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African-American studies
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African-American studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of the history, culture, and politics of Black Americans. Taken broadly, the field studies not only the cultures of people of African descent in the United States, but the cultures of the entire African diaspora but it has been defined in different ways. The field includes scholars of African-American literature, history, politics, religion and religious studies, sociology, and many other disciplines within the humanities and social sciences.[1]
Intensive academic efforts to reconstruct African-American history began in the late 19th century (W. E. B. Du Bois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1896). Among the pioneers in the first half of the 20th century were Carter G. Woodson,[2] Herbert Aptheker, Melville Herskovits, and Lorenzo Dow Turner.[3][4]
Programs and departments of African-American studies were first created in the 1960s and 1970s as a result of inter-ethnic student and faculty activism at many universities, sparked by a five-month strike for black studies at San Francisco State. In February 1968, San Francisco State hired sociologist Nathan Hare to coordinate the first black studies program and write a proposal for the first Department of Black Studies; the department was created in September 1968 and gained official status at the end of the five-months strike in the spring of 1969. The creation of programs and departments in black studies was a common demand of protests and sit-ins by minority students and their allies, who felt that their cultures and interests were underserved by the traditional academic structures.
Black studies is a systematic way of studying black people in the world – such as their history, culture, sociology, and religion. It is a study of the black experience and the effect of society on them and their effect within society. This study aims to, among other things, help eradicate many racial stereotypes. Black studies implements: history, family structure, social and economic pressures, stereotypes, and gender relationships.
Contents
1 The Origins of African-American studies
1.1 The Civil Rights context
1.2 Recent challenges and criticism
1.3 Recent trends: emergence of Black Male Studies (BMS)
2 Universities and colleges with African-American Studies departments (incomplete)
3 Universities with Ph.D. programs in African-American Studies
4 Scholars in African-American studies
5 Scholarly and academic journals
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
The Origins of African-American studies[edit]
The Civil Rights context[edit]
In the United States the 1960s is rightfully known as the “Turbulent Sixties”. During this time period the nation experienced great social unrest, as citizens challenged the social order in radical ways. Many movements took place in the United States during this time period, including: women’s rights movement, labor rights movement, and the civil rights movement.[5]
The students at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) were witnesses to the Civil Rights Movement, and by 1964 they were thrust into activism.[6] On October 1, 1964, Jack Weinberg, a former graduate student, was sitting at a table where the Congress of Racial Equality was distributing literature encouraging students to protest against institutional racism. Police asked Weinberg to produce his ID to confirm that he was a student, but he refused to do so and was therefore arrested. In support of Weinberg 3,000 students surrounded the police vehicle, and even used the car as a podium from where they spoke about their right to engage in political protest on campus.[7] This impromptu demonstration was the first of many protests, culminating in the institutionalization of African-American Studies.
Two months later students at UC Berkeley organized sit-in at the Sproul Hall Administration building to protest an unfair rule which prohibited all political clubs from fundraising, excluding the democrat and republican clubs.[8] Police arrested 800 students. Students a “Freedom of Speech Movement” and Mario Savio became its poetic leader, stating that “freedom of speech was something that represents the very dignity of what a human is...."[7] The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), a well-connected and organized club, hosted a conference entitled “Black Power and its Challenges".[8] Black leaders who were directly tied to then ongoing civil rights movements spoke to a predominantly white audience about their respective goals and challenges. These leaders included Stokely Carmichael of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and James Bevel of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).
Educational conferences like that of SDS forced the university to take some measures to correct the most obvious racial issue on campus—the sparse black student population.[9] In 1966 the school held its first official racial and ethnic survey, it which it was discovered that the “American Negro” represented 1.02% of the university population.[10] In 1968 the university instituted its Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) facilitated the increased minority student enrollment, and offered financial aid to minority students with high potential.[9] By 1970 there were 1,400 EOP students. As the minority student population increased tension between activists clubs and minorities rose, because minority wanted the reigns of the movement that affected them directly. One student asserted that it was “backward to educate white people about Black Power when many black people are still uneducated on the matter.[11] ”The members of the Afro-American Student Union (AASU) proposed an academic department called “Black Studies” in April 1968.[12] "We demand a program of “Black Studies,” a program that will be of and for black people. We demand to be educated realistically and that no form of education which attempts to lie to us, or otherwise miss-educate us will be accepted."[13]
AASU members asserted that “The young people of America are the inheritors of what is undoubtedly one of the most challenging, and threatening set of social circumstances that has ever fallen upon a generation of young people in history...."[13] AASU used these claims to gain ground on their proposal to create a black studies department. Nathan Hare, a sociology professor at San Francisco State University, created what was known as the “A Conceptual Proposal for Black Studies” and AASU used Hare’s framework to create a set of criteria.[14] A Black Studies Program was implemented by UC Berkeley administration on January 13, 1969. In 1969, St. Clair Drake was named the first chair of the degree granting, Program in African and Afro-American Studies at Stanford University.[15] Many Black Studies Programs and departments and programs around the nation were created in subsequent years.
At University of California, Santa Barbara, similarly, student activism led to the establishment of a Black Studies department, amidst great targeting and discrimination of student leaders of color on the University of California campuses. In the fall of 1968, black students from UCSB joined the national civil rights movement to end racial segregation and exclusion of Black history and studies from college campuses.Triggered by the insensitivity of the administration and general campus life, they occupied North Hall and presented the administration with a set of demands. Such efforts led to the eventual creation of the Black Studies department and the Center for Black Studies.[16]
Similar activism was happening outside of California. At Yale University, a committee headed by political scientist Robert Dahl recommended establishing an undergraduate major in African-American culture, one of the first such at an American university.[17]
When Ernie Davis from Syracuse University became the first African American to win the Heisman trophy in College football, it renewed debates about race in college campuses in the country. Inspired by the Davis win, civil rights movement and nationwide student activism, in 1969 Black and White students led by the Student African American Society (SAS) at Syracuse University marched in front of the building at Newhouse and demanded Black studies be taught at Syracuse.[18] It existed as an independent, underfunded non-degree offering program from 1971 until 1979.[19] In 1979 the program became the Department of African American Studies, offering degrees within the College of Arts and Sciences.[19]
Recent challenges and criticism[edit]
One of the major setbacks with Black Studies/African-American Studies Programs or departments is that there is a lack of financial resources available to student and faculty.[20] Many universities and colleges around the country provided Black Studies programs with small budgets and therefore it is difficult for the department to purchase materials and hire staff. Because the budget allocated to Black Studies is limited some faculty are jointly appointed therefore, causing faculty to leave their home disciplines to teach a discipline of which they may not be familiar. Budgetary issues make it difficult for Black Studies Programs and departments to function, and promote themselves.
Some critics[who?] claim that racism perpetrated by many administrators hinders the institutionalization of Black Studies at major universities.[20] As with the case of UC Berkeley most of the Black Studies programs across the country were instituted because of the urging and demanding of black students to create the program. In many instances black students also called for the increased enrollment of black students and offer financial assistance to these students.[20] Also seen in the case of UC Berkeley is the constant demand to have such a program, but place the power of control in the hands of black people. The idea was that black studies could not be “realistic” if it was not taught by someone who was not accustomed to the black experience. On many campuses directors of black studies have little to no autonomy—they do not have the power to hire or grant tenure to faculty. On many campuses an overall lack of respect for the discipline has caused instability for the students and for the program.
In the past thirty years there has been a steady decline of Black studies scholars.[20]
Recent trends: emergence of Black Male Studies (BMS)[edit]
African-American studies scholars have often explored the unique experiences of black boys/men. This line of research dates back to W.E.B. Dubois in his analysis of black male training in his book Souls of Black Folk. Though African-American studies as its own discipline has been in decline, its perpetuation as a sub-discipline in various social science fields (e.g., education, sociology, cultural anthropology, urban studies) has risen. This rise has coincided with the emergence of men's studies (also referred to as masculine studies). Since the early 1980s increasing interest in Black males among scholars and policy makers has resulted in a marked rise in the sub-discipline Black Male Studies. Today, numerous books, research articles, conferences,[21] foundations,[22] research centers[23][24] and institutes,[25] academic journals,[26] initiatives,[27][28][29] and scholarly collectives[30] emphasize or focus entirely on the status of Black boys and men in society.
Universities and colleges with African-American Studies departments (incomplete)[edit]
American University
Amherst College
Baruch College
Brandeis University
Brown University
Carleton College
Cleveland State University
College of William and Mary
Columbia University
California State University, Dominguez Hills
California State University, Fullerton
Dominican University
Emory University
Eastern Kentucky University
Eastern Michigan University
Fordham University
Georgetown University
Georgia State University
Indiana University
Ohio State University
Loyola Marymount University
Middle Tennessee State University
Pennsylvania State University[31]
Princeton University
Purdue University
Syracuse University
Temple University
Tufts University
University at Alabama[32]
University of Arkansas
University of California Irvine[33]
University of California Los Angeles
University of California Davis
University of California Santa Barbara
University of California, San Diego
University of California Berkeley
University of Florida
University of Houston
University of Louisville
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Michigan
University of Montana
University of Nebraska at Omaha
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill[34]
University of North Carolina at Greensboro[35]
University of North Texas
University of Pennsylvania
University of Oregon
University of Puget Sound
University of Texas at Austin
University of Texas at Arlington
University of Virginia
University of the Virgin Islands
University of Wisconsin
Virginia Commonwealth University
Valdosta State University
Vassar College
Western Illinois University
Wright State University
Yale University
University of Kansas
University of Rochester
University of Oklahoma
Wright State University
Nassau Community College
Universities with Ph.D. programs in African-American Studies[edit]
Ohio State University
Brown University
Cornell University
Harvard University
Indiana University
Michigan State University
Northwestern University
Pennsylvania State University[36]
Temple University
University of California, Berkeley
University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Texas at Austin[37]
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Yale University
University of Pennsylvania[38]
University of Louisville
Scholars in African-American studies[edit]
Maulana Karenga
Kwame Anthony Appiah
Molefi Kete Asante
M.K. Asante, Jr.
Houston A. Baker Jr.
Horace Campbell
Hazel Carby
Bill Cole
Patricia Hill Collins
Allison Davis
Angela Y. Davis
St. Clair Drake
W. E. B. Du Bois
Michael Eric Dyson
Melissa Harris-Perry
Tricia Rose
Gerald Early
John Hope Franklin
E. Franklin Frazier
Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
Paul Gilroy
Nathan Hare
Melville Herskovits
bell hooks
Charles S. Johnson
Glenn C. Loury
Manning Marable
Janis Mayes
Micere Mugo
Mark Anthony Neal
Adolph Reed
Cedric Robinson
Milton Sernett
Renate Simson
Robert B. Stepto
Akinyele Umoja
Cornel West
William Julius Wilson
Carter G. Woodson
Sylvia Wynter
Walter Rodney
Geneva Smitherman
Oliver Cromwell Cox
C.L.R. James
Maulana Karenga
Kwame Ture
Vincent Harding
Cynthia A. Young
Frederick Moten
Scholarly and academic journals[edit]
Africology: The Journal of Pan African Studies
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History
Negro History Bulletin
Journal of Black Studies
African American Review
Negro Digest
Phylon
Journal of Negro History
The Callaloo Journal
Journal of African American History
Journal of Negro Education
Journal of Pan African Studies
Race & Class
Transition Magazine
Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture, and Society
Journal of African American Males in Education'' (JAAME)
The Griot: The Journal of African American Studies
Negro Educational Review
International Journal of Africana Studies
The Black Scholar: Journal of Black Studies and Research
See also[edit]
African American portal
Black Feminism
Black matriarchy
Black Womanism
Religion in Black America
Non-African-American specific:
Pan-African studies
African studies
Ethnic Studies
Asian American Studies
Chicano Studies
Native American Studies
Africana Studies
Afro-Latino Studies
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "African American studies facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about African American studies".
Jump up ^ See Pero Gaglo Dagbovie: The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene, University of Illinois Press, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jason Kelly, "Lorenzo Dow Turner, PhD ’26: A linguist who identified the African influences in the Gullah dialect" (University of Chicago Magazine, November-December 2010): “Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (1949) ... was considered not only the defining work of Gullah language and culture but also the beginning of a new field, African American studies. ‘Until then it was pretty much thought that all of the African knowledge and everything had been erased by slavery. Turner showed that was not true,’ [curator Alcione] Amos says. ‘He was a pioneer. He was the first one to make the connections between African Americans and their African past.’”
Jump up ^ Holland Cotter, "A Language Explorer Who Heard Echoes of Africa" (The New York Times, September 2, 2010): “Turner published ‘Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect,’ a book that would help pave the way for the field of African-American studies in the 1960s.”
Jump up ^ Jerry DeMuth, "Fannie Lou Hamer: Tired of Being Sick and Tired," The Nation, June 1, 1964, 548-551.
Jump up ^ Philips, Mary (2010). "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley". Journal of Western Black Studies. 34: 256.
^ Jump up to: a b "Free Speech Café Mural". Moffit Library (University of California, Berkeley).
^ Jump up to: a b "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley". Journal of Western Black Studies (Print): 256. 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "EOP Offers Aid". Daily Californian. 19 October 1970.
Jump up ^ "Racial, ethnic minorities 7.02 percent of Cal Students". California Monthly (Editorial). July–August 1966.
Jump up ^ "Negro Group Afro-American Rally Will Oppose SDS", Daily Californian, Editorial, October 26, 1966.
Jump up ^ "Origins of Black Studies at UC Berkeley". Journal of Western Black Studies (Editorial): 257. 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Afro-American Studies Proposal", Daily Californian, Editorial, March 4, 1969.
Jump up ^ Barlow W. & Shapiro (1971). An End to Silence: The San Francisco State Student Movement in the 60s. New York: Pegasus.
Jump up ^ "African & African American Studies - Stanford University".
Jump up ^ "About the Department - Department of Black Studies - UC Santa Barbara".
Jump up ^ Douglas Martin, "Robert A. Dahl Dies at 98; Defined Politics and Power", The New York Times, Feb. 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Revolutionary Minds - The NewsHouse - Syracuse University and Community News - S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications".
^ Jump up to: a b "Redirect".
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Black Studies: Challenges and Critical Debates". Journal of Western Black Studies (Editorial): 273–274. 2010.
Jump up ^ "Black Male Development Symposium". Blackmaledevelopment.com. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Schott Foundation – 50 State Black Boys Report". Blackboysreport.org. August 17, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "OSU Office of Diversity and Inclusion | Homepage". Oma.osu.edu. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Center for African American Male Research Success and Leadership". Centerforafricanamericanmales.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "UCLA Black Male Institute".
Jump up ^ "The Journal of Black Masculinity". Blackmasculinity.com. March 31, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Home". Theblackmaleinitiative.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Black Male Initiative – Current Initiatives – CUNY". Cuny.edu. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "About us". The Morehouse Male Initiative. November 1, 2006. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Brothers of the Academy Institute". Brothersoftheacademy.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ "African American Studies". afam.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Department of Africana Studies - University at Albany-SUNY".
Jump up ^ "Home - UCI African American Studies".
Jump up ^ "Department of African, African American, and Diaspora Studies".
Jump up ^ "African American Studies - Majors - UNCG Admissions".
Jump up ^ "Graduate — African American Studies". afam.la.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ University of Texas at Austin African and African Diaspora Studies. "Graduate Admissions for Master's and Ph.D. Programs". Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
Jump up ^ University of Pennsylvania. "PhD Program". Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Fabio Rojas: From Black Power to Black Studies: How a Radical Social Movement Became an Academic Discipline, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-8018-8619-8
Kemner, Jochen. "African-American Movements" (2012). University Bielefeld - Center for InterAmerican Studies.
External links[edit]
Afro-American Studies Newsletter/The Vision (MUM00511) at the University of Mississippi, Archives and Special Collections.
Africology and African American Studies Eastern Michigan University
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Adrenal medulla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Adrenal medulla
Medulla labeled at bottom right.
Details
Precursor
Neural crest
Artery
superior suprarenal artery, middle suprarenal artery, Inferior suprarenal artery
Vein
suprarenal veins
Nerve
celiac plexus, renal plexus
Lymph
lumbar glands
Identifiers
TA
A11.5.00.008
FMA
15633
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Medullary part of the adrenal gland (on the pointer).
The adrenal medulla (Latin: medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland. It is located at the center of the gland, being surrounded by the adrenal cortex. It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basic
2 Function
3 Origin
4 Pathology
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Basic[edit]
The adrenal medulla consists of irregularly shaped cells grouped around blood vessels. These cells are intimately connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). In fact, these adrenal medullary cells are modified postganglionic neurons, and preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers lead to them directly from the central nervous system. The adrenal medulla therefore affects available energy, heart rate, and metabolism. Recent research indicates that the adrenal medulla is under the control of the sensory and motor cortex rather than centres associated with the conscious mind as previously thought.[1]
Function[edit]
Rather than releasing a neurotransmitter, the cells of the adrenal medulla secrete hormones.
The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Because the ANS, specifically the sympathetic division, exerts direct control over the chromaffin cells the hormone release can occur rather quickly. In response to stressors such as exercise or imminent danger, medullary cells release the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline into the blood. Adrenaline composes about 85% of the released catecholamines, and noradrenaline the other 15%.[2]
Notable effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in the skin and gastrointestinal tract, smooth muscle (bronchiole and capillary) dilation, and increased metabolism, all of which are characteristic of the fight-or-flight response. Release of catecholamines is stimulated by nerve impulses, and receptors for catecholamines are widely distributed throughout the body.
Origin[edit]
Medullary cells are derived from the embryonic neural crest and, as such, are simply modified neurons.
In particular, they are modified postganglionic cells of the autonomic nervous system that have lost their axons and dendrites, receiving innervation from corresponding preganglionic fibers. The cells form clusters around large blood vessels.
As a cluster of neuron cell bodies, the adrenal medulla is considered a ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.
Pathology[edit]
Neoplasms include:[3]
Pheochromocytoma (most common), a catecholamine-secreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
Neuroblastoma, a neuroendocrine tumor of any neural crest tissue of the sympathetic nervous system
Ganglioneuroma, a tumor in the nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system
The adrenal medulla may be poorly formed or absent in cases of absent adrenal gland. The deficiency in circulating catecholamines is mildly symptomatic due to compensation by the autonomous nervous system, except in episodes of hypoglycemia where glycogenolysis cannot be stimulated by circulating epinephrine .[3]
In dopamine beta hydroxylase deficiency, the entire body cannot efficiently produce epinephrine and norepinephrine from dopamine, this results in severe dysautonomia but most crucially due to autonomous nervous system failure which requires epinephrine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters, dopamine being used in this pathology as an inadequate substitute.[3][4]
See also[edit]
Adrenal gland
History of catecholamine research
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dum, Richard (2016). "Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
Jump up ^ Introduction to Autonomics, Part 2 - Page 5 of 12 anatomy module at med.umich.edu
^ Jump up to: a b c Fung, M. M.; Viveros, O. H.; O’Connor, D. T. (16 November 2007). "Diseases of the adrenal medulla". Acta Physiologica. 192 (2): 325–335. PMC 2576282  . PMID 18021328. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01809.x.
Jump up ^ Robertson, D; Haile, V; Perry, SE; Robertson, RM; Phillips JA, 3rd; Biaggioni, I (July 1991). "Dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency. A genetic disorder of cardiovascular regulation.". Hypertension. 18 (1): 1–8. PMID 1677640. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.18.1.1.
External links[edit]
Anatomy photo:40:04-0202 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Posterior Abdominal Wall: Blood Supply to the Suprarenal Glands"
Anatomy Atlases - Microscopic Anatomy, plate 15.292 - "Adrenal Gland"
[hide]
v
t
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Anatomy of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
Anterior
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis
Pars distalis
Acidophil cell
Somatotropic cell
Prolactin cell
Somatomammotrophic cell
Basophil cell
Corticotropic cell
Gonadotropic cell
Thyrotropic cell
Chromophobe cell
Posterior
Pars nervosa
Median eminence
Stalk
Pituicyte
Herring bodies
Thyroid
Follicular cell
Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid gland
Chief cell
Oxyphil cell
Adrenal gland
Cortex
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Medulla
Chromaffin cell
Gonads
Testicle
Leydig cell
Sertoli cell
Ovary
Theca interna
Granulosa cell
Corpus luteum
Islets of pancreas
Alpha cell
Beta cell
PP cell
Delta cell
Epsilon cell
Pineal gland
Pinealocyte
Corpora arenacea
Other
Enteroendocrine cell
Paraganglia
Organ of Zuckerkandl
Placenta
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Patagonian Welsh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Patagonian Welsh
Cymraeg y Wladfa
Native to
Argentina
Region
Chubut
Native speakers
L1: Unknown (2017)
L2: 1,500-5,000[1][2]
Language family
Indo-European
Celtic
Insular Celtic
Brythonic
Welsh
Patagonian Welsh
Writing system
Latin (Welsh alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
–
Glottolog
pata1258[3]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Patagonian Welsh (Welsh: Cymraeg y Wladfa) is the name given to the Welsh language as spoken in Y Wladfa, the Welsh settlement in Patagonia, Argentina, specifically in the province of Chubut.[4][5] There is no evidence to suggest there are still any first language speakers remaining. Claims about the number of native speakers refer to second language speakers or language learners.
Teachers are sent to teach the language and to train local tutors in the Welsh language, and there is some prestige of knowing the language, even among those who are not of Welsh descent.[6]The Welsh education and projects are mainly funded by the Welsh Government, British Council, Cardiff University and the Welsh-Argentine Association. In 2005 there were 62 Welsh classes in the area and Welsh was taught as a subject in two primary schools and two colleges in the region of Gaiman. There is also a bilingual Welsh-Spanish language school called Ysgol yr Hendre situated in Trelew and a college located in Esquel. As of 2016[update], there are three bilingual Welsh-Spanish schools in Patagonia.[7]
Patagonian Welsh has developed to be a distinct dialect of Welsh, different from the several dialects used in Wales itself;[how?] however speakers from Wales and Patagonia are able to communicate readily.[6] Toponyms throughout the Chubut Valley are of Welsh origin.
A total of 1,220 people undertook Welsh courses in Patagonia in 2015.[8]
History[edit]
The Welsh people first arrived in Patagonia in 1865. They had migrated to protect their native Welsh culture and language, which they considered to be threatened in their native Wales.[citation needed] Over the years the use of the language started to decrease and there was relatively little contact between Wales and the Chubut Valley. The situation began to change[6] when many Welsh people visited the region in 1965 to celebrate the colony's centenary; since then the number of Welsh visitors increased.
In 1945 and 1946 the BBC World Service broadcast radio shows in Patagonian Welsh.[9]
In 2004 the Welsh speakers in Argentina asked permission from the Welsh government to access Welsh TV programmes to encourage the learning of the language and for the language to grow.[10]
Trilingual sign in Patagonia
Ysgol yr Hendre, Patagonia's Welsh-language school.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Patagonia's Welsh settlement was 'cultural colonialism' says academic". WalesOnline. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ wales.com. "Wales and Patagonia". Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Patagonian Welsh". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Jump up ^ "Viewpoint: The Argentines who speak Welsh". BBC News. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 16 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "BBC National Orchestra of Wales first for Patagonia". BBC News. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Huw Edwards (29 August 2016). "BBC One - Patagonia with Huw Edwards". BBC One. Retrieved 15 September 2016. Television program by Huw Edwards on Patagonia and its Welsh community and culture.
Jump up ^ http://cymraeg.llyw.cymru/news/index/ysgol-patagonia?lang=en
Jump up ^ "Welsh Language Project Annual Report 2015" (PDF). British Council. British Council.
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/history/audio.shtml
Jump up ^ http://clanjames.com/patagonian_welsh.htm
External links[edit]
Project-Hiraeth – Documents the stories of the Welsh colony in Patagonia, Argentina through film, text and illustration.
[hide]
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values: Патагонский валлийский – Russian

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