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Baba O'Riley
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"Teenage Wasteland" redirects here. For the films, see Teenage Wasteland (film) or Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland.
"Baba O'Riley"
Single by The Who
from the album Who's Next
B-side
"My Wife"
Released
23 October 1971 (1971-10-23)[1]
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
May 1971,
Olympic Studios, London, England[2]
Genre
Hard rock[3]
Length
5:08
Label
Polydor
Songwriter(s)
Pete Townshend
Producer(s)
The Who
Associate producer:
Glyn Johns
Executive producers:
Kit Lambert
Chris Stamp
Pete Kameron
The Who singles chronology
"Let's See Action"
(1971) "Baba O'Riley"
(1971) "Behind Blue Eyes"
(1971)
Who's Next track listing
show
9 tracks
Side one
"Baba O'Riley"
"Bargain"
"Love Ain't for Keeping"
"My Wife"
"The Song Is Over"
Side two
"Getting in Tune"
"Going Mobile"
"Behind Blue Eyes"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
"Baba O'Riley", a song by the British rock band The Who, is the opening track to the band's studio album Who's Next, and was issued in Europe as a single on 23 October 1971, coupled with "My Wife".
Roger Daltrey sings most of the song, with Pete Townshend singing the middle eight: "Don't cry/don't raise your eye/it's only teenage wasteland". The song's title is a combination of the names of two of Townshend's philosophical and musical influences: Meher Baba and Terry Riley.
"Baba O'Riley" appears in Time magazine's list of the All-Time 100 Songs, Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.
It also features on live albums: Who's Last, Live from Royal Albert Hall, Live from Toronto, and Greatest Hits Live. In concert Daltrey plays the violin solo on harmonica.
Contents
1 Background and composition
2 Recording and release
3 Reception and legacy
4 Personnel
5 Charts
5.1 Certifications
6 References
7 External links
Background and composition[edit]
Townshend originally wrote "Baba O'Riley" for his Lifehouse project, a rock opera that was to be the follow-up to the Who's 1969 opera, Tommy. In Lifehouse, the song would be sung at the beginning by a Scottish farmer named Ray, as he gathers his wife Sally and his two children to begin their exodus to London. When Lifehouse was scrapped, eight of the songs were salvaged and recorded for the Who's 1971 album Who's Next, with "Baba O'Riley" as the lead-off track.
Townshend stated in an interview that "'Baba O'Riley' is about the absolute desolation of teenagers at Woodstock, where audience members were strung out on acid and 20 people had brain damage. The irony was that some listeners took the song to be a teenage celebration: 'Teenage Wasteland, yes! We're all wasted!'"[4]
The "Baba O'Riley" title combines the names of Meher Baba and Terry Riley, two of Townshend's philosophical and musical mentors.[5] The song is often mistakenly called "Teenage Wasteland", after the phrase repeated in the song. "Teenage Wasteland" was in fact a working title for the song in its early incarnations as part of the Lifehouse project, but eventually became the title for a different but related song by Townshend, which is slower and features different lyrics.[6] A demo of "Teenage Wasteland" is featured on Lifehouse Chronicles, a six-disc set of music related to the Lifehouse project, and on several Townshend compilations and videos.
The song uses a I-V-IV chord progression and is composed in the key of F major. However, it was recorded using the European "A" which is 446 HZ rather than the standard 440 HZ.[7]
Recording and release[edit]
"Baba O'Riley"'s backing track was derived from the Lifehouse concept, where Townshend wanted to input the vital signs and personality of Meher Baba into a synthesiser, which would then generate music based on that data. When this idea fell through, Townshend instead recorded a Lowrey Berkshire Deluxe TBO-1 organ using its marimba repeat feature as the backing track.[8] This modal approach was inspired by the work of minimalist composer Terry Riley.
The song was derived from a nine-minute demo, which the band reconstructed.[9] "Baba O'Riley" was initially 30 minutes in length, but was edited down to the "high points" of the track for Who's Next.[10] The other parts of the song appeared on the third disc of Townshend's Lifehouse Chronicles as "Baba M1 (O'Riley 1st Movement 1971)" and "Baba M2 (2nd Movement Part 1 1971)".
"Baba O'Riley" was released in November 1971, as a single in several European countries. However, in the United Kingdom and the United States, it was released only as part of the album Who's Next.
Reception and legacy[edit]
The Who performing "Baba O'Riley" live at Manchester Arena in 2014
"Baba O'Riley" appears at No. 349 on Rolling Stone's list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".[11] The song is in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as one of the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.[12] The band Pearl Jam regularly plays a cover of the song during concerts, and a readers' poll in Rolling Stone awarded this cover as #8 in their Greatest Live Cover Songs.[13]
During live performances, Roger Daltrey plays the studio violin part on harmonica.
The Tubes performed the song on 9 September 1978, at the Knebworth Festival in tribute to Keith Moon, who had died two days earlier.[14]
"Baba O'Riley" was used as the theme song for the popular television series CSI: NY (2004–13); with each CSI series using a Who song as its theme.[15] The live version of the song from the album Who's Last plays in the opening segment of the Miami Vice episode "Out Where the Buses Don't Run" (season two, 1985).[16] One of the working titles of That '70s Show (1998–2006) was "Teenage Wasteland," a reference to the repeated lyric in the song.[17] The song was also used in trailers for A Bug's Life (1998), American Beauty (1999), Resident Evil: Retribution (2012), and The Peanuts Movie (2015).[18] The song was also used in the beginning of the 2012 movie Premium Rush. The song has also been used in episode 14 of season one in the TV series House and in episode 10 of season one in the TV series The Newsroom. A remixed version of this song, re-done by Alan Wilkis, appears in the 2012 remake of Need for Speed: Most Wanted, as well as the Family Guy season 13 episode "Quagmire's Mom", the third Robot Chicken: Star Wars special and episode 11 of season one of Superstore. The song is featured in an episode of Joe Pera Talks With You, "Joe Pera Reads You the Church Announcements" on Adult Swim, in which Pera is unable to contain his excitement after hearing the song for the first time in his life.
Since 2003, "Baba O'Riley" has been played during player introductions for the Los Angeles Lakers during home games at the Staples Center.[19] The song is played prior to live UFC events during a highlight package showing some of the most famous fights in the mixed martial arts company's history.[20] It is also the official theme song of competitive eater Joey Chestnut.[21]
At both the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 London Olympics, the track "The Road Goes On Forever" by High Contrast is used during a countdown to the start of the proceedings, this song samples "Baba O'Riley" with a higher tempo as a 120bpm dance track.[22] "Baba O'Riley" was then performed by the Who as their first number during the last musical segment at the closing ceremony, with Daltrey singing a changed lyric of "Don't cry/Just raise your eye/There's more than teenage wasteland".[23] "Baba O'Riley" is also used as the pregame music at Sanford Stadium and is played right before kickoff at every University of Georgia home football game. It is also played at halftime of most New England Patriots home games, leading up to the second-half kickoff. It is also the entrance music for the New York Rangers at Madison Square Garden.
Personnel[edit]
Roger Daltrey – lead vocals, harmonica (live versions only)
Pete Townshend – Lowrey organ, piano, guitar, co-lead vocals
John Entwistle – bass
Keith Moon – drums
Dave Arbus – violin
Charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Peak position
Dutch Singles Chart 11[1]
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United Kingdom (BPI)[24]
Gold 500,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Baba O'Riley". ung Medien / hitparade.ch. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Who's Next 1995 Remastered Liner Notes Page 17
Jump up ^ John Atkins (1 February 2000). The Who on Record: A Critical History, 1963-1998. McFarland. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-7864-4097-9.
Jump up ^ Guitar World Vol. 30 No. 9 pg. 76
Jump up ^ The Who: The Ultimate Collection (Media notes). The Who. MCA Records. 2002. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Lifehouse Chronicles box set
Jump up ^ "Baba O'Riley Guitar Lesson – The Who". TheGuitarLesson.com. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Pete's Equipment, Lowrey Berkshire Deluxe TBO-1".
Jump up ^ Who's Next 1995 Remastered Liner Notes Page 17
Jump up ^ "The Hypertext Who " Article Archive — The Who Puts the Bomp (1971)". Thewho.net. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2006-12-09. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2009-08-14.
Jump up ^ "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". Archived from the original on 2008-07-07. Retrieved 2008-07-09.
Jump up ^ "Readers' Poll: The Greatest Live Cover Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Baba O'Riley / The Kids Are Alright - The Tubes with Todd Rundgren". YouTube. 9 September 1978. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Duboff, Josh (2010-02-07). "The Who Performs CSI Medley". New York The song was also used in the Fourth Season of One Tree Hill the song plays in the thirteenth episode "Pictures of You". Retrieved 2013-09-01.
Jump up ^ * Moore, Allen F. (2003). Analyzing Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 052177120X.
Jump up ^ "DVD Verdict Review - That '70s Show: Season One". Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Peanuts Movie Trailer: An Underdog and His Dog". Slashfilm.com. 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ McMenamin, Dave (2010-10-04). "London Called, But Lakers Don't Figure to Be Back Any Time Soon". ESPN. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Q&A with local MMA announcer Ray Flores". Post-Tribune. 2011-08-23. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
Jump up ^ Heilpern, John (July 2011). "The Fastest Mouth on Earth". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2013-09-01.
Jump up ^ "High Contrast's Olympic Story: Part 3 - Highly Contrasting". highlycontrasting.com.
Jump up ^ "Did Roger Daltrey Forget the Lyrics to "Baba O'Riley"?". CBS News. 13 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-15.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – The Who – Baba O'Riley". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 5 July 2018. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter Baba O'Riley in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
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Who's Next
Songs
Side one
"Baba O'Riley"
"Bargain"
"Love Ain't for Keeping"
"My Wife"
"The Song Is Over"
Side two
"Getting in Tune"
"Going Mobile"
"Behind Blue Eyes"
"Won't Get Fooled Again"
Supporting tours
The Who Tour 1971
The Who Tour 1972
Other
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Classic Albums: The Who – Who's Next
My Generation
A Quick One
The Who Sell Out
Tommy
Who's Next
Quadrophenia
The Who by Numbers
Who Are You
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It's Hard
Endless Wire
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_O%27Riley&oldid=853204366"
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text:
The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"The Heat Is On"
Single by Glenn Frey
from the album Beverly Hills Cop (soundtrack)
A-side
"The Heat Is On"
B-side
"Shoot Out" by Harold Faltermeyer
Released
1984
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
1984
Genre
Pop rock, jazz rock
Length
3:45 (7" / album)
5:51 (12")
Label
MCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Harold Faltermeyer
Keith Forsey
Producer(s)
Harold Faltermeyer
Keith Forsey
Glenn Frey singles chronology
"Sexy Girl"
(1984) "The Heat Is On"
(1984) "Smuggler's Blues"
(1984)
"Sexy Girl"
(1984) "The Heat Is On"
(1984) "Smuggler's Blues"
(1984)
"The Heat Is On" is a song written by Harold Faltermeyer and Keith Forsey, and recorded by Glenn Frey for the American film Beverly Hills Cop (1984). The song was published as a single and as the fourth track of the album Beverly Hills Cop: Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack (1984).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Track listings
3 Charts
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
According to Frey, he was invited to an early screening of the film, and about two months later was sent a demo of a song written by Keith Forsey and Harold Faltermeyer to be used in the film to see if he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work.[1]
The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself.[2]
The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind "Can't Fight This Feeling" by REO Speedwagon.[3] It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 two on the Australian Singles Chart in 1985 and gaining peaks of No. 8 on the Canadian Singles Chart and No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart.[4] In the United States, it is the highest charting solo single by any member of the Eagles.
The music video for the song received heavy MTV airplay. It showed a film editor assembling scenes for Beverly Hills Cop while Frey and a band played the song in the adjacent room, with action scenes from the movie then directly interspersed. Among the musicians shown in the video is saxophone player Beverly Dahlke-Smith (the actual recording being made by session horn player David Woodford[5]) and Frey's long-time drummer, Michael Huey.
The recording subsequently appeared on Frey's albums Glenn Frey Live (1993) and Solo Collection (1995) as well as on some various-artists "top hits" collections.
Track listings[edit]
7" single
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1. "The Heat Is On" Keith Forsey, Harold Faltermeyer 3:45
2. "Shoot Out" Harold Faltermeyer 2:44
Total length: 06:29
12" single
No.
Title
Remixer
Length
1. "The Heat Is On (extended version)" 6:04
2. "The Heat Is On (dance version)" Brian Reeves 5:40
3. "The Heat Is On (dub version)" Brian Reeves 2:39
Total length: 14:23
Charts[edit]
Chart (1985-1986)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[7] 27
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 27
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[9] 8
France (SNEP)[10] 47
Germany (Official German Charts)[11] 4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[12] 19
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13] 22
Norway (VG-lista)[14] 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[15] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[16] 5
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[17] 12
US Billboard Hot 100[18] 2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[19] 4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Travis Smiley. "Glenn Frey Tribute – Part 1". PBS.
Jump up ^ site [1]. Musicradar.com. Retrieved 29 Maggio 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 244.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com. Retrieved 3 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "saxophonejournal".
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0497." RPM. Library and Archives Canada.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Glenn Frey – The Heat Is On". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Frey: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Frey Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Frey Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"The Heat Is On" at Discogs
[show]
v
t
e
Glenn Frey
Studio albums
No Fun Aloud
The Allnighter
Soul Searchin'
Strange Weather
After Hours
Live albums
Glenn Frey Live
Compilations
Solo Collection
Singles
"The One You Love"
"Sexy Girl"
"The Heat Is On"
"Smuggler's Blues"
"You Belong to the City"
"True Love"
"Soul Searchin'"
"Livin' Right"
See also
Eagles
[show]
v
t
e
Beverly Hills Cop series
Films
Beverly Hills Cop (1984)
Beverly Hills Cop II (1987)
Beverly Hills Cop III (1994)
Characters
Axel Foley
Music
Beverly Hills Cop
"Axel F"
"The Heat Is On"
"Neutron Dance"
"New Attitude"
"Stir It Up"
Beverly Hills Cop II
"Cross My Broken Heart"
"I Want Your Sex"
"Shakedown"
Beverly Hills Cop III
"Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z"
"The Right Kinda Lover"
Other
Video game
[show]
v
t
e
Miami Heat
Founded in 1988
Based in Miami, Florida
Franchise
Franchise
Team history
Expansion Draft
All-time roster
Draft history
Seasons
Records
Broadcasters
Head coaches
Current season
Arenas
Miami Arena
American Airlines Arena
G League affiliates
Florida Flame
Arkansas RimRockers
Albuquerque Thunderbirds
Sioux Falls Skyforce
General managers
Schaffel
Wohl
Pfund
Riley
Elisburg
NBA Championships (3)
2006
2012
2013
Eastern Conference
Championships (5)
2006
2011
2012
2013
2014
Culture and lore
Micky Arison
Pat Riley
Michael Baiamonte
Burnie
"The Heat Is On" (Glenn Frey song)
Shaq
The Decision
The Big Three
27 in a row
The Shot
Retired numbers
10
23
32
33
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New York Knicks
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Announcers
Eric Reid
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Jason Jackson
Mike Inglis
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heat_Is_On_(Glenn_Frey_song)&oldid=811485087"
Categories:
1985 singles
Glenn Frey songs
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text:
Silver spoon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Silver spoon (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bise-Challoner crests on a set of 1830s Coburg-pattern sterling silver spoons, made in London
The English language expression silver spoon is synonymous with wealth, especially inherited wealth; someone born into a wealthy family is said to have "been born with a silver spoon in his mouth". As an adjective, "silver spoon" describes someone who has a prosperous background or is of a well-to-do family environment, often with the connotation that the person does not appreciate or deserve his or her advantage, its having been inherited rather than earned.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical uses
2 Cultural references
2.1 In literature
2.2 In music
2.3 In musicals
2.4 In politics
2.5 In manga
3 Variants
4 See also
5 References
Historical uses[edit]
Two silver-gilt strainer spoons and a cignus spoon decorated with a mythical marine creature. (4th century CE Roman spoons from the Hoxne Hoard.)
Before the place setting became popular around 1700, people brought their own spoons to the table, carrying them in the same way that people today carry wallet and keys. In pre-modern times, ownership of a silver spoon was an indication of social class, denoting membership in the land-owning classes. In the Middle Ages, when farmers and craftsmen worked long hours and frequently got dirt under their fingernails, it was important to not be mistaken for a serf or escaped slave. Under these circumstances, a silver spoon served the functional equivalent of passport, driving licence, and credit card. Since most members of the land-owning classes were smallhold farmers and craftsmen, the silver spoon was primarily a lower-middle-class cultural marker.
Silver spoons, because of their weight and number, were often among the most valuable tangible assets of a middle-class household, and therefore, a traditional target for burglars.[citation needed] For example, in the feature film Far and Away (1992), the character Shannon plans to pay for her emigration from Ireland to the United States with spoons she stole from her wealthy landowner parents.
Beyond their value and aesthetics, silver utensils self-sanitize: silver has antimicrobial properties, due to the oligodynamic effect.
Silver spoons have also been used to detect poison, particularly in the Korean Joseon Dynasty: due to its reactivity, silver tarnishes on contact with sulfur, thus detecting the presence of arsenic sulfides and warning of arsenic poisoning.[1]
Cultural references[edit]
Georgian spoons
In literature[edit]
The phrase "born with a silver spoon in his mouth" appeared in print in English as early as 1719, in Peter Anthony Motteux's translation of the novel Don Quixote: "Mum, Teresa, quoth Sancho, 'tis not all Gold that glisters [sic], and every Man was not born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth."[2] Because the phrase is used as a translation of a Spanish proverb with a different literal meaning ("muchas veces donde hay estacas no hay tocinos," literally: "often where there are hooks [for hanging hams] there are no hams"), it seems that the phrase was already considered proverbial in English at the time.
The phrase next appears in a book of Scottish proverbs published in 1721, in the form "Every Man is no born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth."[3]
John Galsworthy's novel, The Forsyte Saga (1922), contains a chapter called "The Silver Spoon", which refers to a cockered heiress, Fleur Forsyte.
The Italian cookbook Il cucchiaio d'argento (1950) translates to "The Silver Spoon" and uses that title in its English edition; the title is, according to the introduction to the Phaidon Press printing, derived from the English expression.
In music[edit]
The term, or parodies thereof, have frequently made their way into popular music. For example:
The lyrics to Harry Chapin's song "Cat's in the Cradle" (1974) say: "…And the cats in the cradle and the silver spoon…"
Creedence Clearwater Revival's song "Fortunate Son" (1969) includes the lyrics, "Some folks were born silver spoon in hand."
The lyrics from the 1985 song, "The Wolf by Heart", start with: "You were born to privilege, lickin' on a silver spoon."
The lyrics to the Beatles song, "She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" (1969), say, "She came in through the bathroom window, protected by her silver spoon," meaning the girl would have no trouble being naughty.
In the song lyrics for "Just Like Greta" (2005), Van Morrison says: "Then sometimes it feels so easy, like I was born with a silver spoon".
"This is Music" (1995), by The Verve, features the lyrics: "I stand accused just like you, for being born without a silver spoon."
The Who's song "Substitute" (1966) parodies this term with the lyrics, "I was born with a plastic spoon in my mouth", by purposefully inverting the phrase, to refer to being born into poverty.
Yoko Ono mourns the loss of her "silver spoon" in a line in the song "Mrs. Lennon" (1971).[which?]
The Nails' song "88 Lines About 44 Women" (1982) contains the lyrics "Jackie was a rich punk rocker, silver spoon and a paper plate."
Bob Dylan's song "It's Alright, Ma" contains the lyrics "Darkness at the break of noon shadows even the silver spoon"; the phrase implies that the impending darkness (and the things it represents) does not spare even the wealthy and privileged.
Bangtan Boys's song "Silver Spoon"
However, some modern uses of the phrase relate to drug use rather than privilege. For example:
One line of the Eagles' song "Witchy Woman" (1972) is: "And she drove herself to madness with a silver spoon." This usage of the term may refer to the use of a silver spoon for cocaine or absinthe.
The first few lines from the song "Gold Dust Woman" (1977), by Fleetwood Mac, are, "Rock on, gold dust woman/Take your silver spoon/And dig your grave", relating to Stevie Nicks' use of cocaine.
In musicals[edit]
In the Broadway musical, Once (2011), the lyrics to the song "Gold" say: "I'm walking on moonbeams, and I was born with a silver spoon".
In politics[edit]
Then–Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards was well known for saying about George H.W. Bush, "Poor George. He can't help it. He was born with a silver foot in his mouth," at the 1988 Democratic National Convention.[citation needed]
In manga[edit]
The 2011 manga Silver Spoon is based on the premise of a fictional agricultural high school in Japan with a silver spoon over its dining hall entrance, playing with the western definition of silver spoon: the farmers believed they were the ones born rich as they will never have to fear starvation since they control the means of production.[citation needed]
Variants[edit]
There are similar expressions in other languages. For example, in Portuguese and Spanish, an expression translated as "born in a gold cradle" is fiduciary to the English, "born with a silver spoon".
The term "gold spoon" is much less commonly used, but finds occasional use, such as the 1840 American Gold Spoon Oration criticizing then-president Martin Van Buren for his supposedly luxurious lifestyle. In some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, the common expression is gold spoon rather than silver spoon, although both can be used.
"Silver fork novels" are described by English professor Paola Brunetti to her husband Guido, in Donna Leon's fourth Commissario Guido Brunetti novel Death and Judgment aka A Venetian Reckoning (1995), chapter 22, as "books written in the eighteenth century, when all that money pored into England from the colonies, and the fat wives of Yorkshire weavers had to be taught which fork to use."[4]
In Australia the expression "silvertail" is also used, with nearly identical meaning. It has been used in cultural or political situations to describe someone as aristocratic or out of touch with the common people.
In the United States, to say that someone "was born on third base but thinks he hit a triple" conveys a similar meaning but makes the undeserving/unappreciated aspect denotatively explicit. It describes someone who acts as if their inherited wealth were earned, or acts as if an earned portion of it weren't built using inherited advantages, such as available business capital from lenders or investors eager to curry favor with the family or to invest in a venture that the family is likely to bail out if it flounders, or parents' networking connections or called-in favors.
See also[edit]
Cignus
Cochlearium
Silver lining (idiom)
Silver tongue
Born in the purple
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Spoons and Chopsticks". buddhapia.com.
Jump up ^ de Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel & Motteaux, Peter Anthony (Translator) (1719). The History of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha, In Four Volumes. 4. p. 345. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Kelly, James (1721). A complete collection of Scottish proverbs: explained and made intelligible. p. 101.
Jump up ^ Leon, Donna (June 1995). Death and Judgment (1st ed.). Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0060177966.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_spoon&oldid=824841449"
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text:
Code talker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 July 2018.
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Codetalkers" redirects here. For the band, see The Codetalkers.
For the Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain character, see List of characters in the Metal Gear series § Code Talker.
Choctaw soldiers in training in World War I for coded radio and telephone transmissions
Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime. The term is now usually associated with the United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages. In particular, there were approximately 400–500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages. Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages. Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II.
The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. Code talking, however, was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I.
Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II, including Lakota,[1] Meskwaki, and Comanche soldiers; they saw service in the Pacific, North African, and European theaters.
Soldiers of Basque ancestry may have also been used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating. Recent research has cast doubt on this, however.
Contents
[hide]
1 Assiniboine code talkers
2 Basque code talkers
3 Cherokee code talkers
4 Choctaw code talkers
5 Comanche code talkers
6 Cree code talkers
7 Meskwaki code talkers
8 Navajo code talkers
9 Nubian code talkers
10 Seminole code talkers
11 Welsh code talkers
12 Wenzhou code talkers
13 Cryptographic properties
14 Post-war recognition
15 Gallery
16 See also
17 Notes
18 References
19 External links
Assiniboine code talkers[edit]
Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II, utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications.[2] The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr., who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician.[2]
Basque code talkers[edit]
In November 1952, Euzko Deya magazine [3] reported that in May 1942, upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes.[4][5][6] His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region. There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima, led by Pedro Arrupe. In China and the Philippines, there was a colony of Basque jai alai players, and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia. The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia.
According to Euzko Deya, on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque-coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz, warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands. They also translated the start date, August 7, for the attack on Guadalcanal. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers.
In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study [7] refuting Euzko Deya's article.[8] According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives. They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames, none of them in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists.
Cherokee code talkers[edit]
The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme in World War I. According to the Division Signal Officer, this took place in September 1918. Their unit was under British command at the time.[9]
Choctaw code talkers[edit]
Main article: Choctaw code talkers
During World War I, company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language. He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion.[10] Eventually, fourteen Choctaw men in the Army's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code. They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive in France, during the final large German push of the war. Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service, the tide of the battle had turned. In less than 72 hours, the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack.[10]
Comanche code talkers[edit]
Comanche code-talkers of the 4th Signal Company (U.S. Army Signal Center and Ft. Gordon)
Hugh F. Foster Jr.'s Comanche codebook
German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I, and sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II,[11] but the task proved too difficult because of the array of languages and dialects; nonetheless the U.S. Army, learning of the Nazi effort, did not implement a large-scale code talker program in the European Theater. Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy, and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division in Europe.[12] Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language. Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo, the Comanche code word for tank was "turtle", bomber was "pregnant airplane", machine gun was "sewing machine" and Adolf Hitler was referred to as "crazy white man".[13] Two Comanche code-talkers were assigned to each regiment, the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters. Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6, 1944, the Comanche began transmitting messages. Some were wounded but none killed.[13]
In 1989, the French government awarded the Comanche code-talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit. On November 30, 1999, the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award.[13][14]
Cree code talkers[edit]
In the World War II, native Cree speakers were used as code talkers for the Canadian Armed Forces. Due to oaths of secrecy, and official classification through 1963, the role of Cree speakers has gone unacknowledged by the Canadian government.[15] A 2015 documentary, Cree Code Talkers, tells the story of one such Métis individual, Charles "Checker" Tomkins, who died in 2003.[16]
Meskwaki code talkers[edit]
Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa. 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941.[17]
Navajo code talkers[edit]
Alphabets (English)
Code Language (English)
Code Language (Navajo)
Modern spelling
A Ant Wol-la-chee Wóláchííʼ
B Bear Shush Shash
C Cat Moasi Mósí
D Deer Be Bįįh
E Elk Dzeh Dzeeh
F Fox Ma-e Mąʼii
G Goat Klizzie Tłʼízí
H Horse Lin Łį́į́ʼ
I Ice Tkin Tin
J Jackass Tkele-cho-gi Téliichoʼí
K Kid Klizzie-yazzi Tłʼízí yázhí
L Lamb Dibeh-yazzi Dibé yázhí
M Mouse Na-as-tso-si Naʼastsʼǫǫsí
N Nut Nesh-chee Neeshchʼííʼ
O Owl Ne-ash-jah Néʼéshjaaʼ
P Pig Bi-sodih Bisóodi
Q Quiver Ca-yeilth kʼaaʼ yeiłtįįh
R Rabbit Gah Gah
S Sheep Dibeh Dibé
T Turkey Than-zie Tązhii
U Ute No-da-ih Nóódaʼí
V Victor a-keh-di-glini Akʼehdidlíní
W Weasel Gloe-ih Dlǫ́ʼii
X Cross Al-an-as-dzoh Ałnáʼázdzoh
Y Yucca Tsah-as-zih Tsáʼásziʼ
Z Zinc Besh-do-gliz Béésh dootłʼizh
Philip Johnston, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles,[18] proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo. He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently. Some Marines wondered whether the Navajo, who had been treated poorly by the government, would want to fight for the U.S. But the Navajo dutifully enlisted shortly after Pearl Harbor and were eager to contribute to the war effort. “What happened to the Navajo were social conflicts,” Navajo Code Talker Albert Smith said. “But this conflict involved Mother Earth being dominated by foreign countries. It was our responsibility to defend her.”[19]
Because Navajo has a complex grammar, it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na-Dene family to provide meaningful information. It was still an unwritten language, and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II, fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language.[20]
Page one of Navajo recommendation letter, 1942
Page two of Navajo recommendation letter, 1942
Code Talkers Monument Ocala, Florida Memorial Park
Early in 1942, Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and his staff. Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode, transmit, and decode a three-line English message in 20 seconds, versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time. The idea was accepted, with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California.[21]
The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed-upon English words to represent letters. The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines. As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words—while in combat—would be too time-consuming, some terms, concepts, tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo (for example, the word for "shark" being used to refer to a destroyer, or "silver oak leaf" to the rank of lieutenant colonel).[22]
A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates. The text was for classroom purposes only, and was never to be taken into the field. The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training. Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers' messages meant; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual, unrelated nouns and verbs.
The Navajo code talkers were commended for the skill, speed, and accuracy they demonstrated throughout the war. At the Battle of Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."[21]
To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater, representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code, incorporate new terms into the system, and update their codebooks. These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting. As the war progressed, additional code words were added and incorporated program-wide. In other instances, informal shortcut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation. Examples of code words include the Navajo word for buzzard, jeeshóóʼ, which was used for bomber, while the code word used for submarine, béésh łóóʼ, meant iron fish in Navajo.[23] The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code, Chester Nez, died on June 4, 2014.[24]
The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after, until it was ended early in the Vietnam War. The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered.[22]
Nubian code talkers[edit]
In the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, Egypt employed Nubian-speaking Nubian people as codetalkers.[25][26][27][28][29]
Seminole code talkers[edit]
The last surviving Seminole code talker, Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96.[30][31] Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war.[31] His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20, 2013.[30][31][32]
Welsh code talkers[edit]
A system employing Welsh was used by British forces, but not to any great extent during World War II. The Royal Air Force had a plan in 1942 to use Welsh for secret communications during World War II, but the plan was not implemented.[33] Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages.[34]
Wenzhou code talkers[edit]
China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.[35][36]
Cryptographic properties[edit]
Navajo code talkers, Saipan, June 1944
Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages. Additionally, a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life, thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages.
Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language. Virtually no books in Navajo had been published. Outside of the language, the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards. It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively. The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March. Kieyoomia, a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army, but not a code talker, was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war. However, since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training, the messages made no sense to him. When he reported that he could not understand the messages, his captors tortured him.[37] The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code.
Post-war recognition[edit]
The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968.[38] In 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who also named August 14, 1982, as "Navajo Code Talkers Day".[39][40]
On December 21, 2000, the U.S. Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed, Public Law 106-554, 114 Statute 2763, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker (approximately 300). In July 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers (the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. Gold Medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers.[41][42]
On September 17, 2007, eighteen Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service.[43]
On November 15, 2008, The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110-420), was signed into law by President George W. Bush, which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII (with the exception of the already-awarded Navajo) with a Congressional Gold Medal, designed as distinct for each tribe, with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next-of-kin.[44] As of 2013, 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. One surviving code talker was present, Edmond Harjo.[45]
On November 27, 2017, three Navajo code talkers, along with the president of the Navajo Nation, Russell Begaye, appeared with President Donald Trump in the Oval Office in an official White House ceremony to "pay tribute to the contributions of the young Native Americans recruited by the United States military to create top-secret coded messages used to communicate during [World War II] battles."[46] The executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, Jacqueline Pata, noted that Native Americans have "a very high level of participation in the military and veterans’ service." A statement by a Navajo Nation Council Delegate and comments by Pata and Begaye, among others, objected to Trump's remarks during the event, including his use "once again" of the "word Pocahontas in a negative way towards a political adversary."[47][46][48] The National Congress of American Indians objected to Trump's use of the name of an historical Native American figure as a derogatory term, and relatives of Code Talkers who were present said it was "too bad [Trump] put his foot in his mouth" and "he needs to grow up."[49]
Gallery[edit]
Code talkers on Bougainville, 1943
Code talkers at work, Australia, July 1943
Code talker on Tarawa, November 1943
Code talker Leslie Hemstreet, Okinawa, 1945
See also[edit]
United States Marine Corps portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers.
Battle Cry
Never So Few
Windtalkers
Chester Nez
Native Americans and World War II
Choctaw code talkers of World War I
Code-talker paradox
Navajo I
Navajo language
Navajo Nation
Navajo people
Southern Athabaskan languages
United States Army Indian Scouts
Security through obscurity
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Last Lakota code talker Clarence Wolf Guts dies at 86", Rapid City Journal (Rapid City, SD), 18 June 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, David (2016-03-29). "Decorated war hero, code talker Gilbert Horn Sr. dies". Great Falls Tribune. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ En Euzkera se dio la orden del desembarco de Guadalcanal, Ramón de Arrieta, Euzko Deya. La Voz de los Vascos en México 149 (November 1952), page 22, México D.F.
Jump up ^ "Egon arretaz egunari", Xabier G. Argüello, El País, August 1, 2004.
Jump up ^ La orden de desembarco en Guadalcanal se dió en vascuence para que no lo descubrieran los nipones, Juan Hernani, El Diario Vasco, December 26, 1952, it quotes Revista general de marina. Bibliographic reference in Euskomedia.org. Based on Criptografía, Revista General de Marina, 143 (November 1952), pages 551–552. Ministerio de Marina, Madrid
Jump up ^ Mikel Rodríguez. "Gaiak - Los vascos y la II Guerra Mundial". euskonews.com.
Jump up ^ Pedro J. Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla (2017). "El enigma del mito y la historia: Basque Code Talkers en la Segunda Guerra Mundial'". Saibigain.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Un estudio desmiente que el euskera se usara en código en la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Jesús J. Hernández, 25 June 2017, El Correo.
Jump up ^ Stanley, Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer, 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive, September 29 – October 8, 1997. U.S. Army, 1932.
^ Jump up to: a b "Choctaw Code Talkers of World War II". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ NSA Code Talker Exhibit
Jump up ^ "The Comanche Code Talkers". Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matthew J. Seelinger, Army History Research: 124th Signal Battalion Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Comanche Code Talker Charles Chibitty Dies". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Cree Code Talkers: Documentary Explores Role of Canada's Unsung WWII Heroes - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
Jump up ^ "About". Cree Code Talker. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Last Meskwaki code talker remembers". USA Today. July 4, 2002. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Holm, Tom (2007). Code Talkers and Warriors. Chelsea House Pub. ISBN 0791093409. Retrieved November 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "When I Met the Code Talkers". The Attic. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Vogel, Clayton; Johnston, Philip. "Letter to Commandant, USMC". Demonstration in California, 1942. Northern Arizona University, Cline Library. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Navajo Code Talkers: World War II Fact Sheet". Naval Historical Center. 1992-09-17. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Fox, Margalit (June 5, 2014). "Chester Nez, 93, Dies; Navajo Words Washed From Mouth Helped Win War". New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (July 24, 2011). "Joe Morris Sr. dies at 85; Navajo code talker during World War II". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kolb, Joseph (2014-06-04). "Last of Navajo 'code talkers' dies in New Mexico". reuters.com. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
Jump up ^ "Changing Egypt Offers Hope to Long-Marginalized Nubians". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Remembering Nubia: the Land of Gold - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online". English.ahram.org.eg. 2012-04-18. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ El Nuba (2014-04-02). "El Nuba | Cairo West Magazine". Cairowestmag.com. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Peaceful Societies". Peaceful Societies. 2014-02-13. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
Jump up ^ "Code Talkers: Native American Languages in the Military". Alpha Omega Translations. 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-12-16.
^ Jump up to: a b Attocknie, Dana (2014-04-07). "Last living Seminole Code Talker walks on, loved ones pay respects, honor hero". Native American Times. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Seminole code talker Edmond Harjo dies at 96". Tulsa World. 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Peterson, Dick (2013-11-21). "Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers". United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2014-04-27.
Jump up ^ Chapman, H. S. (1987). "Welsh as a Secret Language". Transactions of the Caernarvonshire Historical Society. 48: 113–117.
Jump up ^ Heath, Tony (1996-08-26). "Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue". The Independent. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Nanlai Cao (4 November 2010). Constructing China's Jerusalem: Christians, Power, and Place in Contemporary Wenzhou. Stanford University Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-8047-7360-7.
Jump up ^ Zhang Zhixiong (23 June 2015). Chinese Education in Singapore: An untold story of conflict and change. Zhixiong Zhang. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-981-09-3952-6.
Jump up ^ "The People's Paths home page: How Effective Was Navajo Code? One Former Captive Knows". Yvwiiusdinvnohii.net. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Fonseca, Felicia (February 11, 2008). "Navajo Code Talker dead at age 82". The Denver Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "National Navaho Code Talkers Day". Lapahie.com. 1982-08-14. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Navajo Code Talkers and the Unbreakable Code — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. 2008-11-06. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ "Navajo code talkers honored after 56 years". CNN. 2001-07-27. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
Jump up ^ "P.L. 106-554, see 114 STAT. 2763A–311" (PDF). gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
Jump up ^ Texas military honors Choctaw code talkers. Retrieved on May 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "P.L. 110-420" (PDF). gpo.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
Jump up ^ "Treasury and Mint Join Congress to Honor Native American Code Talkers". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (November 27, 2017). "Trump Mocks Warren as 'Pocahontas' at Navajo Veterans' Event". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Statement in response to remarks by President Trump, Window Rock, Arkansas, The Navajo Nation, November 27, 2017, retrieved November 28, 2017
Jump up ^ "Navajo Nation Statement (November 27, 2017)". Wikisource. November 27, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Felicia Fonseca (November 28, 2017). "Families of Navajo Code Talkers Slam President Trump for 'Pocahontas' Slur". Time.
References[edit]
Bibliography
Aaseng, Nathan. Navajo Code Talkers: America’s Secret Weapon in World War II. New York: Walker & Company, 1992. ISBN 0802776272 OCLC 672012184
Durrett, Deanne. Unsung Heroes of World War II: The Story of the Navajo Code Talkers. Library of American Indian History, Facts on File, Inc., 1998. ISBN 0816036039 OCLC 38067688
McClain, Salley. Navajo Weapon: The Navajo Code Talkers. Tucson, Arizona: Rio Nuevo Publishers, 2001. ISBN 1887896325 OCLC 48584920
Meadows, William C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. ISBN 0292798504 OCLC 55896749
Stanley, Captain John W. Personal Experience of a Battalion Commander and Brigade Signal Officer, 105th Field Signal Battalion in the Somme Offensive, September 29 – October 12, 1918. U.S. Army, 1932.
Gawne, Jonathan. Spearheading D-Day. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 1999. ISBN 2908182793 OCLC 45700217
Holm, Tom. Code Talkers and Warriors- Native Americans and World War II. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9340-9
David Kahn, The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing, 1967. ISBN 0-684-83130-9
Simon Singh, The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography, 2000. ISBN 978-0-385-49532-5
Web
National Museum of the American Indian- Codetalkers
Listen online – The Story of The Code Talkers – The American Storyteller Radio Journal
Samuel Tom Holiday – 4th Marine Division – 25th Regiment – H & S Company
Origins of the Navajo Code Talkers
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary
Dept. of Navy Navajo Code Talkers: World War II fact Sheet
Northern Arizona University Special Collections, regarding Navajo Codetalkers
Teaching with Documents: Memorandum Regarding the Enlistment of Navajo Indians. U.S. National Archives.
"Semper Fidelis, Code Talkers," U.S National Archives. Prologue Magazine: Winter 2001, Vol. 33, No. 4
Smithsonian Institution: American Indian Codetalkers
Native Americans in the U.S. Army Portal at the United States Army Center of Military History
American Indian Code Talker Medals Become Law
U.S. Sen. Bingaman: Navajo code talkers page
The Navajo Code Talkers: Code Talkers (Part of the Story)
How Effective Was Navajo Code? "One Former Captive Knows" Captured Navajo
Hopi Code Talker
Code Talkers Exhibit, Burger King, Kayenta, Navajo Nation
Windtalker
Navajo Code Talkers Association
Code Talkers roll of honour and images
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Code talkers.
Library resources about
Code talker
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Code Talkers
Official website of the Navajo Code talkers
Denise Winterman (19 May 2014). "World War One: The original code talkers". BBC News. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
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Noah Hathaway
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Noah Hathaway
Noah Hathaway at Supanova Pop Culture Expo Hits Sydney, Australia, in June 2012
Born
Noah Leslie Hathaway
(1971-11-13) November 13, 1971 (age 46)
Los Angeles, California, United States
Years active
1978–present
Noah Leslie Hathaway (born November 13, 1971), is an American actor and a former teen idol. He is best known for his roles as Atreyu in the 1984 film the NeverEnding Story and for portraying Boxey on the original television series Battlestar Galactica. His work in The Neverending Story made him particularly popular as a teenage celebrity in Europe.
Contents
1 Career
1.1 Early work
1.2 The NeverEnding Story
1.3 Later roles
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
4 Awards and nominations
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Career[edit]
Early work[edit]
Hathaway was born in Los Angeles, California. He began appearing in commercials at age three, and later starred in several TV films and series. At the age of six he starred in Battlestar Galactica, portraying Boxey, for which he received a nomination in the first Young Artist Awards.[1]
The NeverEnding Story[edit]
His most memorable role was Atreyu in the 1984 film The NeverEnding Story. He received his second Young Artist Awards nomination[2] and won the award for Best Younger Actor in the 12th Annual Saturn Awards.[3]
For the role Hathaway performed his own stunts, leading to a few near-injuries;[4] German director Wolfgang Petersen said:
I sought a good-looking boy of athletic build with the quality of fierce determination. The role requires the character to ride a horse expertly, fly on the back of a dragon, struggle through a swamp, clamber over rocks and fight a ferocious wolf-vampire.
Hathaway observed:
Well, what it was... Wolfgang Petersen was notorious for his actors doing their own stunts. His actors are always getting hurt, because he wanted....Audiences are very savvy, you can cut away and show the back of somebody and show the stuntman doing their stunt. And everybody knows that, so he wants his actors to do as much as they can for the realism of the movie. Accidents happen and actors aren't stuntmen. That's why they have stuntmen, because if someone gets hurt, they're "expendable". And some of the times, they're just more careful.... I just ended up paying.[4]
Later roles[edit]
In 1986 Hathaway starred in Troll, as Harry Potter, Jr. and in the television movie Casebusters, as Jamie. Hathaway did not return to acting until 1994, in the film To Die, to Sleep, in his first adult role. After a second hiatus as an actor, Hathaway returned in 2011 for the films Mondo Holocausto! as Ruggero Margheriti, and Sushi Girl as Fish.
In 2016 Hathaway reprised his Neverending Story role for a Spotify commercial celebrating the 1980s.[5]
Personal life[edit]
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Noah Hathaway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hathaway attended school at Lycee Français de Los Angeles. He moved into dance instruction, teaching advanced jazz and street dance until an injury forced him to quit in 1989 at age eighteen. Trained in martial arts, Hathaway would later earn black belts in Tang Soo Do and Shotokan Karate, and also competed as a Muay Thai boxer, and learned American Kenpo from Dr. Jerry Erickson. Hathaway spent some of his time at the Willow Springs Raceway in Rosamond, California competing in supersport motorcycle racing, and designing and riding "chopper" motorcycles.
He was on tour with WizardWorld Conventions and appeared at the Chicago and Philadelphia shows in 2011. He appeared at the Supanova Pop Culture Expo in Sydney, Australia in June 2012.[6]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1980 It's My Turn Homer's Son
1981 Separate Ways Jason Colby
1982 Best Friends Lyle Ballou
1984 The NeverEnding Story Atreyu
Quest short film
1986 Troll Harry Potter Jr.
1990 The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter Atreyu (uncredited) Some shots of Hathaway horse-riding in the first film were re-used in the second.[7]
1994 To Die, to Sleep Phil
2012 Sushi Girl Fish
Mondo Holocausto! Ruggero Margheriti
2013 Blue Dream Roper Karlsson
Television Films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 High Midnight Timmy
1986 Casebusters Jamie
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978–1979 Battlestar Galactica Boxey 22 episodes
Television Guest Appearances
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 Supertrain Kid
The Last Convertible miniseries
1980 Mork & Mindy Jud Episode: "Little Orphan Morkie"
Eight Is Enough Jerry 2 episodes: "And Baby Makes Nine, Part One" and "And Baby Makes Nine, Part Two"
1982 Laverne & Shirley Kevin Swisher Episode: "Lightning Man"
CHiPs Tommy Episode: "Ice Cream Man"
1984 Simon & Simon Patrick Jessup Episode: "Almost Completely Out of Circulation"
1985 Call to Glory Boy in French Class Episode: "JFK: Part Two"
CBS Storybreak voice
2 episodes: "How to Eat Fried Worms" and "C.L.U.T.Z."
Family Ties Adam Galardner Episode: "Designated Hitter"
1986 Wildfire additional voices
Awards and nominations[edit]
1980 - Young Artist Award for Best Juvenile Actor in a TV Series or Special - Nominated
1985 - Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture - Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama - Nominated
1985 - Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor - Won
1986 - Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Actor - Animation Voice Over - Nominated
See also[edit]
List of former child actors from the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "1st Annual Awards".
Jump up ^ "6th Annual Awards".
Jump up ^ Past Saturn Awards Archived May 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Noah Hathaway interview - Boxey - Battlestar Galactica".
Jump up ^ "Ad of the Day: Falkor From The NeverEnding Story Soars as Spotify's New Spokesdragon". AdWeek. 28 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Maria Lewis (13 June 2012). "The NeverEnding Story star Noah Hathaway's advice for child stars". The Advertiser. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Neverending Story II: The Next Chapter (1990)". IMDb.
Bibliography[edit]
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995, Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 389-390.
External links[edit]
Noah Hathaway on IMDb
Noah Hathaway's official website Note: This site is still listed as under construction as of April 2013. It does not appear to have been updated since 2008.
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Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor
Noah Hathaway (1984)
Barret Oliver (1985)
Carrie Henn (1986)
Kirk Cameron (1987)
Fred Savage (1988)
Adan Jodorowsky (1989/90)
Edward Furlong (1991)
Scott Weinger (1992)
Elijah Wood (1993)
Kirsten Dunst (1994)
Christina Ricci (1995)
Lucas Black (1996)
Jena Malone (1997)
Tobey Maguire (1998)
Haley Joel Osment (1999)
Devon Sawa (2000)
Haley Joel Osment (2001)
Tyler Hoechlin (2002)
Jeremy Sumpter (2003)
Emmy Rossum (2004)
Dakota Fanning (2005)
Ivana Baquero (2006)
Freddie Highmore (2007)
Jaden Smith (2008)
Saoirse Ronan (2009)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2010)
Joel Courtney (2011)
Suraj Sharma (2012)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2013)
Mackenzie Foy (2014)
Ty Simpkins (2015)
Tom Holland (2016)
Tom Holland (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNE: XX1749967
BNF: cb14023352x (data)
GND: 1061889300
ISNI: 0000 0001 2018 2436
LCCN: nr2002016255
SUDOC: 146495020
VIAF: 69128530
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noah_Hathaway&oldid=849803984"
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