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What's Eating Gilbert Grape
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What's Eating Gilbert Grape
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Lasse Hallström
Produced by
Bertil Ohlsson
David Matalon
Meir Teper
Screenplay by
Peter Hedges
Based on
What's Eating Gilbert Grape
by Peter Hedges
Starring
Johnny Depp
Juliette Lewis
Leonardo DiCaprio
Mary Steenburgen
John C. Reilly
Music by
Alan Parker
Björn Isfält
Cinematography
Sven Nykvist
Edited by
Andrew Mondshein
Production
company
Matalon Teper Ohlsson
Distributed by
Paramount Pictures
Release date
December 17, 1993 (1993-12-17)
Running time
118 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$11 million[1]
Box office
$10 million[2]
What's Eating Gilbert Grape is a 1993 American drama film directed by Lasse Hallström and starring Johnny Depp, Juliette Lewis, Darlene Cates, and Leonardo DiCaprio. The film follows 24-year-old Gilbert (Depp), a grocery store clerk caring for his morbidly obese mother (Cates) and his mentally impaired younger brother (DiCaprio) in a sleepy Midwestern town. Peter Hedges wrote the screenplay, adapted from his 1991 novel of the same name. The film was well-received; DiCaprio received his first Academy Award nomination for his role.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Critical reception
5.1 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In the small town of Endora, Iowa, Gilbert Grape (Johnny Depp) is busy caring for Arnie (Leonardo DiCaprio), his mentally challenged brother, as they wait for the many tourists' trailers to pass through town during an annual Airstreamer's Club gathering at a nearby recreational area. His father hanged himself seven years earlier,[3] and since then his mother, Bonnie (Darlene Cates), has spent most of her days on the couch watching TV and eating. With Bonnie unable to care for her children on her own due to her morbid obesity, Gilbert has taken responsibility for repairing the old house and looking after Arnie, who has a habit of climbing the town water tower, while his sisters Amy (Laura Harrington) and Ellen (Mary Kate Schellhardt) do the rest. The relationship between the brothers is of both care and protection, as Gilbert continually enforces the "nobody touches Arnie" policy. A new FoodLand supermarket has opened, threatening the small Lamson's Grocery where Gilbert works. In addition, Gilbert is having an affair with a married woman, Betty Carver (Mary Steenburgen).
The family is looking forward to Arnie's 18th birthday. A young woman named Becky (Juliette Lewis) and her grandmother are stuck in town when the International Harvester Travelall pulling their trailer breaks down. Gilbert's unusual life circumstances threaten to get in the way of their budding romance. In order to spend time with Becky to watch the sunset, Gilbert leaves Arnie alone in the bath. He returns home late and finds that Arnie is still in the bath the following morning, shivering in the (now cold) water; his guilt is compounded by his family's anger. His affair with Betty ends when she leaves town in search of a new life following her husband's death—he drowned in the family's wading pool after suffering a heart attack. Becky becomes close to both Gilbert and Arnie. While they are distracted during one of their talks, Arnie returns to the water tower that he is always trying to climb. Arnie is arrested after being rescued from the top of the tower, causing his mother—who has not left the house in seven years—to become the object of pointing, laughing, and gawking from the townspeople as she goes to the police station, forcing Arnie's release.
Soon after, Arnie tries to run away yet again from his bath and in his frustration, Gilbert finally snaps, hitting Arnie several times. Guilty and appalled at himself, Gilbert runs out and drives away in his truck without another word. Arnie also runs out and goes to Becky's, who takes care of him for the evening until he is picked up by his sisters. After some soul searching aided by Becky, Gilbert returns home during the birthday party to make amends to his family for running out and to be forgiven by Arnie which, with only the slightest hesitation, he is. He apologizes to his mother for his behavior and promises that he is not ashamed of her and that he will not let her be hurt any more. She admits to Gilbert her knowledge of what a burden she has become to the family, and he forgives her. He introduces her to Becky—something he had been reluctant to do earlier.
Following Arnie's 18th birthday party, Bonnie climbs the stairs to her bedroom for the first time since her husband's suicide. Arnie later tries to wake her but discovers that she has died. The children, not willing to let their mother become the joke of the town by having her corpse lifted from the house by crane, empty their family home of possessions and set it on fire. A year later, Gilbert describes what happened to his family after his mother's death, as Gilbert and his brother Arnie wait by the side of a road for Becky, who arrives with her grandmother, and picks them up.
Cast[edit]
Johnny Depp as Gilbert Grape
Juliette Lewis as Becky
Leonardo DiCaprio as Arnie Grape
Mary Steenburgen as Betty Carver
Darlene Cates as Bonnie Grape
Laura Harrington as Amy Grape
Mary Kate Schellhardt as Ellen Grape
Kevin Tighe as Ken Carver
John C. Reilly as Tucker Van Dyke
Crispin Glover as Bobby McBurney
Penelope Branning as Becky's Grandma
Libby Villari as the Waitress
Adrienne King as Group (voice)
Production[edit]
What's Eating Gilbert Grape was shot in Texas, in various towns and cities; Austin and Pflugerville were primary locations, as well as Manor, where the water tower featured in the film was located.[4]
Film Review quoted actor Leonardo DiCaprio:
I had to really research and get into the mind of somebody with a disability like that. So I spent a few days at a home for mentally retarded teens. We just talked and I watched their mannerisms. People have these expectations that mentally retarded children are really crazy, but it's not so. It's refreshing to see them because everything's so new to them.[5]
Release[edit]
The film had a limited release on December 17, 1993 and wide release on March 4, 1994.[6] The wide release garnered $2,104,938 on its first weekend. Total domestic gross for the film was $10,032,765.[7]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film was given an 89% "Certified Fresh" score and an average rating of 7.3/10 based on 45 reviews. The site's consensus states that the film is "sentimental and somewhat predictable, but those are small complaints, given the tender atmosphere and moving performances at the heart of What's Eating Gilbert Grape."[8] The New York Times film critic Janet Maslin praised DiCaprio's performance, writing "the film's real show-stopping turn comes from Mr. DiCaprio, who makes Arnie's many tics so startling and vivid that at first he is difficult to watch… The performance has a sharp, desperate intensity from beginning to end."[9] Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times described it as "… one of the most enchanting films of the year" and said that DiCaprio deserved to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for which he was nominated.[10] Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film a "bemused view on life" and remarked that "Depp manages to command center screen with a greatly affable, appealing characterization."[11] The Washington Post's Desson Howe thought the film was an earnest but highly predictable effort.[12] Film Review praised Leonardo DiCaprio as the mentally handicapped brother, calling it "a performance of astonishing innocence and spontaneity", bringing "a touching credibility to a very difficult part".[5]
The film was nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics.[citation needed]
Accolades[edit]
Awards
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
66th Academy Awards Best Supporting Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated
51st Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture Leonardo DiCaprio Nominated
65th National Board of Review Awards Best Supporting Actor Award Leonardo DiCaprio Won
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1993 Best Emerging Actor Leonardo DiCaprio Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape - Box Office Data". The Numbers. Retrieved 2011-07-28.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
Jump up ^ What's Eating Gilbert Grape (film). 1993. p. 1 hour 11 minutes.
Jump up ^ Clinchy, Don (December 13, 2011). "Lone Star Cinema: What's Eating Gilbert Grape". Slackerwood. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron-Wilson, James; Speed, F. Maurice (1994). Film Review 1994-5. Great Britain: Virgin Books. p. 148. ISBN 0-86369-842-5.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993) - Weekend Box Office Results". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ "What's Eating Gilbert Grape Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (1993-12-17). "Movie Review: What's Eating Gilbert Grape". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (1994-03-04). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (1993-12-06). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape Review". Variety. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
Jump up ^ Howe, Desson (1994-03-04). "What's Eating Gilbert Grape". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: What's Eating Gilbert Grape?
What's Eating Gilbert Grape on IMDb
What's Eating Gilbert Grape at AllMovie
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Films directed by Lasse Hallström
A Guy and a Gal (1975)
ABBA: The Movie (1977)
Father to Be (1979)
Tuppen (1981)
Happy We (1983)
My Life as a Dog (1985)
The Children of Noisy Village (1986)
More About the Children of Noisy Village (1987)
Once Around (1991)
What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)
Something to Talk About (1995)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
Chocolat (2000)
The Shipping News (2001)
An Unfinished Life (2005)
Casanova (2005)
The Hoax (2006)
Hachi: A Dog's Tale (2009)
Dear John (2010)
Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011)
The Hypnotist (2012)
Safe Haven (2013)
The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014)
A Dog's Purpose (2017)
The Nutcracker and the Four Realms (2018)
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Films directed
Pieces of April (2003)
Dan in Real Life (2007)
The Odd Life of Timothy Green (2012)
Ben Is Back (2018)
Written only
What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993)
A Map of the World (1999)
About a Boy (2002)
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text:
Chromatic scale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The chromatic scale is a musical scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone above or below its adjacent pitches. As a result, in 12-tone equal temperament (the most common temperament in Western music), the chromatic scale covers all 12 of the available pitches. Thus, there is only one chromatic scale.
Moreover, in equal temperament, all the semitones have the same size (100 cents). As a result, the notes of an equal-tempered chromatic scale are equally-spaced. This makes the chromatic scale a nondiatonic scale with no tonic because of the symmetry of its equally-spaced notes.[1]
The ascending and descending chromatic scale is shown below.
The term chromatic derives from the Greek word chroma, meaning color.
Contents
[hide]
1 Notation
2 Other tunings
3 Non-Western cultures
4 See also
5 Sources
6 Further reading
7 External links
Notation[edit]
Chromatic scale drawn as a circle
The chromatic scale has no set enharmonic spelling that is always used. Its spelling is, however, often dependent upon major or minor key signatures and whether the scale is ascending or descending. In general, the chromatic scale is usually notated with sharp signs when ascending and flat signs when descending. It is also notated so that no scale degree is used more than twice in succession (for instance, G♭ – G♮ – G♯).
Other tunings[edit]
The most common conception of the chromatic scale before the 13th century was the Pythagorean chromatic scale ( Play (help·info)). Due to a different tuning technique, the twelve semitones in this scale have two slightly different sizes. Thus, the scale is not perfectly symmetric. Many other tuning systems, developed in the ensuing centuries, share a similar asymmetry.
In Pythagorean tuning (3-limit just intonation) the chromatic scale is tuned as follows, with sharps higher than their enharmonic flats:
C
D♭
C♯
D
E♭
D♯
E
F
F♯
G♭
G
A♭
G♯
A
B♭
A♯
B
C
1 256⁄243 2187⁄2048 9⁄8 32⁄27 8192⁄6561 81⁄64 4⁄3 1024⁄729 729⁄512 3⁄2 128⁄81 6561⁄4096 27⁄16 16⁄9 4096⁄2187 243⁄128 2
These are 17-EDO Pythagorean tuning approximations.
In 5-limit just intonation the chromatic scale, Ptolemy's intense chromatic scale, is as follows, with flats higher than their enharmonic sharps, and new notes between E/F and B/C:
C
C♯
D♭
D
D♯
E♭
E
E♯/F♭
F
F♯
G♭
G
G♯
A♭
A
A♯
B♭
B
B♯/C♭
C
1 25⁄24 16⁄15 9⁄8 75⁄64 6⁄5 5⁄4 32⁄25 4⁄3 25⁄18 36⁄25 3⁄2 25⁄16 8⁄5 5⁄3 125⁄72 9⁄5 15⁄8 48⁄25 2
The fractions 9⁄8 and 10⁄9, 6⁄5 and 32⁄27, 5⁄4 and 81⁄64, 4⁄3 and 27⁄20, and many other pairs are interchangeable, as 81⁄80 (syntonic comma) is tempered out. These are 19-EDO just intonation approximations.
Non-Western cultures[edit]
The ancient Chinese chromatic scale is called Shí-èr-lǜ. However, "it should not be imagined that this gamut ever functioned as a scale, and it is erroneous to refer to the 'Chinese chromatic scale', as some Western writers have done. The series of twelve notes known as the twelve lü were simply a series of fundamental notes from which scales could be constructed."[2]
The Indian solfège, i.e. sargam, makes up the twelve notes of the chromatic scale with respective sharps and flats.
See also[edit]
Chromaticism
Atonality
Twelve-tone technique
20th century music#Classical
"All Through the Night" (Cole Porter song)
"Hicaz Hümâyun Saz Semâisi" – Turkish song, highlighting differences from the twelve-semitone scale
Sources[edit]
Jump up ^ Benward & Saker (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.47. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
Jump up ^ Needham, Joseph (1962/2004). Science and Civilization in China, Vol. IV: Physics and Physical Technology, p.170-171. ISBN 978-0-521-05802-5.
Further reading[edit]
Hewitt, Michael. 2013. Musical Scales of the World. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0957547001
External links[edit]
Find more aboutChromatic scaleat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Data from Wikidata
The Chromatic Scale arranged for guitar in several fingerings. (Formatted for easy printing)
The 12 golden notes of music
Chromatic Scale - Analysis
[show]
v
t
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Musical scales (list)
Main Western
Major
Minor
Chromatic
Types
Bebop
Diatonic
Distance model
Enharmonic
Jazz
Symmetric
Synthetic mode
Synthetic scale
Name
Acoustic
Adonai malakh mode
Alpha
Altered
Beta
Blues
Bohlen–Pierce
Double harmonic
Enigmatic
Flamenco mode
Gamma
Half diminished
Harmonic major
Harmonic
Jazz minor
Lydian dominant
Major Locrian
Misheberak
Phrygian dominant
Ptolemy's intense diatonic
Scale of harmonics
Whole tone
Ethnic origin
Algerian
Arabic
Double harmonic
Major Locrian
Quarter tone
17 equal temperament
Brazil
Escala nordestina
Gamelan
Pelog
Slendro
Gypsy
Hungarian gypsy
Hungarian minor
Istrian
Japanese
Neapolitan
Persian
Ukrainian Dorian
Ukrainian minor
Modes
[show]
v
t
e
Modes in Western music
Gregorian
Authentic
Dorian
Phrygian
Lydian
Mixolydian
Plagal
Hypodorian
Hypophrygian
Hypolydian
Hypomixolydian
Other
Ionian
Hypoionian
Aeolian
Hypoaeolian
Locrian
Hypolocrian
Reciting tone
Diatonic
Ionian (I)
Dorian (II)
Phrygian (III)
Lydian (IV)
Mixolydian (V)
Aeolian (VI)
Locrian (VII)
Jazz minor
Ascending melodic minor (I)
Dorian ♭2 (II)
Lydian Augmented (III)
Lydian Dominant (IV)
Mixolydian ♭13 (V)
Locrian ♮2 (VI)
Altered (VII)
Number of tones
Monotonic (1)
Ditonic (2)
Tritonic (3)
Tetratonic (4)
Pentatonic (5)
Hexatonic (6)
Heptatonic (7)
Octatonic (8)
Chromatic (12)
[show]
v
t
e
Notes of the chromatic scale
B♯ / C
C♯ / D♭
D
D♯ / E♭
E / F♭
E♯ / F
F♯ / G♭
G
G♯ / A♭
A
A♯ / B♭
B / C♭
[show]
v
t
e
Twelve-tone technique and Serialism
Fundamentals
Combinatoriality
Complementation
Derivation
Hexachord
Interval class
Invariance
Partition
Cross partition
Tone row
Aggregate
List
Permutations
Prime row
Retrograde
Inversion
Retrograde inversion
Multiplication
Notable
composers
Milton Babbitt
Pierre Boulez
Josef Matthias Hauer
Second Viennese School
Alban Berg
Arnold Schoenberg
Anton Webern
Charles Wuorinen
...more...
Related articles
All-interval twelve-tone row
All-trichord hexachord
Atonality
Chromatic scale
Duration series
Equivalence
Formula composition
Modernism (music)
Punctualism
Semitone
Set theory
Time point
Trope
List of dodecaphonic and serial compositions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chromatic_scale&oldid=826776810"
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Traffic circle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Rotary (intersection)" redirects here. For other uses of Rotary, see Rotary (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Roundabout.
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Columbus Circle in New York City. Unlike a modern roundabout, the circle is quite large and pedestrians have access to the center island. Access is controlled by traffic lights.
A traffic circle is a type of intersection that directs both turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics.[1] Contrary to a roundabout, where entering traffic always yields to traffic already in the circle and merges in directly, the entrances to traffic circles are three-way intersections either controlled by stop signs, traffic signals, or not formally controlled.[2] Colloquially, however, roundabouts are sometimes referred to as circles.[3]
In the United States, traffic engineers typically use the term rotary for large scale circular junctions between expressways or controlled-access highways. Rotaries typically feature high speeds inside the circle and on the approaches.[4]
In New England, traffic circles are generally called rotaries and the traffic that is already driving in the rotary always has the right of way (see roundabout). For examples of where this is specified, in Massachusetts "Any operator of a vehicle entering a rotary intersection shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle already in the intersection."[5] In Rhode Island entering vehicles "Yield to vehicles in the roundabout." [6]
Distinct from roundabouts, traffic circles and rotaries may also have an interior lane that requires traffic on it to change lanes in order to exit the circle.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design
2 History
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
DeSoto Fountain sits in the center of a traffic circle in the City of Coral Gables, Florida. The arterial, DeSoto Boulevard, has unrestricted right of way, while the intersecting streets are controlled by stop signs.
Design[edit]
Design criteria include:
Right-of-way: Whether entering or circling vehicles have the right of way. The New Jersey Driver's Manual recommends that, in the absence of flow control signs, traffic yields based on "historically established traffic flow patterns",[8] and there are no set rules.[9] In New England,[10] Washington, D.C. and New York State,[11] entering traffic yields, as is the norm in virtually all countries outside of the U.S.
Angle of entry: Angles range from glancing (tangential) that allow full-speed entry to 90 degree angles (perpendicular).[12]
Traffic speed: High entry speeds (over 30 mph or 48 km/h) require circulating vehicles to yield, often stopping, which lowers capacity and increases crash rates compared to modern roundabouts.[13]
Lane changes: Allowed or not
Diameter: The greater the traffic, the larger the circle.[12]
Island function: Parking, parks, fountains, etc.[12]
Traffic 10-abreast traverses the Place de l'Étoile. This traffic circle surrounds the Arc de Triomphe at the intersection of ten two-way and two one-way streets. It has no lane markings.
History[edit]
French architect Eugène Hénard was designing one-way circular intersections as early as 1877.[14] American architect William Phelps Eno favored small traffic circles. He designed New York City's famous Columbus Circle, which was built in 1905. Other circular intersections were subsequently built in the United States, though many were large diameter 'rotaries' that enabled high speed merge and weave maneuvers. These designs were doomed to failure for two primary reasons:
It takes a large diameter circle to provide enough room for merging at speed. Although some of these circles were huge (many were in excess of 100 meters or 300 feet in diameter), they were not large enough for high-speed merging.[citation needed]
Giving priority to entering traffic means that more vehicles can enter the circulatory roadway than it can handle. The result is congestion within the circle which could not clear without police intervention.
The experience with traffic circles and rotaries in the USA was almost entirely negative,[citation needed] characterized by high accident rates and congestion problems. By the mid 1950s, construction of traffic circles and rotaries had ceased entirely. The experience with traffic circles in other countries was not much better until the development of the modern roundabout in the United Kingdom during the 1960s.
Starting in the 1990s the USA saw a revival of mostly smaller traffic circles, termed "roundabouts".[15] The modern roundabout finally arrived in the United States in 1990 in Summerlin, a major Las Vegas residential subdivision.[15] As of December, 2015 there are about 4800 of these modern roundabouts in the United States. As an example, Washington State contains about 120 roundabouts as of October 2016, all having been built since 1997 with more planned.[16]
See also[edit]
Complete streets
Direction of traffic
History of road transport
History of street lighting in the United States
History of roads in Ireland
Level of service
Roundabout
Traffic congestion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Online TDM Encyclopedia - Traffic Calming".
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation: Roundabouts: an Informational Guide para 1.5
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jeffrey A. (6 August 2012). "Salem Four Corners traffic circle to start rounding into shape". The Day.
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation: Safety Aspects of Roundabouts presentation Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Transportation: Technical Summary: Roundabouts
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.state.nj.us/mvc/pdf/Licenses/Driver%20Manual/Chapter_4.pdf
Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Registry of Motor Vehicles. "Sharing the Road: A User's Manual for Public Ways". Retrieved 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ :http://www.safeny.com/rowa-vt.htm#1145
^ Jump up to: a b c "Index - Roundabout: An Informational Guide, June 2000 - FHWA-RD-00-067".
Jump up ^ Shashi S. Nambisan, Venu Parimi (March 2007). "A Comparative Evaluation of the Safety Performance of Roundabouts and Traditional Intersection Controls". Institute of Transportation Engineers. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
Jump up ^ P. M. Wolf, Eugene Henard and the Beginning of Urbanism in Paris, 1900–1914, International Federation for Housing and Planning, The Hague, 1969, cited by Ben Hamilton-Baillie & Phil Jones, Improving traffic behaviour and safety through urban design, Proceedings of ICE – Civil Engineering, volume 158 Issue 5 May 2005 p. 41 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b History of the Modern Roundabout, RoundaboutsUSA http://www.roundaboutsusa.com/history.html
Jump up ^ Washintong's Roundabouts, WS-DOT website http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/safety/roundabouts/washingtons.htm
External links[edit]
Media related to Traffic circles at Wikimedia Commons
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