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Gun laws in Illinois
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Location of Illinois in the United States
Gun laws in Illinois regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the state of Illinois in the United States.[1][2]
To legally possess firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police to any qualified applicant. Non-residents who may legally possess firearms in their home state are exempt from this requirement.
The state police issue licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat to public safety". Objections are considered by a Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board, which decides whether or not the license will be issued, based on "a preponderance of the evidence". Licenses issued by other states are not recognized, except for carry in a vehicle. Open carry is prohibited in most areas. When a firearm is being transported by a person without a concealed carry license, it must be unloaded and enclosed in a case, or broken down in a non-functioning state, or not immediately accessible.
There is a waiting period to take possession after purchasing a firearm — 72 hours for a handgun, or 24 hours for a rifle or shotgun. For private sales, the seller must verify the buyer's FOID card, and keep a record of the sale for at least 10 years. Lost or stolen guns must be reported to the police. Possession of automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, or suppressors is prohibited. Possession of short-barreled rifles is permitted only for those who have an ATF Curios and Relics license or are a member of a military reenactment group. The state does not restrict the sale or possession of firearms that have been defined as assault weapons, or of magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition, but some local jurisdictions do restrict them.
Illinois has state preemption for certain areas of gun law, which overrides the home rule guideline in those cases. Some local governments have enacted ordinances that are more restrictive than those of the state in areas not covered by state preemption.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 FOID cards
3 Concealed and open carry
3.1 Historical state prohibition of concealed carry
4 Other state laws
5 Local laws
5.1 Historical restrictions on the possession of handguns
6 Knives
7 See also
8 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required.
Owner permit required? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 FOID required.
Firearm registration? No No
License required for concealed carry? n/a Yes Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act Shall-issue with limited discretion.[3] Concealed carry licenses are issued by the state police. Licenses issued by other states are not recognized, but nonresidents from states with "substantially similar" licensing requirements can apply for an Illinois nonresident license.
Open carry allowed? No No
Vehicle carry allowed? No Yes An Illinois concealed carry license is required for Illinois residents. Non-residents may carry in a vehicle if they are eligible to carry in their home state.
State preemption of local restrictions? Partial Partial Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act Preemption for the regulation and transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Preemption for laws regulating assault weapons, unless enacted before July 20, 2013.
Assault weapon law? No No Cook Co. Code of Ord. §54-211
Chi. Mun. Code §8-20-170 Cook County and the city of Chicago have separately banned the possession of assault weapons, as have several Chicago suburbs, prior to the preemption deadline of July 20, 2013.
Magazine capacity restriction? No No No state-level restrictions. Some local jurisdictions have enacted various magazine capacity restrictions.
NFA weapons restricted? Yes Yes 720 ILCS 5/24
720 ILCS 5/24-2 Automatic firearms, short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors prohibited. Short-barreled rifles allowed only for Curios and Relics license holders or members of a bona fide military reenactment group. AOW (Any Other Weapon) and large-bore DD (Destructive Device) allowed with proper approval and tax stamp from ATF.
Castle doctrine / stand your ground laws? Partial Partial 720 ILCS 5 Illinois has no stand-your-ground law, however there is also no duty to retreat. The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary "to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony." There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling.
Peaceable journey laws? Partial Yes Public Act 098-0063: Firearm Concealed Carry Act Illinois has state preemption for the transportation of handguns and handgun ammunition. Non-Illinois residents are granted a limited exception to lawfully carry a concealed firearm within a vehicle if they are eligible to carry a firearm in public under the laws of their own state. Non-residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their own state are not required to have a FOID card. Some localities have banned the possession of assault weapons.
Background checks required for private sales? Yes Yes 430 ILCS 65 The seller must verify the buyer's FOID card with the Illinois State Police, and must keep a record of the sale for at least ten years.
FOID cards[edit]
To legally possess or purchase firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owner's Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police.[4] The police must issue FOID cards to eligible applicants. An applicant is disqualified if he or she has been convicted of a felony or an act of domestic violence, is the subject of an order of protection, has been convicted of assault or battery or been a patient in a mental institution within the last five years, has been adjudicated as a mental defective, or is an illegal immigrant.[5] Applicants under the age of 21 must have the written consent of a parent or legal guardian who is also legally able to possess firearms.[6]
When a firearm is sold or transferred, the buyer is required to present their FOID card. This applies to private sales between individuals as well as to sales by Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders.[7] For firearm sales by an FFL holder, or at a gun show, the seller must perform an automated dial-up check with the State Police, to verify that the FOID card is valid, and to redo the background check of the buyer.[4] This additional checking is known as the Firearm Transfer Inquiry Program (FTIP).[8] For private sales not at a gun show, the seller must also verify the buyer's FOID card with the state police, and receive a transfer approval number, either via a web site or with a phone call.[9][10][11][12][13]
The buyer is also required to present their FOID card when purchasing ammunition.[14]
In 2011, in the case of People v. Holmes, the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that non-Illinois residents who are permitted to possess a firearm in their home state are not required to have an Illinois FOID card.[15][16] Non-Illinois residents do not qualify to obtain a FOID card, but the FOID statute does make provisions for applicants who are employed in Illinois as law enforcement officers, armed security officers, or by the U.S. military.[4]
A FOID card does not authorize the carrying of a concealed firearm,[17] but having a FOID card is a prerequisite for obtaining a concealed carry license.[18]
Concealed and open carry[edit]
The Illinois State Police Department issues licenses for the concealed carry of handguns to qualified applicants age 21 or older who pass a 16-hour training course. Illinois law says that the state police "shall issue" a license to a qualified applicant. However, any law enforcement agency can object to an individual being granted a license "based upon a reasonable suspicion that the applicant is a danger to himself or herself or others, or a threat to public safety". Objections are considered by a Concealed Carry Licensing Review Board, which decides whether or not the license will be issued, based on "a preponderance of the evidence".[18][19][20] Under revised rules implemented in July 2014, the Review Board notifies the applicant by mail of the basis of the objection and identifies the agency that brought it.[21]
In order to apply for a license the applicant must have in their possession the certificate from the required training, a valid drivers license or state ID card, a valid FOID card, a head and shoulder electronic photograph taken in the last 30 days, ten years of documented residency, fingerprints (optional, but submitting an application without prints increases the potential processing time from 90 to 120 days),[22] and the application fee.[23]
Permits cost $150 for residents or $300 for non-residents, and are valid for five years. An Illinois resident is defined as someone who qualifies for an Illinois driver's license or state identification card due to establishment of a primary domicile in Illinois.[24] A non-resident is someone who has not resided in Illinois for more than 30 days and resides in another state or territory.[18]
Non-residents may apply if their state is on a list of states with laws related to firearm ownership, possession, and carrying, that are "substantially similar" to the requirements to obtain a carry license in Illinois. A non-resident applicant must also possess a carry license or permit from his or her state of residence, if applicable. Prior to February 2017, the Illinois State Police considered only Hawaii, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Virginia to qualify as substantially similar.[25] In February 2017, the list of substantially similar states changed to Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia.[26] Illinois concealed carry licensees from the three states removed from the list of approved states received letters stating that their Illinois licenses were no longer valid.[27]
Concealed carry permits or licenses issued by other states are not recognized, except that non-residents in possession of a carry permit or license from their home state may carry in a vehicle while traveling through Illinois.[18][19]
Concealed carry is prohibited on public transportation, at a bar or restaurant that gets more than half its revenue from the sale of alcohol, at a public gathering or special event that requires a permit (e.g. a street fair or festival), at a place where alcohol is sold for special events, and on private property where the owner has chosen not to allow it (and, unless the property is a private residence, has posted an appropriate sign). Concealed carry is also not allowed at any school, college or university, preschool or daycare facility, government building, courthouse, prison, jail, detention facility, hospital, playground, park, Cook County Forest Preserve area, stadium or arena for college or professional sports, amusement park, riverboat casino, off-track betting facility, library, zoo, museum, airport, nuclear facility, or place where firearms are prohibited under federal law. However, concealed carry license holders who are in the parking lot of a prohibited location (except a nuclear facility) are allowed to carry a concealed firearm when they are in their vehicle, and to store their gun locked in their vehicle and out of plain view.[18][19] On February 1, 2018, the Illinois Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the state's ban on possession of a firearm within 1,000 feet of a public park was unconstitutional.[28]
When a license holder is carrying a concealed handgun, and is asked by a police officer if they are carrying, there is a duty to inform the officer that they are. This can be done with a verbal reply, or by showing their concealed handgun license.[29]
In accordance with federal law, persons who have been convicted of a felony, or of a misdemeanor act of domestic violence, are ineligible to receive a concealed carry license. In Illinois persons who, within the last five years, have been convicted of a misdemeanor involving the use of force or violence, or received two convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, or been in residential or court-ordered treatment for substance abuse, are also ineligible to receive a license.[30] There are other conditions that make an applicant ineligible under state law, including having been a patient in a mental health facility in the last five years.[18]
In compliance with the federal Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act, off-duty and retired police officers who qualify annually under state guidelines are allowed to carry concealed.[31]
Open carry of firearms is generally illegal, except when hunting, or in a fixed place of business with the owner's permission, or in one's abode.[32]
When a firearm is being transported it must be (a) unloaded and enclosed in a case, firearm carrying box, shipping box, or other container, or (b) broken down in a non-functioning state, or (c) not immediately accessible, or (d) carried or possessed in accordance with the Firearm Concealed Carry Act by a person with a valid concealed carry license.[33]
Historical state prohibition of concealed carry[edit]
Illinois was the last state to pass a law to allow the concealed carry of firearms by citizens.[34][35] The state's original handgun carry ban was enacted in 1949, with the ban's most recent revision being enacted in 1962.[36] The pre-existing law forbade concealed carry, and generally prohibited open carry, except in counties that had enacted ordinances allowing open carry. On December 11, 2012, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals, in the case of Moore v. Madigan, ruled that Illinois' concealed carry ban was unconstitutional, and gave the state 180 days to change its laws.[37] Subsequently, the court granted a 30-day extension of the deadline.[38] On July 9, 2013, Illinois enacted the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, which established a system for the issuing of concealed carry licenses.[39][40] On September 12, 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court, in the case of People v. Aguilar, also ruled that the state's Aggravated Unlawful Use of a Weapon law, which completely prohibited concealed carry, was unconstitutional.[41] On January 5, 2014, the state police began accepting applications for licenses to carry concealed handguns.[42] On February 28, 2014, the state police announced that they had begun issuing concealed carry licenses.[43]
Other state laws[edit]
Article 1 section 22 of the Illinois Constitution states, "Subject only to the police power, the right of the individual citizen to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."[44]
When purchasing a handgun in Illinois there is a 72-hour waiting period after the sale before the buyer can take possession. The waiting period for a rifle or shotgun is 24 hours.[33]
When a firearm is sold by a licensed dealer, the seller is required to provide a gun lock, unless the firearm itself includes an integrated locking mechanism.[45]
For private sales, the seller is required to keep a record of the transfer for at least 10 years.[7]
Lost or stolen guns must be reported to the police within 72 hours.[9][46]
A gun owner can be charged with a crime if a minor under the age of 14 gains access to their firearm when it is unsecured (i.e. not locked in a box or secured with a trigger lock) and causes death or great bodily harm.[47]
Regarding Title II weapons, the possession of automatic firearms (such as machine guns), short-barreled shotguns, and suppressors is prohibited.[33] Possession of short-barreled rifles is allowed for ATF Curios and Relics license holders, or, if the rifle is historically accurate has an overall length of at least 26 inches, for members of a bona fide military reenactment group.[48] While possession of a large-bore destructive device itself is not prohibited, possession of an artillery projectile, shell or grenade with over 1/4 ounce of explosive is prohibited.[33] There is no prohibition against non-sporting shotguns (such as the Armsel Striker) deemed destructive devices by the ATF, nor is there one for AOWs (Any Other Weapons). There is a specific prohibition against the possession of firearms designed to appear as a wireless telephone.[49]
In Illinois, muzzleloaders and black powder guns are considered firearms.[17]
Air guns that are larger than .18 caliber and that have a muzzle velocity greater than 700 feet per second are also regulated as firearms.[50]
Illinois has no stand-your-ground law, however there is also no duty to retreat. The use of force is justified when a person reasonably believes that it is necessary "to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony." There are some additional protections for defense against unlawful entry into a dwelling.[51][52]
On February 28, 2018, new gun safety measures were approved by Illinois lawmakers. A bill to ban bump stocks, which allow semi-automatic weapons to fire like automatic weapons, passed with bipartisan support, despite failing the year before. A bill to raise the age to buy assault style weapons from 18 to 21 also passed with bipartisan support. A gun dealer licensing bill also passed, requiring gun dealers to be licensed.[53]
Local laws[edit]
Illinois has state preemption of firearm laws for "the regulation, licensing, possession, and registration of handguns and ammunition for a handgun, and the transportation of any firearm and ammunition". There is also state preemption for "the regulation of the possession and ownership of assault weapons", except for laws passed before July 20, 2013, which are grandfathered in.[18] In other areas of gun law, some local governments have passed ordinances that are more restrictive than those of the state.[54]
Chicago has banned the possession of certain semi-automatic firearms that it defines as assault weapons.[55][56] Chicago residents must "immediately" report a firearm that is stolen or lost, and must report the transfer of a firearm within 48 hours of such transfer.[57] In a home where a person younger than 18 is present, all guns must be secured with a trigger lock, or stored in a locked container, or secured to the body of the legal owner.[58]
Chicago formerly prohibited the sale of firearms within city limits, but on January 6, 2014, a federal judge ruled that this was unconstitutional.[59] The judge granted the city's request for six months to pass new laws regulating gun shops.[60] On June 25, 2014, the city council passed a new law, allowing gun stores but restricting them to certain limited areas of the city, requiring that all gun sales be videotaped, and limiting buyers to one gun per 30-day period. Store owners must make their records available to the police, and employees must be trained to identify possible straw purchasers.[61] With the passage of the gun shop ordinance, Chicago also struck a previous ban on the transfer of ammunition.[62] On January 18, 2017, a federal appeals court ruled that the city's revised gun shop law was unconstitutional.[63]
Cook County has banned the possession of certain semi-automatic firearms that it has defined as assault weapons.[64][65] Residents must report to the county sheriff within 48 hours any firearms that are stolen, lost, destroyed, or sold or otherwise transferred. The sheriff may share this information with other law enforcement agencies.[66][67] Licensed firearms dealers must provide information to the county regarding purchasers and the guns they purchase, and receive approval before conducting sales.[68] An individual may not purchase more than one firearm in a 30-day period.[69] In a home where a person younger than 21 is present, all guns must be secured with a trigger lock, or stored unloaded in a locked container separate from the ammunition, or secured to the body of the legal owner.[70] In Cook County, local laws, such as those of Chicago, take precedence over county laws that regulate similar matters.[71] Cook County imposes a twenty-five dollar tax on the sale of any firearm by a retail dealer, in addition to the usual county sales tax. The county also has a tax on the sale of ammunition — five cents per round for centerfire ammunition and one cent per round for rimfire ammunition.[72]
The possession of firearms that have been variously defined as assault weapons is also illegal in Lincolnwood, Skokie, Evanston, Highland Park, North Chicago, Melrose Park, Riverdale, Dolton, Hazel Crest, Homewood, and the part of Buffalo Grove that's in Cook County. The storage or transportation of assault weapons is restricted in Morton Grove, Winnetka, Deerfield, Country Club Hills, and University Park.[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] Sales and transfers of assault weapons are prohibited in Niles.[80][81][82] In December 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a challenge to Highland Park's assault weapons ban.[83]
Other municipalities have also enacted various firearm restrictions.[84]
Historical restrictions on the possession of handguns[edit]
Formerly some Illinois municipalities had laws restricting the possession of handguns.
By the late 1980s, several Illinois municipalities had banned the possession of handguns. Chicago required the registration of all firearms but did not allow handguns to be registered, which had the effect of outlawing their possession, unless they were grandfathered in by being registered before April 16, 1982.[85][86] Additionally, several Chicago suburbs had enacted outright prohibitions on handgun possession.[87]
On June 26, 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller.[88] Chicago and the other municipalities came under legal pressure to change their laws.[89][90] In the months following the Heller decision, handgun bans were repealed in the suburbs of Wilmette,[91] Morton Grove,[92] Evanston,[93] and Winnetka,[94] but Chicago and Oak Park kept their laws in effect.[93][95]
On June 28, 2010, in the case of McDonald v. Chicago, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the handgun bans of Chicago and Oak Park to be unconstitutional.[96]
On July 12, 2010, a new Chicago city ordinance took effect that allowed the possession of handguns with certain restrictions. Residents were required to obtain a Chicago Firearms Permit. To get the permit they were required to complete a 5-hour firearms training course, pass a background check (including fingerprinting), and pay a $100 permit fee. Chicago's gun registration requirement was retained, with new registrations beling allowed for the first time since 1982.[97][98] Possession of firearms was permitted only inside a dwelling, not in a garage or on the outside grounds of the property. Only one gun at a time was allowed to be kept in a usable state.[97]
On July 19, 2010, Oak Park amended its town ordinance to allow handgun possession in one's home, leaving no remaining town in Illinois that completely banned handguns.[99]
On July 9, 2013, Illinois enacted the Firearm Concealed Carry Act, which set up a permitting system for the concealed carry of firearms. Another provision of this law is state preemption for "the regulation, licensing, possession, and registration of handguns and ammunition for a handgun, and the transportation of any firearm and ammunition". This invalidated Chicago's requirements for gun registration and for an additional permit for the possession of firearms.[18][100]
On September 11, 2013, the Chicago City Council repealed the law requiring the registration of firearms and the law requiring a city issued firearm owners permit.[100][101] They also changed the law to allow the carrying of firearms on the grounds of one's property outside as well as inside the home.[102]
Knives[edit]
In Illinois it is illegal to possess a throwing star or ballistic knife. A knife with a blade more than three inches in length is considered a dangerous weapon, and it is illegal to carry such a knife with an intent to inflict harm on another person's well being.[103][104]
Some local governments have knife laws that are more restrictive than those of the state. In Chicago it is illegal to carry a knife with a blade more than two-and-a-half inches in length.[105]
See also[edit]
FOID (firearms)
Law of Illinois
McDonald v. Chicago
Moore v. Madigan
People v. Aguilar
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Jump up ^ Maloney, Andrew (April 5, 2012). "Court Reinstates Suit Challenging Cook County Assault Weapons Ban", Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Donovan, Lisa (February 5, 2013). "County's New Gun-Control Ordinance Takes Aim at Straw Buyers", Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Report of Lost, Stolen, Destroyed or Transferred Firearms", Cook County, Illinois, Code of Ordinances. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Cook County, Illinois, Code of Ordinances, Sec. 54-181. Pretransfer fitness verification process Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cook County, Illinois, Code of Ordinances, Sec. 54-183. One gun per month limitation Retrieved March 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dardick, Hal, and Byrne, John (July 17, 2013). "Cook County Trigger Lock Gun Law Could Be Toughest in Illinois", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Byrne, John (February 5, 2013). "Suburban Cook Gun Owners to Face Fines for Not Reporting Stolen Guns", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fitton, Mark; Bishop, Greg (December 15, 2015). "Illinois House Bill Would Ban Local Taxes on Guns, Ammo", mySuburbanLife.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Natalie (July 15, 2013). "Lincolnwood Could Tweak Assault Weapon Ban", Lincolnwood Review. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ DeFiglio, Pam (July 2, 2013). "After 33 Comment, Skokie Board Passes Assault Weapons Ban", Skokie Patch. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Ciara (July 16, 2013). "Evanston Aldermen Approve Assault Weapons Ban as State Deadline Nears", Daily Northwestern. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Natalie (July 19, 2013). "Morton Grove Bans Assault Weapons in Public Places", Morton Grove Champion. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCoppin, Robert (July 19, 2013). "Municipalities Rush to Pass Assault Weapons Limits Before Friday's Deadline", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCoppin, Robert (July 21, 2013). "Some Suburbs Pass Assault Weapon Restrictions, Others Dissuaded by Gun Owners", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Municipal 'Assault Weapon' Ban Attempts: Scorecard", Illinois State Rifle Association. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sec. 66-235 - Prohibitions". Niles, IL Code of Ordinances. Municode. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wasinski, Natasha (July 19, 2013). "As Neighbors Scramble, Niles Sticks with Assault Weapon Ban", Niles Herald-Spectator. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ DeFiglio, Pam (July 6, 2013). "Niles Already Has an Assault Weapons Ban", Niles Patch. Retrieved September 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (December 7, 2015). "Supreme Court Won't Hear Challenge to Assault Weapons Ban in Chicago Suburb", New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Illinois State Police – Municipal Ordinances Relating to Firearms". Isp.state.il.us. August 3, 2001. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Municipal Code of Chicago, section 8-20-050, Unregisterable firearms". Amlegal.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (April 13, 1982). "Chicago Gun Law Spurs Deluge of Applications". New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kimberly, James; Wang, Andrew L. (June 27, 2008). "Suburbs with Gun Bans Split over Impact of Court Ruling", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 15, 2015. "In the years since Morton Grove passed the first handgun ban in the nation in 1981, Evanston, Oak Park, Winnetka and Wilmette also outlawed handguns. Because of the high court's ruling that Washington, D.C., cannot ban people from owning guns, all five suburban bans could now be declared unconstitutional."
Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (June 27, 2008). "Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights", New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kimberly, James, and Wang, Andrew L. (June 27, 2008). "Suburbs with Gun Bans Split over Impact of Court Ruling", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ahmed, Azam (June 27, 2008). "NRA Sues Chicago, 3 Suburbs to Repeal Their Firearms Bans", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kuczka, Susan, and Dardick, Hal (July 25, 2008). "Wilmette Repeals Town's Handgun Ban After High Court Ruling", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Channick, Robert, and Kridel, Kristen (July 28, 2008). "Morton Grove Repeals 27-Year-Old Gun Ban", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Horan, Deborah (August 13, 2008). "Evanston Latest Suburb to Repeal Handgun Ban", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Black, Lisa (November 19, 2008). "Winnetka Repeals Handgun Ban", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Williams-Harris, Deanese, and Patterson, Melissa (July 26, 2008). "Daley Promises to Fight to Keep Handgun Ban", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (June 28, 2010). "Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5–4 Ruling", New York Times. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Byrne, John and Dardick, Hal (July 2, 2010). "City Council Passes Daley Gun Restrictions 45-0", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lee, William (December 12, 2010). "Gun Owners: Permit Process Not Exactly as Fast as a Speeding Bullet", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sun-Times Media Wire (July 20, 2010). "Oak Park Law Amended to Allow Guns in Registered Users' Homes", Fox Chicago News. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Spielman, Fran (September 11, 2013). "City Council Approves Contradictory Gun Laws", Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Yaccino, Steven (September 11, 2013). "Chicago City Council Reluctantly Ends Gun Registry", New York Times. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dellimore, Craig (September 9, 2013). "City Council Committee Approves Rewrite Of Gun Laws", CBS News. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Rhian (July 23, 2015). "Knife Laws in Illinois", Knife Den. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Illinois Knife Law", Knife Up. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lardner, Sheridan (August 3, 2012). "Responsible Knife Carrying (Part 1)", Chicago Warrior. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
[hide]
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Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
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Department of Family and Protective Services
File:Texas_DFPS_Seal.jpg
Agency overview
Preceding agencies
Department of Protective and Regulatory Services
Department of Human Services
Jurisdiction
Statewide
Headquarters
Austin, Texas
Employees
12,740 (2018)
Annual budget
$2,026,476,529 USD (2018))
Agency executive
Hank Whitman, Commissioner
Child agencies
Child Protective Services
Adult Protective Services
Statewide Intake
Website
www.dfps.state.tx.us
John H. Winters Human Services Center includes the headquarters for Texas Department of Family and Protective Services
The Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (DFPS) is responsible for investigating charges of abuse, neglect or exploitation of children, elderly adults and adults with disabilities. Prior to its creation in 2004, the agency had been called the Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services (DPRS).[1][2]
According to the Texas Attorney General, DFPS is neither a juvenile nor an adult criminal justice agency.[3] The Texas Juvenile Justice Department is the state juvenile justice agency, while the Texas Department of Criminal Justice is the adult justice agency.
The agency is headquartered at the John H. Winters Human Services Center at 701 West 51st Street in Austin.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mandate
2 History
2.1 Comptroller findings
2.2 YFZ Ranch FLDS raid
2.3 2011 lawsuit
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Mandate[edit]
The DFPS undertakes five major tasks:
Adult protective services
Child protective services
Child care licensing
Prevention and early intervention
Statewide intake[5]
History[edit]
It was created effective February 1, 2004 by House Bill 2292 of the 78th Texas Legislature (2003) as the first new agency in a major reorganization of Texas's health and human services system.[6] The change was made to help "consolidate organizational structures and functions, eliminate duplicative administrative systems, and streamline processes and procedures that guide the delivery of health and human services to Texans."[7]
Comptroller findings[edit]
DFPS has a documented history of issues with children placed in its care. A 2004 report by Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn was very critical of the Texas foster care system.[8] A follow-up statement with continued criticisms of the Texas foster care system was made in 2006 by the Comptroller and renewed a request to have the governor create a Family and Protective Services Crisis Management Team.[9]
The Comptroller stated that in fiscal 2003, 2004 and 2005, respectively 30, 38 and 48 foster children died in the state's care. The number of foster children in the state's care increased 24 percent to 32,474 in Fiscal 2005, while the number of deaths increased 60 percent. Compared to the general population, a child is four times more likely to die in the Texas foster care system. In 2004, about 100 children were treated for poisoning from medications; 63 were treated for rape that occurred while under state care including four-year-old twin boys, and 142 children gave birth. A 12-year-old boy died in December 2005, suffocated while being restrained from behind by an employee of the facility. Another died May 30, after drowning in a creek during a bicycle outing. A three-year-old was treated for poisoning from an atypical, mind-altering anti-psychotic drug.
The Comptroller's office also found significant financial problems in a 2005 audit of DFPS.[10]
YFZ Ranch FLDS raid[edit]
Main article: YFZ Ranch
Gene Grounds of Victim Relief Ministries reported no hysteria or crying children from children removed from the ranch. He commended CPS workers as exhibiting compassion, professionalism and caring concern.[11]
John Kight, chairman of an organization that provided mental health workers to assist FLDS children and mothers from the YFZ Ranch recounted to the Texas governor's office that DFPS' Child Protective Services had seemed out of control at the temporary shelters, describing "how abusive CPS was and how they've trampled all over their rights."[12] One of the workers who assisted at the shelter remarked that "wonderful loving women and children are being treated like convicts in a concentration camp by the state of Texas".[13] Another wrote "I have never seen women and children treated this poorly, not to mention their civil rights being disregarded in this manner" after assisting at the emergency shelter. "The CPS workers were openly rude to the mothers and children, yelled at them for tryin to wave to friends.. threatened them with arrest if they did not stop waving"[13] Workers took notes on everything the "guests" said. Some compared it to a prison or concentration camp. By contrast, one worker noted the children were "amazingly clean, happy, healthy, energetic, well behaved and self-confident," while the mothers were "consistently calm, patient and loving with their children."
Ultimately, both the Court of Appeals for the Third District and the Texas Supreme Court found that CPS improperly removed all the children and ordered them returned to their parents.
Caregivers who were previously forbidden to discuss conditions working with CPS later produced unsigned written reports expressed anger at the CPS traumatizing the children, and for disregarding rights of mothers who appeared to be parents of healthy, well-behaved children. CPS threatened some workers with arrest, and the entire mental health support was dismissed the second week due to being "too compassionate." Workers believed poor sanitary conditions at the shelter allowed respiratory infections and chicken pox to spread.[14]
After being removed from the temporary shelters the FLDS children were placed in 16 group shelters and foster homes. Minors with children were sent to the Seton Home in San Antonio, older boys to Cal Farley's Boys Ranch in Amarillo. Some parents stated on the Today Show that they were unable to visit their boys due to a shortage of CPS staff. Newspapers released names of facilities caring for the FLDS children that have requested donations of specific items, help or cash.[15]
2011 lawsuit[edit]
The DFPS has also been the subject of a recent lawsuit alleging, among other complaints, that foster children are inappropriately placed in restrictive institutional settings.[16] In 2011, Children's Rights, a New York-based national advocacy group working to reform child welfare systems, filed a federal class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Texas alleging the DFPS routinely fails to either return children who've been in foster care at least a year safely to their families or to find them safe, appropriate, and permanent new families.[17][18] They also claim that after approximately one year, or a maximum of 18 months, without successfully reunifying children with their birth families or finding them adoptive homes, children become permanent wards of the state, a status known as "permanent managing conservatorship" (PMC), and that after entering this permanent foster care status, many children have little hope for stable, permanent families and instead are shuffled between a variety of foster and institutional placements that are poorly supervised by the state.[17]
See also[edit]
Adoption
Adult Protective Services
Child Protective Services
Foster care
Government of Texas
Social work
Buckner International
Texas portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "About DFPS". Texas Department of Family and Protective Services.
Jump up ^ "530nar.pdf." University of Texas. Accessed 13 de marzo 2009.
Jump up ^ "Texas Attorney General concludes Texas Department of Family and Protective Services cannot access juvenile records under Family Code". Texas Juvenile Probation Commission. 24 February 2005. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Contact Us." Texas Department of Family and Protective Services. Accessed August 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ "DFPS - About DFPS". www.dfps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
Jump up ^ "New Texas Department of Family and Protective Services Launches". Texas Health and Human Services Commission. 2 February 2004. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "Notice of Agency Name Change". Texas Secretary of State.
Jump up ^ Strayhorn, Carole Keeton (April 2004). "Forgotten Children: A Special Report on the Texas Foster Care System". Office of the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (State of Texas).
Jump up ^ Strayhorn, Carole Keeton (23 June 2006). "Comptroller Strayhorn Statement On Foster Care Abuse". Office of the Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts (State of Texas).
Jump up ^ "Claims Post-Payment Audit Report Summary (Fiscal 2005 First Quarter)". Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13.
Jump up ^ St. James, Janet (18 April 2008). "Richardson group: Polygamists' children are OK". WFAA-TV. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ West, Brian (13 May 2008). "Chairman says Texas CPS workers mistreated FLDS". Deseret News.
^ Jump up to: a b Lyon, Julia (13 May 2008). "Caregivers blast Texas' treatment of polygamous sect's women, children". Salt Lake Tribune. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
Some quotes found in two of the original affidavits linked to from this article titled: "This incident... is not what America or Texas stands for." Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine. and "Even the simplest request was discounted." Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Crotea, Roger (10 May 2008). "Mental health workers rip CPS over sect". San Antonio Express-News.
Jump up ^ "FLDS children adapt old ways to new homes". The Salt Lake Tribune. 5 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. By Julia Lyon, Brooke Adams and Nate Carlisle
Jump up ^ Crary, David. "Group care for foster kids: Critics seek phase-out". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b PLAINTIFFS’ ORIGINAL COMPLAINT FOR INJUNCTIVE AND DECLARATORY RELIEF AND REQUEST FOR CLASS ACTION, M.D. v. Perry (S.D. Tex. 2011)
Jump up ^ "Texas (M.D. v. Perry)". Children's Rights. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
DFPS Eldorado (YFZ Ranch) information page
Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation Reporting System run by the DFPS
Texas Foster Care and Adoption | Buckner International
hide
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School for the Blind and Visually Impaired
Brazos River Authority
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School for the Deaf
Board of Dental Examiners
Commission on Environmental Quality
Education Agency
Employees Retirement System
Ethics Commission
Facilities Commission
Dept. of Family and Protective Services
Film Commission
Forest Service
Office of the Governor
Guadalupe-Blanco River Authority
Health and Human Services Commission
Dept. of State Health Services
Higher Education Coordinating Board
Historical Commission
Dept. of Housing and Community Affairs
Dept. of Information Resources
Dept. of Insurance
Commission on Jail Standards
General Land Office
Library and Archives Commission
Dept. of Licensing and Regulation
Lottery Commission
Lower Colorado River Authority
Dept. of Motor Vehicles
Dept. of Parks and Wildlife
Preservation Board
Dept. of Public Safety
Railroad Commission
Real Estate Commission
Residential Construction Commission
Soil and Water Conservation Board
Teacher Retirement System
Texas A&M University System
Dept. of Transportation
Trinity River Authority
University of Houston System
University of North Texas System
University of Texas System
Texas State University System
Texas Tech University System
Workforce Commission
Juvenile Justice Department
Legislative
House of Representatives
Senate
Judicial
Courts of Appeals
Court of Criminal Appeals
Dept. of Criminal Justice
State Bar
Supreme Court
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Department_of_Family_and_Protective_Services&oldid=846278229"
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Child welfare
Child welfare in the United States
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Triple DES
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Triple Data Encryption Algorithm
General
First published
1998 (ANS X9.52)
Derived from
DES
Cipher detail
Key sizes
168, 112 or 56 bits (keying option 1, 2, 3 respectively)
Block sizes
64 bits
Structure
Feistel network
Rounds
48 DES-equivalent rounds
Best public cryptanalysis
Lucks: 232 known plaintexts, 2113 operations including 290 DES encryptions, 288 memory; Biham: find one of 228 target keys with a handful of chosen plaintexts per key and 284 encryptions
In cryptography, Triple DES (3DES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block.
While the government and industry standards abbreviate the algorithm's name as TDES (Triple DES) and TDEA (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm),[1] RFC 1851 called it 3DES from the time it first promulgated the idea, and this namesake has since come into wide use by most vendors, users, and cryptographers.[2][3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Standards
2 Algorithm
3 Keying options
4 Encryption of more than one block
5 Security
6 Usage
7 See also
8 References and notes
9 External links
Standards[edit]
The Triple Data Encryption Algorithm is variously defined in several standards documents:
RFC 1851, The ESP Triple DES Transform[6] (approved in 1995)
ANSI ANS X9.52-1998 Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation[7] (approved in 1998, withdrawn in 2008[8])
FIPS PUB 46-3 Data Encryption Standard (DES)[9] (approved in 1999, withdrawn in 2005[10])
NIST Special Publication 800-67 Revision 2 Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher[11] (approved in 2017)
ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010: Part 3: Block ciphers[12] (approved in 2005)
Algorithm[edit]
The original DES cipher's key size of 56 bits was generally sufficient when that algorithm was designed, but the availability of increasing computational power made brute-force attacks feasible. Triple DES provides a relatively simple method of increasing the key size of DES to protect against such attacks, without the need to design a completely new block cipher algorithm.
A naive approach to increase strength of a block encryption algorithm with short key length (like DES) would be to use two keys (K1, K2) instead of one, and encrypt each block twice: EK2(EK1(plaintext)). If the original key length is n bits, one would hope this scheme provides security equivalent to using key 2n bits long. Unfortunately, this approach is vulnerable to meet-in-the-middle attack: given a known plaintext pair (x, y), such that y = EK2(EK1(x)), one can recover the key pair (K1, K2) in ~2n steps, instead of ~22n steps one would expect from algorithm with 2n bits of key.
Therefore, Triple DES uses a "key bundle" that comprises three DES keys, K1, K2 and K3, each of 56 bits (excluding parity bits). The encryption algorithm is:
ciphertext = EK3(DK2(EK1(plaintext)))
I.e., DES encrypt with K1, DES decrypt with K2, then DES encrypt with K3.
Decryption is the reverse:
plaintext = DK1(EK2(DK3(ciphertext)))
I.e., decrypt with K3, encrypt with K2, then decrypt with K1.
Each triple encryption encrypts one block of 64 bits of data.
In each case the middle operation is the reverse of the first and last. This improves the strength of the algorithm when using keying option 2, and provides backward compatibility with DES with keying option 3.
Keying options[edit]
The standards define three keying options:
Keying option 1
All three keys are independent. Sometimes known as 3TDEA[13] or triple-length keys.[14]
This is the strongest, with 3 × 56 = 168 independent key bits. It is still vulnerable to meet-in-the-middle attack, but the attack requires 22 × 56 steps.
Keying option 2
K1 and K2 are independent, and K3 = K1. Sometimes known as 2TDEA[13] or double-length keys.[14]
This provides a shorter key length of 112 bits and a reasonable compromise between DES and Keying option 1, with the same caveat as above.[15] This is an improvement over "double DES" which only requires 256 steps to attack. NIST has deprecated this option.[13]
Keying option 3
All three keys are identical, i.e. K1 = K2 = K3.
This is backward compatible with DES, since two operations cancel out. ISO/IEC 18033-3 never allowed this option, and NIST no longer allows it.[13][11]
Each DES key is 8 odd-parity bytes, with 56 bits of key and 8 bits of error-detection.[7] A key bundle requires 24 bytes for option 1, 16 for option 2, or 8 for option 3.
Encryption of more than one block[edit]
As with all block ciphers, encryption and decryption of multiple blocks of data may be performed using a variety of modes of operation, which can generally be defined independently of the block cipher algorithm. However, ANS X9.52 specifies directly, and NIST SP 800-67 specifies via SP 800-38A[16] that some modes shall only be used with certain constraints on them that do not necessarily apply to general specifications of those modes. For example, ANS X9.52 specifies that for cipher block chaining, the initialization vector shall be different each time, whereas ISO/IEC 10116[17] does not. FIPS PUB 46-3 and ISO/IEC 18033-3 define only the single block algorithm, and do not place any restrictions on the modes of operation for multiple blocks.
Security[edit]
In general, Triple DES with three independent keys (keying option 1) has a key length of 168 bits (three 56-bit DES keys), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack, the effective security it provides is only 112 bits.[13] Keying option 2 reduces the effective key size to 112 bits (because the third key is the same as the first). However, this option is susceptible to certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks,[18][19] and thus, it is designated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.[13] This can be considered broken, as the whole 3des keyspace can be searched thoroughly by affordable consumer hardware today (2017).[citation needed]
Practical Sweet32 attack on 3DES-based cipher-suites in TLS required 2 36.6 {\displaystyle 2^{36.6}} blocks (785 GB) for a full attack, but researchers were lucky to get a collision just after around 2 20 {\displaystyle 2^{20}} blocks which took only 25 minutes.[20]
The security of TDEA is affected by the number of blocks processed with one key bundle. One key bundle shall not be used to apply cryptographic protection (e.g., encrypt) more than 2 20 {\displaystyle 2^{20}} 64-bit data blocks.
—  Recommendation for Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher (SP 800-67 Rev2)[11]
OpenSSL does not include 3DES per default since version 1.1.0 (August 2016), and considers it a "weak cipher".[21]
Usage[edit]
The electronic payment industry uses Triple DES and continues to develop and promulgate standards based upon it (e.g. EMV).[22]
Microsoft OneNote,[23] Microsoft Outlook 2007[24] and Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager 2012[25] use Triple DES to password protect user content and system data.
Firefox and Mozilla Thunderbird[26] use Triple DES in CBC mode to encrypt website authentication login credentials when using a master password.
See also[edit]
DES-X
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Feistel cipher
Walter Tuchman
References and notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Triple DES Encryption". IBM. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
Jump up ^ "New Comparative Study Between DES, 3DES and AES within Nine Factors". Journal of Computing. 2 (3). March 2010. ISSN 2151-9617. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Cisco PIX 515E Security Appliance Getting Started Guide: Obtaining a DES License or a 3DES-AES License" (PDF). Cisco. 2006. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "3DES Update: Most Banks Are Done, But..." ATM & Debit News. 2007-03-29. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ RFC 2828 and RFC 4949
Jump up ^ Karn, P.; Metzger, P.; Simpson, W. (September 1995). The ESP Triple DES Transform. doi:10.17487/RFC1851. RFC 1851. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1851.
^ Jump up to: a b "ANSI X9.52-1998 Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation" . Retrieved 2017-09-05. Extends ANSI X3.92-1981 Data Encryption Algorithm.
Jump up ^ "ANSI Standards Action" (PDF). Vol. 39 no. 46. ANSI. 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "FIPS PUB 46-3: Data Encryption Standard (DES)" (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. Oct 25, 1999. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Announcing Approval of the Withdrawal of Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 46–3..." (PDF). Federal Register. 70 (96). 2005-05-19. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c Barker, Elaine; Mouha, Nicky (November 2017). "NIST Special Publication 800-67 Revision 2: Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA) Block Cipher". NIST. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
Jump up ^ "ISO/IEC 18033-3:2010 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Encryption algorithms -- Part 3: Block ciphers". ISO. December 2010. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barker, Elaine (January 2016). "NIST Special Publication 800-57: Recommendation for Key Management Part 1: General" (PDF) (4 ed.). NIST. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Cryptography Guide: Triple DES". Cryptography World. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ Katz, Jonathan; Lindell, Yehuda (2015). Introduction to Modern Cryptography. Chapman and Hall/CRC. p. 223. ISBN 9781466570269.
Jump up ^ NIST Special Publication 800-38A, Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation, Methods and Techniques, 2001 Edition (PDF)
Jump up ^ "ISO/IEC 10116:2006 Information technology -- Security techniques -- Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher" (3 ed.). February 2006. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ Merkle, Ralph; Hellman, Martin (July 1981). "On the Security of Multiple Encryption" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 24 (7): 465–467. doi:10.1145/358699.358718.
Jump up ^ van Oorschot, Paul; Wiener, Michael J. (1990). A known-plaintext attack on two-key triple encryption. EUROCRYPT'90, LNCS 473. pp. 318–325. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.66.6575  .
Jump up ^ "Sweet32: Birthday attacks on 64-bit block ciphers in TLS and OpenVPN". sweet32.info. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ Salz, Rich (2016-08-24). "The SWEET32 Issue, CVE-2016-2183". OpenSSL. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Annex B Approved Cryptographic Algorithms – B1.1 Data Encryption Standard (DES)". EMV 4.2: Book 2 - Security and Key Management (4.2 ed.). EMVCo. June 2008. p. 137. The double-length key triple DES encipherment algorithm (see ISO/IEC 18033-3) is the approved cryptographic algorithm to be used in the encipherment and MAC mechanisms specified in Annex A1. The algorithm is based on the (single) DES algorithm standardised in ISO 16609.
Jump up ^ Daniel Escapa's OneNote Blog - Encryption for Password Protected Sections, November 2006
Jump up ^ "Encrypt e-mail messages - Outlook - Microsoft Office Online". office.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-25. Applies to: Microsoft Office Outlook 2007
Jump up ^ Microsoft TechNet product documentation - Technical Reference for Cryptographic Controls Used in Configuration Manager, October 2012
Jump up ^ Mozilla NSS source code. cf. Explanation of directory structure (especially the introductory and "security" sections) for background information
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