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Lactic acid
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Lactic acid
L-Lactic acid
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
Other names
Milk acid
Identifiers
CAS Number
50-21-5 Y
79-33-4 (L) Y
10326-41-7 (D) Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:422 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL330546 Y
ChemSpider
96860 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.017
E number E270 (preservatives)
IUPHAR/BPS
2932
UNII
33X04XA5AT N
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1 Y
Key: JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N Y
SMILES[show]
CC(O)C(=O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
C3H6O3
Molar mass 90.08 g·mol−1
Melting point 53°C
Boiling point 122 °C (252 °F; 395 K) @ 15 mmHg
Acidity (pKa) 3.86,[1] 15.1[2]
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcHo298)
1361.9 kJ/mol, 325.5 kcal/mol, 15.1 kJ/g, 3.61 kcal/g
Pharmacology
ATC code
G01AD01 (WHO) QP53AG02 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS pictograms [3]
GHS hazard statements
H315, H318[3]
GHS precautionary statements
P280, P305+351+338[3]
Related compounds
Other anions
lactate
Related carboxylic acids
acetic acid
glycolic acid
propionic acid
3-hydroxypropanoic acid
malonic acid
butyric acid
hydroxybutyric acid
Related compounds
1-propanol
2-propanol
propionaldehyde
acrolein
sodium lactate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)COOH. In its solid state, it is white and water-soluble. In its liquid state, it is colorless. It is produced both naturally and synthetically. With a hydroxyl group adjacent to the carboxyl group, lactic acid is classified as an alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA). In the form of its conjugate base called lactate, it plays a role in several biochemical processes.
In solution, it can ionize a proton from the carboxyl group, producing the lactate ion CH
3CH(OH)CO−
2. Compared to acetic acid, its pKa is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid deprotonates ten times more easily than acetic acid does. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the α-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group.
Lactic acid is chiral, consisting of two optical isomers. One is known as L-(+)-lactic acid or (S)-lactic acid and the other, its mirror image, is D-(−)-lactic acid or (R)-lactic acid. A mixture of the two in equal amounts is called DL-lactic acid, or racemic lactic acid.
Lactic acid is hygroscopic. DL-lactic acid is miscible with water and with ethanol above its melting point which is around 17 or 18 °C. D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid have a higher melting point.
In animals, L-lactate is constantly produced from pyruvate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process of fermentation during normal metabolism and exercise. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including monocarboxylate transporters, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of blood lactate is usually 1–2 mmol/L at rest, but can rise to over 20 mmol/L during intense exertion[4] and as high as 25 mmol/L afterward.[5]
In industry, lactic acid fermentation is performed by lactic acid bacteria, which convert simple carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or galactose to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the mouth; the acid they produce is responsible for the tooth decay known as caries.[6][7][8][9]
In medicine, lactate is one of the main components of lactated Ringer's solution and Hartmann's solution. These intravenous fluids consist of sodium and potassium cations along with lactate and chloride anions in solution with distilled water, generally in concentrations isotonic with human blood. It is most commonly used for fluid resuscitation after blood loss due to trauma, surgery, or burns.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Production
3 Exercise and lactate
4 Brain metabolism
5 Blood testing
6 Polymer precursor
7 Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications
8 Foods
9 Detergents
10 Mosquito lure
11 Forgery
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
Lactic acid was isolated for the first time by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780 from sour milk. The name reflects the lact- combining form derived from the Latin word for milk. In 1808, Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovered that lactic acid (actually L-lactate) also is produced in muscles during exertion.[10] Its structure was established by Johannes Wislicenus in 1873.
In 1856, Louis Pasteur discovered Lactobacillus and its role in the making of lactic acid. Lactic acid started to be produced commercially by the German pharmacy Boehringer Ingelheim in 1895.
In 2006, global production of lactic acid reached 275,000 metric tons with an average annual growth of 10%.[11]
Production[edit]
Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates (sugar, starch) or by chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde, that is available from coal or crude oil.[12] In 2009 lactic acid was produced predominantly (70–90%)[13] by fermentation. Production of racemic lactic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of D and L stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9% L-lactic acid, is possible by microbial fermentation. Industrial scale production of D-lactic acid by fermentation is possible, but much more challenging.
Fermentative production
Fermented milk products are obtained industrially by fermentation of milk or whey by Lactobacillius-species: Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and Lactobacillus helveticus, and furthermore Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus (Streptococcus thermophilus) and Lactococcus lactis.
As a starting material for industrial production of lactic chemistry, that is applied for chemical synthesis, almost any carbohydrate source containing C5/C6 sugars could be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar beet juice are frequently applied.[14] Lactic acid producing bacteria could be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like Lactobacillus casei and Lactococcus lactis, producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as carbon dioxide and acetic acid/ethanol.[15]
Chemical production
Racemic lactic acid is produced in industry by addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetaldehyde and subsequent hydrolysis of forming lactonitrile. Hydrolysis performed by hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride forms as a by-product. Japanese concern Musashino is one of the last big manufactures of lactic acid by this route.[16] Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure lactic acids is also possible from other starting materials (vinyl acetate, glycerol, etc.) by application of catalytic procedures.[17]
Exercise and lactate[edit]
During power exercises such as sprinting, when the rate of demand for energy is high, glucose is broken down and oxidized to pyruvate, and lactate is then produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it, causing lactate concentrations to rise. The production of lactate is beneficial for NAD+ regeneration (pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD+), which is used up in oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during production of pyruvate from glucose, and this ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue. (During intense exercise, the respiratory chain cannot keep up with the amount of hydrogen atoms that join to form NADH, and cannot regenerate NAD+ quickly enough.)
The resulting lactate can be used in two ways:
Oxidation back to pyruvate by well-oxygenated muscle cells, heart cells, and brain cells
Pyruvate is then directly used to fuel the Krebs cycle
Conversion to glucose via gluconeogenesis in the liver and release back into circulation; see Cori cycle[18]
If blood glucose concentrations are high, the glucose can be used to build up the liver's glycogen stores.
However, lactate is continually formed even at rest and during moderate exercise. Some causes of this are metabolism in red blood cells that lack mitochondria, and limitations resulting from the enzyme activity that occurs in muscle fibers having a high glycolytic capacity.[18]
In 2004 Robergs et al. maintained that lactic acidosis during exercise is a "construct" or myth, pointing out that part of the H+ comes from ATP hydrolysis (ATP4− + H2O → ADP3− + HPO2−
4 + H+), and that reducing pyruvate to lactate (pyruvate− + NADH + H+ → lactate− + NAD+) actually consumes H+.[19] Lindinger et al.[20] countered that they had ignored the causative factors of the increase in [H+]. After all, the production of lactate− from a neutral molecule must increase [H+] to maintain electroneutrality. The point of Robergs's paper, however, was that lactate− is produced from pyruvate−, which has the same charge. It is pyruvate− production from neutral glucose that generates H+:
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP3− + 2 HPO2−
4 → 2 CH
3COCO−
2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O
Subsequent lactate− production absorbs these protons:
2 CH
3COCO−
2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH → 2 CH
3CH(OH)CO−
2 + 2 NAD+
Overall:
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP3− + 2 HPO2−
4 → 2 CH
3COCO−
2 + 2 H+ + 2 NADH + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O
→ 2 CH
3CH(OH)CO−
2 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ATP4− + 2 H2O
Although the reaction glucose → 2 lactate− + 2 H+ releases two H+ when viewed on its own, the H+ are absorbed in the production of ATP. On the other hand, the absorbed acidity is released during subsequent hydrolysis of ATP: ATP4− + H2O → ADP3− + HPO2−
4 + H+. So once the use of the ATP is included, the overall reaction is
C6H12O6 → 2 CH
3COCO−
2 + 2 H+
The generation of CO2 during respiration also causes an increase in [H+].
Brain metabolism[edit]
Although glucose is usually assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, there are some indications that it is lactate, and not glucose, that is preferentially metabolized by neurons in the brain of several mammalian species (the notable ones being mice, rats, and humans).[21][22] According to the lactate-shuttle hypothesis, glial cells are responsible for transforming glucose into lactate, and for providing lactate to the neurons.[23][24] Because of this local metabolic activity of glial cells, the extracellular fluid immediately surrounding neurons strongly differs in composition from the blood or cerebro-spinal fluid, being much richer with lactate, as was found in microdialysis studies.[21]
Some evidence suggests that lactate is important at early stages of development for brain metabolism in prenatal and early postnatal subjects, with lactate at these stages having higher concentrations in body liquids, and being utilized by the brain preferentially over glucose.[21] It was also hypothesized that lactate may exert a strong action over GABAergic networks in the developing brain, making them more inhibitory than it was previously assumed,[25] acting either through better support of metabolites,[21] or alterations in base intracellular pH levels,[26][27] or both.[28]
Studies of brain slices of mice show that beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate, and pyruvate act as oxidative energy substrates, causing an increase in the NAD(P)H oxidation phase, that glucose was insufficient as an energy carrier during intense synaptic activity and, finally, that lactate can be an efficient energy substrate capable of sustaining and enhancing brain aerobic energy metabolism in vitro.[29] The study, "provides novel data on biphasic NAD(P)H fluorescence transients, an important physiological response to neural activation that has been reproduced in many studies and that is believed to originate predominately from activity-induced concentration changes to the cellular NADH pools."[30]
Blood testing[edit]
Reference ranges for blood tests, comparing lactate content (shown in violet at center-right) to other constituents in human blood.
Blood tests for lactate are performed to determine the status of the acid base homeostasis in the body. Blood sampling for this purpose is often by arterial blood sampling (even if it is more difficult than venipuncture), because lactate differs substantially between arterial and venous levels, and the arterial level is more representative for this purpose.
Reference ranges
Lower limit Upper limit Unit
Venous 4.5[31] 19.8[31] mg/dL
0.5[32] 2.2[32] mmol/L
Arterial 4.5[31] 14.4[31] mg/dL
0.5[32] 1.6[32] mmol/L
During childbirth, lactate levels in the fetus can be quantified by fetal scalp blood testing.
Polymer precursor[edit]
Main article: polylactic acid
Two molecules of lactic acid can be dehydrated to the lactone lactide. In the presence of catalysts lactide polymerize to either atactic or syndiotactic polylactide (PLA), which are biodegradable polyesters. PLA is an example of a plastic that is not derived from petrochemicals.
Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications[edit]
Lactic acid is also employed in pharmaceutical technology to produce water-soluble lactates from otherwise-insoluble active ingredients. It finds further use in topical preparations and cosmetics to adjust acidity and for its disinfectant and keratolytic properties.
Foods[edit]
Lactic acid is found primarily in sour milk products, such as koumiss, laban, yogurt, kefir, and some cottage cheeses. The casein in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic acid. Lactic acid is also responsible for the sour flavor of sourdough bread.
In lists of nutritional information lactic acid might be included under the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") because this often includes everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol.[33] If this is the case then the calculated food energy may use the standard 4 calories per gram that is often used for all carbohydrates. But in some cases lactic acid is ignored in the calculation.[34] The energy density of lactic acid is 362 kilocalories (1,510 kJ) per 100 g.[35]
In beer brewing some styles of beer (sour beer) purposely contain lactic acid. Most commonly this is produced naturally by various strains of bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars into acids, unlike yeast, who ferment sugar into ethanol. One such style are Belgian Lambics. After cooling the wort, yeast and bacteria are allowed to “fall” into the open fermenters. Most brewers of more common beer styles would ensure no such bacteria are allowed to enter the fermenter. Other sour styles of beer include Berliner weisse, Flanders red and American wild ale.[36][37]
In winemaking, a bacterial process, natural or controlled, is often used to convert the naturally present malic acid to lactic acid, to reduce the sharpness and for other flavor-related reasons. This malolactic fermentation is undertaken by the family of lactic acid bacteria.
While not normally found in significant quantities in fruit, lactic acid is the primary organic acid in akebia fruit, making up 2.12% of the juice.[38]
As a food additive it is approved for use in the EU,[39] USA[40] and Australia and New Zealand;[41] it is listed by its INS number 270 or as E number E270. Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent.[42] It is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing.[43] Lactic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical synthesis.[42] Carbohydrate sources include corn, beets, and cane sugar.[44]
Detergents[edit]
Lactic acid has gained importance in the detergent industry the last decade. It is a good descaler, soap-scum remover, and a registered anti-bacterial agent. It is also economically beneficial as well as part of a trend toward environmentally safer and natural ingredients.[45]
Mosquito lure[edit]
Lactic acid, along with ammonium bicarbonate, is used in the Lurex brand mosquito attractant.[46]
Forgery[edit]
Lactic acid has historically been used to assist with the erasure of inks from official papers to be modified during forgery.[47]
See also[edit]
Hydroxybutyric acid
Acids in wine
Alanine cycle
Biodegradable plastic
Cori cycle
Dental caries
MCT1, a lactate transporter
Thiolactic acid
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Corn Plastic to the Rescue
Lactic Acid: Information and Resources
Lactic Acid Is Not Muscles' Foe, It's Fuel
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text:
If I Ain't Got You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"If I Ain't Got You"
Single by Alicia Keys
from the album The Diary of Alicia Keys
B-side
"You Don't Know My Name/Will You Ever Know It" (Reggae Mix)
Released
February 17, 2004
Format
12"
CD
digital download
Recorded
Kampo Studios (New York City, New York)
Genre
R&B
Length
3:48
Label
J
Songwriter(s)
Alicia Keys
Producer(s)
Alicia Keys
Alicia Keys singles chronology
"You Don't Know My Name"
(2003) "If I Ain't Got You"
(2004) "Diary"
(2004)
"You Don't Know My Name"
(2003) "If I Ain't Got You"
(2004) "Diary"
(2004)
Audio sample
Alicia Keys – "If I Ain't Got You"
file
help

Music video
"If I Ain't Got You" on YouTube
"If I Ain't Got You" is a song by American singer Alicia Keys from her second studio album The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003). Inspired by the 2001 death of Aaliyah, the terrorist September 11 attacks, and other different events in the world and in Keys' life at that time, it is about "how material things don't feed the soul." Musically, the slow bluesy piano ballad features musicians Hugh McCracken on guitar and Steve Jordan on drums.
Released in February 2004 as the album's second single, the song peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became Keys' second consecutive R&B chart-topper, remaining atop of the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for six weeks. The song received two nominations at the 2005 Grammy Awards, for Song of the Year and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, winning in the latter.
A remix featuring Usher, a Kanye West Radio Mix, and a Spanish-language version featuring Arturo Sandoval appear on the bonus CD of select international pressings of The Diary of Alicia Keys. The song is featured in the 2004 PlayStation 2 karaoke game Karaoke Revolution Volume 3.
The single cover depicts Keys similarly to the subject of Man Ray's 1924 painting Le Violon d'Ingres.[1]
Contents
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Music video
4 Awards
5 Track listings
6 Personnel
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Decade-end charts
8 Certifications
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
Keys said that the idea of the song was inspired by Aaliyah's death: "The song idea came together right after Aaliyah passed away. It was such a sad time and no one wanted to believe it. It just made everything crystal clear to me—what matters, and what doesn't."[2]
Commercial performance[edit]
"If I Ain't Got You" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number sixty-four on the issue dated March 6, 2004,[3] peaking at number four, four months later, on July 3, 2004. It spent twenty non-consecutive weeks in the top ten, one of the longest stays of any song that year and outlasting many number one singles.[4] The song topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs on May 1, 2004 and spent six non-consecutive weeks atop the chart. It was also successful on Billboard component charts, reaching number five on the Rhythmic Top 40 and number nine on the Mainstream Top 40.[5] The single was ultimately placed at number three on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart of 2004.[6]
In the United Kingdom, "If I Ain't Got You" debuted and peaked at number eighteen on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending April 10, 2004.[7] In late September 2009, the single returned to the chart at number fifty-four.[8]
Music video[edit]
The music video, directed by Diane Martel, is set in a wintry New York City and features a cameo by rapper and actor Method Man as Keys' on-screen boyfriend.
Awards[edit]
Grammy Awards
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
Billboard Music Awards
R&B/Hip-Hop Single of the Year
R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay Single of the Year
MTV Video Music Awards
Best R&B Video
ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Awards
Top R&B/Hip-Hop Song of the Year
ASCAP Pop Awards
Most Performed Song
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Music Video
Outstanding Song
Soul Train Music Awards
Best R&B/Soul Single, Female
Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards
Best R&B/Soul or Rap Song of the Year
Vibe Awards
Best R&B Song
Track listings[edit]
CD maxi single[9]
"If I Ain't Got You" (Album Version) – 3:48
"If I Ain't Got You" (Piano & Vocal Version) – 3:52
"You Don't Know My Name/Will You Ever Know It" (Reggae Mix) – 5:06
European CD maxi single[10]
"If I Ain't Got You" (Album Version) – 3:48
"If I Ain't Got You" (Piano/Vocal Version) – 3:54
"You Don't Know My Name/Will You Ever Know It" (Reggae Mix) – 5:06
"If I Ain't Got You" (Video)
Digital download[11]
"If I Ain't Got You" (The Black Eyed Peas Remix) – 3:14
Japanese CD single[12]
"If I Aint Got You"
"If I Aint Got You" (Piano & Vocal Only Version)
"If I Aint Got You" (A cappella version)
US 12" single[13]
A1. "If I Ain't Got You" (Radio Mix) – 3:48
A2. "If I Ain't Got You" (Instrumental) – 3:48
B1. "If I Ain't Got You" (Radio Mix) – 3:48
B2. "If I Ain't Got You" (A cappella) – 3:36
Digital EP[14]
"If I Ain't Got You" (featuring Usher) – 3:50
"If I Ain't Got You" – 3:49
"If I Ain't Got You" (Piano & Vocal Version) – 3:51
Personnel[edit]
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Diary of Alicia Keys.[15]
Alicia Keys – lead vocals, backing vocals, piano, production
Katreese Barnes – backing vocals
Tony Black – engineering
Kerry "Krucial" Brothers – digital programming
Fred Cash, Jr. – bass
Darryl Dixon – horn
L. Green – backing vocals
Steve Jordan – drums
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Hugh McCracken – guitar
Cindy Mizelle – backing vocals
Herb Powers Jr. – mastering
Joe Romano – horn
Arcell Vickers – organ
David Watson – horn
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2004–05)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[9]
10
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[16]
14
France (SNEP)[17]
15
Germany (Official German Charts)[18]
81
Ireland (IRMA)[19]
44
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20]
12
Poland (Polish Singles Chart)[21] 27
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[22]
27
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23]
35
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[8]
18
US Billboard Hot 100[24]
4
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[25]
12
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[26]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[27]
9
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[28]
5
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
South Korea International Singles (Gaon)[29]
49
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2004)
Position
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[30]
42
US Billboard Hot 100[6]
3
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[31]
1
Decade-end charts[edit]
Chart (2000–09)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[32]
51
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[33]
9
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[34]
Gold 25,000
United Kingdom (BPI)[35]
Gold 400,000^
United States (RIAA)[36]
Platinum 1,483,003[37]^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2004
List of number-one R&B singles of 2004 (U.S.)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Le Violon d'Ingres (Ingres's Violin)". J. Paul Getty Museum. J. Paul Getty Trust. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Osei, Anthony (June 9, 2011). "Alicia Keys Says "If I Ain't Got You" Was Inspired By Aaliyah's Death". Complex. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 : Mar 06, 2004". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Hot 100 : Jul 03, 2004". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Diary of Alicia Keys – Alicia Keys | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "2004 Year End Charts – The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks". Billboard.biz. Prometheus Global Media. December 25, 2004. Archived from the original on December 31, 2009. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2004 Top 40 Official Singles Chart UK Archive". Official Charts Company. April 10, 2004. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alicia Keys: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ultratop.be – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "If I Ain't Got You". 15 June 2004 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "iTunes – Music – If I Ain't Got You (Black Eyed Peas Remix) – Single by Alicia Keys". iTunes Store. Archived from the original on 2014-11-23.
Jump up ^ "If I Ain't Got You". 5 April 2004 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys - If I Ain't Got You". Discogs.
Jump up ^ "iTunes – Music – If I Ain't Got You – EP by Alicia Keys". iTunes Store.
Jump up ^ The Diary of Alicia Keys (CD liner notes). Alicia Keys. J Records. 2003. 82876 57017 2.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You" (in French). Ultratip. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 14, 2004". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 17, 2004" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Music Control". Archived from the original on 2007-10-22.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Alicia Keys Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gaon Digital Chart – 2012.02.19~2012.02.25". Gaon Music Chart. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jaargang 40, 2004" (in Dutch). Top 40. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2004 Year End Charts – Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks". Billboard.biz. Prometheus Global Media. December 25, 2004. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Decade End Charts – Hot 100 Songs". Billboard.biz. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on March 26, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Decade End Charts – R&B/Hip-Hop Songs". Billboard.biz. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on November 29, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You". British Phonographic Industry. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter If I Ain't Got You in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Alicia Keys – If I Ain't Got You". Recording Industry Association of America. November 18, 2004. Retrieved 29 December 2013. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Hip Hop Single Sales: Lil Wayne, D.R.A.M. & The Weeknd". Hip Hop DX. October 2, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
hide
v
t
e
Alicia Keys songs
Discography
Songs in A Minor
"Fallin'"
"A Woman's Worth"
"How Come You Don't Call Me"
"Girlfriend"
The Diary of Alicia Keys
"You Don't Know My Name"
"If I Ain't Got You"
"Diary"
"Karma"
"If I Was Your Woman / Walk on By "
Unplugged
"Unbreakable"
"Every Little Bit Hurts"
"Wild Horses"
"Love It or Leave It Alone / Welcome To Jamrock"
As I Am
"No One"
"Like You'll Never See Me Again"
"Teenage Love Affair"
"Superwoman"
The Element of Freedom
"Doesn't Mean Anything"
"Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart"
"Empire State of Mind (Part II) Broken Down"
"Un-Thinkable (I'm Ready)"
"Put It in a Love Song"
"Wait Til You See My Smile"
"We're Almost There"
Girl on Fire
"Not Even the King"
"Girl on Fire"
"Brand New Me"
"New Day"
"Fire We Make"
"Tears Always Win"
Here
"In Common"
"Blended Family (What You Do for Love)"
As featured artist
"All of the Lights"
"Brotha Part II"
"Empire State of Mind"
"Fireworks"
"Gangsta Lovin'"
"Ghetto Story Chapter 2"
"I Will Pray (Pregherò)"
"International Party"
"Looking for Paradise"
"New Day"
"Say It's So"
"What's Going On"
Other songs
"28 Thousand Days"
"America The Beautiful"
"Another Way to Die"
"Back to Life"
"Die Without You"
"Don't Give Up (Africa)"
"If This World Were Mine"
"It's On Again"
"Little Drummer Girl"
"My Boo"
"People Get Ready"
"Rapture"
"Someday We'll All Be Free"
"Speechless"
"We Are Here"
"We Gotta Pray"
"Us"
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_I_Ain%27t_Got_You&oldid=847364825"
Categories:
2000s ballads
2003 songs
2004 singles
Alicia Keys songs
Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs number-one singles
Music videos directed by Diane Martel
Contemporary R&B ballads
Songs written by Alicia Keys
J Records singles
Hidden categories:
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
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Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip
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Geetha Govindam
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
2018 Indian Telugu romantic comedy film directed by Parasuram
Geetha Govindam
Theatrical poster
Directed by
Parasuram
Produced by
Allu Aravind
Bunny Vasu
Written by
Parasuram[1]
Starring
Vijay Deverakonda
Rashmika Mandanna
Subbaraju
Rahul Ramakrishna
Music by
Gopi Sundar
Cinematography
S. Manikandan
Production
company
GA2 Pictures
Distributed by
Geetha Arts
Release date
15 August 2018 (2018-08-15)
Running time
148 minutes
Country
India
Language
Telugu
Budget
₹5 crore[2]
Box office
₹130 crore[3][4][5]
Geetha Govindam is an Indian Telugu romantic comedy film directed by Parasuram, produced by Bunny Vas under the banner of GA2 Pictures. It stars Vijay Deverakonda and Rashmika Mandanna in the lead roles, while Subbaraju, Rahul Ramakrishna, Vennela Kishore, Naga Babu, and Mouryani appear in supporting roles. It was released on 15 August 2018 in India and on 14 August 2018 in the US.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Soundtrack
4 References
Plot[edit]
Vijay Govind (Vijay Deverakonda), a charming young professor falls in love with Geetha (Rashmika Mandanna) and tries all means to impress her but his efforts fall flat as she takes him for an undisciplined pervert and womaniser after their first encounter gone wrong when he kissed Geetha. Things get worse when Vijay's sister Sirisha (Mouryani) gets engaged to Geetha's brother Phaneendra (Subbaraju). Phaneendra is on a hunt to find the man who kissed Geetha on the bus, not knowing that it is Vijay himself. Rest of the story is all about how Vijay manages to prove his innocence and win her heart.
Cast[edit]
Vijay Deverakonda as Vijay Govind
Rashmika Mandanna as Geetha
Subbaraju as Phaneendra, Geetha's brother
Mouryani as Sirisha, Govind's sister
Rahul Ramakrishna as Ramakrishna, Govind's friend
Vennela Kishore as Bridegroom
Nithya Menen as Passerby (Special Appearance)
Anu Emmanuel as Girl in Bus Stop (Special Appearance)
Naga Babu as Govind's father
Annapoorna as Geetha's grandmother
Giri Babu as Geetha's grandfather
Kalyani Natarajan as Neelu's mother and Geetha's MD
Aneesha Dama as college student Neelu
Abhay Bethiganti as Govind's Friend
Ravi Prakash as Police Officer Ravi
Soundtrack[edit]
Geetha Govindam
Soundtrack album by Gopi Sundar
Released
29th July 2018
Genre
Feature film soundtrack
Length
18:52
Language
Telugu
Label
Aditya Music
Producer
Gopi Sundar
Gopi Sundar chronology
Pantham
(2018) Geetha Govindam
(2018) Sailaja Reddy Alludu
(2018)
Music of the film was composed by Gopi Sunder and the audio was released by Aditya Music. The first song "Inkem Inkem Inkem Kaavaale" was released on 10 July 2018. Both Inkem Inkem Kaavaale and Yenti Yenti were blockbuster songs right after the release and were among the top 3 songs in the radio mirchi songs of the week.
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length
1. "Inkem Inkem Inkem Kaavaale" Ananta Sriram Sid Sriram 4:27
2. "What the Life" Sri Mani Vijay Devarakonda 2:59
3. "Yenti Yenti" Sri Mani Chinmayi 3:19
4. "Vachindamma" Sri Mani Sid Sriram 4:10
5. "Kanureppala Kaalam" Sagar Gopi Sundar 2:42
6. "Tanemandhe Tanemandhe" Sagar Anurag Kulkarni 2:42
Total length: 18:52
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Geetha Govindam' will be a sure-shot hit'". The Hindu. 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Geetha Govindam is a small budget movie that is made on a shoe-string budget of ₹5 crore". ibtimes.co.in. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
Jump up ^ http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=5304&cid=6&fid=5941
Jump up ^ "Geetha Govindam 26-day box office collection: Vijay starrer crosses ₹120 crore mark". ibtimes.
Jump up ^ Hooli, Shekhar H. "Geetha Govindam total box office collection: Area-wise distributors' earnings, theatrical rights prices". International Business Times, India Edition. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geetha_Govindam&oldid=866461005"
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2018 films
Telugu-language films
Indian romantic comedy films
2010s Telugu-language films
Indian films
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The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair (miniseries)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair
Genre
Mystery
Drama
Based on
The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair
by Joël Dicker
Directed by
Jean-Jacques Annaud
Starring
Patrick Dempsey
Ben Schnetzer
Damon Wayans Jr.
Virginia Madsen
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jean-Jacques Annaud
Tarak Ben Ammar
Fabio Conversi
Lyn Greene
Richard Levine
Camera setup
Single-camera
Production company(s)
MGM Television
Eagle Pictures
Barbary Films
Release
Original network
Epix
The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair is an American mystery drama television miniseries,[1] based on the novel of the same name by Joël Dicker, that is set to premiere on Epix. The series was directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and stars Patrick Dempsey, Ben Schnetzer, Damon Wayans Jr., and Virginia Madsen.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Release
5.1 Premiere
5.2 Distribution
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair follows "a young writer who heads to Harry Quebert’s home for some inspiration. Instead, he finds that Harry’s been accused of murdering 15-year-old Nola Kellergan, who went missing years prior."[2]
Cast and characters[edit]
Patrick Dempsey as Harry Quebert
Ben Schnetzer as Marcus Goldman
Damon Wayans Jr. as Sgt. Perry Gahalowood
Kristine Froseth as Nola Kellergan
Kurt Fuller as Chief Gareth Pratt
Victoria Clark as Jenny Quinn
Tessa Mossey as young Jenny Quinn
Wayne Knight as Benjamin Roth
Don Harvey as Bobbo Quinn
Matt Frewer as Reverend Kellergan
Colm Feore as Elijah Stern
Josh Close as Luther Caleb
Craig Eldridge as Travis Dawn
Connor Price as young Travis Dawn
Virginia Madsen as Tamara Quinn
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title [3]
Directed by [2]
Written by
Original air date
1
"How Does Your Garden Grow" Jean-Jacques Annaud Lyn Greene & Richard Levine[2] TBA
2
"The Boxing Match" Jean-Jacques Annaud TBA TBA
3
"The Fourth of July" Jean-Jacques Annaud TBA TBA
4
"Family Matters" Jean-Jacques Annaud TBA TBA
5
"Mirror Mirror" Jean-Jacques Annaud TBA TBA
6
"No Angel" Jean-Jacques Annaud TBA TBA
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
On August 15, 2017, it was announced that Epix had given the production a series order consisting of ten episodes. The series will be entirely directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. The pilot episode was written by Lyn Greene and Richard Levine who also wrote additional episodes as well. Executive producers include Annaud, Greene, Levine, Tarak Ben Ammar, and Fabio Conversi. Production companies involved with the series include MGM Television, Eagle Pictures, and Barbary Films.[2][4][1][5][6]
Casting[edit]
Alongside the initial series order announcement, it was confirmed that Patrick Dempsey, Ben Schnetzer, Damon Wayans Jr., Virginia Madsen, Kristine Froseth, Colm Feore, Josh Close, Matt Frewer, Craig Eldridge, Connor Price, Victoria Clark, Tessa Mossey, Kurt Fuller, Don Harvey, Felicia Shulman, and Wayne Knight had been cast in the series.[2]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the series began in the fall of 2017 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[7]
Release[edit]
Premiere[edit]
On April 6, 2018, a "sneak peek" 35 minute presentation of select scenes from the series were debuted at international television festival Canneseries in Cannes, France. Those cast and crew members in attendance included Jean-Jacques Annaud, Patrick Dempsey, Ben Schnetzer, and Kristine Froseth.[8][9]
Distribution[edit]
In the United Kingdom, the series premiered on Sky Witness on September 4, 2018.[10][11] In Australia, the series is set to premiere on Stan[12] and in France it is set to premiere on TF1.[13]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Velocci, Carli (August 15, 2017). "Patrick Dempsey Returns to TV With 'The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair'". TheWrap. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bacle, Ariana (August 15, 2017). "Patrick Dempsey Sets TV Return With 'The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair' Adaptation". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair - Episodes Guide and Summaries". Next Episode. Retrieved October 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (August 15, 2017). "'The Truth About The Harry Quebert Affair': Patrick Dempsey & Ben Schnetzer Star In Event Series From MGM Television". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (August 15, 2017). "Grey's Anatomy Vet Patrick Dempsey to Make TV Return in Epix Drama The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair". TVLine. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Cynthia (August 15, 2017). "Epix Orders Murder Thriller 'Harry Quebert Affair' Starring Patrick Dempsey, Damon Wayans Jr". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wyche, Elbert (August 15, 2017). "MGM TV's 'The Truth About The Harry Quebert Affair' starts production". Screen Daily. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John (April 7, 2018). "Canneseries: Jean-Jacques Annaud on His TV Debut, Hitchcock, and Sean Connery's Socks". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hopewell, John (April 7, 2018). "Michelle Dockery Receives First Variety Icon Award for Canneseries". Variety. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Clarke, Stewart (June 8, 2018). "Sky Rebrands U.S. Drama Channel, Lands MGM's 'Harry Quebert'". Variety. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wiseman, Andreas (August 13, 2018). "Patrick Dempsey & Alessandro Borghi To Lead Financial-World Thriller Series 'Devils' For Sky Italia & Lux Vide". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ma, Wenlei (June 6, 2018). "New TV shows coming to Stan". news.com.au. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sharf, Zack (December 16, 2017). "Cannes' Historic First Television Festival Opens in April 2018 With 'The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair'". IndieWire. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
External links[edit]
The Truth About the Harry Quebert Affair on IMDb
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Knocking on wood
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"Knock on wood" redirects here. For other uses, see Knock on Wood (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Look up knock on wood or touch wood in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Knocking on wood in the Oval Office
Knocking on wood – in Britain and Australia the phrase is touch wood – is an apotropaic tradition of literally touching, tapping, or knocking on wood, or merely stating that one is doing or intending to do so, in order to avoid "tempting fate" after making a favourable observation, a boast, or declaration concerning one's own death or other unfavorable situation beyond one's control.
Only the spoken party (a singular person) is to actually "knock on wood" at a time.
The origin of the custom may be in German folklore, wherein supernatural beings are thought to live in trees, and can be invoked for protection.[1][2]
Similar traditions in other cultures[edit]
In Indonesia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or other suitable surface) and knock on their forehead while saying "amit-amit".
In Malaysia, when someone is saying bad things, the one that hears it would knock on wood (or other suitable surface) and knock on their forehead while saying "choi"or "tak cun tak cun"
In Italy, "tocca ferro" (touch iron) is used, especially after seeing an undertaker or something related to death.[unreliable source?][3]
In Iran, "Bezanam be Tachte بزنم به تخته" (knock on wood) — when one says something good about something or somebody, he or she might knock on wood and say "bezan-am be takhteh, cheshm nakhoreh" ([I] am knocking on wood to prevent he/she/it from being jinxed). The evil eye and the concept of being jinxed are common phobias and superstitious beliefs in Iranian culture, and Iranians traditionally believe knocking on wood wards off evil spirits.
In Egypt, "Emsek El Khashab إمسك الخشب" ("hold the wood") is said when mentioning either good luck one has had in the past or hopes one has for the future. When referring to past good luck the expression is usually used in hopes of the good thing continuing to occur via its spoken acknowledgment, as well as preventing envy.
In old English folklore, "knocking on wood" also referred to when people spoke of secrets – they went into the isolated woods to talk privately and "knocked" on the trees when they were talking to hide their communication from evil spirits who would be unable to hear when they knocked.[citation needed] Another version holds that the act of knocking was to perk up the spirits to make them work in the requester's favor.[4] Yet another version holds that a sect of Monks who wore large wooden crosses around their necks would tap or "knock" on them to ward away evil.
In Romania, there is also a superstition that one can avoid bad things aforementioned by literally knocking on wood ("a bate în lemn"). Wood tables are exempted. One of the possible reasons could be that there is a monastery practice to call people to pray by playing / knocking the simantron.[5]
In Bulgaria the superstition of "knock on wood" (чукам на дърво) is reserved for protection against the evil, and is not typically used for attracting good luck. Usually people engage in the practice in reaction to bad news, actual or merely imagined. In most cases the nearest wooden object is used (in some areas, however, tables are exempt); if there are no such objects within immediate reach, a common tongue-in-cheek practice is to knock on one's head. Knocking on wood is often followed by lightly pulling one's earlobe with the same hand. Common phrases to accompany the ritual are "God guard us" (Бог да ни пази) and "May the Devil not hear" (Да не чуе Дяволът).
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia there is also the habit of knocking on wood when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change. Frequently the movement of knocking on nearby wood is followed by "Da pokucam u drvo" (да куцнем у дрво) (I will knock on wood), or sometimes by "Da ne ureknem" (да не урекнем) (I don't want to jinx it).[6]
In Poland, as well as in Russia, there is a habit of knocking on (unpainted) wood (which may be preceded by saying odpukać w niemalowane drewno or simply odpukać, literally meaning to knock on unpainted wood) when saying something negative - to prevent it from happening - or, more rarely, something positive - in order not to "spoil it". In Czech Republic, this is often accompanied for stronger effect by knocking on one's teeth, a piece of building stone, or metal, reasoning that these (as opposed to wood) survive even fire.
In Turkey, when someone hears about a bad experience someone else had, he/she may gently pull one earlobe, and knock on a wood twice, which means "God save me from that thing."
In the United States in the eighteenth century, men used to knock on the wood stock of their muzzle-loading rifles to settle the black powder charge, ensuring the weapon would fire cleanly.
In Spain "tocar madera" (literally: to touch wood) is something that you say when you want your luck or a good situation to continue. Ha ido bien toda la semana y, toco madera, seguirá bien el fin de semana. (It's been fine all week and, touch wood, it'll stay fine for the weekend).
In Latin America, it is also tradition to physically knock a wooden object. A variant requires that the object does not have legs ("tocar madera sin patas"), which rules out chairs, tables and beds.[7]
In Brazil, "bater na madeira" (hit the wood) is something actually done physically, three knocks are required after giving an example of a bad thing eventually happening. No verbalization is required, just the three knocks on the closest piece or object of wood. In the absence of wood, someone can say "bate na madeira", to prevent the bad thing to happen. People do not actually believe knocking three times a piece of wood will really protect them, but it is a social habit and it is polite to do so to demonstrate that ones doesn't want that bad thing they are talking about to actually happen.
In Greece the saying "χτύπα ξύλο" (literally: Knock wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening.
In Lebanon and Syria the saying "دقّ عالخشب" (literally: Knock on the wood) is said when hearing someone say something negative in order to prevent it from happening. It is also largely observed when saying something positive or affirmative about someone or something and not wanting that to change.
In Israel the saying "בלי עין הרע" (literally: without the evil eye) is said when someone mentions good things happening to themself or someone else, or even when mentioning a valuable things they own. This expression is a superstition that is used in the hope that a good thing will continue to occur even after it's mentioned, and as a way to prevent Envy (Hasad "حسد") also known as the Evil Eye (Ain Hara'a "عين"), as they believe that Envy can harm other people.
See also[edit]
Crossed fingers
Evil eye
Jinx
Alomancy, related to throwing salt over the left shoulder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reference.com: Origin of Knock on Wood. The origin of knocking on wood for this purpose is believed by some to be from early pagan mythology. Wood gods, or dryads, lived in trees, and people would go to them for blessings and to prevent bad luck.
Jump up ^ Touch Wood for Luck: The History & Superstition of 'Touch Wood'. One explanation states that the tradition derived from the Pagans who thought that trees were the homes of fairies, spirits, dryads and many other mystical creatures. In these instances, people might knock or touch wood to request good luck, or to distract spirits with evil intentions. When in need of a favour or some good luck, one politely mentioned this wish to a tree and then touched the bark, representing the first "knock." The second "knock" was to say "thank you." The knocking was also supposed to prevent evil spirits from hearing your speech and as such stop them from interfering. Alternatively, some traditions have it that by knocking upon wood, you would awaken and release the benevolent wood fairies that dwelt there.
Jump up ^ "Superstitions in Italy". Lifeinitaly.com. 2007-01-20. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
Jump up ^ Firestone, Allie. "Knock on Wood: Superstitions and Their Origins". Divine Caroline. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS4ZOQAnpzI
Jump up ^ http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/spektar/zivot-i-stil/Da-kucnem-u-drvo.lt.html
Jump up ^ Supersticiones arraigadas - Selecciones
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