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The Young and the Restless characters (2010)
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The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2010, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell. Doppelgänger Sarah Smythe first appeared in April. June saw the arrival of Meggie McClaine, Spencer Walsh and twin characters, Charles and Matilda Ashby, born on-screen. Vance Abrams and Sofia Dupre debuted in July, followed by Blake Joseph's stint beginning in October. Colin Atkinson made his debut in December.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sarah Smythe
2 Meggie McClaine
3 Sofia Dupre
4 Charlie Ashby
5 Mattie Ashby
6 Spencer Walsh
7 Vance Abrams
8 Blake Joseph
9 Colin Atkinson
10 References
Sarah Smythe[edit]
Sarah Smythe
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Tracey E. Bregman
First appearance
April 9, 2010
Last appearance
June 4, 2010
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Former, recurring
Profile
Other names
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin
[show]Family
Mother
Molly Carter
Sisters
Sheila Carter
Nephews
Ryder Callahan
Nieces
Daisy Carter
Mary Carter Warwick
Diana Carter
Sarah Smythe first appeared on April 19, 2010, portrayed by Tracey E. Bregman, who also portrays Lauren Baldwin, of whom Sarah is a doppelgänger. Sarah is the sister of Sheila Carter, Lauren's longtime nemesis. The character's creation was first announced in early April 2010. In an interview with TV Guide Magazine actress Tracey E. Bregman stated "I think it’d be too easy to kill Lauren. Sarah really wants Lauren to suffer because Sarah has suffered so much. In Sarah’s mind, Sheila was murdered in cold blood by Lauren. Also, Sarah had to raise Sheila’s children because Sheila was always so obsessed with Lauren that she wasn’t around to raise her kids properly."[1] Bregman also noted that Sarah was "setting up this revenge" and was as powerful as Sheila.[1]
Sarah mysteriously arrived in town with her niece, Daisy, and her nephew, Ryder, to torture Lauren Fenmore months before revealing her face, to avenge her sister's death. Daisy, Ryder and Sarah kidnapped Lauren and locked her in a cage. When Sarah revealed herself to Lauren, she was revealed to have had plastic surgery to look exactly like Lauren, who thought Sarah was really Sheila. Sarah wanted revenge on Lauren for killing Sheila. Sarah planned to take over Lauren's life with her husband Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) and her young son Fenmore, but it wasn't so easy because Michael and Fenmore was suspisious. While Sarah was in Genoa City posing as Lauren, Michael sent her to therapist Dr. Emily Peterson (who was really Patty Williams). During their first session, Sarah saw right away that "Emily" was really Patty and became reacquainted with her by reminding her they previously met as they were friends in a South American plastic surgery office when Patty had cosmetic surgery to look like Emily. The two then conspired to help each other in continuing their deceitful impersonations of Emily and Lauren. When Ryder turned on Sarah and let Lauren free, Sarah chased Lauren into a house of mirrors and Sarah, who was about to shoot Phyllis Newman who was also there,when Shelia was shot and killed by Lauren, leading Daisy and Ryder to escape and evade custody. In June 2017, Sheila Carter reappeared in Los Angeles, revealing herself to Quinn Fuller.
Meggie McClaine[edit]
Meggie McClaine
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Sean Young
Duration
2010–11
First appearance
June 8, 2010
Last appearance
March 4, 2011
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Former, recurring
Profile
Occupation
Con artist
Former assistant to Nikki Newman
Barmaid
Home
Genoa City jail
[show]Family
Husband
Francis Murphy (1986–87)
Victor Newman (2010)
Meggie McClaine first appeared on June 8, 2010, portrayed by actress, Sean Young. Her casting was announced by multiple sources in April 2010.[2] On her casting and getting the role, Young said: "Getting the chance to work with my dear friend Eric Braeden, one of the true gentlemen in entertainment, was certainly a deciding factor for me as well as wanting to get back to work after taking a few years off to raise my kids."[2] Young had previously worked with Braeden (Victor Newman) in a film The Man Who Came Back. When introduced, Meggie is described as "a feisty barmaid who is involved in a mystery with Victor Newman."[3] Young also described her character as being "Spunky!".[3] In the same interview, Young stated that her character was "Kindhearted" however the character proved ultimately opposite.[3] In an interview with TV Guide Magazine, Young said "Meggie’s not very sophisticated. She wears an apron and a plaid shirt. She breaks up a bar brawl. She reminds me of Joan Blondell in that old TV series Here Come the Brides. I just sort of walk onto a set that way. “Sultry” was their description. [Laughs] I just call it me."[4] Initially a guest role only appearing for a 5-episode stint, Young returned to The Young and the Restless in July 2010, and Entertainment Weekly reported that she would stay until August,[5] however her storyline ended in October 2010. She returned in February 2011, with brief appearances until March 2011, with the character still being jailed at the time.
Sean Young (pictured) played the scheming con-artist, Meggie.
Meggie McClaine was a Canadian barmaid whom Victor Newman met while searching for his invidious son, Adam Newman, who faked his own death. Meggie helped Victor by handling a few customers at the bar that Victor needed information from. He promised Meggie that if she ever needed something that she could come to him as a repayment for her services to him. She tried to flirt with Victor, but he made it clear that he already had a special lady in his life, Nikki Newman, and he left Ottawa. Meggie picked up on Victor's offer only a few weeks later when she appeared on his doorstep and told him that she had to flee.
As a well-known business tycoon, Victor did a background check on Meggie, but he did not find anything that would lead him to believe that she was using him. Meggie began to work for Victor's fiancée, Nikki, as an assistant to her charity work, and she also became the right hand for planning the couple's wedding. When Meggie found out that Nikki was an alcoholic and has been sober for over a decade, she used this information to her advantage. She began to spike Nikki's drinks with vodka.
When Meggie got an assignment to bring a check from Victor to Katherine Chancellor, she met an old acquaintance in Katherine's husband, Patrick Murphy. Murphy planned to warn Nikki and Victor about her, but he suffered a heart attack in front of Meggie because she prevented him from taking his pills on time. Meggie watched with glee as Murphy gave into his heart attack. Murphy found himself in the hospital in recovery, not able to say anything about what happened to him. Meggie was revealed to be Murphy's ex-daughter-in-law, and she presumably killed Murphy's son. To continue her plan, Meggie found help in bartender, Deacon Sharpe, who was an alcoholic himself. He became Nikki's drinking buddy for a short while. With Victor and Nikki's wedding coming up, Meggie arranged for Nikki to be found drunk in Deacon's bed, and she was consequently shipped off to rehab.
Meggie used her time wisely in order to get closer to Victor so that she could become the next Mrs. Victor Newman. Like her previous husbands, Meggie most likely intended to kill Victor for his money after marrying him. Unfortunately, no one noticed how alarmed Murphy got whenever Meggie came near him, and no one noticed how dangerous she truly was. In November 2010, Meggie drugged Victor, and she finally tricked Victor into marrying her. When they arrived back at the Newman Ranch, Meggie gave Victor heart medication, trying to kill him. Victor woke up, demanding to know why she was rushing their relationship. Meggie was then exposed as a black widow, with Victor knowing about her devilish plan. With the arrival of Murphy and the police, Meggie was arrested for her crimes, just as Victor found out that Meggie was responsible for Nikki's relapse into alcoholism. Meggie currently resides in jail.
Sofia Dupre[edit]
Sofia Dupre
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Julia Pace Mitchell
Duration
2010–12
First appearance
July 20, 2010
Last appearance
October 9, 2012
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Former, regular
Profile
Other names
Sofia Winters
Occupation
Chief Financial Officer at Tucker McCall Unlimited
Home
Genoa City
[show]Family
Father
Moses Dupre
Husband
Malcolm Winters (2011)
Neil Winters (2011–12)
Sons
Moses Winters
Sofia Dupre first appeared on July 20, 2010, portrayed by actress Julia Pace Mitchell. Sofia is Mitchell's first major role, despite having previous roles but only as guests on various television shows.[6] When the character arrived, she was described as "the feisty former right-hand woman to billionaire Tucker McCall and fiancée of Malcolm Winters.[7] She is also introduced as a "Savvy business woman" and a generally "no-nonsense person"[8][9] During an interview, Mitchell said she was a big fan of the show.[7] Of her character, Mitchell that "she's actually been changing just in the seven months that she's been on the air. I hate to use the word "bossy," but I definitely think that she's bossy. She's a big boss."[7] Mitchell said that Sofia runs things in her "relationship and in her business life".[7] In September 2012, it was announced that Mitchell had been taken off her contract and bumped to a recurring status; however, she was not seen again after October 9, 2012.[10][11][12]
Sofia arrives in Genoa City working on business for Tucker McCall.[13] Sofia meets with Katherine Chancellor and Neil Winters in Tucker's place. The meeting leads to a confrontation between Sofia and Neil. Later, Sofia is revealed to be the fiancée of Neil's brother, Malcolm Winters. Neil is unhappy about this, which causes friction between him, Sofia, and Malcolm. Despite tensions there, Sofia has positive relations with the rest of the Winters family. She became aware of, and involved with, the problem Cane Ashby had been having with the men from Australia. While furious with him at first, she later decides to help him. Tucker finds out about her and Cane's cover up of some bad reports supposedly done by a new contractor named Blake that Cane claimed had a good reputation in business. In reality, Blake is one of the Australian men after Cane, and has been blackmailing him the whole time. This turns ugly and Tucker fires both Cane and Sofia. Malcolm is furious that Sofia did not tell him any of this, since Cane is married to his legal niece, and biological daughter, Lily. He breaks their engagement, within a few weeks of their scheduled Valentine's Day wedding. Shortly thereafter, Cane is murdered. The entire Barber/Winters family comes together to support Lily and her twin babies with Cane, Charlie and Matilda. Impressed with how Sofia has taken great pains to support Lily, and with Sofia estranged from Malcolm, Neil allows his deep-seated attraction to Sofia to surface. The two have sex, just before Malcolm decides to repair his fractured relationship with Sofia.
As Malcolm and Sofia repair their relationship, Neil seems worried over the relationship and confronts Sofia about it. She claims that she loves Malcolm and wants to be with him. Sofia and Malcolm married. During the honeymoon, Sofia learns that she is pregnant. While Malcolm is thrilled, Sofia wonders to herself if Neil is the baby's father. The baby – named Moses after her father, is born, and DNA testing reveals that Neil is the father. Malcolm leaves Genoa City and promptly divorces Sofia, who moves in with Neil when she and Moses are discharged from the hospital. A month later, Sofia and Neil agree to get married, for the baby's sake. However, Sofia struggles to connect with Neil and fears he doesn't truly love her, especially when he continuously flirts with Harmony Hamilton. When Neil and Harmony kiss, Neil admits to Sofia that he has feelings for her. Heartbroken, Sofia attempts to work on her marriage but nothing comes of it, and they announce they are divorcing. Afterward, Sofia tells Moses that they should start packing as nothing will be keeping them in Genoa City after the divorce. Sofia was offered a job in New York. After telling to Neil about the prospect of moving there with Moses, he warned her that she would not be taking Moses with her and threatened to file for sole custody.
Charlie Ashby[edit]
Charlie Ashby
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Parker Rose Curry (2010–12)
Aidan Clark (2013–16)
Brandin Stennis (2016–17)
Noah Alexander Gerry (2017–)
Duration
2010–
First appearance
June 25, 2010
Created by
Maria Arena Bell, Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2007)
Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017)
Classification
Present, regular
Profile
Other names
Charles Ethan Ashby
Occupation
Student
Home
Genoa City, Wisconsin
[show]Family
Family
Winters
Father
Cane Ashby
Mother
Lily Winters
Sisters
Mattie Ashby
Half-brothers
Sam Ashby
Grandfathers
Malcolm Winters
Colin Atkinson
Neil Winters (legal)
Grandmothers
Drucilla Winters
Genevieve Atkinson
Uncles
Devon Hamilton (adoptive)
Caleb Atkinson
Neil Winters
Malcolm Winter (legal)
Aunts
Samantha Atkinson
First cousins
Nate Hastings
Charlie Ashby is the son of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters. He was first portrayed as an infant by Parker Rose Curry, from 2010 to 2012,[14] followed by Aidan Clark from 2013 to 2016, Brandin Stennis from 2016 to 2017 and Noah Alexander Gerry in 2017.
He was born along with his twin sister, Matilda Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with JT Hellstrom, and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Charlie and his sister, Mattie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson, in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed.
The twins almost died in an explosion as Cane fought off his father in order to save his children. After the twins were both in safe hands, Lily was shocked that her husband lied to her and vowed that she wouldn't let Cane be a part of their children's lives anymore. Lily later filed for divorce from Cane, who decided to move back to Australia because he had no reason to stay in Genoa City since Lily didn't love him anymore. While at the airport, Lily arrived with the twins, and the family reunited again in an embrace. Lily then allowed Cane to see the babies for supervised and scheduled visits, much to the dismay of Neil Winters and Daniel Romalotti. After Lily learned that Cane was keeping secrets from her because he was working with law enforcement to take down his father, Colin, she forgave him for being so standoffish, and the couple reunited with their children.
Mattie Ashby[edit]
Mattie Ashby
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Jordan Lemnah (2010–12)
McKenna Roberts (2013–17)
Lexie Stevenson (2017–)
Duration
2010–
First appearance
June 25, 2010
Created by
Maria Arena Bell, Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2007)
Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017)
Classification
Present, regular
Profile
Other names
Matilda Colleen Ashby
Occupation
Student
Home
Genoa City, Wisconsin
[show]Family
Family
Winters
Father
Cane Ashby
Mother
Lily Winters
Brothers
Charlie Ashby
Half-brothers
Sam Ashby
Grandfathers
Malcolm Winters
Colin Atkinson
Neil Winters (legal)
Grandmothers
Drucilla Winters
Genevieve Atkinson
Uncles
Devon Hamilton (adoptive)
Caleb Atkinson
Neil Winters
Malcolm Winters (legal)
Aunts
Samantha Atkinson
First cousins
Nate Hastings
Mattie Ashby, is the daughter of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters. Jordan Lemnah first portrayed the role as an infant,[15] followed by McKenna Roberts, who took over in 2013 until 2017, then Lexi Stevenson in 2017.
She was born along with her twin brother, Charlie Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with J.T. Hellstrom, and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Mattie and her brother, Charlie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson, in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed.
The twins almost died in an explosion as Cane fought off his father in order to save his children. After the twins were both in safe hands, Lily was shocked that her husband lied to her and vowed that she wouldn't let Cane be a part of their children's lives anymore. Lily later filed for divorce from Cane, who decided to move back to Australia because he had no reason to stay in Genoa City since Lily didn't love him anymore. While at the airport, Lily arrived with the twins, and the family reunited again in an embrace. Lily then allowed Cane to see the babies for supervised and scheduled visits, much to the dismay of Neil Winters and Daniel Romalotti. After Lily learned that Cane was keeping secrets from her because he was working with law enforcement to take down his father, Colin, she forgave him for being so standoffish, and the couple reunited with their children.
Spencer Walsh[edit]
Spencer Walsh appeared from June 2010 to May 9, 2012, portrayed by Evan Parke.[16] He is the former District Attorney in Genoa City. He had handled cases including Sharon Newman, Victor Newman and been involved in the Diane Jenkins Murder Case, which he had been involved with most recently. He has also handled legal issues with Chance Chancellor.[17] In May 2012, it was revealed that Walsh had resigned from his post as District Attorney, with Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc) taking over.
Vance Abrams[edit]
Vance Abrams
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
John Sloman (2010)
Eric Roberts (2010–11)
Duration
2010–11
First appearance
July 12, 2010
Last appearance
April 11, 2011
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Former, recurring
Profile
Occupation
Attorney
Vance Abrams first appeared on July 12, 2010, initially played by John Sloman, days later the role was recast with Eric Roberts, brother of renowned actress Julia Roberts and father of teen star Emma Roberts. Roberts remained in the role from July 23, 2010, until April 11, 2011, and hasn't been seen since. Casting was announced on June 17, 2010, by TV Guide among other sources.[18][19] Before appearing, his storyline was revealed to involve the scandalous and scheming Adam Wilson (Michael Muhney), who escaped from prison and then faked his own death –– and Vance would represent him in court.[19] His character's appearance was initially to span just over August.[19]
In 2010, Adam Newman and his new wife, Skye hired Vance due to charges (from his own family) that Adam was facing. Vance committed himself viciously to the case. Vance suggested that they expose Sharon Newman (Adam's true love at the time), however Adam refused to. Adam ended up winning in court. Since the Adam Newman case, Vance turned his attention to the young Abby Newman, who was being pressured by her uncle, Jack Abbott, to file a lawsuit against her father, Victor, for mishandling her trust fund. Vance offered his services to a reluctant Abby, but she ultimately agreed. Later on, Abby's sister, Victoria Newman Abbott joined the lawsuit and seemingly hijacked the case away from Abby. Regardless, Vance sparred off with Victor's longtime attorney, Michael Baldwin, regarding the operations of Newman Enterprises and the trust funds of Victoria and Abby. Adam Newman ended up testifying for Victor in his trial to suggest while he was CEO of Newman Enterprises, he forged trust documents. Thus, Victor had no idea of what was real or not. However, Neil Winters disproved Adam's testimony, and each of the three Newman children won $500 million each. Nicholas Newman joined his sisters in their lawsuit against their father upon finding out that Victor was lying about his involvement with Skye Newman.
Around the same time, Skye disappeared and Adam, who was back in a romance with Sharon Newman, was accused of her murder. With little money left, Sharon offered to pay for his legal fees and brought in Vance and his new legal partner, Leslie Michaelson. When Adam testified for Victor against his siblings wishes, Leslie was shocked to see Adam, but he learned that apart of this deal, Victor pledged to come forward to the DA regarding his involvement in Sharon's case and would win a trust of his own. After some detective work by Sharon, Adam's charges were dropped, but as a result of her work, she was now accused of murder. In Hawaii, Sharon found Skye, but after an argument, Skye fell to her death in a volcano. It was soon discovered by Adam, Jack, and Phyllis Summers that Victor set Skye up in Hawaii and he was in Hawaii when Sharon was there to make sure no one learned the truth. In Sharon's trial, despite the testimony of Victor, and Vance's sharp legal tactics, Sharon was found guilty. Adam feared that this would happen, so he secretly arranged for her to escape afterward. Upon escaping, she was car-jacked and presumed to be dead after the carjackers got into a serious accident. Vance was not involved in any legal cases after Sharon's murder trial. When Sharon was found alive in New Mexico and brought back to Genoa City for sentencing, Victor hired a new lawyer, Avery Bailey Clark, to help get Sharon out of prison.
Blake Joseph[edit]
Blake Joseph
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Paul Leyden
Duration
2010–11
First appearance
October 6, 2010
Last appearance
February 2, 2011
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Former, recurring
Profile
Occupation
Worked for Colin Atkinson
Blake Joseph first appeared October 6, 2010,[20] harassing Cane Ashby and his family. He was portrayed by Australian actor Paul Leyden, who as well known for a role on As the World Turns he also had guest roles in Home and Away and BeastMasters. Casting for the role was announced on September 6, 2010.[21] It was also speculated (which came true) that his storyline would be about Cane (Daniel Goddard)'s "Australian Adventure".[21]
Blake came to town from Australia and was watching Cane's family. He disguised himself as a police officer when Cane took his wife Lily to the cottage to hide out. Blake told Cane the organization back in Australia wanted five million dollars from him in payback. When Cane devised a plan to extort the money from McCall Unlimited, Blake began posing as a consultant named James Collier to enable the scam. He has tried to insinuate himself into Lily's good graces. Blake was revealed to be Colin (Cane's father)'s henchmen. Blake ended up shooting Caleb who he believed was Cane at the time.
Colin Atkinson[edit]
Colin Atkinson
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Tristan Rogers
Duration
2010–12, 2014–
First appearance
December 8, 2010
Introduced by
Maria Arena Bell
Classification
Present, recurring
Profile
Occupation
Crime boss, businessman
Home
Chancellor Estate, 12 Foothill Road, Genoa City, Wisconsin
[show]Family
Wife
Genevieve Atkinson (divorced)
Jill Abbott (2011, 2014–)
Sons
Cane Ashby
Caleb Atkinson
Daughters
Samantha Atkinson
Grandsons
Charlie Ashby
Sam Ashby
Granddaughters
Matilda Ashby
Colin Atkinson first appeared on December 8, 2010, as the estranged biological father of Cane Ashby, portrayed by Tristan Rogers who previously was well known for his role as Robert Scorpio on General Hospital. TV Guide announced Rogers' casting on October 25, 2010. Prior to his appearance, he was described as "a mysterious and charming stranger named Colin who comes to Genoa City with a dark secret and a threatening agenda".[22] He began taping with The Young and the Restless on October 27.[22] His storyline was equally to "charm his way into Jill Abbott's heart."[23] By September 2011, it was announced that Rogers would be leaving The Young and the Restless.[24][25] Of his exit, Rogers said he had nothing but positive things to say and that it was a great experience.[26] He also said that the exit came as a shock to him.[26] In March 2012, it was announced that Rogers was to make a recurring return,[27] however only made one appearance on May 8, 2012. In November 2013, it was announced that Rogers would be making another return to the role. He returned on February 5, 2014.[28][29] On January 5, 2015, Rogers revealed he re-signed to the series for another year.[30] However, in August 2015, Rogers was demoted back to recurring status.
Colin arrived in Genoa City after being released from prison in Australia. He consulted with Blake Joseph, who has been keeping an eye on Cane. Colin became acquainted with Cane's adoptive mother Jill Abbott and she gave him information about Cane, without knowing who he truly was. Cane and Colin met after years, and both refused to tell anybody else (including Cane's wife, Lily Winters) about their connection. Colin wanted Cane to get involved with the family crime organization in Australia gain, or he would reveal Cane's "troubling" past. It is revealed Cane had a sister, Samantha, who died years ago. Jill and Colin have sex and later fall deeply in love (despite Colin using her) and as they wed Cane is shot by Blake (while rushing to the church to stop the wedding) and "died". Colin actually was deeply saddened, as he didn't want Cane to be killed but just manipulated and he comforted Jill too. Cane's divorce appears to Lily, however it was later revealed that the "ghost" was Cane's twin brother Caleb. Once again, this storyline was reversed, and it was revealed the ghost was in fact Cane, alive and the person that was shot was Caleb. During this storyline, Colin's estranged wife, Genevieve returned to Genoa City, wanting revenge on Colin. He later falls off the balcony at Genevieve's mansion, and was sent to hospital, and later arrested for his crimes. He was released and determined to get Jill back and divorced Genevieve after it was revealed they were still legally married. However, Jill constantly rejected him. Colin had sex with Genevieve for comfort, and Genevieve told Jill about this, putting an end to any sort of reunion between Jill and Colin. Genevieve however moved on with no problem, with businessman Jack Abbott. Colin was also locked in Genevieve's wine cellar, and this led Jill to believe that he was overseas with Genevieve. The combination to get out of the cellar was the date that they (Genevieve and Colin) had first consummated their relationship with lovemaking.
For a long time, Cane had been working with Ronan Malloy to expose Colin, as Cane thought Colin was setting up a scheme to kill Genevieve and even Gloria Abbott Bardwell. He set up a fake phone call to get Gloria to Genevieve's house, however, due to a family crisis, Gloria had to cancel. Cane's ex-wife Lily soon calls Genevieve and asks her if she can come over to her house to talk. However, when Lily arrives, an explosion, caused and set up by Colin, occurs. Cane rushes Lily out of the burning house, thus saving her life. Genevieve, who wasn't home at the time, gets a call from firefighters moments later. During this entire time, Colin was with Jill in his suite at the Genoa City Athletic Club, while Jill had handcuffed him to the bed, trying to get the truth out of him. Jill, eventually realizes that he can't be trusted and calls Ronan, who arrests him. Meanwhile, Genevieve rushes to the hospital to check on her housekeeper Myrna (who had never been seen, only mentioned), who was in the house at the time of the explosion. Colin is sentenced to time in prison, deported and jailed in Australia. In May 2012, Genevieve received a phone call from Colin in which he stated he had been released from jail and was somewhere comfy and cozy in the world.
In February 2014, Jill is abruptly kidnapped from the Chancellor Mansion grounds. It is revealed that Colin kidnapped her as he is facing deportation and he needs her to marry him again for him to stay in the country. She refuses, but he alludes that he knows the truth behind the mystery of a music box Katherine left to Jill before she died. As a result, Jill marries Colin again and they return to Genoa City, where Jill lies to her loved ones by saying she fell in love with Colin all over again and remarried him.
He shortly returned in September 2016, and found out that Jill knew about Phyllis and Billy's affair. He offered Jack Abbott to reveal something a secret about his wife for $1 million. Jack firstly refuses the offer but eventually comes back to Colin with a bag of cash to discover the truth.
Jill and Colin briefly separated in 2017 after he emptied her personal bank account.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Y&R's Tracey E. Bregman on her doppleganger storyline!". Michael Fairman. 12 April 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Sean Young Speaks Out". Sony. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sean Young on her upcoming stint as "Sultry" Maggie on Y&R!". Michael Fairman. 11 May 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sean Young Returning for More Young and the Restless". TV Guide. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Julia Pace Mitchell Other Roles". Soap Opera Digest. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Morales, Wilson. "Who's That Girl?: Julia Pace Mitchell Shines With Hearty 'Young & Restless' Role". Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Cast Bio: Julia Pace Mitchell". Sony. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Character Bio: Sofia Dupre". Sony. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (2012-09-13). "Julia Pace Mitchell Bumped to Recurring at Young and Restless". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan J. (2012-09-15). "Julia Pace Mitchell dropped to recurring". SoapCentral. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
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Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (17 June 2010). "Eric Roberts Joining the Cast of The Young and the Restless". TV Guide. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Rice, Lynette (17 June 2011). "'The Young and the Restless' lures Eric Roberts". Inside TV. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R | About the Actors | Paul Leyden". Soap Central. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Waldman, Allison (26 September 2010). "Soap Casting News: Paul Leyden Joins 'The Young and Restless' ... and More". Huffpost TV. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Logan, Michael (25 October 2010). "Exclusive: Tristan Rogers Joins The Young and the Restless". TV Guide. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Cast Bio: Tristan Rogers". Sony. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (12 September 2011). "Tristan Rogers: "Seems Colin is Leaving GC"". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Adam (27 September 2011). "Tristan Rogers Leaving 'The Young and the Restless'". Yahoo!. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Rogers Be Back?". CBS Soaps In Depth. 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Colin Is Back". CBS Soaps In Depth. 2012-03-29. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (November 13, 2013). "BREAKING NEWS: Tristan Rogers Returning to The Young and the Restless as Colin Atkinson!". Zap2it (Tribune Media Services). Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ron Carlivati Confirms Tristan Rogers's GH Exit". Soap Opera Digest (American Media, Inc.). November 14, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Simms, Richard . (January 5, 2015). "Rogers Re-Ups At Y&R!". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: soapsindepth.com. Bauer Media Group. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
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A Very Murray Christmas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A Very Murray Christmas
Release poster
Directed by
Sofia Coppola
Produced by
Lilly Burns
John Skidmore
Written by
Sofia Coppola
Mitch Glazer
Bill Murray
Starring
Bill Murray
Music by
Paul Shaffer
(musical director)
Cinematography
John Tanzer
Edited by
Sarah Flack
Production
companies
American Zoetrope
Departed Productions
Jax Media
South Beach Productions
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)[1]
Running time
56 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
A Very Murray Christmas is a 2015 American Christmas musical comedy film directed by Sofia Coppola and co-written by Bill Murray, Mitch Glazer, and Coppola. The film features an ensemble cast including Bill Murray, George Clooney, Paul Shaffer, Amy Poehler, Julie White, Dimitri Dimitrov, Michael Cera, Chris Rock, David Johansen, Maya Rudolph, Jason Schwartzman, Jenny Lewis, Rashida Jones, and Miley Cyrus and was released on December 4, 2015, on Netflix.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Songs
4 Production
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
On Christmas Eve, Bill Murray waits in his suite at the Carlyle Hotel, gradually realizing that a massive snowstorm has caused most of the guests for his live Christmas special to cancel. As time runs out, his two producers, Liz (Amy Poehler), and Bev (Julie White), coerce him into going on with the show, as he is financially on the hook if he cancels. With minimal crew, Murray goes live; but in the middle of singing a song, he begins to weep and then flees the studio. While trying to leave the hotel, he sees Chris Rock, whom he forces into performing "Do You Hear What I Hear?" with him. During a power outage, Rock flees, and the producers inform Murray that as the power outage is considered an Act of God the special can now be cancelled.
Filled with relief, Murray goes to the Carlyle bar, where he sings a song with an anonymous waitress (Jenny Lewis). After they hear the chefs shouting, they go to investigate, and realize that the French chefs (Phoenix) are overwhelmed, as the fridges have stopped working and the food is about to go bad. Murray encourages them to bring the food to the bar, so that the few patrons can eat it all. On his way back to the bar, he passes a weeping bride (Rashida Jones), who informs him that her wedding was called off due to the cold, and who is also upset because she has fought with her fiancé, Elliot (Jason Schwartzman).
The French chefs sing "Alone on Christmas Day", followed by the lounge singer (Maya Rudolph) performing "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)". Afterwards, the bride comes out wheeling a cake, and asks Murray about his theory of love. He asks Elliot and the bride to look at one another and think of the exact instant they knew they were in love with each other. The couple sing "I Saw the Light", and become re-engaged. At 12:01 the remaining guests at the hotel wish each other a merry Christmas, and then sing "Fairytale of New York" together. At the end of the song, Murray, who had been drinking heavily, passes out.
While unconscious, Murray dreams that he awakens on a beautiful set in the middle of his Christmas special. In his dream, he is joined by George Clooney and Miley Cyrus. As Clooney prepares martinis, Cyrus and Murray sing "Sleigh Ride" together. After a few more musical numbers between himself, Cyrus and Clooney, Murray reawakens in his suite at the Carlyle, where he realizes it is still Christmas.
Cast[edit]
Bill Murray as himself
Michael Cera as Jackie the Talent Agent
George Clooney as himself
Miley Cyrus as herself
Dimitri Dimitrov as himself
David Johansen as the Bartender
Jenny Lewis as The Waitress
Rashida Jones as The Bride
Amy Poehler as Liz
Chris Rock as himself
Maya Rudolph as Lounge Singer
Jason Schwartzman as Elliott
Paul Shaffer as himself
Julie White as Bev
Phoenix as The Chefs
Songs[edit]
"The Christmas Blues" - Bill Murray
"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" - Murray, Amy Poehler and Julie White
"Jingle Bells" - Murray
"Do You Hear What I Hear?" - Murray and Chris Rock
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" - Jenny Lewis and Murray
"The Twelve Days of Christmas" - Dmitri Dimitrov
"O Tannenbaum" - David Johansen
"Good King Wenceslas" - Lewis
"Alone on Christmas Day" -Phoenix, Jason Schwartzman, Murray, and Johansen
"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" - Maya Rudolph
"I Saw the Light" - Schwartzman, Rashida Jones, Rudolph, Johansen, and Murray
"Fairytale of New York" - The cast
"Sleigh Ride" - Murray and Miley Cyrus
"Silent Night" - Cyrus
"Santa Claus Wants Some Lovin'" - Murray and George Clooney
"Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" (reprise) - Murray, Cyrus and Clooney
"We Wish You a Merry Christmas" - Murray
Production[edit]
In October 2014, the film was announced as a Christmas special with Bill Murray to star and Sofia Coppola set to write and direct.[2]
In May 2015, the film was picked up by Netflix and was announced as a homage to classic variety shows and would be written by Murray, Mitch Glazer, and Coppola, and directed by Coppola. It was executive produced by Coppola, Glazer, Roman Coppola, and Tony Hernandez with Shaffer as the special's musical director and onscreen accompanist.[3]
The film is set at the Carlyle Hotel and its Bemelmans Bar.[4]
Initially, rapper Rick Ross was scheduled to sing "Santa Claus Wants Some Lovin'" with Murray, but when Ross became unavailable, George Clooney filled in. Also, Cyrus' acoustic version of "Silent Night" was a last-minute addition.[5][6]
Reception[edit]
The special received positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 73% rating based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's consensus states: "A Very Murray Christmas preaches effectively to the converted with a parade of superstar guests and hummable songs that - combined with the host's trademark presence - adds up to a unique holiday experience."[7] Metacritic reports a 68 out of 100 rating based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[8]
The special was nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Television Movie, and Paul Shaffer was nominated for Outstanding Music Direction.[9]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Evers, Joris (August 30, 2015). "Why You'll See Some High Profile Movies Leave Netflix US Next Month". Netflix. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Setoodeh, Ramin (October 13, 2014). "Bill Murray to Sing Christmas Carols in Upcoming TV Special (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (May 22, 2015). "Bill Murray Christmas Special Coming to Netflix". Variety. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bill Murray’s Little Christmas Miracle" by Ian Crouch, The New Yorker, December 4, 2015
Jump up ^ Glazer, Mitch (November 3, 2015). "Bill Murray Is Ready to Laugh Again: The Cover Story". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Miller, Julie (December 4, 2015). "How Miley Cyrus and George Clooney Saved Bill Murray's Netflix Special A Very Murray Christmas". Vanity Fair. Retrieved December 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Very Murray Christmas (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "A Very Murray Christmas reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "68th Emmy Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1, 2015 – May 31, 2016" (PDF). The Television Academy. July 14, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
External links[edit]
A Very Murray Christmas on IMDb
A Very Murray Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes
A Very Murray Christmas at Metacritic
[show]
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Lick the Star (1998)
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Carbon fixation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Carbon cycle and Carbon sequestration.
Cyanobacteria such as these carry out photosynthesis. Their emergence foreshadowed the evolution of many photosynthetic plants, which oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. The most prominent example is photosynthesis, although chemosynthesis is another form of carbon fixation that can take place in the absence of sunlight. Organisms that grow by fixing carbon are called autotrophs. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs, which synthesize organic compounds using the energy of sunlight, and lithoautotrophs, which synthesize organic compounds using the energy of inorganic oxidation. Heterotrophs are organisms that grow using the carbon fixed by autotrophs. The organic compounds are used by heterotrophs to produce energy and to build body structures. "Fixed carbon", "reduced carbon", and "organic carbon" are equivalent terms for various organic compounds.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Net vs gross CO2 fixation
2 Overview of pathways
3 Oxygenic photosynthesis
3.1 Evolutionary considerations
3.2 Carbon concentrating mechanisms
3.2.1 CAM plants
3.2.2 C4 plants
3.2.3 C3 plants
3.2.4 Bacteria
4 Other autotrophic pathways
4.1 Reductive citric acid cycle
4.2 Reductive acetyl CoA pathway
4.3 3-Hydroxypropionate and two related cycles
5 Chemosynthesis
6 Non-autotrophic pathways
7 Carbon isotope discrimination
8 References
9 Further reading
9.1 Descent of plants and algae
Net vs gross CO2 fixation[edit]
Graphic showing net annual amounts of CO2 fixation by land and sea-based organisms.
It is estimated that approximately 258 billion tons of carbon dioxide are converted by photosynthesis annually. The majority of the fixation occurs in marine environments, especially areas of high nutrients. The gross amount of carbon dioxide fixed is much larger since approximately 40% is consumed by respiration following photosynthesis.[1] Given the scale of this process, it is understandable that RuBisCO is the most abundant protein on Earth.
Overview of pathways[edit]
Six autotrophic carbon fixation pathways are known as of 2011. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon in the chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the cyanobacteria. It also fixes carbon in the anoxygenic photosynthetic proteobacteria called purple bacteria, and in some non-phototrophic proteobacteria.[2]
Oxygenic photosynthesis[edit]
In photosynthesis, energy from sunlight drives the carbon fixation pathway. Oxygenic photosynthesis is used by the primary producers—plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They contain the pigment chlorophyll, and use the Calvin cycle to fix carbon autotrophically. The process works like this:
2H2O → 4e− + 4H+ + O2
CO2 + 4e− + 4H+ → CH2O + H2O
In the first step, water is dissociated into electrons, protons, and free oxygen. This allows the use of water, one of the most abundant substances on Earth, as an electron donor—as a source of reducing power. The release of free oxygen is a side-effect of enormous consequence. The first step uses the energy of sunlight to oxidize water to O2, and, ultimately, to produce ATP
ADP + Pi ⇌ ATP + H2O
and the reductant, NADPH
NADP+ + 2e− + 2H+ ⇌ NADPH + H+
In the second step, called the Calvin cycle, the actual fixation of carbon dioxide is carried out. This process consumes ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle in plants accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation on land. In algae and cyanobacteria, it accounts for the preponderance of carbon fixation in the oceans. The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into sugar, as triose phosphate (TP), which is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) together with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP):
3 CO2 + 12 e− + 12 H+ + Pi → TP + 4 H2O
An alternative perspective accounts for NADPH (source of e−) and ATP:
3 CO2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP + 5 H2O → TP + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi
The formula for inorganic phosphate (Pi) is HOPO32− + 2H+. Formulas for triose and TP are C2H3O2-CH2OH and C2H3O2-CH2OPO32− + 2H+
Evolutionary considerations[edit]
Somewhere between 3.5 and 2.3 billion years ago, the ancestors of cyanobacteria evolved oxygenic photosynthesis, enabling the use of the abundant yet relatively oxidized molecule H2O as an electron donor to the electron transport chain of light-catalyzed proton-pumping responsible for efficient ATP synthesis.[3][4] When this evolutionary breakthrough occurred, autotrophy (growth using inorganic carbon as the sole carbon source) is believed to have already been developed. However, the proliferation of cyanobacteria, due to their novel ability to exploit water as a source of electrons, radically altered the global environment by oxygenating the atmosphere and by achieving large fluxes of CO2 consumption.[5]
Carbon concentrating mechanisms[edit]
Many photosynthetic organisms have not acquired inorganic carbon concentrating mechanisms (CCM), which increase the concentration of carbon dioxide available to the initial carboxylase of the Calvin cycle, the enzyme RuBisCO. The benefits of CCM include increased tolerance to low external concentrations of inorganic carbon, and reduced losses to photorespiration. CCM can make plants more tolerant of heat and water stress.
Carbon concentrating mechanisms use the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyze both the dehydration of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide and the hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate
HCO3− + H+ ⇌ CO2 + H2O
Lipid membranes are much less permeable to bicarbonate than to carbon dioxide. To capture inorganic carbon more effectively, some plants have adapted the anaplerotic reactions
HCO3− + H+ + PEP → OAA + Pi
catalyzed by PEP carboxylase (PEPC), to carboxylate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to oxaloacetate (OAA) which is a C4 dicarboxylic acid.
CAM plants[edit]
CAM plants that use Crassulacean acid metabolism as an adaptation for arid conditions. CO2 enters through the stomata during the night and is converted into the 4-carbon compound, malic acid, which releases CO2 for use in the Calvin cycle during the day, when the stomata are closed. The dung jade plant (Crassula ovata) and cacti are typical of CAM plants. Sixteen thousand species of plants use CAM.[6] These plants have a carbon isotope signature of −20 to −10 ‰.[7]
C4 plants[edit]
C4 plants preface the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into one of the 4-carbon compounds, malic acid or aspartic acid. C4 plants have a distinctive internal leaf anatomy. Tropical grasses, such as sugar cane and maize are C4 plants, but there are many broadleaf plants that are C4. Overall, 7600 species of terrestrial plants use C4 carbon fixation, representing around 3% of all species.[8] These plants have a carbon isotope signature of −16 to −10 ‰.[7]
C3 plants[edit]
The large majority of plants are C3 plants. They are so-called to distinguish them from the CAM and C4 plants, and because the carboxylation products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon compounds. They lack C4 dicarboxylic acid cycles, and therefore have higher carbon dioxide compensation points than CAM or C4 plants. C3 plants have a carbon isotope signature of −24 to −33‰.[7]
Bacteria[edit]
Some bacteria use carboxysomes as carbon concentrating mechanism.
Other autotrophic pathways[edit]
Of the five other autotrophic pathways, two are known only in bacteria, two only in archaea, and one in both bacteria and archaea.
Reductive citric acid cycle[edit]
The reductive citric acid cycle is the oxidative citric acid cycle run in reverse. It has been found in anaerobic and microaerobic bacteria. It was proposed in 1966 by Evans, Buchanan and Arnon who were working with the anoxygenic photosynthetic green sulfur bacterium that they called Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. The reductive citric acid cycle is sometimes called the Arnon-Buchanan cycle.[9]
Reductive acetyl CoA pathway[edit]
The reductive acetyl CoA pathway operated in strictly anaerobic bacteria (acetogens) and archaea (methanogens). The pathway was proposed in 1965 by Ljungdahl and Wood. They were working with the gram-positive acetic acid producing bacterium Clostridium thermoaceticum, which is now named Moorella thermoacetica. Hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, which is only found in certain archaea and accounts for 80% of global methanogenesis, is also based on the reductive acetyl CoA pathway. The pathway is often referred to as the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway.[10][11]
3-Hydroxypropionate and two related cycles[edit]
The 3-hydroxypropionate cycle is utilized only by green nonsulfur bacteria. It was proposed in 2002 for the anoxygenic photosynthetic Chloroflexus aurantiacus. None of the enzymes that participate in the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle are especially oxygen sensitive.[12][13]
A variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway was found to operate in aerobic extreme thermoacidophile archaeon Metallosphaera sedula. This pathway, called the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle .[14] And yet another variant of the 3-hydroxypropionate pathway is the dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle. It was discovered in anaerobic archaea. It was proposed in 2008 for the hyperthermophile archeon Ignicoccus hospitalis.[15]
Chemosynthesis[edit]
Chemosynthesis is carbon fixation driven by the oxidation of inorganic substances (e.g., hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide). Sulfur- and hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria often use the Calvin cycle or the reductive citric acid cycle.[16]
Non-autotrophic pathways[edit]
Although almost all heterotrophs cannot synthesize complete organic molecules from carbon dioxide, some carbon dioxide is incorporated in their metabolism.[17] Notably pyruvate carboxylase consumes carbon dioxide (as bicarbonate ions) as part of gluconeogenesis, and carbon dioxide is consumed in various anaplerotic reactions.
Carbon isotope discrimination[edit]
Some carboxylases, particularly RuBisCO, preferentially bind the lighter carbon stable isotope carbon-12 over the heavier carbon-13. This is known as carbon isotope discrimination and results in carbon-12 to carbon-13 ratios in the plant that are higher than in the free air. Measurement of this ratio is important in the evaluation of water use efficiency in plants, and also in assessing the possible or likely sources of carbon in global carbon cycle studies.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Geider, R. J., et al., "Primary productivity of planet earth: biological determinants and physical constraints in terrestrial and aquatic habitats", Global Change Biol. 2001, 7, 849–882. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00448.x
Jump up ^ Swan BK, Martinez-Garcia M, Preston CM, Sczyrba A, Woyke T, Lamy D, Reinthaler T, Poulton NJ, Masland ED, Gomez ML, Sieracki ME, DeLong EF, Herndl GJ, Stepanauskas R (2011). "Potential for chemolithoautotrophy among ubiquitous bacteria lineages in the dark ocean". Science. 333 (6047): 1296–300. Bibcode:2011Sci...333.1296S. doi:10.1126/science.1203690. PMID 21885783.
Jump up ^ Brasier M, McLoughlin N, Green O, Wacey D (2006). "A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 361 (1470): 887–902. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1835. PMC 1578727  . PMID 16754605.
Jump up ^ Tomitani A, Knoll AH, Cavanaugh CM, Ohno T (2006). "The evolutionary diversification of cyanobacteria: molecular-phylogenetic and paleontological perspectives". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (14): 5442–7. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5442T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600999103. PMC 1459374  . PMID 16569695.
Jump up ^ Kopp RE, Kirschvink JL, Hilburn IA, Nash CZ (2005). "The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (32): 11131–6. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211131K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504878102. PMC 1183582  . PMID 16061801.
Jump up ^ Dodd AN, Borland AM, Haslam RP, Griffiths H, Maxwell K (2002). "Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic, fantastic". J. Exp. Bot. 53 (369): 569–580. doi:10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569. PMID 11886877.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Leary MH (1988). "Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis". BioScience. 38 (5): 328–336. doi:10.2307/1310735. JSTOR 1310735.
Jump up ^ Sage RF, Meirong L, Monson RK (1999). "16. The Taxonomic Distribution of C4 Photosynthesis". In Sage RF, Monson RK. C4 Plant Biology. pp. 551–580. ISBN 0-12-614440-0.
Jump up ^ Evans MC, Buchanan BB, Arnon DI (1966). "A new ferredoxin-dependent carbon reduction cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 55 (4): 928–34. Bibcode:1966PNAS...55..928E. doi:10.1073/pnas.55.4.928. PMC 224252  . PMID 5219700.
Jump up ^ Ljungdahl L, Wood HG (1965). "Incorporation of C-14 from carbon dioxide into sugar phosphates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids by Clostridium thermoaceticum". J. Bacteriol. 89: 1055–64. PMC 277595  . PMID 14276095.
Jump up ^ Ljungdahl LG (2009). "A life with acetogens, thermophiles, and cellulolytic anaerobes". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 63: 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.091208.073617. PMID 19575555.
Jump up ^ Herter S, Fuchs G, Bacher A, Eisenreich W (2002). "A bicyclic autotrophic CO2 fixation pathway in Chloroflexus aurantiacus". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (23): 20277–83. doi:10.1074/jbc.M201030200. PMID 11929869.
Jump up ^ Zarzycki J, Brecht V, Müller M, Fuchs G (2009). "Identifying the missing steps of the autotrophic 3-hydroxypropionate CO2 fixation cycle in Chloroflexus aurantiacus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (50): 21317–22. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10621317Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908356106. PMC 2795484  . PMID 19955419.
Jump up ^ Berg IA, Kockelkorn D, Buckel W, Fuchs G (2007). "A 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon dioxide assimilation pathway in Archaea". Science. 318 (5857): 1782–6. Bibcode:2007Sci...318.1782B. doi:10.1126/science.1149976. PMID 18079405.
Jump up ^ Huber H, Gallenberger M, Jahn U, Eylert E, Berg IA, Kockelkorn D, Eisenreich W, Fuchs G (2008). "A dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate autotrophic carbon assimilation cycle in the hyperthermophilic Archaeum Ignicoccus hospitalis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (22): 7851–6. Bibcode:2008PNAS..105.7851H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801043105. PMC 2409403  . PMID 18511565.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Microbiology. Academic Press. 2009. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9780123739445.
Jump up ^ Nicole Kresge; Robert D. Simoni; Robert L. Hill (2005). "The Discovery of Heterotrophic Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Harland G. Wood". The Journal of Biological Chemistry.
Further reading[edit]
Berg IA (2011). "Ecological aspects of the distribution of different autotrophic CO2 fixation pathways". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77 (6): 1925–36. doi:10.1128/AEM.02473-10. PMC 3067309  . PMID 21216907.
Descent of plants and algae[edit]
Keeling PJ (2004). "Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts". Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1481–93. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481. PMID 21652304.
Keeling PJ (2009). "Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis" (PDF). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 56 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00371.x. PMID 19335769. Retrieved 10 April 2012. [permanent dead link]
Keeling PJ (2010). "The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 365 (1541): 729–48. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0103. PMC 2817223  . PMID 20124341.
Timme RE, Bachvaroff TR, Delwiche CF (2012). "Broad phylogenomic sampling and the sister lineage of land plants". PLoS ONE. 7 (1): e29696. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...7E9696T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029696. PMC 3258253  . PMID 22253761.
Spiegel FW (2012). "Evolution. Contemplating the first Plantae". Science. 335 (6070): 809–10. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..809S. doi:10.1126/science.1218515. PMID 22344435.
Price DC, Chan CX, Yoon HS, Yang EC, Qiu H, Weber AP, Schwacke R, Gross J, Blouin NA, Lane C, Reyes-Prieto A, Durnford DG, Neilson JA, Lang BF, Burger G, Steiner JM, Löffelhardt W, Meuser JE, Posewitz MC, Ball S, Arias MC, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Rensing SA, Symeonidi A, Doddapaneni H, Green BR, Rajah VD, Boore J, Bhattacharya D (2012). "Cyanophora paradoxa genome elucidates origin of photosynthesis in algae and plants" (PDF). Science. 335 (6070): 843–7. Bibcode:2012Sci...335..843P. doi:10.1126/science.1213561. PMID 22344442. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
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