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List of One Day International cricket records
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Sachin Tendulkar is the leading run-scorer and century maker in ODI cricket
Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest wicket-taker in ODI cricket
One Day International (ODI) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council (ICC) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members.[1] Unlike Test matches, ODIs consist of one innings per team, having a limit in the number of overs. The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings, although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs.[2] ODI cricket is List-A cricket, so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List-A records. The earliest match now recognised as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971;[3] since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams. The frequency of matches has steadily increased, partly because of the increase in the number of ODI-playing countries, and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue and also due to increase of popularity of Cricket.[4]
The most successful team in ODI cricket, in terms of win percentage, barring the Asia XI cricket team,[5] is Australia, having won 556 of their 911 ODIs (63.91%). Out of whole nations, its South Africa which dethroned Australia in terms of highest win percentage in ODIs in the year 2017 and currently hold record for having 64.08 (teams with more than 500 ODIs to their name).[6] In contrast, four teams have failed to win a single ODI: East Africa, Hong Kong, Namibia, and the USA.[7] Notable ODI records include longest winning sequence (Australia, 21), longest losing sequence (Bangladesh, 23), highest match by any player (Sachin,463 ) highest individual score (Rohit Sharma, 264), best bowling figures (Chaminda Vaas, 8–19), most runs in an over (Herschelle Gibbs, 36) and fastest century (AB De Villiers, 31 deliveries[8]).
The trend of countries to increase the number of ODI matches they play means that the aggregate lists are dominated by modern players. Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar has scored the most runs in ODIs with a total of 18,426. Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan is the highest ODI wicket-taker with a total of 534 wickets. The record for most dismissals by a wicket-keeper is held by Kumar Sangakkara of Sri Lanka while the record for most catches by a fielder is held by Sri Lankan Mahela Jayawardene.
Contents
[hide]
1 Listing criteria
2 Listing notation
3 Team records
3.1 Team wins, losses, ties, and no results
3.2 Result records
3.2.1 Greatest win margin (by runs)
3.2.2 Greatest win margin (by balls remaining)
3.2.3 Most consecutive wins
3.2.4 Most consecutive defeats
3.3 Team scoring records
3.3.1 Highest innings totals
3.3.2 Highest match aggregate
3.3.3 Highest runs in successful chasing
3.3.4 Lowest innings totals
4 Individual records
4.1 Individual records (batting)
4.1.1 Most career runs
4.1.2 Most runs in each batting position
4.1.3 Highest individual scores
4.1.4 Highest individual score in chronological order (Progressive Record)
4.1.5 Highest individual score at the position
4.1.6 Highest career average
4.1.7 Highest strike rates
4.1.8 Most centuries
4.1.9 Most fifties
4.1.10 Fastest fifties
4.1.11 Fastest centuries
4.1.12 Fastest 150s
4.1.13 Fastest double centuries
4.1.14 Most sixes in career
4.1.15 Most fours in career
4.1.16 Most sixes in an innings
4.1.17 Most fours in an innings
4.1.18 Most runs in a calendar year
4.1.19 Most runs in an over
4.1.20 Most runs in a match on the losing side
4.1.21 Most Number of innings before first duck
4.1.22 Most Runs in an innings as captain
4.1.23 Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman
4.1.24 Most Runs in a career without hundred
4.2 Individual records (bowling)
4.2.1 Most wickets
4.2.2 Best innings figures
4.2.3 Most runs conceded in an innings
4.2.4 Best career bowling average
4.2.5 Best career economy rate
4.2.6 Best career bowling strike rate
4.2.7 Most 5 wickets in an innings
4.3 Individual records (fielding)
4.3.1 Most catches in ODI career
4.4 Individual records (wicket-keeping)
4.4.1 Most dismissals
4.4.2 Most catches
4.4.3 Most stumpings
4.5 Individual records (other)
4.5.1 Most matches played
5 Partnership records
5.1 Highest partnerships
5.2 Highest partnership for each wicket
6 See also
7 References
Listing criteria
In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).
Listing notation
Team notation
(300–3) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed, either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained (or are able) to be bowled.
(300) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out, either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets.
Batting notation
(100*) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out.
(175) indicates that a batsman scored 175 runs and was out after that.
Bowling notation
(5–40) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs.
(49.5 overs) indicates that a team bowled 49 complete overs (each of six legal deliveries), and one incomplete over of just five deliveries.
Currently playing
Record holders who are currently playing ODIs (i.e. their record details listed could change) are shown by ‡.
Seasons
Cricket is played during the summer months in most countries. Domestic cricket seasons in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and the West Indies may therefore span two calendar years, and are by convention said to be played in (e.g.) "2008–09". A cricket season in England is described as a single year. e.g. "2009". An international ODI series or tournament may be for a much shorter duration, and Cricinfo treats this issue by stating "any series or matches which began between May and September of any given year will appear in the relevant single year season and any that began between October and April will appear in the relevant cross-year season".[9] In the record tables, a two-year span generally indicates that the record was set within a domestic season in one of the above named countries.
Team records
Team wins, losses, ties, and no results
Team
First ODI
Matches
Won
Lost
Tied
No result
Win
Afghanistan 000000002009-04-19-000019 April 2009 86 43 41 0 2 51.19
Africa XI 000000002005-08-17-000017 August 2005 6 1 4 0 1 20.00
Asia XI 000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005 7 4 2 0 1 66.66
Australia 000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971 906 555 308 9 34 64.16
Bangladesh 000000001986-03-31-000031 March 1986 335 105 223 0 7 32.01
Bermuda 000000002006-05-17-000017 May 2006 35 7 28 0 0 20.00
Canada 000000001979-06-09-00009 June 1979 77 17 58 0 2 22.66
East Africa 000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975 3 0 3 0 0 0.00
England 000000001971-01-05-00005 January 1971 697 343 322 8 24 51.56
Hong Kong 000000002004-07-16-000016 July 2004 20 8 11 0 1 42.10
ICC World XI 000000002005-01-10-000010 January 2005 4 1 3 0 0 25.00
India 000000001974-07-13-000013 July 1974 933 478 408 7 40 53.91
Ireland 000000002006-06-13-000013 June 2006 126 53 63 3 7 45.79
Kenya 000000001996-02-18-000018 February 1996 154 42 107 0 5 28.18
Namibia 000000002003-02-10-000010 February 2003 6 0 6 0 0 0.00
Netherlands 000000001996-02-17-000017 February 1996 76 28 44 1 3 39.04
New Zealand 000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973 731 324 362 6 39 47.25
Pakistan 000000001973-02-11-000011 February 1973 884 469 389 8 18 54.61
Papua New Guinea 000000002014-11-08-00008 November 2014 14 5 9 0 0 35.71
Scotland 000000001999-05-16-000016 May 1999 95 33 56 0 6 37.07
South Africa 000000001991-11-10-000010 November 1991 583 361 200 6 16 64.19
Sri Lanka 000000001975-06-07-00007 June 1975 811 373 397 5 36 48.45
United Arab Emirates 000000001994-04-13-000013 April 1994 35 9 26 0 0 25.71
United States 000000002004-09-10-000010 September 2004 2 0 2 0 0 0.00
West Indies 000000001973-09-05-00005 September 1973 767 380 351 9 27 51.95
Zimbabwe 000000001983-06-09-00009 June 1983 491 129 345 6 11 27.50
Last updated: 17 December 2017[10]
The win percentage excludes no results; a tie counts as half a win
Result records
Greatest win margin (by runs)
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard
290 runs New Zealand (402–2) beat Ireland (112) Mannofield Park, Aberdeen 1 July 2008 Scorecard
275 runs Australia (417–6) beat Afghanistan (142) WACA, Perth 4 March 2015 Scorecard
272 runs South Africa (399–6) beat Zimbabwe (127) Willowmoore Park, Benoni 22 October 2010 Scorecard
258 runs South Africa (301–8) beat Sri Lanka (43) Boland Park, Paarl 11 January 2012 Scorecard
257 runs India (413–5) beat Bermuda (156) Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain, Trinidad 19 March 2007 Scorecard
South Africa (408–5) beat West Indies (151) SCG, Sydney 27 February 2015 Scorecard
Last updated: 2 September 2016[11]
Greatest win margin (by balls remaining)
Margin
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard
277 balls† England (46–2) beat Canada (45) Old Trafford, Manchester 13 June 1979 Scorecard
274 balls Sri Lanka (40–1) beat Zimbabwe (38) SSC, Colombo 8 December 2001 Scorecard
272 balls Sri Lanka (37–1) beat Canada (36) Boland Park, Paarl 19 February 2003 Scorecard
264 balls New Zealand (95–0) beat Bangladesh (93) Queenstown, New Zealand 31 December 2007 Scorecard
253 balls Australia (66–1) beat United States (65) The Rose Bowl, Southampton 13 September 2004 Scorecard
Last updated: 2 September 2016[12]
†This match was played with 60 overs per innings
Most consecutive wins
Wins
Team
First win
Last win
21 Australia England at Hobart, 11 January 2003 West Indies at Port of Spain, 24 May 2003
12 South Africa[a] England at Centurion, 13 February 2005 New Zealand at Port Elizabeth, 30 October 2005
Pakistan India at Jaipur, 18 November 2007 Bangladesh at Dhaka, 8 June 2008
South Africa Ireland at Benoni, 25 September 2016 New Zealand at Hamilton, 19 February 2017
11 West Indies England at Lord's, 4 June 1984 Sri Lanka at Perth, 2 February 1985
Australia[b] Scotland at Basseterre, 14 March 2007 Sri Lanka at Bridgetown, 28 April 2007
No Results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 22 February 2017[13]
Notes:
^[a] This sequence began after a no-result, and was ended by a no-result. The first win was over England in the 7th and final ODI (ODI 2226) of a seven-game series. The 6th ODI (ODI 2225) was a no result, before which South Africa had won the 3rd (ODI 2221), 4th (ODI 2223), and 5th (ODI 2224) ODIs. Ignoring this no result, the sequence lasted 15 matches.[14] The last win came against New Zealand in the 3rd ODI (ODI 2289) of a five-game series. The 4th ODI (ODI 2292) was a no result and South Africa won the 5th ODI (ODI 2293) as well as the 1st ODI (ODI 2297) against India in their next series before losing to India in the 2nd ODI (ODI 2298). Ignoring this no result as well, South Africa's winning streak is further extended to 17 matches.[15]
^[b] This sequence was ended by a no-result. The last win was the 2007 Cricket World Cup Final (ODI 2581). Australia's next ODI (ODI 2621) was the first game of a seven-game series against India; there was no result. Australia won the next two ODIs of the series (ODI 2623 and 2625) before losing the 4th ODI (ODI 2627). If this no result is ignored, the second and third ODIs would be included in Australia's winning streak, extending it to 13 matches.[16]
Most consecutive defeats
Defeats
Team
First defeat
Last defeat
23 Bangladesh[a] West Indies at Dhaka, 8 October 1999 South Africa at Kimberley, 9 October 2002
22 Bangladesh Pakistan at Moratuwa, 31 March 1986 India at Mohali, 14 May 1998
18 Zimbabwe India at Leicester, 11 June 1983 Australia at Hobart, 14 March 1992
Bangladesh[a] South Africa at Bloemfontein, 22 September 2003 England at Dhaka, 12 November 2003
17 Zimbabwe Sri Lanka at Bulawayo, 20 April 2004 England at Bulawayo, 5 December 2004
No results are treated the same as wins and ties in the above table.
Last updated: 15 February 2016[17]
Notes:
^[a] The 23-game sequence was ended by a no result (ODI 1904). Another four defeats followed, then another no result (ODI 1956), and then Bangladesh's 18 game losing sequence. Ignoring these no results, Bangladesh's 23 game losing sequence and 18 game losing sequence combine with the intervening four defeats into a single losing streak of 45 matches.[18]
Team scoring records
Highest innings totals
See also: List of 400+ innings scores in ODIs
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard
444–3 (50 overs) England Pakistan Nottingham 30 August 2016 Scorecard
443–9 (50 overs) Sri Lanka Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard
439–2 (50 overs) South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 18 January 2015 Scorecard
438–9 (49.5 overs)† South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard
438–4 (50 overs) South Africa India Mumbai 25 October 2015 Scorecard
Last updated: 31 August 2016[19]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.
Highest match aggregate
Score
Teams
Venue
Date
Scorecard
872–13 (99.5 overs)† Australia (434–4) v South Africa (438–9) Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard
825–15 (100 overs) India (414–7) v Sri Lanka (411–8) Rajkot 15 December 2009 Scorecard
763–14 (96.0 overs) New Zealand (398–5) v England (365–9) London 12 June 2015 Scorecard
747–14 (100 overs) India (381–6) v England (366-8) Cuttack 19 January 2017 Scorecard
743–12 (99.2 overs) Australia (371–6) v South Africa (372–6) Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard
Last updated: 13 September 2017[20]
†See the match report for more details about this match, in which several records were set.
Highest runs in successful chasing
Score
Team
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard
438–9 (49.5 overs)† South Africa Australia Johannesburg 12 March 2006 Scorecard
372–6 (49.2 overs) South Africa Australia Durban 5 October 2016 Scorecard
362–1 (43.3 overs) India Australia Jaipur 16 October 2013 Scorecard
356–7 (48.1 overs) India England Pune 15 January 2017 Scorecard
351–4 (49.3 overs) India Australia Nagpur 30 October 2013 Scorecard
Last updated: 15 January 2017[21]
†See the match report for more details.
Lowest innings totals
Score
Team
Opponent
Venue
Date
Scorecard
35 (18 overs) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Harare 25 April 2004 Scorecard
36 (18.4 overs) Canada Sri Lanka Paarl 19 Feb 2003 Scorecard
38 (15.5 overs) Zimbabwe Sri Lanka Colombo 8 Dec 2001 Scorecard
43 (19.5 overs) Pakistan West Indies Cape Town 25 Feb 1993 Scorecard
43 (20.1 overs) Sri Lanka South Africa Paarl 11 Jan 2012 Scorecard
Last updated: 15 February 2016[22]
Individual records
Individual records (batting)
Most career runs
Runs
Innings
Player
Period
18,426 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989–2012
14,234 404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000–2015
13,704 365 Ricky Ponting 1995–2012
13,430 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989–2011
12,650 418 Mahela Jayawardene 1998–2015
Last updated: 15 February 2016[23]
Most career runs – progression of record
Runs
Player
Record held until
Duration of record
82
John Edrich 24 August 1972 1 year, 232 days
113
Greg Chappell 26 August 1972 2 days
144
Ian Chappell 28 August 1972 2 days
302
Dennis Amiss 31 March 1974 1 year, 215 days
316
Ian Chappell 13 July 1974 104 days
322
Dennis Amiss 15 July 1974 2 days
400
Keith Fletcher 5 June 1975 325 days
509
Dennis Amiss 11 June 1975 6 days
599
Keith Fletcher 14 June 1975 3 days
859
Dennis Amiss[a] 21 December 1979 4 years, 190 days
867
Greg Chappell 23 December 1979 2 days
883
Viv Richards 26 December 1979 3 days
953
Greg Chappell 16 January 1980 21 days
1,059
Viv Richards 28 May 1980 133 days
1,133
Gordon Greenidge 25 November 1980 181 days
1,154
Greg Chappell 5 December 1980 11 days
1,211
Viv Richards 7 December 1980 2 days
2,331
Greg Chappell[b] 7 December 1983 3 years
6,501
Viv Richards 9 November 1990 6 years, 337 days
8,648
Desmond Haynes[c] 8 November 1996 5 years, 365 days
9,378
Mohammad Azharuddin[d] 15 October 2000 3 years, 342 days
18,426
Sachin Tendulkar[e] Current 17 years, 136 days
Last updated: 21 January 2016
Notes:
^[a] Dennis Amiss finished his career with 859 runs
^[b] Greg Chappell finished his career with 2,331 runs
^[c] Desmond Haynes finished his career with 8,648 runs
^[d] Mohammad Azharuddin finished his career with 9,378 runs
^[e] Sachin Tendulkar finished his career with 18,426 runs
Most runs in each batting position
Batting position
Player
Runs
Average
Opener Sachin Tendulkar 15310 48.30
Number 3 Ricky Ponting 12662 42.49
Number 4 Mahela Jayawardene 6946 35.26
Number 5 Arjuna Ranatunga 4675 38.64
Number 6 MS Dhoni 3823 46.62
Number 7 Chris Harris 2130 31.32
Number 8 Wasim Akram 1208 17.01
Number 9 Mashrafe Mortaza 643 12.61
Number 10 Waqar Younis 478 11.12
Number 11 Muttiah Muralitharan 170 5.48
Last updated: 21 September 2017[24]
Highest individual scores
See also: List of highest individual scores in ODIs
Runs
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard
264 Rohit Sharma India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard
237* Martin Guptill New Zealand v West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard
219 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard
215 Chris Gayle West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 24 February 2015 Scorecard
209 Rohit Sharma India v Australia Bangalore 2 November 2013 Scorecard
Last updated: 3 September 2016[25]
Highest individual score in chronological order (Progressive Record)
Date
Runs
Player
Match Scorecard
Opponent
Notes
5 January 1971 82 John Edrich Scorecard Australia
First ever ODI fifty
Ended up in losing side
24 August 1972 103 Dennis Amiss Scorecard Australia
First ever ODI Century
Achieved while chasing target
7 September 1973 105 Roy Fredericks Scorecard England
Achieved while chasing target
31 August 1974 116* David Lloyd Scorecard Pakistan
Lost the match
7 June 1975 137 Dennis Amiss Scorecard India
World Cup
Only player to reclaim the record
7 June 1975 171* Glenn Turner Scorecard East Africa
World Cup
First ever ODI 150
Faced maximum number of balls (209)
18 June 1983 175* Kapil Dev Scorecard Zimbabwe
World Cup
Fastest century as on date (18 June 1983)
31 May 1984 189* Viv Richards Scorecard England
Century stand for the last wicket
21 May 1997 194 Saeed Anwar Scorecard India
16 August 2009 194* Charles Coventry Scorecard Bangladesh
Equaled the record but was not out.
Lost the match
24 February 2010 200* Sachin Tendulkar Scorecard South Africa
First ever ODI double century in men's cricket
8 December 2011 219 Virendar Sehwag Scorecard West Indies
13 November 2014 264 Rohit Sharma Scorecard Sri Lanka
First ever ODI 250
First man to achieve two double hundreds in ODI Cricket history
Last updated: 31 August 2016[26]
Highest individual score at the position
Batting position
Player
Score
Opponent
Venue
Date
Number 1 Martin Guptill 237* West Indies Eden Gardens 21 March 2015
Number 2 Rohit Sharma 264 Sri Lanka Westpac Stadium 13 November 2014
Number 3 Charles Coventry 194* Bangladesh Queens Sports Club 16 August 2009
Number 4 Vivian Richards 189* England Old Trafford 31 May 1984
Number 5 AB de Villiers 162* West Indies Sydney Cricket Ground 27 February 2015
Number 6 Kapil Dev 175* Zimbabwe Nevill Ground 18 June 1983
Number 7 Luke Ronchi 170* Sri Lanka University Oval 23 January 2015
Number 8 Chris Woakes 95* Sri Lanka Trent Bridge 21 June 2016
Number 9 Andre Russell 92* India Sir Vivian Richards Stadium 11 June 2011
Number 10 Ravi Rampaul 86* India ACA-VDCA Stadium 2 December 2011
Number 11 Mohammad Amir 58 England Trent Bridge 30 August 2016
Last updated: 29 January 2017[27]
Highest career average
Average
Innings
Runs
Player
Period
67.00 32 1,541 Ryan ten Doeschate 2006–2011
58.11 200 9,588 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008–present
54.06 215 9,515 AB de Villiers ‡ 2005–present
53.58 196 6,912 Michael Bevan 1994–2004
55.25 269 9,902 MS Dhoni ‡ 2004–present
Qualification: 20 innings
Last updated: 2 February 2018[28]
Highest strike rates
Strike rate
Runs
Balls faced
Player
Period
130.81 985 753 Andre Russell ‡ 2011–present
123.93 2,035 1,642 Glenn Maxwell ‡ 2012–present
118.73 602 507 Hardik Pandya ‡ 2016–present
117.93 2,505 2,124 Jos Buttler ‡ 2012–present
117.06 590 504 Lionel Cann 2006–2009
Qualification: 500 balls faced
Last updated: 17 December 2017[29]
Most centuries
Centuries
Innings
Player
Period
49 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989–2012
35 200 Virat Kohli ‡ 2008–present
30 365 Ricky Ponting 1995–2012
28 433 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989–2011
26 156 Hashim Amla ‡ 2008–present
Last updated: 2 February 2018[30]
Most fifties
Fifties
Innings
Player
Period
96 452 Sachin Tendulkar 1989–2012
93 380 Kumar Sangakkara 2000–2015
86 314 Jacques Kallis 1996–2014
83 318 Rahul Dravid 1996–2011
350 Inzamam-ul-Haq 1991–2007
Last updated: 15 February 2016[31]
Fastest fifties
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard
16 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014–15 Scorecard
17 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v Pakistan Singapore 1996 Scorecard
Kusal Perera ‡ Sri Lanka v Pakistan Kandy 2015 Scorecard
Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand v Sri Lanka Christchurch 2015–16 Scorecard
18 Simon O'Donnell Australia v Sri Lanka Sharjah 1990 Scorecard
Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi 1996 Scorecard
Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Netherlands Colombo 2002 Scorecard
Glenn Maxwell ‡ Australia v India Bangalore 2013 Scorecard
Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Bangladesh Dhaka 2014 Scorecard
Brendon McCullum New Zealand v England Wellington 2014–15 Scorecard
Aaron Finch ‡ Australia v Sri Lanka Dumbulla 2016 Scorecard
Last updated: 23 October 2017[32]
Fastest centuries
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard
31 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Johannesburg 2014–15 Scorecard
36 Corey Anderson ‡ New Zealand v West Indies Queenstown Events Centre 2013–14 Scorecard
37 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v Sri Lanka Nairobi Gymkhana Club 1996 Scorecard
44 Mark Boucher South Africa v Zimbabwe Senwes Park 2006 Scorecard
45 Brian Lara West Indies v Bangladesh Dhaka 1999 Scorecard
Shahid Afridi Pakistan v India Kanpur 2005 Scorecard
Last updated: 24 October 2017[33]
Fastest 150s
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Date
Scorecard
64 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa v West Indies Sydney 2015 Scorecard
83 Shane Watson ‡ Australia v Bangladesh Dhaka 2011 Scorecard
85 Sharjeel Khan ‡ Pakistan v Ireland Malahide 2016 Scorecard
92 Luke Ronchi New Zealand v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2014–15 Scorecard
95 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka v England Leeds 2006 Scorecard
Last updated: 31 August 2016[33]
Fastest double centuries
Balls faced
Player
Match
Venue
Season
Scorecard
138 Chris Gayle ‡ West Indies v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014–15 Scorecard
140 Virender Sehwag India v West Indies Indore 2011–12 Scorecard
147 Sachin Tendulkar India v South Africa Gwalior 2009–10 Scorecard
151 Rohit Sharma ‡ India v Sri Lanka Kolkata 2014–15 Scorecard
Rohit Sharma ‡ India v Sri Lanka Mohali 2017–18 Scorecard
Last updated: 13 December 2017[34]
Most sixes in career
Sixes
Player
Innings
351 Shahid Afridi 369
270 Sanath Jayasuriya 433
252 Chris Gayle ‡ 268
216 MS Dhoni ‡ 268
202 AB de Villiers ‡ 215
Last updated: 17 December 2017[35]
Most fours in career
Fours
Player
Innings
2016 Sachin Tendulkar 452
1500 Sanath Jayasuriya 433
1385 Kumar Sangakkara 380
1231 Ricky Ponting 365
1162 Adam Gilchrist 279
Last updated: 15 February 2016[36]
Most sixes in an innings
Sixes
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Match date
Scorecard
16 209 Rohit Sharma ‡ Australia Bangalore 02 Nov 2013 Scorecard
149 AB de Villiers ‡ West Indies Johannesburg 18 Jan 2015 Scorecard
215 Chris Gayle ‡ Zimbabwe Canberra 24 Feb 2015 Scorecard
15 185* Shane Watson Bangladesh Dhaka 11 Apr 2011 Scorecard
14 131* Corey Anderson ‡ West Indies Queenstown 1 Jan 2014 Scorecard
Last updated: 31 August 2016[37]
Most fours in an innings
Fours
Runs
Player
Opposition
Venue
Date
Scorecard
33 264 Rohit Sharma ‡ Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard
25 200* Sachin Tendulkar South Africa Gwalior 24 February 2010 Scorecard
219 Virendar Sehwag West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard
24 157 Sanath Jayasuriya Netherlands Amstelveen 4 July 2006 Scorecard
237* Martin Guptill ‡ West Indies Wellington 21 March 2015 Scorecard
173 David Warner ‡ South Africa Cape Town 12 October 2016 Scorecard
Last updated: 2 December 2016[38]
Most runs in a calendar year
Runs
Innings
Player
Year
1894 33 Sachin Tendulkar 1998
1767 41 Sourav Ganguly 1999
1761 43 Rahul Dravid 1999
1611 32 Sachin Tendulkar 1996
1601 30 Matthew Hayden 2007
Last updated: 15 February 2016[39]
Most runs in an over
Runs
Sequence
Batsman
Bowler
Venue
Date
Scorecard
36 6–6–6–6–6–6 Herschelle Gibbs Daan van Bunge St. Kitts 2006–07 Scorecard
35 6–W–6–6–6–4–6 Thisara Perera ‡ Robin Peterson Pallekele 2013 Scorecard
34 4–(N+6)–2–(N+4)–4–4–2–6 AB de Villiers ‡ Jason Holder ‡ Sydney 2014–15 Scorecard
32 4–4–6–6–6–6 Shahid Afridi Malinga Bandara ‡ Abu Dhabi 2007 Scorecard
31 1–6–6–4–6–(N+4)–W–2[a] Kane Williamson ‡
James Franklin Rizwan Cheema ‡
Harvir Baidwan ‡ Mumbai 2010–11 Scorecard
Last updated: 2 December 2016[40]
Key:
N – No ball
W – Wide
Notes:
^[a] Kane Williamson faced the first ball of the over before turning over the strike to James Franklin. Rizwan Cheema was taken out of the bowling attack after bowling the no-ball, which was his second above-the-waist full toss bowled in the innings. He was replaced by Harvir Baidwan, who bowled the last two deliveries of the over.[41]
Most runs in a match on the losing side
Innings
Player
Runs
Opposition
Year
1st Charles Coventry 194* Bangladesh 2009
1st Matthew Hayden 181* New Zealand 2007
2nd Sachin Tendulkar 175 Australia 2009
2nd David Warner 173 South Africa 2016
1st Rohit Sharma ‡ 171* Australia 2016
Last updated: 1 March 2017[42]
Most Number of innings before first duck
Innings
Player
Year
72 Kumar Dharmasena 2001
70 Gordon Greenidge 1986
68 Craig McMillan 2001
67 Chris Cairns 1997
67 Graeme Smith 2005
Last updated: 1 March 2017[43]
Most Runs in an innings as captain
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year
219 Virender Sehwag West Indies 2011
208* Rohit Sharma Sri Lanka 2017
189 Sanath Jayasuriya India 2000
186* Sachin Tendulkar New Zealand 1999
181 Sir Vivian Richards Sri Lanka 1987
Last updated: 1 March 2017[44]
Most Runs in an innings as wicketkeeper batsman
Runs
Player
Opponents
Year
183* MS Dhoni Sri Lanka 2005
178 Quinton de Kock Australia 2016
172 Adam Gilchrist New Zealand 2004
170* Luke Ronchi Sri Lanka 2015
169 Kumar Sangakkara South Africa 2013
Last updated: 1 March 2017[45]
Most Runs in a career without hundred
Runs
Player
Best
Span
5122 Misbah-ul-Haq 96* 2002–2015
3717 Wasim Akram 86 1984–2003
3266 Moin Khan 72* 1990–2004
2943 Heath Streak 79* 1993–2005
2784 Andrew Jones 93 1987–1995
Last updated: 1 March 2017[46]
Individual records (bowling)
Most wickets
Wickets
Matches
Player
Period
534 350 Muttiah Muralitharan 1993–2011
502 356 Wasim Akram 1984–2003
416 262 Waqar Younis 1989–2003
400 322 Chaminda Vaas 1994–2008
395 398 Shahid Afridi 1996–2015
Last updated: 15 February 2016[47]
Best innings figures
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Date
8/19 Chaminda Vaas Sri Lanka v Zimbabwe Colombo 8 December 2001
7/12 Shahid Afridi Pakistan v West Indies Guyana 14 July 2013
7/15 Glenn McGrath Australia v Namibia Potchefstroom 27 February 2003
7/18 Rashid Khan ‡ Afghanistan v West Indies Gros Islet 9 June 2017
7/20 Andy Bichel Australia v England Port Elizabeth 2 March 2003
Last updated: 10 June 2017[48]
Most runs conceded in an innings
Runs
Bowling figures
Player
Match
Venue
Year
Scorecard
113 10–0–113–0 Mick Lewis Australia v South Africa Johannesburg 2006 Scorecard
110 10–0–110–0 Wahab Riaz ‡ Pakistan v England Nottingham 2016 Scorecard
106 10–0–106–1 Bhuvneshwar Kumar ‡ India v South Africa Mumbai 2015–16 Scorecard
10–0–106–0 Nuwan Pradeep ‡ Sri Lanka v India Mohali 2017-18 Scorecard
105 12–1–105–2 Martin Snedden New Zealand v England The Oval 1983 Scorecard
10–0–105–0 Tim Southee ‡ New Zealand v India Christchurch 2009 Scorecard
9–0–105–1 Brian Vitori ‡ Zimbabwe v New Zealand Napier 2012 Scorecard
Last updated: 13 December 2017[49]
Best career bowling average
Bowling average
Player
Runs
Wickets
14.74 Rashid Khan ‡ 929 63
18.84 Joel Garner 2,752 146
18.90 Ryan Harris 832 44
18.97 Tony Gray 835 44
19.45 Mike Hendrick 681 35
Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 June 2017[50]
Best career economy rate
Economy rate
Player
Balls
Runs
3.09 Joel Garner 5,330 2,752
3.25 Max Walker 1,006 546
3.27 Mike Hendrick 1,248 681
3.28 Bob Willis 3,595 1,968
3.30 Richard Hadlee 6,182 3,407
Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 15 February 2016[51]
Best career bowling strike rate
Bowling strike rate
Player
Balls
Wickets
22.2 Rashid Khan ‡ 1,401 63
23.2 Hasan Ali ‡ 1,302 56
23.4 Ryan Harris 1,031 44
24.2 Mustafizur Rahman ‡ 1,067 44
24.7 Corey Anderson ‡ 1,485 60
Qualification: 1000 balls bowled
Last updated: 24 October 2017.[52]
Most 5 wickets in an innings
5 wickets in an innings
Player
Matches
13 Waqar Younis 262
10 Muttiah Muralitharan 350
9 Brett Lee 221
Shahid Afridi 398
7 Lasith Malinga ‡ 194
Glenn McGrath 250
Last updated: 12 June 2017[53]
Individual records (fielding)
Most catches in ODI career
Catches
Player
Matches
218 Mahela Jayawardene 448
160 Ricky Ponting 375
156 Mohammed Azharuddin 334
140 Sachin Tendulkar 463
133 Stephen Fleming 280
Note:The list excludes catches made as wicket-keeper.[54]
Last updated: 15 February 2016
Individual records (wicket-keeping)
Most dismissals
Dismissals
Player
Innings
482 (383 catches + 99 stumpings) Kumar Sangakkara 353
472 (417 catches + 55 stumpings) Adam Gilchrist 281
424 (402 catches + 22 stumpings) Mark Boucher 290
400 (294 catches + 106 stumpings) MS Dhoni ‡ 308
287 (214 catches + 73 stumpings) Moin Khan 209
Last updated: 17 December 2017[55]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[56]
Most catches
Catches
Player
Innings
417 Adam Gilchrist 281
402 Mark Boucher 290
383 Kumar Sangakkara 353
293 MS Dhoni ‡ 307
227 Brendon McCullum 183
Last updated: 17 December 2017[57]
Note. Sangakkara also took 19 catches in 44 matches when he was not the designated wicket keeper.[56]
Most stumpings
Stumpings
Player
Innings
ODI Career Span
105
MS Dhoni‡ 307 2004–present
99
Kumar Sangakkara 353 2000–2015
75
Romesh Kaluwitharana 185 1990–2004
73
Moin Khan 209 1990–2004
55
Adam Gilchrist 281 1996–2008
Last updated: 17 December 2017[58]
Individual records (other)
Most matches played
Matches
Player
Period
463 Sachin Tendulkar 1989–2012
448 Mahela Jayawardene 1998–2015
445 Sanath Jayasuriya 1989–2011
404 Kumar Sangakkara 2000–2015
398 Shahid Afridi 1996–2015
Last updated: 9 January 2016[59]
Partnership records
Highest partnerships
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season
372 (2nd wicket) † Chris Gayle ‡ (215) & Marlon Samuels ‡ (133*) v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014–15
331 (2nd wicket) Sachin Tendulkar (186*) & Rahul Dravid (153) v New Zealand Hyderabad 1999–00
318 (2nd wicket)(first 300+) † Sourav Ganguly (183) & Rahul Dravid (145) v Sri Lanka Taunton 1999
286 (1st wicket) Sanath Jayasuriya (152) & Upul Tharanga ‡ (109) v England Headingley 2006
284 (1st wicket) David Warner ‡ (179) & Travis Head ‡ (100) v Pakistan Adelaide 2016–17
Note: † indicate partnerships, made in the Cricket World Cup.
Last updated: 26 January 2017[60]
Highest partnership for each wicket
Wicket
Runs
Players
Opposition
Venue
Season
1st 286 Upul Tharanga ‡ & Sanath Jayasuriya v England Headingley 2006
2nd 372 Chris Gayle ‡ & Marlon Samuels ‡ v Zimbabwe Canberra 2014–15
3rd 258 Darren Bravo ‡ & Denesh Ramdin ‡ v Bangladesh Basseterre 2014
4th 275* Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja v Zimbabwe Cuttack 1998
5th 256* David Miller ‡ & JP Duminy ‡ v Zimbabwe Hamilton 2014–15
6th 267* Grant Elliott ‡ & Luke Ronchi ‡ v Sri Lanka Dunedin 2015
7th 177 Jos Buttler & Adil Rashid v New Zealand Edgbaston 2015
8th 138* Justin Kemp & Andrew Hall v India Cape Town 2006
9th 132 Angelo Mathews ‡ & Lasith Malinga ‡ v Australia Melbourne 2010
10th 106* Viv Richards & Michael Holding v England Manchester 1984
Last updated: 15 February 2016[61]
See also
Cricket portal
List of batsmen who have scored over 10,000 One Day International cricket runs
List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
List of Cricket World Cup records
List of first-class cricket records
List of List A cricket records
List of Twenty20 cricket records
List of Australia One Day International cricket records
List of Bangladesh One Day International cricket records
List of England One Day International cricket records
List of India One Day International cricket records
List of New Zealand One Day International cricket records
List of Pakistan One Day International cricket records
List of South Africa One Day International cricket records
List of Sri Lanka One Day International cricket records
List of West Indies One Day International cricket records
List of Zimbabwe One Day International cricket records
List of Test cricket records
List of Twenty20 International records
References
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^ Jump up to: a b "Records–One-Day Internationals–Batting records–Fastest Hundreds". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Team records–Most runs in a calendar year". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Bowling records–Best career strike rate". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Bowling records–Most five-wickets-in-an-innings in a career". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Fielding records–Most catches in career". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
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Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Wicketkeeping records–Most catches in career". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Wicketkeeping records–Most stumpings in career". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Records–One-Day Internationals–Partnership records–Highest partnerships by wicket". Cricinfo. ESPN. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
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Cell theory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Human cancer cells with nuclei (specifically the DNA) stained blue. The central and rightmost cell are in interphase, so the entire nuclei are labeled. The cell on the left is going through mitosis and its DNA has condensed.
In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellular regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1839. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory.
The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
The first of these tenets is disputed, as non-cellular entities such as viruses are sometimes considered life-forms.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Microscopes
2 Discovery of cells
3 Cell theory
4 Modern interpretation
5 The modern version of the cell theory
6 Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background
6.1 Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories
6.2 The emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept
6.3 The reemergence of the bulk phase theories
7 Types of cells
8 See also
9 References
10 Bibliography
11 Further reading
12 External links
Microscopes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek's microscope from the 17th century with a magnification of 270x.
Robert Hooke's microscope
The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass. In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) with limited magnification.[2] Compound microscope, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification, first appeared in Europe around 1620[3][4] In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.[5]
Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses. This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were a single lens simple microscope, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.[6]
Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths, once again, changing the possibilities in science.[6]
Discovery of cells
Drawing of the structure of cork by Robert Hooke that appeared in Micrographia.
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope.[5] One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function.[7] What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive.[8] His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.[5]
Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x.[8] Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria.[6] Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.[5]
The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[9] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[10] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.
In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for "solving the problem of the nature of cells", meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen.[11] Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way.
Cell theory
Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881)
Theodor Schwann (1810–1882)
Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.[12] While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside.[13] However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.[14] This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated.[9]
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. The cell is the most basic unit of life
Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.[6] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In Latin, this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula.[9] This translated to:
3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells
However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit.[15] Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.
Modern interpretation
The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:
All known living things are made up of one or more cells[16]
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.[17]
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.[citation needed]
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.[citation needed]
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.[18]
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species .[citation needed]
The modern version of the cell theory
The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that:
Energy flow occurs within cells.[19]
Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.[19]
All cells have the same basic chemical composition.[19]
Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background
The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation. The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.
Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories
Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis, permeability, and electrical properties of cells.[20] The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties. The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad-hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles. Overton (a distant cousin of Charles Darwin) first proposed the concept of a lipid (oil) plasma membrane in 1899. The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water, so Nathansohn (1904) proposed the mosaic theory. In this view, the membrane is not a pure lipid layer, but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel. Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules. Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions, Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores, changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion. Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential (1926) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane.[21] Harvey and Danielli (1939) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension. In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K+ and Cl-, but apparently not to Na+, so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K+, H+, and Cl- as well as the impermeability to Na+, Ca+, and Mg++. Over the same time period, it was shown (Procter & Wilson, 1916) that gels, which do not have a semipermeable membrane, would swell in dilute solutions. Loeb (1920) also studied gelatin extensively, with and without a membrane, showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane. In particular, he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed, based on the H+ concentration. Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s, based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000. A lipid layer cannot stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork (thereby losing its barrier properties. Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties. In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell, including electrical properties. By the 1940s, the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories. In 1941, Brooks & Brooks published a monograph The Permeability of Living Cells, which rejects the bulk phase theories.
The emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept
With the development of radioactive tracers, it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na+. This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory, so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na+ as it permeates cells. This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients. In 1935, Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells, so the concept of a metabolically-driven sodium pump was proposed. The tremendous success of Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials, with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly, provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis.
The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it. The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail, including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane. These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists, who now apparently accept the theory as fact—there are, however, a few dissenters.[citation needed]
The reemergence of the bulk phase theories
In 1956, Afanasy S. Troshin published a book, The Problems of Cell Permeability, in Russian (1958 in German, 1961 in Chinese, 1966 in English) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment. Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump. Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered.
In 1962, Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association-induction hypothesis of living cells.
Types of cells
Main article: Cell types
Prokaryote cell.
Eukaryote cell.
Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:
Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane, with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism.[22] Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (although they do have circular or linear DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope, and the cytoplasm.[22] Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane, but on the other hand, they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles, such as (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles).[23] In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.[citation needed]
Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protoctista.[24]
See also
Biology portal
Cell adhesion
Cell biology
Cellular differentiation
Germ theory of disease
Membrane models
References
Jump up ^ Villarreal, Luis P. (August 8, 2008) Are Viruses Alive? Scientific American
Jump up ^ Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi E Contributi Dell'Istituto Nazionale Di Ottica, Volume 30, La Fondazione-1975, page 554
Jump up ^ Albert Van Helden; Sven Dupré; Rob van Gent (2010). The Origins of the Telescope. Amsterdam University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-6984-615-6.
Jump up ^ William Rosenthal, Spectacles and Other Vision Aids: A History and Guide to Collecting, Norman Publishing, 1996, page 391 - 392
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gest, H (2004). "The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 58 (2): 187–201. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2004.0055. PMID 15209075.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Mazzarello, P. (1999). "A unifying concept: the history of cell theory". Nature Cell Biology. 1 (1): E13–5. doi:10.1038/8964. PMID 10559875. Archived from the original on 2015-06-03.
Jump up ^ Inwood, Stephen (2003). The man who knew too much: the strange and inventive life of Robert Hooke, 1635–1703. London: Pan. p. 72. ISBN 0-330-48829-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Becker, Wayne M.; Kleinsmith, Lewis J.; Hardin, Jeff (2003). The World of the Cell. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8053-4854-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c Robinson, Richard. "History of Biology: Cell Theory and Cell Structure". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Dutrochet, Henri (1824) "Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la structure intime des animaux et des vegetaux, et sur leur motilite, par M.H. Dutrochet, avec deux planches"
Jump up ^ Kalenderblatt Dezember 2013 – Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät – Universität Rostock. Mathnat.uni-rostock.de (2013-11-28). Retrieved on 2015-10-15.
Jump up ^ Sharp, L. W. (1921). Introduction To Cytology. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.
Jump up ^ Schleiden, M. J. (1839). "Beiträge zur Phytogenesis". Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: 137–176.
Jump up ^ Schwann, T. (1839). Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen. Berlin: Sander.
Jump up ^ Silver, GA (1987). "Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade". American Journal of Public Health. 77 (1): 82–8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82. PMC 1646803  . PMID 3538915.
Jump up ^ Wolfe
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 5
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 8
^ Jump up to: a b c "The modern version of the Cell Theory". Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Ling, Gilbert N. (1984). In search of the physical basis of life. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0306414090.
Jump up ^ Michaelis, L. (1925). "Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Membranes for Electrolytes". The Journal of General Physiology. 8 (2): 33–59. doi:10.1085/jgp.8.2.33. PMC 2140746  . PMID 19872189.
^ Jump up to: a b Wolfe, p. 11
Jump up ^ Wolfe, p. 13
Jump up ^ Margulis, L. & Chapman, M.J. (2009). Kingdoms and Domains: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth ([4th ed.]. ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 116.
Bibliography
Wolfe, Stephen L. (1972). Biology of the cell. Wadsworth Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-534-00106-3.
Further reading
Turner W (January 1890). "The Cell Theory Past and Present". J Anat Physiol. 24 (Pt 2): 253–87. PMC 1328050  . PMID 17231856.
Tavassoli M (1980). "The cell theory: a foundation to the edifice of biology". Am. J. Pathol. 98 (1): 44. PMC 1903404  . PMID 6985772.
External links
Mallery C (2008-02-11). "Cell Theory". Retrieved 2008-11-25.
"Studying Cells Tutorial". 2004. Retrieved 2008-11-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_theory&oldid=812343178"
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