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Upper motor neuron
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Upper motor neuron
The motor tract
Identifiers
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are the main source of voluntary movement. They are found in the brain and carry motor information down the spinal cord to activate the lower motor neurons, which in turn directly signal muscles to contract.
They are a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells and are found just below the surface of the cerebral cortex within layer V of the primary motor cortex. The cell bodies of Betz cell neurons are the largest in the brain, approaching nearly 0.1mm in diameter.
The primary motor cortex or precentral gyrus, is one of the most important areas in the frontal lobe. The precentral gyrus is the most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe and it lies anterior to the central sulcus. The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are also called upper motor neurons. The fibers of the upper motor neurons project out of the precentral gyrus ending in the brainstem, where they will decussate (intersect) within the lower medulla oblongata to form the lateral corticospinal tract on each side of the spinal cord. The fibers that do not decussate will pass through the medulla and continue on to form the anterior corticospinal tracts. The upper motor neuron descends in the spinal cord to the level of the appropriate spinal nerve root. At this point, the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron, each of whose axons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle.[1][2]
These neurons connect the brain to the appropriate level in the spinal cord, from which point nerve signals continue to the muscles by means of the lower motor neurons. The neurotransmitter glutamate transmits the nerve impulses from upper to lower motor neurons, where it is detected by glutamatergic receptors.
Contents
1 Pathways
2 Lesions
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Pathways[edit]
Upper motor neurons travel in several neural pathways through the central nervous system (CNS):
Tract Pathway Function
corticospinal tract from the motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord The major function of this pathway is fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments.
corticobulbar tract from the motor cortex to several nuclei in the pons and medulla oblongata Involved in control of facial and jaw musculature, swallowing and tongue movements.
colliculospinal tract (tectospinal tract) from the superior colliculus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.
rubrospinal tract from red nucleus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information; support of the body.
vestibulospinal tract from vestibular nuclei, which processes stimuli from semicircular canals It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance.
reticulospinal tract from reticular formation Regulates various involuntary motor activities and assists in balance.
Lesions[edit]
Any upper motor neuron lesion, also known as pyramidal insufficiency, occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Such lesions can arise as a result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury or other acquired brain injury. The resulting changes in muscle performance that can be wide and varied are described overall as upper motor neuron syndrome. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, decreased motor control including a loss of the ability to perform fine movements, increased vigor (and decreased threshold) of spinal reflexes including spasticity, clonus (involuntary, successive cycles of contraction/relaxation of a muscle), and an extensor plantar response known as the Babinski sign.[3]
See also[edit]
Lower motor neuron
Upper motor neuron lesion
Lower motor neuron lesion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.1
Jump up ^ "Frontal Lobe." Rice University Web Calendar. 26 June 2000. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. < "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-07-26. Retrieved 2010-12-07. >.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale; Augustine, George J.; Fitzpatrick, David; Katz, Lawrence C.; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James O.; Williams, S. Mark (9 May 2018). "Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome". Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018 – via www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
External links[edit]
"motoneuron" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

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text:
Dagen H
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Kungsgatan, Stockholm, on Dagen H., 3 September 1967, during the night Sweden had changed from left-side traffic to right-side traffic.
Dagen H logo
Left-hand traffic in Stockholm in 1966
Dagen H (H day), today usually called "Högertrafikomläggningen" ("The right-hand traffic diversion"), was the day on 3 September 1967, in which the traffic in Sweden switched from driving on the left-hand side of the road to the right.[1] The "H" stands for "Högertrafik", the Swedish word for "right traffic". It was by far the largest logistical event in Sweden's history.[2]
Headlamp sold in Sweden not long before Dagen H. Opaque decal blocks the lens portion that would provide low beam upkick to the right, and bears warning "Not to be removed before 3 September 1967".
A pair of colored gloves used in 1967 by Swedish authorities in order to remind drivers they should drive on the right as the traffic was changed
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The switch
3 Results
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
There were various major arguments for the change:
All Sweden's immediate neighbours (including Norway and Finland, with which Sweden has land borders) drove on the right, with 5 million vehicles crossing those borders annually.[3]
Approximately 90 percent of Swedes drove left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles.[3] This led to many head-on collisions when passing on narrow two-lane highways, which were common in Sweden due to the fact that the country's low population density and traffic levels made road-building expensive in per capita terms.[4] City buses were among the very few vehicles that conformed to the normal opposite-steering wheel rule, being right-hand drive.[5]
However, the change was widely unpopular; in a 1955 referendum, 83 percent voted to keep driving on the left. Nevertheless, on May 10, 1963, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdagen) approved the Prime Minister Tage Erlander's government proposal of an introduction of right hand traffic in 1967, as the number of cars on the road had tripled from 500 000 to 1.5 million, and was expected to reach 2.8 million by 1975.[6] A body known as Statens Högertrafikkommission (HTK) ("the state right-hand traffic commission") was established to oversee the changeover.[7] It also began implementing a four-year education program, with the advice of psychologists.[4]
The campaign included displaying the Dagen H logo on various commemorative items, including milk cartons and underwear.[4][8] Swedish television held a contest for songs about the change; the winning entry was "Håll dig till höger, Svensson" ('Keep to the right, Svensson') written by Expressen journalist by Peter Himmelstrand[1] and performed by The Telstars.[9]
As Dagen H neared, every intersection was equipped with an extra set of poles and traffic signals wrapped in black plastic. Workers roamed the streets early in the morning on Dagen H to remove the plastic. Similarly, a parallel set of lines were painted on the roads with white paint, then covered with black tape. Before Dagen H, Swedish roads had used yellow lines.
The switch[edit]
On Dagen H, Sunday, 3 September, all non-essential traffic was banned from the roads from 01:00 to 06:00. Any vehicles on the roads during that time had to follow special rules. All vehicles had to come to a complete stop at 04:50, then carefully change to the right-hand side of the road and stop again before being allowed to proceed at 05:00. In Stockholm and Malmö, however, the ban was longer — from 10:00 on Saturday until 15:00 on Sunday — to allow work crews to reconfigure intersections.[10] Certain other towns also saw an extended ban, from 15:00 on Saturday until 15:00 on Sunday.
One-way streets presented unique problems. Bus stops had to be constructed on the other side of the street. Intersections had to be reshaped to allow traffic to merge.
In order to avoid blinding the oncoming drivers, all Swedish vehicles had to have their original left-hand-traffic headlamps replaced with right-hand units. One of the reasons the Riksdag pushed ahead with Dagen H despite public unpopularity was that most vehicles in Sweden at the time used inexpensive, standardized round headlamps, but the trend towards more expensive model-specific headlamps had begun in Continental Europe and was expected to spread through most other parts of the world. Further delay in changing over from left- to right-hand traffic would have greatly increased the cost burden to vehicle owners.
Results[edit]
The relatively smooth changeover saw a reduction in the number of accidents.[11] On the day of the change, only 157 minor accidents were reported, of which only 32 involved personal injuries, with only a handful serious.[12] On the Monday following Dagen H, there were 125 reported traffic accidents, compared to a range of 130 to 198 for previous Mondays, none of them fatal. Experts suggested that changing to driving on the right reduced accidents while overtaking, as people already drove left-hand drive vehicles, thereby having a better view of the road ahead; additionally, the change made a marked surge in perceived risk that exceeded the target level and thus was followed by very cautious behaviour that caused a major decrease in road fatalities. Indeed, fatal car-to-car and car-to-pedestrian accidents dropped sharply as a result, and the number of motor insurance claims went down by 40%.
These initial improvements did not last, however. The number of motor insurance claims returned to 'normal' over the next six weeks and, by 1969, the accident rates were back to the levels seen before the change.[13][14][15]
Trams in central Stockholm, in Helsingborg and most lines in Malmö were withdrawn and replaced by buses, and over one thousand new buses were purchased with doors on the right-hand side. Some 8,000 older buses were retrofitted to provide doors on both sides, while Gothenburg and Malmö exported their right-hand drive (RHD) buses to Pakistan and Kenya.[16] The modification of buses, paid by the state, was the largest cost of the change. In Gothenburg and Norrköping, and in two Stockholm suburbs, tram networks continued to operate.
Although all road traffic in Sweden became right handed, metro and railway systems did not switch to new rules and continue to drive on the left, with the exception of tram systems. Additionally, many of them were abandoned as a result of Dagen H; only the trams in Norrköping and Gothenburg and three suburban lines in the Stockholm area (Nockebybanan and Lidingöbanan) survived. Gothenburg had high cost for rebuilding trams, while Stockholm had cost only for bus purchasing, since the remaining lines had bidirectional trams with doors on both sides. In any event, most trams in Stockholm had been replaced by the metro, a decision made long before the Dagen H decision.
Fellow Nordic country Iceland changed to driving on the right in May 1968.[11]
See also[edit]
730 (transport)
H-dagurinn
Right and left hand traffic
Switch to right hand traffic in Czechoslovakia
Transport in Sweden
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b 50 år sedan: Så gick det till när Sverige fick högertrafik, Expressen, 1 September 2017
Jump up ^ Kommer du ihåg när Sverige fick högertrafik 1967?, Året Runt, 1 September 2017
^ Jump up to: a b Réalités, Issues 200-205, Société d'études et publications économiques, 1967, page 95
^ Jump up to: a b c Switch to the Right, TIME, 15 Sep. 1967
Jump up ^ "Transport in Stockholm in the 1960s". Includes photographs of a RHD bus in Odenplan, 1962 and a RHD trolleybus in Vattugatan in 1964.
Jump up ^ News from Sweden, Issues 840-858, Swedish Information Service, Swedish Consulate General, 1963, page 35
Jump up ^ Riksdagens protokoll, Kungl. Boktr., 1966, page 8
Jump up ^ "Dagen H". Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ The Telstars - Håll dig till höger, Svensson, YouTube, 23 February 2013
Jump up ^ Sweden Makes Change-Over to Driving on Right, Glasgow Herald, 4 September 1967
^ Jump up to: a b Et tu, Iceland? Another change to right hand driving, Autocar, 23 May 1968
Jump up ^ "Swedish Motorists Move To Right". Montreal Gazette. 5 September 1967.
Jump up ^ Adams, John (1985). Risk and Freedom: Record of Road Safety Regulation. Brefi Press. ISBN 978-0948537059.
Jump up ^ "Dagen H: The day Sweden switched sides of the road". Washington Post. February 17, 2012. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action. CRC Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4398-5667-3.
Jump up ^ Public transport was affected, 22 February 1997
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dagen H.
Television coverage of changeover, Sveriges Television
The Day Sweden Turned Right, BBC World Service, 2 September 2016
Border crossing between Sweden and Finland, 1967
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dagen_H&oldid=806762030"
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Black Gold (2006 film)
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Black Gold
Directed by
Marc James Francis, Nick Francis
Produced by
Christopher Hird, Marc Francis, Nick Francis
Written by
Marc Francis, Nick Francis
Starring
Tadesse Meskela
Music by
Andreas Kapsalis
Edited by
Hugh Williams
Production
company
Speakit Films
Release date
2006 (USA)
Running time
78 min.
Language
Amharic, Oromiffa and English with English subtitles
Budget
760,000 USD[1]
Black Gold is a 2006 feature-length documentary film. The story follows the efforts of an Ethiopian Coffee Union manager as he travels the world to obtain a better price for his workers' coffee beans.
The film is directed and produced by Marc James Francis and Nick Francis from Speakit Films, and co-produced by Christopher Hird. It premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Production
3 Music
4 Awards and nominations
5 Distribution
6 Reception and impact
7 Corporate response to Black Gold
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The film focuses on the coffee growers of the Oromia Region of southern and western Ethiopia, the birthplace of coffee. It follows Tadesse Meskela, the General Manager of the Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative Union, as he visits coffee-growing regions in Sidamo and Oromia (including the Kilenso Mokonisa Cooperative in the Bule Hora woreda in the Borena Zone of the Oromia Region), as well as a coffee processing center, a coffee auction house, and his union's headquarters in Addis Ababa. He also travels to England and the United States in an effort to promote Ethiopian coffee by eliminating the numerous middlemen. There is also a scene where coffee farmers pray to God for a higher price, which was filmed at the Negele Gorbitu Cooperative, located near Irgachefe in the Abaya woreda of the Borena Zone. The Ethiopian coffee farmers speak about their lives, with one explaining that he is cutting down his coffee plants and planting khat (a plant containing cathinone, an amphetamine-like stimulant) instead, due to the low price he is getting for coffee because of the explosion in the number of coffee farmers across the globe, and the comparatively higher price he can get for khat.
The film also includes footage of the New York Board of Trade, a commodity trading floor in New York City, where the "C" international benchmark price of coffee is set each business day based on supply and demand, and explores the effects that these international prices (which by 2006 were at an all-time low) have on Ethiopian coffee growers. Other footage was shot at the first Starbucks and the World Barista Championship at the 2005 Specialty Coffee Association of America conference in Seattle; and at a café and the Illy coffee company in Trieste, Italy. These scenes stand in stark contrast to the footage of the impoverished conditions faced by the Ethiopian coffee farmers and their families.
Production[edit]
In July 2003, Nick Francis and Marc James Francis travelled to Ethiopia and started making the film.
The meeting with Tadesse Meskela, the manager of Oromia Coffee Farmers Co-operative Union, was a decisive moment in the production of the film.[3] The inspiring passion and determination of Tadesse, along with his continuous efforts to improve the lives of the farmers he represents, made Nick Francis and Marc James Francis decide much further in the production process to centre the film narrative around Tadesse's journey, his character functioning as a guide into the coffee world.
The Ethiopian footage was filmed on two occasions (in 2003 and 2005), for six weeks each time.[4]
After the first shoot in Ethiopia, the crew flew to Cancun to document the meetings of the World Trade Organization, where pivotal decisions that affect Africa's economy and development were being made in setting the trade rules and where the struggle for fairer international trade rules was played out. Unprecedented, that year developing countries refused to be forced into signing agreements that were against their interests, and the WTO talks completely collapsed.
After the team's return to the UK, they spent the following months developing a rough cut of Black Gold. During these months, the direction of the film took shape, along with the rest of the necessary shoots meant to develop the thrust of the narrative. In 2005, the team returned to Ethiopia for further shoots.
Although Starbucks, Sara Lee, Procter & Gamble, Kraft, and Nestlé — the world's largest sellers of coffee — are mentioned in the film, all five companies declined invitations to be interviewed for the film.[3]
By the end of 2005, the final cut of Black Gold was done and officially premiered during the 2006‘s edition of Sundance Film Festival.
Music[edit]
Andreas Kapsalis, whom Marc James Francis and Nick Francis met during the Sundance Documentary Composers Lab, wrote the final soundtrack. In doing so, he used in part Mathew Coldrick's Ethiopian instrumental samples, recorded from Ethiopia. Joe Henson, Kunja Chatterton, and Mathew Herbert also contributed to the soundtrack.[5]
Awards and nominations[edit]
WINNER: Best Achievement in Production - British Independent Film Awards 2007[6]
WINNER: Contemporary Issues - San Francisco Black Film Festival (2006)[7][8]
NOMINEE: Best Documentary - British Independent Film Awards 2007[6]
NOMINEE: Best Debut Director - British Independent Film Awards 2007[6]
NOMINEE: Sundance Grand Jury Prize (2006)[9]
NOMINEE: Pare Lorentz Award (2006)[10]
NOMINEE: Index On Censorship Film Awards (2008)[11]
Official Selection: Melbourne International Film Festival (2006)[12]
Official Selection: Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival (2006)[13]
Official Selection: London Film Festival (2006)[14]
Official Selection: FESPACO Pan-African Film Festival
Official Selection: Rome Film Festival[15]
Official Selection: Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival[16]
Official Selection: True/False Film Festival (2006) [17]
Official Selection: Human Rights Watch Film Festival (2006)[18]
Official Selection: New Zealand International Film Festival (2006)[19]
Distribution[edit]
Black Gold has been released in the cinema and on DVD in over 40 countries: in the UK (Dogwoof), US (California Newsreel), Canada (Mongral Media), Australia (Madman), Germany, Spain, Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Japan. The film has also been broadcast on TV stations around the world including US (ITVS: Independent Lens), UK (Channel 4), Japan (NHK), Israel (DBS/YES), New Zealand (Documentary Channel), South Africa (SABC), South Korea (EBS), and the Middle East (Al-jazeera). It continues to be screened around the world.
Black Gold went on to be seen in over 60 international film festivals including London, Rome, Berlin, Melbourne, Hong Kong, and Rio de Janeiro and has secured major broadcast deals around the world including Channel 4 (UK), PBS/Independent Lens (US), Documentary Channel (Canada), NHK (Japan), and Al-jazeera (Middle East).[20]
Black Gold has attracted wide coverage in the media including features on CNN,[21] BBC World, BBC News 24,[22] Sky News,[23] Bloomberg, The Observer,[24] The Times,[25] The Daily Telegraph,[26] New York Times,[27] LA Times,[28] The Washington Post,[29] and South China Morning Post.[30][31][32][33]
Reception and impact[edit]
In the first few weeks after the premiere, the film helped to generate donations approximately up to $25,000. The dilapidated school featured in the film was built.
Tadesse Meskela, the main character in Black Gold, was able to increase the market price for his cooperative union's coffee. Tadesse Meskela was invited to 10 Downing Street, where he took his message directly to Tony Blair.
After seeing the film, the UN have invited Tadesse to New York to do a presentation about his co-operatives at the 46th Session of the Commission for Social Development.
Black Gold was screened at the World Bank and European Union, as part of debates about trade policy and development. The Ethiopian ambassadors based at Berlin, Washington, D.C., and London attended screenings.
Black Gold was the first film to receive funding from BritDoc.[34][35]
Corporate response to Black Gold[edit]
Since the first showing of Black Gold during Sundance, Starbucks sent people to screenings of the film in what has been called by one journalist "going on a charm offensive".[36][37] As the film became more and more popular, Starbucks flew Tadesse and four other African coffee producers to their Seattle headquarters for a weekend conference, which was seen by many as a PR stunt.[38][39] Further, just before the film premiered at the London Film Festival in October 2006, a memo received by Starbucks staff from the headquarters leaked to the Black Gold forum. The internal memo was sent out to inform all Starbucks employees that Black Gold was "incomplete and inaccurate".[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Adelman, Jacob (28 November 2006). "Anti-business films are the new muckrakers". Seattle Times. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Production Notes". Speakit Films. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Podcast 56 - Black Gold The Movie". portafilter.net. 2006-11-22. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack". Speakit Films. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "British Independent Film Awards". IMDb.
Jump up ^ "The San Francisco Black Film Festival Announces Winners; It's a Wrap for the 8th Annual San Francisco Black Film Festival".
Jump up ^ Vigil, Delfin (4 June 2006). "Showcase of Black Film". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". Sundance Institute.
Jump up ^ "Nominees Announced in Four Categories for 22nd Annual International Documentary Association Awards". Studio Daily. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Sissay, Lemn (22 April 2008). "Why Ahlaam (Dreams) deserved to win". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". Melbourne International Film Festival. 2006. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". fandor.com. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/. 2006. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". Rome Film Festival. 2006. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Mathew (May 2006). "Hot Docs Continues: The rest of the week's picks". Torontoist. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Black Gold". True/False Film Festival. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Klawans, Stuart. "Local Hero". The Nation. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Festivals & Awards". Speakit Films. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "IMPACT OF THE FILM BLACK GOLD: SOWING SEEDS FOR CHANGE". Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ CNN (2006). "CNN Report - Black Gold film shakes up coffee industry". Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "BBC News - Live interview with Black Gold Directors Marc and Nick Francis and Kraft". BBC News 24. 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sky News - Marc & Nick Francis talk about Black Gold, trade & coffee". SKY News. 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ French, Phillip (10 June 2007). "Black Gold". The Observer. London. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Hoyle, Ben. "A wake-up call to world's coffee giants". The Times. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Gritten, David (27 January 2006). "Britain shines at Sundance". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Scott, A. O. (27 January 2006). "Sundance, Now a Study in Paradox". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Chocano, Carina (12 January 2007). "Poverty in that morning cup". LA Times. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (8 December 2006). "Brewing 'Black Gold'". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Forrest, Adam (27 May 2007). "Grounds for complaint? Why a film about coffee". The Sunday Herald. pp. 16–17.
Jump up ^ Macnab, Geoffery (24 May 2007). "Black Gold". Sight and Sound.
Jump up ^ Dawson, Jeff (4 June 2007). "Wake up and smell the coffee". The Sunday Times. pp. 10–11.
Jump up ^ Smith, David (5 June 2007). "British film-makers ask: what is the hidden cost of your £2 latte?". The Observer. London. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Kopp, Ingrid. "Your Film Can Change the World" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Evans, Chris. "Black Gold: storm in a coffee cup". Retrieved 12 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Carnevale, Rob. "Black Gold - Marc and Nick Francis interview". indielondon.co.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Seager, Ashley (29 January 2007). "Starbucks stirred by fair trade film". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian coffee farmer Tadesse Meskela Gudeta tastes Indonesian coffee Thursday at Starbucks' African Coffee Celebration". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Siel. "Black Gold: A Coffee Film That Has Starbucks Scared". treehugger.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
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This Old Man
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"This Old Man"
Nursery rhyme
Published
1906
Songwriter(s)
Unknown
"This Old Man" is an English language children's song, counting and nursery rhyme with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 3550.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins and history
2 Lyrics
3 Variations
4 References
Origins and history[edit]
The origins of this song are obscure. The earliest extant record is a version noted in Anne Gilchrist's Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society (1937), learnt from her Welsh nurse in the 1870s under the title "Jack Jintle" with the lyrics:[1]
My name is Jack Jintle, the eldest but one,
And I can play nick-nack upon my own thumb.
With my nick-nack and click-clack and sing a fine song,
And all the fine ladies come dancing along.

My name is Jack Jintle, the eldest but two,
And I can play nick-nack upon my own shoe.
With my nick-nack and click-clack and sing a fine song,
And all the fine ladies come dancing along.

My name is Jack Jintle, the eldest but three,
And I can play nick-nack upon my own knee.
With my nick-nack and click-clack and sing a fine song,
And all the fine ladies come dancing along.
Lyrics[edit]
A more familiar version goes like this:
This old man, he played one,
He played knick-knack on his drum;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played two,
He played knick-knack on his shoe;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played three,
He played knick-knack on his knee;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played four,
He played knick-knack on his door;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played five,
He played knick-knack on his hive;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played six,
He played knick-knack on his sticks;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played seven,
He played knick-knack up in heaven;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played eight,
He played knick-knack on his gate;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played nine,
He played knick-knack on his spine;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.

This old man, he played ten,
He played knick-knack once again;
With a knick-knack paddywhack,
Give the dog a bone,
This old man came rolling home.
Variations[edit]
A similar version was included in Cecil Sharp and Sabine Baring-Gould's English Folk-Songs for Schools, published in 1906.[2] It was collected several times in England in the early 20th century with a variety of lyrics. In 1948 it was included by Pete Seeger and Ruth Crawford in their American Folk Songs for Children and recorded by Seeger in 1953. It received a boost in popularity when it was adapted for the film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) by composer Malcolm Arnold as "The Children's Marching Song", which led to hit singles for Cyril Stapleton and Mitch Miller.[3]
The children's show Barney & Friends used the song "I Love You" as its closing song and was sung to the tune of "This Old Man". Lyrics I love you. You love me. We're a happy family, With a great big hug and a kiss from me to you, Won't you say you love me too.
In the television series Columbo, the title character often whistled the music to this song, generally when he was happy and closing in on a suspect.
British musical comedy duo Flanders and Swann recorded a satirical version called "All Gall", about French President Charles de Gaulle, replacing the original's refrain with "Cognac, Armagnac, Burgundy and Beaune". A single with a rock version by Bobby Beato and Purple Reign charted in 1975.[4][5]
In October 1996, The News Huddlines used the tune for a song inspired by Kenneth Branagh's version of Hamlet.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ A. G. Gilchrist, "Jack Jintle", Journal of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, 3 (2) (1937), pp. 124–5.
Jump up ^ S. B. Gould and C. J. Sharp English Folk-Songs for Schools (London: J. Curwen & Sons, 1906) pp. 94–5.
Jump up ^ N. Musiker and D. Adès, Conductors and Composers of Popular Orchestral Music: a Biographical and Discographical Sourcebook (London: Greenwood, 1998), p. 248.
Jump up ^ Frank W. Hoffmann - 1983 The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950-1981 Page 802 -"This Old Man (Purple Reign) "
Jump up ^ Purple Reign - Bobby Beato
[hide]
v
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Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
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"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
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Clapping
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"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and round the garden"
"This Little Piggy"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=This_Old_Man&oldid=794889773"
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Victoria International College, Kuala Lumpur
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Victoria International Colleges
Established
1976 (1976)
Address
No.984/986/988 Jln Kampung Batu, Taman Batu 5, Jalan Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, 51200, Malaysia
Website
www.vicmy.com
Coordinates: 3°12′14.1″N 101°40′29.6″E / 3.203917°N 101.674889°E / 3.203917; 101.674889
Victoria International college is accredited by the Ministry of higher education, Ministry of human resources and Malaysian qualification agency. All VIC courses are approved and recognized by the Ministry of higher education or Ministry of human resources and Malaysian qualification agency.
Victoria International College was founded in 1976 and is located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Victoria International college Diploma and Bachelor degree programs are approved and recognized by the Ministry of higher education and MQA. Malaysian Government Qualifications Agency (MQA) is responsible for quality assurance of higher education for both the public and the private sectors. The MQA is responsible for monitoring and overseeing the quality assurance practices and accreditation of national higher education. Accreditation is a formal recognition that the certificates, diplomas and degrees awarded by higher education institutions are in accordance with the set standards.
The skill courses are approved by the Ministry of human resource and the PTPTK department.
Courses[edit]
The list of the courses conducted in Victoria International college:
Certificate in Business Studies
Certificate in Hotel and Catering Management
Certificate in Travel Operation
Diploma in Special Needs
Diploma in Risk Management
Diploma in Information and Communication Technology
Diploma in Games Design
Diploma in IT Security
Diploma in Business Administration
Diploma in Hotel & Catering Management
Diploma In Business Information Technology
Diploma in Culinary Arts
Diploma in Accountancy
Diploma in Human Resource Management
Diploma in Electric & Electronic Engineering
Diploma in International Relation
Diploma in Computer Science
Diploma in Sales and Marketing
Executive Diploma in Business Management
Executive Diploma in Human Resource Management
Foundation in Arts
Foundation in Business
BSc Software Systems
Bachelor in Business Administration
B. A. in Economics
Bachelor of Commerce in Professional Accounting
BSc in Multimedia and Web Technology
BA in Education
Bachelor of Commerce
BA in Economics with Logistics and Freight Management
Diploma in Health Sciences
Diploma in Childhood Education and Kindergarten Management
Diploma in Environmental Health
Diploma in Healthcare Administration
Diploma in Marine Safety
Diploma in Nursing
Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
Diploma in Pharmacy Assistance
Diploma in Physiotherapy
Foundation in Science
English Language Programme Level 1, 2 and 3
Bahasa Malaysia Level 1, 2 and 3
SKM Programmes
Setiausaha Koprat - Tahap 3,4, & 5
Kulinari - Tahap 2,3,4 & 5
Multimedia - Tahap 2,3, & 4
Rangkaian Komputer - Tahap 3 & 4
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External links[edit]
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