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People's Party (United States)
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This article is about the American political party, also known as the Populists, which existed from 1891 to 1919. For other American and worldwide parties using the term "populists", see Populist Party. For 1850s groups in Ohio and Indiana affiliated with the Anti-Nebraska movement and Know-Nothing party, see Fusion Party. For the American party with the same name which was active in the 1970s, see People's Party (United States, 1971). For the party existing in the Utah Territory from 1870–1891, see People's Party (Utah).
People's Party
Leader
James B. Weaver
William Jennings Bryan
Thomas E. Watson
Founded
1891 (1891)
Dissolved
1908 (1908)
Preceded by
Farmers' Alliance
Greenback Party
Union Labor Party
Merged into
Farmer-Labor Party
Democratic Party
Progressive Party
Ideology
Agrarianism
Bimetallism
Populism
Political position
Left-wing
Politics of United States
Political parties
Elections
The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or the Populists, was an agrarian-populist political party in the United States. For a few years, from 1892 to 1896, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politics. It was merged into the Democratic Party in 1896; a small independent remnant survived until 1908. It drew support from angry farmers in the West and South. It was highly critical of banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement.[1][2][3]
Established in 1891, as a result of the Populist movement, the People's Party reached its peak in the 1892 presidential election, when its ticket, composed of James B. Weaver and James G. Field, won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried five states (Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Nevada and North Dakota), and the 1894 House of Representatives elections, when it took over 10% of the vote. Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the Plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the Populists represented a radical combination of agrarianism and urbanism with hostility to banks, landowners, Eastern elites, railroads, and the gold standard.[4]
Though Henry George refused to campaign for the Populist Party, many of his supporters did, which created a contest for power between Georgists and socialists in states such as Illinois, where Clarence Darrow lobbied for the Georgist 'single-taxers'. Another major Georgist figure in the People's Party was Congressman "Sockless Jerry" Simpson from Kansas. The Texas Farmers' Alliance and the Texas People's Party both adopted Georgist planks in their platforms.[5] In more urban states such as New York, the Georgist wing reportedly "practically dominated" the People's Party.[6] Other state branches of the People's Party adopted less radical land tax planks in their platforms.[7]
The party sometimes allied with labor unions in the North and Republicans in the South. In the 1896 presidential elections the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan, adding their own vice presidential nominee. By joining with the Democrats, the People's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away.
Later, after the dissolution of the party, the term populist acquired a generic meaning and throughout most of the 20th century and into the 21st, the term means, "a believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the common people."[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Formation
2 Presidential election of 1896
3 Populist-GOP fusion in North Carolina
4 Collapse
5 Debate by historians over populism
6 Electoral history
6.1 Presidential elections
6.2 Congressional elections
7 Elected officials
7.1 Governors
7.2 United States Congress
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
11.1 Contemporary accounts
11.2 Party publications and materials
11.3 Secondary sources
Formation[edit]
People's Party candidate nominating convention held at Columbus, Nebraska, July 15, 1890
A People's Party grew out of a large mood of agrarian unrest in response to low agricultural prices in the South and the trans-Mississippi West, as well as thought that the "Eastern Elites" were taking advantage of the farmers by charging higher rates on loans and trains.[10] The Farmers' Alliance, formed in Lampasas, Texas, in 1876, promoted collective economic action by farmers and achieved widespread popularity in the South and Great Plains. The Farmers' Alliance ultimately did not achieve its wider economic goals of collective economic action against brokers, railroads, and merchants, and many in the movement advocated for changes in national policy. By the late 1880s, the Alliance had developed a political agenda that called for regulation and reform in national politics, most notably an opposition to the gold standard to counter the high deflation in agricultural prices in relation to other goods such as farm implements.
In 1886, an entirely different "People's Party" elected 6 assemblymen to the Wisconsin State Assembly and 1 senator to the Wisconsin State Senate. However this was a labor party, and by the 1888 elections it was using the Union Labor Party label.
In December 1888 the National Agricultural Wheel and the Southern Farmer’s Alliance met at Meridian, Mississippi, where the national farmers convention was held that year. In that meeting they decided to consolidate the two parties pending ratification. This consolidation gave the organization a new name, the Farmers and Laborers’ Union of America, and by 1889 the merger had been ratified, although there were conflicts between “conservative” Alliance men and “political” Wheelers in Texas and Arkansas, which delayed the unification in these states until 1890 and 1891 respectively. The merger eventually united white Southern Alliance and Wheel members, but it would not include African American members of agricultural organizations.[11]
During their move towards consolidation in 1889, the leaders of both Southern Farmers’ Alliance and the Agricultural Wheel organizations contacted Terence V. Powderly, leader of the Knights of Labor. “This contact between leaders of the farmers’ movement and Powderly helped pave the way for a series of reform conferences held between December 1889 and July 1892 that resulted in the formation of the national People’s (or Populist) Party.”[12]
1892 People's Party campaign poster promoting James Weaver for President of the United States
The drive to create a new political party out of the movement arose from the belief that the two major parties, Democrats and Republicans, were controlled by bankers, landowners and elites hostile to the needs of the small farmer. The movement reached its peak in 1892 when the party held a convention chaired by Frances Willard (leader of the WCTU and a friend of Powderly's)[13] in Omaha, Nebraska and nominated candidates for the national election.
The party's platform, commonly known as the Omaha Platform, called for the abolition of national banks, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, civil service reform, a working day of eight hours and Government control of all railroads, telegraphs, and telephones. In the 1892 Presidential election, James B. Weaver received 1,027,329 votes. Weaver carried four states (Colorado, Kansas, Idaho, and Nevada) and received electoral votes from Oregon and North Dakota as well.
The party flourished most among farmers in the Southwest and Great Plains, as well as making significant gains in the South, where they faced an uphill battle given the firmly entrenched monopoly of the Democratic Party. Success was often obtained through electoral fusion, with the Democrats outside the South, but with alliances with the Republicans in Southern states like Alabama, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas.[14] For example, in the elections of 1894, a coalition of Populists and Republicans led by Populist Marion Butler swept state and local offices in North Carolina, and the coalition would go on to elect Republican Daniel Lindsay Russell as Governor in 1896.[15]
Quite separate from the Populists were the Silverites in the western mining states, who demanded Free silver to solve the Panic of 1893. By allowing the coining of silver coins, they hoped to make the value of the money more than what it represented, which would lead to inflation of the currency, and thus, reduce the debt of the farmers to the Eastern Elites. This idea led former Greenback Party members to join the Populist Party.
The Populists followed the Prohibition Party in actively including women in their affairs. Some southern Populists, including Thomas E. Watson of Georgia, openly talked of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic self-interest. Regardless of these rhetoric appeals, however, racism did not evade the People's Party. Prominent Populist Party leaders such as Marion Butler, a United States Senator from North Carolina, at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of white supremacy, and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint among the rank-and-file of the party's membership.[16] After 1900 Watson himself became an outspoken white supremacist and became the party's presidential nominee in 1904 and 1908, winning 117,000 and 29,000 votes.
Presidential election of 1896[edit]
In 1896, the 36-year-old William Jennings Bryan was the chosen candidate resulting from the fusion of the Democrats and the People's Party.
By 1896, the Democratic Party took up many of the People's Party's causes at the national level, and the party began to fade from national prominence. In that year's presidential election, the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan, who focused on the free silver issue as a solution to the economic depression and the maldistribution of power. One of the great orators of the day, Bryan generated enormous excitement among Democrats with his "Cross of Gold" speech, and appeared in the middle of 1896 to have a good chance of winning the election, if the Populists voted for him.
The Populists had the choice of endorsing Bryan or running their own candidate. After great infighting at their St. Louis convention they decided to endorse Bryan but with their own vice presidential nominee, Thomas E. Watson of Georgia. Watson was cautiously open to cooperation, but after the election would recant any hope he had in the possibility of cooperation as a viable tool.[17] Bryan's strength was based on the traditional Democratic vote (minus the middle class and German Catholics); he swept the old Populist strongholds in the west and South, and added the silverite states in the west, but did poorly in the industrial heartland. He lost to Republican William McKinley by a margin of 600,000 votes and lost again in a rematch in 1900 by a larger margin. Historians believe this was because of the tactics Bryan used, which had not been used before; he had aggressively "run" for president, while traditional candidates would use "front porch campaigns." [18]
Populist-GOP fusion in North Carolina[edit]
In 1894-96 the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South. The most dramatic impact came in North Carolina, where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party, then largely controlled by blacks in the low country, and poor whites in the mountain districts. They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896, and the governorship in 1896. Restrictive rules on voting were repealed. In 1895 the Legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage, naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts, as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen. They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman, and state patronage from the governor.[19]
Collapse[edit]
The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896, and national fusion with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party in the South. National alliance with the Democrats sapped the ability of the Populists to fight the Democrats locally in the South. Early on, this was less of an issue in the Western states where Republicans were strong, as the Democratic-Populist alliance was a more natural fit there, but eventually ended the party.
In North Carolina, the state Democratic-party orchestrated propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state, and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP, the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898, and white Democrats returned to power. The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a major race riot in Wilmington, in 1898, two days after the election. Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature, the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome. They attacked and overcame the Fusionists; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods, shooting, killing, burning buildings, and making a special target of the black newspaper.[20] There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level. By 1900, the gains of the populist-Republican coalition were reversed, and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement[21]: practically all blacks lost their vote. The Populist/Republican alliance which had governed North Carolina, the only state in which it had any success, fell apart.
Tennessee’s Populist Party was demoralized by a diminishing membership, and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state-level enemy (the Democrats) or the national foe (the Republicans and Wall Street). By 1900 the People’s Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was.[22] A similar pattern was repeated elsewhere throughout the South, where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats, including in Watson's Georgia.
In 1900, while many Populist voters supported Bryan again, the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of Wharton Barker and Ignatius L. Donnelly, and disbanded afterwards. Populist activists either retired from politics, joined a major party, or followed Eugene Debs into his new Socialist Party. In 1904, the party was re-organized, and Thomas E. Watson was their nominee for president in 1904 and in 1908, after which the party disbanded again.
In A Preface to Politics, published in 1913, Walter Lippmann wrote, "As I write, a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place. Eight delegates attended the meeting, which was held in a parlor."[23] This may record the last gasp of the party organization.
Debate by historians over populism[edit]
Since the 1890s historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism; most scholars have been liberals[citation needed] who admired the Populists for their attacks on banks and railroads. Some historians see a close link between the Populists of the 1890s and the progressives of 1900-1912, but most of the leading progressives (except Bryan himself) fiercely opposed Populism. For example, Theodore Roosevelt, George W. Norris, Robert La Follette Sr., William Allen White and Woodrow Wilson all strongly opposed Populism. It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic party during the New Deal era. The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts (like Henry Wallace) who had nothing to do with Populism.[24]
People's Party campaign poster from 1904 touting the candidacy of Thomas E. Watson
Some historians see the populists as forward-looking liberal reformers. Others view them as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past. For some they were radicals out to restructure American life, and for others they were economically hard-pressed agrarians seeking government relief. Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism's debt to early American republicanism.[25] Clanton (1991) stresses that Populism was "the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Lincolnian democracy." This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age's dominant ideology.[26]
Frederick Jackson Turner and a succession of western historians depicted the Populist as responding to the closure of the frontier. Turner explained:
The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer, on his latest frontier. The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance. Taken as a whole, Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends.[27]
The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks, who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals, presenting Populism as interest group politics, with have-nots demanding their fair share of America's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators. Hicks emphasized the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers, but also pointed to financial manipulations, deflation in prices caused by the gold standard, high interest rates, mortgage foreclosures, and high railroad rates. Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution, a point that later students of republicanism emphasized.[28]
In the 1930s C. Vann Woodward stressed the southern base, seeing the possibility of a black-and-white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich. Georgia politician Tom Watson served as Woodward's hero.[29] In the 1950s, however, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. He discounted third party links to Progressivism and argued that Populists were provincial, conspiracy-minded, and had a tendency toward scapegoatism that manifested itself as nativism, anti-Semitism, anti-intellectualism, and Anglophobia. The antithesis of anti-modern Populism was modernizing Progressivism according to Hofstadter's model, with such leading progressives as Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette Sr., George Norris and Woodrow Wilson pointed as having been vehement enemies of Populism, though William Jennings Bryan did cooperate with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896.[30]
Michael Kazin's The Populist Persuasion (1995) argued that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930s and Governor George Wallace in the 1960s.
Goodwyn (1976)[31] and Postel (2007) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern. Quite the reverse, they argue, the Populists aggressively sought self-consciously progressive goals. Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter’s reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists, working instead with the material generated by the Populists themselves. Goodwyn determined that the farmers’ cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture, and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy, which propelled them into politics. The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale incorporated businesses, and pressed for an array of state-centered reforms. Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism seeking a more modern life, education, and employment in schools and offices. A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers, forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state. Progress, however, was also menacing and inhumane, Postel notes. White Populists embraced social-Darwinist notions of racial improvement, Chinese exclusion and separate-but-equal.[32]
Populists saw the Panic of 1893 as confirmation that evil global conspiracies and big city villains were to blame. Historian Hasia Diner says:
Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption.[33]
Electoral history[edit]
Presidential elections[edit]
Election
Candidate
Running mate
Votes
Vote %
Electoral votes
+/-
Outcome of election
1892
James B. Weaver James G. Field 1,026,595 8.51
22 / 444
New Lost
1896
—a[›] Thomas E. Watson 222,583 1.59
27 / 447
5 Lost
1900
Wharton Barker Ignatius L. Donnelly 50,989 0.36
0 / 447
27 Lost
1904
Thomas E. Watson Thomas Tibbles 114,070 0.84
0 / 476
0 Lost
1908
Thomas E. Watson Samuel Williams 28,862 0.19
0 / 483
0 Lost
^ a: Endorsed Democratic William Jennings Bryan as President.
Congressional elections[edit]
United States
House of Representatives
Election year
No. of
overall seats won
+/–
House Speaker
1890
8 / 332
New Charles Frederick Crisp
1892
11 / 356
3
1894
9 / 357
2 Thomas Brackett Reed
1896
22 / 357
13
1898
6 / 357
16 David B. Henderson
1900
5 / 357
1
United States
Senate
Election year
Seats
before
Seats
after
+/–
Senate President
1890/1891
0 / 85
1 / 85
New Levi P. Morton
1892/1893
2 / 88
3 / 88
1
1894/1895
3 / 88
4 / 88
1 Adlai Stevenson I
1896/1897
4 / 90
5 / 90
1
1898/1899
5 / 90
4 / 90
1 Garret Hobart
1900/1901
5 / 90
4 / 90
1 Vacantb[›]
1902/1903
2 / 90
0 / 90
2 Theodore Roosevelt
^ b: Office left vacant when Garret Hobart died on November 21, 1899.
Elected officials[edit]
Governors[edit]
Colorado: Davis Hanson Waite, 1893–1895
Idaho: Frank Steunenberg, 1897–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
Kansas: Lorenzo D. Lewelling, 1893–1895
Kansas: John W. Leedy, 1897–1899
Nebraska: Silas A. Holcomb, 1895–1899 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
Nebraska: William A. Poynter, 1899–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
North Carolina: Daniel Lindsay Russell, 1897–1901 (coalition of Republicans and Populists)
Oregon: Sylvester Pennoyer, 1887–1895 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
South Dakota: Andrew E. Lee, 1897–1901
Tennessee: John P. Buchanan, 1891–1893
Washington: John Rogers, 1897–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
United States Congress[edit]
Approximately forty-five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902. These included six United States Senators:
William A. Peffer and William A. Harris from Kansas
Marion Butler of North Carolina
James H. Kyle from South Dakota
Henry Heitfeld of Idaho
William V. Allen from Nebraska
The following were Populist members of the U.S. House of Representatives:
52nd United States Congress
Thomas E. Watson, Georgia's 10th congressional district
Benjamin Hutchinson Clover, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
John Grant Otis, Kansas's 4th congressional district
John Davis, Kansas's 5th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas's 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
Kittel Halvorson, Minnesota's 6th congressional district
William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
53rd United States Congress
Haldor Boen, Minnesota's 7th congressional district
Marion Cannon, California's 6th congressional district
Lafayette Pence, Colorado's 1st congressional district
John Calhoun Bell, Colorado's 2nd congressional district
Thomas Jefferson Hudson, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
John Davis, Kansas' 5th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas' 7th congressional district
William A. Harris, Kansas Member-at-large
William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
54th United States Congress
Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
Milford W. Howard, Alabama's 7th congressional district
William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
Charles H. Martin (1848–1931), North Carolina's 6th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
55th United States Congress
Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
Charles A. Barlow, California's 6th congressional district
Curtis H. Castle, California's 7th congressional district
James Gunn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
Mason Summers Peters, Kansas's 2nd congressional district
Edwin Reed Ridgely, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
William Davis Vincent, Kansas's 5th congressional district
Nelson B. McCormick, Kansas's 6th congressional district
Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
Jeremiah Dunham Botkin, Kansas Member-at-large
Samuel Maxwell, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
John E. Fowler, North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
Charles H. Martin, North Carolina's 5th congressional district
Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
John Edward Kelley, South Dakota's 1st congressional district
Freeman T. Knowles, South Dakota's 2nd congressional district
56th United States Congress
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
John W. Atwater, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
57th United States Congress
Thomas L. Glenn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
Caldwell Edwards, Montana's 1st congressional district
William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
William Neville, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
See also[edit]
Greenback Party
Left-wing populism
List of political parties in the United States
Political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
Bryant W. Bailey, Louisiana Populist
William Jennings Bryan, leading Populist politician
Annie Le Porte Diggs (1853-1916), Populist advocate
Leonard M. Landsborough, California Populist
Bring the Jubilee, novel by Ward Moore set in a parallel universe where the Confederacy won the Southern War of Independence and the right-wing Whigs and the left-wing Populists replace the Democratic and Republican parties as the two main political parties in the rump United States, with William Jennings Bryan mentioned as a former three-term president
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter Knight (1 January 2003). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
Jump up ^ Norman Pollack (1 January 1976). The Populist Response to Industrial America: Midwestern Populist Thought. Harvard University Press. pp. 11–12.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Bruce (1980). "Man Over Money": the Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1427-X.
Jump up ^ Schwantes, Carlos A. (1976). Left-wing Unionism in the Pacific Northwest: A Comparative History of Organized Labor and Socialist Politics in Washington and British Columbia. University of Michigan - Labor Unions. p. 180. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Postel, Charles (2007). The populist vision. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195384717.
Jump up ^ Post, Louis Freeland (1904). The Public, Issues 314-365. The Public. p. 471. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Miller, Joseph Dana (1904). The Single Tax Review, Volume 4. The Single Tax Review. p. 42. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Webster's ninth new collegiate dictionary, Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1983
Jump up ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". Oxford English Dictionary Online. 1989. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Foner, Eric (2005). Give Me Liberty! An American History, Volume Two Second Edition. W. W. Norton & Company, New York, London.
Jump up ^ Hild, Matthew (2007). Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists, Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South. The University of Georgia Press, Athens & London.
Jump up ^ Hild, Matthew (2007). Greenbackers, Knights of Labor, and Populists, Farmer-Labor Insurgency in the Late-Nineteenth-Century South.The University of Georgia Press, Athens & London, p. 123.
Jump up ^ Gusfield, Joseph (1963). Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement The University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Chicago & London, p. 78, 93.
Jump up ^ http://history.missouristate.edu/wrmiller/Populism/Texts/bibliography.htm
Jump up ^ William S. Powell, "Marion Butler", Dictionary of North Carolina Biography (1979)
Jump up ^ James L. Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism (2003), pp. 3-7
Jump up ^ James L. Hunt, Marion Butler and American Populism (2003), pp. 4-6.
Jump up ^ R. Hal Williams, Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (2010)
Jump up ^ Helen G. Edmonds, The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901 (1951). pp 97-136
Jump up ^ Andrea Meryl Kirshenbaum, "'The Vampire That Hovers Over North Carolina': Gender, White Supremacy, and the Wilmington Race Riot of 1898," Southern Cultures 4#3 (1998) pp. 6-30 online
Jump up ^ Eric Anderson, Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901 (1981)
Jump up ^ Connie L. Lester, Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, and Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915 (2007)
Jump up ^ Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Politics, New York and London: Mitchell Kennerley, 1913, p. 275.
Jump up ^ For a summary or how historians approach the topic see Worth Robert Miller, "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism." Kansas History 1993 16(1): 54-69.
Jump up ^ See Worth Robert Miller, "The Republican Tradition," in Miller, Oklahoma Populism: A History of the People's Party in the Oklahoma Territory (1987) online edition
Jump up ^ Gene Clanton, Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900 (1991) p, xv
Jump up ^ Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History, (1920) p. 148; online edition
Jump up ^ Martin Ridge, "Populism Revolt: John D. Hicks and The Populist Revolt," Reviews in American History 13 (March 1985): 142-54.
Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938); Woodward, "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics," The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14-33 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (1955)
Jump up ^ Goodwyn, Lawrence (1976). Democratic promise: the populist moment in America. Oxford University Press. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Charles Postel, The Populist Vision (2007)
Jump up ^ Hasia R. Diner (2004). The Jews of the United States, 1654 to 2000. U. of California Press. p. 170.
Further reading[edit]
Beeby, James M. Revolt of the Tar Heels: The North Carolina Populist Movement, 1890–1901 (2008)
Clanton, Gene. Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900 (1991).
Formisano, Ronald P. For the People: American Populist Movements from the Revolution to the 1850s (2009), populist movements flourished long before People's Party began
Goodwyn, Lawrence. The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America. (1978).
Hackney, Sheldon, ed. Populism: The Critical Issues (1971).
Hicks, John D. "The Sub-Treasury: A Forgotten Plan for the Relief of Agriculture". Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Dec., 1928), pp. 355–373. in JSTOR.
Hicks, John D. The Populist Revolt: A History of the Farmers' Alliance and the People's Party Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1931.
Kazin, Michael. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. New (1995).
Knoles, George Harmon. "Populism and Socialism, with Special Reference to the Election of 1892," Pacific Historical Review, vol. 12, no. 3 (Sept. 1943), pp. 295–304. In JSTOR
Lester, Connie. Up from the Mudsills of Hell: The Farmers' Alliance, Populism, And Progressive Agriculture in Tennessee, 1870-1915. University of Georgia Press, 2006.
McMath, Robert C., Jr. American Populism: A Social History, 1877-1898. (1993).
Miller, Worth Robert. "A Centennial Historiography of American Populism." Kansas History 1993 16(1): 54-69. online edition
Miller, Worth Robert. "Farmers and Third-Party Politics in Late Nineteenth Century America," in Charles W. Calhoun, ed. The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (1995) online edition
Nugent, Walter T. K. The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1962.
Peterson, James. "The Trade Unions and the Populist Party," Science & Society, vol. 8, no. 2 (Spring 1944), pp. 143–160. In JSTOR.
Postel, Charles. The Populist Vision (2007).
Rogers, William Warren The One-Gallused Rebellion: Agrarianism in Alabama, 1865-1896. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1970.
Stock, Catherine McNicol. Rural Radicals: Righteous Rage in the American Grain. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1996.
Woodward, C. Vann. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (1938) online edition
Woodward, C. Vann. "Tom Watson and the Negro in Agrarian Politics," The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Feb., 1938), pp. 14–33 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
40 original Populist cartoons, primary sources
Peffer, William A. "The Mission of the Populist Party," The North American Review (Dec 1993) v. 157 #445 pp 665–679; full text online. important policy statement by leading Populist senator
People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898 96 p., official party pamphlet for North Carolina election of 1898
Populist, republican and Democratic cartoons, 189s election, primary sources
Populist Party timeline and texts; edited by Professor Edwards, secondary and primary sources
Contemporary accounts[edit]
Gompers, Samuel (July 1892). "Organized Labor in the Campaign". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 155 (428): 91–97. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Dolph, Senator Joseph N. (January 1893). "Does the Republican Party Need Reorganization?,". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 156 (434): 54–61. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Peffer, Senator William A. (December 1893). "The Mission of the Populist Party". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 157 (445): 665–679. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Lewelling, L. D. (January 1895). "Problems Before the Western Farmer". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 160 (458): 16–21. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Stahl, John M. (September 1896). "Are the Farmers Populists?". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 163 (478): 266–276. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Trent, W. P. (January 1897). "Dominant Forces in Southern Life". The Atlantic Monthly. University of Northern Iowa. 79 (471): 42–53. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Turner, Frederick J. (April 1897). "Dominant Forces in Western Life". The Atlantic Monthly. University of Northern Iowa. 79 (474): 433–443. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Peffer, Senator William A. (January 1898). "The Passing of the People's Party". The North American review. University of Northern Iowa. 166 (494): 12–24. Retrieved 2006-10-09.
Party publications and materials[edit]
The People's Advocate (1892-1900), digitized copies of the Populist Party's newspaper in Washington State, from The Labor Press Project.
Populist Cartoon Index. Archived at Missouri State University. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
Buttons, tokens and ribbons of the Populist Party. Reprinted from Issue 19, Buttons and Ballots, Fall 1998. Retrieved August 26, 2006.
People's Party Hand-Book of Facts. Campaign of 1898: Electronic Edition. Populist Party (N.C.). State Executive Committee. Reformated and reprinted by the University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Populist materials online courtesy University Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Secondary sources[edit]
The Populist Movement in the United States by Anna Rochester, 1943.
Farmers, the Populist Party, and Mississippi (1870-1900). By Kenneth G. McCarty. Published by Mississippi History Now a project of the Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
The Populist Party in Nebraska. Published by the Nebraskastudies.org, a project of the Nebraska Department of Education.
Fusion Politics. The Populist Party in North Carolina. A project of the John Locke Foundation. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
The Decline of the Cotton Farmer. Anecdotal account of rise and fall of Farmers Alliance and Populist Party in Texas.
"Populist Party". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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1966 FIFA World Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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1966 FIFA World Cup
World Cup 1966
1966 FIFA World Cup official logo
Tournament details
Host country
England
Dates
11–30 July (20 days)
Teams
16 (from 4 confederations)
Venue(s)
8 (in 7 host cities)
Final positions
Champions
England (1st title)
Runners-up
West Germany
Third place
Portugal
Fourth place
Soviet Union
Tournament statistics
Matches played
32
Goals scored
89 (2.78 per match)
Attendance
1,563,135 (48,848 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Eusébio (9 goals)
Best young player
Franz Beckenbauer
← 1962
1970 →
The 1966 FIFA World Cup, the eighth staging of the World Cup, was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England beat West Germany 4–2 in the final, winning the Jules Rimet Trophy. With this victory, England won their first FIFA World Cup title and became the third World Cup host to win the tournament after Uruguay in 1930 and Italy in 1934.
The 1966 Final, held at Wembley Stadium,[1] was the last to be broadcast in black and white.[2] The tournament held a FIFA record for the largest average attendance, for 28 years, until it was surpassed by the United States in 1994.
Contents
[hide]
1 Host selection
2 Qualification
2.1 African boycott
2.2 List of qualified teams
3 Format
4 Summary
4.1 First round
4.2 Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and third-place match
4.3 Final
5 Mascot
6 Venues
7 Match officials
8 Seeding
9 Squads
10 Results
10.1 Group stage
10.1.1 Group 1
10.1.2 Group 2
10.1.3 Group 3
10.1.4 Group 4
10.2 Knockout stage
10.2.1 Quarter-finals
10.2.2 Semi-finals
10.2.3 Third-place match
10.2.4 Final
11 Goalscorers
11.1 All-star team
12 FIFA retrospective ranking
13 References
14 External links
Host selection[edit]
Main article: FIFA World Cup hosts
England was chosen as host of the 1966 World Cup in Rome, Italy on 22 August 1960, over rival bids from West Germany and Spain.
Qualification[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup qualification
Despite the Africans' absence, there was another new record number of entries for the qualifying tournament, with 70 nations taking part. After all the arguments, FIFA finally ruled that ten teams from Europe would qualify, along with four from South America, one from Asia and one from North and Central America.
Portugal and North Korea qualified for the first time. Portugal would not qualify again until 1986, while North Korea's next appearance was at the 2010 tournament. This was also Switzerland's last World Cup finals until 1994. Notable absentees from this tournament included 1962 semi-finalists Yugoslavia and 1962 finalists Czechoslovakia.
African boycott[edit]
Thirty-one African nations boycotted the tournament to protest a 1964 FIFA ruling that required the three second-round winners from the African zone to enter a play-off round against the winners of the Asian zone in order to qualify for the World Cup, as they felt winning their zone was enough in itself to merit qualification. They also protested against the readmission of South Africa to FIFA in 1963, despite its expulsion from CAF due to the apartheid regime in 1958.
South Africa was subsequently assigned to the Asia and Oceania qualifying group before being disqualified after being suspended again due to pressure from other African nations in October 1964. Despite this, after FIFA refused to change the qualifying format, the African teams decided anyway to pull out of the World Cup until at least one African team had a place assured in the World Cup, something which was put in place for the 1970 FIFA World Cup and all subsequent World Cup finals.[3]
List of qualified teams[edit]
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.
AFC (1)
North Korea
CAF (0)
None qualified
OFC (0)
None qualified
CONCACAF (1)
Mexico
CONMEBOL (4)
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Uruguay
UEFA (10)
Bulgaria
England (hosts)
France
Hungary
Italy
Portugal
Soviet Union
Spain
Switzerland
West Germany
Qualification for 1966 FIFA World Cup
FIFA members qualified for World Cup (including colonies)
FIFA members that failed to qualify
FIFA members that did not enter World Cup
Countries not members of FIFA in 1966
Format[edit]
The format of the 1966 competition remained the same as 1962: 16 qualified teams were divided into four groups of four. Each group played a round-robin format. Two points were awarded for a win and one point for a draw, with goal average used to separate teams equal on points. The top two teams in each group advanced to the knockout stage.
In the knockout games, if the teams were tied after 90 minutes, 30 minutes of extra time were played. For any match other than the final, if the teams were still tied after extra time, lots would be drawn to determine the winner. The final would have been replayed if tied after extra time. In the event, no replays or drawing of lots was necessary.
Summary[edit]
The 1966 World Cup had a rather unusual hero off the field, a dog called Pickles. In the build-up to the tournament, the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition display. A nationwide hunt for the icon ensued. It was later discovered wrapped in newspaper as the dog sniffed under some bushes in London. The FA commissioned a replica cup in case the original cup was not found in time. This replica is held at the English National Football Museum in Manchester, where it is on display.[4]
The draw for the final tournament, taking place on 6 January 1966 at the Royal Garden Hotel in London was the first ever to be televised, with England, West Germany, Brazil and Italy as seeds.[5]
The opening match took place on Monday 11 July. With the exception of the first tournament, which commenced on 13 July 1930, every other tournament (up to and including 2018) has commenced in May or June. The final took place on 30 July 1966, the 36th anniversary of the first final. This remains the latest date that any tournament has concluded. The reason for the unusually late scheduling of the tournament appears to lie with the outside broadcast commitments of the BBC, which also had commitments to cover Wimbledon (which ran between 20 June and 2 July) and the Open Golf Championship (6 to 9 July).
First round[edit]
Wolfgang Weber (left) and Luis Artime during the Germany v. Argentina match
1966 was a World Cup with few goals as the teams began to play much more tactically and defensively. This was exemplified by Alf Ramsey's England as they finished top of Group 1 with only four goals, but having none scored against them. They also became the first World Cup winning team not to win its first game in the tournament. Uruguay were the other team to qualify from that group at the expense of both Mexico and France. All the group's matches were played at Wembley Stadium apart from the match between Uruguay and France which took place at White City Stadium. In Group 2, West Germany and Argentina qualified with ease as they both finished the group with 5 points, Spain managed 2, while Switzerland left the competition after losing all three group matches. FIFA cautioned Argentina for its violent style in the group games, particularly in the scoreless draw with West Germany, which saw Argentinean Rafael Albrecht get sent off and suspended for the next match.[6][7]
In the northwest of England, Old Trafford and Goodison Park played host to Group 3 which saw the two-time defending champions Brazil finish in third place behind Portugal and Hungary, and be eliminated along with Bulgaria. Brazil were defeated 3–1 by Hungary in a classic encounter before falling by the same scoreline to Portugal in a controversial game; this was Brazil's worst performance in any World Cup until the Mineirazo. Portugal appeared in the finals for the first time, and made quite an impact. They won all three of their games in the group stage, with a lot of help from their outstanding striker Eusébio, whose nine goals made him the tournament's top scorer.
Group 4, however, provided the biggest upset when North Korea beat Italy 1–0 at Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough and finished above them, thus earning qualification to the next round along with the Soviet Union. This was the first time that a nation from outside Europe or the Americas had progressed from the first stage of a World Cup: the next would be Morocco in 1986.
Quarter-finals, semi-finals, and third-place match[edit]
Results of 1966 FIFA World Cup
Champion Runner-up 3rd place 4th place 1/4-finals Group stage
The quarter-finals provided a controversial victory for West Germany as they cruised past Uruguay 4–0; the South Americans claimed that this occurred only after the referee (who was Jim Finney, from England) had not recognised a handball by Schnellinger on the goal line and then had sent off two players from Uruguay: Horacio Troche and Héctor Silva.[8] It appeared as though the surprise package North Korea would claim another major upset in their match against Portugal at Goodison Park, when after 22 minutes they led 3–0. It fell to one of the greatest stars of the tournament, Eusébio, to change that. He scored four goals in the game and José Augusto added a fifth in the 78th minute to earn Portugal a 5–3 win.
Meanwhile, in the other two games, Ferenc Bene's late goal for Hungary against the Soviet Union, who were led by Lev Yashin's stellar goalkeeping, proved little more than a consolation as they crashed out 2–1, and the only goal between Argentina and England came courtesy of England's Geoff Hurst. During that controversial game (for more details see Argentina and England football rivalry), Argentina's Antonio Rattín became the first player to be sent off in a senior international football match at Wembley.[9] Rattín at first refused to leave the field and eventually had to be escorted by several policemen. After 30 minutes England scored the only goal of the match. This game is called el robo del siglo (the robbery of the century) in Argentina.[10]
Eusébio finished as the tournament's top scorer, and also featured in the all-star team
All semi-finalists were from Europe. The venue of the first semi-final between England and Portugal was changed from Goodison Park in Liverpool to Wembley, due to Wembley's larger capacity. This larger capacity was particularly significant during a time when ticket revenue was of crucial importance.[11] Bobby Charlton scored both goals in England's win, with Portugal's goal coming from a penalty in the 82nd minute after a handball by Jack Charlton on the goal line.[12][13] The other semi-final also finished 2–1: Franz Beckenbauer scoring the winning goal with a left foot shot from the edge of the area for West Germany as they beat the Soviet Union.[14]
Portugal went on to beat the Soviet Union 2–1 to take third place. Portugal's third place remains the best finish by a team making its World Cup debut since 1934. It was subsequently equalled by Croatia in the 1998 tournament.
Final[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
London's Wembley Stadium was the venue for the final, and 98,000 people attended. After 12 minutes 32 seconds Helmut Haller put West Germany ahead, but the score was levelled by Geoff Hurst four minutes later. Martin Peters put England in the lead in the 78th minute; England looked set to claim the title when the referee awarded a free kick to West Germany with one minute left. The ball was launched goalward and Wolfgang Weber scored, with England appealing in vain for handball as the ball came through the crowded penalty area.[15]
With the score level at 2–2 at the end of 90 minutes, the game went to extra time. In the 98th minute, Hurst found himself on the scoresheet again; his shot hit the crossbar, bounced down onto the goal line, and was awarded as a goal. Debate has long raged over whether the ball crossed the line, with the goal becoming part of World Cup history; Ian Reid and Andrew Zisserman claim to prove that the ball did not cross the line.[16] England's final goal was scored by Hurst again, as a celebratory pitch invasion began. This made Geoff Hurst the only player ever to have scored three times in a World Cup final.[15] BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme's description of the match's closing moments has gone down in history: "Some people are on the pitch. They think it's all over ... [Hurst scores] It is now!".[17]
England's total of eleven goals scored in six games set a new record low for average goals per game scored by a World Cup winning team. The record stood until 1982, when it was surpassed by Italy's twelve goals in seven games; in 2010 this record was lowered again by Spain, winning the Cup with eight goals in seven games. England's total of three goals conceded also constituted a record low for average goals per game conceded by a World Cup winning team. That record stood until 1994, when it was surpassed by Brazil's three goals in seven games. Spain again lowered the record to two goals by conceding them during the group stage and then shutting out its four knockout stage opponents by 1–0 scores.
England received the recovered Jules Rimet trophy from Elizabeth II and were crowned World Cup winners for the first time.[15]
In this World Cup edition, the national anthems were played only in the final. They were not played in the earlier matches because the organisers (Fifa and the FA) feared that North Korea's presence - a socialist country that is not recognized by United Kingdom - in the World Cup would cause problems with South Korea. An office memo of the Foreign Office months before the finals stated that the solution would be "denying the visas to North Korean players".[18]
Mascot[edit]
World Cup Willie, the mascot for the 1966 competition, was the first World Cup mascot, and one of the first mascots to be associated with a major sporting competition. World Cup Willie is a lion, a typical symbol of the United Kingdom, wearing a Union Flag jersey emblazoned with the words "WORLD CUP".
Venues[edit]
Eight venues were used for this World Cup. The youngest and biggest venue used was Wembley Stadium in west London, which was 43 years old in 1966. As was often the case in the World Cup, groups played in two venues in close proximity to each other. Group 1's matches (which included the hosts) were all played in London: five at Wembley, which was England's national stadium and was considered to be the most important football venue in the world; and one at White City Stadium in west London, which was used as a temporary replacement for nearby Wembley. The Uruguay-France group stage game played at White City Stadium (originally built for the 1908 Summer Olympics) was scheduled for a Friday, the same day as regularly scheduled greyhound racing at Wembley. Because Wembley's owner refused to cancel this, the game had to be moved to the alternative venue in London. Group 2's matches were played at Sheffield Wednesday F.C.'s Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield and Aston Villa's Villa Park in Birmingham, Group 3's matches were played at Manchester United's Old Trafford stadium in Manchester and Everton F.C.'s Goodison Park in Liverpool; and Group 4's matches were played at Middlesbrough F.C.'s Ayresome Park in Middlesbrough and Sunderland A.F.C.'s Roker Park in Sunderland; both located in northern England.
The most used venue was Wembley, which was used for nine matches, including all of England's six matches, the final and the third place match. Goodison Park was used for five matches; Roker Park and Hillsborough both hosted four matches. Old Trafford, Villa Park and Ayresome Park each hosted 3 matches and did not host any knockout round matches.
London Birmingham
Wembley Stadium White City Stadium Villa Park
51°33′21″N 0°16′46″W / 51.55583°N 0.27944°W / 51.55583; -0.27944 (Wembley Stadium) 51°33′20″N 0°16′47″W / 51.55556°N 0.27972°W / 51.55556; -0.27972 (White City Stadium) 52°30′33″N 1°53′5″W / 52.50917°N 1.88472°W / 52.50917; -1.88472 (Villa Park)
Capacity:98,600 Capacity:76,567 Capacity:52,000
Liverpool
London
Manchester
Liverpool
Sunderland
Middlesbrough
Birmingham
Sheffield
Goodison Park
53°27′47″N 2°17′29″W / 53.46306°N 2.29139°W / 53.46306; -2.29139 (Old Trafford)
Capacity:50,151
Manchester
Old Trafford
53°24′41″N 1°30′2″W / 53.41139°N 1.50056°W / 53.41139; -1.50056 (Hillsborough)
Capacity:58,000
Sheffield Sunderland Middlesbrough
Hillsborough Stadium Roker Park Ayresome Park
54°54′52″N 1°23′18″W / 54.91444°N 1.38833°W / 54.91444; -1.38833 (Roker Park) 54°33′51″N 1°14′49″W / 54.56417°N 1.24694°W / 54.56417; -1.24694 (Ayresome Park) 53°26′20″N 2°57′58″W / 53.43889°N 2.96611°W / 53.43889; -2.96611 (Goodison Park)
Capacity:42,730 Capacity:40,310 Capacity:40,000
Match officials[edit]
Africa
Ali Kandil
Asia
Menachem Ashkenazi
North America
Arturo Yamasaki
South America
José María Codesal
Roberto Goicoechea
Armando Marques
Europe
John Adair
Tofiq Bahramov
Leo Callaghan
Joaquim Campos
Ken Dagnall
Gottfried Dienst
Jim Finney
Karol Galba
Juan Gardeazábal Garay
Rudolf Kreitlein
Concetto Lo Bello
Bertil Lööw
George McCabe
Hugh Phillips
Dimitar Rumentchev
Pierre Schwinte
Kurt Tschenscher
Konstantin Zečević
István Zsolt
Seeding[edit]
Pot 1: South American
Pot 2: European
Pot 3: Latin European
Pot 4: Rest of the World
Brazil (defending champions)
Argentina
Chile
Uruguay
England (hosts)
Hungary
Soviet Union
West Germany
France
Portugal
Spain
Italy
Bulgaria
North Korea
Mexico
Switzerland
Squads[edit]
For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament, see 1966 FIFA World Cup squads.
Results[edit]
Group stage[edit]
Group 1[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 1
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
England 3 2 1 0 4 0 — 5
Uruguay 3 1 2 0 2 1 2.00 4
Mexico 3 0 2 1 1 3 0.33 2
France 3 0 1 2 2 5 0.40 1
England v Uruguay
11 July 1966
19:30 BST
England
0–0
Uruguay
Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 87,148
Referee: Istvan Zsolt (Hungary)
France v Mexico
13 July 1966
19:30 BST
France
1–1
Mexico
Hausser 62' Report Borja 48'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 69,237
Referee: Menachem Ashkenazi (Israel)
Uruguay v France
15 July 1966
19:30 BST
Uruguay
2–1
France
Rocha 26'
Cortés 31' Report De Bourgoing 15' (pen.)
White City Stadium, London
Attendance: 45,662
Referee: Karol Galba (Czechoslovakia)
England v Mexico
16 July 1966
19:30 BST
England
2–0
Mexico
B. Charlton 37'
Hunt 75' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 92,570
Referee: Concetto Lo Bello (Italy)
Mexico v Uruguay
19 July 1966
16:30 BST
Mexico
0–0
Uruguay
Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 61,112
Referee: Bertil Lööw (Sweden)
England v France
20 July 1966
19:30 BST
England
2–0
France
Hunt 38', 75' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 98,270
Referee: Arturo Yamasaki (Peru)
Group 2[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 2
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
West Germany 3 2 1 0 7 1 7.00 5
Argentina 3 2 1 0 4 1 4.00 5
Spain 3 1 0 2 4 5 0.80 2
Switzerland 3 0 0 3 1 9 0.11 0
West Germany were placed first due to superior goal average.
West Germany v Switzerland
12 July 1966
19:30 BST
West Germany
5–0
Switzerland
Held 16'
Haller 21', 77' (pen.)
Beckenbauer 40', 52' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 36,127
Referee: Hugh Phillips (Scotland)
Argentina v Spain
13 July 1966
19:30 BST
Argentina
2–1
Spain
Artime 65', 77' Report Pirri 67'
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 42,738
Referee: Dimiter Rumentchev (Bulgaria)
Spain v Switzerland
15 July 1966
19:30 BST
Spain
2–1
Switzerland
Sanchís 57'
Amancio 75' Report Quentin 31'
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 32,028
Referee: Tofiq Bahramov (Soviet Union)
Argentina v West Germany
16 July 1966
15:00 BST
Argentina
0–0
West Germany
Report
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 46,587
Referee: Konstantin Zečević (Yugoslavia)
Argentina v Switzerland
19 July 1966
19:30 BST
Argentina
2–0
Switzerland
Artime 52'
Onega 79' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 32,127
Referee: Joaquim Campos (Portugal)
West Germany v Spain
20 July 1966
19:30 BST
West Germany
2–1
Spain
Emmerich 39'
Seeler 84' Report Fusté 23'
Villa Park, Birmingham
Attendance: 42,187
Referee: Armando Marques (Brazil)
Group 3[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 3
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
Portugal 3 3 0 0 9 2 4.50 6
Hungary 3 2 0 1 7 5 1.40 4
Brazil 3 1 0 2 4 6 0.67 2
Bulgaria 3 0 0 3 1 8 0.13 0
Brazil v Bulgaria
12 July 1966
19:30 BST
Brazil
2–0
Bulgaria
Pelé 15'
Garrincha 63' Report
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 47,308
Referee: Kurt Tschenscher (West Germany)
Portugal v Hungary
13 July 1966
19:30 BST
Portugal
3–1
Hungary
José Augusto 1', 67'
Torres 90' Report Bene 60'
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 29,886
Referee: Leo Callaghan (Wales)
Hungary v Brazil
15 July 1966
19:30 BST
Hungary
3–1
Brazil
Bene 2'
Farkas 64'
Mészöly 73' (pen.) Report Tostão 14'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 51,387
Referee: Ken Dagnall (England)
Portugal v Bulgaria
16 July 1966
15:00 BST
Portugal
3–0
Bulgaria
Vutsov 17' (o.g.)
Eusébio 38'
Torres 81' Report
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 25,438
Referee: José María Codesal (Uruguay)
Portugal v Brazil
19 July 1966
19:30 BST
Portugal
3–1
Brazil
Simões 15'
Eusébio 27', 85' Report Rildo 73'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 58,479
Referee: George McCabe (England)
Hungary v Bulgaria
20 July 1966
19:30 BST
Hungary
3–1
Bulgaria
Davidov 43' (o.g.)
Mészöly 45'
Bene 54' Report Asparuhov 15'
Old Trafford, Manchester
Attendance: 24,129
Referee: Roberto Goicoechea (Argentina)
Group 4[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Group 4
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GAv
Pts
Soviet Union 3 3 0 0 6 1 6.00 6
North Korea 3 1 1 1 2 4 0.50 3
Italy 3 1 0 2 2 2 1.00 2
Chile 3 0 1 2 2 5 0.40 1
Soviet Union v North Korea
12 July 1966
19:30 BST
Soviet Union
3–0
North Korea
Malofeyev 31', 88'
Banishevskiy 33' Report
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 23,006
Referee: Juan Gardeazábal Garay (Spain)
Italy v Chile
13 July 1966
19:30 BST
Italy
2–0
Chile
Mazzola 8'
Barison 88' Report
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 27,199
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
Chile v North Korea
15 July 1966
19:30 BST
Chile
1–1
North Korea
Marcos 26' (pen.) Report Pak Seung-zin 88'
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 13,792
Referee: Ali Kandil (United Arab Republic)
Soviet Union v Italy
16 July 1966
15:00 BST
Soviet Union
1–0
Italy
Chislenko 57' Report
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 27,793
Referee: Rudolf Kreitlein (West Germany)
North Korea v Italy
19 July 1966
19:30 BST
North Korea
1–0
Italy
Pak Doo-ik 42' Report
Ayresome Park, Middlesbrough
Attendance: 17,829
Referee: Pierre Schwinte (France)
Soviet Union v Chile
20 July 1966
19:30 BST
Soviet Union
2–1
Chile
Porkujan 28', 85' Report Marcos 32'
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 16,027
Referee: John Adair (Northern Ireland)
Knockout stage[edit]
Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final
23 July – London (Wembley)
England 1
26 July – London (Wembley)
Argentina 0
England 2
23 July – Liverpool (Goodison Park)
Portugal 1
Portugal 5
30 July – London (Wembley)
North Korea 3
England (aet) 4
23 July – Sheffield (Hillsborough Stadium)
West Germany 2
West Germany 4
25 July – Liverpool (Goodison Park)
Uruguay 0
West Germany 2 Third place
23 July – Sunderland (Roker Park)
Soviet Union 1 28 July – London (Wembley)
Soviet Union 2
Portugal 2
Hungary 1
Soviet Union 1
Quarter-finals[edit]
Portugal v North Korea
23 July 1966
15:00 BST
Portugal
5–3
North Korea
Eusébio 27', 43' (pen.), 56', 59' (pen.)
José Augusto 80' Report Pak Seung-zin 1'
Li Dong-woon 22'
Yang Seung-Kook 25'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 40,248
Referee: Menachem Ashkenazi (Israel)
West Germany v Uruguay
23 July 1966
15:00 BST
West Germany
4–0
Uruguay
Haller 11', 83'
Beckenbauer 70'
Seeler 75' Report
Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield
Attendance: 40,007
Referee: Jim Finney (England)
Soviet Union v Hungary
23 July 1966
15:00 BST
Soviet Union
2–1
Hungary
Chislenko 5'
Porkujan 46' Report Bene 57'
Roker Park, Sunderland
Attendance: 26,844
Referee: Juan Gardeazábal Garay (Spain)
England v Argentina
23 July 1966
15:00 BST
England
1–0
Argentina
Hurst 78' Report
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 90,584
Referee: Rudolf Kreitlein (West Germany)
Semi-finals[edit]
West Germany v Soviet Union
25 July 1966
19:30 BST
West Germany
2–1
Soviet Union
Haller 42'
Beckenbauer 67' Report Porkujan 88'
Goodison Park, Liverpool
Attendance: 38,273
Referee: Concetto Lo Bello (Italy)
England v Portugal
26 July 1966
19:30 BST
England
2–1
Portugal
B. Charlton 30', 80' Report Eusébio 82' (pen.)
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 94,493
Referee: Pierre Schwinte (France)
Third-place match[edit]
Portugal v Soviet Union
28 July 1966
19:30 BST
Portugal
2–1
Soviet Union
Eusébio 12' (pen.)
Torres 89' Report Malofeyev 43'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 87,696
Referee: Ken Dagnall (England)
Final[edit]
Main article: 1966 FIFA World Cup Final
England v West Germany
30 July 1966
15:00 BST
England
4–2 (a.e.t.)
West Germany
Hurst 18', 101', 120'
Peters 78' Report Haller 12'
Weber 89'
Wembley Stadium, London
Attendance: 96,924
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
Goalscorers[edit]
With nine goals, Eusébio was the top scorer in the tournament. In total, 89 goals were scored by 47 different players, with two of them credited as own goals.
9 goals
Eusébio
6 goals
Helmut Haller
4 goals
Geoff Hurst
Ferenc Bene
Valeriy Porkujan
Franz Beckenbauer
3 goals
Luis Artime
Bobby Charlton
Roger Hunt
José Augusto
José Torres
Eduard Malofeyev
2 goals
Rubén Marcos
Kálmán Mészöly
Pak Seung-zin
Igor Chislenko
Uwe Seeler
1 goal
Ermindo Onega
Garrincha
Pelé
Rildo
Tostão
Georgi Asparuhov
Martin Peters
Héctor De Bourgoing
Gérard Hausser
János Farkas
Paolo Barison
Sandro Mazzola
Enrique Borja
Li Dong-woon
Pak Doo-ik
Yang Seung-kook
António Simões
Anatoliy Banishevskiy
Amancio
Josep Maria Fusté
Pirri
Manuel Sanchís
René-Pierre Quentin
Julio César Cortés
Pedro Rocha
Lothar Emmerich
Sigfried Held
Wolfgang Weber
Own goals
Ivan Davidov (against Hungary)
Ivan Vutsov (against Portugal)
All-star team[edit]
Goalkeeper
Defenders
Midfielders
Forwards
Gordon Banks
George Cohen
Bobby Moore
Vicente
Silvio Marzolini
Franz Beckenbauer
Mário Coluna
Bobby Charlton
Flórián Albert
Uwe Seeler
Eusébio
Source:[19]
FIFA retrospective ranking[edit]
In 1986, FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986, based on progress in the competition, overall results and quality of the opposition.[20][21] The rankings for the 1966 tournament were as follows:
R
Team
G
P
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts.
1 England 1 6 5 1 0 11 3 +8 11
2 West Germany 2 6 4 1 1 15 6 +9 9
3 Portugal 3 6 5 0 1 17 8 +9 10
4 Soviet Union 4 6 4 0 2 10 6 +4 8
Eliminated in the quarter-finals
5 Argentina 2 4 2 1 1 4 2 +2 5
6 Hungary 3 4 2 0 2 8 7 +1 4
7 Uruguay 1 4 1 2 1 2 5 −3 4
8 North Korea 4 4 1 1 2 5 9 −4 3
Eliminated in the group stage
9 Italy 4 3 1 0 2 2 2 0 2
10 Spain 2 3 1 0 2 4 5 −1 2
11 Brazil 3 3 1 0 2 4 6 −2 2
12 Mexico 1 3 0 2 1 1 3 −2 2
13 Chile 4 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3 1
France 1 3 0 1 2 2 5 −3 1
15 Bulgaria 3 3 0 0 3 1 8 −7 0
16 Switzerland 2 3 0 0 3 1 9 −8 0
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hurst the hero for England in the home of football". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20.
Jump up ^ "1966 FIFA™ World Cup England – Final". FIFA.com.
Jump up ^ Why Africa boycotted the 1966 World Cup, BBC News, 12th July 2016
Jump up ^ Atherton, Martin [2008]The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy: The Hidden History of the 1966 World Cup. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. p.93, Retrieved 15 September 2010 from 'The Theft of the Jules Rimet Trophy', via Google Books
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup Final Draw" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "History of the World Cup". fifaworldcup.webspace.virginmedia.com. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Alsos, Jan. "1966 – Story of England '66". Planet World Cup. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 – SIGUEN LOS CHOREOS A SUDAMÉRICA". Todoslosmundiales.com.ar. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Hackett, Robin (7 April 2011). "Blue is the colour". ESPNFC. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de Inglaterra 1966 – EL ROBO DEL SIGLO". Todoslosmundiales.com.ar. Archived from the original on 5 June 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Vickery, Tim. "Argentina's class of '78 deserve respect". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 February 2012. [Tim Vickery's comment (no.29):] The semi final switch – I believe this is more down to the FIFA Exec Com than to Rous – in this pre-mass TV age the box office was still important, so it was obviously tempting from a financial point of view to have the ho[m]e side play in the stadium with the biggest capacity
Jump up ^ "England's 2–1 win brings first final". Montreal Gazette. 27 July 1966. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "ENGLAND PORTUGAL 1/2 FINAL WORLD CUP 1966". YouTube. 27 December 2007. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "West Germany Nips 10 Russians 2–1". Montreal Gazette. 26 July 1966. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c McIlvanney, Hugh (30 July 2008). "From the Vault: Hurst's hat-trick wins the World Cup". guardian.co.uk. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 6 June 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Reid, Ian; Zisserman, Andrew. "Goal-directed Video Metrology" (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kenneth Wolstenholme". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 27 March 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2010. Kenneth Wolstenholme, who has died aged 81, was the voice of football on the BBC for almost a quarter of a century and the author of arguably the most celebrated words in British sports broadcasting, his commentary on England's last goal in the World Cup Final of 1966: "Some people are on the pitch. They think it's all over – it is now!"
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10305374
Jump up ^ "All Star Team". football.sporting99.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Permanent Table" (PDF). p. 230. Retrieved 2014-06-28.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup: Milestones, facts & figures. Statistical Kit 7" (PDF). FIFA. 26 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1966.
1966 FIFA World Cup England ™, FIFA.com
Details at RSSSF
FIFA Technical Report
English football portal
1960s portal
[show]
v
t
e
1966 FIFA World Cup
Stages
Group stage
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Knockout stage
Final
General information
Qualification
Squads
[show]
v
t
e
1966 FIFA World Cup finalists
Champions
England
Runners-up
West Germany
Third place
Portugal
Fourth place
Soviet Union
Quarter-final
Argentina
Hungary
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Uruguay
Group stage
Brazil
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1930
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1938
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1966
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[show]
v
t
e
FIFA World Cup
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Uruguay 1930
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Qualification
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Notes: There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only. In 1950, there was no final; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage.
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 150743816
LCCN: no2013079959
GND: 2010941-6
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1966_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=814351361"
Categories:
1966 FIFA World Cup
1966–67 in English football
FIFA World Cup tournaments
International association football competitions hosted by England
International sports boycotts
July 1966 sports events
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values: FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 1966 – Afrikaans

values: የ1966 እ.ኤ.አ. ፊፋ የዓለም ዋንጫ – Amharic

values: كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1966 – Arabic

values: Чэмпіянат свету па футболе 1966 – Belarusian

values: Световно първенство по футбол 1966 – Bulgarian

values: Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu 1966. – Bosnian

values: Copa del Món de Futbol de 1966 – Catalan

values: Mistrovství světa ve fotbale 1966 – Czech

values: 1966. aasta jalgpalli maailmameistrivõistlused – Estonian

values: Παγκόσμιο Κύπελλο Ποδοσφαίρου 1966 – Greek

values: Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 1966 – Spanish

values: 1966ko Munduko Futbol Txapelketa – Basque

values: جام جهانی فوتبال ۱۹۶۶ – Persian

values: Coupe du monde de football de 1966 – French

values: Mundial de Fútbol Inglaterra 1966 – Galician

values: Ֆուտբոլի աշխարհի առաջնություն 1966 – Armenian

values: Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu - Engleska 1966. – Croatian

values: Campionato mondiale di calcio 1966 – Italian

values: მსოფლიო საფეხბურთო ჩემპიონატი 1966 – Georgian

values: Футболдан әлем чемпионаты 1966 – Kazakh

values: Certamen Mundanum Pedilusorium (1966) – Latin

values: 1966. gada FIFA Pasaules kauss – Latvian

values: VIII pasaulio futbolo čempionatas – Lithuanian

values: 1966-os labdarúgó-világbajnokság – Hungarian

values: Светско првенство во фудбал 1966 – Macedonian

values: १९६६ फिफा विश्वचषक – Marathi

values: Wereldkampioenschap voetbal 1966 – Dutch

values: Mistrzostwa Świata w Piłce Nożnej 1966 – Polish

values: Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1966 – Romanian

values: Piluta Hayt'ay Pachantin Kupa 1966 – Quechua

values: Чемпионат мира по футболу 1966 – Russian

values: Majstrovstvá sveta vo futbale 1966 – Slovak

values: Svetovno prvenstvo v nogometu 1966 – Slovenian

values: جامی جیھانیی فیفای ١٩٦٦ – Central Kurdish

values: Светско првенство у фудбалу 1966. – Serbian

values: Jalkapallon maailmanmestaruuskilpailut 1966 – Finnish

values: Världsmästerskapet i fotboll 1966 – Swedish

values: 1966 елгы дөнья футбол чемпионаты – Tatar

values: ฟุตบอลโลก 1966 – Thai

values: Чемпіонат світу з футболу 1966 – Ukrainian

values: 1966ء فیفا عالمی کپ – Urdu

values: Giải bóng đá vô địch thế giới 1966 – Vietnamese

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