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Maximus (comics)
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Maximus
Maximus the Mad
Art by Frazer Irving.
Publication information
Publisher
Marvel Comics
First appearance
Fantastic Four #47 (Feb. 1966)
Created by
Stan Lee (writer)
Jack Kirby (artist)
In-story information
Full name
Maximus Boltagon
Species
Inhuman
Place of origin
Attilan
Team affiliations
Cabal[1]
Notable aliases
Maximus the Mad, Maximus the Magnificent
Abilities
Extraordinarily gifted inventor
Superhuman intellect
Mental powers
Advanced knowledge of physics, mechanics and biology
Maximus is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character has been depicted both as a member of and antagonist to the Inhumans. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby, he first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966).
Maximus is portrayed in the television series Inhumans by Iwan Rheon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication history
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Silent War
2.2 "Secret Invasion"
2.3 "War of Kings"
3 Powers and abilities
4 Other versions
4.1 "Age of Apocalypse"
4.2 Marvel Knights 2099
4.3 Ultimate Marvel
5 In other media
5.1 Television
5.2 Video games
6 References
7 External links
Publication history[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2012)
Maximus first appeared in Fantastic Four #47 (February 1966), and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.
Fictional character biography[edit]
Maximus, an Inhuman, was the second son of two of Attilan's top geneticists, Agon, the head of the ruling Council of Geneticists, and Rynda, director of the Prenatal Care Center. Subjected to the DNA-altering Terrigen Mist when he was an infant, Maximus peculiarly showed no outward sign of any mutagenic change. As he matured, he hid his developing psionic powers from the community, but was less successful at disguising his antisocial tendencies. When he was about sixteen, his elder brother Black Bolt was released from the protective chamber in which he had been confined since birth due to the destructive nature of his Terrigen mutation. One of Maximus's first responses to his brother's freedom was an unsuccessful attempt to make him release his power and prove Black Bolt could not control his sonic powers, and thus lose his freedom.[2] A month later, Black Bolt witnesses Maximus making a treacherous pact with an emissary of the Kree, the alien race responsible for genetically accelerating the Inhumans eons before. In an attempt to stop the fleeing emissary so that he could be questioned by the ruling council, Black Bolt uses his forbidden power of the quasi-sonic scream and blasts the alien ship out of the sky. When the ship crashes to Earth, it landed on the parliament building, killing several key members of the Genetics Council, including the boys' parents. The reverberations of Black Bolt's voice also affects Maximus, addling his sanity and suppressing his nascent mental powers. When Black Bolt assumes the throne shortly thereafter, Maximus vows to oppose his brother and eventually usurp his rule.[3]
Maximus stages his first successful coup a few years later. By performing an illegal experiment on the Alpha Primitives, the subhuman worker clones that once served the Inhumans, Maximus creates the Trikon, three bodiless energy beings of great destructive power. While the Trikon wreaks havoc in Attilan, Maximus is able to drive the Royal Family of Inhumans out of the city. Maximus later sends Gorgon in search of the amnesiac Medusa. In the several year interval before Black Bolt and his cousins locate her in America, Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's stead. Secure in his position, Maximus has his servant, the Seeker, locate the Royal Family and bring them back to Attilan.[4] Upon doing so, Black Bolt seizes the crown back, to Maximus' dismay. Maximus also encounters the Fantastic Four for the first time. Maximus, hoping to win back the public's affection, activates the Atmo-Gun device he has been working on, a machine he believes will kill the human race and leave all other living beings intact. Maximus miscalculates, however, and the device has no effect. Out of spite, Maximus uses the device to erect a "negative zone" barrier (not to be confused with the anti-matter dimension of that name) that encases Attilan in a dark force sphere, imprisoning the entire race inside.[5] Black Bolt liberates his people by using his quasi-sonic voice to destroy the barrier, at the price of devastating Attilan's ancient architecture.
Maximus then allies himself with six Inhuman criminals, sentenced for their treachery and subversive acts. Freeing Falcona, Aireo, Stallior, Nebulo, Leonus, and Timberius from their place of imprisonment with the Hulk's aid, Maximus then tricks the Hulk into breaching the protective barrier guarding a forbidden chemical substance created by the Inhuman scientist Romnar centuries ago. This substance had certain highly unstable energy absorbing capacities and Maximus intends to use it to usurp the throne again, but Black Bolt overpowers him before he can do so.[volume & issue needed]
Maximus succeeds in bringing about his second coup some months later. Drugging the Royal Family with will-deadening "hypno-potions", Maximus takes the crown from Black Bolt and has the Royal Family imprisoned. Before he can activate his Hypno-Gun, which he believes will make all mankind surrender to his will, the Royal Family escapes and subdues him. Escaping Attilan with his band of renegades in a rocket, Maximus lands in the South American country of Costa Salvador, and attempts to build a will-deadening device similar to his Hypno-Gun. His plans are opposed by the Hulk and the United States Army, however, and he and his allies are forced to flee again.[volume & issue needed]
Maximus later foments a battle between the Royal Family and the Fantastic Four.[6] Returning to Attilan, Maximus is welcomed back by his brother Black Bolt, who prefers Maximus to be somewhere he can be watched. Black Bolt detects that Maximus's psionic powers, suppressed since he was an adolescent, are beginning to return. Offering no explanation, Black Bolt has Maximus placed in a suspended animation capsule, inside which he cannot use his powers. Black Bolt's cousin Gorgon, however, objects to Black Bolt's inhumane treatment of Maximus and frees the latter. Maximus immediately uses his mental powers to subjugate the minds of the Inhuman populace and to give Black Bolt amnesia. Maximus then restores the dark force barrier around Attilan and begins negotiations with the alien Kree to sell certain Inhumans to the Kree to be used as soldiers.[7] Eventually Black Bolt's memory returns, and alongside the Avengers, he returns to Attilan and once again destroys the barrier. The Avengers drive the Kree agent away before he can accomplish his mission and Black Bolt liberates the enslaved Inhumans.[volume & issue needed]
With his mental powers traumatically submerged, Maximus escapes strict punishment for his treachery by feigning insanity. He then begins work on his next project to usurp the throne, the construction of the android Omega, whose power source is supposedly the collective guilt evinced by the Inhuman populace over their treatment of the subhuman Alpha Primitives. The Fantastic Four helps the Royal Family thwart the construct, and the damage it causes was slight. Maximus stages his fourth successful coup a short time later after the Royal Family briefly leaves Attilan on business. Taking Crystal and her husband Quicksilver captive, Maximus forces Black Bolt to give him the crown in order to spare their lives. Black Bolt does so, and allows himself to be placed in captivity. Maximus reestablishes contact with the Kree and negotiates a deal where the Kree would take all of the Inhumans with extraordinary abilities, leaving him the other half of the population to rule. Triton and Karnak rescue most of Maximus's captives and outwit the Kree agent Shatterstar. Unaware of that victory, Black Bolt lets loose with his quasi-sonic scream in agony, once again leveling the city. Angered by what had happened, Black Bolt strikes Maximus for the first time and has him imprisoned.[volume & issue needed]
Maximus then allies himself with the Enclave, a band of human scientists who capture Medusa. The Enclave wants to conquer Attilan and dispatches an aerial strike force. When the Enclave threatenes to execute Medusa, however, Maximus turns on them out of unrequited passion for his brother's betrothed. A weapon Maximus is manning overloads, leaving Maximus in a deathlike coma. Black Bolt has his brother's body placed in a special crypt, and when Attilan is transported from the Earth to the Moon, Maximus accompanies it. On the moon, Maximus's mind makes contact with an alien power crystal located there, and it reawakened his dormant mental powers. When Black Bolt next comes to pay his respects to his brother, Maximus is able to use his power to affect a transfer of consciousness between them. For several months Maximus rules Attilan in Black Bolt's body as Black Bolt lay imprisoned. Reestablishing contact with the Enclave, Maximus helps them implement meteoroid launchers with which they intend to bombard Earth. With the aid of the Avengers, Maximus' switch is discovered, and the Enclave's schemes are foiled. Maximus is forced to return to his rightful body and was once again placed in solitary confinement.[8]
His next plot carried out from his prison cell involves the Inhuman Woz, and almost results in Attilan being conquered by Earth forces. It is foiled by Black Bolt and Medusa, who arrange for Attilan to be teleported away before its destruction.[volume & issue needed]
Silent War[edit]
During the 2007 miniseries Silent War, Maximus again plots his revenge, taunting Black Bolt from his prison and trying to sway a distressed Medusa on his side.[9] He manages to convince Medusa to try to have Luna help "cure" him, only for Luna to realize too late that the "cure" instead allows Maximus to gain control over all the other Inhumans. After the enhanced Marines managed to destroy Attilan, Maximus usurps the throne of the Inhumans from Black Bolt, taking Medusa as his queen, and announcing a new plan to conquer Earth.[10]
"Secret Invasion"[edit]
During the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline, Maximus was initially indifferent to the threat of the Skrulls. When it was discovered that Ahura was a Skrull in disguise, however, Maximus defeated it.[11]
"War of Kings"[edit]
In the 2009 "War of Kings", storyline Black Bolt has retaken the throne of the Inhumans. Maximus is still free and serves as Black Bolt's science advisor, devising war machines for the Kree to use against their adversaries, the Shi'ar.[12] After Black Bolt's vanishing, during a time when the ruling of the various empires is up for dispute, Maximus is seen under the close supervision of Gorgon. His desires for something, anything to rule, are swiftly dismissed.[13]
Powers and abilities[edit]
Maximus has a genius-level intellect and great inventiveness. His mental powers granted by the mutagenic effects from exposure to Terrigen Mist give him the ability to numb, override, and even efface a person's mind. He has the ability to induce short-term amnesia in others, and the ability to exchange his consciousness with another's. Maximus's mental powers have a limited range as well as variability - he can only affect minds in a certain radius and only create one effect at a time. His influence generally functions while Maximus concentrates, but he has left long-buried influence in his subjects as well, which he can trigger by voice command, causing a subject to carry out embedded commands, forget, or remember.
Maximus's mental instability often prevents him from making full use of his powers.
Maximus is superhumanly intelligent. He is an extraordinarily gifted inventor, with advanced knowledge of physics, mechanics, and biology. He has invented an Atmo-gun (able to create seismic shockwaves and "negative zone" force fields), and a Hypno-gun (able to control minds at a far distance).
Even without using the Terrigen Mist, the Kree modifications, combined with centuries of selective breeding, have given all Inhumans certain advantages. Their average lifespan is 150 years and an Inhuman in good physical condition possesses strength, reaction time, speed, and endurance greater than the finest of human athletes. Inhumans who are in excellent physical shape can lift one ton and are physically slightly superior to the peak of normal human physical achievement. Most Inhumans are used to living in a pollution-free, germ-free environment and have difficulty tolerating air and water pollution for any length of time.
Other versions[edit]
"Age of Apocalypse"[edit]
In the alternate timeline seen in the 1995–1996 "Age of Apocalypse" storyline, Maximus was a Horseman of Apocalypse, the Horseman of Death. He operates on the Blue Area of the Moon, aboard Ship, Apocalypse's Celestial starship, whose sentient artificial intelligence is known as Ship. Maximus is served by his personal strikeforce formed by clones of the Inhuman Royal Family, which he had murdered himself, altered into monstrous forms by the Terrigen Mists, which Death has offered Apocalypse in exchange for his position. Maximus also experiments on Sunfire, who has been captured by Holocaust after the destruction of Japan, leaving him unable to control his powers. When the X-Men appear on the Moon, believing Apocalypse to be hibernating on Ship, Maximus capture the X-Men and seeks to transform them into his servants, with which he will overthrow Apocalypse. However, Cyclops, who has been sent to ensure the transfer of the Mists, attacks the betrayer Death and liberate the X-Men with the aid of Blink. Maximus dies, alongside his servants, in the destruction of Ship caused by Sunfire, whose powers flare out of control after he was released.[14]
Marvel Knights 2099[edit]
In an alternate take on Marvel 2099, called Marvel Knights 2099, the Inhumans are in a space station named Atillan, having left Earth decades ago. Here they await the cryogenic awakening of Black Bolt. The leader of the Council greets Black Bolt and has Lockjaw teleport them to the throne room for privacy. The leader announces that he killed the rest of the Inhumans Royal Family in cryogenic suspension, taking special pleasure in killing Medusa, and took over. The leader reveals himself as Maximus, to Black Bolt's shock and anger, saying that he has used implants to extend his life in order to see Black Bolt vulnerable, at his boiling point. Maximus pleads with Black Bolt to release his power and destroy everything - the station, the legacy, and Maximus himself. Black Bolt finally lets go and in one whisper, destroys everything. The one shot ends with Black Bolt crying and dying in space among the wreckage.[15]
Ultimate Marvel[edit]
In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Maximus is introduced in the Ultimate Fantastic Four's first Annual along with the other Inhumans. He is the brother of Black Bolt and the fiancé of Crystal. She refuses to marry him referring to him as a "stunted little peacock" and calling him mad.[16]
In other media[edit]
Television[edit]
Character poster of Iwan Rheon as Maximus for the television series, Inhumans.
Maximus appeared in the 1994 Fantastic Four animated series, voiced by Mark Hamill.[citation needed]
Maximus appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode "Inhuman Nature", voiced by Nolan North.[citation needed]
Maximus appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man: Web Warriors episode "Inhumanity" voiced again by Nolan North.[citation needed]
Maximus appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episodes "Crystal Blue Persuasion" and "Inhuman Touch", now voiced by Diedrich Bader.[17]
Maximus appears in the Avengers: Ultron Revolution episode "Civil War, Part 1: The Fall of Attilan", voiced by Diedrich Bader.[citation needed]
Iwan Rheon portrays Maximus in the live-action series, Inhumans.[18] It is revealed that Maximus' Terrigenesis made him human causing him much envy towards Black Bolt, especially since their father, Agon, has denied Maximus his desire to rule.[19] He stages a coup while the rest of the Royal Family, sans Crystal, flee to Hawaii through Lockjaw.[20] He attempts to have Crystal support him, but she rebels and flees to Hawaii as well, leaving Maximus to convince the council of the Royal Family's incompetence. He further sends out dangerous Inhumans, such as Mordis, to hunt the Royal Family.[19] He further has the human Dr. Evan Declan working for him so that he can study Black Bolt and hopefully use his DNA to create a new Terrigenesis for him.[21] Maximus learns of Auran's position with Declan, but informs her to not tell him of her association with him. Maximus believes that in order for "his" people to gain freedom they have to earn it, therefore he sends Inhumans to hunt his family. Unbeknownst to him, the people of Attilan are plotting against him.[22] He later finds out through genetic council member Tibor and has him and his conspirators killed as an example.[23] Maximus is reunited with his family for a parley. However, he cheats his family by taking Declan and forces him to prepare a second terrigenesis. When he is alerted of his family's next move, he tries to escape, but is captured by Triton. He is brought to Black Bolt and tells him that he installed a failsafe so that if he kills him, Attilan will be destroyed.[24] Maximus refuses to give up the throne or stop the dome over the city from collapsing and learns through Bronaja, a prophetic inhuman, that he will remain the king of Attilan and that Black Bolt was nowhere in sight. Soon, Auran leaves him as the whole city and the Royal Family, sans Black Bolt, escape to Earth. Maximus reveals to Black Bolt that he indirectly killed his parents when he forged a signature for Black Bolt to get lobotomized. Maximus is knocked out and trapped in Attilan's bunker. As he looks at the well stocked room, Maximus realizes that he is still the king of Attilan and that Black Bolt has in fact left him as its only population.[25]
Video games[edit]
Maximus is mentioned in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance by several Inhumans. Gorgon says he has Maximus "locked safely in the maze."
Maximus appears in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance. He is introduced in "Special Operations 23: Inhumans."
References[edit]
Jump up ^ New Avengers Vol. 3 #23. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Thor #149. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Avengers #95. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Inhumans Special #1. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Fantastic Four #47-48. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Amazing Adventures #1-2. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Amazing Adventures #5-7. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Avengers Annual #12. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Silent War #3. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Silent War #6. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Secret Invasion: Inhumans #2. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ War of Kings #2. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ War of Kings: Who Will Rule? (Nov. 2009). Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Tales From the Age of Apocalypse: By the Light (1996). Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Marvel Knights: Inhumans 2099. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ Ultimate Fantastic Four Annual #1. Marvel Comics.
Jump up ^ "Crystal Blue Persuasion". Guardians of the Galaxy. Season 1. Episode 12. February 28, 2016. Disney XD.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (February 21, 2017). "'Game of Thrones' Grad Iwan Rheon to Star in Marvel's ABC Drama 'Inhumans'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Fisher, Chris (director); Rick Cleveland (writer) (October 6, 2017). "Divide and Conquer". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 3. ABC.
Jump up ^ Reiné, Roel (director); Scott Buck (writer) (September 29, 2017). "Behold... The Inhumans". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 1. ABC.
Jump up ^ Straiton, David (director); Wendy West (writer) (October 13, 2017). "Make Way for... Medusa". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 4. ABC.
Jump up ^ Tancharoen, Kevin (director); Scott Reynolds (writer) (October 20, 2017). "Something Inhuman This Way Comes...". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 5. ABC.
Jump up ^ Hardiman, Neasa (director); Charles Murray (writer) (October 27, 2017). "The Gentleman's Name is Gorgon". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 6. ABC.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Chris (director); Quinton Peeples (writer) (November 3, 2017). "Havoc in the Hidden Land". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 7. ABC.
Jump up ^ Gierhart, Billy (director); Rick Cleveland & Scott Reynolds (writer) (November 10, 2017). "...And Finally: Black Bolt". Marvel's Inhumans. Season 1. Episode 8. ABC.
External links[edit]
Maximus at Marvel.com
Maximus at MarvelDirectory.com
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Grinch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Dr. Seuss character. For the video game, see The Grinch (video game). For the upcoming film, see The Grinch (film).
The Grinch
Dr. Seuss character
The Grinch (right) with his dog Max
First appearance
"The Hoobub and the Grinch" (1955)
Created by
Dr. Seuss
Portrayed by
see below
Information
Nickname(s)
Mr. Grinch
Grinch
Gender
Male
The Grinch is a fictional green character created by Dr. Seuss. He is best known as the main character of the children's book How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957).
Contents
[hide]
1 Character description
2 History
3 Popularity within American culture
4 References
5 External links
Character description[edit]
The Grinch is depicted as a furry, green humanoid recluse living in seclusion on a cliff overlooking the cheerful and optimistic town of Whoville. He scorns the Christmas season and the boisterous and rambunctious festivities customarily celebrated during the holiday; apparently irritated by the happiness of others and deriving pleasure from spoiling other people's merriment. Aided by his pet dog, Max, he disguises himself as Santa Claus and breaks into the Whos' homes to steal their holiday decorations and gifts. Although his plan works, he is infuriated on Christmas morning to find the Whos singing cheerfully despite his actions. Convinced that the holiday must carry a meaning distinct from its decorations and gifts, the Grinch returns and distributes his stolen goods to the Whos, with whom he thereafter celebrates. Nevertheless, the Grinch is still portrayed as a bitter and ill-tempered character in artwork or other media. In both the animated TV special and the 2000 live-action film, he is shown to have superhuman strength when he stops an entire sleigh loaded with presents from going over a cliff and lifts it over his head, and he is also described as "[finding] the strength of ten Grinches plus two" during that moment of crisis.
With the character's anti-Christmas spirit followed by the transformation on Christmas morning, scholars have noted similarity to Ebenezer Scrooge from Charles Dickens' 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.[1][2] Cardiologist David Kass suggested that the rapid growth of the Grinch's heart at the end of the story indicates that the Grinch has the physiology of a Burmese python.[3]
History[edit]
Dr. Seuss working on How the Grinch Stole Christmas! in early 1957.
The Grinch first appeared in the May 1955 issue of Redbook in a 32-line poem called "The Hoobub and the Grinch,"[4] but made his book debut in the 1957 story How the Grinch Stole Christmas, written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss, published as both a Random House book and in an issue of Redbook magazine. Nine years later in 1966, the story was adapted into an animated television featurette of the same name, which was directed by Chuck Jones and included the song "You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch". Boris Karloff serves as both the story's narrator and the voice of the Grinch.
In 1977, Seuss responded to the fan request for more Grinch tales by writing Halloween is Grinch Night, that serves as a prequel to the 1966 film. This was followed in 1982, when Marvel green-lit The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat a TV film starring The Cat in the Hat, also produced by Dr. Seuss (though under his real name, Ted Geisel). Although not as successful as the original, the two films both received Emmy Awards. Several episodes of the 1996 Nick Jr. television show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss featured the Grinch, this time in puppet form, a rare screen appearance for the character without being animated or illustrated.[5]
A 2000 live-action feature comedy film based on the story, directed by Ron Howard[6] and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch, was a major financial success,[7] although it received many mixed reviews and holds a 53% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] A video game based on the film, simply entitled The Grinch, was released on several consoles and PC in the same year. It was followed in 2007 with the release of a Nintendo DS version that went under the full title of the movie.
The Grinch was portrayed on the stage when the story was turned into a musical by the Children's Theater Company out of Minneapolis. The show made it to Broadway by way of a limited run in 2006, with Julia Leuchtenberg playing the Grinch.[9] The Grinch is also a minor character in Seussical, which is a crossover between various Dr. Seuss stories.
The Grinch's story will be adapted in animated form in 2018 by Illumination Entertainment, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the title character.[10]
Popularity within American culture[edit]
The Grinch has since become an icon of Christmas and the winter holidays, despite the character's hatred of the season. Over the years he has appeared on various forms of memorabilia such as Christmas ornaments, plush dolls, and various clothing items.[9] The grumpy, anti-holiday spirit of the character has led to the term "Grinch"[11][12] coming to refer to a person opposed to Christmas time celebrations[13][14][15] or to someone with a coarse, greedy attitude.[12] In 2002, TV Guide ranked The Grinch number 5 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Philip Nel (2005). "Dr. Seuss: American Icon". p. 130. Continuum,
Jump up ^ Jacob M. Held (2011). "Dr. Seuss and Philosophy: Oh, the Thinks You Can Think". p. 147. Littlefield Publishers,
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Jon. "Heart 2 Sizes Too Small? Mr. Grinch, See Your Cardiologist." NPR. 22 December 2017. 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Philip Nel (2005). "Dr. Seuss: American Icon". The Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 117.
Jump up ^ "The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss." The Jim Henson Company. 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Oscar awards 2001
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ "How the Grinch Stole Christmas at Rotten Tomatoes". Rottentomatoes.com. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Fee, Christopher R., ed., and Jeffrey B. Webb, ed. "American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American ...." Google Books. 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Franich, Darren. "Benedict Cumberbatch is the new Grinch." Entertainment Weekly. 13 April 2016. 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b TV Guide Book of Lists. Running Press. 2007. p. 158. ISBN 0-7624-3007-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Serf_12 December 17, 2009 7:21 PM EST (2009-12-17). "Citigroup Suspends Foreclosures: Grinch's Heart Grows Three Sizes! - Econwatch". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Orlando Grinch? Former Osceola County courts supervisor faces tri". www.palmbeachpost.com. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ Felps, Bruce (2010-11-09). "Grinch Grabs Salvation Army Kettle | NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth". Nbcdfw.com. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
Jump up ^ "S | WTAM - Local News - The BIG One - WTAM 1100". WTAM. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
External links[edit]
Media related to Grinch at Wikimedia Commons
Grinch at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on February 5, 2016.
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Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas!
Characters
Grinch
Book
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957)
Music
"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch" (1966)
Adaptations
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966, TV special)
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1977, TV special)
The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982, TV special)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical (1994)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 live action film)
Dr. Seuss' The Grinch (2018 animated film)
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[show]
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Adaptations
Television
The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–57)
Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966)
Horton Hears a Who! (1970)
The Cat in the Hat (1971)
The Lorax (1972)
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Green Eggs and Ham (2018)
Film
Horton Hatches the Egg (short; 1942)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (short; 1950)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)
The Cat in the Hat (2003)
Horton Hears a Who! (2008)
The Lorax (2012)
The Grinch (2018)
The Cat in the Hat (TBA)
Other media
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Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical
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Judges of the International Court of Justice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed ad hoc by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Permanent judges
2 Succession of seats
3 Judges sitting ad hoc
4 See also
Permanent judges[edit]
Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
State
Judge
Terms start
Term end
President
Vice-President
El Salvador El Salvador Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero 1946 1958 1946–1949 1949–1955
France France Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant 1946 1964 1949–1952 1946–1949
Chile Chile Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez 1946 1955
Mexico Mexico Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela 1946 1952
USA United States Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth 1946 1961 1955–1958
Poland Poland Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski 1946 1967 1961–1964
Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Zoricic Milovan Zoričić 1946 1958
Belgium Belgium de Visscher Charles De Visscher 1946 1952
UK United Kingdom McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair 1946 1955 1952–1955
Norway Norway Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad 1946 1961 1958–1961
Egypt Egypt Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha 1946 1965 1955–1958
USSR Soviet Union Krylov Sergei Krylov 1946 1952
Canada Canada Read John Read 1946 1958
China Republic of China Hsu Hsu Mo 1946 1956
Brazil Brazil Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo 1946 1951
Brazil Brazil Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) 1951 1955
India India Rau, Sir Benegal NarsingSir Benegal Narsing Rau 1952 1953
Uruguay Uruguay Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) 1952 1961
USSR Soviet Union Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) 1952 1953
USSR Soviet Union Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov 1953 1961
Pakistan Pakistan Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan 1954
1964 1961
1973 1970–1973 1958–1961
UK United Kingdom Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht 1955 1960
Argentina Argentina Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) 1955 1964
Mexico Mexico Cordova Roberto Córdova 1955 1964
China Republic of China Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo 1957 1967 1964–1967
Greece Greece Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos 1958 1967
Australia Australia Spender Sir Percy Spender 1958 1967 1964–1967
Panama Panama Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro 1959 1964 1961–1964
UK United Kingdom Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1960 1973
USSR Soviet Union Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) 1961 1970 1967–1970
Japan Japan Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka 1961 1970
Peru Peru Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero 1961 1970 1967–1970
USA United States Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup 1961 1970
Italy Italy Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) 1961 1970
Mexico Mexico Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo 1964 1973
Senegal Senegal Forster Isaac Forster (nl) 1964 1982
France France Gros André Gros (nl) 1964 1982
Lebanon Lebanon AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) 1965 1976 1970–1976
Philippines Philippines Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon 1967 1976
Sweden Sweden Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) 1967 1976
Poland Poland Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs 1967 1993 1973–1976
Nigeria Nigeria Onyeama Charles Onyeama 1967 1976
USA United States Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard 1970 1979
Dahomey Benin Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto 1970 1979
Spain Spain de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro 1970 1979
USSR Soviet Union Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) 1970 1985
Uruguay Uruguay Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga 1970 1979 1976–1979
UK United Kingdom Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock 1973 1981 1979–1981
India India Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh 1973 1988 1985–1988 1976–1979
Argentina Argentina Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda 1973 1991 1988–1991
West Germany West Germany Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) 1976 1985
Nigeria Nigeria Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias 1976 1991 1982–1985 1979–1982
Syria Syria Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) 1976 1980
Japan Japan Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda 1976 2003 1991–1994
Italy Italy Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago 1979 1995
Egypt Egypt El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian 1979 1981
Brazil Brazil Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) 1979 1988 1982–1985
USA United States Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter 1979 1980
Syria Syria El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) 1981 1985
USA United States Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel 1981 2000 1997–2000 1994–1997
UK United Kingdom Jennings Sir Robert Jennings 1982 1995 1991–1994
France France de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) 1982 1987 1985–1987
Senegal Senegal Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye 1982 1991 1987–1991
Algeria Algeria Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui 1982 2001 1994–1997
China China Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) 1985 1994
Norway Norway Evensen, JensJens Evensen 1985 1994
USSR/Russia Soviet Union/Russia Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) 1985 1994
France France Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) 1987 2005 2000–2003
Guyana Guyana Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen 1988 1997
India India Pathak, Raghunandan SwarupRaghunandan Swarup Pathak 1989 1991
Venezuela Venezuela Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) 1991 1995
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry 1991 2000 1997–2000
Madagascar Madagascar Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva 1991 2009 2003–2006
Nigeria Nigeria Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola 1991 1994
Hungary Hungary Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) 1993 2003
China China Shi Shi Jiuyong 1994 2010 2003–2006 2000–2003
Germany Germany Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer 1994 2003
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma 1994 2012
Russia Russia Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) 1994 2006
Italy Italy Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo 1995 1997
UK United Kingdom Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins 1995 2009 2006–2009
Venezuela Venezuela Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren 1996 2009
Netherlands Netherlands Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans 1997 2006
Brazil Brazil Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek 1997 2006
Jordan Jordan Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh 2000 2011 2006–2009
USA United States Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal 2000 2010
Egypt Egypt El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby 2001 2006
Japan Japan Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada 2003 2009–2012
Germany Germany Simma, BrunoBruno Simma 2003 2012
Slovakia Slovakia Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka 2003 2012–2015 2009–2012
France France Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham 2005 2014 2015–
New Zealand New Zealand Sir Kenneth Keith 2006 2015
Mexico Mexico Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor 2006 2015 2012–2015
Morocco Morocco Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna 2006 2024
Russia Russia Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov 2006 2015
Brazil Brazil Trindade, Antônio Augusto CançadoAntônio Augusto Cançado Trindade 2009 2018
Somalia Somalia Yusuf, Abdulqawi AhmedAbdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf 2009 2018 2015–
UK United Kingdom Greenwood Sir Christopher Greenwood 2009 2018
China China Xue Xue Hanqin 2010 2012
USA United States Donoghue, Joan E.Joan E. Donoghue 2010
Italy Italy Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja 2012
Uganda Uganda Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde 2012
India India Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari 2012
Australia Australia Crawford James Crawford 2015
Russia Russia Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian 2015
Jamaica Jamaica Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson 2015
Succession of seats[edit]
The Court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats, other than that no two may be nationals of the same state. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except between 1967 and 1985 when there was no Chinese judge. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation is three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe and five seats to Western Europe and Others.
Seat 1 (Asia)
Initial term of nine years
Guerrero, José GustavoJosé Gustavo Guerrero El Salvador El Salvador 1946–1958
Alfaro, RicardoRicardo Alfaro Panama Panama 1959-1964
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1964-1973
Singh, NagendraNagendra Singh India India 1973-1988
Pathak, RaghunandanRaghunandan Pathak India India 1989-1991
Weeramantry, ChristopherChristopher Weeramantry Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 1991-2000
Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh Jordan Jordan 2000-2011
Bhandari, DalveerDalveer Bhandari India India 2012-
Seat 2 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
Basdevant, JulesJules Basdevant France France 1946-1964
Gros André Gros (nl) France France 1964-1982
de Lacharrière Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière (nl) France France 1982-1987
Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume (fr) France France 1987-2005
Abraham, RonnyRonny Abraham France France 2005-
Seat 3 (Africa)
Initial term of nine years
Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez Chile Chile 1946-1955
Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana (nl) Argentina Argentina 1955-1964
Forster Isaac Forster (nl) Senegal Senegal 1964-1982
Mbaye, KébaKéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal 1982-1991
Ranjeva, RaymondRaymond Ranjeva Madagascar Madagascar 1991-2009
Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Somalia Somalia 2009-
Seat 4 (WE&O)
Initial term of nine years
McNair, Arnold McNair, 1st BaronArnold McNair, 1st Baron McNair UK UK 1946-1955
Lauterpacht, HerschHersch Lauterpacht UK UK 1955-1960
Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice UK UK 1960-1973
Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock UK UK 1973-1981
Jennings Sir Robert Jennings UK UK 1981-1995
Higgins, RosalynRosalyn Higgins UK UK 1995-2009
Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood UK UK 2009-
Seat 5 (LA&C)
Initial term of nine years
Azevedo, PhiladelphoPhiladelpho Azevedo Brazil Brazil 1946-1951
Carneiro Levi Carneiro (pt) Brazil Brazil 1951-1955
Cordova Roberto Córdova Mexico Mexico 1955-1964
Nervo, Luis PadillaLuis Padilla Nervo Mexico Mexico 1964-1973
Ruda, JoséJosé Ruda Argentina Argentina 1973-1991
Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley (nl) Venezuela Venezuela 1991-1995
Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren Venezuela Venezuela 1996-2009
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Brazil 2009-
Seat 6 (LA&C)
Initial term of six years
Fabela, IsidroIsidro Fabela Mexico Mexico 1946-1952
Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón (nl) Uruguay Uruguay 1952-1961
Bustamante y Rivero, JoséJosé Bustamante y Rivero Peru Peru 1961-1970
Jiménez de Aréchaga, EduardoEduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Uruguay 1970-1979
Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho (pt) Brazil Brazil 1979-1988
Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Guyana 1988-1997
Rezek, FranciscoFrancisco Rezek Brazil Brazil 1997-2006
Sepúlveda Amor, BernardoBernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico 2006-2015
Robinson, Patrick LiptonPatrick Lipton Robinson Jamaica Jamaica 2015-
Seat 7 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Hackworth, GreenGreen Hackworth USA USA 1946-1961
Jessup, PhilipPhilip Jessup USA USA 1961-1970
Dillard, HardyHardy Dillard USA USA 1970-1979
Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter USA USA 1979-1980
Schwebel, StephenStephen Schwebel USA USA 1981-2000
Buergenthal, ThomasThomas Buergenthal USA USA 2000-2010
Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue USA USA 2010-
Seat 8 (Africa)
Initial term of six years
de Visscher Charles De Visscher Belgium Belgium 1946-1952
Rau, Benegal NarsingBenegal Narsing Rau India India 1952-1953
Zafarullah Khan, MuhammadMuhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Pakistan 1954-1961
Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka Japan Japan 1961-1970
Ignacio-Pinto, LouisLouis Ignacio-Pinto Dahomey Benin 1970-1979
El-Erian, AbdullahAbdullah El-Erian Egypt Egypt 1979-1981
Bedjaoui, MohammedMohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Algeria 1982-2001
El Araby, NabilNabil El Araby Egypt Egypt 2001-2006
Bennouna, MohamedMohamed Bennouna Morocco Morocco 2006-
Seat 9 (WE&O)
Initial term of six years
Klæstad, HelgeHelge Klæstad Norway Norway 1946-1961
Morelli Gaetano Morelli (it) Italy Italy 1961-1970
de Castro, FedericoFederico de Castro Spain Spain 1970-1979
Ago, RobertoRoberto Ago Italy Italy 1979-1995
Ferrari Bravo, LuigiLuigi Ferrari Bravo Italy Italy 1995-1997
Kooijmans, PieterPieter Kooijmans Netherlands Netherlands 1997-2006
Keith Sir Kenneth Keith New Zealand New Zealand 2006-2015
Crawford James Crawford Australia Australia 2015-
Seat 10 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of six years
Krylov Sergei Krylov USSR USSR 1946-1952
Golunsky Sergei Golunsky (ru) USSR USSR 1952-1953
Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov USSR USSR 1953-1961
Koretsky Vladimir Koretsky (ru) USSR USSR 1961-1970
Morozov Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov (nl) USSR USSR 1970-1985
Tarassov Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov (ru) USSR/Russia USSR/Russia 1985-1994
Vereschetin Vladlen Veresjtsjetin (nl) Russia Russia 1994-2006
Skotnikov, LeonidLeonid Skotnikov Russia Russia 2006-2015
Gevorgian, KirillKirill Gevorgian Russia Russia 2015-
Seat 11 (Eastern Europe)
Initial term of three years
Winiarski, BohdanBohdan Winiarski Poland Poland 1946-1967
Lachs, ManfredManfred Lachs Poland Poland 1967-1993
Herczegh Géza Herczegh (hu) Hungary Hungary 1993-2003
Tomka, PeterPeter Tomka Slovakia Slovakia 2003-
Seat 12 (WE&O)
Initial term of three years
Zoricic Milovan Zoričić Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 1946-1958
Spiropoulos, JeanJean Spiropoulos Greece Greece 1958-1967
Petrén Sture Petrén (sv) Sweden Sweden 1967-1976
Mosler Hermann Mosler (de) West Germany West Germany 1976-1985
Evensen, JensJens Evensen Norway Norway 1985-1994
Fleischhauer, Carl-AugustCarl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany 1994-2003
Simma, BrunoBruno Simma Germany Germany 2003-2012
Gaja, GiorgioGiorgio Gaja Italy Italy 2012-
Seat 13 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha Egypt Egypt 1946-1965
AmmounFouad Ammoun (de) Lebanon Lebanon 1965-1976
Tarazi Salah Tarazi (nl) Syria Syria 1976-1980
El-Khani Abdallah El-Khani (nl) Syria Syria 1981-1985
Ni Ni Zhengyu (zh) China China 1985-1994
Shi Shi Jiuyong China China 1994-2010
Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin China China 2010-
Seat 14 (Africa)
Initial term of three years
Read John Read Canada Canada 1946-1958
Spender, PercyPercy Spender Australia Australia 1958-1967
Onyeama Charles Onyeama Nigeria Nigeria 1967-1976
Elias, TaslimTaslim Elias Nigeria Nigeria 1976-1991
Ajibola, BolaBola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria 1991-1994
Koroma, Abdul G.Abdul G. Koroma Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 1994-2012
Sebutinde, JuliaJulia Sebutinde Uganda Uganda 2012-
Seat 15 (Asia)
Initial term of three years
Hsu Hsu Mo China China 1946-1956
Koo, WellingtonWellington Koo China China 1957-1967
Bengzon, CésarCésar Bengzon Philippines Philippines 1967-1976
Oda, ShigeruShigeru Oda Japan Japan 1976-2003
Owada, HisashiHisashi Owada Japan Japan 2003-
Judges sitting ad hoc[edit]
Judges sitting ad hoc on the International Court of Justice, as of 22 July 2010 (sortable)
Judge
Nationality
Appointing State
Case(s) including parties years and of initiation to deposition
Georges Abi-Saab Egypt Mali Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Adetobunboh Ademola Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Mohsen Aghahosseini Iran Iran Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989–1996
Roberto Ago Italy Honduras Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Bola Ajibola Nigeria Nigeria Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Nigeria Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Peru Peru Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Peru Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Peru Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh Jordan Nicaragua Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Louise Arbour Canada Chile Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Enrique Armand-Ugón Uruguay Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia Portugal Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Garfield Barwick Australia Australia Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973–1974
New Zealand Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973–1974
Suzanne Bastid France Tunisia Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philémon Beb à Don Cameroon Cameroon Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961–1963
Mohammed Bedjaoui Algeria Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Niger Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014–present
Marshall Islands Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014–present
Mohamed Bennouna Morocco Benin Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002–2005
Franklin Berman United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Alphonse Boni Ivory Coast Morocco Western Sahara 1974–1975
Bengt Broms Finland Finland Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Charles Brower United States Colombia Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Ian Brownlie United Kingdom Liechtenstein Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Andreas Bucher Switzerland Switzerland Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Sayeman Bula-Bula Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Colombia Colombia Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949–1950
Colombia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Colombia Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950–1951
Ian Callinan Australia Australia Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Brazil Costa Rica Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
Jean-Yves de Cara France Republic of the Congo Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Paul Carry Switzerland Switzerland Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957–1959
Jorge Castañeda Mexico Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Federico de Castro Spain Spain Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla India India Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Hilary Charlesworth Australia Australia Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010–2014
Joseph Chesson Liberia Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Maxwell Cohen Canada Canada Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981–1984
Claude-Albert Colliard France Nicaragua Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984–1986
Jean-Pierre Cot France Colombia Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Romania Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Colombia Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Thailand Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Timor-Leste Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013–2015
Yves Daudet France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Bolivia Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014–present
Nicaragua Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Igor Daxner Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Vojin Dimitrijević Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Christopher Dugard South Africa Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Rwanda Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Malaysia Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Belgium Belgium Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Bohuslav Ečer Czechoslovakia Albania Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947–1949
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri Egypt Libya Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Jens Evensen Norway Tunisia Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Manuel Fernandes Portugal Portugal Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955–1960
Paul-Henning Fischer Denmark Denmark Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988–1993
Denmark Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991–1992
Carl-August Fleischhauer Germany Germany Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001–2005
Yves Fortier Canada Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Thomas Franck United States Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Giorgio Gaja Italy Italy Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997–2007
Italy Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008–2012
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Belgium Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958–1961
Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Carlos Garcia Bauer Guatemala Guatemala Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
David Goitein Israel Israel Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Spain Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Paul Guggenheim Switzerland Liechtenstein Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951–1955
Gilbert Guillaume France France Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003–2010
Nicaragua Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005–2009
France Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Peru Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Nicaragua Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010–present
Cambodia Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011–present
Nicaragua Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011–present
Sead Hodžić Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Robert Yewdall Jennings United Kingdom United Kingdom Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992–2003
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Uruguay Libya Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978–1982
Libya Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
Libya Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984–1985
Philippe Kirsch Belgium Belgium Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Milenko Kreća Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999–2004
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Serbia and Montenegro Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999–2004
FR Yugoslavia Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999
Serbia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Marc Lalonde Canada Canada Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Canada Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999–2004
Elihu Lauterpacht United Kingdom Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
François Luchaire France Burkina Faso Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983–1986
Ahmed Mahiou Algeria Bosnia and Herzegovina Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993–2007
Guinea Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Bosnia and Herzegovina Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001–2003
Niger Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010–2013
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998–2012
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002–2006
Louis Mbanefo Nigeria Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Kéba Mbaye Senegal Senegal Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Cameroon Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996–2002
Cameroon Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998–1999
Thomas Mensah Ghana Nicaragua Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001–2012
Gaetano Morelli Italy Italy Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953–1954
Hermann Mosler West Germany West Germany North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967–1969
Nagendra Singh India India Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971–1972
Johannes Offerhaus Netherlands Netherlands Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Francisco Orrego Vicuña Chile Chile Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008–2014
Bernard Oxman United States Ukraine Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004–2009
Geoffrey Palmer New Zealand New Zealand Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court's Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995
Felipe Paolillo Uruguay El Salvador Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Pakistan Pakistan Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
Fausto Pocar Italy Belgium Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009–2011
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao India Singapore Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003–2008
B. P. Jeevan Reddy India India Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999–2000
François Rigaux Belgium Iran Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992–2003
Willem Riphagen Netherlands Belgium Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962–1970
Emmanuel Roucounas Greece Greece Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
José María Ruda Argentina Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Jean Salmon Belgium Burundi Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Karim Sandjabi Iran Iran Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951–1952
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Mexico Mexico Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003–2004
José Sette-Camara Brazil Libya Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990–1994
Mohamed Shahabuddeen Guyana Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Indonesia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
Bruno Simma Germany Costa Rica Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014–present
Leonid Skotnikov Russia Nicaragua Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013–present
Krysztof Skubiszewski Poland Portugal East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Slovakia Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997–present
Max Sørensen Denmark Netherlands North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967–1969)
Denmark North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967–1969)
Jean Spiropoulos Greece Greece Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951–1953
Michel Stassinopoulos Greece Greece Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976–1978
Ninian Stephen Australia Australia East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Sweden Sweden Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957–1958
Serge Sur France Senegal Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009–2012
Hubert Thierry France Guinea-Bissau Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989–1991
Santiago Torres Bernárdez Spain Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Qatar Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Spain Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995–1998
Spain Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Honduras Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999–2007
Honduras Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002–2003
Uruguay Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Francisco Urrutia Holguin Colombia Nicaragua Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958–1960
Nicolas Valticos Greece Malta Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982–1985
El Salvador Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Bahrain Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991–2001
Joe Verhoeven Belgium Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999–2001
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999–present
Democratic Republic of the Congo Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999–2001
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Argentina Argentina Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006–2010
Ecuador Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008–2013
Michel Virally France Honduras Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986–1992
Budislav Vukas Croatia Croatia Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999–2015
Macedonia Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008–2011
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sri Lanka Malaysia Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998–2002
J.T. van Wyk South Africa South Africa South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
South Africa South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Chris van den Wyngaert Belgium Belgium Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000–2002
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Abdulqawi Yusuf Somalia Djibouti Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006–2008
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan Ethiopia South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Liberia South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960–1966
Pakistan Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Jaroslav Žourek Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957–1959
Bulgaria Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v. Bulgaria) 1957–1960
All Judges ad hoc: http://www.icj-cij.org/court/index.php?p1=1&p2=5&p3=2&lang=en
See also[edit]
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values: Liste der Richter am Internationalen Gerichtshof – German

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