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Mains electricity by country
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For further information on each plug and discussion on the different voltages and frequencies used, see AC power plugs and sockets and Mains electricity.
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Mains electricity by country includes a list of countries and territories, with the plugs, voltages and frequencies they use for providing electrical power to small appliances and some major appliances. Every country has differing rules regarding distribution of electricity for portable appliances and lighting. Voltage, frequency, and plug type vary widely, but large regions may use common standards. Physical compatibility of receptacles may not ensure compatibility of voltage, frequency, or connection to earth ground.
This article lists the plug type, voltage and frequency commonly expected for many territories. In some areas, older standards may still exist. Foreign enclaves or buildings frequented by tourists may support plugs not otherwise used in a country, for the convenience of travellers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Main reference source—IEC World Plugs
2 Plugs
3 Safety considerations
3.1 Multi-standard sockets and adapters
3.2 Voltage rating of plugs and power cords
3.3 Type A and Type B sockets at greater than 125 V
3.4 Differences in standards for those plugs classified as Type I
3.5 Shaver sockets
4 Voltages
5 History of similar guides
6 Table of mains voltages and frequencies
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Main reference source—IEC World Plugs[edit]
The International Electrotechnical Commission publishes a web microsite World Plugs[1] which provides the main source for this page, except where other sources are indicated. World Plugs includes some history, a description of plug types, and a list of countries giving the type(s) used and the mains voltage and frequency.
Although useful for quick reference, especially for travellers, IEC World Plugs may not be regarded as totally accurate, as illustrated by the examples in the plugs section below, and errors may exist, such as Indonesia being listed as using both 220 V and 110 V when the Indonesian Standard SPLN 1[2] clearly states the voltage as 230 V.
Plugs[edit]
Main article: AC power plugs and sockets
A plug is defined in IEC 60050 as an accessory having pins designed to engage with the contacts of a socket-outlet, also incorporating means for the electrical connection and mechanical retention of flexible cables or cords; a plug does not contain components which modify the electrical output from the electrical input (except where a switch and/or fuse is provided as a means of disconnecting the output from input). Informally, power conversion devices with incorporated plug pins may be also called "plugs", but IEC 60050 refers to these as 'direct plug-in equipment' defined as equipment in which the mains plug forms an integral part of the equipment enclosure so that the equipment is supported by the mains socket-outlet. In this article, the term 'plug' is used in the sense defined by IEC 60050.
The types used in each country are set by national standards, some of which are listed in the IEC technical report TR 60083, Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC.[3]
The international standard IEC 60884-1 defines the general requirements for plugs and sockets intended for household and similar purposes, IEC 60884-1 does not define specific plug and socket types, which are the subject of national standards in each country. IEC 60884-1 para 9.2 does stipulate that: it shall not be possible, within a given system, to engage a plug with a socket-outlet having a higher voltage rating or a lower current rating. IEC 60884-1 para 6.1 defines the preferred voltage ratings for single phase plugs and sockets as 130 V or 250 V. In the foreword of IEC 60884-1 it states: in order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.[4]
The lettering system used here is from World Plugs, which defines the letter names and gives a (not always correct) list of what plug types are used where. Type A makes specific reference to American and Japanese plugs, as does Type B, which is specifically rated at 15 A. Type C is specifically identified as the Europlug (which is defined in EN 50075) and described as a plug which fits into any socket that accepts 4.0–4.8 mm round contacts on 19 mm centres. Type D is specifically rated at 5 A. Type E (grounding pin in socket) and Type F (grounding clips on both sides) are specifically rated at 16 A and defined as having 4.8 mm pins on 19 mm centres. Type G is identified as the fused British plug. The Type H plug is described as unique to Israel. Type I (Australian) is described as having both 10 A and 15 A ratings. Type J (Swiss) is rated at 10 A and is differentiated from Type N. The Type K rating is not shown. The Type L (Italian) description includes both ratings and pin sizes. Type M is described as looking similar to Type D, but with much larger pins. The Type N description is of the two variations of Brazilian plug (Brazilian national standard NBR 14136); however, the original plug and socket is defined in IEC 60906-1 and has been adopted as a South African national Standard (SANS 164-2). The Brazilian version is non-compliant with the IEC standard. Not all plugs are included in the letter system; for example, there is no designation for the plug defined by the Thai National Standard TIS116-2549.
IEC World Plugs is ambiguous in some areas: it does not reference national technical standards that define the dimensions and tolerances of devices. Plugs will usually mate with sockets which are intended to accept plugs classified under the same letter type, but there is no guarantee of this. There is also an issue relating to Type C, the EN 50075 Europlug, which has no dedicated socket in the standard and is designed to fit sockets accepting "4.0–4.8 mm round contacts on 19 mm centres", implying that there must be usage of such sockets in the territories listed as using Type C plugs. Despite this, World Plugs lists seven territories as using only Type C (i.e., no mention of specific plug types whose mating sockets also accept Type C) and twenty-one territories using Type C with no compatible types.[5] This may be for a number of reasons; for instance, the Thai standard TIS 166-2549 includes a socket which will also accept Types A, B and C plugs as well as the Thai plug (which does not have an IEC classification letter). Another possible reason is the use of so-called "universal sockets" in use in some countries; these accept multiple plug types but meet no standards and are not classified by the IEC.
The United States Department of Commerce published an earlier guide,[6] which is now obsolescent and which has known inaccuracies. (See History of similar guides section below.)
Safety considerations[edit]
Multi-standard sockets and adapters[edit]
Multi-standard sockets are sometimes used in China and some other Asian countries; these are intended to accommodate plugs conforming to various different standards. They do not normally have earthing (grounding) connections for either CEE 7/4 "Schuko", or CEE 7/5 (French), or their combination CEE 7/7. In multi-standard sockets, the aperture size for NEMA plugs is often the same for both Line (Hot) and Neutral, which allows a polarized plug to be inserted in either orientation, thus defeating the safety feature. Also, in a socket designed to accept both NEMA and BS 1363 plugs, the polarization can only be correct for one type of plug, so only appliances which do not require specific polarization should be connected.[7] Multi-standard sockets made by Lengon are amongst those classified as serious safety risks, because they allow the user to come into contact with live parts.[8]
Thai socket which also accepts Type A, B and C plugs.
So-called "universal socket" which meets no standard but accepts a number of different plug types.
Adapters that allow insertion of otherwise mechanically incompatible plugs into sockets are useful for travellers, but, as with multi-standard sockets, may not ensure the grounding and polarization intended by a compatible system of plugs and sockets.
Voltage rating of plugs and power cords[edit]
NEMA 5-15 (type B) plugs with current and voltage ratings shown (left) on label (7 A 125 V) and (centre) on engagement face (10 A 125 V). Also shown (right) is the rating on the C13 connector at the other end of the 10 A 125 V appliance cord.
Plugs and power cords have a rated voltage (V) and rated current (A) assigned to them by the manufacturer, and these values are required to be marked on the plug.[9] For a plug, the values are normally those specified in the relevant standard sheet. The international preferred rating for household plugs and sockets is either 130 V or 250 V; these are the values for normal use, and at which they are tested. (Plugs and power cords are also required to be tested at higher voltage for a brief period of 1 minute to test their electrical strength in case of fault conditions.)[9] The NEMA 1–15 U.S. 2 pin (Type A) and NEMA 5–15 U.S. 3 pin (Type B) plugs are rated at 125 V.[10] Similar plugs used in countries with higher mains voltages in the range 220–250 V are rated at 250 V.[11] Using an appliance, plug or power cord which is not appropriate for the territory (e.g. one rated for 125 V with a 230 V supply) may constitute a safety hazard.
Type A and Type B sockets at greater than 125 V[edit]
Sockets connected to mains voltages above 125 V and which accept Type A or B plugs may be suitable for chargers and power supplies incorporating Type A pins, providing they have a suitable voltage rating.
Differences in standards for those plugs classified as Type I[edit]
Type I plugs also have differences in characteristics such as pin length. This means that the uninsulated pins of a Chinese plug may become live while there is still a large enough gap between the faces of the plug and socket to allow a finger to touch the pin. Argentinean connectors have the opposite polarity to those of other Type I countries.
Shaver sockets[edit]
National wiring regulations sometimes prohibit the use of sockets within certain areas adjacent to water taps etc. In such cases shaver supply units meeting IEC 61558-2-5 may be permissible. These include an isolation transformer and usually accept multiple two-pin plug types including Europlug (Type C), Australian (Type I) and BS 4573. The isolation transformer often includes a 115 V output accepting two-pin US plugs (Type A). Shaver supply units must also be current limited, IEC 61558-2-5 specifies a minimum rating of 20 VA and maximum of 50 VA.[12] IEC 61558-2-5 requires sockets to be marked with the shaver symbol defined in IEC 60417-5225, the words "shavers only" are also often used but not required. IEC 61558-2-5 has been adopted as a European CENELEC standard EN 61558-2-5 and also as a national standard in some countries, e.g. UK (BS EN 61558-2-5) and Malaysia (MS IEC 61558-2-5).
Voltages[edit]
Voltages in this article are the nominal single-phase supply voltages. Three-phase and industrial loads will have other voltages.
All voltages are root mean square voltage; the peak AC voltage is greater by a factor of √2, and the peak-to-peak voltage greater by a factor of 2√2.
History of similar guides[edit]
In 1948 the US Government Printing Office published World electric current characteristics.[13] This contained information on voltages used in the cities of many countries, but no information on plugs. The guide was republished by the US Department of Commerce in 1954 as Electric Current Abroad. This was updated from time to time and the 1967 version includes some information on plugs,[14] but only three types were designated: Type A, illustrated by a US style 2-pin plug, Type B, illustrated by a sketch of a BS 546 type, and Type C, illustrated by a sketch of a BS 1363 type. The 1984 edition[15] uses the letters A to G in the same manner as they are used today. The last printed edition (listing plugs from A to H) was that of 1998, reprinted in 2002;[6] it includes brief textual descriptions of each type illustrated by a sketch, with only Type F (described as a Schuko) specifically linked to a generally recognized type. The International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce now publishes a web version: Electric Current Worldwide, which still does not include the full list of plug types; it does not describe Type M or type N. There are sketches and photographs of each type, but no textual description or references to actual standards. Examples of errors in the website include the failure to mention that Brazil uses Type N, although that has been the national standard in that country since 1998; stating that the UK uses type C, which is not permitted there; and claiming that China uses Type H (the Israeli plug) when the main Chinese plug is actually type I.
There are many web sites from unofficial sources which also purport to offer lists of voltages and plug types.
Table of mains voltages and frequencies[edit]
Except where other sources are indicated, the plug type, voltage and frequency in this table are sourced from an official web page of the IEC:World Plugs[1][unreliable source?]
Entries in the plug standard column refer to the national standards pertaining to the relevant territory, and unless otherwise stated are sourced from IEC Technical Report 60083.[3]
Country
or
territory
Plug type
Plug standard
Residential voltage
Frequency
Comments
Afghanistan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Albania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Algeria C, F 230 V 50 Hz
American Samoa A, B, F, I 120 V 60 Hz
Andorra C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Angola C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
Anguilla A 110 V 60 Hz
Antigua and Barbuda A, B 230 V 60 Hz
Argentina C ?,[5] I 220 V 50 Hz Line/neutral reversed compared to Chinese and Australian/NZ Type I
Armenia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Aruba A, B, F 127 V 60 Hz
Australia I AS/NZS 3112 230 V[16][17] 50 Hz Bathrooms may have shaver sockets
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I
Austria C
F ÖVE-IG/EN 50075
ÖVEÖNORM E 8620 230 V 50 Hz
Azerbaijan C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Bahamas A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Bahrain G 230 V 50 Hz
Bangladesh C, D, G, K 220 V 50 Hz
Barbados A, B 115 V 50 Hz
Belarus C, F 230 V[18] 50 Hz
Belgium C, E NBN C 61 112-1 230 V 50 Hz
Belize A, B, G 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
Benin C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Bermuda A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Bhutan C, D, F, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Bolivia A, C ?[5] 115 V
230 V 50 Hz
Bosnia and Herzegovina C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Botswana D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Brazil C, N NBR 14136 127 V
220 V 60 Hz
British Virgin Islands A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Brunei G 240 V 50 Hz
Bulgaria C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Burkina Faso C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Burundi C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Cambodia A, C ?,[5] G 230 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Cameroon C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Canada A, B CSA C22.2 No. 42[19] 120 V 60 Hz
Cape Verde C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Caribbean Netherlands
[citation needed] A, B, C 127 V
220 V 60 Hz
50 Hz No reliable source found
Cayman Islands A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Central African Republic C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Chad C, D, E, F 220 V 50 Hz
Chile L 220 V 50 Hz
China A, I
C GB 1002
(?) 220 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I
Colombia A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Comoros C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Congo, Republic of the C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
[citation needed] C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
Cook Islands I 240 V 50 Hz
Costa Rica A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Côte d'Ivoire C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Croatia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Cuba A, B, C 110 V 60 Hz
Curaçao A, B,[20] C[citation needed] 127 V 50 Hz
Cyprus G 240 V 50 Hz
Czech Republic C, E ČSN 35 4516 230 V 50 Hz
Denmark C
E, F, K DS/EN 50075
DS 60884-2-D1[21] 230 V 50 Hz
Djibouti C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Dominica D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Dominican Republic A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Ecuador A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Egypt C, F 220 V 50 Hz
El Salvador A, B 115 V 60 Hz
Equatorial Guinea C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Eritrea C, L 230 V 50 Hz
Estonia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Ethiopia C, E, F, L 220 V 50 Hz
Falkland Islands G 240 V 50 Hz
Faroe Islands C, E, F, K 230 V 50 Hz
Fiji I 240 V 50 Hz
Finland C
F SFS-EN 50075
SFS 5610 230 V 50 Hz
France C
E NF EN 50075
NF C 61-314 230 V 50 Hz
French Guiana C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
French Polynesia A, B, C, E, F 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
60 Hz[22]
Gabon C 220 V 50 Hz
Gambia G 230 V 50 Hz
Georgia C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Germany C
F DIN VDE 0620
DIN 49441 230 V 50 Hz
Ghana D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Gibraltar C ?,[5] G 240 V 50 Hz
Greece C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Greenland C, E, F, K 220 V 50 Hz
Grenada G 230 V 50 Hz
Guadeloupe C, D, E 230 V 50 Hz
Guam A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Guatemala A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Guernsey G 230 V 50 Hz
Guinea C, F, K 220 V 50 Hz
Guinea-Bissau C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
Guyana A, B, D, G 110 V
220 V[23] 60 Hz
50 Hz[23] Conversion of 50 Hz distribution to 60 Hz is ongoing[24]
Haiti A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Honduras A, B 110 V 60 Hz
Hong Kong G
D, M[25] BS 1363
BS 546 220 V 50 Hz Type G is most common.
Hungary C
F MSZ EN 50075
MSZ 9781-2 230 V 50 Hz
Iceland C, F 230 V 50 Hz
India C, D, M IS 1293[26] 230 V 50 Hz
Indonesia C, F, G 220 V[2] 50 Hz
Iran C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Iraq C ?,[5] D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Ireland G I.S. 401[27] 230 V 50 Hz
Isle of Man G 240 V 50 Hz
Israel C, H, M 230 V 50 Hz Several territories controlled by the PNA also share the same type as the State of Israel.
Italy C
F, L CEI 23-34
CEI 23-50 230 V 50 Hz
Jamaica A, B 110 V 50 Hz
Japan A, B JIS C 8303 100 V 60 Hz
50 Hz East Japan 50 Hz (Tokyo, Kawasaki, Sapporo, Yokohama, and Sendai); West Japan 60 Hz (Okinawa, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya, Hiroshima). 120 V in military facilities in Okinawa.[citation needed] See Energy in Japan for more.
Jersey G 230 V 50 Hz
Jordan B, C, D, F, G, J 230 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Kazakhstan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Kenya G 240 V 50 Hz
Kiribati I 240 V 50 Hz
Kosovo
[citation needed] C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Kuwait C ?[5] G 240 V 50 Hz
Kyrgyzstan C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Laos C, E, F 230 V 50 Hz
Latvia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Lebanon A, B, C ?[5] D, G 220 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Lesotho M 220 V 50 Hz
Liberia A, B, C, E, F 120 V
240 V 60 Hz
50 Hz
Libya C, D, F, L 127 V 50 Hz Barca, Benghazi, Derna, Sabha & Tobruk 230 V.[citation needed]
Lithuania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Liechtenstein C, J 230 V 50 Hz
Luxembourg C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Macau D, F, G, M 230 V[28] 50 Hz
Macedonia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Madagascar C, D, E, J, K 127 V
220 V 50 Hz
Malawi G 230 V 50 Hz
Malaysia C[5][29]
G [29]
M[29][30] MS 1578:2003[29]
MS 589:PT.1:1997[29]
MS 1577:2003[29] 230 V[31] 50 Hz Type C requires adaptor[32]
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets[32]
Maldives D, G, J, K, L 230 V 50 Hz
Mali C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Malta G 230 V 50 Hz
Martinique C, D, E 220 V 50 Hz
Mauritania C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
Mauritius C?[5] G 230 V 50 Hz
Mexico A, B NMX-J-163-ANCE 127 V 60 Hz
Micronesia A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Moldova C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Monaco C, D, E, F 230 V 50 Hz
Mongolia C, E 220 V 50 Hz
Montenegro C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Montserrat A, B 120 V
230 V 60 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Morocco C, E 127 V
220 V 50 Hz
Mozambique C, F, M 220 V 50 Hz
Myanmar C, D, F, G 230 V 50 Hz
Namibia D, M 220 V 50 Hz
Nauru I 240 V 50 Hz
Nepal C?[5] D, M 230 V 50 Hz
Netherlands C
F EN 50075
NEN 1020 230 V 50 Hz
New Caledonia C, F 220 V 50 Hz
New Zealand I AS/NZS 3112 230 V 50 Hz Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I
Nicaragua A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Niger A, B, C, D, E, F 220 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Nigeria D, G 240 V 50 Hz
North Korea A, C, F 110 V
220 V 60 Hz
50 Hz
Norway C
F NEK EN 50075
NEK 502 230 V
50 Hz
Oman C?[5] G 240 V 50 Hz
Pakistan C, D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Palau A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Panama A, B 110 V
120 V 60 Hz
Papua New Guinea I 240 V 50 Hz
Paraguay C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
Peru A, B, C ?[5] 220 V 60 Hz Talara 110/220 V; some areas 50 Hz[33][unreliable source?]
Philippines A, B, C 230 V[34] 60 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Poland C, E BN-88/3064 230 V 50 Hz
Portugal C, F NP 1260 230 V 50 Hz
Puerto Rico A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Qatar D, G 240 V 50 Hz
Réunion E 220 V 50 Hz
Romania C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Russia C, F 230 V[18] 50 Hz USSR (along with much of Eastern Europe) used GOST sockets with 4.0 mm pins similar to Type C plugs and the 4.8 mm standard used by Type E & F.[35]
Rwanda C, J 230 V 50 Hz
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
[citation needed] G 220-240 V 50 Hz
St. Martin C, F 120 V
220 V 60 Hz Dutch Sint Maarten 120 V, 60 Hz; French Saint-Martin 230 V, 60 Hz;
St. Kitts and Nevis A, B, D, G 110 V
230 V 60 Hz
St. Lucia G 240 V 50 Hz
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
[citation needed] E 230 V 50 Hz
St. Vincent and the Grenadines C, E, G, I, K 230 V 50 Hz
Samoa I 230 V 50 Hz
San Marino C, F, L 230 V 50 Hz
São Tomé and Príncipe C, F 220 V 50 Hz
Saudi Arabia G SASO 2203 220 V 60 Hz
Senegal C, D, E, K 230 V 50 Hz
Serbia C
F JUS N.E3.552
JUS N.E3.553 230 V 50 Hz
Seychelles G 240 V 50 Hz
Sierra Leone D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Singapore C ?[5]
G
M -
SS 145
SS 472 230 V 50 Hz
Slovakia C, E STN 34 4516 230 V 50 Hz
Slovenia C, F 230 V 50 Hz
Solomon Islands I, G 220 V 50 Hz
Somalia C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
South Africa C, F, M, N SANS 164 230 V 50 Hz
South Korea C, F KSC 8305 220 V 60 Hz
Spain C, F UNE 20315 230 V 50 Hz
Sri Lanka D, G, M 230 V 50 Hz
Sudan C ?[5] D 230 V 50 Hz
Suriname C, F 127 V 60 Hz
Swaziland M 230 V 50 Hz
Sweden C
F SS-EN 50075
SS 428 08 34 230 V 50 Hz
Switzerland C, J SN SEV 1011:2009[36][37] 230 V 50 Hz
Syria C, E, L 220 V 50 Hz
Taiwan A, B 110 V 60 Hz Sockets in older buildings are often unearthed and accept only Type A plugs.
Tajikistan C, F, I 220 V 50 Hz
Tanzania D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Thailand A, B, C - 220 V 50 Hz There is also a Thai national standard, TIS166-2549, which may not yet be in common use.[38][39]
Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Timor-Leste (East Timor) C, E, F, I 220 V 50 Hz
Togo C ?[5] 220 V 50 Hz
Tonga I 240 V 50 Hz
Trinidad & Tobago A, B 115 V 60 Hz
Tunisia C, E 230 V 50 Hz
Turkey C, F 220 V[40] 50 Hz
Turkmenistan B, C, F 220 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A or B plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Tuvalu I 220 V 50 Hz
Uganda G 240 V 50 Hz
Ukraine C, F 230 V[41] 50 Hz
United Arab Emirates C,[5] G 220 V 50 Hz Type G is most common.
United Kingdom G[42] BS 1363 230 V[43] 50 Hz Bathrooms may have shaver sockets
United States A
B NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P 120 V 60 Hz
US Virgin Islands A
B NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P 110 V 60 Hz
Uruguay C, F, I, L 230 V 50 Hz
Uzbekistan C ?[5] I 220 V 50 Hz
Vanuatu C ?[5] G, I 220 V 50 Hz
Venezuela A, B 120 V 60 Hz
Vietnam A, C ?[5] G 220 V 50 Hz
Yemen A, D, G 230 V 50 Hz Power cords with type A plugs which are rated at only 125 V may present a safety hazard.
Zambia C ?[5] D, G 230 V 50 Hz
Zimbabwe D, G 220 V 50 Hz
Type A (NEMA 1–15 U.S. 2 pin)
rated 125 V AC
Type B (NEMA 5–15 U.S. 3 pin)
rated 125 V AC
Standardized by IEC as IEC 60906-2
Type C (CEE 7/16 Europlug)
CEE 7/17 2-pin plug & CEE 7/1 socket
Type D (BS 546 5 A)
Type E (French) CEE 7/6 plug & CEE 7/5 socket
Type F ("Schuko") CEE 7/4 plug & CEE 7/3 socket

CEE 7/7 plug, (combines earthing methods of Type E & Type F)
Type G (BS 1363 UK)
Type H (SI 32 Israel)
Type I (Australian AS/NZS 3112).
Type I, plus Chinese multiple socket
Type J (SEV-1011 Switzerland)
Type K (SRAF 1962/DB Denmark)
Type L (CEI 23-50)
Type M (15 A BS 546)
Type N (Brazilian NBR 14136)
See also[edit]
AC power
AC power plugs and sockets
Alternating current
Delta-wye transformer
Electrical wiring
Electricity
Industrial and multiphase power plugs and sockets
List of current systems for electric rail traction
Mains electricity
NEMA connector
Telephone plug
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b World Plugs. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Retrieved on 2014-01-01.
^ Jump up to: a b SPLN 1 : 1995, Standar PLN. "Tegangan-tegangan Standar". Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b IEC/TR 60083 ed6.0: Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC. International Electrotechnical Commission, February 2009. This 384-page technical report describes many national standards for domestic plugs and sockets. The first edition was published in January 1957. The 7th edition was approved in December 2012 and awaits publication as at 20th January 2015.
Jump up ^ IEC 60884-1 ed3.2, Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Part 1: General requirements, CH: International Electrotechnical Commission, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "IEC World Plugs" lists the following territories as using Type C only: Angola, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Mauritania, Paraguay, Somalia, Togo. It also lists the following territories as using Type C without compatible socket types: Argentina, Bolivia, Cambodia, China, Gibraltar, India, Iraq, Isle of Man, Kuwait, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mauritius, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Singapore, Sudan, United Arab Emirates, Vietnam, Zambia.
^ Jump up to: a b "Electric Current Abroad" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. 2002.
Jump up ^ "Universal socket-outlets – friend or foe?" (PDF), SwitchedOn, United Kingdom: Electrical Safety Council (issue 29, Summer 2013): 14–15, 2013, retrieved 2015-01-23
Jump up ^ Notification Reference: A12/0135/13 (online report), Weekly overview report of RAPEX notifications Report 5 (Ref. 6 A12/0135/13), Brussels, Belgium: European Commission, 8 February 2013, retrieved 2016-04-08
^ Jump up to: a b Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes – Part 1: General requirements (PDF) (Technical report) (3.2 Consol. with am1&2 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Electrotechnical Commission IEC. 14 February 2013. pp. ???. IEC 60884-1. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
Jump up ^ ANSI/NEMA WD 6-2012 (Technical report). Wiring Devices—Dimensional Specifications. USA: NEMA. 31 July 2013. 100208. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 2015-01-23. Covers dimensional requirements for plugs and receptacles rated up to 60 A and 600 V, including dimensions for wall plates.
Jump up ^ Plugs and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use standardized in member countries of IEC (PDF) (Technical report) (6.0 ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Electrotechnical Commission IEC. 23 February 2009. p. ?. IEC/TR 60083. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
Jump up ^ IEC 61558-2-5 includes the following definitions: (3.1.101) Shaver transformer: isolating transformer for fixed installation and with a limited output, designed to supply electric shavers, toothbrushes, and similar appliances rated 50 VA or less used in a bathroom. It supplies only one shaver, or the like, at a time and (3.1.102) Shaver supply unit: accessory embodying a shaver transformer or a power supply unit incorporating a shaver transformer, and one or more socket outlets allowing the use of only one plug at a time.
Jump up ^ Hall, Guida Berrigan. (1948). World electrical current characteristics. Washington, D.C. :U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved on 2013-12-14.
Jump up ^ Electric Current Abroad. United States Department of Commerce, 1967. Retrieved on 2013-12-14.
Jump up ^ 'Electric Current Abroad. United States Department of Commerce, January 1984. Retrieved on 2013-12-14.
Jump up ^ AS60038-2012 Standards Australia – Standard Voltages
Jump up ^ When voltage varies. Electrical connection (2012-10-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Standard Voltages". docs.cntd.ru. Document gost-29322-92
Jump up ^ CSA Standard C22.2 No. 42-10: General use receptacles, attachment plugs, and similar wiring devices. Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Standards Association. 2010. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Curaçao Utilities". Curaçao Tourist Board. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Dansk Standard. "DS 60884-2-D1:2011 - Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes - Requirements for Danish systems". webshop.ds.dk.
Jump up ^ [1](PDF)(french) Page 10, Article 9
^ Jump up to: a b History of Guyana Power and Light. Gplinc.com. Retrieved on 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ GPL Converting Parts of the City to 60 Hz, retrieved 2009 July 31. Stabroeknews.com (2009-07-10). Retrieved on 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Code of Practice for the Electricity (Wiring) Regulations" (PDF). Electrical and Mechanical Services Department. p. 221. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ October 2005. IS 1293 - Indian Standard - PLUGS AND SOCKET-OUTLETS OF RELATED VOLTAGE UP TO AND INCLUDING 250 VOLTS AND RATED CURRENT YP TO AND INCLUDING 16 AMPERES -- SPECIFICATION. Bureau of Indian Standards.
Jump up ^ I.S. 401, "Safety requirements for rewirable and non-rewirable 13A fused plugs for normal and rough use having insulating sleeves on live and neutral pins", NSAI (National Standards Authority of Ireland), (1997), Dublin
Jump up ^ Standard Conditions of Supply of Electricity. (Macau). Archived from the original 2016-06-03. Retrieved on 2016-04-14
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Plug Top/Plug (15 A and below) -Energy Commission of Malaysia. Archived from the original 2015-01-07.
Jump up ^ GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS - 2008 EDITION. www.st.gov.my. Energy Commission of Malaysia.
Jump up ^ Voltan Nominal. Malaysian Energy Commission Notice (Nominal Voltage - 2008-01-01). Retrieved on 2014-07-14
^ Jump up to: a b Socket Outlet (15 A and below) Archived 2015-01-07 at the Wayback Machine. Energy Commission of Malaysia. (MS 1579:2003 is adaptor for Europlugs.)
Jump up ^ Dilwyn Jenkins, The Rough Guide to Peru 2003 Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-074-0, p. 57
Jump up ^ Philippine Electrical Code, section 2.20.1.5 (a)
Jump up ^ ГОСТ 7396.1–89 - Plugs (Electrical) and socket-outlets for domestic and similar general use. Standards. Elec.ru (2013-01-30). Retrieved on 2013-02-05.
Jump up ^ "Information SEV 1011 – power socket/plug/connector" (PDF). esti.admin.ch (PDF). Federal Inspectorate for Heavy Current Installations ESTI, Swiss Confederation. 1 August 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ "New standard for plugs in Switzerland starting from 2013" (PDF) (PDF). Federal Inspectorate for Heavy Current Installations ESTI, Swiss Confederation. 13 May 2011. Retrieved 2014-08-22.
Jump up ^ TIS 166-2549 (2006): Thai Industrial Standards for Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes : plugs and socket-outlets with rated voltage not exceeding 250 V (English translation) Archived from the original 2016-07-07.
Jump up ^ TIS 166-2549 (2006) THAI INDUSTRIAL STANDARD - PLUGS AND SOCKET–OUTLETS FOR HOUSEHOLD AND SIMILAR PURPOSES : PLUGS AND SOCKET–OUTLETS WITH RATED VOLTAGE NOT EXCEEDING 250 V (Original Thai) ISBN 974-9815-94-7
Jump up ^ Turkish Electric Plugs & Sockets. Retrieved on 2017-03-26.
Jump up ^ ДСТУ ЕN 50160:2014[dead link]
Jump up ^ Mullins, Malcolm (Spring 2006). "The Origin of the BS 1363 Plug and Socket-Outlet System". IEE Wiring Matters. Institute of Electrical Engineers. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
Jump up ^ The Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity Regulations 2002 PART VII Regulation 27, UK: UK Government, 2002
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Ving Rhames
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ving Rhames
Born
Irving Rameses Rhames
(1959-05-12) May 12, 1959 (age 58)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Education
State University of New York, Purchase
Juilliard School (BFA)
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1984–present
Spouse(s)
Valerie Scott (m. 1994; div. 1999)
Deborah Reed (m. 2000)
Children
3
Irving Rameses "Ving" Rhames (born May 12, 1959) is an American actor known for his roles as Luther Stickell in the Mission: Impossible film series, as well as Pulp Fiction, Don King: Only in America, Rosewood, Dawn of the Dead, and Bringing Out the Dead.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Rhames was born in Harlem, New York City, New York, the son of Reather, a homemaker, and Ernest Rhames, an auto mechanic.[1][2] His parents were raised as sharecroppers in South Carolina.[2][3] He was named after the late NBC journalist, Irving R. Levine.[4]
He entered New York's High School of Performing Arts, where he discovered his love of acting. After high school, he studied drama at SUNY Purchase, where fellow acting student Stanley Tucci gave him his nickname "Ving". Rhames later transferred to the Juilliard School's Drama Division (Group 12: 1979–1983)[5] where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1983.[6]
Career[edit]
Rhames first appeared on Broadway in the play The Boys of Winter in 1984. He started out in film in Wes Craven's The People Under the Stairs (1991) as Leroy; he watched over Kevin Kline as Secret Service agent Duane Stevensen in Dave (1993); and he played Marsellus Wallace in Pulp Fiction (1994).
Rhames played Dr. Peter Benton's brother-in-law on the TV medical drama ER, a recurring role he filled for three seasons. He played ace computer hacker Luther Stickell opposite Tom Cruise in Brian De Palma's Mission: Impossible (1996). In 1997 Rhames portrayed the character of Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones in the popular film Con Air. and Muki in the Ice Cube film Dangerous Ground.
Rhames won a Golden Globe in 1998 for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film in HBO's Don King: Only in America. At the ceremony Rhames gave his award to fellow nominee Jack Lemmon, saying, "I feel that being an artist is about giving, and I'd like to give this to you." Lemmon was clearly touched by the gesture as was the celebrity audience who gave Lemmon a standing ovation. Lemmon, who tried unsuccessfully to give the award back to Rhames, said it was "one of the nicest, sweetest moments I've ever known in my life." The Hollywood Foreign Press Association announced later that they would have a duplicate award prepared for Rhames. That moment was #98 on E!'s 101 Awesome Moments in Entertainment.[7][8][9] The New York Times lauded Rhames for the act, writing that in doing so he "demonstrated his capacity for abundant generosity."[9]
Rhames appeared in Striptease (1996) as the wisecracking bodyguard Shad, Bringing Out the Dead (1999), then reprised his Luther Stickell role for Mission: Impossible 2 (2000). He played Johnnie Cochran in American Tragedy (2000), the ex-con boyfriend of Jodie's mother in the John Singleton film Baby Boy, portrayed a gay drag queen in the television movie Holiday Heart, contributed his voice for the character of Cobra Bubbles in Lilo & Stitch (2002) and the subsequent TV series, and played a stoic cop fighting zombie hordes in Dawn of the Dead (2004) and Day of the Dead (2008) remakes. Rhames has also appeared in a series of television commercials for RadioShack, usually performing with Vanessa L. Williams.
In March 2005, Rhames played the lead role on a new Kojak series, on the USA Network cable channel (and on ITV4 in the UK). The bald head, lollipops, and "Who loves ya, baby?" catchphrase remained intact, but little else remained from the Savalas original.
Rhames voiced the part of Tobias Jones in the computer game Driver 3.
Rhames reprised his role in Mission: Impossible III (2006), had a cameo appearance in Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011), and played a major role in the fifth film, Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015).[10] He is the only actor besides Tom Cruise to appear in all five Mission: Impossible films. It was announced that he would have a role in the Aquaman-based show Mercy Reef, however due to the integration of The WB and UPN for the new network, CW, Mercy Reef was not picked up. Rhames played a homosexual, possibly also homicidal, firefighter who comes out of the closet in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry. He narrates the BET television series American Gangster.
In the 2008 film Saving God, he played an ex-con who is released from prison a changed man looking to take over his father's former church congregation in a deteriorating neighborhood. Rhames stars in Phantom Punch, a biopic of boxer Sonny Liston released directly to DVD as well as The Tournament portraying a fighter out to win a no-rules tournament.
Rhames makes an appearance in Ludacris's song "Southern Gangstas" on his album Theater of the Mind. Rappers Playaz Circle and Rick Ross are also featured on the track.
In 2010, he filed a lawsuit against the producer of a film titled Red Canvas,[11] claiming that he had only been paid $175,000 of a $200,000 contract.
He filmed the movie Submission with Ernie Reyes, Jr. and UFC lightweight contender Gray Maynard and Randy Couture.
In 2015, he filmed a series of commercials for The ADT Corporation.
Rhames is one of the narrators for UFC.
Rhames introduced the New England Patriots and the Atlanta Falcons in the 2017 Super Bowl LI (51).
Rhames's deep voice is the center of many recent (2015-present) Arby's commercials, with the catchline 'Arby's, we have the meats!'
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1984 Go Tell It on the Mountain Young Gabriel Grimes
1986 Native Son Jack
1988 Patty Hearst Cinque Mtume
1989 Casualties of War Lt. Reilly
1990 The Long Walk Home Herbert Cotter
1990 Jacob's Ladder George
1991 Flight of the Intruder CPO Frank McRae
1991 Homicide Robert Randolph
1991 The People Under the Stairs Leroy
1992 Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot Mr. Stereo
1993 Blood in Blood Out Ivan
1993 Dave Duane Stevenson
1993 The Saint of Fort Washington Little Leroy
1994 Pulp Fiction Marsellus Wallace
1994 Drop Squad Garvey
1995 Kiss of Death Omar
1996 Mission: Impossible Luther Stickell
1996 Striptease Shad
1997 Dangerous Ground Muki
1997 Rosewood Mann
1997 Con Air Nathan 'Diamond Dog' Jones
1998 Body Count Pike
1998 Out of Sight Buddy Bragg
1999 Entrapment Aaron Thibadeaux Nominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Best Supporting Actor – Action
1999 Bringing Out the Dead Marcus Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor
2000 Mission: Impossible 2 Luther Stickell
2001 Baby Boy Melvin Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor
2001 Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Ryan Whittaker
2002 Undisputed George "Iceman" Chambers
2002 Lilo & Stitch Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2002 Dark Blue Arthur Holland Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Supporting Actor
2003 Stitch! The Movie Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2003 Sin Eddie Burns
2004 Dawn of the Dead Sgt. Kenneth Hall
2005 Back in the Day Joseph "J-Bone" Brown
2005 Animal James "Animal" Allen
2005 Shooting Gallery Cue Ball Carl Bridgers
2006 Mission: Impossible III Luther Stickell
2006 Idlewild Spats
2006 Leroy & Stitch Cobra Bubbles
2007 I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry Fred G. Duncan
2008 Animal 2 James "Animal" Allen
2008 A Broken Life Vet
2008 Day of the Dead Capt. Rhodes
2008 Saving God Armstrong Cane
2008 Phantom Punch Sonny Liston
2009 Echelon Conspiracy Agent Dave Grant
2009 The Bridge to Nowhere Nate
2009 Evil Angel Carruthers
2009 The Tournament Joshua Harlow
2009 The Goods: Live Hard, Sell Hard Jibby Newsome
2009 Surrogates The Prophet
2009 Give 'Em Hell, Malone Boulder
2010 Operation: Endgame Judgement
2010 Caged Animal Miles "Cain" Skinner
2010 Master Harold...and the Boys Sam
2010 Piranha 3D Deputy Fallon
2010 Red Canvas[11] Himself
2010 King of the Avenue Norman De'Sha
2010 Death Race 2 R.H. Weyland
2011 Julia X The Man
2011 Pimp Bullies Miguel
2011 Soldiers of Fortune Grimaud Torneur
2011 The River Murders Captain Langley
2011 Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol Luther Stickell Cameo
2011 Zombie Apocalypse Henry
2012 Mafia Renzo Wes
2012 Seven Below Jack
2012 Piranha 3DD Deputy Fallon
2012 Won't Back Down Principal Thompson
2013 Death Race 3: Inferno R.H. Weyland
2013 Force of Execution Ice Man
2014 Jamesy Boy Conrad
2015 Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation Luther Stickell
2017 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Charlie-27 Cameo
2017 The Star Thaddeus Voice only
2017 Father Figures Rod Hamilton
2018 Mission: Impossible 6 Luther Stickell Filming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1985 Miami Vice Georges Episode: "The Maze"
1986 Crime Story Hector Lincoln Episode: "Abrams for the Defense"
1987 Miami Vice Walker Monroe Episode: "Child's Play"
1987 Tour of Duty SP4 Tucker Episode: "Burn Baby, Burn"
1988 Spenser: For Hire Henry Brown Episode: "McAllister"
1989 Men Charlie Hazard 6 episodes
1989 The Equalizer Luther Paxton Episode: "Suicide Squad"
1990 When You Remember Me Leon TV film
1994–1996 ER Walter Robbins 8 episodes
1995 Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Lightning Detective Artie Brown TV film
1995 New York Undercover Max Villareal Episode: "Olde Thyme Religion"
1995 Deadly Whispers Det. Jackson TV film
1997 Don King: Only in America Don King TV film
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
2000 American Tragedy Johnnie Cochran TV film
2000 Holiday Heart Holiday Heart TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2001 UC: Undercover Quito Real 3 episodes
2002 Sins of the Father Garrick Jones TV film
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2002 Little John John Morgan TV film
2002 RFK Judge Jones TV film
2002 The Proud Family Garrett Krebs Episode: "A Hero for Halloween"
2002–2003 The District Attorney General Troy Hatcher 5 episodes
2003 Lilo & Stitch: The Series Cobra Bubbles Voice only
2003 Jimmy Neutron Chief Episode: "Operation: Rescue Jet Fusion"
2005 Kojak Theo Kojak 9 episodes
Nominated—Black Reel Award for Best Actor on Television
2006 Aquaman McCaffery TV pilot
2007 Football Wives Frank Wallingford TV pilot
2010 Gravity Dogg McFee 10 episodes
2011 Black Jack Black Jack TV film
2013 Monday Mornings Dr. Jorge Villanueva 10 episodes
2014 A Day Late and a Dollar Short Cecil Price TV film
Video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 Mission: Impossible – Operation Surma Luther Stickel Voice only
2004 Driver 3 Tobias Jones Voice only
2017 Call of Duty: WWII Jefferson Potts Voice only
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
1998 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Motion Picture Don King: Only in America Won [12]
Primetime Emmy Awards Best Actor in Mini-Series or Movie Don King: Only in America Nominated
Acalpulco Black Film Festival Best Actor Rosewood Nominated
Image Awards Outstanding Actor in Motion Picture Rosewood Nominated
Outstanding Actor in Television or Mini-Series Don King: Only in America Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King: Only in America Nominated
Screen Actors Guild Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Don King: Only in America Nominated
2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Best Supporting Actor - Action Entrapment Nominated
Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy or Music Bringing out the Dead Nominated
ShoWest Convention Best Supporting Actor Won [13]
2001 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Network Holiday Heart Nominated
Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture Mission: Impossible 2 Nominated
Locarno International Film Festival Special Mention Baby Boy Won
2002 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Baby Boy Nominated
Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series UC: Undercover Nominated
Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Baby Boy Nominated
2003 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Mini-Series Sins of the Father Nominated
Image Awards Best Supporting Actor - Comedy The Proud Family Nominated
Best Actor - Mini-Series or TV Film Sins of the Father Nominated
2004 Black Reel Awards Best Supporting Actor Dark Blue Nominated
2006 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television Kojak Nominated
2015 Black Reel Awards Best Actor - Television A Day Late and a Dollar Short Nominated
Image Awards Best Actor - Television Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mills, Bart (October 17, 1999). "Ving And A Prayer Faith Is The Cornerstone Of Rhames' Life — And His Character's In Scorsese's 'Bringing Out The Dead'". New York Daily News.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles, Nick (June 23, 1996). "Nursery Rhames ... 'Mission Impossible' And 'Pulp Fiction' Star Ving Learned His Values At His Mother's Knee". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ WHO LOVES YA, BABY? 'KOJAK'S' BACK – AND THIS TIME, HE'S BLACK
Jump up ^ Newsmakers – Newsweek Entertainment – MSNBC.com
Jump up ^ "Alumni News". The Juilliard School. April 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Ving Rhames". All Movie Guide. The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Riché Richardson (2007). Black masculinity and the U.S. South: from Uncle Tom to gangsta. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 0-8203-2890-1. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Marlene Calvin (2010). Diasporic Lives: Alienation and Violence as Themes in African American Jamaican Cultural Texts. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 3-643-10574-6. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Gerston, Jill. "Ving Rhames – About This Person". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ving Rhames Returns for Mission: Impossible 5". www.superherohype.com. August 17, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ving Rhames to Producer: Do I Look Like a Bitch?. TMZ.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-28.
Jump up ^ "1998 Golden Globes Award". Ropeofsilicon. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
Jump up ^ Jones, Anderson (2000-03-10). "ShoWest 2000 Signs Off". Eonline.com. Retrieved 2015-02-12.
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Ving Rhames on IMDb
Ving Rhames at the Internet Broadway Database
[hide]
v
t
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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Mickey Rooney (1981)
Anthony Andrews (1982)
Richard Chamberlain (1983)
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Ving Rhames (1997)
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Michael Douglas (2013)
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Oscar Isaac (2015)
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Ewan McGregor (2017)
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WorldCat Identities
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SUDOC: 06664352X
BNF: cb142202183 (data)
MusicBrainz: 47c3d1cd-933a-4557-a3c0-e45d27924e54
BNE: XX1276771
IATH: w60w29vg
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ving_Rhames&oldid=819302962"
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List of Presidents of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The main gate of Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India
The President of India is the head of state. He is known as the first citizen of India[1]. The President is also the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces.[2] Although they are vested with such powers by the Constitution of India, their position is largely a ceremonial role and the executive powers are de facto exercised by the Prime Minister.[3] The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.[2]They may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the Constitution of India. In the case where a President's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the President, the Vice President assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the President where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[2]
Representation of Presidents by party of candidacy
Independent (29.6%)
Indian National Congress (41.2%)
Bharatiya Janata Party (5.8%)
Janata Party (5.8%)
Acting (17.6%)
There have been 14 Presidents of India since the post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950.[4] Apart from these fourteen, three Acting Presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the Acting President in 1969 after Zakir Husain, died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a President and Acting President.[5] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[6]
Presidents by state of birth[7]
Seven Presidents have been members of a political party before being elected. Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party has had one member, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who later became President. Two Presidents, Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, have died in office. Their Vice-Presidents served as Acting Presidents until a new President was elected. Following Zakir Husain's death, two acting Presidents held office until the new President, V. V. Giri, was elected. When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections, he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting President.[8] The 12th President, Pratibha Patil, is the first woman to serve as President of India, elected in 2007.[9] As of November 2017, Ram Nath Kovind is the President of India who was elected on 25 July 2017.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Presidents
2 See also
3 References
3.1 General
3.2 Specific
4 External links
Presidents[edit]
This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who have served as Acting Presidents, are therefore not numbered. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:
Colour key
Acting President of India
President was an Independent candidate
President was an candidate of Indian National Congress (INC)
President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
President was an candidate of the Janata Party (JP)
№
Name
(birth–death)
Photograph
Elected
Took office
Left office
Term
(in months)
Vice President
Candidate of[11]
Notes
1
Rajendra Prasad
(1884–1963) 1952
1957 26 January 1950 12 May 1962 120 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Indian National Congress Prasad, from Bihar, was the first President of independent India and also the longest-serving President, as the only president to serve two terms in office.[6][12][13] He was also a freedom fighter during the Indian independence movement.[14]
2
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1888–1975) 1962 13 May 1962 13 May 1967 60 Zakir Husain Independent Radhakrishnan was a prominent philosopher and writer and also held the position of vice-chancellor of the Andhra University and Banaras Hindu University.[15]. He received the Bharat Ratna award in 1954 before becoming the President.[16] He was the first President from South India.[17]
3
Zakir Husain
(1897–1969)
–
1967 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 24 Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent Husain was vice-chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a recipient of Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna.[18] He died in office, the first to do so. He was also the shortest-serving President. He was also the first Muslim President.[19]
–
Varahagiri Venkata Giri*
(1894–1980)
–
– 3 May 1969 20 July 1969 3 – – He was elected Vice President of India in 1967. Following the death of President Zakir Husain, Giri was appointed as Acting President.[20] He resigned after a few months to take part in the presidential elections.[8]
–
Mohammad Hidayatullah*
(1905–1992)
–
– 20 July 1969 24 August 1969 1 – – Hidayatullah served as the Chief Justice of India and was also a recipient of the Order of the British Empire.[21] He served as Acting President until the election of Giri as the President of India.[22]
4
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1894–1980)
–
1969 24 August 1969 24 August 1974 60 Gopal Swarup Pathak Independent Giri was the first person to have served as both an acting president and president of India. He was a recipient of the Bharat Ratna, and served as Indian Minister of Labour and High Commissioner to Ceylon (Sri Lanka).[23]
5
Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
(1905–1977) 1974 24 August 1974 11 February 1977 36 Gopal Swarup Pathak (1974)
Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974–1977)
Indian National Congress Ahmed served as a Minister before being elected as president. He died in 1977 before his term of office ended, and was the second Indian president to die in office.[24] He was also president during Emergency.[25]
–
Basappa Danappa Jatti*
(1912–2002)
–
– 11 February 1977 25 July 1977 6 – – Jatti was the vice president of India during Ahmed's term of office, and was sworn in as Acting President upon Ahmed's death. He earlier served as the Chief Minister for the State of Mysore State.[24][26]
6
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(1913–1996) 1977 25 July 1977 25 July 1982 60 Basappa Danappa Jatti (1977–1979)
Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979–1982)
Janata Party Reddy was the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. Reddy was the only Member of Parliament from the Janata Party to get elected from Andhra Pradesh.[27] He was unanimously elected Speaker of the Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977 and relinquished this office on 13 July 1977 to become the 6th President of India.[22]
7
Giani Zail Singh
(1916–1994) 1982 25 July 1982 25 July 1987 60 Mohammad Hidayatullah (1982–1984)
Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984–1987)
Indian National Congress In March 1972, Singh assumed the position of Chief Minister of Punjab, and in 1980, he became Union Home Minister. He was also secretary general to Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) from 1983 to 1986[28]
8
Ramaswamy Venkataraman
(1910–2009) 1987 25 July 1987 25 July 1992 60 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress In 1942, Venkataraman was jailed by the British for his involvement in the Indian independence movement.[29] After his release, he was elected to independent India’s Provisional Parliament as a member of the Congress Party in 1950 and eventually joined the central government, where he first served as Minister of Finance and Industry and later as Minister of Defence.[30]
9
Shankar Dayal Sharma
(1918–1999) 1992 25 July 1992 25 July 1997 60 Kocheril Raman Narayanan Indian National Congress Sharma was Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, and the Indian Minister for Communications. He also served as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Maharashtra.[31]
10
Kocheril Raman Narayanan
(1920–2005) 1997 25 July 1997 25 July 2002 60 Krishan Kant Independent Narayanan served as India's ambassador to Thailand, Turkey, China and United States of America. He received doctorates in Science and Law and was also a chancellor in several universities.[32] He was also the vice-chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University.[33] He was the first Dalit President.[34]
11
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
(1931–2015) 2002 25 July 2002 25 July 2007 60 Krishan Kant (2002)
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002–2007)
Independent Kalam was an educator and engineer who played a leading role in the development of India's ballistic missile and nuclear weapons programs.[35] He also received the Bharat Ratna. Kalam died following a heart attack while delivering a speech in Shillong.[36][37][38]
12
Pratibha Patil
(1934–) 2007 25 July 2007 25 July 2012 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Patil was the first woman to become the President of India. She was also the first female governor of Rajasthan.[39][40]
13
Pranab Mukherjee
(1935–) 2012 25 July 2012 25 July 2017 60 Mohammad Hamid Ansari Indian National Congress Mukherjee held various posts in the cabinet ministry for the Government of India such as Finance Minister, Foreign Minister, Defence Minister and Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission.[41]
14
Ram Nath Kovind
(1945–) 2017 25 July 2017 Incumbent
–
Venkaiah Naidu Bharatiya Janata Party Kovind was governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017 and a Member of Parliament from 1994 to 2006. He is the second Dalit president after K. R. Narayanan. He originally belongs to BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party) and is an active member of RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) since his youth.[42]
Other Symbols
-Died in office
-Did not complete assigned term
*-Acting President
Timeline
See also[edit]
President of India
Vice-President of India
List of Vice-Presidents of India
List of Prime Ministers of India
References[edit]
General[edit]
"Former Presidents". President’s Secretariat. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
"List of Presidents/Vice Presidents". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
Specific[edit]
Jump up ^ "President Ram Nath Kovind is Indias first citizen. Your chances begin only at Number 27". indiatoday.com. Times of India. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Constitution of India" (.doc). Ministry of Law and Justice of India. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "India gets first woman president since independence". BBC News. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "1950: India becomes a republic". BBC News. 26 January 1950. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "NDA vs Oppn: India might to witness tightest presidential poll since 1969". Hindustan Times. 26 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Harish Khare (6 December 2006). "Selecting the next Rashtrapati". The Hindu. India. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Infographic: Which states India's Presidents have hailed from – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Shekhar Iyer (25 June 2007). "Shekhawat will not resign to contest poll". Hindustan Times. India. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "First female president for India". BBC News. 21 July 2007. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Hebbar, Nistula (20 July 2017). "Ram Nath Kovind enters Rashtrapati Bhavan with big win". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "List of Presidents of India since India became republic | My India". www.mapsofindia.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rajendra Prasad". The Hindu. India. 7 May 1952. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Republic Day". Time. 6 February 1950. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rajendra Prasad's birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu. India. 10 December 2006. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Ramachandra Guha (15 April 2006). "Why Amartya Sen should become the next president of India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dr S. Radhakrishnan". The Sunday Tribune. 30 January 2000. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Commemorative Volume on S.Radhakrishnan" (PDF). rajyasabha.nic.in. Rajya sabha. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zakir Husain,". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "7 leaders who died while in office". India Today. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Shekhawat need not compare himself to Giri: Shashi Bhushan". The Hindu. India. 12 July 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Hidayatullah, Shri M". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramakrishnan, T. (24 July 2012). "The twice Acting-President". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Giri, Shri Varahagiri Venkata". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gallery of Indian Presidents". Press Information Bureau of the Government of India. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Emergency: The Dark Age of Indian democracy". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jatti, Shri Basappa Danappa". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2008.
Jump up ^ Bhargava, G.S. "Making of the Prez – Congress chief selects PM as well as President". The Tribune. India. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Stanley A. (1999). India. University of California Press. p. 217. ISBN 978-0-520-22172-7. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (17 July 1987). "Man in the News; India's Mild New President: Ramaswamy Venkataraman". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Venkataraman, Shri R". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Navtej Sarna (27 December 1999). "Former President Shankar Dayal Sharma passes away". Embassy of India, Washington D.C. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Narayanan, Shri K, R". Vice President's Secretariat. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "The BJP's aim was to get rid of me". Confederation of Human Rights Organizations. Archived from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2009.
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Jump up ^ Ramana, M. V.; Reddy, C. Rammanohar (2002). Prisoners of the Nuclear Dream. New Delhi: Orient Longman. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-250-2477-4.
Jump up ^ Tyagi, Kavita; Misra, Padma (23 May 2011). Basic Technical Communication. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 124. ISBN 978-81-203-4238-5. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "'Kalam was real people's President'". Hindustan Times. Indo-Asian News Service. 24 July 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
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