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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
states parties
states that have signed, but not ratified
states that have not signed
Drafted
13 December 2006
Signed
30 March 2007
Location
New York
Effective
3 May 2008
Condition
20 ratifications
Signatories
162
Parties
177
Depositary
Secretary-General of the United Nations
Languages
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Parties to the Convention are required to promote, protect, and ensure the full enjoyment of human rights by persons with disabilities and ensure that they enjoy full equality under the law. The Convention has served as the major catalyst in the global movement from viewing persons with disabilities as objects of charity, medical treatment and social protection towards viewing them as full and equal members of society, with human rights. It is also the only UN human rights instrument with an explicit sustainable development dimension. The Convention was the first human rights treaty of the twenty-first century.[1]
The text was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 13 December 2006,[2] and opened for signature on 30 March 2007. Following ratification by the 20th party, it came into force on 3 May 2008.[3] As of October 2018, it has 162 signatories and 177 parties, which includes 172 states and the European Union (which ratified it on 23 December 2010 to the extent responsibilities of the member states were transferred to the European Union).[4] In December 2012, a vote in the United States Senate fell six votes short of the two-thirds majority required for ratification.[5] The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Contents
1 History
2 Summary
3 Core provisions
3.1 Guiding principles of the Convention
3.2 Definition of disability
3.3 Principle of "reasonable accommodation"
3.4 Prevention of discrimination
3.5 Accessibility
3.6 Situations of risk and humanitarian emergency
3.7 Recognition before the law and legal capacity
3.8 Access to justice
3.9 Right to education
3.10 Right to health
3.11 Protecting the integrity of the person
3.12 Respect for the family
3.13 Habilitation and rehabilitation
3.14 Participation rights
3.15 Work and employment
3.16 Adequate standard of living and social protection
3.17 Right to vote
4 Reservations
5 Optional protocol
6 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
1981 to 1992 was the UN "Decade of Disabled Persons". In 1987, a global meeting of experts to review progress recommended that the UN General Assembly should draft an international convention on the elimination of discrimination against persons with disabilities. Draft convention outlines were proposed by Italy and subsequently Sweden, but no consensus was reached. Many government representatives argued that existing human rights documents were sufficient. Instead, non-compulsory "Standard Rules on the Equalisation of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities" were adopted by the General Assembly in 1993. In 2000, leaders of five international disability NGOs issued a declaration, calling on all governments to support a Convention. In 2001, the General Assembly, following a proposal by Mexico, established an Ad Hoc Committee to consider proposals for a comprehensive and integral convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities, based on a holistic approach.[6] Disability rights organisations, including the International Disability Alliance as coordinator of an ad hoc International Disability Caucus, participated actively in the drafting process, in particular seeking a role for disabled people and their organisations in the implementation and monitoring of what became the Convention.[7]
Mexico initiated negotiations, with active support from GRULAC (the Latin American regional group). When support for a Convention was foundering in 2002 due to WEOG opposition, New Zealand played a pivotal role in achieving cross-regional momentum. Acting as facilitator from 2002–03, New Zealand eventually assumed the formal role of Chair of Ad Hoc Committee and led negotiations to a consensus agreement in August 2006, working closely with other Bureau members Jordan, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, and South Africa, as well as Korea and Mexico. The Convention became one of the most quickly supported human rights instruments in history, with strong support from all regional groups. 160 States have signed the Convention upon its opening in 2007 and 126 States ratified the Convention within its first five years. In recognition of its role in creating the Convention, as well as the quality of New Zealand's landmark national Disability Strategy, Governor-General of New Zealand Anand Satyanand received the 2008 World Disability Award on behalf of the nation.
As of 2015, for the first time in its history, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities opened an investigation into a signatory state for breaching their convention obligations. The investigation was triggered by article 6 of the optional protocol, which provides that an investigation will be carried out once the Committee receives "reliable information indicating grave and systematic violation" of the human rights of persons with disabilities. The government of the United Kingdom is being investigated, with the final report currently due to be released in 2017.[8]
Summary[edit]
The Convention follows the civil law tradition, with a preamble, in which the principle that "all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated " of Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action is cited, followed by 50 articles. Unlike many UN covenants and conventions, it is not formally divided into parts.
Article 1 defines the purpose of the Convention:
to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity
Articles 2 and 3 provide definitions and general principles such as communication including Braille, sign language, plain language and nonverbal communication, reasonable accommodation and universal design.
Articles 4–32 define the rights of persons with disabilities and the obligations of states parties towards them. Many of these mirror rights affirmed in other UN conventions such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights or the Convention Against Torture, but with specific obligations ensuring that they can be fully realised by persons with disabilities.
Rights specific to this convention include the rights to accessibility including the information technology, the rights to live independently and be included in the community (Article 19), to personal mobility (article 20), habilitation and rehabilitation (Article 26), and to participation in political and public life, and cultural life, recreation and sport (Articles 29 and 30).
In addition, parties to the Convention must raise awareness of the human rights of persons with disabilities (Article 8), and ensure access to roads, buildings, and information (Article 9).
Articles 33–39 govern reporting and monitoring of the convention by national human rights institutions (Article 33) and Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 34).
Articles 40–50 govern ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Convention. Article 49 also requires that the Convention be available in accessible formats.
Core provisions[edit]
Guiding principles of the Convention[edit]
There are eight guiding principles that underlie the Convention:
Respect for inherent dignity, individual autonomy including the freedom to make one's own choices, and independence of persons
Non-discrimination
Full and effective participation and inclusion in society
Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity
Equality of opportunity
Accessibility
Equality between men and women
Respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities
Definition of disability[edit]
Article 2 (Definitions) does not include a definition of disability. The Convention adopts a social model of disability, but does not offer a specific definition. The Convention's preamble (e) explains that the Convention recognises:
...that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others
Article one (Purpose) further offers that:
Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
However, the use of the term "include" should not be interpreted as excluding those who have short term or fluctuating conditions.
Principle of "reasonable accommodation"[edit]
The Convention defines "reasonable accommodation" to be "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms" at the Article 2 and demands this all aspects of life including inclusive education.
Prevention of discrimination[edit]
The Article 8 of Convention stresses the awareness raising to foster respect for the rights and dignity against discrimination:
To raise awareness throughout society, including at the family level, regarding persons with disabilities, and to foster respect for the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.
To combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life.
To promote awareness of the capacities and contributions of persons with disabilities.
Initiating and maintaining effective public awareness campaigns designed: (i) to nurture receptiveness to the rights of persons with disabilities. (ii) to promote positive perceptions and greater social awareness towards persons with disabilities. (iii) to promote recognition of the skills, merits and abilities of persons with disabilities, and of their contributions to workplace and the labour market.
Encouraging all organs of the mass media to portray persons with disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the present Convention.
Promoting awareness-training programmes regarding persons with disabilities and the rights of persons with disabilities.
Accessibility[edit]
The Convention stresses that persons with disabilities should be able to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life. To this end, States Parties should take appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities have access, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications technology, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public. Accessibility can be grouped into three main groups. 1. physical accessibility 2. service accessibility 3. accessibility to communication and information
Situations of risk and humanitarian emergency[edit]
Article 11 of the Convention affirms that States Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disaster.
Recognition before the law and legal capacity[edit]
Article 12 of the Convention affirms the equal recognition before the law and legal capacity of the persons with disabilities.
States Parties should:
reaffirm that persons with disabilities have the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
recognize that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.
take appropriate measures to provide access by persons with disabilities to the support they may require in exercising their legal capacity.
ensure that all measures that relate to the exercise of legal capacity provide for appropriate and effective safeguards to prevent abuse in accordance with international human rights law. Such safeguards shall ensure that measures relating to the exercise of legal capacity respect the rights, will and preferences of the person, are free of conflict of interest and undue influence, are proportional and tailored to the person's circumstance, apply for the shortest time possible and are subject to regular review by a competent, independent and impartial authority or judicial body. The safeguards shall be proportional to the degree to which such measures affect the person's rights and interests.
Access to justice[edit]
Article 13 of the Convention affirms the effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, stating that:
States parties shall ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others, including through the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations, in order to facilitate their effective role as a direct and indirect participants, including as witnesses, in all legal proceeding, including at investigative and other preliminary stages.
In order to help to ensure effective access to justice for persons with disabilities, states Parties shall promote appropriate training for those working in the field of administration of justice, including police and prison staff. This Article together with the Article 12 are cited by the "Handbook on prisoners with special needs"[9] by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Right to education[edit]
The Convention states that persons with disabilities should be guaranteed the right to inclusive education at all levels, regardless of age, without discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity.
States Parties should ensure that:
children with disabilities are not excluded from free and compulsory primary education, or from secondary education;
adults with disabilities have access to general tertiary education, vocational training, adult education and lifelong learning;
persons with disabilities receive the necessary support, within the general education system, to facilitate their effective education; and
effective individualized support measures are put in place to maximize academic and social development.
States Parties should take appropriate measures, such as:
endorsing the learning of Braille, alternative script, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation and mobility skills, and facilitating peer support and mentoring;
supporting the learning of sign language and promoting the linguistic identity of the deaf community;
advocating that education of persons, particularly children, who are blind and/or deaf, is delivered in the most appropriate languages and means of communication for the individual; and
employing teachers, including teachers with disabilities, who are qualified in sign language and/or Braille, and to train education professionals and staff about disability awareness, use of augmentative and alternative modes and formats of communication, and educational techniques and materials to support persons with disabilities.
Right to health[edit]
Article 25 specifies that "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability."[10]
Protecting the integrity of the person[edit]
Article 17 of the Convention states that every person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others.
Respect for the family[edit]
Article 23 of the Convention prohibits compulsory sterilization of disabled persons[11] and guarantees their right to adopt children.
Habilitation and rehabilitation[edit]
Article 26 of the Convention affirms that "States Parties shall take effective and appropriate measures, including through peer support, to enable persons with disabilities to attain and maintain maximum independence, full physical, mental, social and vocational ability, and full inclusion and participation in all aspects of life. To that end, States Parties shall organize, strengthen and extend comprehensive habilitation and rehabilitation services and programmes, particularly in the areas of health, employment, education and social services, in such a way that these services and programmes:
Begin at the earliest possible stage, and are based on the multidisciplinary assessment of individual needs and strengths;
Support participation and inclusion in the community and all aspects of society, are voluntary, and are available to persons with disabilities as close as possible to their own communities, including in rural areas.
States Parties shall promote the development of initial and continuing training for professionals and staff working in habilitation and rehabilitation service.
States Parties shall promote the availability, knowledge and use of assistive devices and technologies, designed for persons with disabilities, as they relate to habilitation and rehabilitation.
Participation rights[edit]
The Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities recognised that "disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others" and that "persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society."
The Convention makes participation of the disabled one of its principles, stating "The principles of the present Convention shall be:...Full and effective participation and inclusion in society", subsequently enshrining the right of disabled to participate fully and equally in the community, education, all aspect of life (in the context of habilitation and rehabilitation), political and public life, cultural life, leisure and sports.[12]
States Parties should take appropriate measure such as:
To enables persons with disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but also for the enrichment of society.
In accordance with international law, to ensure that law protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials.
So that persons with disabilities should be entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign languages and deaf culture.
Work and employment[edit]
Article 27 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to work, on an equal basis of others; this includes the right to the opportunity to gain a living by work freely chosen or accepted in a labour market and work environment that is open, inclusive and accessible to persons with disabilities. And that States Parties shall safeguard and promote the realization of the right to work, including for those who acquire a disability during the course of employment, by taking appropriate steps, including through legislation, to inter alia:
Prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability with regard to all matters concerning all forms of employment, continuance of employment, career advancement and safe and healthy working conditions;
Protect the rights of persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, to just and favourable conditions of work, including equal opportunities and equal remuneration for work of equal value, safe and healthy working conditions, including protection from harassment, and the redress of grievances;
Ensure that persons with disabilities are able to exercise their labour and trade union rights on an equal basis with others;
Enable persons with disabilities to have effective access to general technical and vocational guidance programmes, placement services and vocational and continuing training;
Promote employment opportunities and career advancement for persons with disabilities in the labour market, as well as assistance in finding, obtaining, maintaining and returning to employment;
Promote opportunities for self-employment, entrepreneurship, the development of cooperative and starting one's own business.
Ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided to persons with disabilities in the workplace.
Promote the acquisition by persons with disabilities of work experience in the open labour market.
Promote vocational and professional rehabilitation, job retention and return-to-work programmes for persons with disabilities.
States Parties shall ensure that persons with disabilities are not held in slavery or in servitude, and are protected, on an equal basis with others, from forces or compulsory labour.
Adequate standard of living and social protection[edit]
Article 28 requires that States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of this rights without discrimination on the basis of disability.
States Parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to social protection and to the enjoyment of that rights without discrimination on the basis of disability, and shall take appropriate steps to safeguard and promote the realization of the rights, including measures;
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to clean water service, and to ensure access to appropriate and affordable service, device and other assistance for disability-related needs.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities, in particular women and girls with disabilities and older persons with disabilities, to social protection programmes and poverty reduction programmes.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities and their families living in situations of poverty to assistance from the State with disability-related expenses, including adequate training, counselling, financial assistance and respite care.
To ensure access by persons with disabilities to public housing programmes.
To ensure equal access by persons with disabilities to retirement benefits and programmes.
Right to vote[edit]
ISG TopVoter, a machine designed specifically to be used by voters with disabilities.
Article 29 requires that all Contracting States protect "the right of persons with disabilities to vote by secret ballot in elections and public referendums".[13] According to this provision, each Contracting State should provide for voting equipment which would enable disabled voters to vote independently and secretly. Some democracies, e.g., the US, Japan, Netherlands, Slovenia, Albania or India allow disabled voters to use electronic voting machines or electronic aides which help disabled voters to fill the paper ballot. In others, among them Azerbaijan, Kosovo, Canada, Ghana, United Kingdom, and most of African and Asian countries, visually impaired voters can use ballots in Braille or paper ballot templates. Many of these and also some other democracies, Chile for example, use adjustable desks so that voters on wheelchairs can approach them. Some democracies only allow another person to cast a ballot for the blind or disabled voter. Such arrangement, however, does not assure secrecy of the ballot.
Article 29 also requires that Contracting States ensure "that voting procedures, facilities and materials are appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use." In some democracies, i.e. Sweden and the US, all the polling places already are fully accessible for disabled voters.
Reservations[edit]
A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Convention.[14]
Australia does not consider itself bound to stop forcibly medicating those labeled mentally ill when it is considered a last resort.[14]
El Salvador accepts the Convention to the extent that it is compatible with its constitution.[14]
Japan declares that paragraph 4 of Article 23 of the Convention is interpreted not to apply to a case where a child is separated from his or her parents as a result of deportation in accordance with its immigration law.
Malta interprets the right to health in Article 25 of the Convention as not implying any right to abortion. It also reserves the right to continue to apply its own election laws around accessibility and assistance.[14]
Mauritius does not consider itself bound by the Article 11 obligation to take all necessary measures to protect people with disabilities during natural disasters, armed conflict or humanitarian emergencies, unless permitted by domestic legislation.[14]
The Netherlands interprets the right to life in Article 10 within the framework of its domestic laws. It also interprets Article 25(f), which bars the discriminatory denial of health care, as permitting a person to refuse medical treatment, including food or fluids.[14]
Poland interprets Articles 23 and 25 as not conferring any right to abortion.[14]
The United Kingdom has reservations relating to the right to education, immigration, service in the armed forces and an aspect of social security law.[14]
Optional protocol[edit]
states parties
states that signed, but have not ratified
states that have not signed
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a side-agreement to the Convention which allows its parties to recognise the competence of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to consider complaints from individuals.[15] The text is based heavily on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
The Optional Protocol entered into force with the Convention on 3 May 2008.[3] As of October 2017, it has 92 signatories and 92 parties.[16]
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[edit]
The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a body of human rights experts tasked with monitoring the implementation of the Convention. It initially consisted of 12 independent human rights experts, with half elected for a two-year term and half elected for four-years.[17] Thereafter members will be elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years. As the Convention has achieved 80 ratifications, the Committee will be expanded to 18 members.[17]
See also[edit]
Ableism
Americans with Disabilities Act
Augmentative and alternative communication
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
Disability and poverty
Disability Discrimination Act 1995
Disability rights movement
Handicap International
Information technology
International Day of People with Disability
International Disability and Development Consortium
International Disability Alliance
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities
International human rights law
International Year of Disabled Persons
National human rights institutions
Nothing About Us Without Us
Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness
Psychiatric survivors movement
Reasonable accommodation
Transgenerational design
Universal design
World report on disability
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "General Assembly Adopts Groundbreaking Convention, Optional Protocol on Rights of Persons with Disabilities" (Press release). New York: United Nations. 13 December 2006.
Jump up ^ United Nations General Assembly Session 61 Resolution 106. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities A/RES/61/106 13 December 2006. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Landmark UN treaty on rights of persons with disabilities enters into force". Scoop. 2008-05-05. Retrieved 2008-06-28.
Jump up ^ "UN Treaty Collection: parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: List of parties". United Nations. 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Helderman, Rosalind S. (4 December 2012). "Senate rejects treaty to protect disabled around the world". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-20.
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, A. (2003) A UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: The Next Steps Paper presented at the General Assembly Meeting of Rehabilitation International Arab Region, 8–9 March 2003, Kingdom of Bahrain.
Jump up ^ Handicap International UK - UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Jump up ^ "UN inquiry considers alleged UK disability rights violations". The Guardian. 2015-10-20. Retrieved 2016-08-12.
Jump up ^ Handbook on prisoners with special needs, pp. 47-48
Jump up ^ Article 25
Jump up ^ Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/22/53) states that persons especially with psychological disability are often subjected to unhuman treatment or medical abuses (para 57-70)
Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Jump up ^ Ron McCallum, 'Participating in Political and Public life' (2011) 32 AltLJ 80. http://www.altlj.org/news-and-views/opinion/92-participating-in-political-and-public-life
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&clang=_en Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Declarations and Reservations. UN Treaties Collection. Retrieved 2016-10-13.
Jump up ^ Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , Article 1.
Jump up ^ "UN Treaty Collection: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities". United Nations. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 34.
External links[edit]
Text of the Convention (HTML)
Text of the Convention (accessible PDF)
List of parties
Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Official monitoring body
UN Enable
Procedural history note and audiovisual material on the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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Easter egg (media)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This image reveals an Easter egg when the hedgehog is clicked or tapped. Another Easter egg can be found when a mouse pointer is hovered over it.[1]
In computer software and media, an Easter egg is an intentional inside joke, hidden message or image, or secret feature of a work. It is usually found in a computer program, video game, or DVD/Blu-ray Disc menu screen. The name is used to evoke the idea of a traditional Easter egg hunt.[2] The term was coined to describe a hidden message in the Atari video game Adventure that encouraged the player to find further hidden messages in later games, leading them on a 'hunt'.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 In video games
3 In computing
3.1 Software
3.2 Hardware
4 Comics
5 Video
5.1 Home media
5.2 Broadcast media
6 Security concerns
7 In popular culture
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Origin[edit]
See also: Adventure (Atari 2600) § Easter egg
The use of the term "Easter egg" to describe secret features originates from the 1979 video game Adventure for the Atari 2600 game console, programmed by employee Warren Robinett. At the time, Atari did not include programmers' names in the game credits, fearing that competitors would attempt to steal their employees. Robinett, who disagreed with his supervisor over this lack of acknowledgment, secretly inserted the message "Created by Warren Robinett". This message would only appear if a player moved their avatar over a specific pixel (the "Gray Dot") during a certain part of the game. When Robinett left Atari, he did not inform the company of the acknowledgment that he included in the game. Shortly after his departure, the Gray Dot and his message were exposed by a player, who told Atari about their discovery. Atari's management initially wanted to remove the message and release the game again, but this was deemed too costly an effort. Instead, Steve Wright, the Director of Software Development in the Atari Consumer Division, suggested that they keep the message and in fact encourage the inclusion of such messages in future games, describing them as Easter eggs for consumers to find.[4][5][6][7]
In video games[edit]
In addition to Robinett's name appearing in Adventure (1979), there are many other instances where the Easter egg idea has been implemented. The first text adventure game, Colossal Cave Adventure (1976), from which Adventure was fashioned, included several secret words. One of these was "xyzzy", a command which enabled the player to move between two points in the game world.[8] In 2004, an Easter egg displaying programmer Bradley Reid-Selth's surname was found in Video Whizball (1978), a game for the Fairchild Channel F system.[2] According to research by Ed Fries, the first known Easter egg in an arcade game was in Starship 1 (1977), programmed by Ron Milner. By triggering the cabinet's controls in the right order, the player could get the message "Hi Ron!" to appear on the screen. Fries described it as "the earliest arcade game yet known that clearly meets the definition of an Easter egg". The existence of this Easter egg wasn't published until 2017, leading Fries to suggest that, as more than one hundred arcade games predate Starship 1, earlier Easter eggs may still be undiscovered.[9][10] Fries noted that some Atari arcade cabinets were resold under the Kee Games label and included changes to the hardware that would make the game appear different from the Atari version. Anti-Aircraft II (1975) included a means to modify the circuit board to make the airplanes in the game appear as alien UFOs. Fries surmised that this feature may have been intended for a Kee Games release. For this reason, and because it required a hardware modification, Fries questioned whether it met the definition of an Easter egg.[10]
Since Adventure, there has been a long history of video game developers placing Easter eggs in their games.[11]:19 Most Easter eggs are intentional - an attempt to communicate with the player or a way of getting even with management for a slight. Easter eggs in video games have taken a variety of forms, from purely ornamental screens to aesthetic enhancements that change some element of the game during play. The Easter egg included in the original Age of Empires (1997) is an example of the latter; catapult projectiles are changed from stones to cows.[11]:19
More elaborate Easter eggs include secret levels and developers' rooms - fully functional, hidden areas of the game. Developers' rooms often include inside jokes from the fandom or development team and differ from a debug room in that they are specifically intended for the player to find. Some games even include hidden minigames as Easter eggs. In the LucasArts game Day of the Tentacle (1993), the original Maniac Mansion (1987) game can be played in its full version by using a home computer in a character's room.[12][13]
Other Easter eggs originated unintentionally. The Konami Code, a type of cheat code, became an intentional Easter egg in most games, but originated from Konami's Gradius (1985) for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The programmer, Kazuhisa Hashimoto, created the code as a means to rapidly debug the game by giving the player's avatar additional health and powers to easily traverse the game. These types of codes are normally removed from the game before it is shipped but, in the case of Gradius, Hashimoto forgot to remove it and the code was soon discovered by players. Its popularity inspired Konami to reuse the code and purposely retain it for many of its future games as an Easter egg.[2][12][14]
Technical issues may also create unintentional Easter eggs. Jon Burton, founder of Traveller's Tales, announced that many seemingly apparent Easter eggs in their Sega Genesis games came about as a result of introducing programming tricks to get around some of the difficulty they had in getting Sega's strict certification for their games, catching any exceptions during execution to bring the game back to a usable state as to pass certification. For example, hitting the side of the Sonic 3D Blast (1996) cartridge while it was slotted in the console would bring the game back to the Level Select screen, which Burton explained was the default exception handling for any unidentified processor error, such as when connectivity between the cartridge and the console's microprocessor was temporarily lost.[15]
In computing[edit]
Software[edit]
Asking Google Maps for walking directions between fictional locations from The Lord of the Rings produced this "Easter egg" response, quoting a character's warning from the story.[16]
In computer software, Easter eggs are secret responses that occur as a result of an undocumented set of commands. The results can vary from a simple printed message or image to a page of programmer credits or a small video game hidden inside an otherwise serious piece of software.
In the TOPS-10 operating system (for the DEC PDP-10 computer), the make command is used to invoke the TECO editor to create a file. if given the file name argument love, so that the command reads make love, it will pause and respond not war? before creating the file.[17] This same behavior occurred on the RSTS/E operating system, where TECO will provide this response.[citation needed] Other Unix operating systems respond to "why" with "why not" (a reference to The Prisoner in Berkeley Unix, 1977).[citation needed]
Some versions of the DEC OpenVMS operating system have concealed exit status codes, including a reference to the Monty Python Dirty Hungarian Phrasebook skit; "exit %xb70" returns the message "%SYSTEM-W-FISH, my hovercraft is full of eels" while "exit %x34b4" returns a reference to an early Internet meme: "%SYSTEM-F-GAMEOVER, All your base are belong to us".[18]
Many personal computers have much more elaborate eggs hidden in ROM, including lists of the developers' names, political exhortations, snatches of music, or images of the entire development team. Easter eggs in the 1997 version of Microsoft Office include a hidden flight simulator in Microsoft Excel and a pinball game in Microsoft Word.[19][20] Since 2002, Microsoft does not allow any hidden or undocumented code as part of its trustworthy computing initiative.[citation needed]
The Debian operating system's package tool apt-get has an Easter egg involving an ASCII cow when variants on apt-get moo are typed into the shell.[21][22][23]
An Easter egg is found on all Microsoft Windows operating systems before XP. In the 3D Text screen saver, entering the text "volcano" would display the names of all the volcanoes in the United States. Microsoft removed this Easter egg in XP but added others.[24] Microsoft Excel 95 contained a hidden action game similar to Doom (1993) called The Hall of Tortured Souls.[25]
Easter eggs in Google Android OS
The Google search engine famously contains many Easter eggs, given to the user in response to certain search queries. For example, Google Maps once responded to a request for directions from New York City to Tokyo by telling the user to kayak across the Pacific Ocean.[26]
Steve Jobs banned Easter eggs from Apple products upon his return to the company.[27] The first Easter egg to appear after his death was in a 2012 update to the Mac App Store for OS X Mountain Lion, in which downloaded apps were temporarily timestamped as "January 24, 1984", the date of the sales launch of the original Macintosh.[27]
Hardware[edit]
The Macintosh SE has an Easter egg hidden in the ROM: four images of the engineering team.
While computer-related Easter eggs are often found in software, occasionally they exist in hardware or firmware of certain devices. On some home computers the BIOS ROM contains Easter eggs. Notable examples include some errant 1993 AMI BIOS that on November 13, 1993, proceeded to play "Happy Birthday" via the PC speaker repeatedly instead of booting,[28] as well as several early Apple Macintosh models that had pictures of the development team in the ROM. These Mac Easter eggs were well-publicized in the Macintosh press at the time[29] along with the means to access them, and were later recovered by an NYC Resistor team, a hacker collective, through elaborate reverse engineering.[30][31] Similarly, the Radio Shack Color Computer 3's ROM contains code which displays what looks like three Microware developers on a Ctrl+Alt+Reset keypress sequence—a hard reset which discards any information currently in RAM.[32]
Several oscilloscopes contain Easter eggs. One example is the HP 54600B, known to have a Tetris (1984) clone,[33] and the HP 54622D contains an imitation of the Asteroids (1979) game named Rocks.[34] Another is the Tektronix 1755A Vector and Waveform Monitor which displays swimming fish when Remote>Software version is selected on the CONFIG menu.[35]
In the second and third hardware revision of the Minolta Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9 SLR camera, including all SSM/ADI upgraded cameras, an undocumented button sequence can be utilized to reconfigure the camera to behave like the Dynax/Maxxum/Alpha 9Ti and subsequently invoke support for the limited model's extra functions also in the black model.[citation needed]
The Commodore Amiga 1000 computer includes the signatures of the design and development team embossed on the inside of the case, including Jay Miner and the paw print of his dog, Mitchy.[36] The Commodore Amiga models 500, 600, and 1200 each feature Easter eggs in the form of song titles by The B-52's as white printing on the motherboards. The 500 says "B52/Rock Lobster", the 600 says "June Bug", and the 1200 says "Channel Z".[37] The Amiga OS software contains hidden messages.[38][39]
Many integrated circuit (chip) designers have included hidden graphics elements termed chip art, including images, phrases, developer initials, logos, and more. This artwork, like the rest of the chip, is reproduced in each copy by lithography and etching. These are visible only when the chip package is opened and examined under magnification.[citation needed] The 1984 CVAX microchip implementation of the MicroVAX CPU contained in its etchings the Russian phrase in the Cyrillic alphabet "VAX: When you care enough to steal the very best", placed there because, "knowing that some CVAXs would end up in the USSR, the team wanted the Russians to know that we were thinking of them".[citation needed]
Comics[edit]
American comic book artists are known to include hidden messages in their art:[40]
In April 2017, comic book artist Ardian Syaf caused an outcry with the Easter eggs he placed in his art for X-Men Gold #1.
In a reprint of classic Captain America comics, a production artist drew a penis on Bucky Barnes.[41]
In 2000, Al Milgrom inserted a message into Universe X: Spidey #1 insulting his previous boss, Marvel Editor in Chief Bob Harras, following Harras' termination from Marvel Comics. On Page 28, panel 3, the spines of books on a bookshelf in the background read, "HARRAS HA HA, HE'S GONE, GOOD RIDDANCE TO BAD RUBBISH HE WAS A NASTY S.O.B." The message was spotted after the book was printed but before it went on sale; the copies that were printed for consumers were destroyed. However, 4,000 preview copies were distributed to retailers as part of a "First Look" deal, and these are today considered rare collectors' items. Milgrom was "apparently fired and allegedly (and quietly) re-hired several weeks later".[41][42][43]
Ethan Van Sciver hid the word "sex" in the background of nearly every page of New X-Men #118 (November 2001).[41][44] Van Sciver subsequently stated that he hid the word throughout the book because he was annoyed with Marvel at the time for reasons he cannot remember, and thought it would be fun to engage in some mischief with his work.[citation needed]
Indonesian artist Ardian Syaf is known to engage in the practice of hiding Easter egg references to political figures in the backgrounds of his artwork. In Batgirl (vol. 4) #9 (July 2012), Syaf included a storefront sign that referenced the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, although the text that accompanies the image of Widodo is covered by a caption.[41][45] In April 2017, he caused an outcry by placing Easter egg references to the November 2016 Jakarta protests into the pages of X-Men Gold #1, which were perceived by readers to be anti-Semitic and anti-Christian. Though Syaf acknowledged the political nature of the messages,[41][46] he stated that they were not intended to express any anti-Semitic nor anti-Christian sentiment on his part.[47] In response to these Easter eggs, Marvel terminated their contract with Syaf.[48]
Video[edit]
Home media[edit]
Easter eggs are found on films, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs, often as deleted scenes or bonus features.[49][50][51] Klinger states that their presence is "another signifier of artistry in the world of DVD supplements."[50] According to Berardinelli and Ebert, most DVDs do not contain them and most examples are "inconsequential", but a very few, such as the one found on the Memento DVD release, are "worth the effort to seek out".[51]
Broadcast media[edit]
Unlike DVDs and computer games, broadcast radio and television programs contain no executable code. Easter eggs may still appear in the content itself, such as a hidden Mickey in a Disney film or a real telephone number instead of a 555 fictitious telephone number.[original research?] A 2014 Super Bowl advertisement was leaked online in which a lady gives a man a real telephone number, which the advertiser had hidden as a marketing ploy; the first caller to the number received a pair of tickets to the game.[52] The 1980s animated series She-Ra: Princess of Power featured a character called Loo-Kee who typically appeared once per episode, hidden in a single screenshot. At the end of the episode, the screenshot would be shown again and Loo-Kee would challenge viewers to locate him before revealing his hiding place.[53][54]
Security concerns[edit]
Security author Michel E. Kabay discussed security concerns of Easter eggs in 2000, saying that, while software quality assurance requires that all code be tested, it is not known whether Easter eggs are. He said that, as they tend to be held as programming secrets from the rest of the product testing process, a "logic bomb" could also bypass testing. Kabay asserts that this undermined the Trusted Computing Base, a paradigm of trustworthy hardware and software in place since the 1980s, and is of concern wherever personal or confidential information is stored, as this may then be vulnerable to damage or manipulation.[55] Microsoft created some of the largest and most elaborate Easter eggs, such as those in Microsoft Office.[56] In 2005, Larry Osterman of Microsoft acknowledged Microsoft Easter eggs, and his involvement in development of one, but described them as "irresponsible", and wrote that the company's Operating System division "has a 'no Easter Eggs' policy" as part of its Trustworthy Computing initiative.[citation needed]
In 2006, Douglas W. Jones said, "some Easter eggs may be intentional tools used to detect illegal copying, others are clearly examples of unauthorized functionality that has slipped through the quality-control tests at the vendor". While hidden Easter eggs themselves are harmless, it may be possible for malware to be hidden in similar ways in voting machines or other computers.[57]
Netscape Navigator contributor Jamie Zawinski stated in an interview in 1998 that harmless Easter eggs impose a negligible burden on shipped software, and serve the important purpose of helping productivity by keeping programmers happy.[58]
In popular culture[edit]
This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017)
Easter eggs have become more widely known to the general public and are referenced in contemporary artworks. They feature as key plot devices in:
The Doctor Who episode "Blink", in which the existence of video Easter eggs across a number of DVDs leads to solving the protagonists' dilemma.
Pixar Animation Studios are known for their inclusion of multiple Easter eggs in their films. The most notable one being a faded yellow 1978 Toyota Hilux pickup that is a delivery vehicle for the fictional ''Pizza Planet'' fast food restaurant from the Toy Story franchise. The pickup, dubbed the ''Pizza Planet Truck'', appears in every Pixar film (starting with Toy Story, with the exception of The Incredibles).
The Disney Channel Original Show A.N.T. Farm had a scavenger hunt themed episode in Season 2 episode 15. In this episode, while the main characters are out on an educational scavenger hunt, the character Gibson (played by Zach Steel) is hidden in several scenes and it's the job of the viewer to find him and count the amount of times they see him (or his likeness) until the end of the episode.
The novel Ready Player One and its film adaptation, in which several Easter eggs are discovered in video games in a virtual reality setting, in particular highlighting the Adventure Easter egg.
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Zwei Kaninchen und ein Igel" ("Two rabbits and a hedgehog") by Carl Oswald Rostosky.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolf, Mark J.P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: The Culture, Technology, and Art of Gaming. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. p. 177. ISBN 9780313379369.
Jump up ^ Yarwood, Jack (March 27, 2016). "Easter Eggs: The Hidden Secrets of Videogames". Paste. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Play Atari Adventure". IGN. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Baker, Chris (13 March 2015). "How One Man Invented the Console Adventure Game". WIRED. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Salen, Katie; Zimmerman, Eric (2005). The Game Design Reader: A Rules of the Play Anthology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 690–713. ISBN 0262195364.
Jump up ^ "Letter to Atari" (PDF). 2600 Connections. Wayback Machine. August 4, 1980. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jerz, Dennis G. (2007). "Somewhere Nearby is Colossal Cave: Examining Will Crowther's Original "Adventure" in Code and in Kentucky". Digital Humanities Quarterly. The Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations. 1 (2). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Machkovech, Sam (22 March 2017). "The arcade world's first Easter egg discovered after fraught journey". Ars Technica. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fries, Ed (24 March 2017). "The Hunt For The First Arcade Game Easter Egg". Kotaku. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Consalvo, Mia (2007). Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262033657.
^ Jump up to: a b Björk, Staffan; Holopainen, Jussi (2005). Patterns In Game Design (1st ed.). Hingham, Massachusetts: Charles River Media. p. 235. ISBN 9781584503545. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Optical Information Systems Update/library & Information Center Applications". CD-ROM World. Meckler Publishing. 9 (1-5). February 1994. Retrieved 4 November 2017. The best Easter egg of all is the entire Maniac Mansion game, which appears on a computer in Doctor Fred's mansion. Users can play the original game in its entirety.
Jump up ^ Garmon, Jay (5 March 2007). "Geek Trivia: The cheat goes on". TechRepublic. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Orland, Kyle (4 October 2017). "How hitting a game cartridge unlocks gaming's weirdest Easter egg". Ars Technica. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Wagstaff, Keith (21 December 2011). "Google Maps Easter Egg: 'One Does Not Simply Walk Into Mordor'". Time. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Montfort, Nick; Bogost, Ian (2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 59. ISBN 9780262012577. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "OpenVMS Undocumented Features". PARSEC Group. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Anonymous (19 July 1999). "Excel Easter Egg - Excel 97 Flight to Credits". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Arima, Kevin (20 July 2009). "Word (Microsoft) Easter Egg - Pinball in Word 97". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Grant, Rickford with; Bull, Phil (2010). Ubuntu for Non-Geeks: A Pain-Free, Get-Things-Done Guide (4th ed.). San Francisco: No Starch. p. 168. ISBN 9781593272579. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "apt/apt - Git repository for apt". anonscm.debian.org. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "apt/apt - Git repository for apt". anonscm.debian.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Hoye, David (13 March 2003). "'Easter egg' hunts can turn up surprises". Newsbank. The Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 4 November 2017. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Gaskell, John (19 July 1999). "Excel Easter Egg - Excel 95 Hall of Tortured Souls". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 30 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Firth, Niall (29 October 2010). "How do I get to China? Jet ski! Google Maps joke gives users unorthodox instructions for crossing the Pacific". Daily Mail. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Diaz, Jesus (26 July 2012). "The Easter Eggs Are Back in OS X—And This One Is Insanely Great". Gizmodo. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday Description". F-Secure Labs. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Kendig, Brain (1994). "Macintosh/Newton Easter Egg List". Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ hudson (21 August 2012). "Ghosts in the ROM". NYC Resistor. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Tirosh, Udi (22 August 2012). "Photographs Of Apple Team Found In 25 Years Old Macintosh SE". DIY Photography. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World of 68' Micros, The - Vol. 5 Number 6". 5 (6). FARNA Systems. May 1998: 5. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ kcbhiw (24 July 2001). "HP 54600B Oscilloscope Easter Egg - Tetris Within Oscilloscope". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ TonyK (24 April 2002). "HP 54622D Easter Egg - HP Asteroids". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Pavel (8 April 2000). "Tektronix 1751 Digital Video Osciloscope / Vectorscope Easter Egg - Fishes Swimming on Screen". The Easter Egg Archive. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Corrigan, Patricia (2007). Bringing Science to Life: A Guide from the Saint Louis Science. St. Louis, Missouri: Reedy Press. p. 69. ISBN 9781933370163.
Jump up ^ "(title needed)". Compute. Small System Service. 12 (6–9). 1990.
Jump up ^ Petersen, Julie K. (2002). The Telecommunications Illustrated Dictionary (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 293. ISBN 9780849311734. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Hyman, Michael (1995). PC Roadkill. Foster City, California: Programmers Press. p. c. ISBN 9781568843483. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Cronin, Brian (1 July 2011). "Comic Book Easter Eggs Archive!". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Johnston, Rich (8 April 2017). "Marvel Artist Ardian Syaf Hid Antisemitic And Anti-Christian Messages In This Week's X-Men Comic". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ McCallum, Diana (4 February 2011). "6 Comic Book Easter Eggs That Stuck It to The Man". Cracked.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Universe X Spidey 1 Harras Slander Variant:". Recalled Comics. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Cronin, Brian (19 July 2011). "Comic Book Easter Eggs - New "Se"X-Men #118 Edition!". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Gail Simone (w), Ardian Syaf (p), Vicente Cifuentes (i). "In the Line of Fire" Batgirl v4, 9 (July 2012), DC Comics
Jump up ^ Lovett, Jamie (8 April 2017). "Marvel Releases Statement On Controversial X-Men Gold Art". ComicBook.com. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buni Yani Questioned Again in Cyber Harassment Case". Jakarta Globe. January 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Brown, Tracy (11 April 2017). "Today in Entertainment: Inside Disney's Pandora; Fyre Fest's apology; and 'Hamilton' ticket details". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Saltzman, Marc (2002). DVD Confidential: Hundreds of Hidden Easter Eggs Revealed. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 978-0072226638.
^ Jump up to: a b Bennett, James; Brown, Tom (2008). "The DVD Cinephile: Viewing Heritages and Home Film Cultures". Film and television after DVD. New York: Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 9780415962414. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Berardinelli, James; Ebert, Roger (2005). "Appendix: Easter Eggs, Extended Editions, and Director's Cuts". Reel Views 2: The Ultimate Guide to the Best 1,000 Modern Movies on DVD and Video, Volume 2 (1st U.S ed.). Boston: Justin, Charles & Co. p. 577. ISBN 9781932112405. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Merda, Chad (January 30, 2014). "Easter egg in Old Spice Super Bowl ad yields two tickets to curious fan". Chicago Sun-Times. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bricken, Rob (May 25, 2015). "Every She-Ra: Princess Of Power Figure, Ranked". io9. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ DePiano, Hillary (2006). The She-Ra Collector's Inventory: an Unofficial Illustrated Guide to All Princess of Power Toys and Accessories. Priced Nostalgia Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781411631281. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kabay, M.E. (27 March 2000). "Easter eggs and the Trusted Computing Base". Network World. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Schultz, Greg (29 August 2010). "Take a look back at Microsoft Word Easter Eggs". ZDNet. Retrieved 5 October 2012. Microsoft’s developers hid multiple Easter Eggs in Word 95/97/2000.
Jump up ^ Neuman, Peter G. (10 November 2006). "A Conversation with Douglas W. Jones and Peter G. Neumann". Queue. 5 (9). Retrieved 5 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Spolsky, Joel (2004). Joel on Software. Berkeley, California: Apress. p. 280. ISBN 9781590593899. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
External links[edit]
"Chip Fun: Microchip-based Easter eggs" – National Museum of American History.
The Easter Egg Archive
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