text:
Life as a House
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Life as a House
Original poster
Directed by
Irwin Winkler
Produced by
Rob Cowan
Irwin Winkler
Written by
Mark Andrus
Starring
Kevin Kline
Kristin Scott Thomas
Hayden Christensen
Jena Malone
Mary Steenburgen
Music by
Mark Isham
Cinematography
Vilmos Zsigmond
Edited by
Julie Monroe
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
October 26, 2001 (2001-10-26)
Running time
124 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$27 million[1]
Box office
$23,903,791[1]
Life as a House is a 2001 American drama film produced and directed by Irwin Winkler. The screenplay by Mark Andrus focuses on a man who is anxious to repair his relationship with his ex-wife and teenaged son after he is diagnosed with terminal cancer.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
5 Awards and nominations
6 DVD release
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
George Monroe, an architectural model fabricator, is fired when he refuses to use computer technology. At his boss's refusal to let George keep a few models, he destroys all but one of the models with a spindle from an architectural drawing. As he exits the building with the remaining model, he collapses and is rushed to the hospital, where it is revealed he has advanced stage cancer and any treatment would be futile.
George decides to demolish the home left by his father and replace it with a house in keeping with the neighborhood. He enlists his son, Sam, who is alienated from his stepfather Peter and his mother Robin. Sam must spend the summer with George, who has not revealed his terminal condition, and help him with the house, but Sam makes it a point not to help him. When George refuses to give Sam money unless he works for it, Sam toys with becoming a male prostitute, but is nearly caught and flees from his first encounter. This leads him to steal George's Vicodin.
George slowly reconnects with Sam. Robin decides to assist as well, and she finds herself rediscovering George. Also joining in the construction are Alyssa, Sam's classmate who lives next door with her mother Colleen; local policeman Kurt Walker, George's childhood friend; Sam's young half-brothers Adam and Ryan; various neighbors; and eventually Peter, even after separating from Robin when she tells him that her feelings for George have re-awakened. George tells Robin of his disease, sending her into shock. George tells Sam, who is betrayed and accuses George of being selfish and takes refuge at Alyssa's house. George collapses and is found by Robin the following morning. Complications arise when neighbor David Dokos tries to halt construction because the building's height exceeds the allowable limit by six inches. His plans to halt the project are stopped by Sam, who recognizes him from his prostitution attempt and blackmails him.
Sam puts Christmas lights all over the unfinished house and shows George the gleaming house from his hospital window. The next morning, Sam returns to finish the house and Robin sits beside George until his death. Robin goes to the house and tells Sam about his father's death. Sam inherits the house he finished building. Sam gives the property to a woman who has been living in a trailer park. As a girl, she was injured in a car crash caused by his grandfather.
Cast[edit]
Kevin Kline as George Monroe
Kristin Scott Thomas as Robin Kimball
Hayden Christensen as Sam Monroe
Jena Malone as Alyssa Beck
Mary Steenburgen as Colleen Beck
Jamey Sheridan as Peter Kimball
Ian Somerhalder as Josh
Scott Bakula as Kurt Walker
Sam Robards as David Dokos
John Pankow as Bryan Burke
Mike Weinberg as Adam Kimball
Scotty Leavenworth as Ryan Kimball
Production[edit]
In Character Building: Inside Life as a House, a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film, director Irwin Winkler confesses he never realized the rekindling love between George and Robin was a key aspect of the script until he saw the emotion displayed by Kevin Kline and Kristin Scott Thomas in their scenes together. Winkler encouraged his cast to improvise moments leading into and following their scripted dialogue, many of which were included in the final film.
In From the Ground Up, another DVD bonus feature, production designer Dennis Washington discusses how he was required to construct an entire street of houses leading to Sam's house, which was perched on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Palos Verdes, California. The new house was built on another site, then dismantled and transported to the film set as each section was needed. Because the film tracked the progress of the dismantling of the old house and the construction of the new one, it had to be shot in sequence. When the film was completed, the house was dismantled, moved, reconstructed, and enlarged to become a library for the Kenter Canyon Elementary School in Brentwood.
The soundtrack includes "What You Wish For" and "Rainy Day" by Guster, "That's the Way" by Gob, "Live a Lie" and "Somewhere" by Default, "Sweet Dreams" by Marilyn Manson, "Water" by ohGr, "Rearranged" by Limp Bizkit, "Both Sides Now" by Joni Mitchell, "Gramercy Park" by Deadsy, and "How to Disappear Completely" by Radiohead.
The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Boston Film Festival before going into limited release in the US on October 26, 2001.
Reception[edit]
Life as a House received mixed reviews from critics. It holds a 47% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews.
Box office[edit]
The film opened in twenty-nine theaters in the US and grossed $294,056 on its opening weekend. It eventually earned $15,667,270 in the US and $8,236,521 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $23,903,791.[1]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Hayden Christensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and won the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance by an Actor. Kevin Kline was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role. The film won the Audience Award for Favorite Feature at Aspen Filmfest.
DVD release[edit]
New Line Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on March 26, 2002. It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track and subtitles in English. Bonus features include commentary by director/producer Irwin Winkler, producer Rob Cowan, and screenwriter Mark Andrus; Character Building: Inside Life as a House and From the Ground Up, documentaries about the making of the film; four deleted and/or alternate scenes (one with William Russ, originally cast as Kurt Walker but replaced when he was injured in a motorcycle accident after filming began) with optional commentary; a theatrical press kit; and the original trailer.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Life as a House (2001) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "Movie Reviews". 29 March 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Life as a House
Life as a House on IMDb
Life as a House at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
Films directed by Irwin Winkler
Guilty by Suspicion (1991)
Night and the City (1992)
The Net (1995)
At First Sight (1999)
Life as a House (2001)
De-Lovely (2004)
Home of the Brave (2006)
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text:
Loess
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the geologic material. For the statistical technique, see local regression.
Loess in Vicksburg, Mississippi
Loess ( /ˈloʊ.əs/, /ˈlʌs/, /ˈlɛs/, or UK: /ˈlɜːrs/; from German Löss [lœs]) is a clastic, predominantly silt-sized sediment that is formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.[1] 10% of the Earth's land area is covered by loess or similar deposits.[2]
Loess is an aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt,[3] typically in the 20–50 micrometer size range, twenty percent or less clay and the balance equal parts sand and silt[4] that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. It is usually homogeneous and highly porous and is traversed by vertical capillaries that permit the sediment to fracture and form vertical bluffs.
The word loess, with connotations of origin by wind-deposited accumulation, came into English from German Löss ([lœs]), which can be traced back to Swiss German and is cognate with the English word loose and the German word los.[5] It was first applied to Rhine River valley loess about 1821.[6][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Etymology
3 History of research
4 Formation
4.1 Periglacial loess
4.2 Non-glacial
5 Fertility
6 Large areas of loess deposits and soils
6.1 Argentina
6.2 Central Asia
6.3 China
6.4 New Zealand
6.5 Europe
6.6 United States
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Properties[edit]
Loess near Hunyuan, Shanxi province, China.
Loess is homogeneous, porous, friable, pale yellow or buff, slightly coherent, typically non-stratified and often calcareous. Loess grains are angular with little polishing or rounding and composed of crystals of quartz, feldspar, mica and other minerals. Loess can be described as a rich, dust-like soil.[8]
Loess deposits may become very thick; more than a hundred meters in areas of China and tens of meters in parts of the Midwestern United States. It generally occurs as a blanket deposit that covers areas of hundreds of square kilometers and tens of meters thick.
Loess often stands in either steep or vertical faces.[9] Because the grains are angular, loess will often stand in banks for many years without slumping. This soil has a characteristic called vertical cleavage which makes it easily excavated to form cave dwellings, a popular method of making human habitations in some parts of China. Loess will erode very readily.
In several areas of the world, loess ridges have formed that are aligned with the prevailing winds during the last glacial maximum. These are called "paha ridges" in America and "greda ridges" in Europe. The form of these loess dunes has been explained by a combination of wind and tundra conditions.
Etymology[edit]
Loess comes from the German Löss or Löß, and ultimately from Alemannic lösch meaning loose as named by peasants and masons along the Rhine Valley.
History of research[edit]
The term "Löß" was first described in Central Europe by Karl Cäsar von Leonhard (1823–1824)[10] who reported yellowish brown, silty deposits along the Rhine valley near Heidelberg.[1] Charles Lyell (1834) brought this term into widespread usage by observing similarities between loess and loess derivatives along the loess bluffs in the Rhine and Mississippi.[1] At that time it was thought that the yellowish brown silt-rich sediment was of fluvial origin being deposited by the large rivers.[1] It wasn't until the end of the 19th century that the aeolian origin of loess was recognized (Virlet D'Aoust 1857),[11] especially the convincing observations of loess in China by Ferdinand von Richthofen (1878).[1][12] A tremendous number of papers have been published since then, focusing on the formation of loess and on loess/palaeosol (older soil buried under deposits) sequences as archives of climate and environment change.[1] These water conservation works were carried out extensively in China and the research of Loess in China has been continued since 1954. (Liu TS, Loess and the environment)
Much effort was put into the setting up of regional and local loess stratigraphies and their correlation (Kukla 1970, 1975, 1977).[13][14][15] But even the chronostratigraphical position of the last interglacial soil correlating to marine isotope substage 5e has been a matter of debate, owing to the lack of robust and reliable numerical dating, as summarized for example in Zöller et al. (1994)[16] and Frechen, Horváth & Gábris (1997)[17] for the Austrian and Hungarian loess stratigraphy, respectively.[1]
Since the 1980s, thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating are available providing the possibility for dating the time of loess (dust) deposition, i.e. the time elapsed since the last exposure of the mineral grains to daylight.[1] During the past decade, luminescence dating has significantly improved by new methodological improvements, especially the development of single aliquot regenerative (SAR) protocols (Murray & Wintle 2000)[18] resulting in reliable ages (or age estimates) with an accuracy of up to 5 and 10% for the last glacial record.[1] More recently, luminescence dating has also become a robust dating technique for penultimate and antepenultimate glacial loess (e.g. Thiel et al. 2011,[19] Schmidt et al. 2011)[20] allowing for a reliable correlation of loess/palaeosol sequences for at least the last two interglacial/glacial cycles throughout Europe and the Northern Hemisphere (Frechen 2011).[1][21] Furthermore, the numerical dating provides the basis for quantitative loess research applying more sophisticated methods to determine and understand high-resolution proxy data, such as the palaeodust content of the atmosphere, variations of the atmospheric circulation patterns and wind systems, palaeoprecipitation and palaeotemperature.[1]
Formation[edit]
According to Pye (1995),[22] four fundamental requirements are necessary for the formation of loess: a dust source, adequate wind energy to transport the dust, a suitable accumulation area, and a sufficient amount of time.[1]
Periglacial loess[edit]
Periglacial (glacial) loess is derived from the floodplains of glacial braided rivers that carried large volumes of glacial meltwater and sediments from the annual melting of continental icesheets and mountain icecaps during the spring and summer. During the autumn and winter, when melting of the icesheets and icecaps ceased, the flow of meltwater down these rivers either ceased or was greatly reduced. As a consequence, large parts of the formerly submerged and unvegetated floodplains of these braided rivers dried out and were exposed to the wind. Because these floodplains consist of sediment containing a high content of glacially ground flour-like silt and clay, they were highly susceptible to winnowing of their silts and clays by the wind. Once entrained by the wind, particles were then deposited downwind. The loess deposits found along both sides of the Mississippi River Alluvial Valley are a classic example of periglacial loess.[23][24]
During the Quaternary, loess and loess-like sediments were formed in periglacial environments on mid-continental shield areas in Europe and Siberia, on the margins of high mountain ranges like in Tajikistan and on semi-arid margins of some lowland deserts like in China.[1]
In England, periglacial loess is also known as brickearth.
Non-glacial[edit]
Non-glacial loess can originate from deserts, dune fields, playa lakes, and volcanic ash.
Some types of nonglacial loess are:[25]
Desert loess produced by aeolian attrition of quartz grains [26]
Volcanic loess in Ecuador and Argentina;
Tropical loess in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay;
Gypsum loess in Spain;
Trade wind loess in Venezuela and Brazil;
Anticyclonic loess in Argentina.
The thick Chinese loess deposits are non-glacial loess having been blown in from deserts in northern China.[27] The loess covering the Great Plains of Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado is considered a non-glacial desert loess.[citation needed] Non-glacial desert loess is also found in Australia[28] and Africa.[24]
Fertility[edit]
Loess tends to develop into very rich soils. Under appropriate climatic conditions, it is some of the most agriculturally productive terrain in the world.[29]
Soils underlain by loess tend to be excessively drained. The fine grains weather rapidly due to their large surface area, making soils derived from loess rich. One theory states that the fertility of loess soils is due largely to cation exchange capacity (the ability of plants to absorb nutrients from the soil) and porosity (the air-filled space in the soil). The fertility of loess is not due to organic matter content, which tends to be rather low, unlike tropical soils which derive their fertility almost wholly from organic matter.
Even well managed loess farmland can experience dramatic erosion of well over 2.5 kg /m2 per year. In China the loess deposits which give the Yellow River its color have been farmed and have produced phenomenal yields for over one thousand years. Winds pick up loess particles, contributing to the Asian Dust pollution problem. The largest deposit of loess in the United States, the Loess Hills along the border of Iowa and Nebraska, has survived intensive farming and poor farming practices. For almost 150 years, this loess deposit was farmed with mouldboard ploughs and fall tilled, both intensely erosive. At times it suffered erosion rates of over 10 kilograms per square meter per year. Today this loess deposit is worked as low till or no till in all areas and is aggressively terraced.[citation needed]
Large areas of loess deposits and soils[edit]
Argentina[edit]
An outcrop of loess in Patagonia
Much of Argentina is covered by loess. Two areas of loess are usually distinguished in Argentina: the neotropical loess north of latitude 30° S and the pampean loess.[30]
The neotropical loess is made of silt or silty clay. Relative to the pampean loess the neotropical loess is poor in quartz and calcium carbonate. The source region for this loess is thought by some scientists to be areas of fluvio-glacial depostis the Andean foothills formed by the Patagonian Ice Sheet. Other researchers stress the importance of volcanic material in the neotropical loess.[30]
The pampean loess is sandy or made of silty sand.[30]
Central Asia[edit]
From Southern Tajikistan up to Almaty, Kazakhstan, spans an area of multiple loess deposits.[31]
China[edit]
The Loess Plateau (simplified Chinese: 黄土高原; traditional Chinese: 黃土高原; pinyin: huángtǔ gāoyuán), also known as the Huangtu Plateau, is a plateau that covers an area of some 640,000 km² in the upper and middle of China's Yellow River and China proper. The Yellow River was so named because the loess forming its banks gave a yellowish tint to the water.[32] The soil of this region has been called the "most highly erodible soil on earth".[33] The Loess Plateau and its dusty soil cover almost all of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and parts of others.[citation needed]
New Zealand[edit]
Extensive areas of loess occur in New Zealand.[34] The basis of loess stratigraphy was introduced by John Hardcastle in 1890 [35]
Europe[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Loess - Balatonfő (Balatonkenese)
Hungary has several areas that are covered by loess. At locations such as Dunaújváros and Balatonakarattya, loess walls are exposed as loess reefs. Similar formations exist in Romania (Wallachian Plain), in Serbia (in province of Vojvodina, e.g. Titelski Breg), in Bulgaria on the south bank of the Danube and in Croatia (island of Susak).
Central Belgium is covered by thick loess stacks. Neanderthal artifacts were found within the soils between the loess layers of the Veldwezelt-Hezerwater. Also South Limburg, Netherlands, is partially covered with loess.
United States[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Map showing the distribution of loess in United States.[36]
The Loess Hills of Iowa owe their fertility to the prairie topsoils built by 10,000 years of post-glacial accumulation of organic-rich humus as a consequence of a persistent grassland biome. When the valuable A-horizon topsoil is eroded or degraded, the underlying loess soil is infertile, and requires the addition of fertilizer in order to support agriculture.
The loess along the Mississippi River near Vicksburg, Mississippi, consist of three layers. The Peoria Loess, Sicily Island Loess, and Crowley's Ridge Loess accumulated at different periods of time during the Pleistocene. Ancient soils, called paleosols, have developed in the top of the Sicily Island Loess and Crowley's Ridge Loess. The lowermost loess, the Crowley's Ridge Loess, accumulated during the late Illinoian Stage. The middle loess, Sicily Island Loess, accumulated during early Wisconsin Stage. The uppermost loess, the Peoria Loess, in which the modern soil has developed, accumulated during the late Wisconsin Stage. Animal remains include terrestrial gastropods and mastodons.[37]
Loess soil forms sharp hills close to the Mississippi River and Yazoo River in western Mississippi north and south of Vicksburg. These deposits are more than 30 m thick (comparable to those in Iowa) immediately above the river valleys, to which they are sub-parallel, and thin to trace thickness within 40 km to the east, making up ecoregion #74 of the List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA). Streams and gulleys are incised very deeply and sharply between the linear loess ridges, making topography very important in the conduct of military operations for the Vicksburg Campaign.
The Palouse Hills of eastern Washington and northern Idaho is a fertile agricultural region based on loess deposits.
Glacial loess from the Matanuska Glacier blown into Matanuska Valley created the fertile soil conditions that motivated the Matanuska Colony resettlement experiment in Alaska during the Great Depression.
Crowley's Ridge in Arkansas is a natural loess accumulation point.
See also[edit]
Börde – North German loess regions
Gäue – South German loess regions
Loam
References[edit]
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frechen, M (2011). "Loess in Europe". Quaternary Science Journal. 60 (1): 3–5. doi:10.3285/eg.60.1.00.
Jump up ^ Vasiljevic, D. A.; Markovic, S. B.; Hose, T. A.; Smalley, I.; O'Hara-Dhand, K.; Basarin, B.; Lukic, T.; Vujicic, M. D. (2011). "Loess Towards (Geo) Tourism – Proposed Application on Loess in Vojvodina Region (North Serbia)". Acta geographica Slovenica. 51 (2): 390–406. doi:10.3986/AGS51305.
Jump up ^ Smalley,I.J.,Derbyshire,E. 1990. The definition of 'ice-sheet' and 'mountain' loess. Area 22, 300-301
Jump up ^ Donahue, Miller, Shickluna (1977). Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth, 4th edition. Prentice Hall
Jump up ^ "loess - Origin and meaning of loess by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com.
Jump up ^ "loess (sedimentary deposit) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
Jump up ^ "DWDS | Suchergebnisse". Dwds.de. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
Jump up ^ Pearson Prentice Hall - World Studies - Europe and Russia
Jump up ^ Neuendorf, K.E.K., J.P. Mehl, Jr., and J.A. Jackson, 2005, Glossary of Geology. Springer-Verlag, New York City, 779 pp., ISBN 3-540-27951-2
Jump up ^ Leonhard K. C. von (1823–1824). Charakteristik der Felsarten. 3 Vols., J. Engelmann Verlag Heidelberg, pp. 772.
Jump up ^ Virlet D'Aoust P.T. (1857). "Observations sur un terrain d`origine météorique ou de transport aerien qui existe au Mexique et sur le phénomène des trombes de poussière auquel il doit principalement son origine". Geol. Soc. France, Full., 2d, Ser. 2, 129–139.
Jump up ^ Richthofen F. von (1878). "Bemerkungen zur Lößbildung". Verh Geol Reichsanst, Berlin, pp 1–13.
Jump up ^ Kukla G. (1970). "Correlation between loesses and deep-sea sediments". Geologiske Foreningen Foerhandlingar 92: 148–180. Stockholm.
Jump up ^ Kukla G. J. (1975). "Loess stratigraphy of Central Europe". In: Butzer K. W. & Isaac G. L. (eds.) After the Australopithecus, pp. 99–188. Mouton, The Hague.
Jump up ^ Kukla, G. J. (1977). "Pleistocene Land-Sea Correlations I. Europe". Earth Science Reviews. 13: 307–374. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(77)90125-8.
Jump up ^ Zöller, L.; Oches, E. A.; McCoy, W. D. (1994). "Towards a revised chronostratigraphy of loess in Austria with respect to key sections in the Czech Republic and in Hungary". Quaternary Geochronology. 13: 465–472. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(94)90059-0.
Jump up ^ Frechen, M.; Horváth, E.; Gábris, G. (1997). "Geochronology of Middle and Upper Pleistocene loess sections in Hungary". Quaternary Research. 48: 291–312. doi:10.1006/qres.1997.1929.
Jump up ^ Murray, A. S.; Wintle, A. G. (2000). "Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single aliquot regenerative-dose protocol". Radiation Measurements. 32: 57–73. doi:10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00253-X.
Jump up ^ Thiel, C.; Buylaert, J. P.; Murray, A. S.; Terhorst, B.; Tsukamoto, S.; Frechen, M.; Sprafke, T. (2011). "Investigating the chronostratigraphy of prominent palaeosols in Lower Austria using post-IR IRSL dating". Quaternary Science Journal. 60 (1): 137–152. doi:10.3285/eg.60.1.10.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, E. D.; Semmel, A.; Frechen, M. (2011). "Luminescence dating of the loess/palaeosol sequence at the gravel quarry Gaul/Weilbach, Southern Hesse (Germany)".". Quaternary Science Journal. 60 (1): 116–125. doi:10.3285/eg.60.1.08.
Jump up ^ Frechen, M. (2011). "Loess in Eurasia". Quaternary International. 234 (1-2): 1–3. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.014.
Jump up ^ Pye, K (1995). "The nature, origin and accumulation of loess". Quaternary Science Reviews. 14: 653–667. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00047-x.
Jump up ^ Bettis, E.A.; Muhs, D.R.; Roberts, H.M.; Wintle, A.G. (2003). "Last Glacial loess in the conterminous USA". Quaternary Science Reviews. 22 (18–19): 1907–1946. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00169-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Muhs, D.R.; Bettis, III, E.A. (2003). "Quaternary loess-paleosol sequences as examples of climate-driven sedimentary extremes" (PDF). GSA Special Papers. 370: 53–74. doi:10.1130/0-8137-2370-1.53.
Jump up ^ Iriondo, M.H.; Krohling, D.M. (2007). "Non-classical types of loess". Sedimentary Geology. 202 (3): 352–368. Bibcode:2007SedG..202..352I. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.03.012.
Jump up ^ Whalley, W.B., Marshall, J.R., Smith, B.J. 1982, Origin of desert loess from some experimental observations, Nature, 300, 433-435.
Jump up ^ Ding, Z.; Sun, J. (1999). "Changes in Sand Content of Loess Deposits along a North–South Transect of the Chinese Loess Plateau and the Implications for Desert Variations.". Quaternary Research. 52: 56–62. doi:10.1006/qres.1999.2045.
Jump up ^ Haberlah, D (2007). "A call for Australian loess". AREA. 39 (2): 224–229. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2007.00730.x.
Jump up ^ Getis, Arthur; Judith Getis and Jerome D. Fellmann (2000). Introduction to Geography, Seventh Edition. McGraw Hill. p. 99. ISBN 0-697-38506-X.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sagayo, José Manuel (1995). "The Argentine neotropical loess: An overview". Quaternary Science Reviews. Pergamon. 14 (7–8): 755–766. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(95)00050-X. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Ding, Z.L. (2002). "The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Elsevier. 200 (3-4): 387–400. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00637-4. |access-date= requires |url= (help), Fig. 1 (b) showing the distribution of loess, deserts, and mountains in Central Asia (adopted from [T.S. Liu, Loess and the Environment, China Ocean Press, Beijing, 1985.]). The locality of the Chashmanigar loess section is indicated by the solid arrow.
Jump up ^ "Huang He". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). 2007. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ John M. Laflen, Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming, 2000, CRC Press, 736 pages ISBN 0-8493-2349-5
Jump up ^ Smalley,I.J.,Davin,J.E. 1980. The First Hundred Years-A Historical Bibliography of New Zealand Loess. New Zealand Soil Bureau Bibliographic Report 28, 166pp.
Jump up ^ *Hardcastle, J. 1890. On the Timaru loess as a climate register. Transcations & Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 23, 324-332 (on line: Royal Society of New Zealand http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz; reproduced in Loess Letter supplement 23, November 1988).
Jump up ^ Muhs; et al. (2013-02-06). "Eolian History of North America: Task 2, Understand the paleoclimatic significance of loess". USGS. Archived from the original on 2013-02-18.
Jump up ^ Miller, B.J., G.C. Lewis, J.J. Alford, and W.J. Day, 1985, Loesses in Louisiana and at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Guidebook, Friends of the Pleistocene Field Trip, 12-14 April, 1985. LA Agricultural Experimental Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 126 pp.
Further reading[edit]
Smalley, I.J.(editor) 1975. Loess Lithology & Genesis (Benchmark Geology 26) Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross 454pp.
Smalley, I.J. 1980. Loess- A Partial Bibliography, Geobooks/Elsevier 103pp. ISBN 0 86094 036 5.
Rozycki, S.Z. 1991. Loess and Loess-like Deposits. Ossolineum Wroclaw 187p. ISBN 83-04-03745-9
External links[edit]
Look up loess in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loess.
Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Loess.
2006, The Secret of China’s Vast Loess Plateau Suburban Emergency Management Project, Chicago, Illinois.
2007, New European Loess Map. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany.
Glacial Deposits: Loess and Till. Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois.
Briedis. C.A., 2006, Loess Thickness Map (of Illinois). Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
Heinrich, P.V., 2008, Loess map of Louisiana., Public Information Series. no. 12, Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Prior, J.C., and D.J. Quade, nd, The Loess Hills: A Geologic View. Iowa Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources, Iowa City, Iowa.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1999, Geology of the Loess Hills, Iowa
U.S. Geological Survey, 2006, Eolian History of North America Why is loess important to study?
The Loess Hills of Western Iowa
The Loess Hills of Roztocze
Pazynych, V. (Ukraine). The hypothesis of eolian loess origin - the physical aspects.
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Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Abbreviation
AMPAS
Formation
May 11, 1927; 91 years ago (1927-05-11)
Type
Film organization
Headquarters
Los Angeles, California, United States
Membership
6,687[1]
President
John Bailey (since 2017)
Website
www.oscars.org
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS (often pronounced as am-pas), also known as simply the Academy) is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches.
The roster of the Academy's approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a "closely guarded secret".[2] While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world.
The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as "The Oscars".[3]
In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; presents Scientific and Technical Awards annually; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California, and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2019.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Galleries and theaters
2.1 Current
2.1.1 Academy Headquarters
2.1.2 Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study
2.1.3 Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study
2.2 Former
2.2.1 Academy Theater in New York
2.3 Upcoming
2.3.1 The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
3 Membership
3.1 Expulsions
4 Academy branches
5 Board of Governors
6 Original 36 founders of the Academy
7 Presidents of the Academy
8 Current administration of the Academy
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Headquarters building
The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions[6] and improve the industry's image. He met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was discussed, but no mention of awards at that time. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.[7]
After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.[8] That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.[7] Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".[9][10]
Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.[9] That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.[10] Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.[11]
The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."[12] However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations."[13] One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit," but it was not until May 1928 that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented.[14] During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.[15] This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Award.
The initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.[12][13] In November 1927, the Academy moved to the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.[12]
With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.[13]
In 1929, Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school's founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck.[16]
1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,[13] and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."[17] They would remain at that location until 1935, when further growth would cause them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices would move to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library would move to 1455 North Gordon Street.[13]
In 1934, the Academy began publication of the Screen Achievement Records Bulletin, which today is known as the Motion Picture Credits Database. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.[18] Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual Academy Players Directory in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006, when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation and cinematography.[13]
In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.
In 2016, the Academy became the target of criticism for its failure to recognize the achievements of minority professionals. For the second year in a row all 20 nominees in the major acting categories were white. The president of the Academy Cheryl Boone Isaacs,[19] the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy,[20] denied in 2015 that there was a problem. When asked if the Academy had difficulty with recognizing diversity, she replied "Not at all. Not at all."[21] When the nominations for acting were all white for a second year in a row Gil Robertson IV, president of the African American Film Critics Association called it "offensive."[citation needed] The actors' branch is "overwhelmingly white" and the question is raised whether conscious or unconscious racial biases played a role.[22]
Spike Lee, interviewed shortly after the all-white nominee list was published, pointed to Hollywood leadership as the root problem, "We may win an Oscar now and then, but an Oscar is not going to fundamentally change how Hollywood does business. I'm not talking about Hollywood stars. I'm talking about executives. We're not in the room."[23] Boone Isaacs also released a statement, in which she said "I am both heartbroken and frustrated about the lack of inclusion. This is a difficult but important conversation, and it's time for big changes."[24] After Boone Isaac's statement, prominent African-Americans such as director Spike Lee, actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith, and activist Rev. Al Sharpton called for a boycott of the 2016 Oscars for failing to recognize minority achievements, the board voted to make "historic" changes to its membership.[clarification needed] The Academy stated that by 2020 it would double its number of women and minority members.[25]
In August 2017, John Bailey was elected President of the Academy to a four-year term.[26]
Galleries and theaters[edit]
Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study building on La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California
Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in the Hollywood district
The Academy's numerous and diverse operations are housed in three facilities in the Los Angeles area: the headquarters building in Beverly Hills, which was constructed specifically for the Academy, and two Centers for Motion Picture Study – one in Beverly Hills, the other in Hollywood – which were existing structures restored and transformed to contain the Academy’s Library, Film Archive and other departments and programs.
Current[edit]
Academy Headquarters[edit]
The Academy Headquarters Building in Beverly Hills once housed two galleries that were open free to the public. The Grand Lobby Gallery and the Fourth Floor Gallery offered changing exhibits related to films, film-making and film personalities. These galleries have since been closed in preparation for the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in 2019.
The building includes the Samuel Goldwyn Theater, which seats 1,012, and was designed to present films at maximum technical accuracy, with state-of-the-art projection equipment and sound system. The theater is busy year-round with the Academy's public programming, members-only screenings, movie premieres and other special activities (including the live television broadcast of the Academy Awards nominations announcement every January). The building once housed the Academy Little Theater, is a 67-seat screening facility, but this was converted to additional office space in a building remodel.
Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study[edit]
Main article: Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study
The Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study, located in central Hollywood and named for legendary actress and Academy founder Mary Pickford, houses several Academy departments, including the Academy Film Archive, the Science and Technology Council, Student Academy Awards and Grants, and the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. The building, originally dedicated on August 18, 1948, is the oldest surviving structure in Hollywood that was designed specifically with television in mind. Additionally, it is the location of the Linwood Dunn Theater, which seats 286 people.
Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study[edit]
The Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study is located at 333 S. La Cienega Boulevard in Beverly Hills. It is home to the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library, a world-renowned, non-circulating reference and research collection devoted to the history and development of the motion picture as an art form and an industry. Established in 1928, the library is open to the public and used year-round by students, scholars, historians and industry professionals. The library is named for Margaret Herrick, the Academy's first librarian who also played a major role in the Academy's first televised broadcast, helping to turn the Oscar ceremony into a major annual televised event.[27]
The building itself was built in 1928, where it was originally built to be a water treatment plant for Beverly Hills. Its "bell tower" held water-purifying hardware.[28]
Former[edit]
Academy Theater in New York[edit]
The Academy also has a New York City-based East Coast showcase theater, the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International. The 220-seat venue was redesigned in 2011 by renowned theater designer Theo Kalomirakis, including an extensive installation of new audio and visual equipment. The theater is in the East 59th Street headquarters of the non-profit vision loss organization, Lighthouse International.[29] In July 2015, it was announced that the Academy was forced to move out, due to Lighthouse International selling the property the theater was in.[30]
Upcoming[edit]
The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures[edit]
Main article: Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures, a Los Angeles museum currently under construction, will be the newest facility associated with the Academy. It is scheduled to open in 2018 and will contain over 290,000 square feet of state-of-the-art galleries, exhibition spaces, movie theaters, educational areas, and special event spaces. The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures will be the world's premier museum devoted to exploring and curating the history and future of the moving image.[31]
Membership[edit]
Membership in the Academy is by invitation only. Invitation comes from the Board of Governors. Membership eligibility may be achieved by earning a competitive Oscar nomination, or by the sponsorship of two current Academy members from the same branch to which the candidate seeks admission.[32]
New membership proposals are considered annually in the spring. Press releases announce the names of those who have recently been invited to join. Membership in the Academy does not expire, even if a member struggles later in his or her career.[33]
Academy membership is divided into 17 branches, representing different disciplines in motion pictures. Members may not belong to more than one branch. Members whose work does not fall within one of the branches may belong to a group known as "Members at Large". Members at Large have all the privileges of branch membership except for representation on the Board. Associate members are those closely allied to the industry but not actively engaged in motion picture production. They are not represented on the Board and do not vote on Academy Awards.
According to a February 2012 study conducted by the Los Angeles Times (sampling over 5,000 of its 5,765 members), the Academy at that time was 94% white, 77% male, 86% age 50 or older, and had a median age of 62. A third of members were previous winners or nominees of Academy Awards themselves. Of the academy's 43-member board of governors, only six were female; Cheryl Boone Isaacs was the sole person of color on the board.[34]
June 29, 2016 saw a paradigm shift in the Academy's selection process, resulting in a new class comprising 46% women, and 41% people of color.[35] The effort to diversify the Academy was led by social activist, and Broadway Black managing-editor, April Reign.[36] Reign created the Twitter hashtag #OscarsSoWhite as a means of criticizing the dearth of non-white nominees for the 2015 Academy Awards. Though the hashtag drew widespread media attention, the Academy remained obstinate on the matter of adopting a resolution that would make demonstrable its efforts to increase diversity. With the 2016 Academy Awards, many, including April Reign, were dismayed by the Academy's insouciance about representation and inclusion, as the 2016 nominees were once again entirely white. April Reign revived #OscarsSoWhite, and renewed her campaign efforts, including multiple media appearances and interviews with reputable news outlets. As a result of Reign's campaign, the discourse surrounding representation and recognition in film spread beyond the United States of America and became a global discussion. Faced with mounting pressure to modernize the Academy membership, the Academy capitulated and instituted all new policies to ensure that future Academy membership invitations would better represent the demographics of modern film-going audiences.[37] In 2016, the Academy invited 683 new members that were made up of nearly half women and people of color, but it was still disproportionately white and male (89% and 73%, respectively); it is committed to doubling the number of women and minorities in its group by 2020.[38]
Members are able to see many new films for free at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater and other facilities[clarification needed] within two weeks of their debut, and sometimes before release; in addition, some of the screeners are available through iTunes to its members.[39][40]
Expulsions[edit]
Four people are known to have been expelled from the Academy. Academy officials acknowledge that other members have been expelled in the past, most for selling their Oscar tickets, but no numbers are available.
Carmine Caridi was expelled on February 3, 2004, for copyright infringement. He was accused of leaking screeners that had been sent to him.[41][42]
Harvey Weinstein was expelled for "sexually predatory behavior and workplace harassment" after an emergency meeting held on October 13, 2017.[43][44]
Bill Cosby and Roman Polanski were expelled "in accordance with the organization’s Standards of Conduct" on May 1, 2018.[45] Cosby had been convicted of sexual assault one week earlier, while Polanski had been convicted in 1977 of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor.
Academy branches[edit]
The 17 branches of the Academy are:
Actors
Casting Directors (created July 31, 2013)[46]
Cinematographers
Costume Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[47]
Designers (created from former Art Directors Branch)[47]
Directors
Documentary
Executives
Film Editors
Make-up Artists and Hairstylists
Music
Producers
Public Relations
Short Films and Feature Animation
Sound
Visual Effects
Writers
Board of Governors[edit]
As of April 2014, the Board of Governors consists of 51 members (governors), consisting of three governors from each of the 17 Academy branches. The Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch, created in 2006, had only one governor until July 2013.[47] The Casting Directors Branch, created in 2013, elected its first three governors in Fall 2013.[46] The Board of Governors is responsible for corporate management, control and general policies. The Board of Governors also appoints a CEO and a COO to supervise the administrative activities of the Academy.
Original 36 founders of the Academy[edit]
From the original formal banquet which was hosted by Louis B. Mayer in 1927, everyone invited became a founder of the Academy:[48]
Actors
Richard Barthelmess
Jack Holt
Conrad Nagel
Milton Sills
Douglas Fairbanks
Harold Lloyd
Mary Pickford
Directors
Cecil B. DeMille
Frank Lloyd
Henry King
Fred Niblo
John M. Stahl
Raoul Walsh
Lawyers
Edwin Loeb
George W. Cohen
Producers
Fred Beetsonto
Charles H. Christie
Sid Grauman
Milton E. Hoffman
Jesse L. Lasky
M. C. Levee
Louis B. Mayer
Joseph M. Schenck
Irving Thalberg
Harry Warner
Jack L. Warner
Harry Rapf
Technicians
J. Arthur Ball
Cedric Gibbons
Roy Pomeroy
Writers
Joseph W. Farnham
Benjamin Glazer
Jeanie MacPherson
Bess Meredyth
Carey Wilson
Frank E. Woods
Presidents of the Academy[edit]
Presidents are elected for one-year terms and may not be elected for more than four consecutive terms.
#
Name
Term
1 Douglas Fairbanks 1927–1929
2 William C. deMille 1929–1931
3 M. C. Levee 1931–1932
4 Conrad Nagel 1932–1933
5 J. Theodore Reed 1933–1934
6 Frank Lloyd 1934–1935
7 Frank Capra 1935–1939
8 Walter Wanger
(1st time) 1939–1941
9 Bette Davis 1941
(resigned after two months)
10 Walter Wanger
(2nd time) 1941–1945
11 Jean Hersholt 1945–1949
12 Charles Brackett 1949–1955
13 George Seaton 1955–1958
14 George Stevens 1958–1959
15 B. B. Kahane 1959–1960
(died)
16 Valentine Davies 1960–1961
(died)
17 Wendell Corey 1961–1963
18 Arthur Freed 1963–1967
19 Gregory Peck 1967–1970
20 Daniel Taradash 1970–1973
21 Walter Mirisch 1973–1977
22 Howard W. Koch 1977–1979
23 Fay Kanin 1979–1983
24 Gene Allen 1983–1985
25 Robert Wise 1985–1988
26 Richard Kahn 1988–1989
27 Karl Malden 1989–1992
28 Robert Rehme
(1st time) 1992–1993
29 Arthur Hiller 1993–1997
30 Robert Rehme
(2nd time) 1997–2001
31 Frank Pierson 2001–2005
32 Sid Ganis 2005–2009
33 Tom Sherak 2009–2012
34 Hawk Koch 2012–2013
35 Cheryl Boone Isaacs 2013–2017
36 John Bailey 2017–present
Source: "Academy Story". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Current administration of the Academy[edit]
Academy Officers[49]
President – John Bailey
First Vice President – Lois Burwell
Vice President – Kathleen Kennedy
Vice President – Michael Tronick
Vice President – Nancy Utley
Treasurer – Jim Gianopulos
Secretary – David Rubin
Chief Executive Officer – Dawn Hudson
Governors[49]
Actors Branch – Laura Dern, Whoopi Goldberg, Tom Hanks
Casting Directors Branch – Lora Kennedy, David Rubin, Bernard Telsey
Cinematographers Branch – John Bailey, Darkyn Okada, Mandy Walker
Costume Designers Branch – Sharen Davis, Deborah Nadoolman Landis, Isis Mussenden
Designers Branch – James D. Bissell, Jan Pascale, Wynn P. Thomas
Directors Branch – Michael Mann, Kimberly Peirce, Steven Spielberg
Documentary Branch – Kate Amend, Rory Kennedy, Roger Ross Williams
Executives Branch – Jim Gianopulos, David Linde, William M. Mechanic
Film Editors Branch – Mark Goldblatt, Carol Littleton, Michael Tronick
Makeup Artists and Hairstylists Branch – Kathryn Blondell, Lois Burwell, Leonard Engelman
Music Branch – Charles Bernstein, Michael Giacchino, Laura Karpman
Producers Branch – Albert Berger, Mark Johnson, Kathleen Kennedy
Public Relations Branch – Christina Kounelias, Marvin Levy, Nancy Utley
Short Films and Feature Animation Branch – Jon Bloom, Bill Kroyer, Tom Sito
Sound Branch – Kevin Collier, Teri E. Dorman, Scott Millan
Visual Effects Branch – Craig Barron, Richard Edlund, John Knoll
Writers Branch – Larry Karaszewski, Billy Ray, Robin Swicord
Governors-at-large[19] (nominated by the President and elected by the board) – Reginald Hudlin, Gregory Nava, Jennifer Yuh Nelson
See also[edit]
Film in the United States portal
National Film Registry
American Film Institute
Motion Picture Association of America
Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "2017 Oscars: Who are the 6,687 voting members of the academy?". Goldderby.com. February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Unmasking Oscar: Academy voters are overwhelmingly white and male John Horn, Nicole Sperling and Doug Smith, The LA Times, February 19, 2012
Jump up ^ ^ Pond, Steve (February 19, 2013). "AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' – Now It's Just 'The Oscars'". The Wrap. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Museum". oscars.org.
Jump up ^ Cieply, Michael (February 15, 2017). "Delayed Again, The Academy Movie Museum Tip-Toes Into 2019". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ It all started when the original Hollywood mogul wanted to build a beach house David Thomson, Vanity Fair, February 21, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 2
Jump up ^ Levy, Emanuel. And The Winner Is.... New York: Ungar Publishing, 1987 pg. 1
^ Jump up to: a b Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 8.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the Academy: How It Began". Oscars.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 9.
^ Jump up to: a b c Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History of the Academy". Oscar.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 15.
Jump up ^ Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 3
Jump up ^ Staff. "USC School of Cinematic Arts: History". cinema.usc.edu. Retrieved February 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Osborne, Robert. 60 Years of The Oscar. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 12.
Jump up ^ "Motion Picture Credits Database". Oscars.org.
^ Jump up to: a b "board of governors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cheryl Boone Isaacs elected first African-American head of Oscars". Goldderby.com. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Academy Awards President Cheryl Boone Isaacs Responds After ‘Oscars So White’ Snubs On Twitter Tyler McCarthy, international Business Times, January 17, 2015
Jump up ^ Oscar nominations uproar raises the question: Did racial bias, conscious or not, come into play? The LA Times, January 23, 2016
Jump up ^ Another Oscar Year, Another All-White Ballot Cara B Buckley, The New York Times, January 15, 2016
Jump up ^ Boone, Cheryl; Isaacs (January 18, 2016). "STATEMENT FROM ACADEMY PRESIDENT CHERYL BOONE ISAACS". Oscars.org. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Academy Promises 'Historic' Changes to Diversify Membership Daniel Kreps, RollingStone, Jan 23, 2016
Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (2017-08-08). "John Bailey Elected President of the Motion Picture Academy". Variety. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
Jump up ^ "About the Library". Oscars.org. AMPAS. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beverly Hills Waterworks Building, now known as the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lester, Ahren. "HARMAN's JBL loudspeakers installed at New York's Academy Theater". Audio Pro International. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Feinberg, Scott (July 10, 2015). "Academy Forced Out of Longtime Theater Venue in New York". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ The Academy Museum. Oscars.org. Retrieved on May 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Academy Membership". February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oscar voters aren't always who you might think". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Oscar voters overwhelmingly white, male". Los Angeles Times. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Academy's diverse new class includes Idris Elba, America Ferrera". June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Meet April Reign, the Activist Who Created OscarsSoWhite". February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Updates on the film academy's 2016 class: An exclusive club gets much bigger after OscarsSoWhite". L.A. Times. June 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The movies story of 2016: The film academy and diversity". L.A. Times. December 7, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (March 26, 2012). "Oscar Voters Last To See 'Hunger Games'?". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Academy members get screeners through iTunes".
Jump up ^ "The Godfather Actor Carmine Caridi Says He Was Thrown Out of the Academy for Sharing VHS Screeners". PEOPLE.com. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ "An Actor's Personal Tale: I Was Thrown Out of the Academy for Sharing VHS Screeners". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Brooks (2017-10-14). "Harvey Weinstein Ousted From Motion Picture Academy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ Lartey, Jamiles; London, Edward Helmore David Batty in (2017-10-14). "Harvey Weinstein expelled from Academy over sexual assault allegations". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-10-15.
Jump up ^ https://www.thewrap.com/academy-expels-bill-cosby-roman-polanski/
^ Jump up to: a b "The Academy Creates Branch For Casting Directors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. July 31, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Oscars shockeroo: Alex Gibney beats incumbent Michael Moore for board seat". Goldderby.com. July 15, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of the Academy: Original 36 founders of the Academy Actors". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences website. 2008. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Board of Governors".
External links[edit]
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values: أكاديمية فنون وعلوم الصور المتحركة – Arabic

values: Academia de les Artes y les Ciencies Cinematográfiques – Asturian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
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values: একাডেমি অব মোশন পিকচার আর্টস অ্যান্ড সায়েন্সেস – Bangla

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values: Akademija filmskih umjetnosti i nauka – Bosnian

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values: Akademiezh Arzoù ha Skiantoù ar Fiñvskeudenniñ – Breton

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Acadèmia de les Arts i les Ciències Cinematogràfiques – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

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interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
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values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – German

values: Ameerika Filmikunsti ja -teaduste Akadeemia – Estonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Αμερικανική Ακαδημία Κινηματογραφικών Τεχνών και Επιστημών – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas – Spanish

values: Akademio de la Kinaj Artoj kaj Sciencoj – Esperanto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values: Zinemako Arte eta Zientzien Akademia – Basque

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: آکادمی علوم و هنرهای سینما – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – French

values: Academia das Artes e das Ciencias Cinematográficas – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
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values: 영화 예술 과학 아카데미 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կինոարվեստի և գիտության ակադեմիա – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Indonesian

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: האקדמיה האמריקאית לקולנוע – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಆಫ್ ಮೋಷನ್ ಪಿಕ್ಚರ್ ಆರ್ಟ್ಸ್ ಅಂಡ್ ಸೈನ್ಸಸ್ – Kannada

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interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
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values: კინემატოგრაფიული ხელოვნებისა და მეცნიერების აკადემია – Georgian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
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values: Кинематографиялық Өнер және Ғылым Академиясы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
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values: Kino mākslas un zinātnes akadēmija – Latvian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
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values: Filmművészeti és Filmtudományi Akadémia – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
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values: Академија за филмски уметности и науки – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
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values: അക്കാഡമി ഓഫ് മോഷൻ പിക്ചർ ആർട്സ് ആൻഡ് സയൻസസ് – Malayalam

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values: اكاديمية فنون وعلوم الصور المتحركه – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: Akademi Sains dan Seni Perfileman – Malay

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values: 映画芸術科学アカデミー – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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values: Amerykańska Akademia Sztuki i Wiedzy Filmowej – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values: Academia de Artes e Ciências Cinematográficas – Portuguese

values: Академия кинематографических искусств и наук – Russian

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Scots

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values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences – Simple English

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values: Akadémia filmových umení a vied – Slovak

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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values: ئەکادیمیای زانستەکان و ھونەرەکانی وێنەی جوڵاو – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
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values: Академија филмских уметности и наука – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Akademija filmskih umjetnosti i nauka – Serbo-Croatian

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interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values: Sinema Sanatları ve Bilimleri Akademisi – Turkish

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interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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values: Академія кінематографічних мистецтв і наук – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
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values: Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Nghệ thuật Điện ảnh – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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values: 美国电影艺术与科学学会 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences rootpage-Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences skin-vector action-view