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Tiger versus lion
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Lion and Tiger Fighting by James Ward, 1797.
Historically, the comparative merits of the lion versus the tiger have been a popular topic of discussion by hunters,[1][2] naturalists,[3] artists and poets, and continue to inspire the popular imagination in the present day.[4][5][6][7] In the past, lions and tigers reportedly competed in the wilderness, where their ranges overlapped in Eurasia.[8][9][10][11] The most common reported circumstance of their meeting is in captivity,[12] either deliberately[5][13] or accidentally.[8][14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Expert opinions
1.1 Favoring the tiger
1.2 Favoring the lion
1.3 Neutral
2 History in captivity
2.1 Tigers defeating or killing lions
2.1.1 Accidental fights or killings
2.2 Lions defeating or killing tigers
2.2.1 Accidental fights or killings
3 Competition or coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness
3.1 Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger
3.1.1 Fights or killings
3.2 Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger
3.2.1 Fights or killings
3.3 Cave lion and tiger
4 Physical comparison
4.1 Comparative size
4.1.1 Males
4.1.2 Females
4.2 Length
4.2.1 Males
4.2.2 Females
4.3 Height at the shoulder
4.4 Temperament
4.5 Skulls
4.6 Brain size
4.7 Bite force
4.8 Paw-swipe
4.9 Roar
4.9.1 Frequency
4.9.2 Loudness
5 Mythical character comparison
5.1 The lion's mane
6 Arts and literature
6.1 Art
6.2 Literature
6.3 Cinema
6.4 Sports
7 See also
7.1 Tigers
7.2 Lions
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Expert opinions[edit]
Favoring the tiger[edit]
John Varty, owner of the Londolozi Reserve in South Africa, said, "People always ask me which one is bigger? If a tiger and a lion had a fight, which one would win? Well, I've seen tigers crunch up a full-grown leopard tortoise like it was nothing. And lions try, but they just don't get it right. If there's a fight, the tiger will win, every time."[15]
The animal rescue organisation Big Cat Rescue of Tampa, Florida answered, "While it would depend on the size, age, and aggressiveness of the specific animals involved, generally tigers have a significant advantage."[16]
The conservation charity Save China's Tigers stated "Recent research indicates that the tiger is indeed stronger than the lion in terms of physical strength. Lions hunt in prides, so it would be in a group and the tiger as a solitary creature so it would be on its own. A tiger is generally physically larger than a lion. Most experts would favor a Siberian and Bengal tiger over an African lion."[17]
John Smith Clarke, a British lion tamer, said, in a lecture on the fight between a tiger and a lion given to the Glasgow Zoological Society, while showing the actual fight on the screen, "in 100 cases out of 100 the tiger would always beat the lion. It was far more agile, it was not so clumsy in its movements, it was equally strong, it was equally armed, but it fought in a different way. The tiger very often fought rolling on its back and held the lion in its grip until it defeated him."[18]
The BBC (2016), in a 3-round study of agility, strength and intelligence, favored the tiger in the case of intelligence, due to the time spent for a particular challenge.[19]
William Mark Clark (1838) believed that the Bengal tiger was "more than a match" for the Asiatic lion.[20]
National Geographic Channel's documentary "The Last Lions of Asia" mentioned that a Bengal tiger had a weight advantage of 50 kilograms (110 lb) over an Asiatic lion, and could kill a lone lion in a fight.[21]
Favoring the lion[edit]
Trainer Bert Nelson, who witnessed a struggle between lions and tigers, said that a tiger would surrender 'sooner' than a lion.[22]
Clyde Beatty, the animal trainer and performer who owned several tigers, lions, hyenas, and other exotic animals, believed that in nine out of ten times, "a full-grown lion would whip a full-grown tiger." He mentioned that since he first began mixing the animals, 25 of his tigers (2 of them being Siberian tigers, the rest of them being Bengal tigers) were killed in the circus arena, but there was not a single lion casualty.[23]
Renowned naturalist and conservationist of India, Kailash Sankhala wrote in his book 'Tiger' that the tiger would be unable to get close to lion's vital joints because of his thick mane, and that the tiger would be vulnerable to the lion. He mentioned that once an Indian prince organized a fight in which the lion killed the tiger, and opined that "a tiger is no match for even single lion of equal strength."[24]
Dave Hoover, the animal trainer for Cole Bros. Circus, mentioned that "lions are better fighters than tigers," and that some of their circus tigers were killed by lions.[25]
Neutral[edit]
Carl Hagenbeck, a trainer from Hamburg, said that the lion and tiger were alike in "good temper and reliability." He cited the example of a lion being trained for a month to do tricks, and of a tiger taking five weeks to do so.[26]
A keeper at the zoo in Jeonju, Korea, where a Siberian tigress was killed by a bigger male lion, said that it was 'rare' that a tiger and a lion would fight, and that when they did fight, the outcome depended on which beast got a head start, or was more aggressive. Moreover, he thought that neither beast was superior to the other.[27]
Apart from the test of intelligence, there were draws for the other tests. In the round of agility, the lioness, rather than a male lion, was as agile as the tiger. The male lions in the test had thick manes. The round of strength was not definitive as the knot of the lion's meat came undone as it pulled the meat from a group of men, whereas that of the tiger stayed as it pulled the meat. The men had a combined weight of 270 kg (600 pounds), which was more than the individual weights of the lion and tiger (BBC, 2016).[19]
History in captivity[edit]
Main articles: Lion-baiting and Tiger-baiting
An Asiatic lion and two Bengal tigers[28] in captivity at Bannerghatta National Park, near Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
In the circuses of Ancient Rome, exotic beasts, including Barbary lions[29][30][31] and tigers,[32] were commonly pitted against each other. The contest of the lion against the tiger was a classic pairing, amongst others.[13] A mosaic in the House of the Faun in Pompeii shows a fight between a lion and a tiger.[33] There are different accounts of which of these animals beat or killed the other, throughout time. Although lions and tigers can be kept together in harmony in captivity,[34] conflicts between the two species in captivity, which ended up in fatalities, have also been recorded.[5][23][35][36]
Tigers defeating or killing lions[edit]
A white tiger at Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park, Pune, India.
Roman Emperor Titus had Bengal tigers compelled to fight African lions, and the tigers always beat the lions.[37]
A tiger called 'Gunga', which belonged to the King of Oude, killed thirty lions, and destroyed another after being transferred to the zoological garden in London.[2]
Clark (1838) said that a British officer, who resided many years at Sierra Leone, saw many fights between lions and tigers, and that the tiger 'universally' won.[20] As a West African nation, Sierra Leone would have had lions (Panthera leo senegalensis[38] or Panthera leo leo),[39][40] but not tigers.[10][36]
According to the Gettysburg Compiler and The Baltimore Sun (1899), towards the end of the 19th Century, in India, the Gaekwad of Baroda, that is Sayajirao III,[41][42] arranged a fight in an amphitheater, between a Barbary lion called 'Atlas', from the Atlas Mountains between Algeria and Morocco, and a Bengal tiger from the Indian region of Shimla, both large and hungry (with their diets reduced before the fight), before an audience of thousands, instead of between an Indian lion and the tiger, as Indian lions were believed to be no match for Bengal tigers (For more details, see Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger). The tiger was more than 10 feet (3.0 metres) long, over 4 feet (120 centimetres) feet at the shoulder, had strong shoulders and long teeth and claws, and was agile. The lion looked taller at the head than the tiger, and had a large mane, legs and paws. The tiger was seen as "the personification of graceful strength and supple energy," whereas the lion was seen as the "embodiment of massive power and adamantine muscle."[36] In the fight, both cats sustained injuries, and although the tiger sometimes retreated from Atlas, it would come back to fight it, and in the end, managed to scratch Atlas to death, though Atlas pushed it off in one final move, before dying. The Gaekwad agreed to pay 37,000 rupees, accepted that the tiger was the "King of the Cat Family," decreed that Atlas' body be given a Royal burial, and that the tiger should have a "cage of honour" in the menagerie of Baroda, and decided to prepare the tiger for a battle with a Sierran Grizzly bear weighing more than 1,500 lb (680 kilograms). The battle was to happen after the tiger recovered from its wounds.[5][36]
Accidental fights or killings[edit]
In 1857, an 18-month-old tiger at the Bromwich Zoo broke into the cage of an adult lion. The pair fought, and the young tiger ripped the lion's stomach. The lion died minutes later.[43]
At the Coney Island animal show in 1909, a performing lion attacked a chained tiger by leaping through the air, landing on the tiger's back. Though hampered by the heavy neck chain fastened to the iron bars of the arena, the tiger was more than a match for the lion and mangled it to death.[44]
On the 8th of May, 1914, in New York Zoo, the barrier between the cages of Rajah, an 8-year-old Bengal tiger, and Huerte, a 3-year-old Nubian lion which had been sick for some time, got opened in an "unaccountable manner." For the first few minutes, the more agile Huerte appeared to be winning, but when it aimed for its injured opponent's neck, about an hour into the fight, Rajah aimed for its nape. Not only did Rajah manage to bite Huerte's nape, but it also breaking Huerte's back, thus slaughtering it.[45][46]
In March 2011, a Bengal tiger at the Ankara Zoo passed through a gap, between its cage and that of a lion, and killed it with a single paw swipe.[47] "The tiger severed the lion's jugular vein in a single stroke with its paw, leaving the animal dying in a pool of blood," officials said.
Lions defeating or killing tigers[edit]
A lion (possibly Panthera leo leo) at Ljubljana Zoo, Slovenia.
There are also reports of lions beating or mauling tigers. For example, there was a filmed fight, organized by an Indian Prince, in a deep pit in the compound of his palace, and the lion killed the tiger, according to Kailash Sankhala (1978).[24] Other cases are discussed or elaborated upon in subsections below, and in "Expert opinions".[14][23][24][48]
Accidental fights or killings[edit]
In 1934, a fully grown African lion killed a mature Bengal tiger a short time after these circus animals were unloaded from the train, before trainers could separate them.[14]
Bert Nelson said that in Chicago, when 20 lions and tigers were mixed together for an act at a circus, a fight occurred, lasting for about 10 minutes. No fatalities were mentioned, but Nelson said that order was 'restored' when tigers used escape doors to flee.[22]
At South Perth Zoo, 1949, in a three-minute fight between a lion and a tiger, the lion killed the tiger. The fight occurred when the tiger put his head through a connecting slide. The lion caught the tiger by the throat, and, dragging it through the opening, killed it before the keepers arrived.[48]
At a Circus in Detroit, in February 1951 a large male African lion called 'Prince' suddenly leaped from a high perch and sank its jaws into the back of a Bengal tigress called 'Sheba', while she was performing, catching her off-guard. A blank gun was then fired, Prince let Sheba go, and Sheba dragged herself away. Sheba then died an hour later, because of the injuries sustained.[49][50]
In a corporation zoo in Madras, India, in September 1951, an eighteen-year-old tiger called 'Vikram' entered the cage of a seven-year-old lion called 'Leo', and got into a fight with it. Badly mauled, including in the femur, Vikram retreated into its cage, and despite receiving medical attention, died.[51]
In 1973, two lion cubs ate a young circus tiger that wandered into their cage in Alexandria.[52]
In December 2008, at the zoo in Jeonju, North Jeolla Province, Korea, a 110.0 kg (242.5 pounds) male lion called 'Cheongi' killed a 90.0 kg (198.4 pounds) Siberian tigress called 'Hobi', which was similar in length to it, by suddenly biting it in the neck after it made a poor landing in a trench where Cheongi jumped into, 5 m (16 feet) below Cheongi's yard, which was next to Hobi's pen, to catch a chicken that a zookeeper had thrown to it.[27]
At Liberec Zoo, Czech Republic, in November 2009, two lions, fourteen-year-old Sultan and eleven-year-old Elsa, opened a trap door to the enclosure of a seventeen-year-old white tigress called 'Isabella', and killed it.[53]
Competition or coexistence in the Eurasian wilderness[edit]
An Asiatic lion in Gir Forest, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India.
Currently, India is the only country on Earth confirmed to have both lions and tigers in its wilderness.[29][54][55] For now, they do not share the same territory in India, but they did in the past,[8][20][56][57] and there is a project mentioned below that could make their meeting in the wild possible, if implemented.[21][58][59]
Before the end of the 20th Century, lions[38][60] and tigers[61][62] had also occurred in other Asian[63] or Eurasian nations, including Iran.[11][29][55][56] As such, there is a Farsi word for 'Lion', which can also mean 'Tiger', used in Iran, the Indian Subcontinent and other areas, that is 'Sher' or 'Shir' (Persian: شیر),[10][11][29][56][60][64][65] and its significance is discussed below.
According to Colin Tudge (2011), given that both cats hunt large herbivores, it is likely that they had been in competition in Asia. Despite their social nature, lions might have competed with tigers on an individual basis, as they would with each other.[63]
Apart from the possibility of competition, there are legends of Asiatic lions and tigers interacting together to produce hybrid offspring, which would be ligers or tigons.[66][67][68][69][70] From the fossil record, besides genetics,[29][62][71] it would appear that the modern lion and tiger were present in Eurasia since the Pleistocene, when now-extinct relatives also existed there.[10][38][61] Additionally, in the days before Indian Independence, the Maharaja of Gwalior introduced African lions into his area, which is a habitat for Bengal tigers.[72]
Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger[edit]
Further information: Wildlife of India, Wildlife of Pakistan, and Wildlife of the Indian Subcontinent
T-12 the Bengal tiger in Ranthambore National Park, Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests' ecoregion, India.
In India, or in the extended modern sense, the Subcontinent,[73] Asiatic lions[38][60][74] and Bengal tigers[61][75][76] coexisted in a number of places, such as the area of Gwalior in the center,[77] and that of Mount Abu (which has a sanctuary) in the north,[78] before the end of the 20th Century.[8][10][20][29][55][56][57][79] Kailash Sankhala (1978) said that the habitat and prey of the Indian lion was not like those of an African savannah, but like habitats of Indian tigers, to an extent, including the dry, deciduous Aravali part of Sariska Tiger Reserve in the State of Rajasthan, and that it was a difficult place for predators to hunt as groups.[24] Today, lions are found in Gir Forest National Park and surrounding areas in the region of Saurashtra,[80] State of Gujarat,[60][81][82] and tigers are found in other places, like Sariska Tiger Reserve[24] and Ranthambore National Park[59] in neighboring Rajasthan, the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, and the Bengali Sunderbans.[82][83] Gir, Sariska and Ranthambore are in the same ecoregion, that of Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests.[75][76] Though the Bengal tiger is reportedly extinct in northern and southeastern Gujarat, the nearest population of tigers to that of Indian lions is the border-area of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.[29][57][62][75] It is located across the Gulf of Khambhat from Kathiawar Peninsula,[82] and includes the Dangs' Forest[84][85][86] and Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary.[87] Either big cat can be called 'Sher' (Hindi: शेर) and have a fearsome reputation in the Subcontinent,[29][56][60][65] and emigrate from its protected habitat.[21]
The possibility of conflict, between lions and tigers, has been raised in relation to India's Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project, which is meant to introduce Gir Forest's lions to another reserve which is considered to be within the former range of the Indian lion, that is Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh,[58] which was reported to contain some tigers that came from Ranthambore Park, including one called 'T-38'.[8][59] Concerns were raised that the co-presence of lions and tigers would "trigger frequent clashes."[88] The University of Minnesota's Lion Research Project describes one reason to delay the introduction of lions to Kuno Palpur, is the fear that tigers living there would kill the incoming lions. In a one-on-one encounter, it is believed that a Bengal tiger could beat an Indian lion, given its weight advantage.[8][21] However, lions are social, and may form fighting groups, whereas tigers are usually solitary, and it is believed that a group of lions (2 – 3 males) or lionesses (2 – 4 females) is more than match for a single tiger or tigress (See the Section Temperament below). Therefore, it would appear that in order for Asiatic lions to survive in an area with Bengal tigers, after being translocated there, the lions would have to be translocated there as intact groups, rather than as individuals, according to Doctor Craig Packer.[8] Nevertheless, tigers occasionally socialize, like for the purpose of mating, or forming hunting groups.[29][56]
Reginald Innes Pocock (1939) mentioned that some people had the opinion that the tiger played a role in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, but he dismissed this view as 'fanciful'. According to him, there was evidence that tigers inhabited the Subcontinent, before lions. The tigers likely entered Northern India from the eastern end of the Himalayas, through Burma, and started spreading throughout the area, before the lions likely entered Northern India from Balochistan or Persia, and spread to places like the Bengal and the Nerbudda River. Because of that, before the presence of man could limit the spread of lions, tigers reached parts of India that lions did not reach. However, the presence of tigers throughout India did not stop the spread of lions there, in the first place, so Pocock said that it is unlikely that Bengal tigers played a role, significant or subordinate, in the near-extinction of the Indian lion, rather, that man was responsible for it,[56] as was the case with the decline in tigers' numbers.[10][29][61][56][57] As such, Pocock (1939) thought that it was unlikely that serious competition between them regularly occurred, and that even if Indian lions and tigers met, the chance that they would fight for survival was as good as the chance that they would choose to avoid each other, and that their chances of success, if they were to clash, were as good as each other's.[56]
Fights or killings[edit]
Clashes between Indian lions and tigers were reported, or even caught on camera, in the 19th and 20th Centuries. It was not clear which species regularly beat the other, according to Doctor Packer (2015).[8][9][79]
Herne (1855) mentioned that in the jungle between the village of Elaw, city of Baroche, and Gulf of Cambay, north of the city of Surat and its Ghauts, about 6.0 or 7.0 mi (9.7 or 11.3 km) from the village, he and his party, which included locals, heard a tiger's roar. Pursuing it, they caught a glimpse of it, but by that time, the tiger had attacked a local. It disappeared with the victim, and after pursuing it for about 50.0 yd (150.0 ft), they heard the roar of lion, and besides it, sounds which suggested that it was in a struggle with the tiger, such as growls. The party not only managed to see the lion and tiger rolling about in their battle, after going through bushes, but also the man who fell victim to the tiger. The author termed both the lion and tiger as "tyrants of the forest," given that they would attack weaker creatures. The tiger was about the same size as the lion, but more agile. As for the lion, it used greater strength, and its mane, which was somewhat deeper than those of its bigger African cousins, could protect its head from the tiger's claws, though not other parts of its body, such as the back. They were as determined and brave as each other, but the lion endured. It caught the tiger's throat, turned it on its back, and killed it by clawing its abdomen open. The lion was thus hailed as the "King of Beasts." Otherwise, the fight had been harsh for both beasts, to the extent that the author felt that it would avenge both cats' victims.[89]
St. Landry Democrat (1887),[90] The Eaton Democrat (1887),[91] The Iola Register (1887),[92] The Milan Exchange (1887),[93] and The Sydney Mail (1889)[9] reported from The Sun (New York) that in a depopulated village at the bank of a creek connected to the Cauvery River, about 30.0 mi (48.3 km) north-west of Bangalore, a hunter injured by a venomous creature saw a tiger on his left-hand side, and a lion on his right-hand side. The tiger was a "rousing big fellow, who had seen 15 years of his life," and had muscular limbs. The male lion was "medium-sized." Both of them stalked him, but they did not notice each other at first as they were separated by a wall that was about 4.0 ft (120 cm) tall, and their focus was on the witness. When they got closer to him, the tiger scented the lion, and behaved like an angry cat, which included making a noise that startled the latter. The lion showed its teeth in response, and after reaching the end of the wall, roared at its foe. After the lion's head showed around the wall, the crouching tiger pounced on it, and rolled over with it. As they fought, which involved making bites or scratches, they growled in a way that turned the hunter's hair gray, in his own words. Tigers often kill victims by biting their throats, and keeping their hold on them for as long as necessary,[94] but that was not the case with this struggle. Despite different descriptions of their sizes by the narrator, and that the tiger was more agile than the lion, the tiger's neck was vulnerable to a bite by the lion, and for reasons like these, it was difficult for either cat to defeat the other, overall. After they temporarily retreated from each other, the hunter could see that they were both injured. Still, they were determined to destroy each other. The lion and tiger respectively roared and snarled. The narrator suspected that their hatred for each other may have been because both had been hunting him at the same time, therefore, their respective presences interfered with each other's hunt for him. The tiger pounced on the lion's back, rolling over or falling with it again, and struggling to its feet like it. The lion seemed helpless as the tiger held onto its fore shoulder, before making a move in which it managed to catch the tiger's neck. Now, the tiger seemed helpless, before making a move to use its hind claws to force the lion to release its hold on it. Though the tiger was the aggressor this time, their struggle became more like that of dogs unable to beat each other. They bled from nose to tail as they moved away from the witness, towards the creek. They fell into the water, which was about 2.0 ft (61 cm) deep, and this stopped the fight. They retreated from each other, limping into the forest.
Asiatic lion and Caspian tiger[edit]
Further information: Caspian Sea, List of mammals of Georgia (country), Wildlife of Afghanistan, Wildlife of Armenia, Wildlife of Azerbaijan, Wildlife of Iran, Wildlife of Iraq, Wildlife of Syria, and Wildlife of Turkey
A Caspian tiger killed in northern Iran, early 1940's.
Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria,[95] Turkey, and former members of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, such as Azerbaijan,[10][29] were reported to have had Asiatic lions[55][60] and Caspian tigers[62][96][97][98] (which were closely related to Amur tigers of the Far East, to the extent that they can be considered as being the same subspecies).[99][100] Besides Asia, lions and tigers had occurred in Europe, in the region of the Black Sea, with tigers occurring in Ciscaucasia, and lions occurring in the Balkans,[101] up to Thrace and Macedonia, and possibly the Danube River, at least.[10][29][56]
Velikiy Kniaz Vladimir II Monomakh of Kievan Rus',[102] in his work, "Poucheniya Detyam" (1117), said that while he ruled Turov (in what is now Belarus)[103] and Chernigov (in what is now the Ukraine),[104] he was on a hunt when he was attacked by a lyuti zver (Old Russian for "fierce animal"). The zver sprang towards his thighs, and hurt him and his horse. Traditionally, the zver was considered to be a wolf or lynx, but, according to Heptner and Sludskii (1972), neither would spring at a rider or injure a horse, so it was more likely to be a big cat, with some people thinking that it could have been a leopard, or that it was more likely to be a tiger than a lion. The occurrence of the lion at the southern Russian Steppes, or the area of the mouth of the Don River (Russia), is disputed, whereas tigers likely occurred in the Russian Steppes or at the estuary of the Don River.[10]
In Afghanistan, it is possible that lions occurred at least in the southwest and southern parts. Tigers bred at the upper reaches of the Hari Rud or Tedzhen Darya at Herat.[10][56] Tigers were found at a tributary of the Amu Darya called the "Pyandzh River," from where they could invade another place (like Persian tigers that invaded what was the Soviet Union), and the Geri, Kunduz and Murghab Rivers. Intrusions from the Soviet Union were reported in the 1960s.[10] In 1997, a tiger was reportedly killed in the northeastern region.[96]
In ancient times, Panthera leo persica lived in much of its namesake home of Persia, including in northern regions near the Transcaucasian and Turkestani parts of the Soviet Union, which is why Heptner and Sludskii (1972) could not deny that they had been in the Turkestani region also. Many years ago, in the north, lions had been in the area of Tehran, and the Persian upland. Around the year 900, they were encountered in the south, although not frequently. However, in the 1870s, they occurred in western region, in the southwestern part of the Zagros Mountains, near Mesopotamia, and in forested areas which were south and southeast of Shiraz. Persian tigers also occurred in regions close to the Soviet Union, including the north-western region, enough for them to invade the Trans-Caucasus and Turkestan, including those of the Atrek Basin and Gorgan.[10]
The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flow from Turkey to Iraq, through the Syrian region.[105] Lions were seen along the upper reaches of the Euphrates (Biledzhik, 1877; Alston and Danford, 1880) in the 1870s, before disappearing there by the end of the 19th Century, though they otherwise survived in that period, in Mesopotamia and the Arabian peninsula. In the 1850s, lions also occurred in the upper courses of the Tigris, near Mosul in the north. In the 1860s, there were many lions in reed marshes, along the banks of the two rives, though mostly in their lower reaches (Blanford, 1876).[10] Two lions in the region of Mosul were reported for the last time in 1914, and the last lion in Iraq was slaughtered on the lower Tigris in 1918.[29][74][106] Mazandaran tigers also occurred in Iraq,[107] on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris.[97] In 1887, a tiger was killed near Mosul (Kock, 1990).[96][97]
In Ash-Shām (Arabic: اَلـشَّـام),[108][109] before the end of the 19th Century, the lion occurred from Syria[95] in the north, to Palestine in the south. In particular, lions had been present in the area of Aleppo, even as late as 1891 (Kinnear, 1920).[10][29] Up to the 1970s, the tiger had been reported in the area of Hatay, which includes Amuq Valley, and had been transferred from Syria to Turkey, during the Second World War.[95] Apart from that, Turkish tigers were reported from the Plain of Selçuk in the western region,[110][111] to sparse forests and riverine corridors in the eastern region, which borders Iraq and Syria.[97][98] In February 1970, a tiger was reportedly killed near Uludere in Şırnak Province, Hakkari Region.[96][97] Anatolian lions had been in parts of the eastern region, apparently up to the 19th Century, and before that, throughout Asia Minor, excepting the region of the Pontic Mountains in the north.[10]
In what was to be the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic in the Soviet Union in 1922,[112] in the northern part of its range there, bypassing the eastern part of the Caucasus, the lion occurred in an area which extended unevenly from foot-hills and the Araks River near Yerevan (in what is now Armenia)[113] in the east, almost to Tbilisi (in what is now Georgia)[114] in the west, from Absheron Peninsula (in what is now Azerbaijan)[115] in the south, to the Samur River (in the region of what is now the border between Azerbaijan and Dagestan Republic in Russia)[116] in the north. This place includes what are now the Lagodekhi Protected Areas[117] in the Caucasus mixed forests' ecoregion.[118] Lions were hunted by local hunters called 'shirvans' or 'shirvanshakhs', and became extinct by the end of the 10th Century. The Hyrcanian tiger was found in the areas of Tbilisi and Baku in Apsheron Peninsula (which has a wildlife sanctuary[119][120] in the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests' ecoregion),[121] and was reported to have intruded territories, like those of Baku and Tbilisi, from other places, like that of the Talysh Mountains and Lankaran Lowland in what is now Azerbaijan.[10][98][115] The Trans-Caucasus is home to a tugay type of forest, and lions and tigers would have hunted prey like deer here.[10]
For what used to be the Turkestani region of the Soviet Union, which now comprises the countries Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan,[122][123] Heptner and Sludskii (1972) could not exclude the possibility of lions occurring in the southern part of the area, which is close to Iran, and along the upper Amu Darya, which has a tributary called "Sherabad Darya," which touches a town called 'Shirabad'. Doctor A. B. Meyer, in his book, "The Antiquity of the Lion in Greece," said that the lion did indeed occur in the region of Khaurism, between Afghanistan and the Caspian Sea. This was based on Abbott's 1834 book, "A Narrative of a journey from Herat to Khiva, Moscow and St. Petersburgh," which said that the predators of Khaurism included both the lion and tiger.[74] In the southwestern part of Turkestan, tigers occurred in the area of the Kopet Dag, along the Atrek River to the Caspian Sea, and the river's tributaries, the Chandyr and Sumbar Rivers, including the area of Tedzhen, often as intruders from Iran. They also occurred in the regions of the Amu and Syr Daryas, and others, in a vast area extending to the region of Western Siberia or Lake Baikal in the east, where the Amur tiger also reportedly occurred. Two tigers that were captured in southwestern Tajikistan harbored tapeworms (Taenia bubesei) which were also recovered from the lion, according to Chernyshev (1953).[10]
Fights or killings[edit]
Just as there is literature on the Asiatic lion clashing with the Bengal tiger in historical India,[8][9][79] there is literature on the former clashing with the Caspian or Siberian tiger elsewhere:
The 15th century book Anvâr-i Suhaylî (Persian: اَنوارِ سُهيلى, "Lights of the Canopus") mentions a conflict between the lion and tiger in the vicinity of Basrah, which lies on the banks of the Tigris River in Iraq.[10][29][124]
It appears from Hamilton M. Wright's work in The San Francisco Call (1911) that people knew that an Asiatic lion would attack a Siberian tiger, if the latter strayed into the former's territory,[125] though this was long before the relationship between Caspian and Siberian tigers was confirmed.[99][100]
Cave lion and tiger[edit]
An illustration of a Eurasian cave lion with a hunted reindeer, by Heinrich Harder.
In prehistoric times, before the 10th millennium BC,[38] the Upper Pleistocene Eurasian cave lion[126][127] had occurred throughout much of Eurasia, including the Caucasus, what is now Siberia in Russia, and what used to be Beringia. Judging from cave paintings, such as those of Chauvet, cave lions were social, having formed hunting groups like their modern relatives. Their great distribution may have enabled them to influence the distributions of sympatric carnivores like the tiger, through direct or indirect competition. In fact, during the Pleistocene, the tiger appeared to have been confined to the Far East, from Siberia in the north to the Sunda Islands in the south. It was during the Holocene, by which time the cave lion had become rare or extinct,[38][128] that the tiger spread westwards to places like the Caucasus and Indian Subcontinent.[10][61][62][71][129]
Physical comparison[edit]
Comparative profiles of the lion and tiger (assuming similar sizes).[54]
Comparative size[edit]
Males[edit]
A captive Amur tiger at Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark.
The Bengal tiger.
A Southeast African lion near H7 Road, east of Orpen, Kruger National Park, South Africa.
A Southwest African lion in Etosha National Park, Namibia.
The Siberian tiger was thought of as being the largest tiger and wild felid in present times,[61][130] and Heptner and Sludskii (1972) mentioned recorded weights of up to 400 kilograms (880 lb) (Baikov, 1927). However, they also mentioned the possibility of exaggeration in these figures,[10] and not all measurements suggest that Siberian tigers are the biggest tigers and felids, such as those on average weights of wild Bengal and Siberian tigers, and Southeast African lions[38] in Kruger National Park, South Africa.[29][131][132][133][134][135]
The average weight of males was 175 kilograms (385.8 lb) for the Gir lion, 187.5 kilograms (413 lb) for the Kruger lion,[38][29][135] 176.4 kilograms (389 lb) for the Siberian tiger, and 196 kilograms (432 lb) for the Bengal tiger.[132][133] The average weight of 221 kilograms (487 lb) measured for the Bengal tiger in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, excluded any content in the stomach.[134] Likewise, the average weight of 187.5 kilograms (413 lb) measured for the Kruger lion excluded any content in the stomach,[135] and a lion may eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one sitting.[136] Southern African lions (Southeast or Southwest African lions) appear to be the largest of living lions, in the wilderness of Africa.[29][135]
Vratislav Mazák (1981) said that the Bengal, Caspian and Siberian tigers ranked as the biggest Felidae in modern times,[61] therefore, the largest of the genus Panthera.[130] He said that male Ussurian tigers weighed 180–306 kg (397–675 pounds), and that the largest one was believed by Jankovskij not to weigh less than about 300 kg (660 pounds).[61] In the past, they had been bigger and lived longer, according to Hepter and Sludskii (1972).[10] The largest captive Siberian tiger weighed 465 kg (1,025 lb).[69][131] Bengal tigers weighed 180–258 kg (397–569 pounds) (Mazák, 1981),[61] and the largest wild Bengal tiger on record apparently weighed 388.7 kg (857 lb), after having a heavy meal.[131] Male Caspian tigers weighed 170–240 kg (370–530 pounds) (Mazák, 1981),[61] and the maximum known weight was greater than 240 kg (530 pounds), according to Heptner and Sludskii (1972). A tiger killed in Prishibinske at the end of February 1899, with a body length of about 2.70 metres (8.9 feet) (skin just removed), was described by K. A. Satunin (1905) as being "a tiger of immense proportions," appearing to him to have been "no smaller than the common Tuzemna horse."[10]
However, Mazák (1981) did not mention the weights of felid hybrids.[61] Ligers could weigh well over 300 kg (660 pounds), and outsize tigers.[66][67][68][69][70] As for African lions, barring the Northern lion (which appears to be the same subspecies as the extant Senegal lion),[39][40] 'black-maned' Cape lion,[137][138][139] and Addis Abeba lion,[140][141] males weighed 150–226 or 249.5 kg (331–498 or 550 pounds), with some having exceeded 249.5 kg (550 lb) in the wilderness.[10][38][131][135][142][143]
Cape lions were considered to have been bigger than other Sub-Saharan African lions,[36][137] besides lions from the Sudan,[144] and lions approaching 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were shot south of the Vaal River (Pease, 1913, page 91).[145] Some people considered the North African lion to have been the largest, most powerful lion and African felid.[30][31][36] It is difficult to know their exact weights, but Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 230–270 kg (510–600 pounds) for males,[31] and Beinglion.com[30] considered their range to be about 181.4–272 kg (400–600 pounds). According to some people, lions exceeding 272 kg (600 pounds) in weight were killed in Algeria (Pease, 1913, pages 91 – 92) (Bryden, 1899, pages 567 – 568).[145][146] Atlas was described by Gettysburg Compiler (1899) as being "much superior to the black-maned lions of South Africa in bulk and bravery."[36]
However, Bryden (1899, page 567 – 568)[146] believed that, on average, barring huge specimens, Atlas lions were not larger than other lions, and not all sources support the notion of Atlas lions being the largest of lions, or of Cape lions being larger than all other Sub-Saharan African lions.[38][131][147] An emasculated lion in Surrey Zoological Gardens, brought from Kaffraria, was described by Jardine (1834) as being "much larger than either the Barbary or Persian lion."[147] A huge East African lion near Mount Kenya weighed 272 kg (600 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[38] The heaviest African lion in the wild was reportedly a Transvaal lion[38] shot outside Hectorspruit, South Africa, in 1936, which weighed 313 kg (690 lb).[131]
Male Indian lions in Gir Forest weighed 160–190 kg (350–420 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996),[38] and Pocock (1939) said that they were similar in size to Central African lions.[10][56] Apart from Gir lions, there are accounts of 'large' Asiatic lions in other places, including what is now Pakistan.[29][74]
Male Indochinese tigers weighed 150–195 kg (331–430 pounds). Male South Chinese tigers weighed 130–175 kg (287–386 pounds), Javan tigers weighed 100–141 kg (220–311 pounds), Sumatran tigers weighed 100–140 kg (220–310 pounds), and Bali tigers weighed 90–100 kg (200–220 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[61]
Females[edit]
A Siberian tigress with a cub.
A Katanga lioness[38] with a cub near Otjiwarongo, Namibia.
Ussuri tigresses weighed 100–167 kg (220–368 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[61] Notwithstanding issues with measurements, a tigress which was killed in December 1927, near Madaoshi Station on the Chinese Eastern Railway, weighed 200 kg (440 pounds), according to Baikov (1928).[10] Bengal tigresses weighed 100–164 kg (220–362 pounds).[134] Caspian tigresses weighed 85–135 kg (187–298 pounds), Indochinese tigresses weighed 100–130 kg (220–290 pounds), South Chinese tigresses weighed 100–115 kg (220–254 pounds), Javan tigresses weighed 75–115 kg (165–254 pounds), Sumatran tigresses weighed 75–110 kg (165–243 pounds), and Bali tigresses weighed 65–80 kg (143–176 pounds) (Mazák, 1981).[61]
African lionesses weighed 120–182 kg (265–401 pounds) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983), and Gir lionesses weighed 110–120 kg (240–260 pounds) (Nowell and Jackson, 1996).[38] As for Barbary lionesses, Yamaguchi and Haddane (2002), using a small sample size available for study, estimated a range of 140–190 kg (310–420 pounds),[31] and Beinglion.com estimated a range of 90.7–181.4 kg (200–400 pounds).[30]
Length[edit]
Males[edit]
Between the pegs, male Amur tigers measured 2.70–3.30 metres (8.9–10.8 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and the largest one reportedly measured about 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves," or 330 cm (130 in) "between the pegs."[61][148] Bengal tigers measured 2.70–3.10 metres (8.9–10.2 feet) (Mazák, 1981), and the 388.7-kilogram tiger reportedly measured 322 cm (127 in) between the pegs, and 338 cm (133 in) over the curves.[131] Caspian tigers measured 2.70–2.95 metres (8.9–9.7 feet), Indochinese tigers measured 2.55–2.85 metres (8.4–9.4 feet), South Chinese tigers measured 2.30–2.65 metres (7.5–8.7 feet), Sumatran tigers measured 2.20–2.55 metres (7.2–8.4 feet), Javan tigers measured about 2.48 m (8.1 ft), and Bali tigers measured 2.20–2.30 metres (7.2–7.5 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[61]
There were rather extraordinary measurements for tigers, such as lengths of over 12 ft (370 cm) for 2 Bengal tigers shot in Kumaon and near Oude at the end of the 19th century,[149] a total length of 360 cm (11.8 feet) for the Caspian tiger of Prishibinske, and a total length of slightly under 420 cm (13.8 feet) for a large Siberian tiger (Mazák and Volf (1967), from Barclay (1915)), but there were issues like that skin had been removed.[10] Skin that is removed from flesh can be stretched to give exaggerated measurements. For example, two lions killed by F. C. Selous in Mashonaland respectively measured 9 ft 11 in (302 centimetres) and 9 ft 1 in (277 centimetres), at extreme length in a straight line, before skinning, and 11 ft 9 in (358 centimetres) and 11 ft (340 centimetres), after skinning.[146]
Male African lions measured 1.70–2.50 metres (5.6–8.2 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[38] A Southwest African lion[38] shot near Mucusso, southern Angola, in October 1973, reportedly measured nearly 360 cm (11.8 ft), in total.[131] For two Gir lions, Colonel Fenton and Count Scheibler gave head-and-body measurements of 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) each, with tail-lengths of 2 ft 11 in (89 cm) and 2 ft 7 in (79 cm), and total lengths of 9 ft 5 in (287 cm) and 9 ft 3 in (282 cm), respectively.[10][56] A record for the length of the Indian lion, including the tail, was 2.92 m (9.6 ft) (Sinha, 1987).[29]
Females[edit]
Men with a restrained lion in Iran. Photograph by Antoin Sevruguin (1830's – 1933).
Between the pegs, Siberian tigresses measured 2.40–2.75 metres (7.9–9.0 feet), Bengal tigresses measured 2.40–2.65 metres (7.9–8.7 feet), Caspian tigresses measured 2.40–2.60 metres (7.9–8.5 feet), Indochinese tigresses measured 2.30–2.55 metres (7.5–8.4 feet), South Chinese tigresses measured 2.20–2.40 metres (7.2–7.9 feet), Sumatran tigresses measured 2.15–2.30 metres (7.1–7.5 feet), and Bali tigresses measured 1.90–2.10 metres (6.2–6.9 feet) (Mazák, 1981).[61]
African lionesses measured 1.40–1.75 metres (4.6–5.7 feet) (Nowak and Paradiso, 1983).[38]
Height at the shoulder[edit]
The Bengal and Manchurian tiger subspecies are the tallest at the shoulder among living felids,[36][131] apart from hybrids.[66][67][68][69][70] Bengal tigers generally measured 90 to 110 centimetres (3.0 to 3.6 feet) (Riney, 1982), barring any tiger that measured up to 4 feet (120 centimetres) or more.[36][57][148]
Indian lions measured about 3.50 feet (107 centimetres).[150] According to measurements taken, Barbary lions were not the tallest lions at the shoulder, measuring only 2 feet 7 inches (79 centimetres) to 3 feet 3 inches (99 centimetres), which would have made them 3–11 inches (7.6–27.9 centimetres) shorter than other African lions.[30][145][147] Therefore, the exceptional weights of some Barbary lions may have been due to them having fat bellies, at least after consuming prey, or a muscular build, in terms of chest-girth and the thickness of their thighs, for example.[30][36][145] Kalahari lions, which are in Southwestern Africa,[10] were taller at the shoulder than lions in Mesic habitats, according to Roderigues (1997).[151]
Temperament[edit]
A Sumatran tiger.
Cameroon lions in Mefou National Park.
The lion is a highly social animal and the tiger is a solitary animal. It is generally agreed that the tiger is the faster, smarter and more ferocious of the two so keepers of captive tigers must take care to avoid a sudden attack.[152]
Lions may roam in prides of up to 30 individuals headed by a mature male or group of related males. Male lions are typically either killed or pushed away by incoming male leadership. The majority of single roaming lions tend to be males preparing for maturation and assimilation with a new or existing pride. While male lions are generally larger and stronger than female lions, it is the close-knit female pride alliance that typically hunts and provides for the pride. By contrast, tigers are often solitary,[152] socializing at other times.[29] During mating, a male tiger and tigress would come together, and when together, they would behave more ferociously to other creatures, or even humans, if nearby, but the same would apply to lions.[56]
Skulls[edit]
Comparison of tiger and lion skulls.
Lions' skulls rival those of tigers in size[61] or length (Pease, 1913, page 101),[145] with even the largest known skulls of tigers being smaller than the largest known skulls of lions, albeit slightly. Apart from their sizes, the skulls of lions and tigers are generally similar, with there being differences in structural features of the lower jaws, relative lengths of their noses,[10] and the frontal regions.[56] In fact, the skulls of lions, especially from Asia, were so similar to those of tigers that Heptner and Sludskii (1972) argued that the lion was closer to the tiger than to other animals like the leopard and jaguar, unlike what others believed.[10][153]
Skulls of male lions measured 321.0–401.0 mm (12.64–15.79 in) at maximum, 309.0–348.0 mm (12.17–13.70 in) in condylobasal length, and 222.0–256.0 mm (8.74–10.08 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of lionesses measured 292.0–333.0 mm (11.50–13.11 in), 263.0–291.0 mm (10.35–11.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 188.0–212.0 mm (7.40–8.35 in) in zygomatic width (Roberts, 1959). The record total length was 419.0 mm (16.50 in) (Best et al., 1962).[10] According to Edmund Heller (1914), the Cape lion's skull was at least 1.0 in (25 mm) longer than those of equatorial lions, on average.[144] Skulls of male Asiatic lions measured 330.0–340.0 mm (12.99–13.39 in), and those of Asiatic lionesses measured 292.0–302.0 mm (11.50–11.89 in).[56]
Skulls of male Amur tigers measured 331.0–383.0 mm (13.03–15.08 in) at maximum, 291.0–342.0 mm (11.46–13.46 in) in condylobasal length, and 220.0–268.0 mm (8.66–10.55 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Amur tigresses measured 279.7–310.2 mm (11.01–12.21 in), 252.2–273.4 mm (9.93–10.76 in) in condylobasal length, and 190.0–203.6 mm (7.48–8.02 in) in zygomatic width. A preserved skull in Harbin had a maximum length of 400.0 mm (15.75 in) and zygomatic width of 280.0 mm (11.02 in) (Baikov et al., 1925).[10]
Skulls of male Caspian tigers measured 297.0–365.8 mm (11.69–14.40 in) at maximum, 259.0–307.9 mm (10.20–12.12 in) in condylobasal length, and 219.0–254.0 mm (8.62–10.00 in) in zygomatic width. Skulls of Caspian tigresses measured 195.7–255.5 mm (7.70–10.06 in), 225.0–263.2 mm (8.86–10.36 in) in condylobasal length, and 183.0–203.2 mm (7.20–8.00 in) in zygomatic width. A Turanian tiger was killed near the Sumbar Darya in the Kopet Dag, on the 10th of January, 1954, and its stuffed skin was put on display in a museum in Ashgabat. Despite being only 2.25 metres (7.4 feet), in terms of body length, it had a greatest skull length of about 385.0 mm (15.16 in), condylobasal length of about 305.0 mm (12.01 in), and zygomatic width of 205.0 mm (8.07 in), making it longer than other known measurements of the Caspian subspecies, and slightly longer than those of the Ussuri subspecies.[10]
Brain size[edit]
Comparative illustration of tiger and lion skulls.
A study by Oxford University scientists has shown that tigers have much bigger brains, relative to body size, than lions and other big cats. Although comparisons showed that lion skulls were larger overall, the tiger's cranial volume is the largest — even the skulls of small Balinese tigresses (65–80 kg (143–176 pounds))[148] have cranial volumes as large as those of huge male Southern African lions.[154][155]
Bite force[edit]
A Masai lion dragging a carcass at Masai Mara, Kenya.
Tigers have been shown to have higher average bite forces (such as at the canine tips) than lions.[156] The bite force adjusted for body mass allometry (BFQ) for tiger is 127, while that for lion is 112.[157] Tigers have a well-developed sagittal crest and coronoid processes, providing muscle attachment for their strong bite.[158] Tigers also have exceptionally stout teeth, and the canines are the longest and biggest among all living felids, measuring from 7.5 to 10 cm (3.0 to 3.9 in) in length, and are larger and longer than those of a similar-sized lion,[158][159] probably because tigers need to bring down larger prey alone than lions, which usually hunt large prey in groups.[159]
Paw-swipe[edit]
A Javan tiger at Ujung Kulon, 1938.
A swipe of a tiger's paw may crush a cow's skull.[160] Charles Frederick Partington (1835) said that Javan and Sumatran tigers, despite not being as heavy as Bengal tigers, were strong enough to break legs of horses or buffaloes with their paws.[54]
Nevertheless, during the fight between the Shimlan tiger and Atlas the Barbary lion, though the tiger was quite massive and muscular, and its paw-swipes could be faster, they tended to be lighter than those of Atlas, according to Gettysburg Compiler (1899). For example, the tiger's paw-swipes could outnumber those of Atlas three-to-one, but Atlas' paw-swipes cut deeper wounds into the tiger's hide than those given to its hide by the tiger's paw-swipes.[36]
Roar[edit]
A Malayan tiger at Cincinnati Zoo, the United States of America.
An East African lion snarling in Tanzania.
Lions and tigers, like other Pantherid Felidae, are capable of roaring.[153] In a zoo, if a tiger is near a lion, and it roars, then the lion may roar in response, like it would as if another lion did, and some people may not be able to distinguish between their roars.[56] However, that does not mean that no differences exist between them.[54][61][161][162] Charles Frederick Partington, said that, in comparison, whereas a lion's roar would be loud and terrifying, but with 'grandeur', a tiger's cry would be 'horrid' and 'appalling', with a 'piercing' effect.[54] A similar description of the tiger's roar was given by Herne.[89]
Frequency[edit]
A male lion's roar can have a fundamental frequency of about 195 Hertz, whereas that of a lioness' roar may exceed 206 Hertz.[161]
Loudness[edit]
A tiger's roar can be heard up to 3 km (1.9 mi) away (Mazák, 1981).[61] A lion's roar can reach 114 decibels/meter (McComb et al. 1994; Peters and Wozencraft 1996),[38] and can be heard up to 5 km (3.1 mi) (Guggisberg 1975), or at least 8 km (5.0 mi) away in optimal conditions (Sunquist & Sunquist, 2002), making it the loudest of the cat family.[29][161][162]
Mythical character comparison[edit]
18th-century naturalists and authors compared the species' characters, generally in favor of the lion.[163] Oliver Goldsmith ranked the lion first among carnivorous mammals, followed by the tiger, which in his view "seems to partake of all the noxious qualities of the lion, without sharing any of his good ones. To pride, courage and strength, the lion joins greatness, clemency and generosity; but the tiger is fierce without provocation, and cruel without necessity."[164] Charles Knight, writing in "The English Cyclopaedia", disparaged the opinions of naturalists Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon and Thomas Pennant in this context, stating "the general herd of authors who eulogise the 'courage, greatness, clemency and generosity' of the lion, contrasting it with the unprovoked ferocity, unnecessary cruelty and poltroonery of the tiger, becomes ridiculous, though led by such names as Buffon and Pennant."[163]
The lion's mane[edit]
Central African lions in Virunga National Park, Congo-Kinshasa.
East African lions in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.
About the lion's mane, Knight wrote "The lion has owed a good deal to his mane and his noble and dignified aspect; but appearances are not always to be trusted."[163] In fact, a study was done by scientists Craig Packer and Peyton West that claimed that the mane of the lion was strictly for mating purposes. Darker-maned lions were more often picked by females to breed, while light-maned lions were not so lucky. A lion's mane did not always purposely help in a fight, and it might even hinder the male lion, slowing it down when it attacks, according to Packer and West.[165]
However, Clyde (1939)[23] and Kailash (1978)[24] believed that the mane could defend part of the lion's neck, in a fight against the tiger, and this had been reported. When the Shimlan tiger fought Atlas, it tried biting Atlas' neck, but it could not, due to the mane blocking its teeth, and interfering with its respiratory system.[36] According to Heptner and Sludskii (1997), Barbary and Cape lions had the "most luxuriant and extensive manes" among lions, with "tresses on flanks and abdomen." As for the Indian lion, which has a smaller mane than its African cousins,[10][56] apart from African lions that have weak manes or are maneless,[166] during the fight reported by St. Landry Democrat (1887),[90] The Eaton Democrat (1887),[91] The Iola Register (1887),[92] The Milan Exchange (1887),[93] and The Sydney Mail (1889),[9] from The Sun (New York) (1889), though the tiger could bite the lion's body, it was not mentioned to have bitten the lion's neck.
Arts and literature[edit]
Art[edit]
See also: Bengal tiger § Bengal tiger versus lion
The Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger.
Sculptures of a tiger and lion fighting, with the former dominating the latter, by Emile-Joseph-Alexandre Gouget, in Le musée d'Art et d'Industrie de la ville de Roubaix.
Battles between the two were painted in the 18th and 19th centuries by Eugène Delacroix, George Stubbs and James Ward. Ward's paintings, which portrayed lion victories in accordance with the lion's symbolic value in Great Britain, have been described as less realistic than Stubbs.[167]
The British Seringapatam medal shows a lion defeating a tiger in battle; an Arabic language banner on the medal displays the words Asad Allāh al-Ghālib (Arabic: أسَـد الله الـغَـالِـب, "Lion of God the Conqueror"). The medal commemorated the British victory at the 1799 Battle of Seringapatam (in the town now known as Srirangapatna) over Tipu Sultan — who used tigers as emblems, as opposed to the British emblematic use of lions.[168]
Literature[edit]
English literature compared their battle strengths.[169] The poets Edmund Spenser, Allan Ramsey, and Robert Southey described lion victories.[169] In the view of a 19th-century literary critic, these contests established "sovereignty of the animal world."[169] In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Narada told Srinjaya that tigers were fiercer and more ruthless than lions.[170]
Cinema[edit]
In Paalai, a Tamil film, there is dialogue about the characteristics of the tiger and lion. It concludes that the tiger is superior. In the film, the tiger is the symbol and flag of the native Tamil tribal people and the lion is the symbol and flag of non-Tamil Singhal (literally meaning 'Leonine') people.[171]
Sports[edit]
See also: Sports in Detroit
The city of Detroit, Michigan has professional sports teams named after Tigers and Lions competing (along with other sports franchises) for attention of sports fans in the greater Detroit area and beyond. A 2012 poll indicated that the Tigers were slightly more popular than the Lions among Michigan residents,[172] although this has been disputed by other commentators.[173][174]
See also[edit]
Animal-baiting
Atlas the Barbary lion versus the Bengal tiger of Simla
Bear-baiting
Bullfighting
Bull versus bear
Dog-baiting
Lions, Tigers and Bears (comics)
New International Encyclopedia
The Cowardly Lion and Hungry Tiger
Tyavarekoppa Lion and Tiger Safari
Tigers[edit]
Amur tiger
Balinese tiger
Bengal tiger
Caspian tiger
Indochinese tiger
Javan tiger
Malayan tiger
South Chinese tiger
Sumatran tiger
Ngandong tiger (prehistoric)
Trinil tiger (prehistoric)
Wanhsien tiger (prehistoric)
Lions[edit]
African lion
Barbary lion
Cameroon lion
Cape lion
Congo lion
Egyptian lion
Ethiopian lion
Kalahari lion
Katanga lion
Kilimanjaro lion
Masai lion
Northern Lake Victoria lion
Nubian lion
Senegal lion
Somali lion
Transvaal lion
Tsavo lion
Uganda lion
Asiatic lion
European lion
Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion
Upper Pleistocene European cave lion
North American cave lion
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "A New, Genetically Distinct Lion Population is Found". News Watch. National Geographic Society. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2015. The Addis Ababa zoo lions have dark manes and small bodies, unlike other African lions. But life in captivity can sometimes influence appearance. A team of researchers, led by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and the University of York in the UK, checked to see if the lions really are different by comparing DNA samples of 15 lions from the zoo to six populations of wild lions. Their genetic analysis revealed that the gene sequence of all fifteen lions were unique and showed little sign of inbreeding. The study was recently published in the European Journal of Wildlife Research.
Jump up ^ Bruche, Susann; Gusset, Markus; Lippold, Sebastian; Barnett, Ross; Eulenberger, Klaus; Junhold, Jörg; Driscoll, Carlos A.; Hofreiter, Michael (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (Panthera leo) population from Ethiopia". European Journal of Wildlife Research. 59 (2): 215–225. doi:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5.
Jump up ^ "African Lion". The Big Zoo.
Jump up ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller, E. 1914. New races of carnivores and baboons from equatorial Africa and Abyssinia Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 61(19): 1–12.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pease, A. E. (1913). The Book of the Lion John Murray, London.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bryden, H. A. (ed.) (1899). Great and small game of Africa Rowland Ward Ltd., London. Pp. 544–568.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jardine, W. (1834). The Naturalist's Library. Mammalia Vol. II: the Natural History of Felinae. W. H. Lizars, Edinburgh.
^ Jump up to: a b c Mazak, V. (2004). Der Tiger. Westarp Wissenschaften Hohenwarsleben. ISBN 3-89432-759-6. (in German)
Jump up ^ Sterndale, R. A. (1884). Felis Tigris. No. 201 in: Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
Jump up ^ Sterndale, R. A. (1884). Natural History of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta.
Jump up ^ "Kalahari xeric savanna". Worldwildife.org. 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Kirk Bates (28 February 1951). "When a Lion fights a Tiger". The Milwaukee Journal.
^ Jump up to: a b Weissengruber, GE; G Forstenpointner; G Peters; A Kübber-Heiss; WT Fitch (September 2002). "Hyoid apparatus and pharynx in the lion (Panthera leo), jaguar (Panthera onca), tiger (Panthera tigris), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and the domestic cat. (Felis silvestris f. catus)". Journal of Anatomy. Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 201 (3): 195–209. PMC 1570911  . PMID 12363272. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00088.x. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A. C.; Gilissen, E.; MacDonald, D. W. (2009). "Brain size of the lion (Panthera leo) and the tiger (P. tigris): implications for intrageneric phylogeny, intraspecific differences and the effects of captivity". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 98 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01249.x.
Jump up ^ "Are tigers brainer than lions?". Oxford University. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Christiansen, P.; Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores". Ecology. 88: 347–385. PMID 17479753. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2.
Jump up ^ Wroe, S.; McHenry2, C.; Thomason, J. (2004). "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Sunquist, M.; Sunquist, F. (2002). Wild Cats of the World (1st ed.). Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. pp. 7–350. ISBN 978-0-22-677999-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tiger Fact Sheet" (PDF). World Animal Foundation. Retrieved 20 Sep 2014.
Jump up ^ "The-strongest-living-land-creatures-on-Earth-measured-by-their-power-to-weight-ratio". 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eklund, Robert; Peters, Gustav; Ananthakrishnan, G; Mabiza, Evans (2011). "An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses" (PDF). Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR. 51: 1.
^ Jump up to: a b Schaller, George B. (1972). The Serengeti lion: A study of predator-prey relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73639-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Charles Knight (1854). The English cyclopaedia: a new dictionary of Universal Knowledge. Bradbury and Evans. p. 219. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Oliver Goldsmith; Georges Léopold C.F.D. Cuvier (baron de.) (1847). A history of the earth and animated nature, with an intr. view of the animal kingdom tr. from the Fr. of Baron Cuvier, notes and a life of the author by W. Irving. p. 367. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mane of the Lion". Bigcatnews.blogspot.com. September 2006. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Schoe, Marjolein; Sogbohossou, Etotépé A.; Kaandorp, Jacques and de Iongh, Hans (2010) Progress Report – collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin. Funded by the Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund.
Jump up ^ Frank McLynn (2006). 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Canongate Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-8021-4228-3. George Stubbs, the most famous and original animal painter of his time who was just reaching his peak in 1759, liked to display combats of lion versus tiger, though he did not commit the egregious mistake made in James Ward's animal pictures painted later in the century where the lion symbolises Britain and the tiger India; in reality, as we know very clearly from the obscene animal fights staged by the Ancient Romans in the arena, the tiger would win every time
Jump up ^ Maya Jasanoff (2007). Edge of Empire: Lives, Culture, and Conquest in the East, 1750–1850. Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-42571-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Charles Francis Richardson (1883). Good literature: a literary eclectic weekly, Volume 5. AbeBooks. p. 114.
Jump up ^ Prof. Muneo Tokunaga John D. Smith K M Ganguli. "Tiger in Hindu epic Mahabharatha". The Mahabharata in Sanskrit. Sacred Texts. pp. SECTION LXVIII. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
Jump up ^ IMDb (2011). "Paalai". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "Tigers Win A Title: Most Popular Team In Michigan". CBS Detroit. 2012-02-22. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ "The Lions are king of Detroit". OU New Bureau. 2012-10-23. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Jump up ^ Sean Gagnier (2012-07-18). "Detroit is a football town". Retrieved 2016-07-27.
Further reading[edit]
Isabel Thomas (2006). Lion vs. Tiger. Raintree. ISBN 978-1-4109-2398-1.
Jerry Pallotta; Rob Bolster (2009). Lion vs. tiger. Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-545-17571-5.
External links[edit]
Tiger vs. Lion — Who Would Win?, Smithsonian
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