golden Years, published in 1943 and eighth in the series, originally ended with a note alone on the last page: "The end of the Little house books."[3] It takes place between 1882 and 1885. As the story begins, Pa is taking Laura 12 miles (19 km) from home to her first teaching assignment at Brewster settlement. Laura, only 15 and a schoolgirl herself, is apprehensive as this is both the first time she has left home and the first school she has taught. She is determined to complete her assignment and earn $40 to help her sister Mary, who is attending Vinton College for the Blind in Iowa.
This first school proves difficult for her. Laura must board with the Brewsters in their two-room claim shanty, sleeping on their sofa. The Brewsters are an unhappy family and Laura is deeply uncomfortable observing the way husband and wife quarrel. In one particularly unsettling incident, she wakes in the night to see Mrs Brewster standing over her husband with a knife. It's a bitterly cold winter, and neither the claim shanty or the school house can be heated adequately. The children she is teaching, some of whom are older than she is herself, test her skills as a teacher. Laura grows more self-assured through the term, and successfully completes the two-month term.
To Laura's surprise and delight, homesteader Almanzo Wilder (with whom she became acquainted in Little Town on the Prairie) appears at the end of her first week of school in his new two-horse cutter to bring her home for the weekend. Already fond of Laura and wanting to ease her homesickness, Almanzo takes it upon himself to bring her home and back to school each weekend.
The relationship continues after the school term ends. Sleigh rides give way to buggy rides in the spring, and Laura impresses Almanzo with her willingness to help break his new and often temperamental horses. Laura's old nemesis, Nellie Oleson, makes a brief appearance during two Sunday buggy rides with Almanzo. Nellie's chatter and flirtatious behavior towards Almanzo annoys Laura. Shortly thereafter, Nellie moves back to New York after her family loses their homestead.
Laura's Uncle Tom (Ma's brother) visits the family and tells of his failed venture with a covered wagon brigade seeking gold in the Black Hills. Laura helps out seamstress Mrs. McKee by staying with her and her daughter on their prairie claim for two months to "hold it down" as required by law. The family enjoys summer visits from Mary.
The family finances have improved to the point that Pa can sell a cow to purchase a sewing machine for Ma. Laura continues to teach and work as a seamstress.
Almanzo invites Laura to attend summer "singing school" with him and her classmates. On the last evening of singing school while driving Laura home, Almanzo – who has by now been courting Laura for three years – proposes to Laura. During their next ride, Almanzo presents Laura with a garnet-and-pearl ring and they share their first kiss.
Several months later, after Almanzo has finished building a house on his tree claim, he asks Laura if she would mind getting married within a few days as his sister and mother have their hearts set on a large church wedding, which Pa cannot afford. Laura agrees, and she and Almanzo are married in a simple ceremony by the Reverend Brown. After a wedding dinner with her family, Laura drives away with Almanzo and the newlyweds settle contentedly into their new home.
The First Four Years[edit]
Main article: The First Four Years (novel)
The First Four Years, published in 1971, is commonly considered the ninth and last book in the original Little House series. It is the last one[clarification needed] to feature Laura as the protagonist, and covers the earliest years of Laura and Almanzo's marriage.
The First Four Years derives its title from a promise Laura made to Almanzo when they became engaged. Laura did not want to be a farm wife, but she consented to try farming for three years. At the end of that time, Laura and Almanzo mutually agreed to continue for one more year, a "year of grace", in Laura's words. The book ends at the close of that fourth year, on a rather optimistic note. In reality, the continually hot, dry Dakota summers, and several other tragic events described in the book eventually drove them from their land, but they later founded a very successful fruit and dairy farm in Missouri, where they lived comfortably until their respective deaths.
Little House locations and historical sites[edit]
Main article: List of places in Little House on the Prairie
Laura's birthplace in Wisconsin[edit]
Pepin, Wisconsin was Wilder's birthplace. Her birthplace is about seven miles (11 km) north of the village, and is marked by a replica cabin along the former WIS-183 at the Little House Wayside (near Lund, Wisconsin). Pepin celebrates her life every September with traditional music, craft demonstrations, a "Laura look-alike" contest, a spelling bee, and other events.
Independence, Kansas[edit]
Independence, Kansas is the location where the Ingalls family settled on the Osage Diminished Reserve from 1869 to 1870, and was at the center of the plot of the book, Little House on the Prairie. Within a year of settling, the government required the family to vacate, and they never returned.
Laura had always heard from her family that the home was "40 miles [64 km] from Independence," which would have put the house approximately where the town of Nowata, Oklahoma, is today. It was, in fact, about 13 miles (21 km) from Independence, not 40 miles (64 km), though the surveying techniques of the day would in fact have measured it as being 14 miles (23 km). The reason for this rather large discrepancy is not known, although she may have misheard or mis-remembered "14 miles" as "40 miles".
The actual site of the Charles Ingalls house on Indian land was located in what is now the southeast corner of Section 36, Rutland Township, Montgomery County, Kansas. It is the only quarter section in that area with no claim filed in 1870 (no claims could be filed until 1871, and the Ingallses had returned to Wisconsin by then) and it is the only quarter section with a hand-dug well (which Pa told of digging shortly after their arrival there). Carrie Ingalls' birth is also recorded as being in Montgomery County, Kansas in August 1870. Today there is a facsimile log cabin at the site.
The state of Kansas has designated the childhood home of Laura Ingalls southwest of Independence as an historic site, which is open to visitors. The site includes a cabin modeled after the original Ingalls cabin. Sunnyside School House has been moved to the site and the original post office used at near by Wayside, Kansas has also been moved to the location. Much of the surrounding countryside retains its open and undeveloped nature.[12]
Walnut Grove, Minnesota[edit]
In 1874, when Wilder was seven years old, the family left their home near Pepin for the second time and settled just outside Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Walnut Grove may be the most recognized name of all the towns Wilder wrote about in her books (although it is the only town she did not mention by name) because Michael Landon's television series Little House on the Prairie of the 1970s and 1980s was set here. Although the show depicts the family as living here through Wilder's adulthood, in reality, they only lived here a few years.
Burr Oak, Iowa[edit]
The Masters' Hotel Museum in Burr Oak, Iowa, 2009
The Ingalls family moved to Burr Oak, Iowa briefly in 1876 so that Pa could take a job co-managing The Masters' Hotel. They would stay for only one year before returning to Walnut Grove, and the family's time in Burr Oak was never mentioned in any of the "Little House" books. In 1976 the restored Hotel was opened as a museum.[13]
De Smet, South Dakota[edit]
The Surveyors' House historic site in De Smet, South Dakota, with replica Brewster School in background, 2005
De Smet, South Dakota, attracts many fans with its historic sites from the books By the Shores of Silver Lake, The Long Winter, Little Town on the Prairie, These Happy Golden Years, and The First Four Years. The Ingalls family moved to De Smet from Minnesota in 1879, and most members of the family lived there (or nearby) for the rest of their lives. Locations in the area that have been restored and are open to visitors include: the Surveyors' House, where the family stayed during the winter of 1879–80 (the house was moved into town in 1885 from its original location on Silver Lake); the Ingalls Homestead southeast of town; a replica of the Brewster School, where Wilder taught as a teenager; and a house on Third Street built by Charles Ingalls in 1887 (Wilder herself never lived there, as she was already married when the house was built). Charles, Caroline, Mary, Carrie, and Grace Ingalls, and the unnamed infant son of Laura and Almanzo Wilder are buried in the De Smet Cemetery. Laura and Almanzo Wilder stayed briefly in Westville, Florida, in the 1890s, and they moved permanently to Mansfield, Missouri, in 1894.
Mansfield, Missouri[edit]
Mansfield, Missouri is the chosen final home town of Laura Ingalls Wilder. It was here, on her farm, that she wrote the Little House books. Each year the whole town celebrates with a festival, turning back the clock to the late 19th century. During the festival, the town square becomes a showcase for handmade crafts. There is a big parade, and folk music is played from the gazebo in the park.
Television adaptations[edit]
Jackanory (1966, 1968)[edit]
Jackanory is a British television series intended to encourage children to read; it ran from 1965 to 1996, and was revived in 2006. From October 24 through October 28, 1966, five short episodes aired that were based on Little House in the Big Woods, with Red Shively as the storyteller. From October 21 through October 25, 1968, five more were released, this time based on Farmer Boy, with Richard Monette as the storyteller.
Little House on the Prairie (TV series, 1974–1984)[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (TV series)
The television series Little House on the Prairie aired on the NBC network from 1974 to 1983. The show was a loose adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder's Little House on the Prairie semi-autobiographical novel series, although the namesake book was represented in the premiere only; the ensuing television episodes primarily followed characters and locations from the follow-up book, On the Banks of Plum Creek(1937), although the continuity of the television series greatly departed from this book as well. Some storylines were borrowed from Wilders' later books but were portrayed as having taken place in the Plum Creek setting. Michael Landon starred as Charles Ingalls, Karen Grassle played Caroline Ingalls, Melissa Gilbert played Laura Ingalls, Melissa Sue Anderson played Mary Ingalls, and the twins Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush (credited as Lindsay Sidney Greenbush) played Carrie Ingalls. Victor French portrayed long-time friend Mr. Edwards. Dean Butler portrayed Laura's husband, Almanzo Wilder. Some characters were added in the show, such as Albert, played by Matthew Laborteaux, an orphan whom the family adopted.
Although it deviated from the original books in many respects, the television series, which was set in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, was one of a few long-running successful dramatic family shows.[citation needed] It remained a top-rated series, and garnered 17 Emmy® and three Golden Globe® nominations, along with two People’s Choice® Awards.[14]
Laura, the Prairie Girl (animated series, 1975)[edit]
Main article: Laura, the Prairie Girl
A Japanese cartoon series of 26 episodes (about 24 minutes each), originally entitled Sōgen no shōjo Laura.
Beyond the Prairie (2000, 2001)[edit]
Main article: Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder
Two made for television movies by Marcus Cole, with Meredith Monroe as Laura. Part 1 tells the story of teenage Laura in DeSmet, while the second part is about Laura and Almanzo's (Walton Goggins) marriage and their life in Mansfield, Missouri. It also focuses a lot on the character of Wilder's young daughter; Rose (Skye McCole Bartusiak).
Little House on the Prairie (2005 miniseries)[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (TV miniseries)
The 2005 ABC five-hour (six-episode) miniseries Little House on the Prairie attempted to follow closely the books Little House in the Big Woods and Little House on the Prairie. It starred Cameron Bancroft as Charles Ingalls; Erin Cottrell as Caroline Ingalls; Kyle Chavarria as Laura Ingalls; Danielle Chuchran as Mary Ingalls; and Gregory Sporleder as Mr Edwards. It was directed by David L. Cunningham. In 2006 the mini-series was released on DVD and the 2-disc set runs approximately 255 minutes long.[15]
Stage adaptation[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie (musical)
A musical version of the Little House books premiered at the Guthrie Theater, Minnesota on July 26, 2008. The musical has music by Rachel Portman and lyrics by Donna DiNovelli and is directed by Francesca Zambello with choreography by Michele Lynch. The cast includes Melissa Gilbert as "Ma". The musical began a US national tour in October 2009.[16][17]
Documentary[edit]
Main article: Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder
Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of Laura Ingalls Wilder is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of Wilder. Wilder's story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Novels portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ One 5-volume set, Little House: The Laura Years (January 1994) comprises volumes 1 and 3–6[4] – thus featuring the Ingalls family until Laura is 14 years old. Another 5-volume set, A Little House Collection (2006) comprises volumes 1–5[5] – thus featuring the Ingalls family until Laura is 13 and Armanzo Wilder at ages 8 to 10.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Little House Big Adventure (9 Volumes)": Paperback – Box set, 1994. Amazon product page. Retrieved 2011-12-07.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 2015-10-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "These happy golden years"[permanent dead link] (first edition). Library of Congress Online Catalog (catalog.loc.gov). Retrieved 2015-09-17.
Jump up ^ "Little House the Laura Years Boxed Set: The Early Years Collection": Paperback – Box set, 1994. Amazon product page. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
Jump up ^ "A Little House Collection: The First Five Novels": Hardcover, 2006. Amazon product page. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
Jump up ^ Gormley, Laura Ingalls Wilder: Young Pioneer, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Iowa Story, pp. 1–2.
Jump up ^ "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum". archives.gov.
Jump up ^ Laskin, David. The Children's Blizzard. New York: HarperCollins, 2004. Pp. 56–57.
Jump up ^ Potter, Constance. "Genealogy Notes: De Smet, Dakota Territory, Little Town in the National Archives, Part 2". Prologue, Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003).
Jump up ^ Robinson, Doane. History of South Dakota (1904). Volume I, Chapter III, pp. 306–09.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to Natural Kansas". Natural Kansas (naturalkansas.org). Retrieved 2014-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Laura Ingalls Wilder Park and Museum". Laura Ingalls Wilder (lauraingallswilder.us). Retrieved 2008-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Little House on the Prairie". littlehouseontheprairie.com.
Jump up ^ "The Television Mini-Series". littlehouseontheprairie.com.
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "New Musical Little House on the Prairie Makes World Premiere July 26 at the Guthrie" Archived 2008-07-29 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, July 26, 2008
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Mervyn."Prairie Tales" Archived 2008-07-29 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, July 26, 2008
Further reading[edit]
Kilgore, John. "Little House in the Culture Wars". Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
Miller, John E. (May 1998). Becoming Laura Ingalls Wilder: The Woman Behind the Legend. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1167-4.
Zochert, Donald (1977-05-01). Laura: The Life of Laura Ingalls Wilder. Avon. ISBN 0-380-01636-2.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Little House on the Prairie
Bibliowiki has original media or text related to this article: Laura Ingalls Wilder (in the public domain in Canada) - the complete text of the first 8 Little House books
Official website at Friendly Family Productions, LLC
Little House on the Prairie historic site, near Independence, Kansas
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Driving licence in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Driving licence in India
Issued by
India
Type of document
Driving licence
Purpose
Identification
In India, the driving licence is the official document which authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on highways and some other roads to which the public have access. In various Indian states, they are administered by the Regional Transport Authorities/Offices (RTA/RTO). A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
A modern photo of the driving licence can also serve many of the purposes of an identity card in non-driving contexts (proof of identity (e.g. when opening a bank account) or age (e.g. when applying for a mobile connection)).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Theory testing
3 Driving licence categories
4 Points and endorsements
5 Production
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
Applications for a provisional driving licence can be made from the age of 16. Valid for driving a moped or gearless motorcycle (with a capacity of up to 50 cc) from aged 16,[1] and a car from aged 18 or older to drive any other type of vehicle.[2] The common "All India Permit" allows the licensee to drive throughout the country.[3] For driving commercial/transport vehicles, one should obtain endorsement (and a minimum age of 20 years, in some states) in the driving licence to effect under s.3(1) of The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Until a driving test (which consists of three sections: verbal or written test (depending on the state), road sign test followed by a supervised driving examination)[4] has been passed a driver may hold only a provisional licence and be subject to certain conditions.
The conditions attached to provisional licences of a particular category of vehicle are:[2]
L-plates must be conspicuously displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle.
Learner drivers of a particular category and transmission type of vehicle must be accompanied by somebody who has held a full driving licence for that category and transmission type, except in the case of solo motorcycles and vehicles of certain categories designed solely for one person.
Motorcycle riders must not carry any pillion passenger.
Bus drivers must not carry any passenger except a person giving or receiving instruction.
After passing a driving test, the provisional licence may be surrendered in exchange for a full Indian licence for the relevant kind of vehicle. Full car licences allow use of mopeds, motorcycles and cars.
A licence if valid for 20 years from the date of issue or till the licence holders turns 50 years of age, whichever happens earlier. The driving licence is required to be renewed after expiry of its validity.[5]
Theory testing[edit]
Tests on basic driving rules are conducted at the RTOs when an individual applies for provisional licence. The theoretical test in India consists of basic road sign questions, which are the same for car and motorcycle tests:
Multiple choice questions – 20 questions with a choice of possible answers. At least 12 questions should be answered correctly to pass this section.
Verbal or written test (depending on the state)
The theory test are completed on the computer, and both must be passed in order to pass the theory test.
Driving licence categories[edit]
See also: Car classification
This is a list of the categories that might be found on a driving licence in India.
MC 50CC (Motorcycle 50cc) — motorcycles with an engine capacity of 50 cc or less.
MC EX50CC (Motorcycle more than 50cc) — motorcycles and (Light Motor Vehicle)CAR.
FVG—Motorcycles of any engine capacity, but without gears, including mopeds and scooters
MC With Gear or M/CYCL.WG (Motorcycle With Gear) — all motorcycles.
LMV (Light Motor Vehicle) — including motorcars, jeeps, taxis, delivery vans.
LMV-NT (Light Motor Vehicle—Non Transport) — for personal use only
LMV-TR (Light Motor Vehicle—Transport) — for commercial transportation including light goods carrier.[6]
HMV (Heavy Motor Vehicle)
HPMV (Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle)
HTV Heavy Transport Vehicle (Heavy Goods Motor Vehicle, Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle)
TRAILER — a person holding a heavy vehicle driving licence can only apply for heavy trailer licence
Most of the legislation regarding licensing is in the Rules of the Road Regulation and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Private/Commercial drivers should have an additional Badge if they are driving a taxi or any other public transport vehicle.scout
Points and endorsements[edit]
India uses cumulative points systems, broadly similar but different in detail in different countries, for offenders.
Points are given for driving offences by law courts, and the licence is endorsed accordingly. An Indian driving licence may be endorsed by the courts for various offences, not only for those committed whilst driving or in charge of a vehicle.[citation needed] If the individual committing the offence does not hold a valid driving licence the driver is subject to be penalised or face imprisonment of up to 3 months.[7] Violation of traffic signals, triple driving on motor cycle, using vehicles without registration or in unsafe condition may endorse and attract 3 negative points in each case.[8]
In case of two-wheelers, helmet laws is mandatory for the main rider and the pillion rider. Offences such as for drink or drug driving are recorded on the licence and the offender is prosecuted and imprisoned.[9]
Twelve points on the licence makes the driver liable to cancellation/suspension of driving licence for one year; accumulation of twelve points for the second consecutive time would lead to suspension of driving licence for five years.[8]
Production[edit]
Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving licence while driving. Under s.130 of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988; A police officer or any other official authorised by the government can ask for vehicle-related documents, and the driver should produce them within 15 days at the police station (or the concerned department).[10]
The law permits officials to seize a licence, and issue a temporary one for a specified time. The law also allows the state government to set the fines or prison terms for minor traffic violations, and specifies who has the rights to enforce these rules.
Every driving licence has a maximum number of endorsements allowed. If the driver does not follow the traffic rules or causes any fault, then a penalty fine is issued and an endorsement put on the licence. An excessive number of endorsements may lead to cancellation.[8]
See also[edit]
Driving in India
Speed limits in India
Road signs in India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Vaibhav Ganjapure (12 August 2016). "Not 18 years old? You can't ride bikes over 50cc". Times of India. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "MOTOR VEHICLES ACT, 1988" (PDF). Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ s.3 and 4 of Motor Vehicles Act 1988, India
Jump up ^ "Foreign Drivers in India: Legal Aspects". InterNations. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Renewal Driving License". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Driving license / India Drive Safe". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Offences and Penalties in India". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Stiffer fines, penalty points for traffic offences in the offing". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Driving licence to be suspended for minimum of 3 months on traffic rule violation: Supreme Court panel". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Transport Department". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
External links[edit]
Motor Vehicles Act, 1988

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/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

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