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Development of the Christian biblical canon
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The Christian biblical canons are the books Christians regard as divinely inspired and which constitute a Christian Bible. Which books constituted the Christian biblical canons of both the Old and New Testament was generally established by the 5th century, despite some scholarly disagreements,[1] for the ancient undivided Church (the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox traditions, before the East–West Schism).
In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic canon was reaffirmed by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent (1546), which provided "the first infallible and effectually promulgated pronouncement on the Canon" by the Roman Catholic Church.[2] The canons of the Church of England and English Calvinists were decided definitively by the Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) and the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647), respectively. The Synod of Jerusalem (1672) established additional canons that are widely accepted throughout the Orthodox Church.
The Old and New Testament canons did not develop independently of each other and most primary sources for the canon specify both Old and New Testament books. A comprehensive table of biblical scripture for both Testaments, with regard to canonical acceptance in Christendom's various major traditions, can be found here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development of the Old Testament canon
2 Development of the New Testament canon
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Development of the Old Testament canon[edit]
Main article: Development of the Old Testament canon
The Old Testament (sometimes abbreviated OT) is the first section of the two-part Christian Biblical canon and is based on the Hebrew Bible but can include several Deuterocanonical books or Anagignoskomena depending on the particular Christian denomination. For a full discussion of these differences, see Books of the Bible.
Following Jerome's principle of Veritas Hebraica (Latin for "Hebrew truth"), the Protestant Old Testament consists of the same books as the Hebrew Bible, but the order and numbering of the books are different. Protestants number the Old Testament books at 39, while Jews number the same books as 24. This is because Jews consider Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles to form one book each, group the 12 minor prophets into one book, and also consider Ezra and Nehemiah a single book.
The traditional explanation of the development of the Old Testament canon describes two sets of Old Testament books, the protocanonical books and the deuterocanonical books (the latter considered non-canonical by Protestants). According to this theory, certain Church fathers accepted the inclusion of the deuterocanonical books based on their inclusion in the Septuagint (most notably Augustine), while others disputed their status and did not accept them as divinely inspired scripture (most notably Jerome).
~ Books of the Old Testament ~
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh.
Common to Judaism, Samaritanism and Christianity (excepting the minority of Protestant denominations sometimes called New Testament only Christians which reject the "Old Testament")
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Common to Judaism and Christianity but excluded by Samaritans
Joshua
Judges
Ruth
1–2 Samuel
1–2 Kings
1–2 Chronicles
Ezra
Nehemiah
Esther
Job
Psalms
Proverbs
Ecclesiastes
Song of Solomon
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Lamentations
Ezekiel
Daniel
Minor prophets[3]
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Included by Catholics, Orthodox, but excluded by Jews, Samaritans and most Protestants:
Tobit
Judith
1 Maccabees
2 Maccabees
Wisdom (of Solomon)
Sirach
Baruch, includes Letter of Jeremiah (Additions to Jeremiah)
Additions to Daniel
Additions to Esther
Included by Orthodox (Synod of Jerusalem):
1 Esdras (see Esdras for other names)
3 Maccabees
4 Maccabees (listed but not canonical)
Prayer of Manasseh
Psalm 151
Included by Russian and Ethiopian Orthodox:
2 Esdras
Included by Ethiopian Orthodox:
Jubilees
Enoch
1–3 Meqabyan
Included by Syriac Peshitta Bible:
Psalms 152–155
2 Baruch
Development of the New Testament canon[edit]
Main articles: Canonical gospels and Development of the New Testament canon
The development of the New Testament canon was, like that of the Old Testament, a gradual process.
Irenaeus (died c. 202) quotes and cites 21 books that would end up as part of the New Testament, but does not use Philemon, Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 3 John and Jude.[4] By the early 3rd century Origen of Alexandria may have been using the same 27 books as in the modern New Testament, though there were still disputes over the canonicity of Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, 2 and 3 John, and Revelation[5] (see also Antilegomena). Likewise by 200 the Muratorian fragment shows that there existed a set of Christian writings somewhat similar to what is now the New Testament, which included four gospels and argued against objections to them.[6] Thus, while there was plenty of discussion in the Early Church over the New Testament canon, the "major" writings were accepted by almost all Christian authorities by the middle of the second century.[7]
The next two hundred years followed a similar process of continual discussion throughout the entire Church, and localized refinements of acceptance. This process was not yet complete at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325, though substantial progress had been made by then. Though a list was clearly necessary to fulfill Constantine's commission in 331 of fifty copies of the Bible for the Church at Constantinople, no concrete evidence exists to indicate that it was considered to be a formal canon. In the absence of a canonical list, the resolution of questions would normally have been directed through the see of Constantinople, in consultation with Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (who was given the commission), and perhaps other bishops who were available locally.
In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave a list of exactly the same books that would formally become the New Testament canon,[8] and he used the word "canonized" (kanonizomena) in regard to them.[9] The first council that accepted the present Catholic canon (the Canon of Trent) may have been the Synod of Hippo Regius in North Africa (393). The acts of this council, however, are lost. A brief summary of the acts was read at and accepted by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419).[10] These councils took place under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed.[11] Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical to that mentioned above,[8] or if not the list is at least a 6th-century compilation[12] claiming a 4th-century imprimatur.[13] Likewise, Damasus's commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.[14] In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse. When these bishops and councils spoke on the matter, however, they were not defining something new, but instead "were ratifying what had already become the mind of the church."[15] Thus, from the 5th century onward, the Western Church was unanimous concerning the New Testament canon.[16]
The last book to be accepted universally was the Book of Revelation, though with time all the Eastern Church also agreed. Thus, by the 5th century, both the Western and Eastern churches had come into agreement on the matter of the New Testament canon.[17] The Council of Trent of 1546 reaffirmed that finalization for Catholicism in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.[18] The Thirty-Nine Articles of 1563 for the Church of England and the Westminster Confession of Faith of 1647 for English Calvinism established the official finalizations for those new branches of Christianity in light of the break with Rome. The Synod of Jerusalem of 1672 made no changes to the New Testament canon for any Orthodox, but resolved some questions about some of the minor Old Testament books for the Greek Orthodox and most other Orthodox jurisdictions (who chose to accept it).
~ Books of the New Testament ~
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts
Romans
1 Corinthians
2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 Thessalonians
2 Thessalonians
1 Timothy
2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 Peter
2 Peter
1 John
2 John
3 John
Jude
Revelation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles George (1908). The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company,. pp. 272, 273. ISBN 978-1174601828. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Reid, George. "Canon of the Old Testament". Catholic Encyclopedia. New Advent. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
Jump up ^ These are one book in the Jewish Bible, called "Trei Asar" or "Twelve".
Jump up ^ Bruce, F. F. The Books and the Parchments. (Fleming H. Revell Company, 1963) p. 109.
Jump up ^ Both points taken from Mark A. Noll's Turning Points, (Baker Academic, 1997) pp. 36–37.
Jump up ^ H. J. De Jonge, "The New Testament Canon", in The Biblical Canons. eds. de Jonge & J. M. Auwers (Leuven University Press, 2003) p. 315.
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of the Bible (volume 1) eds. P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans (Cambridge University Press, 1970) p. 308.
^ Jump up to: a b Lindberg, Carter (2006). A Brief History of Christianity. Blackwell Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 1-4051-1078-3.
Jump up ^ Brakke, David (October 1994). "Canon Formation and Social Conflict in Fourth-Century Egypt: Athanasius of Alexandria's Thirty-Ninth 'Festal Letter'". The Harvard Theological Review. 87 (4): 395–419. JSTOR 1509966.
Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders' The Canon Debate, Appendix D-2, note 19: "Revelation was added later in 419 at the subsequent synod of Carthage."
Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in The Canon Debate. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320; F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 230; cf. Augustine, De Civitate Dei 22.8
Jump up ^ F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 234
Jump up ^ Burkitt, F. C. (1913). "The Decretum Gelasianum". Journal of Theological Studies. 14: 469–471. Retrieved 2015-08-12.
Jump up ^ F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 225
Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson, "Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon", in The Canon Debate. eds. L. M. McDonald & J. A. Sanders (Hendrickson, 2002) p. 320, which cites: Bruce Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origins, Development, and Significance (Oxford: Clarendon, 1987) pp. 237–238, and F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 97
Jump up ^ F. F. Bruce, The Canon of Scripture (Intervarsity Press, 1988) p. 215
Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of the Bible (volume 1) eds. P. R. Ackroyd and C. F. Evans (Cambridge University Press, 1970) p. 305; cf. the Catholic Encyclopedia, "Canon of the New Testament"
Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, "Canon of the New Testament"
Further reading[edit]
Armstrong, Karen (2007) The Bible: A Biography. Books that Changes the World Series. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-969-3
External links[edit]
WELS Topical Q&A: Canon - 66 Books in the Bible, by Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (Confessional Lutheran perspective)
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Bel and the Dragon)
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Psalm 151
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Battle of the Boyne
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Coordinates: 53°43′23″N 6°25′01″W / 53.723°N 6.417°W / 53.723; -6.417 (battle site)
Battle of the Boyne
Part of the Williamite War in Ireland

Painting of the battle by Jan Wyck c. 1693
Date
1 July 1690 O.S.[a]
Location
Oldbridge, County Meath, Ireland
Result
Williamite victory
Belligerents
Jacobite forces
France Williamite forces
Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
James VII and II
Earl of Tyrconnell
Duc de Lauzun William III
Duke of Schomberg †
Strength
23,500 36,000
Casualties and losses
~1,500 casualties ~750 casualties
[show]
v
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Williamite–Jacobite
War in Ireland
Bandon
Dromore
Derry
Bantry Bay
Newtownbutler
Carrickfergus
Newry
Cavan
Boyne
1st Athlone
Waterford
1st Limerick
Cork and Kinsale
2nd Athlone
Aughrim
2nd Limerick
The Battle of the Boyne (Irish: Cath na Bóinne IPA: [ˈkah n̪ˠə ˈbˠoːn̪ʲə]) was a battle in 1690 between the forces of the deposed King James II of England, and those of Dutch Prince William of Orange who, with his wife Mary II (his cousin and James's daughter), had acceded to the Crowns of England and Scotland[b] in 1688. The battle took place across the River Boyne near the town of Drogheda in the east of Ireland, and resulted in a victory for William. This turned the tide in James's failed attempt to regain the British crown and ultimately aided in ensuring the continued Protestant ascendancy in Ireland.
The battle took place on 1 July 1690 O.S. William's forces defeated James's army, which consisted mostly of raw recruits. Although the Williamite War in Ireland continued until October 1691, James fled to France (again) after the Boyne, never to return. The symbolic importance of this battle has made it one of the best-known battles in the history of the British Isles and a key part of the folklore of the Orange Order. Its commemoration today is principally by the Protestant Orange Institution, which records the first commemorative parades as having been held in 1791.[c]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Commanders
1.2 Armies
2 The battle
3 Aftermath
4 Commemoration
4.1 "The Twelfth" in Great Britain and Ireland today
4.2 The battlefield today
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Further reading
8 External links
Background[edit]
The battle was the decisive[citation needed] encounter in a war that was primarily about James's attempt to regain the thrones of England and Scotland, resulting from the Invitation to William and William's wife, Mary, to take the throne. It is regarded[by whom?] as a crucial moment[citation needed] in the struggle between Irish Protestant and Catholic interests.
The previous year William had sent the Duke of Schomberg to take charge of the Irish campaign.[1] He was a 75-year-old professional soldier who had accompanied William during the Glorious Revolution. Under his command, affairs had remained static and very little had been accomplished, partly because the English troops suffered severely from fever.[2] William, dissatisfied with the state of affairs in Ireland, decided to take charge in person.
William III ("William of Orange")
King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder in the Netherlands
In an Irish context, the war was a sectarian and ethnic conflict, in many ways a re-run of the Irish Confederate Wars of 50 years earlier. For the Jacobites, the war was fought for Irish sovereignty, religious tolerance for Catholicism, and land ownership. The Catholic upper classes had lost almost all their lands after Cromwell's conquest, as well as the right to hold public office, practise their religion, and sit in the Irish Parliament. They saw the Catholic King James as a means of redressing these grievances and securing the autonomy of Ireland from England.[citation needed] To these ends, under Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, they had raised an army to restore James after the Glorious Revolution. By 1690, they controlled all of Ireland except for the province of Ulster. Most of James II's troops at the Boyne were Irish Catholics; however, there were also Scots-Irish Presbyterians fighting for James II.
The majority of Irish people were Jacobites and supported James II due to his 1687 Declaration of Indulgence or, as it is also known, the Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience, that granted religious freedom to all denominations in England and Scotland and also due to James II's promise to the Irish Parliament of an eventual right to self-determination.[3][4]
Conversely, for the Williamites, the war was about maintaining Protestant and English rule in Ireland. They feared for their lives and their property if James and his Catholic supporters were to rule Ireland, nor did they trust the promise of tolerance, seeing the Declaration of Indulgence as a ploy to re-establish Catholicism as the sole state religion. In particular, they dreaded a repeat of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, which had been marked by widespread killing. For these reasons, Protestants fought en masse for William of Orange. Many Williamite troops at the Boyne, including their very effective irregular cavalry, were Ulster Protestants, who called themselves "Enniskilliners" and were referred to by contemporaries as "Scots-Irish". These "Enniskilliners" were mostly the descendants of Anglo-Scottish border reivers and large numbers of these reivers had settled around Enniskillen in County Fermanagh, hence the name "Enniskilliners".[citation needed]
Ironically, historian Derek Brown notes that if the battle is seen as part of the War of the Grand Alliance, Pope Alexander VIII was an ally of William and an enemy to James; the Papal States were part of the Grand Alliance with a shared hostility to the Catholic Louis XIV of France, who at the time was attempting to establish dominance in Europe and to whom James was an ally.[5]
Commanders[edit]
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The opposing armies in the battle were led by the Roman Catholic King James II of England, Scotland, and Ireland and opposing him, his nephew and son-in-law, the Protestant King William III ("William of Orange") who had deposed James the previous year. James's supporters controlled much of Ireland and the Irish Parliament. James also enjoyed the support of his cousin, Louis XIV, who did not want to see a hostile monarch on the throne of England. Louis sent 6,000 French troops to Ireland to support the Irish Jacobites. William was already Stadtholder of the Netherlands and was able to call on Dutch and allied troops from Europe as well as England and Scotland.
James was a seasoned officer who had proven his bravery when fighting for his brother – King Charles II – in Europe, notably at the Battle of the Dunes (1658). However, recent historians have noted that he was prone to panicking under pressure and making rash decisions, possibly due to the onset of the dementia which would overtake him completely in later years.
William, although a seasoned commander, had yet to win a major battle. Many of his battles ended in stalemates, prompting at least one modern historian to argue that William lacked an ability to manage armies in the thick of conflict. William's success against the French had been reliant upon tactical manoeuvres and good diplomacy rather than force. His diplomacy had assembled the League of Augsburg, a multi-national coalition formed to resist French aggression in Europe. From William's point of view, his taking power in England and the ensuing campaign in Ireland was just another front in the war against France in general, and Louis XIV in particular.
James II's subordinate commanders were Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, who was Lord Deputy of Ireland and James's most powerful supporter in Ireland; and the French general Lauzun. William's second-in-command was the Duke of Schomberg. Born in Heidelberg, Germany, Schomberg had formerly been a Marshal of France, but, being a Huguenot, was compelled to leave France in 1685 because of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.
Armies[edit]
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The Williamite army at the Boyne was about 36,000 strong, composed of troops from many countries.[6] Around 20,000 troops had been in Ireland since 1689,[citation needed] commanded by Schomberg.[6] William himself arrived with another 16,000 in June 1690.[citation needed] William's troops were generally far better trained and equipped than James's.[6] The best Williamite infantry were from Denmark and the Netherlands, professional soldiers equipped with the latest flintlock muskets.[citation needed] There was also a large (4,200)[citation needed] contingent of French Huguenot troops fighting with the Williamites. William did not have a high opinion of his English and Scottish troops,[citation needed] with the exception of the Ulster Protestant "skirmishers" who had held Derry in the previous year.[citation needed] The English and Scottish troops were felt to be politically unreliable,[citation needed] since James had been their legitimate monarch up to a year before. Moreover, they had only been raised recently and had seen little battle action.
The Jacobites were 23,500 strong.[6] James had several regiments of French troops, but most of his manpower was provided by Irish Catholics. The Jacobites' Irish cavalry, who were recruited from among the dispossessed Irish gentry, proved themselves to be high calibre troops during the course of the battle.[citation needed] However, the Irish infantry, predominantly peasants who had been pressed into service, were not trained soldiers. They had been hastily trained, poorly equipped, and only a minority of them had functional muskets. In fact, some of them carried only farm implements such as scythes at the Boyne.[7] Furthermore, the Jacobite infantry who actually had firearms were all equipped with the obsolete matchlock musket.[citation needed]
The battle[edit]
Battle of the Boyne between James II and William III, 11 July 1690, Jan van Huchtenburg.
William had landed in Carrickfergus in Ulster on 14 June 1690 O.S. and marched south, intending to take Dublin. He was heard to remark that "the place was worth fighting for".[citation needed] James chose to place his line of defence on the River Boyne, around 30 miles (48 km) from Dublin. The Williamites reached the Boyne on 29 June. The day before the battle, William himself had a narrow escape when he was wounded in the shoulder by Jacobite artillery while surveying the fords over which his troops would cross the Boyne.
The battle itself was fought on 1 July O.S. (11th N.S.), for control of a ford on the Boyne near Drogheda, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) northwest of the hamlet of Oldbridge (and about 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) west-northwest of the modern Boyne River Bridge). William sent about a quarter of his men to cross the river at Roughgrange, about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) west of Donore and about 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Oldbridge. The Duke of Schomberg's son, Meinhardt, led this crossing, which Irish dragoons in picquet under Neil O'Neill unsuccessfully opposed.[citation needed] James, an inexperienced general, thought that he might be outflanked and sent half his troops, along with most of his artillery, to counter this move. What neither side had realised was that there was a deep, swampy ravine at Roughgrange. Because of this ravine, the opposing forces there could not engage each other, but literally sat out the battle. The Williamite forces went on a long detour march which, later in the day, almost saw them cut off the Jacobite retreat at the village of Naul.[citation needed]
At the main ford near Oldbridge, William's infantry, led by the elite Dutch Blue Guards, forced their way across the river, using their superior firepower to slowly drive back the enemy foot soldiers, but were pinned down when the Jacobite cavalry counter-attacked. Having secured the village of Oldbridge, some Williamite infantry tried to hold off successive cavalry attacks with disciplined volley fire, but were scattered and driven into the river, with the exception of the Blue Guards. William's second-in-command, the Duke of Schomberg, and George Walker were killed in this phase of the battle.[citation needed] The Williamites were not able to resume their advance until their own horsemen managed to cross the river and, after being badly mauled, managed to hold off the Jacobite cavalry until they[clarification needed] retired and regrouped at Donore, where they once again put up stiff resistance before retiring.
The Jacobites retired in good order. William had a chance to trap them as they retreated across the River Nanny at Duleek, but his troops were held up by a successful rear-guard action. The Dutch secretary of King William, Constantijn Huygens Jr., has given a good description (in Dutch) of the battle and its aftermath, including subsequent cruelties committed by the victorious soldiers.[8]
The casualty figures of the battle were quite low for a battle of such a scale—of the 50,000 or so participants, about 2,000 died.[citation needed] Three-quarters of the dead were Jacobites. William's army had far more wounded. At the time, most casualties of battles tended to be inflicted in the pursuit of an already-beaten enemy; this did not happen at the Boyne, as the counter-attacks of the skilled Jacobite cavalry screened the retreat of the rest of their army, and in addition William was always disinclined to endanger the person of James, since he was the father of his wife, Mary. The Jacobites were badly demoralised by the order to retreat, which lost them the battle. Many of the Irish infantrymen deserted. The Williamites triumphantly marched into Dublin two days after the battle. The Jacobite army abandoned the city and marched to Limerick, behind the River Shannon, where they were unsuccessfully besieged.
Soon after the battle, William issued the Declaration of Finglas, offering full pardons to ordinary Jacobite soldiers, but not to their leaders. After his defeat, James did not stay in Dublin, but rode with a small escort to Duncannon and returned to exile in France, even though his army left the field relatively unscathed. James's loss of nerve and speedy exit from the battlefield enraged his Irish supporters, who fought on until the Treaty of Limerick in 1691; he was derisively nicknamed Seamus a' chaca ("James the shit") in Irish.
There is an oral tradition[citation needed] stating that no battle took place at all, that a symbolic victory was shown by the crossing of the River Boyne and that the total fatalities were a result of Williamite cavalry attacking the local able-bodied men.
Aftermath[edit]
Statue of William of Orange on College Green, in Dublin, erected in 1701. It was destroyed in 1929.
The battle was overshadowed by the defeat of an Anglo-Dutch fleet by the French two days earlier at the Battle of Beachy Head, a far more serious event in the short term; only on the continent was the Boyne treated as an important victory. Its importance lay in the fact that it was the first proper victory for the League of Augsburg, the first-ever alliance between the Vatican and Protestant countries. The victory motivated more nations to join the alliance and in effect ended the fear of a French conquest of Europe.
The Boyne also had strategic significance for both England and Ireland. It marked the beginning of the end of James's hope of regaining his throne by military means and probably assured the triumph of the Glorious Revolution. In Scotland, news of this defeat temporarily silenced the Highlanders supporting the Jacobite rising, which Bonnie Dundee had led. In Ireland, the Boyne fully assured the Jacobites that they could successfully resist William.[citation needed] But it was a general victory for William and is still celebrated by the Protestant Orange Order on the Twelfth of July. Ironically, due to the political situation mentioned above, the Pope also hailed the victory of William at the Boyne, ordered the bells of the Vatican to be rung in celebration.[citation needed]
The civil war in Ireland ended with the Treaty of Limerick. It allowed James to leave for France and allowed most Irish land owners to keep their land provided that they swore allegiance to William of Orange. Few did so within two years and the concession was withdrawn from the remainder.
Commemoration[edit]
View of the commemorative obelisk (erected in 1736), prior to 1883. It was destroyed in 1923.
Medal Struck to Commemorate the Battle of the Boyne (Robert Chambers, p.8, July 1832)[9]
Originally, the 12 July commemoration was that of the Battle of Aughrim,[10] symbolising Irish Protestants' victory in the Williamite war in Ireland. At Aughrim, which took place a year after the Boyne, the Jacobite army was destroyed, deciding the war in the Williamites' favour. The Boyne, which, in the old Julian calendar, took place on 1 July O.S., was treated as less important, third after Aughrim and the anniversary of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 on 23 October O.S.
In 1752, the Gregorian calendar was also adopted in Ireland.[11] However, even after this date, "The Twelfth" continued to be commemorated at Aughrim, on 12 July NS,[10] following the usual historical convention of commemorating events of that period within Great Britain and Ireland by mapping the Julian date directly onto the modern Gregorian calendar date (as happens for example with Guy Fawkes Night on 5 November). But, after the Orange Order was founded in 1795 amid sectarian violence in County Armagh, the two events were combined in the late 18th century.[10]
"The Twelfth" in Great Britain and Ireland today[edit]
Main article: The Twelfth
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The Battle of the Boyne remains a controversial topic today in Northern Ireland, where some Protestants remember it as the great victory over Catholics that resulted in the sovereignty of Parliament and the Protestant monarchy.
In recent decades, "The Twelfth" has often been marked by confrontations, as members of the Orange Order attempt to celebrate the date by marching past or through what they see as their traditional route. Some of these areas, however, now have a nationalist majority who object to marches passing through what they see as their areas.
Each side thus dresses up the disputes in terms of the other's alleged attempts to repress them; Nationalists still see Orange Order marches as provocative attempts to "show who is boss", whilst Unionists insist that they have a right to "walk the Queen's highway". Since the start of The Troubles, the celebrations of the battle have been seen as playing a critical role in the awareness of those involved in the unionist/nationalist tensions in Northern Ireland.
The battlefield today[edit]
River Boyne, west of Drogheda, today
The site of the Battle of the Boyne sprawls over a wide area west of the town of Drogheda. In the County Development Plan for 2000, Meath County Council rezoned the land at the eastern edge of Oldbridge, at the site of the main Williamite crossing, to residential status. A subsequent planning application for a development of over 700 houses was granted by Meath County Council and this was appealed against by local historians to An Bord Pleanala (The Planning Board). In March 2008, after an extremely long appeal process, An Bord Pleanala approved permission for this development to proceed. However, due to the current[when?] economic climate in Ireland, no work has yet[when?] started on this development.
The current Interpretive Centre dedicated to informing tourists and other visitors about the battle is about 1-mile (1.6 km) to the west of the main crossing point. The battle's other main combat areas, at Duleek, Donore and Plattin, along the Jacobite line of retreat, are marked with tourist information signs.
On 4 April 2007, in a sign of improving relations between unionist and nationalist groups, the newly elected First Minister of Northern Ireland, the Reverend Ian Paisley, was invited to visit the battle site by the Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern later in the year. Following the invitation, Paisley commented that "such a visit would help to demonstrate how far we have come when we can celebrate and learn from the past so the next generation more clearly understands". On 10 May, the visit took place, and Paisley presented the Taoiseach with a Jacobite musket in return for Ahern's gift at the St Andrews talks of a walnut bowl made from a tree from the site. A new tree was also planted in the grounds of Oldbridge House by the two politicians to mark the occasion.[12]
See also[edit]
The Boyne Water
Irish calendar
Irish battles
British military history
Orange Institution
Notes[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ The battle took place on 11 July N.S., but the anniversary is now celebrated on 12 July. This is explained at #Commemoration below.
Jump up ^ The "Patriot Parliament" session of the Parliament of Ireland confirmed James as King of Ireland, though Poynings Law arguably made this invalid. In any case, the subsequent Act of Recognition, of their Majesties [sic] undoubted Right to the Crown of Ireland, 1692 set this aside.
Jump up ^ 101 years after the battle, 49 years after Ireland adopted the New Style calendar
Citations
Jump up ^ Elliott, I. D. (1973). "Schomberg, Friedrich Hermann, Duke of" Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 19. London: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., William Benton, Publisher. p. 1174. "He went to Ireland as commander in chief against James II in August 1689...". ISBN 0-85229-173-6.
Jump up ^ Elliott 1973, p. 1174. "...but [he] could do little more than hold Ulster as there was much sickness in his small army, and he took no risks.".
Jump up ^ Harris, Tim (2006). Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720. London: Allen Lane. p. 440. ISBN 978-0-7139-9759-0.
Jump up ^ Magennis, Eoin (1998). "A 'Beleaguered Protestant'?: Walter Harris and the Writing of Fiction Unmasked in Mid-18th-Century Ireland". Eighteenth-Century Ireland. 13: 6–111. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
Jump up ^ How the battle of the Boyne earned its place in history The Guardian, 11 July 2000
^ Jump up to: a b c d The Battle of the Boyne Teachers Notes & Resources - Secondary Level (PDF) Office of Public Works (Ireland), (undated, retrieved 9 March 2017)
Jump up ^ BBC History: The Battle of the Boyne BBC, (undated, retrieved 9 March 2017)
Jump up ^ Observaties van een Zeventiende-eeuwse wereldbeschouwer, Constantijn Huygens en de uitvinding van het moderne dagboek. Dekker, Rudolf, Amsterdam 2013 p. 45-47.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Robert (1832). The Book of Days: A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in Connection with the Calendar, Including Anecdote, Biography, & History, Curiosities of Literature and Oddities of Human Life and Character, Volume 2. London: W. & R. Chambers Limited. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lenihan, Padraig (2003). 1690 Battle of the Boyne. Tempus. pp. 258–259. ISBN 9780752425979.
Jump up ^ ‘The Pope’s new invention’: the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in Ireland, 1583-1782, page 9 History Department, University College Cork, 1 April 2006
Jump up ^ Staff, BBCNews – Paisley and Ahern visit 1690 site, BBC, 11 May 2007
Further reading[edit]
Padraig Lenihan, 1690 Battle of the Boyne, Tempus Publishing, Gloucestershire, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-3304-0.
G. A. Hayes McCoy, Irish Battles, Belfast, 1990, ISBN 0-86281-250-X.
Richard Doherty, The Williamite War in Ireland 1688–1691, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1998. ISBN 1-85182-375-1.
External links[edit]
Battle of the Boyne visitor centre at Oldbridge, plus battle information
Boyne Valley Tourist Portal – Information on Battle of the Boyne
Tourist Information on Battle of the Boyne Visitor Centre
Primary and secondary sources relating to the Battle of the Boyne (From the National Library of Ireland's Sources database)
Modern mapping of the area Ordnance Survey Ireland Select "Historic mapping" to see the site of the "Boyne Obelisk" (destroyed, 1923) on the northern side of the [subsequent] bridge.
Interview with historian Padraig Lenihan on the Battle of the Boyne
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Miles to Go Before I Sleep
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Miles to Go Before I Sleep is a quotation from the poem "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert Frost.
It may also refer to:
"Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)", a 1998 musical single by Céline Dion, released in Canada in 1998
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Miles to Go Before I Sleep.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miles_to_Go_Before_I_Sleep&oldid=842643120"
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Economic survey of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Department of Economic Affairs, Finance Ministry of India presents the Economic Survey in the parliament every year, just before the Union Budget.It is prepared under the guidance of the Chief Economic Adviser, Finance Ministry. It is the ministry's view on the annual economic development of the country. A flagship annual document of the Ministry of Finance, Government of India, Economic Survey reviews the developments in the Indian economy over the previous 12 months, summarizes the performance on major development programs, and highlights the policy initiatives of the government and the prospects of the economy in the short to medium term. This document is presented to both houses of Parliament during the Budget Session.The Economic survey of India 2014-15 said India could target foreign exchange reserves of $750 billion-$1 trillion.[1]
Unlike the traditional Economic Survey, the Economic survey of 2016-17 doesn't have the detailed financial statistics of the government of India.These will be released later in 2017.
See also[edit]
Economic Survey of India 2011
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "RBI Monetary Policy $1 trillion forex reserves: A pipe dream".
External links[edit]
Economic Survey 2008-2009
Economic Survey 2009-2010
Economic Survey 2010-2011
Economic Survey of India 2012-13
Economic Survey 2014-2015
Economic Survey Volume-I 2015-2016
Economic Survey Volume-II 2015-2016
Economic Survey of India Volume-I 2016-17
Economic Survey of India Volume-II 2016-17
Economic Survey of India 2017-18

This article related or pertaining to the economy of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy
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"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
Single by David Bowie & Bing Crosby
from the album Bowie: The Singles Collection
B-side
"Fantastic Voyage" (David Bowie)
Released
November 27, 1982
Format
7"/12" single
Recorded
Elstree Studios, London
September 11, 1977
Genre
Christmas
Length
4:23 (UK)
2:32 (US)
Label
RCA Records BOW 12 (UK)
RCA Records PH-13400 (US)
Songwriter(s)
Ian Fraser, Larry Grossman, Alan Kohan / Harry Simeone, K.K. Davis, Henry Onorati
Producer(s)
David Bowie
David Bowie singles chronology
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
(1982) "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
(1982) "Let’s Dance"
(1983)
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
(1982) "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
(1982) "Let’s Dance"
(1983)
2010 US Reissue
2010 7" vinyl reissue by Collector's Choice Music
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" (sometimes titled "The Little Drummer Boy/Peace on Earth") is a Christmas song with an added counterpoint performed by David Bowie and Bing Crosby. "The Little Drummer Boy" is a Christmas song written in 1941, while the "Peace on Earth" tune and lyrics, written by Ian Fraser, Larry Grossman, and Alan Kohan, were added to the song specially for Bowie and Crosby's recording.[1]
The single saw commercial success upon its release in 1982 and peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart. The single became one of David Bowie's best selling in his career, with total estimated sales over 400,000 in the UK alone.[2]
The song has since become a Christmas classic in the United States, Canada and United Kingdom and has been referred to by the Washington Post as "one of the most successful duets in Christmas music history".[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Release and commercial success
3 Track listing
3.1 7": RCA / BOW 12 (UK)
4 Production credits
5 Appearances in popular culture
6 Chart performance
6.1 Certifications
7 Other versions
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
Recording[edit]
The track was recorded on September 11, 1977 for Crosby's then-upcoming television special, Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas. The pair exchanged scripted dialogue about what they each do for their family Christmases, before singing "Little Drummer Boy" with a new counterpoint with original lyrics written for the special, "Peace on Earth".
Bowie's appearance has been described as a "surreal" event, undertaken at a time when he was "actively trying to normalise his career".[5] He later admitted to having only appeared on the show because "I just knew my mother liked him".[6] Buz Kohan was not sure that Crosby knew who Bowie was, but Ian Fraser claimed, "I'm pretty sure he did. Bing was no idiot. If he didn't, his kids sure did."[1]
According to co-writer Ian Fraser, Bowie balked at singing "Little Drummer Boy": "I hate this song. Is there something else I could sing?", Fraser recalls Bowie telling him. Fraser, along with songwriter Larry Grossman and the special's scriptwriter, Buz Kohan, then wrote "Peace on Earth" as a counterpoint to "Little Drummer Boy". Crosby performed "Little Drummer Boy", while Bowie sang the new tune "Peace on Earth", which they reportedly performed after less than an hour of rehearsal.[1]
A few days after the taping, Crosby said of Bowie, "clean-cut kid and a real fine asset to the show. He sings well, has a great voice and reads lines well."[7]
Crosby died on October 14, nearly five weeks after recording the special at Elstree Studios near London; in the U.S., the show aired just over a month later, on November 30, 1977, on CBS. In the United Kingdom, the special first aired on December 24, 1977 on ITV.
Release and commercial success[edit]
The song was available for some years as a bootleg single backed with "Heroes",[8] which Bowie had also performed on the TV special. In 1982, RCA Records issued the recording as an official single, complete with the dialogue, arbitrarily placing "Fantastic Voyage" from the Lodger album on the B-side. Bowie was unhappy with this move, which further soured his already strained relationship with RCA, and he left the label soon after.[6]
The single debuted on the UK singles chart in November 1982, and climbed to position number three on the chart, boosted by a 12" picture disc release. The single proved to be one of David Bowie's fastest selling singles, having sales over 250,000 within its first month and being certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry one month after its release. The single has total estimated sales of 445,424 in the UK, giving Bowie one of his most successful singles.[2] It has since become a perennial on British Christmas compilation albums, with the TV sequence also a regular on UK nostalgia shows.
In the United States and Canada, "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" became a staple on radio stations during the Christmas season. On November 14, 1995, Oglio Records released a special multimedia CD single of "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" which contained both the standard full-length audio version and the full-length music video of the footage from the 1977 Christmas special accessible via CD-ROM drives.
On November 9, 2010, Collector's Choice Music released a 7-inch vinyl edition of "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" on red-colored vinyl in the United States.[9] The flip-side of the single contained a Bing Crosby/Ella Fitzgerald duet of the song "White Christmas", recorded in 1953.[9] The single was limited to 2,000 copies.
The single continues to chart in the Christmas season around North America and Europe. In 1998, the single reached a new peak of 2 on the Canadian Singles Chart.
Track listing[edit]
7": RCA / BOW 12 (UK)[edit]
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" (David Bowie, Larry Grossman, Ian Fraser, Buz Kohan / Katherine K. Davis, Henry Onorati, Harry Simeone) – 4:23
"Fantastic Voyage" (David Bowie) – 2:55
Production credits[edit]
Producers
David Bowie
Musicians
David Bowie: Vocals, Piano on “Fantastic Voyage”
Bing Crosby: Vocals
Uncredited session players on “Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy”
Adrian Belew: Mandolin on “Fantastic Voyage”
Dennis Davis: Percussion on “Fantastic Voyage”
Tony Visconti: Backing vocals, Mandolin on “Fantastic Voyage”
Brian Eno: Ambient drone on “Fantastic Voyage”
Simon House: Mandolin on “Fantastic Voyage”
Sean Mayes: Piano on “Fantastic Voyage”
Appearances in popular culture[edit]
In 1997, DJ/comedian Bob Rivers included a parody entitled "Rummy Rocker Boy" on his album More Twisted Christmas, in which a generic heavy metal musician by the name of "Roach" visits a self-admitted "simulation" of Crosby.
Craig Kilborn and Bob Mould of Hüsker Dü performed a parody of it on Comedy Central, aired as a short piece between shows during the Christmas season.
In 2001, Anthony Rapp and Everett Bradley performed the song for the compilation album Broadway Cares - Home for the Holidays.
A parody version was released on the internet as a Christmas present, sung by The Monarch (Jackson Publick) and Doctor Girlfriend (Doc Hammer), from the Adult Swim show The Venture Bros. The song stars The Monarch as David Bowie and Doctor Girlfriend as Bing Crosby. The tension and ambiguities of their relationship contribute to the performance's consonant mirroring of the old kid-vs.-new kid on the block artifice of Bowie's and Crosby's "banter."
Aled Jones and Terry Wogan recorded a version for a CD entitled BandAged, which was released as part of the BBC Children in Need Appeal 2008. Warner Home Music released it as a single on 8 December 2008, and it reached a high of number three in the UK Singles Chart.
A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All! parodied this duet with a song sung by Stephen Colbert and Willie Nelson.
A 2009 episode of SuperNews! parodied this song with Barack Obama and Joe Biden singing as Bing Crosby and David Bowie respectively.
In a YouTube video that was released on December 18, 2009, internet comedians Aaron Yonda and Matt Sloan superimposed the character of Baby Cookie from the Chad Vader series onto David Bowie, replacing his lines with Baby Cookie's unique speech.
In December 2010, a number of comedians paired to perform or parody the song and video, including Jack Black and Jason Segel for College Humor;[10] Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly for Funny or Die;[11] Black again with Jimmy Fallon on the latter's Late Night talk show;[12] and Paul F. Tompkins with David 'Gruber' Allen.[13]
Michael Bublé performed a version of this song.
On the podcast Hollywood Babble-On, hosts Ralph Garman and Kevin Smith sing this song each Christmas. Smith sings Crosby's part, and Garman sings Bowie's counterpart.
Jimmy Fallon and Ricky Gervais performed a portion of the song on the December 9th, 2014 episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon during the skit Lip Flip. Fallon sang Bowie's part with Gervais taking Crosby's part.[14]
In 2015 on The Best Show with Tom Scharpling, host Scharpling (as recurring puppet character Gary the Squirrel) and associate producer Mike Lisk did a rendition, taking Bowie and Crosby's parts respectively.
Chart performance[edit]
Chart
Peak position
Canadian Singles Chart (1998) 2 [15]
UK Singles Chart (1982) 3 [16]
US Billboard Hot 100 (2003) 43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[17]
Silver 250,000^
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Other versions[edit]
Another version was recorded by Michael Berube and Jennifer Warnes.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul Farhi (20 December 2006). "Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony", The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sorry". Musicweek.com. 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Bing and Bowie: An Odd Story of Holiday Harmony". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ Dave Nemetz (2014-11-26). "The Story Behind Bowie and Bing's Offbeat Christmas Classic [Video]". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ David Buckley (1999) Strange Fascination - David Bowie: The Definitive Story, pp.327-328.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicholas Pegg (2000). The Complete David Bowie, p.161.
Jump up ^ "» The Accidental Classic". Yuleblog.us. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ Roy Carr & Charles Shaar Murray (1981). Bowie: An Illustrated Record, p.117
^ Jump up to: a b Anderson, Sara (2010-10-29). "Bing Crosby, David Bowie 'The Little Drummer Boy / Peace on Earth' -- New Vinyl". AOL Radio Blog. AOLRadioBlog.com. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-12-07. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy with Will Ferrell & John C. Reilly from Owen Burk". Funnyordie.com. 2010-12-12. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ McGlynn, Katla (22 December 2010). "WATCH: Jack Black Gets Messy Singing Carols With Jimmy Fallon". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ "The Pod F. Tompkast, EXTRASODE: PFT On Earth/Little Gruber Boy". Pft.libsyn.com/ (Podcast). December 25, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fallon "Lip Flip's" With Ricky Gervais". NBC New York. 2014-12-10. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ "David Bowie | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ "peace+on+earth%2flittle+drummer+boy | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – David Bowie & Bing Crosby – Little Drummer Boy". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Little Drummer Boy in the search field and then press Enter.
References[edit]
Pegg, Nicholas, The Complete David Bowie, Reynolds & Hearn Ltd, 2000, ISBN 1-903111-14-5
External links[edit]
PhillyBurbs article on the special
Performance on YouTube
Venture Bros. parody
[show]
v
t
e
David Bowie singles
1960s
"Liza Jane"
"I Pity the Fool"
"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"
"Can't Help Thinking About Me"
"Do Anything You Say"
"I Dig Everything"
"Rubber Band"
"The Laughing Gnome"
"Love You till Tuesday"
"Space Oddity"
"Ragazzo solo, ragazza sola"
1970s
"The Prettiest Star"
"Memory of a Free Festival"
"Holy Holy"
"Moonage Daydream"
"Hang On to Yourself"
"Changes"
"Starman"
"John, I'm Only Dancing"
"The Jean Genie"
"Drive-In Saturday"
"Time"
"Life on Mars"
"Let's Spend the Night Together"
"Sorrow"
"Rebel Rebel"
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide"
"Diamond Dogs"
"1984"
"Knock on Wood"
"Rock 'n' Roll with Me"
"Young Americans"
"Fame"
"Golden Years"
"TVC 15"
"Suffragette City"
"Stay"
"Sound and Vision"
"Be My Wife"
"'Heroes'"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Breaking Glass"
"Boys Keep Swinging"
"DJ"
"Yassassin"
"Look Back in Anger"
"John, I'm Only Dancing (Again)"
1980s
"Alabama Song"
"Crystal Japan"
"Ashes to Ashes"
"Fashion"
"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)"
"Up the Hill Backwards"
"Under Pressure"
"Wild Is the Wind"
"The Drowned Girl"
"Cat People (Putting Out Fire)"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy"
"Let's Dance"
"China Girl"
"Modern Love"
"Without You"
"White Light/White Heat"
"Blue Jean"
"Tonight"
"This Is Not America"
"Loving the Alien"
"Dancing in the Street"
"Absolute Beginners"
"Underground"
"As the World Falls Down"
"Magic Dance"
"When the Wind Blows"
"Day-In Day-Out"
"Time Will Crawl"
"Never Let Me Down"
"Under the God"
"Heaven's in Here"
"Tin Machine" / "Maggie's Farm (live)"
"Prisoner of Love"
1990s
"Fame '90"
"You Belong in Rock n' Roll"
"Baby Universal"
"One Shot"
"Real Cool World"
"Jump They Say"
"Black Tie White Noise"
"Miracle Goodnight"
"The Buddha of Suburbia"
"Ziggy Stardust"
"The Hearts Filthy Lesson"
"Strangers When We Meet" / "The Man Who Sold the World (live)"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Telling Lies"
"Little Wonder"
"Dead Man Walking"
"Seven Years in Tibet"
"Pallas Athena"
"I'm Afraid of Americans"
"I Can't Read"
"Without You I'm Nothing"
"Thursday's Child"
"The Pretty Things Are Going to Hell"
2000s
"Survive"
"Seven"
"Slow Burn"
"Everyone Says 'Hi'"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"Shadow Man"
"New Killer Star"
"Just for One Day (Heroes)"
"Never Get Old"
"Rebel Never Gets Old"
2010s
"Where Are We Now?"
"The Stars (Are Out Tonight)"
"The Next Day"
"Valentine's Day"
"Love Is Lost"
"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore"
"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)"
"Blackstar"
"Lazarus"
"I Can't Give Everything Away"
"Life on Mars? (2016 Mix)"
Discography
Book:David Bowie Book:Bowie singles and songs
Category:David Bowie
[show]
v
t
e
Bing Crosby singles
Discography
1920s
"My Blue Heaven" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Ol' Man River" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Mississippi Mud" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Silent Night, Holy Night" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Makin' Whoopee" (with Paul Whiteman)
"Let's Do It" (with Dorsey Brothers)
"Louise"
1930s
"Three Little Words" (with Duke Ellington)
"I Surrender Dear" (with Gus Arnheim)
"Just a Gigolo"
"At Your Command"
"Stardust"
"Goodnight, Sweetheart"
"Where the Blue of the Night (Meets the Gold of the Day)" (Bing's Theme Song)
"Waltzing in a Dream"
"Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?"
"I Don't Stand a Ghost of a Chance with You"
"Temptation"
"Did You Ever See a Dream Walking?"
"June in January"
"Love Is Just Around the Corner"
"I Wished on the Moon"
"It Ain't Necessarily So"
"Pennies from Heaven"
"Silent Night"
"Adeste Fideles"
"Sweet Leilani"
"Blue Hawaii"
"Never in a Million Years"
"My Reverie"
"You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby"
"God Bless America"
"Ciribiribin (They're So in Love)" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
1940s
"Tumbling Tumbleweeds"
"Only Forever"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas"
"Easter Parade"
"White Christmas"
"Moonlight Becomes You"
"Sunday, Monday, or Always"
"People Will Say We're in Love"
"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'"
"Pistol Packin' Mama" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"I'll Be Home for Christmas"
"Jingle Bells" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"I Love You"
"I'll Be Seeing You"
"Swinging on a Star"
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"Amor"
"Don't Fence Me In" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"You Belong to My Heart"
"On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe"
"If I Loved You"
"It's Been a Long, Long Time" (w/ Les Paul Trio)
"I Can't Begin to Tell You"
"The Bells of St. Mary's"
"McNamara's Band"
"Get Your Kicks On Route 66" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"Night and Day"
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"Ballerina"
"Now Is the Hour"
"But Beautiful"
"Careless Hands"
"Riders in the Sky"
"Some Enchanted Evening"
"Dear Hearts and Gentle People"
"Mule Train"
1950s
"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You?" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"Chattanoogie Shoe Shine Boy"
"Play a Simple Melody" (w/ Gary Crosby)
"La Vie en rose"
"All My Love"
"Beyond the Reef"
"Harbor Lights"
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer"
"A Marshmallow World"
"Sparrow in the Treetop" (w/ Andrews Sisters)
"Gone Fishin'" (w/ Louis Armstrong)
"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" (w/ Jane Wyman)
"The Isle of Innisfree"
"Zing a Little Zong" (w/ Jane Wyman)
"Silver Bells" (w/ Carol Richards)
"Down by the Riverside" (w/ Gary Crosby)
"Young at Heart"
"Count Your Blessings Instead of Sheep"
"Stranger in Paradise"
"In a Little Spanish Town" (w/ Buddy Cole Trio)
"True Love" (w/ Grace Kelly)
"Now You Has Jazz" (w/ Louis Armstrong)
"Well, Did You Evah!" (w/ Frank Sinatra)
1970s
"That's What Life Is All About"
"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy" (w/ David Bowie)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_on_Earth/Little_Drummer_Boy&oldid=815654449"
Categories:
1982 singles
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David Bowie songs
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