text:
South Street (Philadelphia)
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South Street
South Street in Philadelphia
Location
Philadelphia
West end
33rd Street / Spruce Street in University City
Major
junctions
I‑76 (Schuylkill Expressway) in University City
PA 611 (Broad Street) in Center City
East end
Front Street in Center City
South Street is a street in Philadelphia, which was originally named "Cedar Street" in William Penn's original street grid,[1] it is an east-west street forming the southern border of Center City [2] and the northern border for South Philadelphia.[3] The stretch of South Street between Front Street and Seventh Street is known for its "bohemian", "punk", and generally "alternative" atmosphere and its diverse urban mix of shops, bars, and eateries. It is one of Philadelphia's largest tourist attractions.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Layout
2 History
3 Public transportation
4 South Street in popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Layout[edit]
South Street begins at 33rd and Spruce Streets in University City, heading east-southeast past the University of Pennsylvania's Franklin Field and the University Museum. It crosses the Schuylkill River on the South Street Bridge, a fixed bridge built in 2010 to replace a former double bascule bridge dating from 1923.[5] South Street then heads east (relative to the city grid), and becomes one-way eastbound from 27th Street all the way to Front Street.
South Street marks the 600 South block (from Market Street) in the city's gridiron street system. In West Philadelphia, the 600 South is delineated between 45th and 63rd Streets by Cedar Avenue, the name being a relic of the original name for South Street (Cedar Street) in the original plan for Philadelphia as drafted by William Penn. South Street and Cedar Avenue are discontinuous with each other due to Woodland Cemetery, the University of Pennsylvania (the former Blockley Township), and the Schuylkill River.
History[edit]
The south side of the 300 block of South Street at night from the corner of 3rd and South Streets.
Named Cedar Street in William Penn's plan of Philadelphia, South Street was the traditional southern boundary of Philadelphia's city limits before the city annexed the townships of Passyunk, Moyamensing and Southwark.
Until the 1950s, South Street was known mainly as a garment district, with stores for men's suits and other clothing, while the more western areas around South Street served as a cultural and commercial center for South Philadelphia's African American community.[6] Real estate values plummeted after city planner Edmund Bacon and others proposed the Crosstown Expressway, a short limited-access expressway connecting the Schuylkill Expressway and I-95 that would have required the demolition of many buildings on South Street and Bainbridge Street (an east-west street one block south of South Street). The suddenly cheap property attracted artists and counterculture-types. The proposed expressway was never built due to public opposition.[7]
Starting mainly in the early 1960s to the 1970s, South Street was filled with clubs and bars that fostered a live local music community. It was not uncommon for South Philadelphians to "bar-hop" across the clubs, listening to live bands along the way. This community of fans helped attract recording contracts for many artists, including Kenn Kweder, the "bard of South Street"; George Thorogood; and Robert Hazard. During this time, South Street served as an artists' haven and a hub of Beat subculture and, later, 1960s counterculture, bohemianism, and the hippie movement in Philadelphia, establishing a lasting association of South Street with avant-garde and alternative subcultures.[8][9][10][11][6] From the mid to late 1970s into the 1980s, South Street's reputation as a musical, artistic, and countercultural hub was further solidified as it became the center of Philadelphia's punk scene and punk and alternative rock music communities, with venues such as JC Dobbs and stores such as Zipperhead catering to the burgeoning scene.[12][13][14]
In 1976, Jim's Steaks of West Philadelphia expanded to 400 South Street, becoming the notable restaurant's first franchise.[15]
In the late 1980s, South Street became one of the city's main tourist attractions. Tourists flocked to the nightlife that South Street had accumulated over the years, and the "neighborhood" community aspect was gradually stripped from it. Many of the South Street clubs have closed, replaced by chain stores and shops to cater to tourists.[4]
Today, the name "South Street" is popularly attached to an eight-block stretch of South extending after 8th Street (and a few adjacent streets). It remains a popular hangout area for teens, college students, and twentysomethings with its assortment of bars, take-out eateries, sex shops, gift shops, and retailers catering to hip hop fashion, punk fashion, and/or urban culture. A few restaurants and independent boutiques targeting a slightly more mature clientele are interspersed with these businesses, such as Accent on Animals, a pet supply store, and South Street Souvlaki, a Greek restaurant. The famous cheesesteak restaurant, Jim's Steaks, was founded on South Street in 1939. Starting in the late 1990s, the street saw the establishment of various chain stores, including Johnny Rockets, two Starbucks locations, Häagen-Dazs, Rita's Italian Ice, Super Fresh, Whole Foods, CVS, and Fine Wine & Good Spirits. South Street is adjacent to Headhouse Square, a notable plaza with various shops and restaurants.
Public transportation[edit]
South Street is traversed over its entire length by SEPTA's Route 40 bus, running eastbound on South and westbound on Lombard Street through Center City. During evenings and weekends, the 40 bus avoids the pedestrian congestion east of Broad Street by turning north on Broad and then turning east on Pine Street all the way to Front Street.[16] Several other transit routes cross South Street, most important being the subsurface Broad Street Line with its station at Lombard-South.
South Street in popular culture[edit]
Zipperhead (now relocated and changed name) was mentioned in the song "Punk Rock Girl" by the Dead Milkmen.
The Orlons, a music group from Philadelphia, released a 1963 song based on (and entitled) South Street, which begins with the line "Where do all the hippies meet?" Another Philadelphia-area band, The Dovells also mentioned South Street in their 1963 hit "You Can't Sit Down".
Philadelphia band Need New Body has a song called "So St RX" which is about South Street.
Fear's 1982 song "I Don't Care About You", which name-checks the neighborhoods associated with the punk movement in the United States in the early 1980s, begins with the line, "I'm from South Street Philadelphia" (also relevant to writer/vocalist Lee Ving who was born in the city).
The Dead Milkmen's 1988 song "Punk Rock Girl" makes references to Zipperhead (a punk rock/alternative clothing and accessories store) and The Philadelphia Pizza Company., Ltd, both of which were located on South Street. Portions of the video for this song were filmed on South Street. Zipperhead has since relocated to South 4th St. and been renamed to Crash Bang Boom. A few years after Zipperhead founder and building landlord Rick Millan sold the business to local musician Rob Windfelder and his business partner Stefanie Jollis, the store was relocated and renamed.
Green Day made their Philadelphia debut on January 23, 1993 at J.C. Dobbs on the 300 block of South Street. The band had not yet signed with Reprise and the club oversold the 125-capacity venue. Late arrivals paid to enter the second floor and watch the live video feed. During the third song of the set, a young woman had a seizure, the show was halted, and police ended the concert and cleared the venue.[17]
Boyz II Men's debut song and video "Motownphilly" was partially filmed on South Street and the location is referenced in the song.
Singer songwriter Jake Laufer's 2009 rockabilly song, "Center City," about a guy from Tennessee coming north to meet up with his Philly-based girlfriend, features several South Street landmarks, including Lorenzo's Pizza and Famous 4th Street Deli.
The HBO comedy special The Diceman Cometh, starring comedian Andrew Dice Clay, was recorded at South Street's Theater of the Living Arts (and was mentioned in the special by Clay).
The block of South Street between 5th and 6th Street is shown in the opening credits of the FX Network show "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia".
Philadelphia native Will Smith makes mention in his song "Getting Jiggy with it" in the lyric "livin' that life some consider a myth, rock from south street to one two fifth".
See also[edit]
History of Philadelphia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What's in an Odanym".
Jump up ^ Philadelphia Neighborhoods A-K. City of Philadelphia Department of Records.
Jump up ^ Philadelphia Neighborhoods Q-Z. City of Philadelphia Department of Records.
^ Jump up to: a b Philadelphia Pressroom What's In The South Street Neighborhood? Accessed August 15, 2012
Jump up ^ "South Street Bridge". Bridgehunter.com. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Hunter, Marcus Anthony (2013). Black Citymakers: How The Philadelphia Negro Changed Urban America. OUP USA.
Jump up ^ Ray, Matthew. "City and State honor Edmund Bacon". Weekly Press (originally published in). The Ed Bacon Foundation. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ivory, Karen (2011). Philadelphia Icons: 50 Classic Views of the City of Brotherly Love. Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
Jump up ^ McCutcheon, Lauren (2009). Frommer's Philadelphia & the Amish Country. Macmillan.
Jump up ^ Keech, Pamela (2013). The Best Flea, Antique, Vintage, and New-Style Markets in America. New York Review of Books.
Jump up ^ Mann, Brett (2005). Blinded by the Lyrics: Behind the Lines of Rock and Roll's Most Baffling Songs. Citadel Press.
Jump up ^ Amorosi, A.D. "Where They Were Then". Philadelphia City Paper. Retrieved 1 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Laird, R.F. (1991). The Boomer Bible. Workman Publishing.
Jump up ^ Ivory, Karen (2007). Philadelphia Off the Beaten Path: A Guide to Unique Places. Globe Pequot.
Jump up ^ "Jim's Steaks History". Retrieved December 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "SEPTA Route 40" (PDF). Retrieved December 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Pearn Jr., Frank (January 23, 1993). "Philadelphia Police Seize The Moment At Dobbs". The Morning Call. Allentown. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Street (Philadelphia).
South Street Tourism Page
Coordinates: 39°56′30″N 75°09′02″W / 39.941758°N 75.15069°W / 39.941758; -75.15069
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Down by the River
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Down by the River may refer to:
"Down by the River" (Albert Hammond song), a 1972 folk song, re-released in 1975
"Down by the River" (Bliss n Eso song), 2010
"Down by the River" (Milky Chance song), 2014
"Down by the River" (Neil Young song), 1969
Down by the River (novel), a 1997 novel by Edna O'Brien
See also[edit]
"Down by the Riverside", a Negro spiritual song
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Down by the River.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Here Comes Honey Boo Boo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Here Comes Honey Boo Boo
Genre
Reality television
Starring
Alana "Honey Boo Boo" Thompson
Jessica 'Chubbs' Shannon
Anna 'Chickadee' Cardwell
June 'Mama June' Shannon
Lauryn 'Pumpkin' Shannon
Mike 'Sugar Bear' Thompson
Kaitlyn Cardwell
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4 (+1 unaired season which eventually aired on April 21, 2017)
No. of episodes
52 (+unknown number of unaired episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Lauren Lexton
Tom Rogan
Sara Reddy
Running time
25 minutes
Production company(s)
Authentic Entertainment
Release
Original network
TLC
Picture format
480i
HDTV 1080i
Original release
August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08) – April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)
External links
Website
www.tlc.com/tv-shows/here-comes-honey-boo-boo
Here Comes Honey Boo Boo is an American reality television series that aired on TLC featuring the family of child beauty pageant contestant Alana "Honey Boo Boo" Thompson. The show premiered on August 8, 2012 and ended on August 14, 2014. Thompson and her family originally rose to fame on TLC's reality series Toddlers & Tiaras.[1] The show mainly revolves around Alana "Honey Boo Boo" Thompson and "Mama" June Shannon, and their family's adventures in the town of McIntyre, Georgia. The reality series has received predominantly negative reviews from television critics.
On October 24, 2014, TLC cancelled the series after four seasons, following reports stating that cast member June Shannon was romantically involved with a registered sex offender, which both Shannon and her older daughter Lauryn denied. A fifth season of episodes remains unaired as a result of the cancellation.
On April 21, 2017, TLC aired, "Here Comes Honey Boo Boo: The Lost Episodes" which were the episodes filmed for the fifth season that never aired due to the abrupt cancellation of the show in 2014. On the same night, TLC aired re-runs of the original series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and premise
2 Ratings and reception
2.1 Criticism
2.2 Praise
2.3 Parodies
2.4 Cancellation
2.5 Post cancellation
3 Episodes
3.1 Season 1 (2012)
3.2 Season 2 (2013)
3.3 Season 3 (2014)
3.4 Season 4 (2014)
3.5 Specials
4 Spin-offs
4.1 Mama June: From Not to Hot
4.1.1 Episodes
5 References
6 External links
Cast and premise[edit]
Besides Alana, who was six years old when the first season was filmed, the show features her stay-at-home mother June "Mama June" Shannon; her father Mike "Sugar Bear" Thompson, a chalk miner; and her three sisters: Lauryn "Pumpkin" Shannon, Jessica "Chubbs" Shannon, and Anna "Chickadee" Shannon (now Anna Cardwell).[2][3][4] Anna Shannon gave birth to daughter Kaitlyn Cardwell, in the first-season finale.[5][6]
The first season of Here Comes Honey Boo Boo aired from August 8 to October 26, 2012, and was followed by four specials airing in early 2013.
In September 2012, Here Comes Honey Boo Boo was renewed for a second season.[7] The second season debuted July 17, 2013, and concluded on September 11, 2013. The second season featured preparations for the wedding/"commitment ceremony" of June Shannon and Mike Thompson. For the second season premiere, TLC distributed "Watch 'N' Sniff" cards, allowing viewers to release scents correlating with specific scenes.[8]
On September 20, 2013, it was announced that TLC had ordered a twelve-episode third season and three specials.[9] The third season premiered on January 16, 2014,[10] and concluded on March 6, 2014.
Ratings and reception[edit]
The series premiere episode attained a 1.6 rating in the 18–49 demographic, attracting 2.2 million viewers.[11] The series was one of TLC's highest-rated shows in its first season.[12] The August 29 episode, airing on Wednesday night during the 2012 Republican National Convention, attracted almost 3 million viewers and scored a 1.3 rating among 18- to 49-year-olds, the highest rating in that age group for any cable program that night,[13] though about 20 million in all were watching the convention. Fox News convention coverage was second in the time period with a 1.2 rating, followed by NBC coverage with 1.1.[14]
Critical reaction to the series has been mixed, with some characterizing the show as "offensive," "outrageous," and "exploitative," while others call it "must-see TV."[15]
Criticism[edit]
The A.V. Club called the first episode a "horror story posing as a reality television program,"[16] with others worrying about potential child exploitation.[17] James Poniewozik mostly praised the show, but criticized the producers for "the way that the show seems to assume that those viewers will look at this family and the world."[18]
A reviewer for Forbes criticized TLC as trying to "portray Alana's family as a horde of lice-picking, lard-eating, nose-thumbing hooligans south of the Mason–Dixon line," stating that "it falls flat, because there’s no true dysfunction here, save for the beauty pageant stuff."[19] The Guardian also criticized the attempt to portray the Thompsons as people to "point and snicker at," saying, "none of the women or girls who participate in the show seems to hate themselves for their poverty, their weight, their less-than-urbane lifestyle, or the ways in which they diverge from the socially-acceptable beauty standard."[20]
The Hollywood Reporter pronounced the show "horrifying," explaining:
You know this show is exploitation. TLC knows it. Maybe even Mama and HBB know it, deep down in their rotund bodies. Here Comes Honey Boo Boo is a car crash, and everybody rubber-necks at a car crash, right? It's human nature. Yes, except that if you play that card, you also have to realize that human nature comes with the capacity to draw a line, to hold fast against the dehumanization and incremental tearing down of the social fabric, even if this never-ending onslaught of reality television suggests that's a losing effort. You can say no to visual exploitation. You can say no to TLC. And you can say no to Honey Boo Boo Child. Somebody has to.[21]
TV Guide's "Cheers & Jeers 2012" issue commented, "Jeers to Here Comes Honey Boo Boo for existing. Alana Thompson and her family have lowered the TV bar to new depths while introducing viewers to the terms 'forklift foot' and 'neck crust.' In a word, ewww."[22]
June Shannon herself has been criticized for her daughter's diet, which includes "Go Go Juice," a mixture of Red Bull and Mountain Dew that contains as much caffeine as two cups of coffee. The drink is used to get her daughter ready for pageants. Shannon has responded to this criticism, saying. "There are far worse things...I could be giving her alcohol."[1]
Praise[edit]
Out praised the show for Alana Thompson's attitude toward her gay paternal uncle Lee "Poodle" Thompson; Thompson stated, "Ain't nothing wrong with bein' a little gay." Out noted the show's "clear message of equality" and said that Alana's acceptance of her gay relative "confounded" the stereotype of the "redneck" working-class, Southern white female.[23]
June Shannon has been praised by Mother Nature Network for her "keen business sense" with which she feeds her family on $80 a week by clipping copious coupons, playing bingo, exploiting roadkill, and acquiring child-support checks from each of her four children’s fathers.[12]
Prior to the show's second season, Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show "feels as real to me as the Great Depression images shot by the WPA photographers" and praised the "solid—if unorthodox—family values."[24]
Parodies[edit]
Here Comes Honey Boo Boo has been lampooned by the animated TV series South Park, in its season 16 episode "Raising the Bar",[25] by the animated TV series MAD, in a short called "Here Comes Yogi Boo Boo", and in an online spoof uploaded on CollegeHumor called "Precious Plum."[26]
Christopher Walken, Colin Farrell and Sam Rockwell took time from promoting their new film Seven Psychopaths to deliver a dramatic rendition of Here Comes Honey Boo Boo.[27]
The film Scary Movie 5 featured a scene parodying Sinister where Simon Rex is frightened by an Alana look-a-like that pops out of a cardboard box and says, "A dollar makes me holla, honey boo boo child."
Cancellation[edit]
On October 24, 2014, TLC announced the cancellation of the show after reports surfaced that June Shannon was dating a man convicted of child molestation. Shannon and her older daughter Lauryn denied these reports.[28] The man in question, Mark Anthony McDaniel, Sr., was convicted of aggravated child molestation of an 8-year-old in March 2004. McDaniel is listed as a registered sex offender with the Georgia Sex Offender Registry.[28][29] Shannon's eldest daughter confirmed that she is the child who was molested by McDaniel 10 years earlier.[28][30] TLC commented on the future of the series regarding the current situation with the following statement: "We are currently reassessing the reports, but we do not currently have Here Comes Honey Boo Boo in production".[31]
An entire season's worth of episodes – which could reportedly fill six months of schedule[32] – are left unaired, following the cancellation of the show.[33]
Post cancellation[edit]
Upon hearing of the show's cancellation, Vivid Entertainment president Steven Hirsch sent a letter to June Shannon, offering her and her former live-in partner, Mike Thompson, US$1 million to appear in a pornographic film. Hirsch stated that the studio’s BBW themed productions have become a very popular genre on Vivid.com and VividTV, and he would make the couple’s experience “enjoyable” for them both, as well as give them creative input.[34]
In February 2015, Alana and June had appeared on an episode of The Doctors after Alana had noticeably gained more weight and had weighed 125 pounds (57 kg).[35] Upon seeing the family's refrigerator, a health intervention was staged to help Alana lose weight with healthier food. The former child star was to lose 12–25 pounds (5.4–11.3 kg) before the end of April.[35]
During an interview with Inside Edition it was revealed that Alana, with Lauryn and Adam Barta, were set to release a song called "Movin' Up". TLC had threatened to sue the family as they were not allowed to release anything until their contract expired in late May 2015.[36]
Inside Edition had again interviewed the family in late April 2015 about Alana's sister Lauryn coming out as bisexual. It was revealed that June was also bisexual after she was outed by Lauryn in the interview.[37]
June "Mama June" Shannon and Mike "Sugar Bear" Thompson returned to reality television in 2015 as participants of Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars 4. While the couple were there to work on their marriage, Sugar Bear ultimately revealed his infidelities to June, resulting in great friction between the two. It was revealing in early 2016 after that show that the couple had officially separated.
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release date
Season premiere
Season finale
Region 1
Region 2
1 10 August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08) October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26) May 7, 2013[38] June 10, 2013[39]
2 12 July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17) September 11, 2013 (2013-09-11) N/A N/A
3 12 January 16, 2014 (2014-01-16) March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06) TBA TBA
4 14 June 19, 2014 (2014-06-19) August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14) TBA TBA
Season 1 (2012)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Production code
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "This Is My Crazy Family" August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08) 101 2.25[40]
2
2 "Gonna Be a Sassy Girl" August 8, 2012 (2012-08-08) 102 2.14[40]
3
3 "She Oooo'd Herself" August 15, 2012 (2012-08-15) 103 2.05[41]
4
4 "I'm Sassified!" August 15, 2012 (2012-08-15) 104 1.94[41]
5
5 "What Is a Door Nut?" August 22, 2012 (2012-08-22) 105 2.33[42]
6
6 "A Bunch of Wedgies" August 29, 2012 (2012-08-29) 106 2.99[43]
7
7 "Shh! It's a Wig" October 5, 2012 (2012-10-05) 107 2.39[44]
8
8 "Time for a Sketti!" October 12, 2012 (2012-10-12) 108 2.15[45]
9
9 "Ah-choo!" October 19, 2012 (2012-10-19) 109 2.15[46]
10
10 "It Is What It Is" October 26, 2012 (2012-10-26) 110 2.75[47]
Season 2 (2013)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
11
1 "Mo' Butter, Mo' Better" July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17) 2.83[48]
12
2 "Turn This Big Mama On" July 17, 2013 (2013-07-17) 2.91[48]
13
3 "It's Always Something With Pumpkin" July 24, 2013 (2013-07-24) 2.05[49]
14
4 "The 'M' Word" July 24, 2013 (2013-07-24) 2.43[49]
15
5 "Chubby Chaser" July 31, 2013 (2013-07-31) 2.15[50]
16
6 "Safety!" July 31, 2013 (2013-07-31) 2.55[50]
17
7 "Runaway Bride!" August 7, 2013 (2013-08-07) 2.01[51]
18
8 "Big Girls Wear Lace-Ups" August 14, 2013 (2013-08-14) 1.89[52]
19
9 "Get Her Chins Vacuumed" August 21, 2013 (2013-08-21) 2.05[53]
20
10 "Lift and Scoop" August 28, 2013 (2013-08-28) 2.17[54]
21
11 "Stress Poops" September 4, 2013 (2013-09-04) 1.96[55]
22
12 "Happily Ever After?" September 11, 2013 (2013-09-11) 3.21[56]
Season 3 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
23
1 "The Manper" January 16, 2014 (2014-01-16) 2.07[57]
24
2 "The Birds and The Boos" January 16, 2014 (2014-01-16) 1.91[57]
25
3 "Familymoon" January 23, 2014 (2014-01-23) 1.53[58]
26
4 "Hubba Bubba!" January 23, 2014 (2014-01-23) 1.58[58]
27
5 "Get a Job" January 30, 2014 (2014-01-30) 2.00[59]
28
6 "Funk Shway" January 30, 2014 (2014-01-30) 2.39[59]
29
7 "Monkeys Make Very Good Brothers" February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06) 1.91[60]
30
8 "Stand Peein' Up" February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06) 2.02[60]
31
9 "Can I Say *****?" February 13, 2014 (2014-02-13) 1.81[61]
32
10 "You Need Your Thumb to Vacuum Clean" February 20, 2014 (2014-02-20) 1.75[62]
33
11 "Sherlock Poop" February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27) 1.44[63]
34
12 "You're Be Nineteen" March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06) 1.99[64]
Season 4 (2014)[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
35
1 "3 Generations & 1 Pork Rind" June 19, 2014 (2014-06-19) 1.73[65]
36
2 "Yodega" June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26) 1.51[66]
37
3 "Bingo Face" June 26, 2014 (2014-06-26) 1.74[66]
38
4 "Top 10 Summer Moments" July 3, 2014 (2014-07-03) 1.04[67]
39
5 "Forced Family Fun!" July 10, 2014 (2014-07-10) 1.34[68]
40
6 "Civil War" July 10, 2014 (2014-07-10) 1.50[68]
41
7 "Vowel of Silence" July 17, 2014 (2014-07-17) 1.18[69]
42
8 "Brain Rest" July 17, 2014 (2014-07-17) 1.33[69]
43
9 "This Couch is on Fire" July 24, 2014 (2014-07-24) 1.22[70]
44
10 "Spring Broken" July 24, 2014 (2014-07-24) 1.38[70]
45
11 "Girl Power" July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31) 1.39[71]
46
12 "Trouble in Paradise" July 31, 2014 (2014-07-31) 1.46[71]
47
13 "Ain't Gonna Leave Me" August 7, 2014 (2014-08-07) 1.12[72]
48
14 "Annabama" August 14, 2014 (2014-08-14) 1.81[73]
Specials[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date
Production code
U.S. viewers
(million)
SP1
"A Very Boo Halloween To Be..." January 6, 2013 (2013-01-06) 111324 3.08[74]
SP2
"A Very Boo Thanksgiving" January 13, 2013 (2013-01-13) 112 2.19[75]
SP3
"You Don't Know Boo!" January 27, 2013 (2013-01-27) 113 1.93[76]
SP4
"A Very Boo Christmas" February 10, 2013 (2013-02-10) 114 1.80[77]
SP5
"Halloween Too" March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13) 313-60 1.92[78]
SP6
"Never Boo-fore Seen" March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20) 314-60 1.86[79]
SP7
"New Years Revolutions" March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27) 315-90 1.91[80]
SP8
"The Lost Episodes" April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) TBA N/A
Spin-offs[edit]
Mama June: From Not to Hot[edit]
Mama June: From Not to Hot
Genre
Reality television
Starring
June 'Mama June' Shannon
Alana 'Honey Boo Boo' Thompson
Lauryn 'Pumpkin' Shannon
Mike 'Sugar Bear' Thompson
Jennifer Lamb
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
9
Production
Running time
42 to 52 minutes
Release
Original network
WEtv
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) – Present (Present)
External links
Website
www.tlc.com/tv-shows/here-comes-honey-boo-boo
On 24 February 2017, June "Mama June" Shannon returned to television for a nine-episode WE tv reality show, Mama June: From Not to Hot. The show documented her weight loss transformation from 460 to 160 pounds (209 to 73 kg).[81]
Episodes[edit]
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(million)
1
1 "Thin-Tervention" February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24) 1.42[82]
Mama June is blindsided by Sugar Bear’s shocking engagement. And when a revenge diet fails and a hot date bails, June considers major surgery! The most dramatic total body transformation ever begins…
2
2 "Operation Tummy Boo Boo" March 3, 2017 (2017-03-03) 1.14[83]
Mama June goes under the knife for her total body transformation. Disaster strikes when June drives blind on a blind date! When she cheats on her new workout program, June gets ambushed!
3
3 "Here Comes The Bridezilla" March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10) 1.00[84]
Mama June reveals shocking results with the help of new trainer, Kenya. Alana keeps a big secret from Mama June finally meets Sugar Bear’s fiance and it does not go well. At all.
4
4 "Let Boo Boo Eat Cake" March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17) 1.12[85]
Sugar Bear’s fiance Jennifer sabotages June’s weight loss progress. June goes on a date with the biggest jerk ever! Mama’s stress eating sparks surgery dilemma. June and Jennifer go to war over Alana!
5
5 "Mama Frankenstein" March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24) 1.22[86]
Mama June must drop 15 pounds in two weeks! When her junk food stash is exposed, June has a meltdown and is pushed over the edge. Alana and Pumpkin vow to save her, even if it means they must diet too!
6
6 "Mama June's Big Reveal" March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31) 1.67[87]
A surprise ambush gets June back on track! Jennifer drops a wedding bomb. At the final photo shoot reveal, Mama June is unrecognizable.
7
7 "Red Hot Mama" April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07) 1.61[88]
Sugar Bear re-invites June to his wedding; Jennifer goes ballistic! The big day descends into chaos as tornado warnings and June's arrival catch everyone by surprise. June’s health takes a sudden turn.
8
8 "Too Big For TV" April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 1.11[89]
Mama June, along with cast and crew, goes behind-the-scenes and reveals the biggest secrets from this season including June’s hospital reveal and Sugar Bear’s fight to win June back with a dead squirrel!
9
9 "The Confrontation" April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 1.42[89]
Mama June and Sugar Bear’s wife Jennifer face off for the first time since the wedding. A surprise bombshell sparks chaos. Sugar Bear unleashes rage in a shocking outburst. Judge Lynn Toler referees.
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Kondolojy, Amanda (July 18, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings: 'The ESPY Awards' & 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo' Premiere Win Night + 'Royal Pains', 'Deal With It', 'The Challenge: Rivals II' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Bibel, Sara (July 25, 2013). "Wednesday Cable Ratings :'The Challenge' & 'Here Comes Honey Boo Boo' Win Night, 'Royal Pains', 'Futurama', 'The Bridge', 'Franklin & Bash' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013.
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Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (March 21, 2014). "Thursday Cable Ratings: NCAA Tournament & 'Pawn Stars' Win Night, 'Vikings', 'Suits', 'Ridiculousness' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Seemayer, Zach. "Mama June's Amazing Weight Loss Transformation: A Complete Timeline From 460 Pounds to 160!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Friday cable ratings: 'Bring It!' and 'Mama June' dip". 6 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Friday cable ratings: 'Gold Rush' finale edges college hoops for No. 1". 13 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Friday cable ratings: March Madness continues to dominate, 'Bring It!' holds steady". 20 March 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Friday cable ratings: 'Mama June' stays on top, 'Bring It!' dips". 17 April 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
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Ghusl
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Wudu and ghusl facilities (in background) at Jamek Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ghusl (Arabic: غسل Ġusl , IPA: [ˈɣʊsl]) is an Arabic term referring to the full-body ritual purification mandatory before the performance of various rituals and prayers, for any adult Muslim after having sexual intercourse, ejaculation[1][2] or completion of the menstrual cycle.[3]
The washing is also recommended but not required (i.e. it is mustahabb) before Jumu'ah[4] and Eid[5] prayers, before entering the ihram in preparation for Hajj, after having lost consciousness and after formally converting. The Shia also perform the ablution before Namaz-e-tawbah (Prayer of Repentance).
Ghusl is often translated as "full ablution", as opposed to the "partial ablution", of wudu وضوء that Muslims perform after lesser impurities such as urination, defecation, breaking wind, deep sleep, light bleeding, etc.
It is a ritual bath.[6]:471
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of ghusl by purpose
2 Water requirements
2.1 Ghusl is allowed with the following types of water
2.2 Ghusl is not allowed with the following types of water
3 The acts of Ghusl
3.1 Farā'id of Ghusl
3.2 Sunnah of Ghusl
4 Sunni school of thought
5 Shia school of thought
5.1 Ghusl tartibi
5.2 Ghusl Irtimasi
5.3 Recommendable acts of Ghusl
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Types of ghusl by purpose[edit]
Ghusl becomes obligatory for seven causes, and the ghusl for each of these different causes has different names:[7]
Ghusl Janabat is ghusl performed after sexual intercourse or ejaculation.
Ghusl Hayd is following menstruation.
Ghusl Istihadad is for irregular bleeding (in women).
Ghusl Nifas is for post-partum bleeding.
Ghusl Mayyit is ghusl performed on a dead Muslim.
Ghusl Mase Mayyit becomes obligatory if one directly touches a dead body.
Ghusl also becomes obligatory following a vow or oath to perform it.
Water requirements[edit]
Similar to Wudu, some water is permissible for use for ghusl whereas some water is not, as defined by the source of the water.
Ghusl is allowed with the following types of water[edit]
Rain water
Well water
Spring, sea or river water
Water of melting snow or hail
Water of a big tank or pond[8]
Ghusl is not allowed with the following types of water[edit]
Unclean or impure water
Water extracted from fruit and trees
The acts of Ghusl[edit]
The Quranic mandate for ghusl comes in surah an-Nisa:
O Believers, do not come near to prayer when you are drunk, until you know what you are saying; nor when sexually defiled, unless passing through, until you perform ablutions. If you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from the toilet, or you had intercourse with women, and you do not find water, then use some clean earth and wipe your faces and hands.[Quran 4:42–43 (Translated by Tarif Khalidi)]
The phrase for 'intercourse' in this verse has been interpreted by Hanafi scholars to mean sexual contact, while Shafi'i scholars interpret contact to mean both physical and sexual contact. Hence, the Hanafi school of thought does not require one to take wudu if there is non-sexual contact with a member of the opposite sex, while the Shafi'i school of thought does require wudu before salah and so on.[9]
Farā'id of Ghusl[edit]
There are three fard (obligatory) acts. If one of these acts is omitted, it must be returned to and completed before the remaining acts.[10]'
Niyyah
Rinsing the inner mouth.
Sniffing water and blowing it out.
To wash the entire body in a rigorous manner.
Sunnah of Ghusl[edit]
Sunnah (optional - practised by Muhammad according to Sunnah hadiths) acts.
Washing both the hands up to the wrists.
Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
Perform wudu.
Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body.
Pour water on the right shoulder three times.
Pour water on the left shoulder three times.
In Islam, ghusl requires the washing of the full body. There are some differences in details between the Sunni and the Shia schools of thought.
Sunni school of thought[edit]
Start by making niyyah (intention) to perform Ghusl, say Bismillah (in the name of Allah) and cleanse yourself of impurities.[3][10][11]
Wash the right hand up to and including the wrist (and between the fingers) three times, then similarly for the left hand.
Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
Perform Wudu as if for prayer. Ensure that the mouth and nostrils are thoroughly rinsed three times. If sitting on a stool or stone while bathing then the feet should also be washed when performing Wudu. But if sitting in a muddy place, feet should not be washed at this stage.
Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body, ensuring that the roots of hairs and parts not easily reached by water such as the backs of the knees are washed thoroughly.[3]
Pour water over both the shoulders three times each. Hands should be passed all over the body when water is poured so that no part of the body is left dry.
Move to a clean spot and wash the feet if not washed during Wudu
As at the end of Wudu, it is recommended to recite the Shahada.[3][11]
If, after Ghusl, one recalls that a certain portion of the body is left dry, it is not necessary to repeat the Ghusl, but merely wash the dry portion. It is not sufficient to pass a wet hand over the dry place. If one has forgotten to rinse the mouth or the nostrils, these too could be rinsed when recalled after Ghusl has been performed.
The following hadith describes how ghusl should be performed by Sunni Muslims.
A narration attributed to Aisha bint Abi Bakr reports:
When Allah's Messenger bathed because of sexual intercourse, he first washed his hands; he then poured water with his right hand on his left hand and washed his private parts. He then performed wudu as is done for prayer. He then took some water and ran his fingers in the roots of his hair. And when he found that it had been properly moistened, he poured three handfuls on his head and then poured water over his body and subsequently washed his feet.[12]
Ghusl should be made in a place of total privacy
In another hadith, ibn Abbas stated that Maimuna said that The Messenger of Allah was given a towel (after ghusl), but he did not rub his body with it, but he did like this with water (i.e. he shook it off).[13] In addition, ibn Abbas recorded the following hadith on the authority of his mother's sister.
A narration attributed to Maymunah bint al-Harith reports:
I placed water near The Messenger of Allah to take a bath because of sexual intercourse. He washed the palms of his hands twice or thrice and then put his hand in the basin and poured water over his body then struck hand against the earth and rubbed it with force and then performed ablution for the prayer and then poured three handfuls of water on his head and then washed his whole body after which he moved aside from that place and washed his feet, and then I brought a towel (so that he may wipe his body), but he returned it.[14]
Shia school of thought[edit]
There are two methods of performing ghusl. One is known as ghusl tartibi, and the other is known as ghusl irtimasi.[15]
Ghusl tartibi[edit]
"Ghusl tartibi" means an ordinal bath, performed in three stages.
After washing away the najasat (e.g., semen or blood) from the body and after niyyat, the body has to be washed in three stages: First, head down to the neck; then the right side of the body from the shoulder down to the foot; and lastly, the left side of the body.
Each part should be washed thoroughly in such a way that the water reaches the skin. Special care should be taken while washing the head; the hair should be combed (e.g., with your fingers) so that water reached the hair-roots. While washing the right side of the body, some part of the left side must be washed too, and also, while washing the left side of the body, some part of the right side must be washed.[15]
Ghusl Irtimasi[edit]
"Ghusl irtimasi" means a bath involving immersion of the whole body in the water. It is needless to say that such a ghusl can only be done in a body of water, e.g., a pool, river, lake or sea. After washing away the semen or blood from the body and after niyyat, the whole body should be completely immersed in the water all at once, not gradually. One has to make sure that the water reaches all parts of the body, including hair and the skin under it.
However, ghusl tartibi is preferred to ghusl irtimasi.[15]
Recommendable acts of Ghusl[edit]
What has been mentioned above are the wajib acts of ghusl; there are things which are recommendable (mustahabb, sunnat) during the ghusl.[3] These recommendable acts are five:
Gargling three times and washing the nose three times.
Performing the acts of Wudu before the actual washing
Wiping the hands on the whole body to ensure that every part has been thoroughly washed.[3]
Combing the hair with the fingers to ensure that the water reaches the hair-roots.
(For men only) Doing istibra' before ghusl janabat. Istibra', in the present context, means "urinating." The benefit of istibra': If a liquid comes out of one's penis after completing the ghusl, and he doubts whether it is semen or urine, then should he repeat the ghusl or not? If he had done istibra' before the ghusl, then he can assume that the liquid is urine he will not have to repeat the ghusl; he just has to do wudu for his salat. But, on the other hand, if he had not done istibra' before the ghusl, then he has to assume that it is the remnant of semen he will have to do the ghusl again.[7]
'Ubaydullah al-Halabi narrates that someone asked Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) about a man who performs ghusl and then finds some (doubtful) drops (on his penis) while he had already urinated before performing the ghusl. (That is, should he consider the drops as urine or semen?) The Imam said, "He will just have to do wudu (for hi s salat). But if he had not passed urine before the ghusl, then he must repeat the ghusl."[16]
This rule of istibra' applies only to men. Sulayman bin Khalid asked Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) about a man who became ritually impure because of sexual intercourse and then performed ghusl without urinating. Then some drops came out of him . The Imam said, "He must repeat the ghusl." Sulayman: "What if similar drops come out of a woman after she has performed ghusl?" The Imam said, "She does not have to repeat the ghusl . " Sulayman: "What is the difference between the two?" The Imam said, "(A woman does not have to repeat ghusl janabat) because what comes out of her is certainly from the (remnants of the) discharge of man."[17]
See also[edit]
Mikveh, the Jewish ritual bath
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 616
Jump up ^ Sharh as-Sunnah by al-Baghawi, vol 2., pg. 9
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Ritual Bath (ghusl): Obligatory, Recommended, and Disliked Acts - SeekersHub Answers". 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 12, Hadith number 817
Jump up ^ Sharh Mukhtasar, Volume 2, pg. 102
Jump up ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghusl Explain QA - IslamicLaws
Jump up ^ Najasat in the water for Ghusl - My Religion Islam
Jump up ^ Does Touching Woman break Wudu - Dr Zakir Naik
^ Jump up to: a b Pānīpatī, Muḥammad S̲anāʾullāh (1985-01-01). The Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh. Kazi Publications. p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahih Bukhari, Book 5: Bathing (Ghusl) Prophet performing Ghusl
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 616
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 622
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 620
^ Jump up to: a b c The Major Abolution Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wasa'il al Shia, vol. 1, p. 517.
Jump up ^ Wasa'il al Shia, vol. 1, p. 482.
External links[edit]
Ghusl details from Teachings of Islam (Talim-ul-Haq)
Ghusl: Obligatory Baths
GHUSL (COMPLETE BATH) The University of Southern California
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Edwards Plateau
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Edwards Plateau
A photograph taken by NASA of the Edwards Plateau and Balcones Escarpment
Ecology
Biome
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
Bird species
191[1]
Mammal species
64[1]
Geography
Country
United States
State
Texas
Conservation
Habitat loss
5.35%[1]
Protected
2.26%[1]
Edwards Plateau terrain as seen from U.S. Route 277 between Del Rio and Sonora.
The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the Llano Estacado to the north, and the Pecos River and Chihuahuan Desert to the west.[2] San Angelo, Austin, San Antonio and Del Rio roughly outline the area. The eastern portion of the plateau is known as the Texas Hill Country.
Contents
[hide]
1 Counties in the Edwards Plateau
2 Natural history
3 Human history
4 See also
5 Footnotes
6 External links
Counties in the Edwards Plateau[edit]
According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, the following 41 counties comprise the Edwards Plateau:[3]
Bosque
Bandera
Bell
Blanco
Burnet
Coke
Comal
Comanche
Concho
Coryell
Crockett
Edwards
Erath
Gillespie
Hamilton
Hays
Hood
Irion
Kendall
Kerr
Kimble
Lampasas
Llano
Mason
McCulloch
McLennan
Menard
Mills
Palo Pinto
Reagan
Real
San Saba
Schleicher
Somervell
Sterling
Sutton
Tom Green
Travis
Upton
Val Verde
Williamson
Natural history[edit]
The bedrock consists primarily of limestone, with elevations ranging between 100 and 3000 ft. Caves are numerous.
The landscape of the plateau is mostly savanna scattered with trees. It mostly lacks deep soil suitable for farming, though the soil is fertile mollisols and some cotton, grain sorghum and oats are grown. For the most part, though, the thin soil and rough terrain areas are primarily grazing regions, with cattle, sheep and Angora goats predominant.[4] Several rivers cross the region, which generally flow to the south and east through the Texas Hill Country toward the Gulf of Mexico; springs occur (in wet years), but permanent surface water supplies are sparse throughout the area, except for man-made reservoirs. The area is well drained; rainwater flows into the Edwards Aquifer recharge zone at the south of the plateau to feed rivers to the south. Rainfall varies from 15 to 33 inches per year, on average, from northwest to southeast, and the area has a moderate temperature and a reasonably long growing season.
Flora
Trees of the savanna include a juniper-oak mix and a mesquite-acacia mix scattered over fairly short grasses, which traditionally were affected by droughts and regular fires. Some pecan trees are found near the springs and rivers. The Balcones Fault is associated with the Edwards Plateau formation.[5] This fault line is an ecological demarcation for the range definition of a number of species. For example, the California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera, is known to occur only west of the Edwards Plateau or Balcones Fault, and Buddleja racemosa is known only from the southern edge of the plateau.
Fauna
Caves of the Edwards Plateau are important habitats for a great deal of wildlife. The area is home to some of the largest colonies of bats in the world, including millions of Mexican free-tailed bats. The largest colony of these inhabits Bracken Cave near San Antonio, while the Congress Avenue Bridge in Austin is the summer home for over half a million (they winter in Mexico) and is the largest bat colony anywhere in an urban area. The Edwards Plateau is home to at least 14 endemic freshwater fishes, including 2 subterranean species of catfish[6] and 13 fish species considered to be spring-associated[7].There are also large numbers of reptiles and birds, including breeding populations of the Texan endemic golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia).
Nearly all the natural habitat of the plateau has been converted to ranchland, farmland or urban areas, such as Austin and San Antonio, with only about 2% remaining in scattered fragments, especially to the east of the plateau. Further alteration to the savanna has incurred though the encroachment of shrubs now that grassland fires are carefully controlled. Small areas of intact habitat remain, particularly around Austin, where areas are protected, such as the Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge. Another important area for wildlife is Fort Hood military base.[8]
Human history[edit]
Earliest human settlement of this area was by Native Americans.[9] First it was used and wandered about by Jumano and Coahuiltecan groups, then the Apacheria extended into the Southern Plains by the forerunners of the Lipan and Mescalero Apaches. After the expulsion of the Apachean groups from the Plains by the Comanche, this area was dominated by the Penateka band of the Southern Comanche.
See also[edit]
Texas Hill Country
Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge
Colorado River (Texas)
Mount Bonnell
List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L., ed. The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26256-0.
Jump up ^ Demarest, D. "Edwards Plateau". Partners in Flight. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Texas Parks and Wildlife http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/birding/pif/assist/pif_regions/region_7.phtml
Jump up ^ Johnson, E. H. "Edwards Plateau". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hill, Robert T. (1891). "A brief description of the Cretaceous rocks of Texas and their economic uses". In E. T. Dumble. First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1889. Austin: State Printing Office. p. 134.
Jump up ^ Bowles, David E.; Arsuffi, Thomas L. (1993-12-01). "Karst aquatic ecosystems of the Edwards Plateau region of central Texas, USA: A consideration of their importance, threats to their existence, and efforts for their conservation". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 3 (4): 317–329. ISSN 1099-0755. doi:10.1002/aqc.3270030406.
Jump up ^ Craig, Cody A.; Kollaus, Kristy A.; Behen, Kenneth P. K.; Bonner, Timothy H. (2016-02-01). "Relationships among spring flow, habitats, and fishes within evolutionary refugia of the Edwards Plateau". Ecosphere. 7 (2): n/a–n/a. ISSN 2150-8925. doi:10.1002/ecs2.1205.
Jump up ^ "Edwards Plateau". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ Maria de Fátima Wade. 2003. The Native Americans of the Texas Edwards Plateau, 1582-1799, University of Texas Press, 293 pages ISBN 0-292-79156-9, ISBN 978-0-292-79156-5
External links[edit]
Johnson, E. H. "Edwards Plateau". TSHA Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
"Plateaus and Canyonlands". Texas Beyond History. University of Texas at Austin.
Texas counties map showing the ecoregion
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See: List of counties in Texas
Coordinates: 30°18′N 99°36′W / 30.3°N 99.6°W / 30.3; -99.6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwards_Plateau&oldid=806419876"
Categories:
Landforms of Texas
Plateaus of the United States
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Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands of the United States
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This page was last edited on 21 October 2017, at 22:36.
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