text:
French language in Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Canadian French
français canadien
Native to
Canada (primarily Quebec, Eastern Ontario and New Brunswick, but sent throughout the country); smaller numbers in emigrant communities in New England, United States
Native speakers
7,166,705 (2016 census)
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Romance
Western
Gallo-Romance
Oïl
French
Canadian French
Official status
Official language in
Canada
(Quebec) (as Québécois French)
(New Brunswick) (as Acadian French)
Recognised minority
language in
Canada
(Manitoba)
(Ontario)
(Nova Scotia)
(Prince Edward Island)
(Newfoundland and Labrador)
United States
(Maine)
(New Hampshire)
(New York)
(Vermont)
(Louisiana) (as Cajun French)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
–
Glottolog
None
IETF
fr-CA
French is the mother tongue of about 7.2 million Canadians (20.6% of the Canadian population, second to English at 56%) according to Census Canada 2016.[1] Most native speakers of the French language in Canada live in Quebec, where French is the majority official language. 77% of Quebec's population are native francophones, and 95% of the population speak French as their first or second language.[2] Additionally, about one million native francophones live in other provinces, forming a sizable minority in New Brunswick, which is officially a bilingual province, where about one-third of the population are francophone. There are also French-speaking communities in Manitoba and Ontario, where francophones make up about 4 percent of the population,[3] as well as significantly smaller communities in Alberta, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Saskatchewan – around 1–2%.[3] Many, but not all of these communities are supported by French-language institutions.
By the Official Languages Act in 1969, Canada recognized English and French as having equal status in the government of Canada.[4] While French, with no specification as to dialect or variety, has the status of one of Canada's two official languages at the federal government level, English is the native language of the majority of Canadians. The federal government provides services and operates in both languages. French is the sole official language[5] in Quebec at the provincial level and is co-official with English in New Brunswick. The provincial governments of Ontario, New Brunswick, and Manitoba are required to provide services in French where justified by the number of francophones (those whose mother tongue is French or who use French on a daily basis). However, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms requires all provinces to provide primary and secondary education to their official-language minorities at public expense.
Contents
1 The evolution of the French language in Canada
1.1 16th century
1.2 17th century
1.3 18th century
1.4 Canada as a federal state
1.5 Historical usage of the term "Canadian French"
2 French dialects
2.1 Varieties
2.1.1 Sub-varieties
3 Francophones across Canada
3.1 Quebec
3.1.1 Use of anglicisms
3.1.2 Syntactic and semantic characteristics
3.1.3 Use of the tu form
3.2 Atlantic Canada
3.2.1 Historical review
3.2.2 Origins of the dialect
3.2.3 Some characteristics
3.3 Ontario
3.3.1 Franco-Ontarian
3.4 Newfoundland
3.4.1 Historical review
3.4.2 Characteristics of French of Newfoundland
3.5 Western Canada
3.6 Northern Canada
4 French-speaking communities in Canada outside of Quebec
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
The evolution of the French language in Canada[edit]
16th century[edit]
In 1524, the Florentine navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano, working for Italian bankers in France, explored the American coast from Florida to Cape Breton. In 1529, Verrazzano mapped a part of the coastal region of the North American continent under the name Nova Gallia (New France). In 1534, Francis I, King of France, sent Jacques Cartier to discover new lands. He discovered the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, sealed an alliance with the local people and obtained passage to go farther. During his second expedition (1535–1536), Cartier discovered the Saint Lawrence River, a path into the heart of the continent. However, Cartier failed to establish a permanent colony in the area, and war in Europe kept France from further colonization through the end of the 16th century.[6][7]
17th century[edit]
At the beginning of the 17th century, French settlements and private companies were established in the area which is now eastern Canada. In 1605 Samuel de Champlain founded Port Royal (Acadia) and in 1608 he founded Quebec City. In 1642 the foundation of Ville Marie, the settlement which would eventually become Montreal, completed the occupation of the territory.
In 1634, Quebec contained two hundred settlers, who were principally involved in the fur trade. The trade was profit-making and the city was on the point of becoming more than a mere temporary trading post.
In 1635, Jesuits founded the secondary school of Quebec for the education of children. Ten years later, in 1645, the Compagnie des Habitants was created, uniting the political and economic leaders of the colony. French was the language of all the non-native people.
In 1685, the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV (1654–1715), which had legalized freedom of religion of the Reformed Church, caused the emigration from France of 300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists), to other countries of Europe and to North America.[8]
18th century[edit]
With the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the British began their domination of eastern North America, some parts of which had been controlled by the French. The British took mainland Nova Scotia in 1713. Present-day Maine fell to the British during Father Rale's War, while present-day New Brunswick fell after Father Le Loutre's War. In 1755 the majority of the French-speaking inhabitants of Nova Scotia were deported to the Thirteen Colonies. After 1758, they were deported to England and France. The Treaty of Paris (1763) completed the British takeover, removing France from Canadian territory, except for Saint Pierre and Miquelon at the entrance of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
The French language was relegated to second rank as far as trade and state communications were concerned. Out of necessity, the educated class learned the English language and became progressively bilingual, but the great majority of the French-speaking inhabitants continued to speak only French, and their population increased. Anglicization of the French population failed, and it became obvious that coexistence was required. In 1774, Parliament passed the Quebec Act, restoring French civil laws and abrogating the Test Act, which had been used to suppress Catholicism.[9]
Canada as a federal state[edit]
In 1791, Parliament repealed the Quebec Act and gave the king authority to divide the Canadian colony into two new provinces: Upper Canada, which later became Ontario, and Lower Canada, which became Quebec.
In 1867, three colonies of British North America agreed to form a federal state which was named Canada. It was composed of four provinces:
Ontario, formerly Upper Canada
Quebec, formerly Lower Canada
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick, former Acadian territory
In Quebec, French became again the official language; until then it was the vernacular language but with no legal status.[10][11][12]
Historical usage of the term "Canadian French"[edit]
The term Canadian French was formerly used to refer specifically to Quebec French and the closely related varieties of Ontario and Western Canada descended from it.[13] This is presumably because Canada and Acadia were distinct parts of New France, and also of British North America, until 1867. However, today the term Canadian French is not usually deemed to exclude Acadian French.
Phylogenetically, Quebec French, Métis French and Brayon French are representatives of koiné French in the Americas whereas Acadian French, Cajun French, and Newfoundland French are derivatives of non-koinesized local dialects in France.[14]
French dialects[edit]
As a consequence of geographical seclusion and, due to the British conquest, the French language in Canada presents three different but related main dialects. They share certain features which distinguish them from European French. The name Canadian French is now usually viewed as an umbrella term for all of these varieties.[citation needed]
All of these dialects mix to varying degrees elements from regional languages and folk dialects spoken in France at the time of colonization. For instance, the origins of Quebec French lie in 17th- and 18th-century Parisian French influenced by folk dialects of the early modern period and other regional languages (such as Norman, Picard, and Poitevin-Saintongeais) which French colonists brought to New France. The influence of these dialects on Acadian French is acknowledged to be stronger than on Quebec French.[citation needed] The three dialects can also be historically and geographically associated with three of the five former colonies of New France, respectively Canada, Acadia, and Terre-Neuve (Newfoundland).
In addition, there is a mixed language known as Michif which is based on Cree and French. It is spoken by Métis communities in Manitoba and Saskatchewan as well as adjacent areas of the United States.
Finally, more recent immigration (post–World War II) has brought francophone immigrants from around the world, and with them other French dialects.
Varieties[edit]
Quebec French is spoken in Quebec. Closely related varieties are spoken by francophone communities in Ontario, Western Canada, Labrador and in the New England region of the United States and differ from Quebec French primarily by their greater conservatism. The term Laurentian French has limited application as a collective label for all these varieties, and Quebec French has also been used for the entire dialect group. The overwhelming majority of francophone Canadians speak this dialect.
Acadian French is spoken by over 350,000 Acadians in parts of the Maritime Provinces, Newfoundland, the Magdalen Islands, and the Gaspé peninsula.[15]
Métis French is spoken in Manitoba and Western Canada by the Métis, descendants of First Nations mothers and voyageur fathers during the fur trade. Many Métis spoke Cree in addition to French, and over the years they developed a unique mixed language called Michif by combining Métis French nouns, numerals, articles and adjectives with Cree verbs, demonstratives, postpositions, interrogatives and pronouns. Both the Michif language and the Métis dialect of French are severely endangered.
Newfoundland French is spoken by a small population on the Port-au-Port Peninsula of Newfoundland. It is endangered — both Quebec French and Acadian French are now more widely spoken among Newfoundland francophones than the distinctive peninsular dialect.
Brayon French is spoken in the Beauce of Quebec; Edmundston, New Brunswick; and Madawaska, Maine. Although superficially a phonological descendant of Acadian French, analysis reveals it is morphosyntactically identical to Quebec French.[16] It is believed to have resulted from a localized levelling of contact dialects between Québécois and Acadian settlers.
New England French is spoken in parts of New England in the United States. Essentially a local variant of Quebec French, it is one of three major forms of French that developed in what is now the U.S., the others being Louisiana French and the nearly-extinct Missouri French. It is endangered, though its use is supported by bilingual education programs in place since 1987.[17]
Sub-varieties[edit]
There are two main sub-varieties of Canadian French. Joual is an informal variety of French spoken in working-class neighbourhoods in the province of Quebec. Chiac is a blending of Acadian French syntax and vocabulary with numerous lexical borrowings from English.
Francophones across Canada[edit]
Number of francophones by province and territory in Canada (2012)
Flag
Province/territory
Group name
Principal regions
French-speaking population
Percentage
Ontario
Franco-Ontarians
Eastern Ontario (Ottawa, Cornwall), Northeastern Ontario (Hearst, Moonbeam), Central Ontario (Penetanguishene, Tiny), Southwestern Ontario (Lakeshore, Welland, Lasalle) 561,160 4.4%
Quebec
Québécois
Regions of Quebec 8,214,000 93%
Nova Scotia
Acadians
Digby County, Richmond County, Inverness County, Yarmouth County 34,585 3.8%
New Brunswick
Acadians & Brayons
Madawaska County, Restigouche County, Gloucester County, Kent County, Westmorland County 234,410 31.6%
Manitoba
Franco-Manitobans
Winnipeg (St. Boniface, St. Vital, St. Norbert), Eastman Region, Pembina Valley Region, Central Plains Region 47,680 3.8%
British Columbia
Franco-Columbians
Greater Vancouver (Maillardville), Victoria 70,755 1.6%
Prince Edward Island
Acadians
Prince County (Evangeline Region) 5,685 4.1%
Saskatchewan
Fransaskois
Regina, Saskatoon, Gravelbourg, Albertville, Zénon Park, St. Isidore-de-Bellevue 18,935 1.9%
Alberta
Franco-Albertans
Edmonton (Bonnie Doon), Calgary, St. Paul, Bonnyville, Lac la Biche, Peace River 81,085 2.2%
Newfoundland & Labrador
Franco-Newfoundlanders
Port au Port Peninsula 3,015 0.6%
Northwest Territories
Franco-Ténois
Yellowknife, Hay River, Inuvik, Fort Smith 1,175 2.9%
Yukon
Franco-Yukonnais
Whitehorse, Dawson City 1,630 4.8%
Nunavut
Franco-Nunavois
Iqaluit 450 1.4%
Quebec[edit]
Main article: Quebec French
A Quebec French stop sign.
Quebec is the only province whose sole official language is French. Today, 81.4 percent of Quebecers are first language francophones.[18] About 95 percent of Quebecers speak French.[2] However, many of the services the provincial government provides are available in English for the sizeable anglophone population of the province (notably in Montreal). For native French speakers, Quebec French is noticeably different in pronunciation and vocabulary from the French of France, sometimes called Metropolitan French, but they are easily mutually intelligible in their formal varieties, and after moderate exposure, in most of their informal ones as well. The differences are primarily due to changes that have occurred in Quebec French and Parisian French since the 18th century, when Britain gained possession of Canada. Different regions of Quebec have their own varieties: Gaspé Peninsula, Côte-Nord, Quebec City, Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean, Outaouais, and Abitibi-Témiscamingue have differences in pronunciation as well as in vocabulary. For example, depending on one's region, the ordinary word for "kettle" can be bouilloire, bombe, or canard.
In Quebec, the French language is of paramount importance. For example, the stop signs on the roads are written ARRÊT (which has the literal meaning of "stop" in French), even if other French-speaking countries, like France, use STOP. On a similar note, movies originally made in other languages than French (mostly movies originally made in English) are more literally named in Quebec than they are in France (e.g. The movie The Love Guru is called Love Gourou in France, but in Quebec it is called Le Gourou de l'amour). Also, Québécois do not always use the same words as the French. Here are some examples:
English
Quebec French
Metropolitan French
weekend fin de semaine week-end
parking lot stationnement parking
e-mail courriel mail/courriel
spam pourriel spam
online chat clavardage chat/tchat
beverage breuvage/boisson boisson
lunch dîner déjeuner
dinner souper dîner
washing machine laveuse machine à laver
clothes dryer sécheuse sèche-linge
Use of anglicisms[edit]
Quebec French had recourse to many anglicisms, which characterize it in comparison with other varieties of French.[citation needed] The Quebec Office of the French Language’s "Banque de dépannage linguistique" distinguishes different kinds of anglicisms:[19]
The entire anglicisms are words or groups of loan words from the English Language. The form is often exactly the same as in English, e.g. : "glamour", "short" and "sweet", but sometimes there is a slight adjustment to the French language, e.g.: "drabe", which comes from the English word "drab".
The hybrid anglicisms, which are new words, a combination of an English word to which a French element is added. This element (a suffix, for instance) sometimes replaces a similar element of the English word. "Booster" is an example of hybrid anglicism: it is made up of the English verb "to boost", to which the French suffix –er is added.
Plenty of anglicisms are semantic anglicisms: they are French words used in a sense which exists in English, but not in French. Ajourner ("postpone") in the sense of "to have a break", pathétique in the sense of "miserable" or "pitiful", plancher ("floor/surface") in the sense of "floor" (level of a building) and préjudice ("harm/injury") in the sense of "(unfavorable) opinion".
The syntactic anglicisms are those relating to the word order of a sentence and the use of prepositions and conjunctions. The expression "un bon dix minutes" ("a good ten minutes"), for instance, comes from the English language; the more conventional French wording would be "dix bonnes minutes". The use of the preposition pour ("for") after the verbs demander ("ask [for]") and chercher ("search/look [for]") is also a syntactic anglicism.
The morphological anglicisms are literal translations (or calques) of the English forms. With this kind of loan words, every element comes from the French language, but what results from it as a whole reproduces, completely or partly, the image transmitted in English. The word technicalité, for instance, is formed under English influence and does not exist in standard French (which would instead use the phrasing "détail technique"). À l'année longue ("all year long"), appel conférence ("conference call") and prix de liste ("list price") are other morphological examples of anglicisms.
Finally, the sentencial anglicisms are loan set phrases or images peculiar to the English language. The expressions ajouter l'insulte à l'injure ("add insult to injury") and sonner une cloche ("ring a bell") are sentencial anglicisms.
The abundance of anglicisms in Quebec French leads some people to speak of "sabirisation" (from sabir, "pidgin"), because of the mixture of both languages. Law 101 could postpone the advance of the phenomenon or even prevent it.
In conclusion, according to Robert Dubuc's article "Régionalismes et communication" ("Regionalisms and communication"),[20] for the French-speaking community of Quebec, "il n'y a de salut hors de la maîtrise de ses moyens linguistiques dont le français commun constitue l’armature essentielle et efficace" ("there is no salvation beyond the mastery of its [the community's] linguistic means, of which common French constitutes the essential and effective weapon").
Syntactic and semantic characteristics[edit]
In general, the same norms as in common French are applied. Only certain words have a different gender. Notable from a semantic point of view are the use of the word "pis" for the conjunction "and", where "et" would be used in Metropolitan French; the word "là" to punctuate the end of a sentence or after a word; and the use of "à" instead of the possessive "de", for instance, "la maison à Jacques" for "Jacques's house".
Use of the tu form[edit]
French is a language with a T–V distinction, where different pronouns are used for polite and familiar address. Quebecers use the familiar tu form more than other dialects. This use is often qualified as the imitation of the English-speaking use of you, which is the only pronoun referring to the second person, but only in spoken language.
Atlantic Canada[edit]
Present-day Acadian communities
Historical review[edit]
The colonists living in what are now the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were principally constituted of Bretons, Normans, Basques, and Portuguese. Conquered by the English, they suffered massive deportations to the United States and France. Others went into exile to Canada or to nearby islands. Those who stayed were persecuted. At the end of the 18th century, more liberal measures granted new lands to those who had stayed, and measures were taken to promote the return of numerous exiled people from Canada and Miquelon. The number of Acadians rose rapidly, to the point of gaining representation in the Legislative Assembly.
French is one of the official languages, with English, of the province of New Brunswick. Apart from Quebec, this is the only other Canadian province that recognizes French as an official language. Approximately one-third of New Brunswickers are francophone,[18] by far the largest Acadian population in Canada.
This feeling of identity is also present in Louisiana due to the historical relationship with Cajun French. The Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODFIL) aims is to develop, to use, and to preserve the French language as it exists in Louisiana.[21]
The Acadian community is concentrated in primarily rural areas along the border with Quebec and the eastern coast of the province. Francophones in the Madawaska area may also be identified as Brayon, although sociologists have disputed whether the Brayons represent a distinct francophone community, a subgroup of the Acadians or an extraprovincial community of Québécois. The only major Acadian population centre is Moncton, home to the main campus of the Université de Moncton. Francophones are, however, in the minority in Moncton.
In addition to New Brunswick, Acadian French has speakers in portions of mainland Quebec and in the Atlantic provinces of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. In these provinces, the percentage of francophones is much smaller than in New Brunswick. In some communities, French is an endangered language.
Origins of the dialect[edit]
Linguists do not agree about the origin of Acadian French. Acadian French is influenced by the langues d'oïl. The dialect contains, among other features, the alveolar r and the pronunciation of the final syllable in the plural form of the verb in the third person. But Acadia is the only place outside Jersey (a Channel Island close to mainland Normandy) where Jèrriais speakers can be found.[22]
Some characteristics[edit]
The variety of French spoken in Atlantic Canada possesses features that differ from Quebec French.
According to Wiesmath (2006),[23] some characteristics of Acadian are:
The verbal ending -ont in the third person plural
Palatalization of /k/ and /ɡ/ to [tʃ] and [dʒ], respectively
A featured called "l'ouisme" where bonne is pronounced [bun]
These features typically occur in older speech.
Yves Cormier's Dictionnaire du français acadien (ComiersAcad)[24] includes the majority of Acadian regionalisms. From a syntactic point of view, a major feature is the use of je both for the first person singular and for the third plural; the same phenomenon takes place with i for the third persons. Acadian still differentiates the vous form from the tu form.
However, because of contact with francophones from other parts of Canada, the distinctive characteristics of Acadian French have been progressively weakened.[25]
In addition, English has influenced Acadian French through the borrowing of words, many of which used to be French words used in the English language.
Ontario[edit]
Although French is the native language of just over half a million Canadians in Ontario, francophone Ontarians represent only 4.4 percent of the province's population. They are concentrated primarily in the Eastern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario regions, near the border with Quebec, although they are also present in smaller numbers throughout the province. Forty percent of Franco-Ontarians no longer speak the language at home. However, Ottawa is the city which counts the biggest number of Franco-Ontarians. The Franco-Ontarians are originally from a first wave of immigration from France, from a second wave from Quebec. The third wave comes from Quebec, but also from Haiti, Europe, Africa, Vietnam, etc.
The province has no official language defined in law, although it is a largely English-speaking province. Ontario law requires that the provincial Legislative Assembly operate in both English and French (individuals can speak in the Assembly in the official language of their choice), and requires that all provincial statutes and bills be made available in both English and French. Furthermore, under the French Language Services Act, individuals are entitled to communicate with the head or central office of any provincial government department or agency in French, as well as to receive all government services in French in 25 designated areas in the province, selected according to minority population criteria. The provincial government of Ontario's website is bilingual. Residents of Ottawa, Toronto, Windsor, Sudbury and Timmins can receive services from their municipal government in the official language of their choice.
There are also several French-speaking communities on military bases in Ontario, such as the one at CFB Trenton. These communities have been founded by francophone Canadians in the Canadian Forces who live together in military residences.[26][27]
Franco-Ontarian[edit]
The term Franco-Ontarian accepts two interpretations. According to the first one, it includes all French speakers of Ontario, wherever they come from. According to second one, it includes all French Canadians born in Ontario, whatever their level of French is.[28]
The modern Franco-Ontarian language is close to Quebec French with some rare exceptions of expressions and pronunciations. Once again, the influence of English can be noted, with a big recourse to tonic stresses, but nevertheless a French vocabulary is still used. According to Michel Laurier (1989),[29] the semantic and stylistic value of the use of the subjunctive is progressively disappearing. In the article «Le français canadien parlé hors Québec : aperçu sociolinguistique » (1989),[30] Edward Berniak and Raymond Mougeon underline some characteristics:
the use of the possessive à
the transfer of rules from English to French, e.g., « J’ai vu un film sur/à la télévision » which comes from « I saw a film on television », or « Je vais à la maison/chez moi » coming from "I'm going home".
the loaning of English conjunctions, for instance, "so" for ça fait que or alors.
The use of French among Franco-Ontarians is in decline due to the omnipresence of the English language in a lot of fields.
Newfoundland[edit]
Historical review[edit]
The island is discovered by Jean Cabot in 1497. Newfoundland is annexed by England in 1583. It is the first British possession in North America. In 1610, the Frenchmen become established in the peninsula of Avalon and go to war against the Englishmen. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht acknowledges the sovereignty of the Englishmen. The origin of Franco-Newfoundlanders is double: the first ones to arrive are especially of Breton origin, attracted by the fishing possibilities. Then, from the 19th century, the Acadians who came from the Cape Breton Island and from the Magdalen Islands, an archipelago of nine small islands belonging to Quebec, become established. Up to the middle of the 20th century, Breton fishers, who had Breton as their mother tongue, but who had been educated in French came to settle. This Breton presence can explain differences between the Newfoundland French and the Acadian French. In the 1970s, the French language appears in the school of Cape St-George in the form of a bilingual education. In the 1980s, classes of French for native French speakers are organized there.[6][31]
Characteristics of French of Newfoundland[edit]
According to Patrice Brasseur’s articles « Les Représentations linguistiques des francophones de la péninsule de Port-au-Port » (2007)[32] and « Quelques aspects de la situation linguistique dans la communauté franco-terreneuvienne » (1995)[33] as well as according to the French Academy, some characteristics of French in Newfoundland can be kept in mind:
the affrication of [k], noted tch or, most often, ch (with the frequent examples of cœur and quinze and cuiller and cuisine),
the widespread use of English terms,
the progressive extinction of the subjunctive form
the use of septante, octante, and nonante
Western Canada[edit]
Manitoba also has a significant Franco-Manitoban community, centred especially in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg, but also in numerous surrounding towns. The provincial government of Manitoba boasts the only bilingual website of the Prairies; the Canadian constitution makes French an official language in Manitoba for the legislature and courts. Saskatchewan also has a Fransaskois community, as does Alberta with its Franco-Albertans, and British Columbia hosts the Franco-Columbians.
Michif, a dialect of French originating in Western Canada, is a unique mixed language derived from Cree and French. It is spoken by a small number of Métis living mostly in Manitoba and in North Dakota.
Northern Canada[edit]
French is an official language in each of the three northern territories: the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut. Francophones in the Yukon are called Franco-Yukonnais, those from the Northwest Territories, Franco-Ténois (from the French acronym for the Northwest Territories, T.N.-O.), and those in Nunavut, Franco-Nunavois.
French-speaking communities in Canada outside of Quebec[edit]
Franco-Ontarians (or Ontarois)
Acadians (in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island; also present in portions of Quebec and Newfoundland)
Franco-Manitobans
Fransaskois (in Saskatchewan)
Franco-Albertans
Franco-Columbians
Franco-Terreneuviens
Franco-Ténois (in the Northwest Territories)
Franco-Yukon(n)ais (in the Yukon)
Franco-Nunavois (in Nunavut)
See also[edit]
Official bilingualism in Canada
French language in the United States
French language
French phonology
Languages of Canada
Quebec French lexicon
French Canadian
Quebec French
Acadian French
Metis French
Michif language
American French
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. August 2, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-555/T402-eng.cfm?Lang=E&T=402&GH=4&SC=1&S=99&O=A Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data
Jump up ^ "Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)". Act current to July 11th, 2010. Department of Justice. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
Jump up ^ OLF Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b Atlas Universalis (1996), Tome 2, p. 57
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996), Tome 5, p. 23
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996) Tome 4, pp. 837-838
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996) Tome 4, pp. 838-839
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996) Tome 4, pp. 840-842
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996) Tome 19, pp. 397-404
Jump up ^ BOURHIS Richard Y. et LEPICQ Dominique (1993), Québécois French and language issues in Québec, dans "Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology : Bilingualism and Linguistic Conflict in Romance", ed. par Rebecca Posner, John N. Green, Mouton De this is a joke Gruyter, Berlin; New-York.[1]. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Francard and Latin, in Le régionalisme lexical, write:
"Le français du Québec a rayonné en Ontario et dans l'ouest du Canada, de même qu'en Nouvelle-Angleterre. [...] Le français québécois et le français acadien peuvent être regroupés sous l'appellation plus large de français canadien2, laquelle englobe aussi le français ontarien et le français de l'Ouest canadien. Ces deux derniers possèdent des traits caractéristiques qui leur sont propres aujourd'hui dans l'ensemble canadien et qui s'expliquent surtout par un phénomène de conservatisme, mais il s'agit de variétés qui sont historiquement des prolongements du français québécois.
2Il faut noter ici que le terme de «français canadien» avait autrefois un sens plus restreint, désignant le français du Québec et les variétés qui s'y rattachent directement, d'où l'emploi à cette époque de «canadianisme» pour parler d'un trait caractéristique du français du Québec."
Jump up ^ Robert Fournier & Henri Wittmann. 1995. Le français des Amériques. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières.
Jump up ^ Ethnologue report for Canada
Jump up ^ Geddes, James (1908). Study of the Acadian-French language spoken on the north shore of the Baie-des-Chaleurs. Halle: Niemeyer; Wittmann, Henri (1995) "Grammaire comparée des variétés coloniales du français populaire de Paris du 17e siècle et origines du français québécois." in Fournier, Robert & Henri Wittmann. Le français des Amériques. Trois-Rivières: Presses universitaires de Trois-Rivières, 281–334.[2]
Jump up ^ Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308. ISBN 0-89925-356-3. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Profile of languages in Canada: Provinces and territories. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Office québécois de la langue française. "Anglicismes". Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Boisvert, Lionel (1986). La lexicographie québécoise: bilan et perspectives. Les presses de l'Université Laval. il n’y a de salut hors de la maîtrise de ses moyens linguistiques dont le français commun constitue l’armature essentielle et efficace. [2]. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Landry, Nicolas (2001). Histoire de l'Acadie. Québec: Septentrion. [3]. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996), Thésaurus A-C, p. 24
Jump up ^ Wiesmath, Raphaële (2006). Le français acadien: analyse syntaxique d'un corpus oral recueilli au Nouveau-Brunswick, Canada. l'Hamalthan. [4]. Accessed 05 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Cormier, Yves (2009). Dictionnaire du français acadien. Fides, Editions. . Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Valdman, Albert (1997). French and Creole in Louisiana. New-York: Premium Press. . Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Statistiques Canada. "Population dont le français est la langue parlée le plus souvent à la maison, Canada, Provinces, territoires et Canada moins le Québec, 1996 à 2006". Retrieved 4 November 2013.
Jump up ^ David Block; Heller Monica (2002). Globalization and language teaching. Taylor and Francis Group.
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996), Thésaurus K-M, p. 2638
Jump up ^ Laurier, Michel (1989). Le subjonctif dans le parler franco-ontarien : un mode en voie de disparition ?. Université Carleton. [5]. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Alain (1989). La variabilité en français ontarien. Canada: Les presses de l'Université de Laval.
Jump up ^ Atlas Universalis (1996), Tome 4, pp. 840-842
Jump up ^ Brasseur, Patrice. "Les Représentations linguistiques des francophones de la péninsule de Port-au-Port". Glottopol, Revue de sociolinguistique en ligne. 9: 66–79. [6] Archived 24 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Brasseur, Patrice (1995). "Quelques aspects de la situation linguistique dans la communauté franco-terreneuvienne". Etudes canadiennes/ Canadian Studies. 39: 103–117. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2011. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) . Retrieved 5 May 2011.
External links[edit]
"French language: Canadian French today" The Canadian Encyclopedia. Toronto: Hurtig Publishers.
Canadian French - English Dictionary
2001 Census: Language
Office québécois de la langue française
Grand dictionnaire terminologique
Salon Québécois Internet's Largest Canadian French Glossary
hide
v
t
e
Geographical distribution of French speakers
Algeria
Cambodia
Canada
Canadian French
Laos
Lebanon
Morocco
United States
Louisiana
Vietnam
French language and French-speaking world portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_language_in_Canada&oldid=863513296"
Categories:
French language in Canada
French dialects
National dialects of French
French Canada
Canadian culture
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Languages without Glottolog code
Language articles with IETF language tag
Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code
Language articles without reference field
Use dmy dates from May 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Articles containing French-language text
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Français
Հայերեն
Norsk
Русский
தமிழ்
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2018, at 07:29 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:130%; color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;

value: td

values: text-align:center;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;

attrs: scope style

values: text-align:center;color: black; background-color:  #c9ffd9;

values:
/wiki/Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_French
mw-redirect
Québécois French

values:
/wiki/Cajun_French
mw-redirect
Cajun French

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: The evolution of the French language in Canada

values:
/wiki/Habitation_at_Port-Royal
mw-redirect
Habitation at Port-Royal

values: Compagnie des Habitants (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Reformed_Church
mw-redirect
Reformed Church

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht
mw-redirect
Treaty of Utrecht

values:
/wiki/Father_Rale%27s_War
mw-redirect
Father Rale's War

values:
/wiki/Vernacular_language
mw-redirect
Vernacular language

values: Edit section: Historical usage of the term "Canadian French"

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/O%C3%AFl_languages
mw-redirect
Oïl languages

values:
/wiki/Poitevin_(language)
mw-redirect
Poitevin (language)

values:
/wiki/Canada,_New_France
mw-redirect
Canada, New France

values:
/wiki/Colony_of_Newfoundland
mw-redirect
Colony of Newfoundland

values:
/wiki/Michif_language
mw-redirect
Michif language

values:
/wiki/French_dialects
mw-redirect
French dialects

values:
/wiki/Maritime_Provinces
mw-redirect
Maritime Provinces

values:
/wiki/Gasp%C3%A9_peninsula
mw-redirect
Gaspé peninsula

values:
/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)
mw-redirect
Métis people (Canada)

values: Edit section: Francophones across Canada

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Lasalle,_Ontario
mw-redirect
Lasalle, Ontario

values:
/wiki/Inverness_County
mw-redirect
Inverness County

values:
/wiki/Yarmouth_County
mw-redirect
Yarmouth County

values:
/wiki/St._Boniface,_Manitoba
mw-redirect
St. Boniface, Manitoba

values:
/wiki/Edmonton_Capital_Region
mw-redirect
Edmonton Capital Region

values:
/wiki/Bonnyville,_AB
mw-redirect
Bonnyville, AB

values:
/wiki/Newfoundland_%26_Labrador
mw-redirect
Newfoundland & Labrador

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
font-size:92%; margin:auto;

values:
/wiki/English-speaking_Quebecer
mw-redirect
English-speaking Quebecer

values:
/wiki/Parisian_French
mw-redirect
Parisian French

values:
/wiki/Outaouais_(region)
mw-redirect
Outaouais (region)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)

values: Edit section: Syntactic and semantic characteristics

values:
/wiki/Legislative_Assembly
mw-redirect
Legislative Assembly

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Forces
mw-redirect
Canadian Forces

values:
/wiki/Peninsula_of_Avalon
mw-redirect
Peninsula of Avalon

values:
/wiki/Breton_people
mw-redirect
Breton people

values: Edit section: Characteristics of French of Newfoundland

values:
/wiki/French_Academy
mw-redirect
French Academy

values:
/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba
mw-redirect
Winnipeg, Manitoba

values:
/wiki/Metis_(people)
mw-redirect
Metis (people)

values: Edit section: French-speaking communities in Canada outside of Quebec

values:
/wiki/Yukon_Territory
mw-redirect
Yukon Territory

values:
/wiki/French_Canadian
mw-redirect
French Canadian

values:
/wiki/Metis_French
mw-redirect
Metis French

values:
nofollow
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://scholar.google.com/
external autonumber

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Encyclopedia
mw-redirect
Canadian Encyclopedia

values:
nofollow
http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.granddictionnaire.com/
external text

values: Template:Geographical distribution of French speakers

values: Template talk:Geographical distribution of French speakers (page does not exist)

values: Geographical distribution of French speakers

values: List of Louisiana parishes by French-speaking population

values: Portal:French language and French-speaking world

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Languages without Glottolog code

values: Category:Language articles with IETF language tag

values: Category:Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code

values: Category:Language articles without reference field

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/French_language_in_Canada
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: Ֆրանսերենը Կանադայում – Armenian

values: Французский язык в Канаде – Russian

values: கனடாவில் பிரெஞ்சு மொழி – Tamil

values: Французька мова в Канаді – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-French_language_in_Canada rootpage-French_language_in_Canada skin-vector action-view


text:
Baby, You're a Rich Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Baby, You're a Rich Man"
US picture sleeve (reverse)
Single by the Beatles
A-side
"All You Need Is Love"
Released
7 July 1967
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
11 May 1967
Olympic Sound Studios, London
Genre
Psychedelic pop,[1] psychedelic rock[2]
Length
3:03
Label
Parlophone, Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
The Beatles singles chronology
"Strawberry Fields Forever" / "Penny Lane"
(1967) Strawberry Fields ForeverPenny Lane1967 "All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
(1967) All You Need Is LoveBaby, You're a Rich Man1967 "Hello, Goodbye"
(1967) Hello, Goodbye1967
"Baby, You're a Rich Man" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released in July 1967 as the B-side of their "All You Need Is Love" single. It originated from an unfinished song by John Lennon, titled "One of the Beautiful People", to which Paul McCartney added a chorus. The song was recorded and mixed at Olympic Sound Studios in London, making it the first of the Beatles' EMI recordings to be entirely created outside EMI Studios. The track features a monophonic keyboard instrument known as a clavioline, which Lennon played on its oboe setting, creating a sound that suggests an Indian shehnai. The lyrics address the "beautiful people" of the 1960s hippie movement. The song has also invited interpretation as a message to the Beatles' manager, Brian Epstein, and alternatively as a comment on fame.
"Baby, You're a Rich Man" peaked at number 34 on America's Billboard Hot 100 chart. A month after its release, George Harrison performed the song during his visit to Haight-Ashbury in San Francisco, during the height of the Summer of Love. The track also appeared on the Beatles' Magical Mystery Tour album and in a sequence in their 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine. Although the song was not included on the soundtrack album for the latter film, a new mix of the track appeared on the expanded 1999 release, Yellow Submarine Songtrack.
Among reviewers' varied comments on the song, Billboard admired it as "an Eastern-flavored rocker with an infectious beat and an intricate lyric",[3] while Pitchfork Media has dismissed it as "a second-rate take on John Lennon's money-isn't-everything theme".[4] In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked "Baby, You're a Rich Man" at number 68 on its list of the "100 Greatest Beatles Songs".
Contents
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Recording
4 Release
5 Critical reception
6 Remixes, further releases and cover versions
7 Personnel
8 Notes
9 References
10 Sources
11 External links
Background[edit]
That's a combination of two separate pieces ... put together and forced into one song. One half was all mine. [Sings] "How does it feel to be one of the beautiful people, now that you know who you are, da da da da." Then Paul comes in with [sings] "Baby, you're a rich man," which was a lick he had around.[5]
– John Lennon, 1980
"Baby, You're a Rich Man" was the result of combining two unfinished songs written by Lennon and McCartney,[6] in a similar fashion to "A Day in the Life" and "I've Got a Feeling".[7][8] The working title, based on Lennon's verses, was "One of the Beautiful People",[8] to which McCartney added the "Baby, you're a rich man" chorus.[9] In a 1980 interview, Lennon described it as "two separate pieces ... forced into one song".[5] The two songwriters worked on the composition at McCartney's London home, on Cavendish Avenue in St John's Wood.[10]
During the 1960s, "beautiful people" was the term adopted by Californian hippies to refer to themselves.[11] According to author Barry Miles, who was among the leading figures in the UK underground in 1967,[12] Lennon drew inspiration for the song from newspaper articles on the emerging hippie phenomenon.[13] It is thought that McCartney wrote his section about the band's manager, Brian Epstein.[14] Lennon's lyrics are in the form of a question-and-answer exchange, similar to that used by him and McCartney in "With a Little Help from My Friends". Musicologist Walter Everett writes that the song "asks an unnamed Brian Epstein what it's like to be one of the 'beautiful people'"; Everett adds: "This appellation was used of both communal hippies and those who mingle with the most celebrated entertainers."[15] Another interpretation is that the "Beautiful People" verses were meant as a "tip of the hat" to Epstein for finally taking the psychedelic drug LSD. Lennon claimed, however, that the meaning of the song was that everybody is a rich man,[16] saying, "The point was stop moaning. You're a rich man and we're all rich men ..."[14] George Harrison said that the message of the song was that all individuals are wealthy within themselves, regardless of material concerns.[17][nb 1]
According to author and critic Ian MacDonald, Lennon was most likely inspired to write the verses after attending the first recognised coming together of Britain's "beautiful people" – an all-night festival known as the 14 Hour Technicolor Dream, held at Alexandra Palace in north London on 29 April 1967.[19] Writing in 1981 on the musical and societal developments of 1967, sociomusicologist Simon Frith said that this event was one of the "multi-media happenings" that reflected the new aesthetic represented by English psychedelia, whereby "Dancing became less important than listening" and fashion embraced vivid colours while retaining "the mod concern for looking smart". Frith added: "Psychedelia was essentially elitist but the joy of psychedelic pop was that it made everyone part of the elite."[20]
Composition[edit]
The song's principal key is G major in Mixolydian mode, and the time signature throughout is 4/4.[21][22] Its structure comprises an intro, two verses and a chorus, followed by a third verse and repeated choruses.[22] From its opening chord of G major, the verses introduce a ♭VII/I (Fadd9/G), a chord change that constitutes a pedal point on G (sustained harmonic tone)[23] and so recalls some of the Beatles' Indian-inspired melodies from Revolver.[15] Among musicologists, Everett says that from the seventh bar of the verse, C major is revealed as the true key, whereas Alan Pollack writes that the emphasis given to C major at the end of the musical phrases instead suggests "a perilously high center of gravity with respect to G being the home key".[22][nb 2] The Indian influence is heightened on the band's recording of the song through the use of gamak melodies in the accompaniment.[15] Pollack considers a notable feature in the chorus to be the bass move from C to G via a ♭III (B♭).[22] According to MacDonald, the song's loose, swinging rhythm, which he describes as "chugging pseudo-march", suggests the influence of the Four Tops' 1966 hit single "Reach Out I'll Be There".[17][nb 3]
Author and critic Kenneth Womack comments that the lyrics appear to "address issues of wealth and celebrity" for listeners unfamiliar with the countercultural concept of "beautiful people".[25] The song reflects the Beatles' disdain for consumerism and materialism, a theme introduced in the lyrics to Revolver tracks such as "And Your Bird Can Sing". Authors Russell Reisling and Jim LeBlanc highlight the lines "You keep all your money in a big brown bag inside a zoo / What a thing to do" as particularly dismissive of the acquisition and hoarding of material wealth.[26] The same authors recognise an element of ridicule towards some of the "beautiful people", specifically those that, in Lennon's words, travel no further than "As far as the eye can see" and, even then, see "Nothing that doesn't show".[27] Music critic Tim Riley identifies a droll quality in the answers that Lennon provides to his own questions. With regard to the song's message, he writes: "It's clear that they understand their position: if the Beatles are beautiful people, by extension their listeners become beautiful people ('Baby, you're a rich man, too')."[28]
Recording[edit]
The Beatles recorded the song at Olympic Sound Studios. According to author Mark Lewisohn, "Baby, You're a Rich Man" was "the first Beatles song to be recorded and mixed for record entirely outside of [EMI Studios]".[29]
The recording of "Baby, You're a Rich Man" took place during a period when, free of deadlines following the completion of their album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in April 1967, the Beatles worked on songs for the United Artists animated film Yellow Submarine and for what became the band's television film Magical Mystery Tour.[30] They recorded "Baby, You're a Rich Man" in a six-hour session, starting at 9 pm on 11 May, at Olympic Sound Studios in Barnes, south-west London.[31][32] The session marked a rare example of the Beatles recording outside of EMI's facility at Abbey Road, after the band had briefly used Regent Sound in central London during the sessions for Sgt. Pepper.[33] The engineers assisting George Martin, the Beatles' producer, were Olympic manager Keith Grant and Eddie Kramer.[29] Mick Jagger, whose band the Rolling Stones regularly used the same studio,[34][35] also attended the session.[29]
The song was mixed, in mono only,[15] that same day.[36] The music features an unusual oboe-like sound reminiscent of an Indian shehnai,[10] which was created with a clavioline,[37] an early, three-octave forerunner of the synthesizer.[29] Being a monophonic keyboard, it was only capable of sounding one note at a time;[38] according to music journalist Gordon Reid, citing a report from the session, Lennon created the trill sound "by rolling an orange up and down the keyboard" of the clavioline.[39] A feed back delay effect known as spin-echo was used to fill from the end of one line of the verse to the start of the next.[40] After Lennon had played piano on the basic track, McCartney overdubbed a second part, which enters at 1:45[15] and is heard in reverse over the third verse.[41] In its doubling of the vocal line, Harrison's lead guitar mirrors the role of a sarangi in an Indian khyal vocal piece,[42] an effect that Harrison first used on Lennon's song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".[43][44]
Following the completion of Sgt. Pepper in late April 1967, the Beatles' recording sessions for the remainder of that year have been dismissed as uninspired by the majority of commentators.[45][nb 4] Kramer contests this view, however; he says of the Beatles' collaboration on "Baby, You're a Rich Man": "The energy level was so intense … that you were riding wave upon wave of amazing creativity. It was like watching a well-oiled machine. Just incredible."[45] According to another Olympic staff engineer, Grant and Kramer were highly complimentary of Lennon as a vocalist[10] and "couldn't believe anyone could sing that well".[29] Aside from the clavioline part, overdubs on the track included maracas and tambourine, and vibraphone played by Kramer.[48] Only a single note of the vibraphone is clearly audible throughout the track,[49] at the 0:53 mark.[15] McCartney recalled the six-hour session as an energetic one and "rather exciting", adding: "Keith Grant mixed it, instantly, right there. He stood up at the console as he mixed it, so it was a very exciting mix, we were really quite buzzed."[50][nb 5]
During the session, Lennon changed a line in the chorus to "Baby, you're a rich fag jew".[17] According to author Bob Spitz, this was either a joke at the expense of Epstein or a provocation in reaction to the band's former moptop image.[52] Spitz writes that the session tapes also reveal Lennon improvising similarly "wicked" remarks about McCartney, Ringo Starr and Jagger.[53] Partly as a result of these disruptions, the Beatles required twelve takes before they achieved a satisfactory rhythm track.[54] Having enjoyed working at Olympic Sound, the group returned to Barnes on 14 June[55] to record the basic track for "All You Need Is Love".[56][57][nb 6]
Release[edit]
"Baby, You're a Rich Man" was initially submitted for inclusion in Yellow Submarine.[29][62] While the song was used in the film, its initial release was as the B-side of "All You Need Is Love",[63] which the Beatles performed on the Our World satellite broadcast on 25 June 1967[64] and then rush-released as a single.[65][66] The release took place on 7 July in the United Kingdom and on 17 July in the United States.[67][68] "All You Need Is Love" topped singles charts in many countries around the world.[66] In the United States, the B-side also charted in its own right, peaking at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100[69] and number 60 on the Cash Box Top 100.[70] In Australia, it was listed with "All You Need Is Love", as a double A-side, when the single topped the Go-Set national chart.[71]
Peace symbol drawn on a walkway at Hippie Hill in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. Harrison busked the song at the hill during his visit to Haight-Ashbury in August 1967.
Further to Sgt. Pepper, which was issued in June 1967, the single provided a soundtrack to that year's Summer of Love.[62][72] Following its release, the band members pursued interests related to the same utopian-based ideology.[73] First, at Lennon's insistence, the Beatles spent a week in the Aegean Sea off Greece, searching for an island that could serve as a commune for themselves, their families and members of their inner circle.[73][74][nb 7] In a 1970 interview, when asked about Haight-Ashbury, the district of San Francisco that represented "the city of the beautiful people" in 1967,[76] Lennon recalled that he was "all for going and living" there, but "George went over in the end."[77] On 7 August, Harrison and a small entourage[78] visited Haight-Ashbury to experience the atmosphere in the centre of the counterculture's hippie movement.[79][80] When handed an acoustic guitar in Golden Gate Park,[81] Harrison briefly performed "Baby, You're a Rich Man",[82] leading a crowd around in a manner that press reports likened to the Pied Piper of Hamelin.[62][83] Although the visit was viewed as the Beatles' endorsement of a youth movement that they had helped to inspire,[81] Harrison was disappointed at how Haight-Ashbury represented a haven for dropouts and drug addicts, rather than a community looking to explore the possibility of enlightenment that LSD presented.[80] On his return to London, he shared this disillusionment with Lennon.[84] The pair subsequently became avid supporters of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's Transcendental Meditation technique,[85][86] after the Beatles had attended a seminar by the Maharishi in Bangor, Wales, where they publicly disavowed LSD.[87]
Contrary to the Beatles' wishes, Capitol Records, EMI's North American affiliate, included "Baby You're a Rich Man" and other tracks from the band's 1967 singles on the US album Magical Mystery Tour, released in November that year.[88][nb 8] In the company's rush to prepare the album, a duophonic (or "mock stereo") mix of the song[93] was used for the stereo version of the LP.[88] While the song was featured in the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, it was not included on the accompanying soundtrack album.[29][10] The sequence for "Baby, You're a Rich Man" appears towards the end of the film, when Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band have been released from the paralysis initiated by the Blue Meanies' hatred of music.[53] Later editions of the US single include a voice saying the end of the word "Seven" or "Eleven" before the track starts.[49]
Critical reception[edit]
Writing in the NME in July 1967, Derek Johnson recognised the song's "modern" qualities, relative to the sing-along style of the A-side. He highlighted Lennon's falsetto singing, the recording's "Oriental instrumentation and … unusual shuffle beat, emphasised by handclaps", and concluded: "The whole effect is startling and packed with interest from the word go."[94][95] Billboard's reviewer described it as "an Eastern-flavored rocker with an infectious beat and an intricate lyric".[3] In one of the first cultural essays to acknowledge the Beatles' impact on American culture in a meaningful way, for the journal Partisan Review,[96] Richard Poirier cited both sides of the single as a "particularly brilliant example" of how contemporary British rock bands had "restor[ed] to good standing ... the simplicities that have frightened us into irony and the search for irony".[97] He described the musical backing on "Baby, You're a Rich Man" as "bursts of sitar music and the clip-clopping of Indian song", which combined to "operate in the manner of classical allusion in Pope", and he admired the lyrics' satirical quality as superior to Lennon's Lear-inspired poetry writing.[98][nb 9]
Nobody thought that Baby You're A Rich Man was about money. And how did it feel to be one of the beautiful people? When we listened to The Beatles, we all were … This music was nothing if not inclusive.[101]
– Music critic Charles Shaar Murray, 2002
In his feature article on the clavioline for Sound on Sound magazine, Gordon Reid pairs the song with the Tornados' 1962 hit "Telstar" as the two seminal pop recordings made with the instrument.[39] In his assessment of "Baby, You're a Rich Man", Ian MacDonald welcomes the use of clavioline, saying that it evokes "a beguiling joss-stick exoticism", and he praises Starr's drumming as the equal of his performance on the song "Rain".[102] MacDonald bemoans the lack of focus evident in this and other Beatles recordings from the immediate post-Sgt. Pepper period, however; he says that, while "Baby, You're a Rich Man" demonstrates the band's command of musical "feel" and "black-white acid-dance fusion" a year ahead of the Rolling Stones, McCartney's choruses are weak and, overall, the song is devoid of "well-crafted music".[103] Tim Riley says that the July 1967 single offers two pieces that are "Not such bad notions in themselves, except that they sound spent."[104] Riley criticises the song's lyrics as "lacking in purpose" and says that, although the "snake-charming Clavioline" provides a degree of interest, "There's no center to this music … 'Help!' and 'Drive My Car' addressed the fallacies of fame from cynical impulses; 'Baby, You're a Rich Man' flounders in privileged emptiness."[28]
Writing for Mojo in 2003, Martin O'Gorman paired "Baby, You're a Rich Man" with Harrison "It's All Too Much" as two of the Beatles' "most sonically intriguing, but unfocused tracks".[105] In a 2009 review of Magical Mystery Tour, Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media dismissed the song as "a second-rate take on John Lennon's money-isn't-everything theme from the considerably stronger 'And Your Bird Can Sing'". He added that it was "the one lesser moment on an otherwise massively rewarding [album]".[4] Dan Caffrey of Consequence of Sound writes that, while it lacks the wholly universal scope of other songs by the band, "it's a nice little Lennon morality ditty on the perils of materialism with some innovative work with the clavioline from Lennon."[106] Music critic Jim DeRogatis considers the track to be one of the Beatles' best psychedelic rock songs and an effective comment on Britain's first major countercultural happening.[107] In 2010, "Baby, You're a Rich Man" was ranked at number 68 in Rolling Stone's list of the 100 greatest Beatles songs.[16] The magazine's editors wrote: "Lennon's deeply stoned delivery and abstract questions about 'the beautiful people' captured the playfully spaced-out mood of the summer of 1967 – a spirit the Beatles were more tapped into than anyone."[108]
Remixes, further releases and cover versions[edit]
George Martin and recording engineer Geoff Emerick created the first true stereo mix of the song when preparing a 1971 German release of the Magical Mystery Tour album. Unable to recreate the spin-echo effect that had been introduced at the mixing stage of the original recording, they simply omitted it.[40] The mix was completed on 22 October 1971.[88] It was first made available in Britain in December 1981, when "Baby, You're a Rich Man" was included on a bonus EP containing previously unissued stereo mixes[109] in the box set The Beatles EP Collection.[15]
"Baby, You're a Rich Man" was mixed in stereo for a second time (again omitting the spin-echo effect) for the 1999 DVD release of the Yellow Submarine film and the accompanying Yellow Submarine Songtrack album.[49] Portions of Lennon's clavioline part appear in the Love version of "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", released in 2006.[110] In 2009, remastered stereo (per 1971) and mono (per 1967) Magical Mystery Tour album CDs were released.[111] The song plays at the end of The Social Network, a 2010 film directed by David Fincher about the rise of Facebook.[53]
American rappers the Fat Boys performed "Baby, You're a Rich Man" in the 1987 comedy film Disorderlies.[112][113] In their song "The Beautiful", from the 1991 album Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience, hip-hop duo P.M. Dawn incorporated the "How does it feel to be one of the beautiful people?" lyric[114] and, having been denied permission to sample the Beatles' recording, replicated part of the music from "Baby, You're a Rich Man".[115] The song has also been covered by Kula Shaker, the Presidents of the United States of America[9] and Umphrey's McGee.[116]
Personnel[edit]
According to Mark Lewisohn[29] and Ian MacDonald:[117]
The Beatles
John Lennon – double-tracked lead vocal, piano, clavioline
Paul McCartney – backing vocals, bass, piano
George Harrison – backing vocals, rhythm guitar,[9] lead guitar,[10] handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, maracas, handclaps
Additional musicians
Eddie Kramer – vibraphone
Mick Jagger – backing vocals[nb 10]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Speaking about the song in 1987, Harrison said that, given the Beatles' influence during the 1960s, "the idea was to show that we, being rich and famous and having all these experiences, had realized that there was a greater thing to be got out of life – and what's the point of having that on your own? You want all your friends and everyone else to do it, too."[18]
Jump up ^ Pollack also recognises the sustained G note in the bass line, despite the chord change, which creates "the drone-like harmonic style of songs such as 'Rain'".[22]
Jump up ^ Following the Beatles' decision to retire from touring in 1966, Epstein had organised for the Four Tops to play at one of his pop presentations at the Saville Theatre, shortly before "Reach Out I'll Be There" topped the UK charts. He went on to present their UK tour the following year.[24]
Jump up ^ According to the group's recording historian, Mark Lewisohn, their efforts "display a startling lack of cohesion and enthusiasm",[46] while MacDonald cites the band members' drug intake and over-reliance on random events for inspiration.[47]
Jump up ^ Grant's time-conscious approach as the recording engineer contributed to the efficiency of the session.[51] He told Lewisohn in 1987, "I'm a terrible pusher on sessions", and recalled the Beatles telling him that they usually worked at a "much more leisurely pace".[29]
Jump up ^ As a further example of the closeness between the Rolling Stones, particularly Jagger, and the Beatles at this time,[58][59] Jagger, Keith Richards and Marianne Faithfull were among the crowd of friends who sang on "All You Need Is Love".[60] Lennon and McCartney also contributed vocals to the Stones' single "We Love You",[61] which was recorded at Olympic in mid June 1967.[59]
Jump up ^ In the Beatles' 1995 Anthology television series, "Baby, You're a Rich Man" plays over footage of this visit to the Greek islands.[75]
Jump up ^ In Britain and other markets, Magical Mystery Tour was originally a double EP release, consisting only of the songs from the television film.[89] Because of the difficulty in marketing EPs in the US, Capitol expanded the content to form an LP,[88][90] with the non-album singles tracks filling side two.[91][92]
Jump up ^ According to author Jonathan Bellman, Poirier's comments also had an adverse effect on the public's perception of Transcendental Meditation, which became inadvertently linked with rock music, the sitar and LSD.[99] Poirier said that whereas the Beatles' "sitar music" on Sgt. Pepper had represented India in the form of the Bhagavad Gita, on "Baby, You're a Rich Man" it evoked "another India, of fabulous riches, the India of the British and their Maharajahs, a place for exotic travel, but also for josh sticks and the otherworldliness of 'the trip'".[100]
Jump up ^ Jagger's name appears on a session tape box,[36] possibly indicating that he provided backing vocals near the end of the song.[29][117]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Borack 2007, p. 3.
Jump up ^ DeRogatis 2003, p. 48.
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard Review Panel (15 July 1967). "Spotlight Singles". Billboard. p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Plagenhoef, Scott (9 September 2009). "The Beatles: Magical Mystery Tour Album Review". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheff 2000, p. 184.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, p. 57.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, pp. 370–371.
^ Jump up to: a b Turner 1999, p. 138.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fontenot, Robert (3 March 2017). "The Beatles Songs: 'Baby, You're a Rich Man' – The history of this classic Beatles song". ThoughtCo./about.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Guesdon & Margotin 2013, p. 416.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 258fn.
Jump up ^ Doggett 2007, pp. 15–16.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, p. 370.
^ Jump up to: a b Turner 1999, p. 139.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Everett 1999, p. 126.
^ Jump up to: a b Womack 2014, p. 58.
^ Jump up to: a b c MacDonald 2005, p. 258.
Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989, p. 188.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 258fn–259fn.
Jump up ^ Frith, Simon (1981). "1967: The Year It All Came Together". The History of Rock. Missing or empty |url= (help) Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 493.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Pollack, Alan W. (1996). "Notes on 'Baby You're a Rich Man'". Soundscapes. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedler 2003, pp. 260–61.
Jump up ^ Norman 1996, pp. 283–84.
Jump up ^ Womack 2007, p. 194.
Jump up ^ Reising & LeBlanc 2009, pp. 101–02.
Jump up ^ Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 104.
^ Jump up to: a b Riley 2002, p. 235.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Lewisohn 2005, p. 111.
Jump up ^ Turner 1999, p. 135.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 264.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006, p. 187.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 95, 111.
Jump up ^ Frost, Matt (August 2012). "Keith Grant: The Story Of Olympic Studios". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Norman 2001, pp. 288–89.
^ Jump up to: a b Guesdon & Margotin 2013, p. 417.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Everett 2009, p. 74.
^ Jump up to: a b Reid, Gordon (March 2007). "The Story of the Clavioline". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Russell 1982, p. 246.
Jump up ^ Reising & LeBlanc 2009, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Leng 2006, p. 30.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 243.
Jump up ^ Lavezzoli 2006, pp. 179–80.
^ Jump up to: a b Harris, John (March 2007). "The Day the World Turned Day-glo!". Mojo. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 114.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 254–55, 259–60.
Jump up ^ Guesdon & Margotin 2013, pp. 416–17.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winn 2009, p. 105.
Jump up ^ Miles 1997, p. 371.
Jump up ^ Guesdon & Margotin 2013, pp. 416, 417.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, pp. 58–59.
^ Jump up to: a b c Womack 2014, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006, pp. 187–88.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 269.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Norman 2001, pp. 285, 286.
^ Jump up to: a b Winn 2009, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 120.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 129.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schaffner 1978, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978, pp. 86, 99.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 271.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 111, 120–21.
^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, Gavin (28 August 2014). "The Beatles Make History With 'All You Need Is Love': A Minute-by-Minute Breakdown". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 62.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, pp. 271, 272.
Jump up ^ Billboard staff (7 February 2014). "The Beatles' 50 Biggest Billboard Hits". billboard.com. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box 8/19/67". tropicalglen.com. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian charts – 9 August 1967". poparchives.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Henke 2003, p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b Womack 2007, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Chris. "Fantasy Island". In: Mojo Special Limited Edition 2002, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Winn 2009, p. 115.
Jump up ^ Turner 1999, pp. 138–39.
Jump up ^ Wenner, Jann S. (4 February 1971). "The Rolling Stone Interview: John Lennon (Part Two)". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 274.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 259.
^ Jump up to: a b Doggett 2007, pp. 100–01.
^ Jump up to: a b Unterberger, Richie (June 2007). "George Harrison Visits Haight-Ashbury In Summer 1967". Mojo. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 265.
Jump up ^ Selvin 2014, p. 202.
Jump up ^ Tillery 2009, p. 58.
Jump up ^ Winn 2009, pp. 127, 130.
Jump up ^ Doggett 2007, pp. 101–02.
Jump up ^ Bellman 1998, pp. 199–200.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lewisohn 2005, p. 131.
Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 286.
Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 63.
Jump up ^ "Magical Mystery Tour". thebeatles.com. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978, pp. 92, 94.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Derek (8 July 1967). "Singles". New Musical Express. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Steve (ed.) (2003). NME Originals: Lennon. London: IPC Ignite!. p. 50. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (18 August 2009). "Richard Poirier, a Scholar of Literature, Dies at 83". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Poirier 1992, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Poirier 1992, pp. 125, 126.
Jump up ^ Bellman 1998, p. 299.
Jump up ^ Poirier 1992, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Shaar Murray, Charles. "Magical Mystery Tour: All Aboard the Magic Bus". In: Mojo Special Limited Edition 2002, p. 130.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 258fn, 259.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 257, 258, 261.
Jump up ^ Riley 2002, p. 233.
Jump up ^ O'Gorman, Martin (2003). "Double Trouble". Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days of Revolution (The Beatles' Final Years – Jan 1, 1968 to Sept 27, 1970). London: Emap. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Caffrey, Dan (23 September 2009). "The Beatles – Magical Mystery Tour (Remastered)". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ DeRogatis 2003, pp. 48, 50.
Jump up ^ Hudak, Joseph. "'Baby, You're a Rich Man' – 100 Greatest Beatles Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, p. 107.
Jump up ^ Winn 2009, p. 92.
Jump up ^ Bosso, Joe (8 September 2009). "REVIEW: The Beatles remastered 1967–70". MusicRadar. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Greene, James, Jr (10 August 2017). "Step Off, Homeboy: Thirty Years of 'Disorderlies'". No Recess!. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris (21 June 2013). "Disorderlies". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Remington, Alex (22 November 2009). "Of the Heart, Of the Soul, and Of the Cross: A Hip-Hop Road Not Taken". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Jump up ^ DeRogatis 2003, p. 414.
Jump up ^ Plotnicki, Gideon (8 July 2016). "Umphrey's McGee Welcomes Taylor Hicks For Rager In Birmingham". Live For Live Music. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald 2005, p. 257.
Sources[edit]
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-2684-6.
Bellman, Jonathan (1998). The Exotic in Western Music. Lebanon, New Hampshire: UPNE. ISBN 1-55553-319-1.
Borack, John M. (2007). Shake Some Action: The Ultimate Power Pop Guide. Fort Collins, CO: Not Lame Recordings. ISBN 0-9797714-0-4.
Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1976). All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-25680-8.
DeRogatis, Jim (2003). Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-0-634-05548-5.
Doggett, Peter (2007). There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. Edinburgh, UK: Canongate Books. ISBN 978-1-84195-940-5.
Dowlding, William J. (1989). Beatlesongs. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
Everett, Walter (2009). The Foundations of Rock: From "Blue Suede Shoes" to "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes"'. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531024-5.
Guesdon, Jean-Michel; Margotin, Philippe (2013). All the Songs: The Story Behind Every Beatles Release. New York, NY: Black Dog & Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-57912-952-1.
Henke, James (2003). Lennon Legend: An Illustrated Life of John Lennon. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3517-6.
Leng, Simon (2006). While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4234-0609-9.
Lewisohn, Mark (2005) [1988]. The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-2545-0.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd rev. edn). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Miles, Barry (1997). Paul McCartney: Many Years From Now. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-5249-6.
Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967). London: Emap. 2002.
Norman, Philip (1996) [1981]. Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation. New York, NY: Fireside. ISBN 0-684-83067-1.
Norman, Philip (2001). The Stones. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 0-283-07277-6.
Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
Poirier, Richard (1992) [1967]. "Learning from the Beatles". The Performing Self: Compositions and Decompositions in the Languages of Contemporary Life. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1795-8.
Reising, Russell; LeBlanc, Jim (2009). "Magical Mystery Tours, and Other Trips: Yellow submarines, newspaper taxis, and the Beatles' psychedelic years". In Womack, Kenneth (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to the Beatles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68976-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Riley, Tim (2002) [1988]. Tell Me Why – The Beatles: Album by Album, Song by Song, the Sixties and After. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81120-3.
Russell, Jeff (1982). The Beatles Album File and Complete Discography. London: Blandford Press. ISBN 0-7137-2065-4.
Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5.
Selvin, Joel (2014). The Haight: Love, Rock, and Revolution. San Rafael, CA: Insight Editions. ISBN 978-1608873630.
Sheff, David (2000) [1981]. All We Are Saying: The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono. New York, NY: St. Martin's Friffin. ISBN 0-312-25464-4.
Tillery, Gary (2009). The Cynical Idealist: A Spiritual Biography of John Lennon. Wheaton, IL: Quest Books. ISBN 978-0-8356-0875-6.
Turner, Steve (1999). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (2nd edn). New York, NY: Carlton/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-273698-1.
Unterberger, Richie (2006). The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-892-6.
Winn, John C. (2009). That Magic Feeling: The Beatles' Recorded Legacy, Volume Two, 1966–1970. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-307-45239-9.
Womack, Kenneth (2007). Long and Winding Roads: The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles. New York, NY: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1746-6.
Womack, Kenneth (2014). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39171-2.
External links[edit]
Full lyrics for the song at the Beatles' official website
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magical Mystery Tour
show
v
t
e
Magical Mystery Tour
Songs
Side one
"Magical Mystery Tour"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Flying"
"Blue Jay Way"
"Your Mother Should Know"
"I Am the Walrus"
Side two
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Strawberry Fields Forever"
"Penny Lane"
"Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"All You Need Is Love"
Outtakes
"All Together Now"
"It's All Too Much"
"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
Related articles
Magical Mystery Tour (film)
The Beatles discography
The Beatles in Bangor
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
show
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1965
"Rock and Roll Music" / "I'm a Loser" (Europe, Australia)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
"Michelle" / "Girl" (Europe)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baby,_You%27re_a_Rich_Man&oldid=853217489"
Categories:
1967 songs
1967 singles
The Beatles songs
Parlophone singles
Capitol Records singles
Songs written by Lennon–McCartney
Song recordings produced by George Martin
Songs published by Northern Songs
Psychedelic pop songs
British psychedelic rock songs
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
EngvarB from September 2013
Use dmy dates from September 2015
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Español
Français
Italiano
ქართული
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Português
Русский
Svenska
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 August 2018, at 06:04 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Baby You're A Rich Man Capitol Picture Sleeve.jpg

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

attrs: href title

value: span

values:
/wiki/Vinyl_record
mw-redirect
Vinyl record

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em .1em .2em 0

values: width: 33%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding: .2em 0 .2em .1em

values: background: transparent; width: 100%; min-width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse

values:
/wiki/Olympic_Sound_Studios
mw-redirect
Olympic Sound Studios

values:
/wiki/Hippie_movement
mw-redirect
Hippie movement

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
quotebox pullquote floatleft
width:25%; ; padding:8px;

values:
/wiki/14_Hour_Technicolor_Dream
mw-redirect
14 Hour Technicolor Dream

values: font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;

values:
/wiki/Gamaka_(music)
mw-redirect
Gamaka (music)

values:
/wiki/The_Four_Tops
mw-redirect
The Four Tops

values:
/wiki/Double_A-side
mw-redirect
Double A-side

values:
/wiki/Peace_symbol
mw-redirect
Peace symbol

values:
/wiki/High_school_dropouts
mw-redirect
High school dropouts

values: Edit section: Remixes, further releases and cover versions

values: The Presidents of the United States of America (band)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/New_Musical_Express
mw-redirect
New Musical Express

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
The_Beatles_singles_discography
fn org
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEEEEE;

values: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (song)

values: Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich

values: nowraplinks vcard hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Songs written by Lennon–McCartney

values: Category:Song recordings produced by George Martin

values: Category:Songs published by Northern Songs

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2015

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Baby,_You%27re_a_Rich_Man
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ベイビー・ユーアー・ア・リッチ・マン – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Baby You’re a Rich Man – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Baby_You_re_a_Rich_Man rootpage-Baby_You_re_a_Rich_Man skin-vector action-view