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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Artist
Georges-Pierre Seurat
Year
1884–1886
Medium
Oil on canvas
Subject
People relaxing at la Grande Jatte, Paris
Dimensions
207.6 cm × 308 cm (81.7 in × 121.25 in)
Location
Art Institute of Chicago[1]
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (French: Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte) painted in 1884, is one of Georges Seurat's most famous works. It is a leading example of pointillist technique, executed on a large canvas. Seurat's composition includes a number of Parisians at a park on the banks of the River Seine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Interpretation
3 Painting materials
4 Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago
5 In popular culture
6 Related works by Seurat
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
In 1879 Georges Seurat enlisted as a soldier in the French army and was back home by 1880. Later, he ran a small painter’s studio in Paris, and in 1883 showed his work publicly for the first time. The following year, Seurat began to work on La Grande Jatte and exhibited the painting in the spring of 1886 with the Impressionists.[2] With La Grande Jatte, Seurat was immediately acknowledged as the leader of a new and rebellious form of Impressionism called Neo-Impressionism.[3]
Seurat painted A Sunday Afternoon between May 1884 and March 1885, and from October 1885 to May 1886,[4] focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park. He reworked the original and completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches. He sat in the park, creating numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form. He concentrated on issues of colour, light, and form. The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters (7 by 10 feet) in size.
Inspired by optical effects and perception inherent in the color theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and others, Seurat adapted this scientific research to his painting.[5] Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue. He believed that this form of painting, called divisionism at the time but now known as pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brushstrokes. The use of dots of almost uniform size came in the second year of his work on the painting, 1885–86. To make the experience of the painting even more vivid, he surrounded it with a frame of painted dots, which in turn he enclosed with a pure white, wooden frame, which is how the painting is exhibited today at the Art Institute of Chicago.
La Grande Jatte, toward Clichy, 2006
The Island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where La Défense business district currently stands. Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development. When Seurat began the painting in 1884, the island was a bucolic retreat far from the urban center.
The painting was first exhibited at the eighth Impressionist exhibition in May 1886, then in August 1886, dominating the second Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, of which Seurat had been a founder in 1884.[6] Seurat was extremely disciplined, always serious, and private to the point of secretiveness—for the most part, steering his own steady course. As a painter, he wanted to make a difference in the history of art and with La Grand Jatte, succeeded.[7]
Interpretation[edit]
The left bank of working class Bathers at Asnières mirrors the right bank of the bourgeoisie on La Grande Jatte.
Seurat's painting was a mirror impression of his own painting, Bathers at Asnières, completed shortly before, in 1884. Whereas the bathers in that earlier painting are doused in light, almost every figure on La Grande Jatte appears to be cast in shadow, either under trees or an umbrella, or from another person. For Parisians, Sunday was the day to escape the heat of the city and head for the shade of the trees and the cool breezes that came off the river. And at first glance, the viewer sees many different people relaxing in a park by the river. On the right, a fashionable couple, the woman with the sunshade and the man in his top hat, are on a stroll. On the left, another woman who is also well dressed extends her fishing pole over the water. There is a small man with the black hat and thin cane looking at the river, and a white dog with a brown head, a woman knitting, a man playing a horn, two soldiers standing at attention as the musician plays, and a woman hunched under an orange umbrella. Seurat also painted a man with a pipe, a woman under a parasol in a boat filled with rowers, and a couple admiring their infant child.[8]
Some of the characters are doing curious things. The lady on the right side has a monkey on a leash. A lady on the left near the river bank is fishing. The area was known at the time as being a place to procure prostitutes among the bourgeoisie, a likely allusion of the otherwise odd "fishing" rod. In the painting's center stands a little girl dressed in white (who is not in a shadow), who stares directly at the viewer of the painting. This may be interpreted as someone who is silently questioning the audience: "What will become of these people and their class?" Seurat paints their prospects bleakly, cloaked as they are in shadow and suspicion of sin.[9]
In the 1950s, historian and Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch drew social and political significance from Seurat’s La Grande Jatte. The historian’s focal point was Seurat’s mechanical use of the figures and what their static nature said about French society at the time. Afterward, the work received heavy criticism by many that centered on the artist’s mathematical and robotic interpretation of modernity in Paris.[8]
According to historian of Modernism William R. Everdell, "Seurat himself told a sympathetic critic, Gustave Kahn, that his model was the Panathenaic procession in the Parthenon frieze. But Seurat didn't want to paint ancient Athenians. He wanted 'to make the moderns file past ... in their essential form.' By 'moderns' he meant nothing very complicated. He wanted ordinary people as his subject, and ordinary life. He was a bit of a democract—a "Communard," as one of his friends remarked, referring to the left-wing revolutionaries of 1871; and he was fascinated by the way things distinct and different encountered each other: the city and the country, the farm and the factory, the bourgeois and the proletarian meeting at their edges in a sort of harmony of opposites."[10]
The border of the painting is, unusually, in inverted color, as if the world around them is also slowly inverting from the way of life they have known. Seen in this context, the boy who bathes on the other side of the river bank at Asnières appears to be calling out to them, as if to say, "We are the future. Come and join us".[9]
Painting materials[edit]
Seurat painted the La Grande Jatte in three distinct stages.[11] In the first stage, which was started in 1884, Seurat mixed his paints from several individual pigments and was still using dull earth pigments such as ochre or burnt sienna. In the second stage, during 1885 and 1886, Seurat dispensed with the earth pigments and also limited the number of individual pigments in his paints. This change in Seurat's palette was due to his application of the advanced color theories of his time. His intention was to paint small dots or strokes of pure color that would then mix on the retina of the beholder to achieve the desired color impression instead of the usual practice of mixing individual pigments.
Seurat's palette consisted of the usual pigments of his time[12][13] such as cobalt blue, emerald green and vermilion. Additionally, Seurat used then new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), predominantly for yellow highlights in the sunlit grass in the middle of the painting but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments. In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown—a color degeneration that was already showing in the painting in Seurat's lifetime.[14] The discoloration of the originally bright yellow zinc yellow (zinc chromate) to brownish color is due to the chemical reaction of the chromate ions to orange-colored dichromate ions.[15] In the third stage during 1888-89 Seurat added the colored borders to his composition.
The results of investigation into the discoloration of this painting have been ingeniously combined with further research into natural aging of paints to digitally rejuvenate the painting.[16][17]
Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago[edit]
On display at the Art Institute of Chicago
In 1923, Frederic Bartlett was appointed trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago. He and his second wife, Helen Birch Bartlett, loaned their collection of French Post-Impressionist and Modernist art to the museum. It was Mrs. Bartlett who had an interest in French and avant-garde artists and influenced her husband's collecting tastes. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte was purchased on the advice of the Art Institute of Chicago's curatorial staff in 1924.[18]
In conceptual artist Don Celender's 1974–5 book Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers and Collectors, it is claimed that the institute paid $24,000 for the work[18][19] (over $354,000 in 2018 Dollars[20]).
In 1958, the painting was loaned out for the only time: to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. On 15 April 1958, a fire there, which killed one person on the second floor of the museum, forced the evacuation of the painting, which had been on a floor above the fire in the Whitney Museum, which adjoined MoMA at the time.[21]
In popular culture[edit]
The May 1976 issue of Playboy magazine featured Nancy Cameron—Playmate of the Month in January 1974—on its cover, superimposed on the painting in similar style. The often hidden bunny logo was disguised as one of the millions of dots.[22]
The painting and the life of its artist were the basis for the 1984 Broadway musical Sunday in the Park with George by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. Subsequently, the painting is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "Sunday in the Park".
The painting is prominently featured in the 1986 comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Such use is parodied, among others, in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Family Guy, and Muppet Babies (2018 TV series).
In the Simpsons episode "Mom and Pop Art" (10x19), Barney Gumble offers to pay for a beer with a handmade reproduction of the painting.
At the Old Deaf School Park in Columbus, Ohio, sculptor James T. Mason re-created the painting in topiary form;[23] the installation was completed in 1989.
The painting was the inspiration for a commemorative poster printed for the 1993 Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix, with racing cars and the Detroit skyline added.
In 2011, the cast of the US version of The Office re-created the painting for a poster to promote the show's seventh-season finale.[24]
The cover photo of the June 2014 edition of San Francisco magazine, "The Oakland Issue: Special Edition", features a scene on the shore of Lake Merritt that re-creates the poses of the figures in Seurat's painting.[25]
Related works by Seurat[edit]
Study for La Grand Jatte, 1884 Zoom[permanent dead link]
Figures assises, 1884
Die Insel La Grande Jatte mit Ausflüglern, 1884
Paysage et personnages, 1884–85
Groupe de personnages, 1884–85
Esquisse d'ensemble, 1884–85
Femmes au bord de l'eau, 1885–86
Nakedness, 1888
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roch, Christine L. "From "Rube Town" to Modern Metropolis:".
Jump up ^ Janis Tomlinson, ed., Readings in Nineteenth-Century Art, 1996
Jump up ^ Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Nineteenth-Century European Art, 2012 (3rd Edition)
Jump up ^ H. Dorra and J. Rewald, Seurat, Paris, 1960, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Robert Herbert, Neo-Impressionism, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1968, Library of Congress Card Catalogue Number: 68-16803
Jump up ^ Exhibition History
Jump up ^ Herbert, Robert L., Neil Harris, and Georges Seurat. Seurat and the making of La Grande Jatte. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago in association with the University of California Press, 2004. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Burleigh, Robert, Seurat and La Grande Jatte: connecting the dots, New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the Art Institute of Chicago, 2004. Print
^ Jump up to: a b BBC, The Private Life of a Masterpiece (2005) Series 4, Georges Seurat: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.
Jump up ^ William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 66-7.
Jump up ^ Inge Fiedler, La Grande Jatte: A Study of the Painting Materials, in Robert L. Herbert, Douglas W. Druick, Gloria Groom, Seurat and the Making of La Grande Jatte, University of California, 2004
Jump up ^ Inge Fiedler, A Technical Evaluation of the Grande Jatte, Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, The Grande Jatte at 100 (1989), pp. 173-179+244-245
Jump up ^ Georges Seurat, 'Sunday afternoon on La Grande Jatte', ColourLex
Jump up ^ Gage, John (1993). Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 220, 224. .
Jump up ^ Casadio, F., I. Fiedler, K. A. Gray, and R. Warta. Deterioration of zinc potassium chromate pigments: elucidating the effects of paint composition and environmental conditions on chromatic alteration. In ICOM-CC 15th Triennial Conference Preprints, New Delhi, 22–26 September 2008, ed. J. Bridgland, 572–580. Paris: International Council of Museums.
Jump up ^ Berns, Roy S. (2006). "Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat'sA Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation". Color Research & Application. 31: 278–293. doi:10.1002/col.20223.
Jump up ^ Berns, R.S. Rejuvenating Seurat’s Palette Using Color and Imaging Science: A Simulation, Website of R.S. Berns at Rochester Institute of Technology
^ Jump up to: a b The Art Institute of Chicago, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884
Jump up ^ Celender, Don (1974–75). Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers, and Collectors. Publication was produced for an exhibition held at the O.K. Harris Gallery, 383 West Broadway, New York, from 7 to 28 December 1974. pp. Question: Page 5, Answer: Page 23.
Jump up ^ CPI Inflation Calculator
Jump up ^ New York Times, Fire in Modern Museum; Most Art Safe; 6 Canvases Burned, Seurat's Removed, 16 April 1958
Jump up ^ Lucass Pivey, Stagerism Alert: Seurat
Jump up ^ The Topiary Park: A Unique Interpretation of a Painting Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "First Look: NBC's amazing new 'The Office' poster". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Oakland Issue". San Francisco Magazine.
Further reading[edit]
O'Neill, J, ed. (1991). Georges Seurat, 1859-1891. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Life magazine, article on the MOMA fire with a picture of the painting being covered by workers.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte (studies).
External video
Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - 1884, 1884-86, Smarthistory[1]
Seurat and the Making of La Grande Jatte
La Grande Jatte – Inspiration, Analysis and Critical Reception
About this Artwork, Art Institute of Chicago
Georges Seurat, 1859–1891, MoMA exhibition catalog
Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon at La Grande Jatte, ColourLex
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Napoleon Dynamite
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This article is about the film. For the television series based on the film, see Napoleon Dynamite (TV series). For the singer, see Elvis Costello.
Napoleon Dynamite
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jared Hess
Produced by
Jeremy Coon
Chris Wyatt
Sean C. Covel
Jory Weitz
Screenplay by
Jared Hess
Jerusha Hess
Based on
Peluca
by Jared Hess
Starring
Jon Heder
Jon Gries
Efren Ramirez
Tina Majorino
Aaron Ruell
Diedrich Bader
Haylie Duff
Music by
John Swihart
Cinematography
Munn Powell
Edited by
Jeremy Coon
Production
company
MTV Films
Napoleon Pictures
Access Films
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures (North America)
Paramount Pictures (International)
Release date
January 17, 2004 (2004-01-17) (Sundance)
June 11, 2004 (2004-06-11) (United States)
Running time
95 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$400,000[1]
Box office
$46.1 million[1]
Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy film produced by Jeremy Coon, Chris Wyatt, Sean C. Covel and Jory Weitz, written by Jared and Jerusha Hess and directed by Jared Hess. The film stars Jon Heder in the role of the title character, for which he was paid $1,000. After the film's runaway success, Heder re-negotiated his compensation and received a cut of the profits. The film was Jared Hess' first full-length feature and is partially adapted from his earlier short film, Peluca. Napoleon Dynamite was acquired at the Sundance Film Festival by Fox Searchlight Pictures and Paramount Pictures, in association with MTV Films. It was filmed in and near Franklin County, Idaho in the summer of 2003. It debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2004. The film's total worldwide gross revenue was $46,118,097.[2] The film has since developed a cult following.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Background
3.1.1 Origins
3.1.2 Production
3.2 Opening sequence
3.3 Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"
3.4 Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Critical response and box office
5.2 Awards
6 Soundtrack
7 Animated series
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite is a socially awkward 16-year-old boy from Preston, Idaho, who lives with his older brother, Kipling Ronald "Kip" Dynamite. Kip, 32, is unemployed and boasts of spending hours in Internet chat rooms with "babes" and aspiring to be a cage fighter. Napoleon daydreams his way through school, doodling ligers and fantasy creatures, and reluctantly deals with the various bullies who torment him, particularly the obnoxious sports jock, Don. Napoleon likes to make up stories about himself while having a sullen and aloof attitude.
Napoleon's grandmother breaks her coccyx in a quad-bike accident and asks their Uncle Rico to look after the boys while she recovers. Rico, a middle-aged and flirtatious steak-loving former athlete who lives in a campervan, treats Napoleon like a child. He uses the visiting opportunity to team up with Kip in a get-rich-quick scheme to sell numerous items door-to-door. Kip wants money to visit his Internet girlfriend LaFawnduh, while Rico believes riches will help him get over his failed dreams of NFL stardom and the loss of his girlfriend.
Napoleon becomes friends with two students at his school: Deb, a shy girl who runs various small businesses to raise money for college; and Pedro, a bold yet calm transfer student from Juarez, Mexico. A friendship soon develops between the three outcasts. During this time, preparations begin for the high school dance. Pedro asks Deb to be his dance partner, which she accepts, while Napoleon chooses and attempts to persuade a reluctant classmate called Trisha to be his own date. Inspired by an election poster at the dance, Pedro decides to run for class president, pitting him against Summer Wheatley, a popular and snobby girl at the school. The two factions put up flyers and give out accessories to the students to attract voters. Kip, meanwhile, is head-over-heels in love since LaFawnduh has come to visit him from Detroit. She gives Kip an urban makeover, outfitting him in hip-hop regalia.
Rico's ongoing scheme causes friction with Napoleon when Rico begins spreading embarrassing rumors about him, to evoke sympathy from his prospective customers. Rico later tries to sell Deb a breast-enhancement product, claiming it was Napoleon's suggestion, which causes her to break off their friendship. His scheme ends when he visits the wife of the town's martial arts instructor, Rex, to try and sell her the breast enhancements; Rex walks in and beats him up after witnessing Rico's demonstration.
On the day of the class president elections, Summer gives a speech before the student body, and then presents a dance skit with a school club. Pedro and Napoleon then discover that a skit was also required from them, and a despondent Pedro gives an unimpressive speech. Napoleon then gives the sound engineer a music tape given to him by LaFawnduh, and performs an elaborate dance routine to "Canned Heat" by Jamiroquai. Summer and her boyfriend, Don, are unimpressed, but the routine receives a standing ovation from all the other students.
The film concludes with Pedro becoming the class president, LaFawnduh leaving with Kip on a bus for Michigan, Rico reuniting with his estranged girlfriend, Grandma returning from the hospital, and Napoleon and Deb making up and playing tetherball.
In a post-credits scene, Kip and LaFawnduh are married in an outdoor ceremony in Preston. Napoleon, absent for the vows, arrives riding a horse, claiming that it is a "wild honeymoon stallion" that he has tamed himself. Kip flicks LaFawnduh's garter as a "keepsake" towards Napoleon, Pedro and Rico (who catches it), before he and LaFawnduh ride off across the fields.
Cast[edit]
The cast of Napoleon Dynamite.
Jon Heder as Napoleon Dynamite
Efren Ramirez as Pedro Sánchez
Tina Majorino as Deb Bradshaw
Aaron Ruell as Kipling Dynamite
Jon Gries as Rico Dynamite
Haylie Duff as Summer Wheatley
Emily Kennard as Trisha Jenner
Shondrella Avery as LaFawnduh Lucas
Sandy Martin as Grandma
Diedrich Bader as Rex
Trevor Snarr as Don
Ellen Dubin as Aunt Ilene
Production[edit]
Background[edit]
Origins[edit]
See also: Peluca
Jon Heder and Jared Hess were both students at the film program at Brigham Young University in 2002 and decided to collaborate together on a class project. The duo produced a 9 minute short film shot on black-and-white 16mm film entitled Peluca, about a nerdy high school student named Seth, for a class assignment.[5]
We went up to Preston and shot the short film over two days in black and white. We knew that we wanted to do a feature — we'd already started writing a script for what would become Napoleon at that point — but we wanted to do a short film on the character to bring him to life. It was for a class assignment, and we were still trying to figure out the best way to end it.
Peluca was shown at the 2003 Slamdance Film Festival[6] and was well received. Jeremy Coon, who was the brother of a good friend of Hess's in film school, convinced Hess to drop out of school and adapt it into a feature-length film, and helped him find investors for the project.[7]
Hess sent the short film along with the script to a variety of different casting directors; many of whom thought the film idea was "too weird or they just didn't like the character. They were like, 'The script's funny, but I think you need to recast this guy with somebody else,'" Hess explained.[5]
Production[edit]
Preston High School was one of the filming locations for the movie.
Hess describes the film as being "so autobiographical."[5] "I grew up in a family of six boys in Preston, Idaho and the character of Napoleon was a hybrid of all the most nerdy and awkward parts of me and my brothers growing up. Jerusha really was like Deb growing up. Her mom made her a dress when she was going to a middle school dance and she said, 'I hadn't really developed yet, so my mom overcompensated and made some very large, fluffy shoulders." Some guy dancing with her patted the sleeves and actually said, 'I like your sleeves…they’re real big,"' Hess said in an interview with Rolling Stone.[5]
Hess shot the film on location in Preston, located in Southeastern Idaho, located near the Utah border, in July of 2003. Operating on a tight budget of $400,000, Hess cast many of his friends from school, including Heder and Aaron Ruell, and relied on the generosity of Preston locals who provided housing and food to crew members.[8]
"It was very, very hot," Hess recalls. "But it was so much fun being in this rural farm town making a movie. We shot it in 23 days, so we were moving very, very fast; I just didn't have a lot of film to be able to do a lot of takes. It was a bunch of friends getting together to make a movie. It was like, "Are people going to get this? Is it working?"[5]
The film is set during the 2004-2005 school year, as shown on Napoleon's student ID card in the title sequence.[9][10] However, the film contains a number of anachronisms indicating that it would be more appropriately set in the 1980s or 1990s. For example, Deb wears a side ponytail and Napoleon wears Moon Boots, both popular fashion trends of the 1980s.[10] One scene is set at a school dance which only plays 1980s music such as Alphaville's "Forever Young," while a later scene features students performing a sign language rendition of "The Rose" sung by Bette Midler.[9] Much of the technology in the film is also archaic; Napoleon uses a VCR and Walkman cassette player, Kip connects to the Internet via a pay-per-minute dial-up connection and Uncle Rico drives a 1975 Dodge Tradesman.[10][11]
Opening sequence[edit]
The film was originally made without opening titles; audiences at test screenings were confused about when the film was set. Eight months after the film was completed, the title sequence was filmed in the cinematographer's basement.[12] Aaron Ruell, who played Kip, suggested the idea of the title sequence. The sequence shows a pair of hands placing and removing several objects on a table. Objects like plates of food had the credits written in condiments, while other objects like a Lemonheads box or a tube of ChapStick had the credits printed on them. Hess explains:
We actually had Jon Heder placing all the objects in and out [of frame], and then showed it to Searchlight who really liked it and thought it was great, but some lady over there was like "There are some hangnails, or something — the hands look kinda gross! It's really bothering me, can we re-shoot some of those? We'll send you guys a hand model." We were like "WHAT?!". This, of course, was my first interaction with a studio at all, so they flew out a hand model a couple weeks later, who had great hands, but was five or six shades darker than Jon Heder. So we reshot, but they're now intermixed, so if you look there are like three different dudes' hands (our producer's are in there too). It all worked out great, though, and was a lot of fun.[12]
Origin of the name "Napoleon Dynamite"[edit]
Upon the film's release, it was noted that the name "Napoleon Dynamite" had originally been used by musician Elvis Costello, most visibly on his 1986 album Blood & Chocolate,[13][14] although he had used the pseudonym on a single B-side as early as 1982.[15] Filmmaker Jared Hess states that he was not aware of Costello's use of the name until two days before the end of shooting, when he was informed by a teenage extra.[16] He later said, "Had I known that name was used by anybody else prior to shooting the whole film, it definitely would have been changed ... I listen to hip-hop, dude. It's a pretty embarrassing coincidence."[16] Hess claims that "Napoleon Dynamite" was the name of a man he met around 2000 on the streets of Cicero, Illinois, while doing missionary work for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[17][18]
Costello believes that Hess got the name from him, whether directly or indirectly. Costello said, "The guy just denies completely that I made the name up ... but I invented it. Maybe somebody told him the name and he truly feels that he came about it by chance. But it's two words that you're never going to hear together."[19]
Lawsuit against Fox Searchlight Pictures[edit]
On August 30, 2011, Napoleon Pictures filed a lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for $10 million for underreporting royalties and taking improper revenue deductions. In its term sheet, Fox agreed to pay 31.66% of net profits on home video. The lawsuit says that a 2008 audit revealed that Fox was only paying net royalties on home videos at a 9.66% rate, and there were underreported royalties and improper deductions.[20]
Napoleon Pictures also alleges that Fox has breached the agreement in multiple other respects, including underreporting pay television license fees, failing to report electronic sell-through revenue, charging residuals on home video sales, as well as overcharging residuals on home video sales, deducting a number of costs and charges Fox has no right to deduct and/or for which there is no supporting documentation.[20]
In May 2012, Fox went to trial after failing to win a summary judgment on the case. The trial began on June 19, 2012.[21] On November 28, 2012, a 74-page decision sided with Fox on 9 of the 11 issues. Napoleon Pictures was awarded $150,000 based on Fox accounting irregularities.[22]
Release[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 17, 2004 and was theatrically released on June 11, 2004 in the United States by Fox Searchlight Pictures, Paramount Pictures and MTV Films.
Home media[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite was released on VHS and DVD on December 21, 2004 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Reception[edit]
Critical response and box office[edit]
Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 71% of 170 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 6.3/10. The site's consensus reads: "A charming, quirky, and often funny comedy."[23] Rolling Stone magazine complimented the film, saying, "Hess and his terrific cast — Heder is geek perfection — make their own kind of deadpan hilarity. You'll laugh till it hurts. Sweet."[24] The Christian Science Monitor called the film "a refreshing new take on the overused teen-comedy genre" and said that the film "may not make you laugh out loud — it's too sly and subtle for that — but it will have you smiling every minute, and often grinning widely at its weirded-out charm."[25]
Michael Atkinson of The Village Voice praised the film as "an epic, magisterially observed pastiche on all-American geekhood, flooring the competition with a petulant shove."[26] In a mixed review, The New York Times praised Heder's performance and the "film's most interesting quality, which is its stubborn, confident, altogether weird individuality", while criticizing the film's resolution that comes "too easily."[27] Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film one-and-a-half stars, writing that he felt that "the movie makes no attempt to make [Napoleon] likable" and that it contained "a kind of studied stupidity that sometimes passes as humor".[28] At the time, Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C-.[29] Entertainment Weekly later ranked Napoleon #88 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years, saying, "A high school misfit found a sweet spot, tapping into our inner dork."[30] The film was on several year-end lists. Rolling Stone placed it at number 22 of the 25 Top DVDs of 2004.[31]
The term "The Napoleon Dynamite Problem" has been used to describe the phenomenon where "quirky" films such as Napoleon Dynamite, Lost in Translation and I Heart Huckabees prove difficult for researchers to create algorithms that are able to predict whether or not a particular viewer will like the film based on their ratings of previously viewed films.[32] Despite a very limited initial release, Napoleon Dynamite was a commercial success. It was filmed on an estimated budget of a mere $400,000, and less than a year after its release, it had grossed $44,940,956. It also spawned a slew of merchandise, from refrigerator magnets to T-shirts to Halloween costumes.
Awards[edit]
Best Feature Film at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival the same year. The film's budget was only $400,000. When the film rights were sold to a major distributor, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox supplied additional funds for the post-credits scene.
In 2005, the film — itself an MTV Films production — won three MTV Movie Awards, for Breakthrough Male Performance, Best Musical Performance, and Best Movie. The film is #14 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".
It won the 2005 Golden Trailer Awards for Best Comedy.
It won the 2005 Golden Satellite Award for Best Original Score (John Swihart).
Four awards at the Teen Choice Awards. Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star for Haylie Duff, Choice Movie: Dance Scene, Choice Movie: Hissy Fit for Jon Heder, and Choice Movie: Comedy.
The 2004 Film Discovery Jury Award for Best Feature
April 2005, the Idaho Legislature approved a resolution commending the filmmakers for producing Napoleon Dynamite, specifically enumerating the benefits the movie has brought to Idaho, as well as for showcasing various aspects of Idaho's culture and economy.[33][34]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Napoleon Dynamite original soundtrack
Animated series[edit]
Main article: Napoleon Dynamite (TV series)
The characters of the animated series.
In April 2010, Fox announced that an animated series was in development. It was also revealed that the entire original cast would return to reprise their roles.[35] The series debuted on Sunday, January 15, 2012. Director Jared Hess, his co-screenwriter wife Jerusha, and Mike Scully are the producers of the show, in association with 20th Century Fox Television.[36] On May 14, 2012, It was announced that Fox had canceled the series after 6 episodes.[37] The complete series was released on DVD on November 4, 2014 by Olive Films.[38]
See also[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite Festival
Napoleon Dynamite: The Game
Jell-O Belt
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Napoleon Dynamite (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 29, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite - Box Office Data, DVD Sales, Movie News, Cast Information". The Numbers. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "How 'Napoleon Dynamite' Became A Cultural Phenomenon (And Then Reached Critical Mass)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
Jump up ^ "The New Cult Canon: Napoleon Dynamite". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wood, Jennifer (2014-08-28). "Here There Be Ligers: An Oral History of Napoleon Dynamite". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Slamdance Official Website Archive". Sundance. Retrieved September 15, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Vice, Jeff (2004-07-02). "Playing with 'Dynamite': BYU student hits the big time with his first movie". Deseret News. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite: Sweet skills". Idaho Press. 2008-03-14. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Napoleon Dynamite (2004) Movie Review". BeyondHollywood.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lyle, Jason Garrett (2008). Social Outcast Cinema: Generic Evolution and Identification in Early 21st Century Teen Film. Regent University. p. 71. ISBN 9780549518389. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Ingrassia, Bob (October 4, 2010). "Land of 10,000 Lakes ... and Uncle Rico's van from "Napoleon Dynamite"". Fast Horse. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Q&A with director Jared Hess.". Art of the Title Sequence. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
Jump up ^ "Blood And Chocolate (reissue) - Elvis Costello And The Attractions". The Elvis Costello Home Page.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite (2004)".
Jump up ^ "The Elvis Costello Home Page". Elviscostello.info. 1982-07-23. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Stereogum article: "Napoleon Dynamite Vs. Elvis Costello".
Jump up ^ Willman, Chris (July 16, 2004). "Did Napoleon Dynamite Borrow Elvis' Alias?". Entertainment Weekly.
Jump up ^ "In 'Napoleon Dynamite,' Nerdity Without Shame". Washington Post. June 20, 2004.
Jump up ^ Contact Music article: "Costello Adamant Napoleon Dynamite Was His Idea".
^ Jump up to: a b "'Napoleon Dynamite' Producers Sue Fox Searchlight for $10 Million in Profits". Hollywood Reporter. 2011-01-09. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Fox Stands Trial in $10 Million 'Napoleon Dynamite' Case". Hollywood Reporter. 2012-06-19. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ "'Napoleon Dynamite' Lawsuit: Fox Wins Major Ruling". Hollywoodreporter.com. 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (June 24, 2004), "Napoleon Dynamite (Film)". Rolling Stone. (951):186
Jump up ^ Sterritt, David (June 11, 2004), "Revenge of the (Idaho) nerd in 'Napoleon Dynamite'". Christian Science Monitor. 96 (138)
Jump up ^ Michael Atkinson (June 1, 2004). "Deadpan Walking. Welcome to the droll house: American geek hood finds a new icon in a clueless Idaho teen". Village Voice.
Jump up ^ SCOTT, A. O. (June 11, 2004), "FILM REVIEW; A Nerdy Nobody of a Hero Who Proves to Be Napoleonic." New York Times. :15
Jump up ^ "Reviews :: Napoleon Dynamite". rogerebert.com. Chicago Sun Times.
Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum, Lisa (June 18, 2004), "NAPOLEON DYNAMITE (Film)". Entertainment Weekly. (770):60-63
Jump up ^ (June 4, 2010), "88. NAPOLEON DYNAMITE". Entertainment Weekly. (1105/1106):90
Jump up ^ (November 25, 2004), "Napoleon Dynamite (Film)". Rolling Stone (962):82
Jump up ^ Thompson, Chris (21 November 2008). "If You Liked This, You’re Sure to Love That". New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Idaho's resolution commending Jared and Jerusha Hess". Archived from the original on January 1, 2006. Retrieved 2005-12-26. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Text of A CONCURRENT RESOLUTION STATING LEGISLATIVE FINDINGS AND COMMENDING JARED AND JERUSHA HESS AND THE CITY OF PRESTON FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THE MOVIE "NAPOLEON DYNAMITE."".
Jump up ^ "Fox Developing Napoleon Dynamite Animated Television Series". /Film.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (October 17, 2010). "Fox Announces Animated Comedies ‘Napoleon Dynamite’ & ‘Allen Gregory’ For Next Season". The Futon Critic. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "‘Napoleon Dynamite’ Canceled, ‘Bob’s Burgers’ Renewed By Fox - Ratings | TVbytheNumbers". Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2012-08-11.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David. "Napoleon Dynamite - Olive Films Announces 'The Complete Animated Series' on DVD". tvshowsondvd.com. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Napoleon Dynamite
Official website
Napoleon Dynamite on IMDb
Napoleon Dynamite at AllMovie
Napoleon Dynamite at Box Office Mojo
Napoleon Dynamite at Rotten Tomatoes
Napoleon Dynamite at Metacritic
[show]
Links to related articles
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Napoleon Dynamite (2004)
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Amado Carrillo Fuentes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Amado Carrillo
Amado Carrillo Fuentes
Born
Amado Carrillo Fuentes
December 17, 1956
Guamuchilito, Sinaloa, Mexico
Died
July 4, 1997(1997-07-04) (aged 40)
Mexico City, Mexico
Other names
El Señor de los Cielos
Occupation
Drug lord
Employer
Head of Juárez Cartel
Known for
Drug trafficking and weapons
Predecessor
Rafael Aguilar Guajardo
Successor
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Spouse(s)
Candaleria Leyva Cardenas
Children
Vicente Carrillo Leyva
Relatives
Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo
Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes
Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Rosa Carrillo Carrillo
Jose Cruz Carrillo Fuentes
Alberto Carrillo Fuentes
Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes
Aurora Fuentes López
Amado Carrillo Fuentes (December 17, 1956 – July 4, 1997) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Juárez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo.[1][2] Amado Carrillo became known as "El Señor de Los Cielos" ("The Lord of the Skies"), because of the large fleet of jets he used to transport drugs. He was also known for laundering money via Colombia to finance his large fleet of airplanes.
He died in July 1997, in a Mexican hospital, after undergoing extensive plastic surgery to change his appearance.[3][4][5] In his final days Carrillo was being tracked by Mexican and U.S. authorities.
Contents
[hide]
1 Family relations and alliances
2 Career
3 Death and conspiracy theories
4 Juárez Cartel after Carrillo
5 Funeral
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Family relations and alliances[edit]
Carrillo was born to Walter Vicente Carillo Vega and Aurora Fuentes in Guamuchilito, Navolato, Sinaloa, Mexico. He was the first of six sons; the others were: Cipriano, Enrique B., Vicente, José Cruz, Enrique C., and Jorge. He also had five sisters: María Luisa, Berthila, Flor, Alicia, and Aurora.
These children were the nieces and nephews of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo, a/k/a "Don Neto", the Guadalajara Cartel leader. Amado got his start in the drug business under the tutelage of his uncle Ernesto and later brought in his brothers, and eventually his son Vicente José Carrillo Leyva.
Carrillo's father died in April 1986. Carillo's oldest brother, Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes, died in 1989 under mysterious circumstances.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
Initially, Carrillo was part of the Guadalajara Cartel, sent to Ojinaga, Chihuahua to oversee the cocaine shipments of his uncle, Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ("Don Neto"), and to learn about border operations from Pablo Acosta Villarreal ("El Zorro de Ojinaga"; "The Ojinaga Fox") and Rafael Aguilar Guajardo.[6][7] During his tenure, Carrillo reportedly built a multibillion-dollar drug empire. It was estimated that he may have made over US$25 billion in revenue in his career.[8]
Death and conspiracy theories[edit]
The pressure to capture Carrillo intensified among U.S. and Mexican authorities,[when?][why?] and perhaps for this reason, Carrillo underwent facial plastic surgery and abdominal liposuction to change his appearance on July 4, 1997, at Santa Mónica Hospital in Mexico City. However, during the operation, he died of complications apparently caused either by a medication or a malfunctioning respirator. Two of Carrillo's bodyguards were in the operating room during the procedure. On November 7, 1997, the two physicians who performed the surgery on Fuentes were found dead, encased in concrete inside steel drums, with their bodies showing signs of torture.[9]
Juárez Cartel after Carrillo[edit]
On the night of August 3, 1997, at around 9:30 p.m., four drug traffickers walked into a restaurant in Ciudad Juárez, pulled out their guns, and opened fire on five diners, killing them instantly.[10] Police estimated that more than 100 bullet casings were found at the crime scene. According to a report issued by the Los Angeles Times, four men went to the restaurant carrying at least two AK-47 assault rifles while others stood at the doorstep.[10][11] On their way out, the gunmen claimed another victim:[12] Armando Olague, a prison official and off-duty law enforcement officer, who was gunned down outside the restaurant after he had walked from a nearby bar to investigate the shooting. Reportedly, Olague had run into the restaurant from across the street with a gun in his hand to check out the commotion. It was later determined that Olague was also a known lieutenant of the Juarez cartel.[12] Mexican authorities declined to comment on the motives behind the killing, stating the shootout was not linked to the death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes. Nonetheless, it was later stated that the perpetrators were gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel.[10][13] Although confrontations between narcotraficantes were commonplace in Ciudad Juárez, they rarely occurred in public places. What happened in the restaurant threatened to usher in a new era of border crime in the city.[12]
In Ciudad Juárez, the PGR seized warehouses they believed the cartel used to store weapons and cocaine; they also seized over 60 properties all over Mexico belonging to Carrillo, and began an investigation into his dealings with police and government officials. Officials also froze bank accounts amounting to $10 billion belonging to Carrillo.[14] In April 2009, Mexican authorities arrested Carillo's son, Vicente Carrillo Leyva.[15]
Funeral[edit]
Carrillo was given a large and expensive funeral in Guamuchilito, Sinaloa. In 2006, Governor Eduardo Bours asked the federal government to tear down Carrillo's mansion in Hermosillo, Sonora.[16] The mansion, dubbed "The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights", although still standing, remains unoccupied.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
In El Chapo, the 2017 Netflix and Univision TV series about the life of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, Fuentes is portrayed by Rodrigo Abed.
El Señor de los Cielos (2013), El Señor de los Cielos 2 (2014), El Señor de los Cielos 3 (2015), and El Señor de los Cielos 4, aired as part of Telemundo's nighttime programming, stars the Mexican actor Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas (a fictionalized version of Amado Carrillo Fuentes).[17]
In the Netflix Original series Narcos, Fuentes is portrayed by José María Yazpik.
See also[edit]
Mexico portal
Biography portal
Criminal justice portal
Mérida Initiative
Mexican Drug War
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Getty, Mark (February 2004). "Mexico's Forgotten Disappeared: The Victims of the Border Narco Bloodbath". Frontera NorteSur. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
Jump up ^ González, Héctor A. (February 21, 2007). "Los prófugos del salinato". El Diario (in Spanish). Retrieved 2010-09-25.
Jump up ^ Dillon, Sam (November 7, 1997). "Drug Barons and Plastic Surgeons: Who's Dead, Who's Hiding?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ Poppas, Terrence E. "Cast of Characters: Amado Carrillo Fuentes". Drug Lord. Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ "DEA Map of Juarez Cartel operations". Frontline. PBS. February 1997. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
Jump up ^ Poppa, Terrance (2009). "Amado Carrillo Fuentes". Archived from the original on 2009-10-11. Retrieved 2009-08-18.
Jump up ^ DEA Congressional Testimony, August 8, 1995 Archived May 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Moore, Molly (July 12, 1997). "Drug lord goes home in coffin". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Moore, Molly (7 November 1997). "Top Mexican Surgeons Found Entombed in Concrete Drums". The Tech. The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Times Wire Services (5 August 1997). "Gunmen Kill 6 People at Ciudad Juarez Restaurant". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Jump up ^ 2 September 1997. "More gunfire in Ciudad Juarez leaves at least three dead in bar". The Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sharp, John (July 1998). "Crime: Line of Fire" (PDF). Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Serían los Arellano responsables de las seis ejecuciones en Ciudad Juárez". La Jornada (in Spanish). 6 August 1997. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Phil Gunson (July 17, 1997). "This is the face of Amado Carrillo Fuentes". The Guardian. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
Jump up ^ Mexico catches drug baron as U.S. tightens border Reuters, April 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ Marizc, Michel (April 4, 2006). "Narco-Power". Border Reporter.
Jump up ^ Infante, Victoria (6 July 2012). "Rafael Amaya está listo para ser el 'Señor de los Cielos'". The Huffington Post (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Novela El Senor de los Cielos 2 - Telemundo
Novela El Senor de los Cielos - Telemundo
Public Broadcasting, information from the Drug Enforcement Administration
Drugwar.com - Commentary and Info
https://web.archive.org/web/20100602114845/http://www.madcowprod.com/guardian.htm
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[show]
Beltrán-Leyva Cartel
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Armed wings
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South Pacific Cartel
Founders
Arturo Beltrán Leyva
Alfredo Beltrán Leyva
Carlos Beltrán Leyva
Edgar Valdez Villarreal
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Héctor Beltrán Leyva
Leaders
Héctor Beltrán Leyva
Fausto Isidro Meza Flores
José Luis Ruelas Torres
[show]
La Familia Cartel
Disbanded 2011
Founders
Nazario Moreno González
Carlos Rosales Mendoza
Arnoldo Rueda Medina
Dionisio Loya Plancarte
Rafael Cedeño Hernández
Alberto Espinoza Barrón
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Factions
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Founders
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Antonio Cárdenas Guillén
Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez
Mario Ramírez Treviño
Homero Cárdenas Guillén
[show]
Juárez Cartel
Armed wings
La Línea
Founders
Rafael Aguilar Guajardo
Pablo Acosta Villarreal
Amado Carrillo Fuentes
Leaders
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes
Juan Pablo Ledezma
[show]
Knights Templar Cartel
Armed wings
La Resistencia
Founders
Enrique Plancarte Solís
Servando Gómez Martínez
Leaders
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[show]
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Armed wings
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Los Ántrax
Artistas Asesinos
Founders
Héctor Luis Palma Salazar
Adrián Gómez González
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Leaders
Joaquín Guzmán Loera
Ismael Zambada García
Juan José Esparragoza Moreno
Ignacio Coronel Villarreal
Dámaso López Núñez
[show]
Tijuana Cartel
Founders
Ramón Arellano Félix
Benjamín Arellano Félix
Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix
Carlos Arellano Félix
Eduardo Arellano Félix
Francisco Javier Arellano Félix
Leaders
Enedina Arellano Félix
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Edgardo Leyva Escandón
[show]
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Founders
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Heriberto Lazcano
Galindo Mellado Cruz
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[show]
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Elvis González Valencia
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Gerardo González Valencia
[show]
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Federal Shariat Court
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Federal Shariat Court
Emblem of the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan
Established
1980
Country
Pakistan
Location
Constitution Avenue, opposite Prime Minister's Office - Pakistan Islamabad
Decisions are appealed to
Supreme Court of Pakistan
No. of positions
Not more than 8
Website
Federal Shariat Court
Chief Justice
Currently
Sheikh Najmul Hassan[1]
Since
April, 2017
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan, abbreviated as FSC, is a prestigious court which has the power to examine and determine whether the laws of the country comply with Islamic Shari'a law. This court was set up in 1980 and is located in the federal capital, Islamabad.[2][1]
Contents
1 Court structure and mandate
2 Court's history of cases
3 Honourable Chief Justice and Judges
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Court structure and mandate[edit]
It consists of 8 Muslim judges appointed by the President of Pakistan after consulting the Chief Justice of this Court, from amongst the serving or retired judges of the Supreme Court or a High Court or from amongst persons possessing the qualifications of judges of a High Court. Justice Najmul Hassan Sheikh is the current Chief Justice of the court in 2017.[1] Of the 8 judges, 3 are required to be Ulema who are well versed in Islamic law. The judges hold office for a period of 3 years, which may eventually be extended by the President.
Appeal against its decisions lie to the Shariat Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court, consisting of 3 Muslim judges of the Supreme Court and 2 Ulema, appointed by the President. If any part of the law is declared to be against Islamic law, the government is required to take necessary steps to amend such law appropriately.
The court also exercises revisional jurisdiction over the criminal courts, deciding Hudood cases. The decisions of the court are binding on the High Courts as well as subordinate judiciary. The court appoints its own staff and frames its own rules of procedure.
Ever since its establishment in 1980, the Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan has been the subject of criticism and controversy in the Pakistani society. Created as an islamisation measure by the military regime of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and subsequently protected under the controversial 8th Amendment, its opponents question the very rationale and utility of this institution. It is stated that this court merely duplicates the functions of the existing superior courts and also operates as a check on the sovereignty of Parliament. The composition of the court, particularly the mode of appointment of its judges and the insecurity of their tenure, is taken exception to, and it is alleged, that this court does not fully meet the criterion prescribed for the independence of the judiciary. That is to say, it is not immune to pressures and influences from the Executive branch of the government.
Court's history of cases[edit]
In March 1981, the court ruled in an adultery appeal that stoning people to death was `repugnant to the injunctions of Islam,` a decision that upset ruling General Zia ul-Haq, and Islamic revivalists. Zia ul-Haq then replaced several members of the court, and the above-mentioned decision was reversed.[3]
In 1982, the Federal Shariat Court ruled that there is no prohibition in the Qur'an or Hadith about the judgeship of a woman nor any restriction limiting the function of deciding disputes to men only.[4] In 2013 Ashraf Jehan became the first female justice of the Federal Shariat Court.[5]
In 2016, Provincial Assembly of the Punjab passed a legislature, the Punjab Protection of Women against Violence Act 2016. Soon after its passing, it was challenged in Federal Shariat Court.[6]
In February 2017, the court issued its ruling on test-tube babies and validated its use conditionally. The Nation reported, "The Federal Shariat Court yesterday declared the option of using 'test tube baby' method for conceiving babies for the married couples having some medical complications as lawful."[7]
The fact that lawyers make up a permanent majority of judges of the court, outnumbering Islamic ulama, has been credited with the court finding "technical flaws in every stoning and amputation appeal that it has ever heard", preventing the carrying out of sentences amputating limbs and killing by stoning.[3]
Coat of arms of the Federal Shariat Court
Flag of the Federal Shariat Court
Honourable Chief Justice and Judges[edit]
Sr. No
Name of the Judge
designation
Date of Appointment
Date of Retirement
Former Position
1 Justice Sheikh Najam ul Hassan Judge
Chief Justice 08-08-2014
15-05-2017 Lahore High Court
2 Justice Fida Mohammad Khan Judge
Judge
Aalim Judge
02-08-1988
05-07-2011 reappointed
10-08-2017 reappointed
3 Justice Mehmood Maqbool Bajwa Judge 10-08-2017 Lahore High Court
4 Justice Syed Muhammad Farooq Shah Judge 06-02-2018 05-02-2021
5 Shaukat Ali Rakhshani Judge 06-02-2018 05-02-2021
6 Vacant
7 Vacant
8 Vacant
See also[edit]
Chief Justice of the Federal Shariat Court
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c CJP nominates Shariat court top judge, The Express Tribune (newspaper), Published 13 April 2017, Retrieved 7 August 2017
Jump up ^ Federal Shariat Court of Pakistan on Encyclopedia Britannica, Retrieved 7 August 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia . Macmillan. p. 229. ISBN 9780099523277.
Jump up ^ Ansar Burney v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 1983 FSC 73–93; reaffirmed in Mian Hammad Murtaza v. Federation of Pakistan, PLD 2011 FSC 117
Jump up ^ "Pakistan Shariat court gets first woman judge". hindustantimes.com website. 31 December 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Women's protection act challenged in Federal Shariat Court, Dawn (newspaper), Updated 4 March 2016, Retrieved 7 August 2017
Jump up ^ Federal Shariat Court validates test-tube babies conditionally, The Nation, Published 22 February 2017, Retrieved 7 August 2017
External links[edit]
Official website
Pakistan Federal Shariat Court on worldcat.org website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Shariat_Court&oldid=836821540"
Categories:
1980 establishments in Pakistan
Courts and tribunals established in 1980
Court system of Pakistan
Sharia in Pakistan
Judiciary of Pakistan
Islamization
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All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English
Articles needing additional references from April 2018
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This page was last edited on 17 April 2018, at 01:47 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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