text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
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Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
Detail on dual age limits [show]
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABW beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1970:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[14] 21 [8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18] 1933:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18 [19] Raised to 21 in 1987 [8] 21
Connecticut
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[20] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]
Delaware
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 20[13] 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24] 18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1972:
19 [27] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27] 21 [28]
Georgia
? 21 [11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18[13] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36] 1980:
Raised to 21[37] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18[13] 18[19] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41] 21
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][45] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21 [11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[46][47][48] Raised to 21 in 1985 [8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[49] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[50][51]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21 [11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1976:
Raised to 19[52]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[53] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[19] Raised to 21 in 1986 [8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21
Montana
? 21 [11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[54]
1973:
Lowered to 18[55][56]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][57] 21
Nebraska
? 21[58]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[58] 1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[59]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][21] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[60][61][62] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18 [12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][63] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[14] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[64] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[14] 21 [67] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[68] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[69]
1988:
21[14] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[70] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [71]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][72] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21 [8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21 [8][51] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][73] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21] 21
South Carolina
21[74] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[75] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13] 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[57] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[76] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[77][78] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[79] 1981:
Raised to 19[80]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[14] 21 [8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[81][82] 1986:
Raised to 21[21][82] 21
Virginia
? 21[83] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[83] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[83] 21
Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [84] 21[citation needed] 21 21 [8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[85] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[86] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[87]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[87] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[87]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[87] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[87] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19[13] 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[88][89]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21 [90]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21 [91]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18 [92]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18 [93]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
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Jump up ^ Winckler, Suzanne. "The Street of Vrrrrmmmms" (in "The Reporter"). Texas Monthly. Emmis Communications, January 1984. Volume 12, No. 1. ISSN 0148-7736. Start: p. 74. CITED: p. 76.
Jump up ^ "Drinking at Midd: past and present". Media.www.middleburycampus.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Legal Drinking Age". Abc.state.va.us. 1966-07-01. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash.?. Blog.seattlepi.com (2009-11-09). Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18, New York Times, June 10, 1972
Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995, "The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin"
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wisconsin Brief 95-3, January 1995" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-12-26.
Jump up ^ "State Raises Drinking Age". New York Times. March 12, 1988.
Jump up ^ Knudson, Thomas J. "Drinking age is fiery issue in West". New York Times, March 10, 1987.
Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority-Trip Essentials. Mymarianas.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide. Vieques Travel Guide. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips. Virginislandsmap.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
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Law of the Dominican Republic
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This article is part of a series on the
Politics of the
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Dominican law theorists make a fundamental distinction between primary sources of law, which can give rise to binding legal norms, and secondary sources, sometimes called authorities. The primary sources are enacted law and custom, with the former overwhelmingly more important. Sometimes, “general principles of law” are also considered a primary source. Authorities may have weight when primary sources are absent, unclear, or incomplete, but they are never binding, and they are neither necessary nor sufficient as the basis for a judicial decision. Case law and the writings of legal scholars are as such secondary sources.
Primary sources of law included enacted law, custom, and general principles. Enacted law includes legal rules adopted by the legislature, the executive and administrative agencies. The various types of enacted law form a hierarchy with the constitution at the pinnacle, followed by legislation, then by executive decrees, then by administrative regulations, and finally by local ordinances. Account must also be taken of the increasing importance of international treaties and conventions. Parliamentary legislation, including the Civil and Commercial codes, is today the principal source of law in the Dominican Republic.
While custom is technically considered a primary source of law, in practice custom is more often than not routinely dismissed as of slight importance. As might be expected,[by whom?] custom (in the form of trade usage) plays a greater role in commercial law than it does in civil law generally.
It is sometimes said[by whom?] that “general principles”, derived either from norms of positive law or from the existence of the legal order itself, are a primary source of law. They are characterized as such by some French and Dominican scholars in discussions of the judicial doctrine of abuse of rights and the expansion of the notion of unjust enrichment.
Authorities, or secondary sources of law, include case law (jurisprudencia) and doctrine. While case law plays an enormous role[clarification needed] in the everyday operation of the Dominican law system, because of the necessity to interpret and apply the “written” law, its legal use is mainly limited to deciding particular cases. Judicial pronouncements are not binding on lower courts in subsequent cases, nor are they binding on the same or coordinate courts. As a practical matter, however, it is generally recognized in the Dominican law system that judges do and should take into consideration prior decisions, especially when the settled case law shows that a line of cases has developed. Dominican judicial decisions have de facto weight in order to provide reasonable certainty and predictability; to meet the elementary demand of fairness that like cases be treated alike; and the related, but distinct, consideration that justice should not only be done, but should appear to have been done. Dominican courts commonly accept French case law as a source of law whenever the legal texts of the Dominican Republic and France are the same.
The writings of legal scholars (doctrina), like the court decisions, are considered authorities in the Dominican law system. The role of doctrine is, however, quite different from that of the case law. While case law authority operates to settle the law and to assure a degree of consistency within a judicial hierarchy, scholarly writing exerts its greatest direct influence when the law is unsettled or when there is no established law on a point. Thus, the doctrine indirectly controls, to a great extent, the judges’ understanding of the case law. The weight attached by judges to doctrinal writing varies according to a number of circumstances, including the reputation of the author and whether the view expressed is an isolated one or represents the consensus of the most respected writers. In general, it can be said that Dominican judges pay close attention to scholarly opinions (from Dominican as well as French sources), as expressed in general and specialized treatises, commentaries on the codes, monographs, law review articles and case notes, and expert opinions rendered in connection with litigation. Persistent doctrinal criticisms will often prompt re-examination of a holding, and will sometimes even lead to the abandonment of an established judicial position.
Contents
[hide]
1 Dominican commercial law
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Dominican commercial law[edit]
Dominican law has given a commercial nature to all acts, operations or activities carried out by business organizations. Therefore, in considering the applicable law in the generality of cases involving corporations in the Dominican Republic first priority is given the basic principles contained in the Dominican Commercial Code enacted on the July 4, 1882.
Dominican Commercial Law, whose direct and main source is the Commercial Code, has as subsidiary sources, the Civil Code and the trade customs. Many consider that Article 18 of the Dominican Commercial Code is the text that legitimates the Civil Law as an important source of the Commercial Law. However, there are important stipulations of the Civil Code that evidence the interdependence of both texts, as for example Article 1107 of the Civil Code comes to show .
The legitimacy of trade customs as a subsidiary source of the Dominican Commercial Law can be derived from several articles of the Dominican Civil Code such as articles 1135, 1159 and 1160 .
See also[edit]
Legal systems of the world
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
External links[edit]
"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
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The Venture Bros.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Venture Bros.
Genre
Dramedy
Black Comedy
Speculative Fiction
Action
Adventure
Created by
Jackson Publick
Doc Hammer
Written by
Jackson Publick
Doc Hammer
Ben Edlund
Directed by
Jackson Publick
Voices of
Christopher McCulloch
Michael Sinterniklaas
James Urbaniak
Patrick Warburton
Doc Hammer
Steven Rattazzi
Dana Snyder
Composer(s)
J. G. Thirlwell
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
6
No. of episodes
71 (+1 pilot and 4 specials) (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Jackson Publick
Doc Hammer
Keith Crofford
Mike Lazzo
Producer(s)
Rachel Simon
Running time
22–24 minutes
Production company(s)
NoodleSoup Productions (2003–04)
World Leaders Entertainment (2006–2010)
Titmouse, Inc. (2011–present)
Astro Base GO!
Williams Street
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Adult Swim
Picture format
4:3 SDTV (2003–06)
16:9 HDTV (2008–present)
Original release
February 16, 2003 (2003-02-16) – present
External links
Website
www.adultswim.com/videos/the-venture-bros/
The Venture Bros. is an American animated television series that was created by Christopher McCulloch (also known as "Jackson Publick") and premiered on Cartoon Network's late night programming block Adult Swim with a pilot episode on February 16, 2003 and its first season beginning on August 7, 2004. It is considered to be an action/adventure series with comedy-drama elements. The show has been renewed for a seventh and eighth season to consist of ten episodes each.[1]
The Venture Bros. chronicles the lives and adventures of the Venture family: well-meaning but incompetent teenagers Hank and Dean Venture; their emotionally insecure, unethical and under-achieving super-scientist father Dr. Thaddeus "Rusty" Venture; the family's bodyguard, secret agent Brock Samson, or his temporary replacement, the reformed villain and pedophile Sergeant Hatred; and the family's self-proclaimed arch-nemesis, The Monarch, a butterfly-themed supervillain.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Characters
3 Episodes
4 Themes, homages, and references
4.1 Jonny Quest
4.2 Failure
5 Reception
6 Home releases
6.1 The "lost DVD commentary"
6.2 Soundtrack CD
7 References
8 External links
Development[edit]
Series co-writers Doc Hammer (left) and Christopher McCulloch (right) at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International
Show creator McCulloch was one of the main writers for the Saturday morning animated series The Tick. He created The Venture Bros. storyline sometime prior to 2000.[citation needed] After working for the television program Sheep in the Big City and the live-action version of The Tick, McCulloch set to turning The Venture Bros. into an animated series. The Venture Bros. was originally conceived as a comic book story for an issue of Monkeysuit. McCulloch realized that his notes were too extensive for a short comics story and proposed that Comedy Central air The Venture Bros. as an animated series, but the network rejected it. Although the first draft of the pilot script was written in the spring of 2000, the premise was not greenlit until around the summer of 2002 by Adult Swim. McCulloch had not previously considered Cartoon Network because he "didn't want to tone The Venture Bros. down," and was unaware of the existence of the network's late night adult-oriented programming block, Adult Swim.
With the revised pilot, production began in autumn of that year, and the pilot was first run on February 16, 2003. The first season of the series was completed and premiered in 2004, and it was added to the summer schedule in August.[3]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of The Venture Bros. characters
The characters of The Venture Bros. are largely re-imaginings of the characters from Jonny Quest, comic book superheroes and supervillains, and of other famous figures from popular culture. Hank (voiced by Christopher McCulloch) and Dean Venture (voiced by Michael Sinterniklaas) are the titular fraternal twin brothers of the show. Hank is the more adventurous and Dean the more timid and bookish of the two. The two teenagers often wind up in perilous situations, and (as revealed in the second season) have been killed over a dozen times, only to be replaced with exact clones who have no memory of their own deaths. The title The Venture Bros. has been reconceptualized throughout the series, with the introduction of Rusty's twin brother Jonas Jr., and possibly Hank and Dean's illegitimate half-brother, Dermott Fictel. The identity of Hank and Dean's mother remains the subject of some debate.
Dr. Thaddeus "Rusty" Venture (voiced by James Urbaniak), a former boy adventurer and inspiration for the "Rusty Venture" cartoon series, runs what remains of Venture Industries, a once-leading global corporation established by his super-scientist adventurer father Jonas. Since Jonas's death, Venture Industries has declined to a shadow of its former glory, now occupying only a portion of the vast and deteriorating Venture compound and external locations including a base on Spider Skull Island and the space station Gargantua-1, all built by Jonas. Dr. Venture–Rusty dropped out of college shortly after his father's death, and his certifications have been questioned[4] and it is instead stated he only holds an honorary degree from a Tijuana community college[5]–attempts to follow in his father's footsteps by becoming a super-scientist himself, although his competence frequently falls short of his father's and he usually demonstrates questionable ethics, leading others to claim that his occasional successes merely capitalize on the work of his late father.
Brock Samson (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the longstanding bodyguard to the Venture family. Appointed by the Office of Secret Intelligence (OSI), the muscular and hyper-masculine Brock frequently uses his license to kill to protect the Venture family from any threat with sudden and brutal violence. He is a ruthless (and somewhat sadistic) hand-to-hand combatant, usually preferring to use a combat knife, his hands and feet, or his vintage Dodge Charger rather than firearms; the Monarch refers to him fearfully as Venture's "Swedish murder machine" ("Dia de Los Dangerous!"). In the fourth season, Brock Samson is replaced as bodyguard by Sergeant Hatred (voiced by Christopher McCulloch), a former supervillain. Prior to becoming their bodyguard, Hatred was assigned to be the Venture family's arch-enemy. Hatred is also a "cured" pedophile; his pedophilia is actually controlled by an experimental drug ("Nomolestol") given to him by the OSI and its effectiveness has varied wildly between episodes. Season 6 sees Samson return to his position as the Venture's official bodyguard while Sgt. Hatred becomes security for the new Venture compound in New York City.
Dr. Venture's deceased father, Dr. Jonas Venture (voiced by Paul Boocock), was the model super-scientist of his day. He was a visionary who changed the world with his inventions, and stands as the inspiration for most other protagonists in the series. He formed "Team Venture", a collection of friends and associates that helped him fight crime and subsequently save his son (Dr. Venture) from his arch-enemies. To help his son cope without a mother figure, he developed a loyal and rather emotional robot named H.E.L.P.eR. (listed in episode credits as voiced by "Soul-Bot") that accompanies and assists the Ventures. Early in the series, he was portrayed as a model man and father. However, later episodes show him as callous and uncaring about his son's well being, while showcasing questionable ethics, both medically and socially. In the fourth-season episode "Self-Medication", there is a scene showing the young Rusty Venture receiving psychotherapy from his father. As Rusty says that he longs for a normal childhood, Jonas interrupts him and insists that he is ungrateful for the opportunities given to him. In general, Jonas' portrayal has deteriorated as the series progresses.
Throughout the series, the Venture family has had various recurring antagonists. Many are current or former members of The Guild of Calamitous Intent, an organization founded to save mankind from self-destruction but which now serves as an ad hoc placement agency matching super villains with appropriate heroic nemeses. The organization is run by the mysterious leader known only as "The Sovereign", who is revealed to appear to be real-life rock star David Bowie in episode 26, though in episode 5 of the 5th season it is revealed that The Sovereign is actually a shape-shifter who frequently impersonates Bowie.
The Venture Family's primary nemesis is the pernicious but ineffective super-villain the Monarch (voiced by Christopher McCulloch). Assuming the motif of a monarch butterfly and "arching" Dr. Venture since college, the Monarch will stop at nothing to antagonize Dr. Venture (even though his motive is unknown). Accompanying the Monarch is the masculine-voiced Dr. Girlfriend (voiced by Doc Hammer), referred to by the Monarch as "Dr. Mrs. The Monarch" after their wedding.
Baron Werner Ünterbheit (voiced by T. Ryder Smith) is a former dictator of Ünterland and bears a grudge against Venture. He blames Venture for the loss of his jaw in college, citing "One is always supposed to look out for one's lab partner!". The season three premiere reveals that the Monarch was responsible for the explosion that destroyed Ünterbheit's jaw, in an early attempt to kill Venture.
Phantom Limb (voiced by James Urbaniak) is a ruthless killer, villain insurance agent, and high-ranking Guild member (or was until he tried to usurp the Sovereign). Also, he was the former lover of Dr. Girlfriend before she left him to become The Monarch's companion.
The Ventures' friends and acquaintances include expert necromancer Doctor Byron Orpheus (voiced by Steven Rattazzi) and his apathetic, teenage goth daughter Triana (voiced by Lisa Hammer), who rent a portion of the Venture Compound; the albino computer scientist Pete White (voiced by McCulloch), a former college friend of Dr. Venture's; hydrocephalic "boy genius" Master Billy Quizboy (voiced by Hammer); and Dr. Jonas Venture, Jr. (Voiced by James Urbaniak) , Dr. Venture's former parasitic twin brother who has success in all of the areas that Rusty does not. Surviving members of the original Team Venture have also appeared as well as Dr. Orpheus's teammates in the Order of the Triad.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Venture Bros. episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilot episode February 16, 2003
1 13 August 7, 2004 October 30, 2004
2 13 June 25, 2006 October 15, 2006
3 13 June 1, 2008 August 24, 2008
4 16 October 18, 2009 November 21, 2010
5 8 June 2, 2013 July 21, 2013
6 8 January 31, 2016 March 20, 2016
Specials 2004, 2011, 2012, 2015
Most episodes begin with a cold open and are shot to appear to be in letter-box format. Almost every episode features both a smash cut into the end credits, and a short scene following the credits.
The second season of the series premiered on the internet via Adult Swim Fix on June 23, 2006 and on television on June 25, 2006; the season finished on October 15, 2006. The considerable delay between the end of the first season and the start of the second was partially caused by Adult Swim's delay in deciding whether to renew the show, primarily because the show is drawn and inked in the traditional animation style (albeit digitally), causing each episode to take considerable time to move through production. Additionally, the producers were dealing with the time constraints of producing a first-season DVD that contained live action interviews and commentary for several episodes.
The third season began on June 1, 2008, and marked the beginning of the show's broadcast in high-definition. A 15-minute rough cut of "The Doctor Is Sin" aired on April 1, 2008, as part of Adult Swim's April Fool's Day theme of airing sneak peeks of new episodes.
The fourth season was split into two segments airing a year apart, with the first eight episodes airing in the fall of 2009 and the remaining episodes in fall of 2010.[6]
A note contained in the closing credits of the Season 4 finale indicated that the series would continue into a fifth season.
On February 6, 2013, it was announced that Season 5 would premiere on May 19, 2013. This was later shifted to June 2, 2013, at midnight.[7]
On July 8, 2013, Doc Hammer and Jackson Publick stated in an interview with Slate Magazine that they had begun writing the sixth season as of Summer 2013, and that it would enter full-production in September 2013. They tentatively stated that Season 6 would premiere in Fall of 2014, or very early 2015 at the latest.[8] This estimated season-debut date turned out to be premature; Season 6 premiered at Midnight, February 1, 2016.[9]
Since the first season, two credits have changed every episode. Soul-bot's "voicing" the character H.E.L.P.eR., and another as a nickname for animation director Kimson Albert. Each nickname is a quote from its respective episode. In season two, each end credit sequence holds a different additional (fake) duty for AstroBase Go!.[10]
Themes, homages, and references[edit]
Jonny Quest[edit]
Comparing the main characters of The Venture Bros. and Jonny Quest
The series' principal reference is to the 1964 animated science fiction adventure television series Jonny Quest, as it is the basis for many of the main characters. Dr. Venture is modeled after what a child such as Jonny Quest might have grown up to be like after having lived through a childhood filled with bizarre, life-threatening events. Brock is modeled on Race Bannon. The Venture boys are based on the Hardy Boys and take the places of Jonny and Hadji. However, the original Jonny Quest characters also make appearances on the show. In the episode "Ice Station – Impossible!", Brock mentions that he had served with Race Bannon on several occasions. He regards his fellow agent with respect calling him "one of the best". One newspaper critic remarked, "If filmmakers Woody Allen and Sam Peckinpah had collaborated on Jonny Quest, it would have come out a lot like this."[11] In season 2, Jonny Quest was introduced into the show as Action Jonny, a homeless drug addict who deeply resents his father. As of season 4, Jonny is somewhat stable, and in a support group for former boy adventurers, along with Dr. Venture, the second Wonder Boy, RoBoy, and The Hale Brothers–the final three being parodies of Robin, Astro Boy, and The Hardy Boys respectively.[citation needed]
Failure[edit]
Publick and Hammer have stated that one of the primary themes of The Venture Bros. is failure. Hammer in 2006 said, "Yeah, failure, that's what Venture Bros. is all about. Beautiful sublime failure."[12]
In the commentary for the episode "Home Insecurity", Hammer and Publick elaborated on the theme.
Publick: "This show... If you'll permit me to get 'big picture', this show is actually all about failure. Even in the design, everything is supposed to be kinda the death of the space-age dream world. The death of the jet-age promises."
Hammer: "It's about the beauty of failure. It's about that failure happens to all of us...Every character is not only flawed, but sucks at what they do, and is beautiful at it and Jackson and I suck at what we do, and we try to be beautiful at it, and failure is how you get by...It shows that failure's funny, and it's beautiful and it's life, and it's okay, and it's all we can write because we are big...failures. (laughter)"
In 2013, Publick and Hammer have discussed moving away from the theme and embracing the "successes" of the characters as well.
Publick: I think you and I are both sick of every interview mentioning the “It’s a show about failure” from five years ago. I don’t think we made a conscious effort to fight that or anything, but every year, we push what we do as writers a little more. An area we hadn’t gone into very much was positivity. I mean, all our victories are still satiric, but there are definitely places where we said, “I want to see these guys do something. I don’t want to just have everything fall on its face all the time.[13]
Reception[edit]
The show has received critical acclaim over its run. The Venture Bros. ranked at #56 on the IGN "Best 100 Animated Series" list.[14] Slate's Chris Wade called The Venture Bros. "one of the best shows on television" and praised the detailed serial nature of the humor with a favorable comparison to Arrested Development.[15] The Atlantic's Armin Rosen compared the show favorably to The Simpsons, noting that the two shows held the same "slacker optimism" and great comedy.[16] The A.V. Club's Zach Handlen felt that the show had evolved over its seasons into a "meta-commentary on a whole sub-section of male nerd culture" and that it had become one of the funniest contemporary shows.[17]
Critical reception to the first season was more mixed than later seasons, but was still mostly positive. The A.V. Club's Todd VanDerWerff felt that the pop culture references of the first season fell flat, especially in the beginning of the season, but grew better and funnier as the show's emotional core took hold.[18] IGN's Mike Drucker, in a positive review, criticized the predictability of some first-season episodes, but noted that the show was "a refreshing cartoon because it willingly indulges in the sitcom fad of the '90s".[18]
In 2013 IGN placed The Venture Bros. as number 14 on their list of Top 25 animated series for adults.[19]
Home releases[edit]
The first season of The Venture Bros. on DVD was released on May 30, 2006, as officially announced by Warner Home Video.[20] It coincided with the June 25 premiere of the second season. Originally, it was scheduled for March 14, 2006, but was delayed until May 30, 2006. The DVD packaging and interior art was created by comic artist Bill Sienkiewicz. On May 31, 2006, the season one DVD reached #1 on Amazon's top selling DVDs list.[21]
On March 27, 2010, series creator Jackson Publick revealed on his Livejournal that a standard definition DVD of the first half of season 4 would likely be released some time between July and October 2010, with a DVD of the second half of the season and a Blu-ray box set of the entire season to be released after the full season has aired.[22]
The first four seasons are available in the UK (both halves of Season 4 are sold as a set). Madman Entertainment have also released all seasons on DVD in Australia. No Blu-ray editions have yet been released in Australia. It's also the first Adult Swim series in Australia to be given a restricted MA15+ rating for Season 1 and later the higher R18+ rating for Season 4 Part 2.
DVD Name
Release Date
Ep #
Additional Information
Season One May 30, 2006 13 This two disc set includes all 13 episodes of Season 1. The episodes are presented as broadcast, with bleeped profanity. Bonus features include "The Terrible Secret of Turtle Bay" (the pilot) and "A Very Venture Christmas", deleted scenes, behind the scenes mockumentary with the Venture Bros. Cast and creators commentaries on "Mid-Life Chrysalis", "Eeney, Meeney, Miney... Magic!", "Tag Sale – You're It!", "Ghosts of the Sargasso", "Return to Spider-Skull Island", and "The Terrible Secret of Turtle Bay".
Season Two April 17, 2007 13 This two disc set includes all 13 episodes of Season 2. As with the Season 1 DVD release, any nudity has been covered with black bars and the profanity has been censored. Bonus features include commentary on every episode by Jackson Publick and Doc Hammer and, for some episodes, "special guests" such as voice actors James Urbaniak and Michael Sinterniklaas. Features also include deleted scenes and a tour of Astro-base Go!.
Season Three March 24, 2009 13 This two disc set includes all 13 episodes of Season 3. Unlike the previous DVD releases, Season 3 is uncensored, with all profanity and nudity intact. Bonus features include deleted scenes and commentary. The season was also released on Blu-ray, which is packaged with a soundtrack CD that includes 20 tracks comprising the score from the season.[23] The box cover is based on the box covers of many video games on the Atari 2600. Although the Blu-ray is only available in the "Region A" zone, it functions in the "Region B" zone also.
Season Four, Volume One October 26, 2010 8 This one disc DVD set includes the first 8 episodes of Season 4. Similar to the Season 3 set, all episodes are uncensored. Bonus features include deleted scenes and commentary.[24] Both halves of Season 4 were released on the Season 4 Blu-ray.
Season Four, Volume Two March 22, 2011 8 This one disc DVD set includes the final 8 episodes of Season 4. Similar to the Season 3 set, all episodes are uncensored. Bonus features include deleted scenes and commentary.[25] Both halves of Season 4 were released on the Season 4 Blu-ray.
Season Five March 4, 2014 8 This two disc DVD or one disc Blu-ray set includes all 8 episodes of Season 5, including 2 bonus episodes ("A Very Venture Halloween" and "From the Ladle to the Grave: The Shallow Gravy Story"), audio commentary from Jackson Publick and Doc Hammer, and deleted scenes.
Season Six October 4, 2016 8 This two disc DVD or one disc Blu-ray set includes all 8 episodes of Season 6, including 1 bonus episode ("All This and Gargantua-2"), audio commentary from Jackson Publick and Doc Hammer, and deleted scenes.
The "lost DVD commentary"[edit]
Jackson Publick revealed that he and Doc Hammer had recorded a commentary track for the season one episode "Home Insecurity". Warner Home Video chose to omit this track from the Season One DVD due to space limitations and some minor sound quality issues. Publick also stated that the commentary could be downloaded.[26][where?]
Soundtrack CD[edit]
For the video release of the Season 3, a soundtrack album was also released, titled The Venture Bros.: The Music of JG Thirlwell. This is the same audio CD included as a bonus with the Blu-ray version of Season 3. While the CD release was originally made available at Adult Swim's website, it was given a wide release on May 12, 2009;[27] the vinyl LP release came out a month earlier. It can also be downloaded from most major digital retailers. The CD features 20 tracks, while the vinyl LP release is 16 tracks and a download link of the complete release including the songs omitted from the LP.[28]
Music of The Venture Bros: Vol 2 was released digitally on April 10, 2016[29] and on CD and Vinyl on June 3, 2016.[30] The album was released on Thirlwell's own Ectopic Ents label in collaboration with Williams Street Records.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Venture Home News Facebook Page". Facebook. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Booker, M. Keith (2006-08-30). Drawn to Television. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-275-99019-0. Retrieved 2008-12-09.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (2005-12-20). "It's That Time Again.." Livejournal.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2006. Retrieved June 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (August 28, 2004). "The Incredible Mr. Brisby". The Venture Bros. Season 1. Episode 104. Cartoon Network. Adult Swim.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (September 19, 2010). "Pomp & Circuitry". The Venture Bros. Season 4. Episode 410. Cartoon Network. Adult Swim.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (2010-03-27). "A Bold New Day Dawns.." Livejournal.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Venture Bros. Season 5 Premiere Moved to June 2nd.." venturebrosblog.com. 2013-05-03.
Jump up ^ "A Conversation About The Venture Bros. With Its Creators", Slate magazine, 2013-07-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.adultswim.com/videos/the-venture-bros/
Jump up ^ Season 2 DVD commentary
Jump up ^ Gilbertson, Jon M. (2004-11-22). "Cartoon Network's Adult Swim shows hooking ratings" (–Scholar search). The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (2006-06-21). "Quickcast Commentary:The Venture Bros". quickstopentertainment.com. Archived from the original on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2006-06-21.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (2013-08-14). "The creators of The Venture Bros. walk us through the show's 5th season". avclub.com. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
Jump up ^ IGN Top 100 Animated Series
Jump up ^ Chris Wade, "You’ve Probably Never Heard of One of the Best Shows on Television", Slate, May 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Armin Rosen, "You Really Should Start Watching The Venture Bros.", The Atlantic, May 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ Zack Handlen, "A Very Venture Halloween", A.V. Club, October 28, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Zack Handlen And Todd VanDerWerff, "Crosstalk: A fan and a newbie catch up on the first season of The Venture Bros.", A.V. Club, May 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fowler, Matt (15 July 2013). "The Top 25 Animated Series for Adults From caped crusaders to web-slingers to danger zones, here are the best animated shows to enjoy as a grown up". IGN. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ David Lambert (2006-01-31). "Venture Bros., The - Street Date, Box Art, Extras & More For Season 1 Package!". TVshowsonDVD.com. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ Jackson Publick (2006-05-31). "Holy crap!". Livejournal.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2006-07-11.
Jump up ^ Publick Nuisance - The secret files of the Ventureverse. Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Venture Brothers Season Three Ventures to DVD". IGN.com. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
Jump up ^ "[adult swim]/Warner Announces Season 4, Volume 1 on DVD". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Jump up ^ The Venture Bros. - Season 4, Volume 2.
Jump up ^ "Quickcast Commentary: The Venture Bros." Accessed May 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Venture Bros: The Music of JG Thirlwell: JG Thirlwell: Music". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
Jump up ^ "The Venture Bros. Album on CD". Williamsstreet.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-05. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Venture Bros Soundtrack Volume 2 out now!". Foetus.org. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Music of the Venture Bros, Vol. 2". Allmusic.com. Rhythm One. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
External links[edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Venture Bros..
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Democratic republic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A democratic republic is both a republic and a democracy.
Overview[edit]
A republic is:
a sovereign state
whose ultimate power rests in its citizens entitled to vote
who (directly or indirectly) elect representatives to wield that power.
A democracy is:
a form of government, whose power rests equally in its citizens,
who (directly or indirectly) elect representatives to wield that power.
Absent qualification, not all citizens in a 'republic' are necessarily entitled to vote, and absent qualification, a 'democracy' is not necessarily sovereign.
As both, a "democratic republic" is ideally:
a sovereign state,
whose ultimate power rests in its citizens, equally entitled to vote,
who (directly or indirectly) elect representatives to wield that power.
In practice, governments only approximate those ideals. Not all persons in all states are citizens and not all citizens are entitled to vote. Suffrage is commonly restricted to citizens of voting age; and may be restricted by several other criteria.
Ideally, elections ensure that governmental authority is wielded according to the will of the citizens. However, wielding power indirectly, through representatives, assures some disparity between the will of the people and the actions of government. In the best cases, citizens elect only their wisest peers as representatives – amplifying governmental wisdom beyond that of the average citizen. However, delegating authority to representatives often yields other less desirable results.
Given the lofty ideals implied in the phrase, it is unsurprising there is disagreement on how a "democratic republic" is best implemented – and disagreement on whether a particular government, as implemented, is appropriately described as a "democratic republic". Several countries have the term "democratic republic" in their official names – colloquially known as Algeria, East Congo, Ethiopia, North Korea, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and East Timor – all of which, with the exception of Sri Lanka and East Timor, are identified as undemocratic by the democracy index and "not free" by the U.S.-based, U.S.-government-funded non-governmental organization, Freedom House. In addition, the East Germany was also officially known as the German Democratic Republic, but in fact, like the Somali Democratic Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, was controlled by a bureaucratic regime espousing communism. Other organizations use a variety of factors to characterize the quality and equity of governance, as reflected in their various indices of freedom. The differences between states labeled "democratic republic" can be quite dramatic, as with the 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea', rated the least democratic government in the world.
See also[edit]
Democracy
Republic
People's Republic
References[edit]
This article about politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_republic&oldid=807949827"
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