text:
Carburetor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Carburation" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Carburizing or Carbonation.
Bendix-Technico (Stromberg) 1-barrel downdraft carburetor model BXUV-3, with nomenclature
A carburetor (American English) or carburettor (British English; see spelling differences) is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine in the proper ratio for combustion. It is sometimes colloquially shortened to carb in the UK and North America or carby in Australia.[1] To carburate or carburet (and thus carburation or carburetion, respectively) is to blend the air and fuel or to equip (an engine) with a carburetor for that purpose. A buret or burette is equipment for measuring liquids accurately.
Carburetors have largely been supplanted in the automotive and, to a lesser extent, aviation industries by fuel injection. They are still common on small engines for lawn mowers, rototillers and other equipment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History and development
3 Principles
4 Operation
4.1 Basics
4.2 Off-idle circuit
4.3 Main open-throttle circuit
4.4 Power valve
4.5 Accelerator pump
4.6 Choke
4.7 Other elements
5 Fuel supply
5.1 Float chamber
5.2 Diaphragm chamber
6 Multiple carburetor barrels
7 Carburetor adjustment
8 Feedback carburetors
9 Catalytic carburetors
10 Constant vacuum carburetors
11 Vaporizers
12 List of manufacturers
13 See also
14 References
15 Further reading
Etymology[edit]
The word carburetor comes from the French carbure meaning "carbide".[2] Carburer means to combine with carbon (compare also carburizing). In fuel chemistry, the term has the more specific meaning of increasing the carbon (and therefore energy) content of a fluid by mixing it with a volatile hydrocarbon.
History and development[edit]
The first carburetor was invented by Samuel Morey in 1826. Another carburetor was developed by Enrico Bernardi at the University of Padua in 1882, for his Motrice Pia, the first petrol combustion engine (one cylinder, 121.6 cc) prototyped on 5 August 1882.[citation needed]
A carburetor was among the early patents by Karl Benz (1888)[3] as he developed internal combustion engines and their components.[4]
Early carburetors were the surface carburetor type, in which air is charged with fuel by being passed over the surface of gasoline.[5]
In 1885, Wilhelm Maybach and Gottlieb Daimler developed a float carburetor for their engine based on the atomizer nozzle.[6] The Daimler-Maybach carburetor was copied extensively, leading to patent lawsuits, but British courts rejected the Daimler company's claim of priority in favor of Edward Butler's 1884 spray carburetor used on his Petrol Cycle.[7]
Hungarian engineers János Csonka and Donát Bánki patented a carburetor for a stationary engine in 1893.[8][9]
Frederick William Lanchester of Birmingham, England, experimented with the wick carburetor in cars. In 1896, Frederick and his brother built the first gasoline-driven car in England: a single cylinder 5 hp (3.7 kW) internal combustion engine with chain drive. Unhappy with the performance and power, they re-built the engine the next year into a two-cylinder horizontally opposed version using his new wick carburetor design.
Carburetors were the usual method of fuel delivery for most US-made gasoline-fueled engines up until the late 1980s, when fuel injection became the preferred method.[10] This change was dictated more by the requirements of catalytic converters than by any inherent inefficiency of carburation; a catalytic converter requires much more precise control over the fuel / air mixture, to closely control the amount of oxygen in the exhaust gases. In the U.S. market, the last carbureted cars were:
1990 (General public) : Oldsmobile Custom Cruiser, Buick Estate Wagon, Cadillac Brougham, Honda Prelude (Base Model), Subaru Justy
1991 (Police) : Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor with the 5.8 L (351 cu in) V8 engine.
1991 (SUV) : Jeep Grand Wagoneer with the AMC 360 cu in (5.9 L) V8 engine.[11]
1993 Mazda B2200 (Light Truck)
1994 (Light truck) : Isuzu[12]
In Australia, some cars continued to use carburetors well into the 1990s; these included the Honda Civic (1993), the Ford Laser (1994), the Mazda 323 and Mitsubishi Magna sedans (1996), the Daihatsu Charade (1997), and the Suzuki Swift (1999). Low-cost commercial vans and 4WDs in Australia continued with carburetors even into the 2000s, the last being the Mitsubishi Express van in 2003.[citation needed] Elsewhere, certain Lada cars used carburetors until 2006. Many motorcycles still use carburetors for simplicity's sake, since a carburetor does not require an electrical system to function. Carburetors are also still found in small engines and in older or specialized automobiles, such as those designed for stock car racing, though NASCAR's 2011 Sprint Cup season was the last one with carbureted engines; electronic fuel injection was used beginning with the 2012 race season in Cup.[13]
In Europe, carburetor-engined cars were being gradually phased out by the end of the 1980s in favor of fuel injection, which was already the established type of engine on more expensive vehicles including luxury and sports models. EEC legislation required all vehicles sold and produced in member countries to have a catalytic converter after December 1992. This legislation had been in the pipeline for some time, with many cars becoming available with catalytic converters or fuel injection from around 1990. However, some versions of the Peugeot 106 were sold with carburettor engines from its launch in 1991, as were versions of the Renault Clio and Nissan Primera (launched in 1990) and initially all versions of Ford Fiesta range except the XR2i when it was launched in 1989. Luxury car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz had been producing mechanically fuel-injected cars since the early 1950s, while the first mainstream family car to feature fuel injection was the Volkswagen Golf GTI in 1976. Ford's first fuel-injected car was the Ford Capri RS 2600 in 1970. General Motors launched its first fuel-injected car around the same time, when it began to introduce fuel-injected engines to its Vauxhall Cavalier/Opel Ascona range. Saab switched to fuel injection across its whole range from 1982.
Principles[edit]
The carburetor works on Bernoulli's principle: the faster air moves, the lower its static pressure, and the higher its dynamic pressure. The throttle (accelerator) linkage does not directly control the flow of liquid fuel. Instead, it actuates carburetor mechanisms which meter the flow of air being pushed into the engine. The speed of this flow, and therefore its pressure, determines the amount of fuel drawn into the airstream.
When carburetors are used in aircraft with piston engines, special designs and features are needed to prevent fuel starvation during inverted flight. Later engines used an early form of fuel injection known as a pressure carburetor.
Most production carbureted engines, as opposed to fuel-injected, have a single carburetor and a matching intake manifold that divides and transports the air fuel mixture to the intake valves, though some engines (like motorcycle engines) use multiple carburetors on split heads. Multiple carburetor engines were also common enhancements for modifying engines in the USA from the 1950s to mid-1960s, as well as during the following decade of high-performance muscle cars, fueling different chambers of the engine's intake manifold.
Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from below the carburetor and exits through the top. This had the advantage of never flooding the engine, as any liquid fuel droplets would fall out of the carburetor instead of into the intake manifold; it also lent itself to use of an oil bath air cleaner, where a pool of oil below a mesh element below the carburetor is sucked up into the mesh and the air is drawn through the oil-covered mesh; this was an effective system in a time when paper air filters did not exist.
Beginning in the late 1930s, downdraft carburetors were the most popular type for automotive use in the United States. In Europe, the sidedraft carburetors replaced downdraft as free space in the engine bay decreased and the use of the SU-type carburetor (and similar units from other manufacturers) increased. Some small propeller-driven aircraft engines still use the updraft carburetor design.
Outboard motor carburetors are typically sidedraft, because they must be stacked one on top of the other in order to feed the cylinders in a vertically oriented cylinder block.
1979 Evinrude Type I marine sidedraft carburetor
The main disadvantage of basing a carburetor's operation on Bernoulli's Principle is that, being a fluid dynamic device, the pressure reduction in a Venturi tends to be proportional to the square of the intake air speed. The fuel jets are much smaller and limited mainly by viscosity, so that the fuel flow tends to be proportional to the pressure difference. So jets sized for full power tend to starve the engine at lower speed and part throttle. Most commonly this has been corrected by using multiple jets. In SU and other movable jet carburetors, it was corrected by varying the jet size. For cold starting, a different principle was used in multi-jet carburetors. A flow resisting valve called a choke, similar to the throttle valve, was placed upstream of the main jet to reduce the intake pressure and suck additional fuel out of the jets.
Operation[edit]
Fixed-Venturi
in which the varying air velocity in the Venturi alters the fuel flow; this architecture is employed in most carburetors found on cars.
Variable-Venturi
in which the fuel jet opening is varied by the slide (which simultaneously alters air flow). In "constant depression" carburetors, this is done by a vacuum operated piston connected to a tapered needle which slides inside the fuel jet. A simpler version exists, most commonly found on small motorcycles and dirt bikes, where the slide and needle is directly controlled by the throttle position. The most common variable Venturi (constant depression) type carburetor is the sidedraft SU carburetor and similar models from Hitachi, Zenith-Stromberg and other makers. The UK location of the SU and Zenith-Stromberg companies helped these carburetors rise to a position of domination in the UK car market, though such carburetors were also very widely used on Volvos and other non-UK makes. Other similar designs have been used on some European and a few Japanese automobiles. These carburetors are also referred to as "constant velocity" or "constant vacuum" carburetors. An interesting variation was Ford's VV (Variable Venturi) carburetor, which was essentially a fixed Venturi carburetor with one side of the Venturi hinged and movable to give a narrow throat at low rpm and a wider throat at high rpm. This was designed to provide good mixing and airflow over a range of engine speeds, though the VV carburetor proved problematic in service.
A high performance 4-barrel carburetor
Under all engine operating conditions, the carburetor must:
Measure the airflow of the engine
Deliver the correct amount of fuel to keep the fuel/air mixture in the proper range (adjusting for factors such as temperature)
Mix the two finely and evenly
This job would be simple if air and gasoline (petrol) were ideal fluids; in practice, however, their deviations from ideal behavior due to viscosity, fluid drag, inertia, etc. require a great deal of complexity to compensate for exceptionally high or low engine speeds. A carburetor must provide the proper fuel/air mixture across a wide range of ambient temperatures, atmospheric pressures, engine speeds and loads, and centrifugal forces:
Cold start
Hot start
Idling or slow-running
Acceleration
High speed / high power at full throttle
Cruising at part throttle (light load)
In addition, modern carburetors are required to do this while maintaining low rates of exhaust emissions.
To function correctly under all these conditions, most carburetors contain a complex set of mechanisms to support several different operating modes, called circuits.
Basics[edit]
Cross-sectional schematic of a downdraft carburetor
A carburetor basically consists of an open pipe through which the air passes into the inlet manifold of the engine. The pipe is in the form of a Venturi: it narrows in section and then widens again, causing the airflow to increase in speed in the narrowest part. Below the Venturi is a butterfly valve called the throttle valve — a rotating disc that can be turned end-on to the airflow, so as to hardly restrict the flow at all, or can be rotated so that it (almost) completely blocks the flow of air. This valve controls the flow of air through the carburetor throat and thus the quantity of air/fuel mixture the system will deliver, thereby regulating engine power and speed. The throttle is connected, usually through a cable or a mechanical linkage of rods and joints or rarely by pneumatic link, to the accelerator pedal on a car, a throttle level in an aircraft or the equivalent control on other vehicles or equipment.
Fuel is introduced into the air stream through small holes at the narrowest part of the Venturi and at other places where pressure will be lowered when not running on full throttle. Fuel flow is adjusted by means of precisely calibrated orifices, referred to as jets, in the fuel path.
Off-idle circuit[edit]
As the throttle is opened up slightly from the fully closed position, the throttle plate uncovers additional fuel delivery holes behind the throttle plate where there is a low pressure area created by the throttle plate/Valve blocking air flow; these allow more fuel to flow as well as compensating for the reduced vacuum that occurs when the throttle is opened, thus smoothing the transition to metering fuel flow through the regular open throttle circuit.
Main open-throttle circuit[edit]
As the throttle is progressively opened, the manifold vacuum is lessened since there is less restriction on the airflow, reducing the flow through the idle and off-idle circuits. This is where the Venturi shape of the carburetor throat comes into play, due to Bernoulli's principle (i.e., as the velocity increases, pressure falls). The Venturi raises the air velocity, and this high speed and thus low pressure sucks fuel into the airstream through a nozzle or nozzles located in the center of the Venturi. Sometimes one or more additional booster Venturis are placed coaxially within the primary Venturi to increase the effect.
As the throttle is closed, the airflow through the Venturi drops until the lowered pressure is insufficient to maintain this fuel flow, and the idle circuit takes over again, as described above.
Bernoulli's principle, which is a function of the velocity of the fluid, is a dominant effect for large openings and large flow rates, but since fluid flow at small scales and low speeds (low Reynolds number) is dominated by viscosity, Bernoulli's principle is ineffective at idle or slow running and in the very small carburetors of the smallest model engines. Small model engines have flow restrictions ahead of the jets to reduce the pressure enough to suck the fuel into the air flow. Similarly the idle and slow running jets of large carburetors are placed after the throttle valve where the pressure is reduced partly by viscous drag, rather than by Bernoulli's principle. The most common rich mixture device for starting cold engines was the choke, which works on the same principle.
Power valve[edit]
For open throttle operation a richer mixture will produce more power, prevent pre-ignition detonation, and keep the engine cooler. This is usually addressed with a spring-loaded "power valve", which is held shut by engine vacuum. As the throttle opens up, the vacuum decreases and the spring opens the valve to let more fuel into the main circuit. On two-stroke engines, the operation of the power valve is the reverse of normal — it is normally "on" and at a set rpm it is turned "off". It is activated at high rpm to extend the engine's rev range, capitalizing on a two-stroke's tendency to rev higher momentarily when the mixture is lean.
Alternative to employing a power valve, the carburetor may utilize a metering rod or step-up rod system to enrich the fuel mixture under high-demand conditions. Such systems were originated by Carter Carburetor[citation needed] in the 1950s for the primary two Venturis of their four barrel carburetors, and step-up rods were widely used on most 1-, 2-, and 4-barrel Carter carburetors through the end of production in the 1980s. The step-up rods are tapered at the bottom end, which extends into the main metering jets. The tops of the rods are connected to a vacuum piston or a mechanical linkage which lifts the rods out of the main jets when the throttle is opened (mechanical linkage) or when manifold vacuum drops (vacuum piston). When the step-up rod is lowered into the main jet, it restricts the fuel flow. When the step-up rod is raised out of the jet, more fuel can flow through it. In this manner, the amount of fuel delivered is tailored to the transient demands of the engine. Some 4-barrel carburetors use metering rods only on the primary two Venturis, but some use them on both primary and secondary circuits, as in the Rochester Quadrajet.
Accelerator pump[edit]
Liquid gasoline, being denser than air, is slower than air to react to a force applied to it. When the throttle is rapidly opened, airflow through the carburetor increases immediately, faster than the fuel flow rate can increase. This transient oversupply of air causes a lean mixture, which makes the engine misfire (or "stumble")—an effect opposite to that which was demanded by opening the throttle. This is remedied by the use of a small piston or diaphragm pump which, when actuated by the throttle linkage, forces a small amount of gasoline through a jet into the carburetor throat.[14] This extra shot of fuel counteracts the transient lean condition on throttle tip-in. Most accelerator pumps are adjustable for volume or duration by some means. Eventually, the seals around the moving parts of the pump wear such that pump output is reduced; this reduction of the accelerator pump shot causes stumbling under acceleration until the seals on the pump are renewed.
The accelerator pump is also used to prime the engine with fuel prior to a cold start. Excessive priming, like an improperly adjusted choke, can cause flooding. This is when too much fuel and not enough air are present to support combustion. For this reason, most carburetors are equipped with an unloader mechanism: The accelerator is held at wide open throttle while the engine is cranked, the unloader holds the choke open and admits extra air, and eventually the excess fuel is cleared out and the engine starts.
Choke[edit]
When the engine is cold, fuel vaporizes less readily and tends to condense on the walls of the intake manifold, starving the cylinders of fuel and making the engine difficult to start; thus, a richer mixture (more fuel to air) is required to start and run the engine until it warms up. A richer mixture is also easier to ignite.
To provide the extra fuel, a choke is typically used; this is a device that restricts the flow of air at the entrance to the carburetor, before the venturi. With this restriction in place, extra vacuum is developed in the carburetor barrel, which pulls extra fuel through the main metering system to supplement the fuel being pulled from the idle and off-idle circuits. This provides the rich mixture required to sustain operation at low engine temperatures.
In addition, the choke can be connected to a cam (the fast idle cam) or other such device which prevents the throttle plate from closing fully while the choke is in operation. This causes the engine to idle at a higher speed. Fast idle serves as a way to help the engine warm up quickly, and give a more stable idle while cold by increasing airflow throughout the intake system which helps to better atomize the cold fuel.
In older carbureted cars, the choke was controlled manually by a Bowden cable and pull-knob on the dashboard. For easier, more convenient driving, automatic chokes; first introduced on the 1932 Oldsmobile, became popular in the late 1950s. These were controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring. When cold, the spring would contract, closing the choke plate. Upon startup the spring would be heated by engine coolant, exhaust heat or an electric heating coil. As it was heated, the spring would slowly expand and open the choke plate. A choke unloader is a linkage arrangement that forces the choke open against its spring when the vehicle's accelerator is moved to the end of its travel. This provision allows a "flooded" engine to be cleared out so that it will start.
Forgetting to deactivate the choke once the engine achieved operating temperature would waste fuel and increase emissions. To meet increasingly stringent emission requirements, some cars that still retained manual chokes (from around 1980, depending on market) began to have choke opening automatically controlled by a thermostat employing a bimetallic spring, heated by the engine coolant.
The 'choke' for constant-depression carburettors such as the SU or Stromberg does not use a choke valve in the air circuit but instead has a mixture enrichment circuit to increase fuel flow by opening the metering jet further or by opening an additional fuel jet or 'enrichment'. Typically used on small engines, notably motorcycles, enrichments work by opening a secondary fuel circuit below the throttle valves. This circuit works exactly like the idle circuit, and when engaged it simply supplies extra fuel when the throttle is closed.
Classic British motorcycles, with side-draft slide-throttle carburetors, used another type of "cold start device", called a "tickler". This is simply a spring-loaded rod that, when depressed, manually pushes the float down and allows excess fuel to fill the float bowl and flood the intake tract. If the "tickler" is held down too long it also floods the outside of the carburetor and the crankcase below, and is therefore a fire hazard.
Other elements[edit]
The interactions between each circuit may also be affected by various mechanical or air pressure connections and also by temperature sensitive and electrical components. These are introduced for reasons such as response, fuel efficiency or automobile emissions control. Various air bleeds (often chosen from a precisely calibrated range, similarly to the jets) allow air into various portions of the fuel passages to enhance fuel delivery and vaporization. Extra refinements may be included in the carburetor/manifold combination, such as some form of heating to aid fuel vaporization such as an early fuel evaporator.
Fuel supply[edit]
Float chamber[edit]
Holley "Visi-Flo" model #1904 carburetors from the 1950s, factory equipped with transparent glass bowls.
To ensure a ready mixture, the carburetor has a "float chamber" (or "bowl") that contains a quantity of fuel at near-atmospheric pressure, ready for use. This reservoir is constantly replenished with fuel supplied by a fuel pump. The correct fuel level in the bowl is maintained by means of a float controlling an inlet valve, in a manner very similar to that employed in a cistern (e.g. a toilet tank). As fuel is used up, the float drops, opening the inlet valve and admitting fuel. As the fuel level rises, the float rises and closes the inlet valve. The level of fuel maintained in the float bowl can usually be adjusted, whether by a setscrew or by something crude such as bending the arm to which the float is connected. This is usually a critical adjustment, and the proper adjustment is indicated by lines inscribed into a window on the float bowl, or a measurement of how far the float hangs below the top of the carburetor when disassembled, or similar. Floats can be made of different materials, such as sheet brass soldered into a hollow shape, or of plastic; hollow floats can spring small leaks and plastic floats can eventually become porous and lose their flotation; in either case the float will fail to float, fuel level will be too high, and the engine will not run unless the float is replaced. The valve itself becomes worn on its sides by its motion in its "seat" and will eventually try to close at an angle, and thus fails to shut off the fuel completely; again, this will cause excessive fuel flow and poor engine operation. Conversely, as the fuel evaporates from the float bowl, it leaves sediment, residue, and varnishes behind, which clog the passages and can interfere with the float operation. This is particularly a problem in automobiles operated for only part of the year and left to stand with full float chambers for months at a time; commercial fuel stabilizer additives are available that reduce this problem.
The fuel stored in the chamber (bowl) can be a problem in hot climates. If the engine is shut off while hot, the temperature of the fuel will increase, sometimes boiling ("percolation"). This can result in flooding and difficult or impossible restarts while the engine is still warm, a phenomenon known as "heat soak". Heat deflectors and insulating gaskets attempt to minimize this effect. The Carter Thermo-Quad carburetor has float chambers manufactured of insulating plastic (phenolic), said to keep the fuel 20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) cooler.
Usually, special vent tubes allow atmospheric pressure to be maintained in the float chamber as the fuel level changes; these tubes usually extend into the carburetor throat. Placement of these vent tubes is critical to prevent fuel from sloshing out of them into the carburetor, and sometimes they are modified with longer tubing. Note that this leaves the fuel at atmospheric pressure, and therefore it cannot travel into a throat which has been pressurized by a supercharger mounted upstream; in such cases, the entire carburetor must be contained in an airtight pressurized box to operate. This is not necessary in installations where the carburetor is mounted upstream of the supercharger, which is for this reason the more frequent system. However, this results in the supercharger being filled with compressed fuel/air mixture, with a strong tendency to explode should the engine backfire; this type of explosion is frequently seen in drag races, which for safety reasons now incorporate pressure releasing blow-off plates on the intake manifold, breakaway bolts holding the supercharger to the manifold, and shrapnel-catching ballistic blankets made from nylon or kevlar surrounding the superchargers.
Diaphragm chamber[edit]
If the engine must be operated in any orientation (for example a chain saw or a model airplane), a float chamber is not suitable. Instead, a diaphragm chamber is used. A flexible diaphragm forms one side of the fuel chamber and is arranged so that as fuel is drawn out into the engine, the diaphragm is forced inward by ambient air pressure. The diaphragm is connected to the needle valve and as it moves inward it opens the needle valve to admit more fuel, thus replenishing the fuel as it is consumed. As fuel is replenished the diaphragm moves out due to fuel pressure and a small spring, closing the needle valve. A balanced state is reached which creates a steady fuel reservoir level, which remains constant in any orientation.
Multiple carburetor barrels[edit]
Holley model #2280 2-barrel carburetor
Colombo Type 125 "Testa Rossa" engine in a 1961 Ferrari 250TR Spider with six Weber two-barrel carburetors inducting air through 12 air horns; one individually adjustable barrel for each cylinder.
While basic carburetors have only one Venturi, many carburetors have more than one Venturi, or "barrel". Two barrel and four barrel configurations are commonly used to accommodate the higher air flow rate with large engine displacement. Multi-barrel carburetors can have non-identical primary and secondary barrel(s) of different sizes and calibrated to deliver different air/fuel mixtures; they can be actuated by the linkage or by engine vacuum in "progressive" fashion, so that the secondary barrels do not begin to open until the primaries are almost completely open. This is a desirable characteristic which maximizes airflow through the primary barrel(s) at most engine speeds, thereby maximizing the pressure "signal" from the Venturis, but reduces the restriction in airflow at high speeds by adding cross-sectional area for greater airflow. These advantages may not be important in high-performance applications where part throttle operation is irrelevant, and the primaries and secondaries may all open at once, for simplicity and reliability; also, V-configuration engines, with two cylinder banks fed by a single carburetor, may be configured with two identical barrels, each supplying one cylinder bank. In the widely seen V8 and 4-barrel carburetor combination, there are often two primary and two secondary barrels.
The first four-barrel carburetors, with two primary bores and two secondary bores, were the Carter WCFB and identical Rochester 4GC simultaneously introduced on the 1952 Cadillacs, Oldsmobile 98, Oldsmobile Super 88 and Buick Roadmaster. Oldsmobile referred the new carburetor as the “Quadri-Jet” (original spelling)[15] while Buick called it the “Airpower”.[16]
The spread-bore four-barrel carburetor, first released by Rochester in the 1965 model year as the "Quadrajet"[citation needed] has a much greater spread between the sizes of the primary and secondary throttle bores. The primaries in such a carburetor are quite small relative to conventional four-barrel practice, while the secondaries are quite large. The small primaries aid low-speed fuel economy and driveability, while the large secondaries permit maximum performance when it is called for. To tailor airflow through the secondary Venturis, each of the secondary throats has an air valve at the top. This is configured much like a choke plate, and is lightly spring-loaded into the closed position. The air valve opens progressively in response to engine speed and throttle opening, gradually allowing more air to flow through the secondary side of the carburetor. Typically, the air valve is linked to metering rods which are raised as the air valve opens, thereby adjusting secondary fuel flow.
Multiple carburetors can be mounted on a single engine, often with progressive linkages; two four-barrel carburetors (often referred to as "dual-quads") were frequently seen on high performance American V8s, and multiple two barrel carburetors are often now seen on very high performance engines. Large numbers of small carburetors have also been used (see photo), though this configuration can limit the maximum air flow through the engine due to the lack of a common plenum; with individual intake tracts, not all cylinders are drawing air at once as the engine's crankshaft rotates.[17]
Carburetor adjustment[edit]
The fuel and air mixture is too rich when it has an excess of fuel, and too lean when there is not enough. The mixture is adjusted by one or more needle valves on an automotive carburetor, or a pilot-operated lever on piston-engined aircraft (since the mixture changes with air density and therefore altitude). Independent of air density the (stoichiometric) air to gasoline ratio is 14.7:1, meaning that for each mass unit of gasoline, 14.7 mass units of air are required. There are different stoichiometric ratios for other types of fuel.
Ways to check carburetor mixture adjustment include: measuring the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and oxygen content of the exhaust using a gas analyzer, or directly viewing the color of the flame in the combustion chamber through a special glass-bodied spark plug sold under the name "Colortune"; the flame color of stoichiometric burning is described as a "Bunsen blue", turning to yellow if the mixture is rich and whitish-blue if too lean. Another method, widely used in aviation, is to measure the exhaust gas temperature, which is close to maximum for an optimally adjusted mixture and drops off steeply when the mixture is either too rich or too lean.
The mixture can also be judged by removing and scrutinizing the spark plugs. Black, dry, sooty plugs indicate a mixture too rich; white or light gray plugs indicate a lean mixture. A proper mixture is indicated by brownish-gray/straw-coloured plugs.
On high-performance two-stroke engines, the fuel mixture can also be judged by observing piston wash. Piston wash is the color and amount of carbon buildup on the top (dome) of the piston. Lean engines will have a piston dome covered in black carbon, and rich engines will have a clean piston dome that appears new and free of carbon buildup. This is often the opposite of intuition. Commonly, an ideal mixture will be somewhere in-between the two, with clean dome areas near the transfer ports but some carbon in the center of the dome.
When tuning two-strokes It is important to operate the engine at the rpm and throttle input that it will most often be operated at. This will typically be wide-open or close to wide-open throttle. Lower RPM and idle can operate rich/lean and sway readings, due to the design of carburetors to operate well at high air-speed through the Venturi and sacrifice low air-speed performance.[18]
Where multiple carburetors are used the mechanical linkage of their throttles must be properly synchronized for smooth engine running and consistent fuel/air mixtures to each cylinder.
Feedback carburetors[edit]
In the 1980s, many American-market vehicles used "feedback" carburetors that dynamically adjusted the fuel/air mixture in response to signals from an exhaust gas oxygen sensor to provide a stoichiometric ratio to enable the optimal function of the catalytic converter. Feedback carburetors were mainly used because they were less expensive than fuel injection systems; they worked well enough to meet 1980s emissions requirements and were based on existing carburetor designs. Frequently, feedback carburetors were used in lower trim versions of a car (whereas higher specification versions were equipped with fuel injection).[citation needed] However, their complexity compared to both non-feedback carburetors and to fuel injection made them problematic and difficult to service.[citation needed] Eventually falling hardware prices and tighter emissions standards caused fuel injection to supplant carburetors in new-vehicle production.
Catalytic carburetors[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A catalytic carburetor mixes fuel vapor with water and air in the presence of heated catalysts such as nickel or platinum. This is generally reported as a 1940s-era product that would allow kerosene to power a gasoline engine (requiring lighter hydrocarbons). However reports are inconsistent; commonly they are included in descriptions of "200 MPG carburetors" intended for gasoline use. There seems to be some confusion with some older types of fuel vapor carburetors (see vaporizors below). There is also very rarely any useful reference to real-world devices. Poorly referenced material on the topic should be viewed with suspicion.
Constant vacuum carburetors[edit]
Constant vacuum carburetors, also called variable choke carburetors and constant velocity carburetors, are carburetors where the throttle cable was connected directly to the throttle cable plate. Pulling the cord caused raw gasoline to enter the carburetor, creating a large emission of hyrdocarbons.[19]
Vaporizers[edit]
A cutaway view of the intake of the original Fordson tractor (including the intake manifold, vaporizer, carburetor, and fuel lines).
Internal combustion engines can be configured to run on many kinds of fuel, including gasoline, kerosene, tractor vaporizing oil (TVO), vegetable oil, diesel fuel, biodiesel, ethanol fuel (alcohol), and others. Multifuel engines, such as petrol-paraffin engines, can benefit from an initial vaporization of the fuel when they are running less volatile fuels. For this purpose, a vaporizer (or vaporiser) is placed in the intake system. The vaporizer uses heat from the exhaust manifold to vaporize the fuel. For example, the original Fordson tractor and various subsequent Fordson models had vaporizers. When Henry Ford & Son Inc designed the original Fordson (1916), the vaporizer was used to provide for kerosene operation. When TVO became common in various countries (including the United Kingdom and Australia) in the 1940s and 1950s, the standard vaporizers on Fordson models were equally useful for TVO. Widespread adoption of diesel engines in tractors made the use of tractor vaporizing oil obsolete.
List of manufacturers[edit]
This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined, unverified or indiscriminate. Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Where appropriate, incorporate items into the main body of the article. (July 2016)
AMAL, producer of carburetors and hand controls for British motorcycles and light industrial engines
Argelite, producer of Holley and Magneti Marelli carburetors for the Argentinian market
Autolite, a division of the Ford Motor Company from 1967 to 1973
Ball & Ball, U.S. manufacturer, eventually part of Carter
Bendix Stromberg and Bendix Technico carburetors used on aircraft and vehicles made by Chrysler, IHC, Ford, GM, AMC, and Studebaker
Bing Carburetor, used on motorcycles, mopeds, aircraft, boats
Carter, used on numerous makes of vehicles, including those made by Chrysler, IHC, Ford, GM, AMC, and Studebaker, as well as on industrial and agricultural equipment and small engines.
Claudel-Hobson, UK
Dell'Orto carburetors from Italy, used on cars and motorcycles
Demon Carburetors
Edelbrock performance carburetors
Hitachi, found on Japanese vehicles
Holley, with usage as broad as Carter and Weber
Jikov, used on various "Eastern Bloc" cars and motorbikes, predominantly Škoda, Tatra, Wartburg, Jawa etc.
Keihin, a keiretsu group company affiliated with Honda
Langsenkamp-Linkert (L&L) Used on Harley Davidson, Indian and Crocker motorcycles as well as some stationary engines
Lectron Fuel Systems carburetors
Marvel Schebler, used for aircraft, tractors[20][21]
Mikuni, common on Japanese motorcycles, especially in the 1980s. Mikuni also made racing carburetors for Japanese, British and European cars. Original equipment on Mitsubishi engines.
Motec Engineering, high-performance updraft carburetors
OER Corporation (SK Engineering, Japan[22]
Pierburg, used in Saab, Volvo, VW, and Audi
Reece Fish, in Volkswagen, Austin Mini, Morris Mini
Rochester Products Division, a General Motors subsidiary; also sold Weber/Magneti Marelli carburetors under license)
Solex - French carburetors, owned by Weber
Stromberg - see Zenith
SU Carburettors, widely used on British Commonwealth and European-designed vehicles
Technology Elevated - SmartCarb
UCAL Fuel Systems - carburetors
Villiers, used on UK motorcycles and small engines
Walbro and Tillotson carburetors for small engines
Weber carburetor, Italian, now made in Spain, owned by Magneti Marelli
Zenith, used on Austin cars. Also produced the Zenith-Stromberg carburetors.
See also[edit]
Humidifier
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Beale, Paul; Partridge, Eric (2003), Shorter Slang Dictionary, Routledge, p. 60, ISBN 9781134879519
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary, via Answers.comOnline Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ https://www.google.com/patents/US382585?dq=US+382585+A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiCmq334KrNAhVHvBoKHYoSCZQQ6AEIHjAA
Jump up ^ Inventors and Inventions. Marshall Cavendish. 2008. p. 91. ISBN 9780761477617. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913
Jump up ^ Eckermann, Erik (2001). World History of the Automobile. Society of Automotive Engineers. p. 276. ISBN 9780768008005. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Carlisle, Rodney (2005), Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity--From the Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven, John Wiley & Sons, p. 335, ISBN 9780471660248, retrieved July 27, 2014
Jump up ^ Rigden, John S.; Stuewer, Roger H. (2009). The Physical Tourist: A Science Guide for the Traveler. Springer. ISBN 9783764389338. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Donát Bánki". Scitech.mtesz.hu. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Eckermann, Erik (2001). "World History of the Automobile". Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ Sessler, Peter C. (2010). Ultimate American V-8 Engine Data Book (Second ed.). MBI. p. 228. ISBN 9780760336816. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rockauto online auto parts catalogue". Rockauto.com. 2010-12-17. Retrieved 2011-01-01.
Jump up ^ Aumann, Mark (11 January 2012). "NASCAR takes 'really big step' with fuel injection". Nascar.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Hillier, V.A.W.; Pittuck, F.W. (1966). "Section 3.6". Fundamentals of Motor Vehicle Technology (Second ed.). Hutchinson Educational. ISBN 9780091107116.
Jump up ^ "1952 Oldsmobile prestige brochure" (PDF). wildaboutcarsonline. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ "1952 Buick Airpower folder". Oldcarbrochures.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ Hibbard, Jeff (1983). Baja Bugs & Buggies. HP Books. p. 24. ISBN 0-89586-186-0.
Jump up ^ Carburetor#Principles
Jump up ^ Bill Stermer. Harley-Davidson Motorcycles. MotorBooks International. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-61060-951-7.
Jump up ^ Knuteson, Randy (October 2000). "Old Faithful - Marvel(ous) Schebler carburetor" (PDF). Aircraft Maintenance Technology. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Marvel Schebler carburetor - group II engine". L-36.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "OER Racing Carburetor". Oer.co.jp. 6-10-2014. Retrieved 2016-05-09. Check date values in: |date= (help)
Further reading[edit]
General information
Packer, Ed (July 1953). "Know Your Carburetor - what it is, what it does". Popular Mechanics. 100 (1): 181–184.
American Technical Society. (1921). Automobile engineering; A general reference work. Chicago: American technical society.
Lind, W. L. (1920). Internal-combustion engines; Their principles and applications to automobile, aircraft, and marine purposes. Boston: Ginn.
Hutton, F. R. (1908). The gas-engine. A treatise on the internal-combustion engine using gas, gasoline, kerosene, alcohol, or other hydrocarbon as source of energy. New York: Wiley.
Patents
U.S. Patent 610,040 — Carburetor — Henry Ford
*[//www.google.com/patents/US1204901 U.S. Patent 1,204,901 Carburetor Antoine Prosper Plaut]
U.S. Patent 1,750,354 — Carburetor — Charles Nelson Pogue
U.S. Patent 1,938,497 — Carburetor — Charles Nelson Pogue
U.S. Patent 1,997,497 — Carburetor — Charles Nelson Pogue
U.S. Patent 2,026,798 — Carburetor — Charles Nelson Pogue
U.S. Patent 2,214,273 — Carburetor — J. R. Fish
U.S. Patent 2,982,528 — Vapor fuel system — Robert S. Shelton
U.S. Patent 4,177,779 — Fuel economy system for an internal combustion engine — Thomas H. W.
G.B. Рatent 11119 — Mixing chamber — Donát Bánki
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carburetors.
[show]
v
t
e
Automotive engine
Part of the Automobile series
Basic terminology
Bore
Compression ratio
Crank
Cylinder
Dead centre
Diesel engine
Dry sump
Engine balance
Engine configuration
Engine displacement
Engine knocking
Firing order
Hydrolock
Petrol engine
Power band
Redline
Spark-ignition engine
Stroke
Stroke ratio
Wet sump
Main components
Connecting rod
Crankcase
Crankpin
Crankshaft
Crossplane
Cylinder bank
Cylinder block
Cylinder head (crossflow, reverse-flow)
Flywheel
Head gasket
Hypereutectic piston
Main bearing
Piston
Piston ring
Starter ring gear
Sump
Valvetrain
Cam
Cam follower
Camshaft
Desmodromic valve
Hydraulic tappet
Multi-valve
Overhead camshaft
Overhead valve
Pneumatic valve springs
Poppet valve
Pushrod
Rocker arm
Sleeve valve
Tappet
Timing belt
Timing mark
Valve float
Variable valve timing
Aspiration
Air filter
Blowoff valve
Boost controller
Butterfly valve
Centrifugal-type supercharger
Cold air intake
Dump valve
Electronic throttle control
Forced induction
Inlet manifold
Intake
Intercooler
Manifold vacuum
Naturally aspirated engine
Ram-air intake
Scroll-type supercharger
Short ram air intake
Supercharger
Throttle
Throttle body
Turbocharger
Twin-turbo
Variable-geometry turbocharger
Variable-length intake manifold
Warm air intake
Fuel system
Carburetor
Common rail
Direct injection
Fuel filter
Fuel injection
Fuel pump
Fuel tank
Gasoline direct injection
Indirect injection
Injection pump
Lean-burn
Stratified charge engine
Turbo fuel stratified injection
Unit injector
Ignition
Contact breaker
Magneto
Distributor
Electrical ballast
High tension leads
Ignition coil
Spark plug
Wasted spark
Electrics and engine
management
Air–fuel ratio meter
Alternator
Automatic Performance Control
Car battery (lead–acid battery)
Crankshaft position sensor
Dynamo
Drive by wire
Electronic control unit
Engine control unit
Engine coolant temperature sensor
Glow plug
Idle air control actuator
MAP sensor
Mass flow sensor
Oxygen sensor
Starter motor
Throttle position sensor
Exhaust system
Automobile emissions control
Catalytic converter
Diesel particulate filter
Exhaust manifold
Glasspack
Muffler
Engine cooling
Air cooling
Antifreeze (ethylene glycol)
Core plug
Electric fan
Fan belt
Radiator
Thermostat
Water cooling
Viscous fan (fan clutch)
Other components
Balance shaft
Block heater
Combustion chamber
Cylinder head porting
Gasket
Motor oil
Oil filter
Oil pump
Oil sludge
PCV valve
Seal
Synthetic oil
Underdrive pulleys
Portal
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Aircraft piston engine components, systems and terminology
Piston engines
Mechanical
components
Camshaft
Connecting rod
Crankpin
Crankshaft
Cylinder
Cylinder head
Gudgeon pin
Hydraulic tappet
Main bearing
Obturator ring
Oil pump
Piston
Piston ring
Poppet valve
Pushrod
Rocker arm
Sleeve valve
Tappet
Electrical
components
Alternator
Capacitor discharge ignition
Dual ignition
Electronic fuel injection
Generator
Ignition system
Magneto
Spark plug
Starter
Terminology
Air-cooled
Aircraft engine starting
Bore
Compression ratio
Dead centre
Engine displacement
Four-stroke engine
Horsepower
Ignition timing
Manifold pressure
Mean effective pressure
Naturally aspirated
Monosoupape
Overhead camshaft
Overhead valve engine
Rotary engine
Shock cooling
Stroke
Time between overhaul
Two-stroke engine
Valve timing
Volumetric efficiency
Propellers
Components
Propeller governor
Propeller speed reduction unit
Spinner
Terminology
Autofeather
Blade pitch
Constant-speed
Contra-rotating
Counter-rotating
Scimitar
Single-blade
Variable-pitch
Engine instruments
Annunciator panel
EFIS
EICAS
Flight data recorder
Glass cockpit
Hobbs meter
Tachometer
Engine controls
Carburetor heat
Throttle
Fuel and induction
system
Avgas
Carburetor
Fuel injection
Gascolator
Inlet manifold
Intercooler
Pressure carburetor
Supercharger
Turbocharger
Updraft carburetor
Other systems
Auxiliary power unit
Coffman starter
Hydraulic system
Ice protection system
Recoil start
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carburetor&oldid=800436975"
Categories:
Carburettors
Engine fuel system technology
Engine components
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015
Articles needing additional references from July 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles needing cleanup from July 2016
All pages needing cleanup
Wikipedia list cleanup from July 2016
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kaszëbsczi
Қазақша
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 15:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: b

values: American and British English spelling differences

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Butler_Petrol_Cycle
mw-redirect
Butler Petrol Cycle

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)

values:
/wiki/Intake_valve
mw-redirect
Intake valve

values:
/wiki/Intake_manifold
mw-redirect
Intake manifold

values:
/wiki/Air_cleaner
mw-redirect
Air cleaner

values:
/wiki/SU_carburetor
mw-redirect
SU carburetor

values:
/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_Principle
mw-redirect
Bernoulli's Principle

values:
/wiki/Zenith_carburettor
mw-redirect
Zenith carburettor

values:
/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control
mw-redirect
Automobile emissions control

values:
/wiki/Automobile_pedal
mw-redirect
Automobile pedal

values: Edit section: Main open-throttle circuit

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)

values: Constant-depression carburettor (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Stromberg_carburettor
mw-redirect
Stromberg carburettor

values:
/wiki/Model_airplane
mw-redirect
Model airplane

values: Edit section: Multiple carburetor barrels

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2009)

values:
/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature
mw-redirect
Exhaust gas temperature

values:
/wiki/Two-stroke_engines
mw-redirect
Two-stroke engines

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values: Edit section: Constant vacuum carburetors

values:
/wiki/Tractor_vaporizing_oil
mw-redirect
Tractor vaporizing oil

values:
/wiki/Fordson_tractor
mw-redirect
Fordson tractor

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Embedded lists

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values:
/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation
mw-redirect
Chrysler Corporation

values:
/wiki/Wartburg_(car)
mw-redirect
Wartburg (car)

values:
/wiki/Jawa_Motors
mw-redirect
Jawa Motors

values:
/wiki/Saab_automobile
mw-redirect
Saab automobile

values:
/wiki/Austin_Mini
mw-redirect
Austin Mini

values:
/wiki/Morris_Mini
mw-redirect
Morris Mini

values:
/wiki/General_Motors_Corporation
mw-redirect
General Motors Corporation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.answers.com/carburet&r=67

values:
/wiki/1913_Webster%27s
mw-redirect
1913 Webster's

values:
nofollow
external text
http://l-36.com/carburetor.php

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.oer.co.jp/english/index.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US610040

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US1750354

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US1938497

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US1997497

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US2026798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US2214273

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US2982528

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US4177779

values:
/wiki/Throttle_body
mw-redirect
Throttle body

values:
/wiki/Mechanical_fan
mw-redirect
Mechanical fan

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
font-weight:bold;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Aircraft piston engine components

values: Template talk:Aircraft piston engine components

values: Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system

values:
/wiki/Flight_data_recorder
mw-redirect
Flight data recorder

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from July 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia list cleanup from July 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Carburetor
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergasser
Vergasser – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values: كاربراتير – Arabic

values: Карбюратар – Belarusian

values: Карбуратор – Bulgarian

values: སྣུམ་སྒྱུར་ཆས། – Tibetan

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergaser
Vergaser – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Εξαερωτήρας – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karburilo
Karburilo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: کاربراتور – Persian

values: કાર્બ્યુરેટર – Gujarati

values: Կարբյուրատոր – Armenian

values: कार्ब्युरेटर – Hindi

values: מאייד – Hebrew

values: ಕಾರ್ಬ್ಯುರೇಟರ್ – Kannada

values: კარბიურატორი – Georgian

values:
https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazownik
Gazownik – Kashubian
csb
csb
interlanguage-link-target

values: Карбюратор – Kazakh

values: Карбюратор – Mongolian

values: ကာဘရိုက်တာ – Burmese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgasser
Forgasser – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: Карбюратор – Russian

values: Карбуратор – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaasutin
Kaasutin – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: కార్బ్యురేటర్ – Telugu

values: คาร์บูเรเตอร์ – Thai

values: Карбюратор – Ukrainian

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Carburetor rootpage-Carburetor skin-vector action-view


text:
Will Turner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other persons with similar names, see William Turner (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Will Turner
Pirates of the Caribbean character
Orlando Bloom as Will Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Portrayed by
Orlando Bloom (adult)
Dylan Smith (adolescent)
Appearance(s)
The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
Dead Men Tell No Tales
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Father
Formerly:

Blacksmith
Captain of the Flying Dutchman (temporarily)
Family
Bootstrap Bill Turner (father)
Mrs. Turner (mother, deceased)
Elizabeth Swann (wife)
Weatherby Swann (father-in-law, deceased)
Henry Turner (son)[1]
William "Will" Turner, Jr. is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean films. He appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). He is portrayed by Orlando Bloom (and as a child by Dylan Smith in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl).
William Turner is a blacksmith's apprentice working in Port Royal, Jamaica. He secretly loves the governor's daughter, Elizabeth Swann (played by Keira Knightley), although he occupies a lower social class than she does. Will is the son of Bootstrap Bill Turner, and he works to free his father from service to Davy Jones. He marries Elizabeth Swann in At World's End, and they have a son named Henry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearance
2 Films
2.1 Early life
2.2 The Curse of the Black Pearl
2.3 Dead Man's Chest
2.4 At World's End
2.5 Dead Men Tell No Tales
3 Video game appearances
4 References
5 External links
Appearance[edit]
Will's final costume in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl is reminiscent of Errol Flynn's swashbuckler movie roles.[citation needed] There is also a nod to Douglas Fairbanks[citation needed] when Turner uses his knife to glide down the ship's sail in Dead Man's Chest, just as Fairbanks did in the 1926 film, The Black Pirate.
In one scene in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl when Turner and Jack are fighting in the blacksmith's shop, there is a glimpse of Orlando Bloom's wrist tattoo of the Elvish word for "nine". Bloom and the other actors except John Rhys-Davies who comprised the nine "Fellowship of the Ring" members in The Lord of the Rings trilogy have this same tattoo to commemorate their participation in the films. While some felt his tattoo should have been covered for his "Pirates" role, the producers simply stated, "Will has a 'pretty' tattoo on his wrist."[citation needed]
According to the audio commentary from the first Pirates of the Caribbean DVD (featuring the scriptwriters), Will Turner is the best swordsman in the Pirates universe. According to the commentary, Barbossa's skills are equal to James Norrington (Jack Davenport) and exceeded only by Will Turner. Jack Sparrow's skills trail closely behind Barbossa's.
Films[edit]
Early life[edit]
Will is the only child of "Bootstrap" Bill Turner (portrayed by Stellan Skarsgaard). According to Jack Sparrow, Will strongly resembles his father, both in appearance and ability. However, his father was absent during his early childhood in England. Will was born in Glasgow, Scotland but his mother moved him to England when he was young.[citation needed] Will grew up believing his father to be a merchant seaman. Following his mother's death, Will, then about twelve years old, emigrated to Port Royal.
The Curse of the Black Pearl[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
Weatherby Swann and his daughter Elizabeth sail to Port Royal after Weatherby is appointed governor. Elizabeth spots Will clinging to a floating piece of a shipwreck. She discovers a gold medallion around his neck, and hides it to prevent anyone from believing that Will is a pirate.
Over the next eight years, Will and Elizabeth maintain a respectful friendship, although Will conceals his romantic feelings for her. He is now a blacksmith's apprentice in Port Royal. Will has developed into a master craftsman of fine swords, although his often-drunk master usually claims credit for Will's exquisite workmanship. Will is also an exceptional, self-taught swordsman. The DVD commentary states that he is the best among the characters in the film, including Barbossa, Norrington, and Jack Sparrow.[citation needed] When Jack Sparrow attempts to flee from British forces, Will engages him in a duel. Sparrow outwits Will in a sword fight; Will claims Jack "cheated" by ignoring the "rules of engagement."
Will learns that his father was the pirate Bootstrap Bill Turner, who served aboard the Black Pearl when it was commanded by Captain Jack Sparrow. Despite Sparrow's comments that Bootstrap was "a good man," Will remains deeply conflicted over the fact that his father was a pirate. Will learns that when First Mate Barbossa and the crew mutinied and marooned Sparrow, only Bootstrap defended him, infuriated by Barbossa's betrayal.
Barbossa and his crew had looted a chest of Aztec gold. This resulted in them becoming undead and unable to feel physical pleasure. It was only after they had thrown Bootstrap overboard that they learned how to break the curse: they needed to return all of the gold pieces, and each pirate who took the gold had to make a blood offering as a form of repayment. Because Bootstrap only had one child, Barbossa decides to track down and kidnap the child in order to lift the curse.
It is revealed that the pirate's medallion stolen by Elizabeth is one of the pieces of Aztec gold. Believing her to be the daughter of Bootstrap Bill, Barbossa kidnaps her. After Elizabeth is kidnapped, Will forms an alliance with Sparrow. He helps Sparrow escape from prison. They commandeer a ship and recruit a crew in Tortuga. They sail to Isla de Muerta, where Barbossa has taken Elizabeth. Unbeknownst to Will, Sparrow intends to use him to bargain back the Black Pearl. When Will learns his role in lifting the curse, he barters himself to Barbossa to free Elizabeth and the crew. In the end, Sparrow and Will succeed in lifting the curse; Sparrow kills Barbossa, and the pirate crew is defeated. At Sparrow's execution in Port Royal, Will declares his love for Elizabeth before attempting to rescue Sparrow from the gallows. They are quickly subdued by redcoats, but Will refuses to abandon Sparrow. Elizabeth intervenes and saves Will by declaring her love for him and vouching for Sparrow. Will is pardoned, while Sparrow escapes by falling off the rampart and into the bay where the Black Pearl awaits.
Dead Man's Chest[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Will returns with the other main characters from Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. In this film, his appearance has become more pirate-like, reminiscent of Errol Flynn's swashbuckler movie characters.[citation needed]
For aiding Jack Sparrow's escape, Will and Elizabeth are arrested just prior to their wedding ceremony by Lord Cutler Beckett, a man made wealthy and powerful by profits from the East India Trading Company. Beckett threatens Will and Elizabeth with execution for aiding Sparrow's escape, but offers clemency if Will can find Sparrow's compass for Beckett's use. This magical compass will allow Beckett to find the heart of Davy Jones.[2] Beckett also possesses a Letter of Marque with which he intends to recruit Jack as a privateer.
To save Elizabeth, Will hunts for Jack Sparrow and the Black Pearl. He finds the crew captive on Pelegosto, a cannibal-inhabited island. They escape, and are unexpectedly reunited with Pintel and Ragetti. Jack agrees to give Will his compass if he helps him find a key, though he has no idea what it unlocks. Jack seeks out Tia Dalma, a voodoo priestess who takes a particular interest in Will, proclaiming he has a "touch of destiny." Dalma says the key is to the Dead Man's Chest containing the heart of Davy Jones. Sparrow had once struck a bargain with Davy Jones to raise the Black Pearl from the ocean bottom and to make Jack captain for 13 years. Sparrow would then serve aboard the Dutchman for a century. When Jones attempts to collect on this deal, Jack reneges on the bargain.
The crew searches for Jones, and Will soon finds himself stranded on a wrecked vessel that Jack deviously claimed was Jones' ghost ship, the Flying Dutchman. When the real Flying Dutchman suddenly arrives, Jack attempts to barter Will to Davy Jones to repay his blood debt, but Jones refuses, saying one soul is unequal to another. Instead, he keeps Will as a "good faith" payment and demands an additional 99 souls. Otherwise, Jack must surrender or face the Kraken.
Will, now an indentured sailor aboard Jones' ghost ship, meets his father "Bootstrap" Bill Turner. When Will challenges Davy Jones to Liar's Dice, betting his soul against the key to the Dead Man's Chest, Bootstrap joins in and purposely loses to save his son from eternal enslavement. With Bootstrap's help, Will steals the key from Jones and escapes in a longboat, vowing to one day free his father. A passing ship rescues Will, but Jones summons the Kraken to destroy it. Will survives and stows back aboard the Dutchman, now headed for Isla Cruces where the Dead Man's Chest containing Jones' heart is buried.
On Isla Cruces, Will is reunited with Elizabeth, who has escaped jail and joined Jack Sparrow's crew. Also present are Sparrow and former Commodore James Norrington, who has also joined the crew. They locate the chest. Will, Jack, and Norrington each claim the heart for their own purposes. Norrington ultimately steals the heart and the Letters of Marque, escaping just as Davy Jones' crew attacks.
The Black Pearl flees, outrunning the Flying Dutchman, but Davy Jones again summons the Kraken. Will leads the crew in temporarily fending it off, gaining enough time to abandon ship. When Elizabeth realizes that Sparrow is the Kraken's sole prey, she distracts him with a passionate kiss while handcuffing him to the mast. Unbeknownst to her, Will witnesses this and believes Elizabeth now loves Sparrow. From the longboat, the crew watches the Kraken drag the Pearl and Sparrow to Davy Jones' Locker.
Will, Elizabeth, and the crew seek refuge with Tia Dalma. Gibbs proposes a toast to their fallen captain, to which Will glumly raises his mug. Seeing Elizabeth's tears and believing she loves Sparrow, he tries comforting her. Will and the crew agree to attempt to rescue Sparrow from the Locker.
At World's End[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
Will is next seen in Singapore with Elizabeth, Barbossa, Tia Dalma, and the Black Pearl crew. They attempt bargain with Sao Feng, the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea, for the navigational charts leading to World's End and Davy Jones' Locker, so that they can rescue Jack Sparrow.[3] Will had already attempted to steal the charts, but was captured. Ostensibly, the group's mission is to rescue Jack Sparrow from the Locker, but, like the others, Will has a secret motive: to retrieve the Black Pearl and free his father from Davy Jones. When Mercer and the East India Trading Company soldiers attack Sao Feng's bathhouse, Feng strikes a secret bargain with Will: Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl. Will and the others journey to World's End on Feng's ship, sailing over an enormous waterfall into the Locker. There, they find Jack aboard the Pearl. Jack sets sail with them, although he and Barbossa dispute who is captain. Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken. And though he now understands why Elizabeth has been distant and despondent, she believes that her unrelenting guilt over causing Sparrow's doom is her burden alone to bear. Will tells her their relationship will not endure if they lack trust in one another and make their choices alone.
Sao Feng betrays Will in lieu of another bargain with Lord Beckett, though Beckett double-crosses Feng. Feng then offers Barbossa the Black Pearl in exchange for Elizabeth, who he mistakenly believes is the sea goddess, Calypso. Elizabeth is stunned that Will betrayed Jack Sparrow to achieve his goal. Ignoring Will, she agrees to Feng's terms in exchange for the crew's safety. Jack tosses Will in the brig, but he soon escapes. Still plotting to obtain the Pearl, Will leaves a trail of bodies for Lord Beckett to follow to Shipwreck Cove, the Brethren Court stronghold. Jack catches him, but surprisingly hands Will his magical compass before pushing him overboard. Clinging to a floating barrel, Will drifts towards Beckett's ship, Endeavour.
Will is exchanged for Jack during parley with Beckett and Davy Jones. Elizabeth tells Will she now understands the burden he bears, but having been aboard the Dutchman, she believes Bootstrap can no longer be saved, although Will disagrees. When Barbossa releases Calypso from her human form, Will tells her that Davy Jones betrayed her to the First Brethren Court.[4] This causes her to turn her fury against both the pirates and Jones, forming a giant maelstrom.
During the maelstrom battle, Will proposes to Elizabeth, convincing her this may be their only opportunity to wed. Barbossa performs an impromptu wedding as the battle continues.
Will defends Elizabeth from Davy Jones. He stabs Jones, but Jones is unharmed. Jones mortally wounds Will. Jack, who now possesses Jones' heart guides Will's hand to stab the heart and kill Jones. Bootstrap carves out his son's heart and places it in the Dead Man's Chest. Will becomes the Flying Dutchman's immortal captain. Now under Will's command, the Flying Dutchman resurfaces, and the crew has reverted to human form. Will commands the Dutchman against the Endeavour and the combined firepower of the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman destroy the Endeavour, killing Cutler Beckett. The remaining armada retreats without a fight.
Will is now a psychopomp, bound to ferrying souls of those who died at sea to the next world. Will is allowed one day ashore before beginning his ten-year duty aboard the Dutchman. Bootstrap Bill decides to remain on the crew with his son. Elizabeth, a mortal, is unable to accompany them. Will spends his one day with Elizabeth on an island where they consummate their marriage. Before returning to the Dutchman at sunset, he entrusts the Dead Man's Chest containing his beating heart to her care. The Flying Dutchman disappears from the horizon amid the Green Flash.
Will returns ten years later, where he meets Elizabeth and their son, Henry.
Dead Men Tell No Tales[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
Orlando Bloom reprises his role as Will Turner in the fifth film, seen with barnacles forming upon his face, implying he's failed at the responsibilities as Captain of the Flying Dutchman. [5] At the start of the film, Henry Turner deliberately attempts to drown himself to lure in the Dutchman, believing that he has found a way to cure his father of his curse, but Will rejects this idea, certain that there is no way to free him from his duty, asking Henry to forget him. Nine years later, Henry recruits Jack Sparrow and his small crew to help him find the Trident of Poseidon, the destruction of the Trident breaking all curses imposed by the sea, including the curse that binds Will to the Dutchman. At the film's conclusion, Will is reunited with Elizabeth, but a post-credits sequence suggests that the Trident's destruction has also brought Davy Jones back to life.
Video game appearances[edit]
Will Turner appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world, Port Royal, of Kingdom Hearts II. In the Japanese version of Kingdom Hearts II as well as in the movies he's voiced by Daisuke Hirakawa, who was also the Japanese voice for Legolas, another famous character portrayed by Bloom. Crispin Freeman provided the voice of Will for the U.S. version of the game since Orlando Bloom was unavailable due to the filming of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End. Freeman was also the voice of Will in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.
Will Turner appears in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and in Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game as a playable character in both games and was again voiced by Crispin Freeman. He also appears in the game Pirates of the Caribbean Online game as the character who gives the player their first sword. In the earlier versions of the game, Will urges the player to run and locate Tia Dalama after soldiers can be heard banging on his door. Will stays behind to confront them, drawing his sword. In the newer version, undead skeletons appear inside instead.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fuller, Becky (28 Mar 2017). "Pirates 5: Will Turner's Son Confirmed". Screen Rant. Retrieved 28 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ Edelstein, David. "The Depp, Depp Sea". New York Magazine. Retrieved 21 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilchrist, Todd; Lowe, Scott (5 Dec 2007). "Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Blu-Ray Review". IGN. Retrieved 20 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ Holleran, Scott (31 May 2007). "Interview: Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio on 'At World's End'". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 28 Mar 2017.
Jump up ^ Spencer Perry (6 Feb 2017). "Will Turner in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 28 Mar 2017.
External links[edit]
William Turner at the Pirates of the Caribbean wiki
[hide]
v
t
e
Pirates of the Caribbean
Film series
The Curse of the Black Pearl
video game
soundtrack
Dead Man's Chest
video game
soundtrack
At World's End
video game
soundtrack
On Stranger Tides
soundtrack
Dead Men Tell No Tales
soundtrack
Characters
Jack Sparrow
Hector Barbossa
Will Turner
Elizabeth Swann
Joshamee Gibbs
James Norrington
Davy Jones
Pintel and Ragetti
Bootstrap Bill
Cutler Beckett
Tia Dalma
Universe
Black Pearl
Flying Dutchman
Queen Anne's Revenge
Kraken
Locations
Music
List of songs in the film series
"Yo Ho (A Pirate's Life for Me)"
Soundtrack Treasures Collection
Swashbuckling Sea Songs
1966 soundtrack
"He's a Pirate"
Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End Remixes
Theme park
attractions
Pirates of the Caribbean
Battle for the Sunken Treasure
The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow
Pirate's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island
Mickey's Pirate and Princess Party
Video games
Pirates of the Caribbean
Pirates of the Caribbean: The Legend of Jack Sparrow
Pirates of the Caribbean Online
Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile
Kingdom Hearts II
Pirates of the Caribbean: Armada of the Damned
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean: The Video Game
Disney Infinity
Books
Jack Sparrow
Legends of the Brethren Court
The Price of Freedom
Other
Trading Card Game
Pinball machine
Lego Pirates of the Caribbean
Accolades for the film series
Rob Kidd
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Turner&oldid=807560342"
Categories:
Pirates of the Caribbean characters
Fictional English people
Fictional pirates
Fictional swordsmen
Fictional Scottish people
Fictional people from Glasgow
Kingdom Hearts characters
Fictional smiths
Fictional ship captains
Fictional characters introduced in 2003
Adventure film characters
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from August 2015
All articles needing additional references
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Dansk
Español
فارسی
Français
Italiano
ქართული
Nederlands
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Татарча/tatarça
Türkçe
Tiếng Việt
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 October 2017, at 19:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/William_Turner_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
William Turner (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: td

attrs: href title

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest

values: List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters

values:
infobox
width:22em;border-spacing: 2px 5px;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Stellan_Skarsgaard
mw-redirect
Stellan Skarsgaard

values: Edit section: The Curse of the Black Pearl

values:
/wiki/Isla_de_Muerta
mw-redirect
Isla de Muerta

values:
/wiki/Letter_of_Marque
mw-redirect
Letter of Marque

values: Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean)

values:
/wiki/Liar%27s_Dice
mw-redirect
Liar's Dice

values:
/wiki/Isla_Cruces
mw-redirect
Isla Cruces

values:
/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)
mw-redirect
Trust (social sciences)

values:
/wiki/Brethren_Court
mw-redirect
Brethren Court

values:
/wiki/Death_deity
mw-redirect
Death deity

values:
/wiki/Green_Flash
mw-redirect
Green Flash

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (video game)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (video game)

values:
nofollow
http://nymag.com/movies/reviews/17555/
external text

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://pirates.wikia.com

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (video game)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (soundtrack)

values: List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean

values: List of songs featured in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Soundtrack Treasures Collection

values: Disney's Pirates of the Caribbean: Swashbuckling Sea Songs

values: Pirates of the Caribbean (1966 soundtrack)

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Battle for the Sunken Treasure

values: The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow (attraction)

values: List of Pirates of the Caribbean video games

values: Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: Legends of the Brethren Court

values: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom

values: Pirates of the Caribbean Trading Card Game

values: List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean film series

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Pirates of the Caribbean characters

values: Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2003

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Will_Turner
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ويل ترنر – Arabic

values: ویل ترنر – Persian

values: უილ ტერნერი – Georgian

values: Уилл Тёрнер – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Will_Turner rootpage-Will_Turner vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
File:The Hollies - He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother.jpg
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
File
File history
File usage
No higher resolution available.
The_Hollies_-_He_Ain't_Heavy,_He's_My_Brother.jpg (280 × 280 pixels, file size: 19 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg)
Open in Media ViewerConfiguration
Summary[edit]
rateyourmusic.com
To be used on the single, He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
Fair Use Rationale[edit]
Non-free media information and use rationale true for He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
Description
Single Cover
Source
rateyourmusic.com
Article
He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
Portion used
Only the cover
Low resolution?
low resolution
Purpose of use
To illustrate an article on the single in question
Replaceable?
not replaceable
Fair useFair use of copyrighted material in the context of He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hollies_-_He_Ain%27t_Heavy,_He%27s_My_Brother.jpg
Licensing[edit]
This image is of a cover of an audio recording, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the publisher of the work or the artist(s) which produced the recording or cover artwork in question. It is believed that the use of low-resolution images of such covers
solely to illustrate the audio recording in question,
on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation,
qualifies as fair use under the copyright law of the United States. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be copyright infringement. See Wikipedia:Non-free content for more information.
Fair use //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hollies_-_He_Ain%27t_Heavy,_He%27s_My_Brother.jpg
true
Fair use
true
File history
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
Date/Time
Thumbnail
Dimensions
User
Comment
current 18:10, 19 September 2007 280 × 280 (19 KB) Agadant (talk | contribs) [http://rateyourmusic.com/misc/link_image?album_id=119245&q=The+Hollies+He+Ain%26%2339%3bt+Heavy%2c+He%26%2339%3bs+My+Brother+%2f+Cos+You+Like+to+Love+Me rateyourmusic.com] To be used on the single, He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother ==Fair Use Rationa
You cannot overwrite this file.
File usage
The following pages on the English Wikipedia link to this file (pages on other projects are not listed):
He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother
File:Hahhmb.hollies.jpg (file redirect)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Hollies_-_He_Ain%27t_Heavy,_He%27s_My_Brother.jpg&oldid=569187396"
Categories:
Album covers
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia non-free files with valid backlink
All non-free media
Non-free images with NFUR stated
Files with no machine-readable author
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
File
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Print/export
Download as PDF
Languages
This page was last edited on 19 August 2013, at 07:40.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: li

value: ul

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: class id

values: fullImageLink file

values: mw-mmv-view-expanded mw-ui-button mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-before

values: mw-mmv-view-config mw-ui-button mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element

values: Wikipedia:Non-free use rationale guideline

values: background: #d8e0ff; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding-right: 0.4em; width: 15%; font-size: 12pt

values: background: #ccf; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.4em; width: 15%

values: background: #ccf; text-align: right; padding-right: 0.4em; white-space: nowrap

values: toccolours licensetpl fileinfotpl fileinfotpl-type-fairuse

values: plainlinks imbox imbox-license licensetpl

values:
mw-imagepage-content
en
ltr
mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output

values: Thumbnail for version as of 18:10, 19 September 2007

values:
/wiki/User_talk:Agadant
mw-usertoollinks-talk
User talk:Agadant

values: Category:Wikipedia non-free files with valid backlink

values: Category:Non-free images with NFUR stated

values: Category:Files with no machine-readable author

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-6 ns-subject page-File_The_Hollies_-_He_Ain_t_Heavy_He_s_My_Brother_jpg rootpage-File_The_Hollies_-_He_Ain_t_Heavy_He_s_My_Brother_jpg skin-vector action-view