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A Sister's All You Need
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A Sister's All You Need
Light novel volume 1 cover
妹さえいればいい。
(Imōto Sae Ireba Ii.)
Genre
Romantic comedy[1]
Light novel
Written by
Yomi Hirasaka
Illustrated by
Kantoku
Published by
Shogakukan
English publisher
NA
Yen Press
Demographic
Male
Imprint
Gagaga Bunko
Original run
March 18, 2015 – present
Volumes
10
Manga
Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. @comic
Written by
Yomi Hirasaka
Illustrated by
Idu
Published by
Shogakukan
Demographic
Seinen
Magazine
Monthly Sunday Gene-X
Original run
May 19, 2016 – present
Volumes
5
Manga
Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Gaiden: Imōto ni Saenareba Ii!
Written by
Yomi Hirasaka
Illustrated by
Kobashiko
Published by
Square Enix
Demographic
Shōnen
Magazine
Gangan Joker
Original run
November 2016 – present
Volumes
3
Anime television series
Directed by
Shin Ōnuma
Written by
Yomi Hirasaka
Music by
Tomoki Kikuya
Studio
Silver Link
Licensed by
NA
Funimation
Original network
Tokyo MX, KBS, Sun TV, BS11, AT-X
Original run
October 8, 2017 – December 24, 2017
Episodes
12
Anime and Manga portal
A Sister's All You Need (妹さえいればいい。, Imōto Sae Ireba Ii.) is a Japanese light novel series written by Yomi Hirasaka and illustrated by Kantoku. Shogakukan has published nine novels since March 2015 under their Gagaga Bunko imprint. Two manga adaptations have been published by Shogakukan and Square Enix. An anime television series adaptation by Silver Link premiered on October 8, 2017.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Characters
3 Media
3.1 Light novels
3.2 Manga
3.3 Anime
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The story follows the novelist Itsuki Hashima who is surrounded by various people, including a beautiful genius writer who loves him, a big-sisterly college classmate, a fellow male writer, a sadistic tax accountant, and his editor. As the story progresses, the underlying conflicts of dreams and goals surface, as each character attempts to achieve their dreams, in their own way. One such example is the rivalry between author Itsuki and his friend Haruto. Itsuki's stories are driven by a passion for stories about little sisters with praise from a selective yet strongly supportive fan-base, whereas Haruto's stories are given by victory and romance through more common, yet popular cliches. Each of their stories are riddled with common light novel themes and concepts, such as romantic comedy elements and erotic illustrations. They are all looked after by Itsuki's younger "brother" Chihiro, who in fact is his younger step sister.
Characters[edit]
Itsuki Hashima (羽島 伊月, Hashima Itsuki)
Voiced by: Yūsuke Kobayashi[2] (Japanese); Stephen Fu[3] (English)
Itsuki is the 20-year-old protagonist of the series who has an obsession towards younger sisters. He is a novelist who debuted when he was in high school; all of his novels feature younger sisters as the heroine. In the span of five years, he has published 20 books, some of which have ranked in the top 10 weekly rankings for light novels on Oricon. Despite his success, his irrational personality and writing style has led to mediocre success compared to his fellow writers. His relationship with his father became worse when his father remarried to Chihiro's mother only three years after Itsuki's mother died.
Chihiro Hashima (羽島 千尋, Hashima Chihiro)
Voiced by: Nozomi Yamamoto[2] (Japanese); Arielle O'Neil (English)[3]
Chihiro appears as Itsuki's younger stepbrother, but Chihiro is actually a girl. She is a dependable person who looks after everyone around her. The reason why she hides her real gender is because their father thought she was in danger when he found out about Itsuki's obsession during his novel debut. She hides her true identity only in front of Itsuki and his acquaintances. Her main hobby throughout the series is housekeeping.
Nayuta Kani (可児 那由多, Kani Nayuta)
Voiced by: Hisako Kanemoto[2] (Japanese); Jamie Marchi (English)[3]
Nayuta is an 18-year-old genius novelist who debuted after she won a newcomer prize. Nayuta Kani is her pseudonym and even Itsuki does not know her real name. She cannot write if she is not naked, has a slight obsession with personal nudity, and she likes dirty jokes. Starting in junior high school, she refused to go to school after getting bullied. After reading Itsuki's novel, she falls in love with him and will not hesitate to show it.
Miyako Shirakawa (白川 京, Shirakawa Miyako)
Voiced by: Risa Taneda (1st drama CD),[4] Ai Kakuma (2nd drama CD & anime)[2] (Japanese); Sara Ragsdale[3] (English)
Miyako is Itsuki's classmate at college who at first had a bad first impression towards him. While Miyako does not understand Itsuki's stories, she became his fashion advisor to help him with his novel. After Itsuki dropped out college, Miyako still comes to see him. She has feelings for Itsuki but decided to support Nayuta instead. She is good friends with Nayuta and seems to be getting dragged into the latter's obsession with personal nudity.
Haruto Fuwa (不破 春斗, Fuwa Haruto)
Voiced by: Satoshi Hino[2] (Japanese); Alejandro Saab (English)[3]
Haruto is another novelist who debuted around the same time as Itsuki. Despite his cool appearance, he loves maid characters and owns a lot of adult games and figurines. Haruto has a "persona" in his social media to gain fans for his novel and to increase his series' popularity. He has a younger sister (Voiced by: Kaori Mizuhashi (Japanese); Kristen McGuire (English)) whom he thought is harsh to him, but is actually a sister who cannot be honest. His light novel series got a poorly-adapted anime because it was used as tool for newcomer voice actors with no ability. In the middle of his shock, Miyako encouraged him and his hard work. He gained a crush on Miyako, however he found out her feelings for Itsuki and decided to "keep going on his pace."
Setsuna Ena (恵那 刹那, Ena Setsuna)
Voiced by: Tsubasa Yonaga[2]
Setsuna is a 16-year-old illustrator who goes under the pen name "Puriketsu" (ぷりけつ). Setsuna was in charge of illustrating Itsuki's novels until Itsuki decided to stop because he thought his series is not worthy enough for Setsuna's art and asked him to wait until he is worthy enough. He dresses in Harajuku fashion and has an easygoing personality, even on deadlines. He has a butt fetish.
Ashley Ōno (大野 アシュリー, Ōno Ashurī)
Voiced by: Manami Numakura[2] (Japanese); Amber Lee Connors[5] (English)
Ashley is a 32-year-old tax accountant who wears a red lolita style dress. She is reliable but sadistic; she makes her clients reveal their fetishes through their expenses, but raises their tax return in exchange. She is currently the only one among Itsuki's acquaintances who knows about Chihiro's real identity.
Kenjirō Toki (土岐 健次郎, Toki Kenjirō)
Voiced by: Kōsuke Toriumi[2] (Japanese); Eric Vale[3] (English)
Kenjirō is an editor at GF Bunko who is in charge of Itsuki's works. He looks like a typical office worker and is often seen drunk when overly stressed with his job, particularly when it comes to Itsuki and Setsuna's deadlines.
Kaiko Mikuniyama (三国山 蚕, Mikuniyama Kaiko)
Voiced by: Akane Fujita[2] (Japanese); Jad Saxton[3] (English)
Kaiko is a girl who is in charge of adapting Itsuki's novel Imōto no Subete (妹のすべて, The A to Z of Little Sisters) (Mahō Gakuen (妹法 (まほう)学園) in the anime) into a manga. Her drawing skill level is so high that Itsuki becomes moved after seeing her works, despite her being a newcomer. She has an underwear fetish and refuses to draw a completely naked person without one. The ribbon she wears on her head is actually a pair of panties; she will wear them on her face before she draws.
Media[edit]
Light novels[edit]
A Sister's All You Need is written by Yomi Hirasaka and illustrated by Kantoku. Shogakukan published the first volume on March 18, 2015 under their Gagaga Bunko imprint.[6] The limited edition of volumes 4 and 7 include a drama CD.[7][8] Yen Press have licensed the novels in North America.[9] The series is also published in Taiwan by Tong Li Publishing.[10]
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN
1
March 18, 2015[6] ISBN 978-4-09-451507-7 May 22, 2018[11] ISBN 978-1-97-532642-5
2
July 17, 2015[12] ISBN 978-4-09-451560-2 September 18, 2018[13] ISBN 978-1-97-535359-9
3
November 18, 2015[14] ISBN 978-4-09-451580-0 — —
4
March 18, 2016[15] ISBN 978-4-09-451598-5 (regular ed.)
ISBN 978-4-09-451597-8 (limited ed.) — —
5
July 20, 2016[16] ISBN 978-4-09-451618-0 — —
6
December 20, 2016[17] ISBN 978-4-09-451646-3 — —
7
May 18, 2017[18] ISBN 978-4-09-451677-7 (regular ed.)
ISBN 978-4-09-451676-0 (limited ed.) — —
8
September 20, 2017[19] ISBN 978-4-09-451697-5 — —
9
February 20, 2018[20] ISBN 978-4-09-451719-4 — —
Manga[edit]
A manga adaptation, titled Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. @comic and illustrated by Idu, began serialization in the January 2016 issue of Shogakukan's Monthly Sunday Gene-X magazine.[21][22] A spin-off manga, titled Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Gaiden: Imōto ni Sae Nareba Ii! (妹さえいればいい。外伝 妹にさえなればいい!) and illustrated by Kobashiko,[23] began serialization in the November 2016 issue of Square Enix's Gangan Joker.[24]
Anime[edit]
An anime television series adaptation, directed by Shin Ōnuma and produced by Silver Link, premiered on October 8, 2017.[25] Author Yomi Hirasaka is writing the scripts, Sumie Kinoshita is designing the characters, and Tomoki Kikuya is composing the music.[2] The opening theme song "Ashita no Kimi Sae Ireba Ii." (明日の君さえいればいい。, lit. It'll be Good if Only You're Here Tomorrow) is performed by ChouCho, while the ending theme song "Donna Hoshizora yori mo, Donna Omoide yori mo" (どんな星空よりも、どんな思い出よりも) is performed by Aira Yūki.[25] Crunchyroll is streaming the series with Funimation streaming a simuldub.[26]
A short anime series titled ** Sae Ireba Ii. (○○さえいればいい。) is streamed online through the anime's official Twitter account following the broadcast of the anime television series. Each episode is two minutes long with super deformed characters. Kenshiro Morii serves as the director.[27]
No.
Title[28][a]
Original air date[29]
1
"I Only Need a Little Brother Who Can Cook, a Beautiful Naked Girl, and Friends I Can Relate To."
"Ryōri Jōzu no Otōto to Zenra no Bishōjo to Ki no Au Tomodachi Sae Ireba Ii." (料理上手の弟と全裸の美少女と気の合う友達さえいればいい。) October 8, 2017
After the draft for a new work is rejected by his editor, Kenjirō Toki, light novel author Itsuki Hashima hangs out at his home with his stepbrother Chihiro Hashima, his former collegemate Miyako Shirakawa and fellow authors Nayuta Kani and Haruto Fuwa.
2
"If Only a Miracle Would Happen."
"Kiseki Sae Okireba Ii." (奇跡さえ起きればいい。) October 15, 2017
After paying a visit to Itsuki, Nayuta and Miyako talk about how they met him and became his friends.
3
"As Long as It's Research"
"Shuzai de Sae Areba Ii." (取材でさえあればいい。) October 22, 2017
Out of inspirations for the latest volume of his series, Itsuki travels to Okinawa with Nayuta and Miyako, and then is dragged to Hokkaido along another of his friends, the illustrator Setsuna Ena.
4
"As Long as You're Working."
"Shigoto Sae Sureba Ii." (仕事さえすればいい。) October 29, 2017
As the deadline for the volume approaches Itsuki accepts Haruto's suggestion to hire tax accountant Ashley Ono in order to increase his tax returns, unaware of her sadistic nature.
5
"All You Need is to Write Novels."
"Shōsetsu Sae Kakeba Ii." (小説さえ書けばいい。) November 5, 2017
The deadline is at hand and Itsuki is hunted down by Kenjirō, who declares that he will not let him go until he delivers his work.
6
"Having Your Media Developments Go Well Is All You Need."
"Media Tenkai Sae Umaku Ikebai Ii." (メディア展開さえ上手くいけばいい。) November 12, 2017
After celebrating the upcoming manga adaptation of his light novel, Itsuki gather his friends to watch the debut of the anime adaptation of Haruto's own work, but things don't turn out as expected.
7
"Adventure Is All You Need."
"Bōken Sae Areba Ii." (冒険さえあればいい。) November 19, 2017
With Haruto still in dismay due to the negative reception of the anime series, Itsuki invites him, Chihiro, Nayuta and Miyako to his house for an RPG session.
8
"All You Need is Love and Friendship."
"Koi to Yūjō Sae Areba Ii." (恋と友情さえあればいい。) November 26, 2017
Finishing their RPG session, Haruto admits to Itsuki about his love for Miyako, with Itsuki promising to help Haruto with his relationship. In the end, though, Haruto realizes that Miyako loves Itsuki and calls their deal off.
9
"Nudity and Underwear are All You Need."
"Zenra to Shitagi Sae Areba Ii." (全裸と下着さえあればいい。) December 3, 2017
Itsuki has a rather serious divergence regarding the manga adaptation of his novel with the illustrator, Mikuniyama, and his friends step in to settle the dispute in the most unusual ways.
10
"A Lack of Problems Is All You Need."
"Nayami Sae Nakereba Ii." (悩みさえなければいい。) December 10, 2017
The story of how Itsuki lost his mother and his father's remarriage with Chihiro's mother created a rift between them is revealed, as well as Chihiro's true nature that only Itsuki and his friends are unaware of. Haruto ironically also begins to understand Itsuki's opinion on little sisters.
11
"Becoming the Protagonist Is All You Need."
"Shujinkō ni Sae Nareba Ii." (主人公にさえなればいい。) December 17, 2017
After Itsuki and Nayuta deliver their manuscripts, they and their friends gather for another board game session at Itsuki's apartment. Later that night, Itsuki reveals to Haruto his true feelings for Nayuta, and the reason why he does not follow them. In the end scene, it is revealed that his light novel is green lit for an anime adaptation.
12
"A Sister's All You Need?"
"Imōto Sae Ireba Ii?" (妹さえいればいい？) December 24, 2017
More details about Itsuki's past are revealed, including the origin of his obsession with little sisters. Itsuki also learns that his light novel will also be adapted into an anime series; despite the prospect of it failing as strongly as the series based on Haruto's work, Itsuki is still determined to attain his longtime dream of being the protagonist of his own life and begins work on the project. Another board game is played.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.
See also[edit]
Haganai – a light novel series by the same author
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Light Novels by Haganai's Hirasaka Get Fall TV Anime". Anime News Network. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Anime Announces Cast, Staff". Anime News Network. July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FunimationNow Fall 2017 SimulDubs & English Casts". Funimation. October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "小林裕介と山本希望が演じる羽島兄妹降臨！　『妹さえいればいい。 4 ドラマCD付き限定特装版』発売決定". Voice-Style (in Japanese). February 18, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amber Lee Connors". Twitter. November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017. It's that time of year! TAXES. If you want some solid tax advice you should check out the latest episode of "A Sister's All You Need" Also I voice the tax accountant, Ashley Ono!
^ Jump up to: a b "妹さえいればいい。". Shogakukan (in Japanese). Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。４　ドラマＣＤ付き限定特装版" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。７　ドラマＣＤ付き限定特装版" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yen Press Licenses Silver Spoon, Kemono Friends Manga, Imōto Sae Ireba Ii., Reborn as a Vending Machine Light Novels, More". Anime News Network. June 2, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "如果有妹妹就好了。" (in Chinese). Tong Li Publishing. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Sister's All You Need., Vol 1 (light novel)". Hachette Book Group. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。2" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Sister's All You Need., Vol 2 (light novel)". Hachette Book Group. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。3" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。4" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。5" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。　6". Shogakukan (in Japanese). Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。7" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。8" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。　9". 小学館 (in Japanese). Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Light Novels by Haganai's Hirasaka Get Manga Adaptation". Anime News Network. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。@comic 平坂 読+い～どぅ～" (in Japanese). Shogakukan. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "妹さえいればいい。外伝　妹にさえなればいい！ - 連載作品" (in Japanese). Square Enix. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Anime's Site Briefly Listed Studio Silver Link, Director Shin Oonuma". Anime News Network. May 12, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Imōto Sae Ireba Ii. Anime Reveals Promo Video, Theme Songs, October 8 Premiere". Anime News Network. September 6, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Crunchyroll, Funimation Add 7 Fall Anime Titles". Anime News Network. September 27, 2017. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "オリジナルTwitterアニメ「○○さえいればいい。」遂に公開！". Twitter. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Story" (in Japanese). Silver Link. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Sister's All You Need" (in Japanese). Tokyo MX. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website at Gagaga Bunko (in Japanese)
Anime official website
A Sister's All You Need (light novel) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
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Geography of Russia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Coordinates: 60°N 100°E / 60°N 100°E / 60; 100
Geography of Russia
Continent
Eurasia
Region
Eastern Europe, Northern Asia
Coordinates
60°00′00″N 100°00′00″E / 60.000°N 100.000°E / 60.000; 100.000
Area
Ranked 1st
• Total
17,098,246 km2 (6,601,670 sq mi)
• Land
95.79%
• Water
4.21%
Coastline
37,653 km (23,396 mi)
Borders
Norway 195.8 km (121.7 mi)
Finland 1,271.8 km (790.3 mi)
Estonia 138 km (86 mi)
Latvia 270.5 km (168.1 mi)
Lithuania 266 km (165 mi)
Poland 204.1 km (126.8 mi)
Belarus 1,239 km (770 mi)
Ukraine 1,925.8 km (1,196.6 mi)
Georgia 875.5 km (544.0 mi)
Azerbaijan 372.6 km (231.5 mi)
Kazakhstan 7,512.8 km (4,668.2 mi)
Mongolia 3,485 km (2,165 mi)
China 4,209.3 km (2,615.5 mi)
North Korea 17 km (11 mi)
Highest point
Mount Elbrus
5,642 m (18,510 ft)
Lowest point
Caspian Sea,
−28 m (−92 ft)
Longest river
Yenisei–Angara–Selenge,
5,539 km (3,442 mi)
Largest lake
Lake Baikal
31,722 km2 (12,248 sq mi)
Climate
European and Asian Russia: mostly cool continental climate, extreme North: tundra, extreme southeast: temperate continental
Terrain
Most of Russia consists of two plains (the East European Plain and the West Siberian Plain), two lowlands (the North Siberian and the Kolyma, in far northeastern Siberia), two plateaus (the Central Siberian Plateau and the Lena Plateau to its east), and a series of mountainous areas mainly concentrated in the extreme northeast or extending intermittently along the southern border.
Natural Resources
minerals, oil, gas, coal, and timber
Natural Hazards
earthquakes, landslides, storms, hurricanes, forest fires and floods
Environmental Issues
deforestation, energy irresponsibility, pollution, and nuclear waste
Köppen climate types of Russia
The geography of Russia describes the geographic features of Russia, a country extending over much of northern Eurasia. Comprising much of eastern Europe and northern Asia, it is the world's largest country in total area.[1] Due to its size, Russia displays both monotony and diversity. As with its topography, its climates, vegetation, and soils span vast distances.[2] From north to south the East European Plain is clad sequentially in tundra, coniferous forest (taiga), mixed and broadleaf forests, grassland (steppe), and semi-desert (fringing the Caspian Sea) as the changes in vegetation reflect the changes in climate. Siberia supports a similar sequence but is predominantly taiga. The country contains forty UNESCO biosphere reserves.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Global position and boundaries
2 Administrative and territorial divisions
3 Topography and drainage
3.1 Ecoregions
3.1.1 East European plain
3.1.2 Icecaps
3.1.3 Taiga
3.1.4 Mixed and deciduous forests
3.1.5 Steppe
3.2 Topography
3.2.1 Ural Mountains
3.2.2 West Siberian plain
3.2.3 Central Siberian plateau
3.2.4 Sayan and Stanovoy Mountains
3.2.5 Caucasus Mountains
3.2.6 Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka
3.3 Drainage
4 Climate
5 Area and boundaries
6 Natural resources and land use
7 Natural hazards
8 Antipodes
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
Global position and boundaries[edit]
Russia on the globe.
Located in the north, west and east latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, most of Russia is much closer to the North Pole than to the equator. Individual country comparisons are of little value in gauging Russia's enormous size and diversity. The country's 17.09 million square kilometers include one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Its European portion, which occupies a substantial part of continental Europe, is home to most of Russia's industrial activity and is where, roughly between the Dnieper River and the Ural Mountains, the Russian Empire took shape. Russia includes the entire northern portion of Asia.
From west to east, the country stretches from Kaliningrad (the exclave separated by the 1990 secession of Lithuania from the then-Soviet Union) to Ratmanov Island (one of the Diomede Islands) in the Bering Strait. This distance spanning about 6,800 kilometres (4,200 mi), to Nome, Alaska. From north to south, the country ranges from the northern tip of the Russian Arctic islands at Franz Josef Land to the southern tip of the Republic of Dagestan on the Caspian Sea, spanning about 4,500 kilometres (2,800 mi) of extremely varied, often inhospitable terrain.
Extending for 57,792 kilometres (35,910 mi), the Russian border is the world's longest. Along the 20,139-kilometer land frontier, Russia has boundaries with 14 countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (via the Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and North Korea.
Approximately two-thirds of the frontier is bounded by water. Virtually all of the lengthy northern coast is well above the Arctic Circle; except for the port of Murmansk—which receives currents that are somewhat warmer than would be expected at that latitude, due to the effects of the Gulf Stream—that coast is locked in ice much of the year. Thirteen seas and parts of three oceans—the Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific—wash Russian shores.
Russia shares a maritime boundary with the United States and with Japan.
Administrative and territorial divisions[edit]
Main article: Subdivisions of Russia
With a few changes of status, most of the Soviet-era administrative and territorial divisions of the Russian Republic were retained in constituting the Russian Federation. As of 2014, there are eighty-five administrative territorial divisions (called federal subjects): twenty-two republics, nine krais (territories), forty-six oblasts (provinces), one autonomous oblast, four autonomous okrugs, and three cities with federal status, namely the cities of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Sevastopol.
The republics include a wide variety of peoples, including northern Europeans, Tatars, Caucasus peoples, and indigenous Siberians. The largest federal subjects are in Siberia. Located in east-central Siberia, the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) is the largest federal subject in the country (and the largest country subdivision in the world), twice the size of Alaska. Second in size is Krasnoyarsk Krai, located west of Sakha in Siberia. Kaliningrad Oblast, which is a noncontiguous constituent entity of Russia, is the smallest oblast. The Republic of Ingushetia is both the smallest republic and the smallest federal subject of Russia except for the three federal cities. The two most populous federal subjects, Moscow Oblast (with Moscow) and Krasnodar Krai, are in European Russia.
Topography and drainage[edit]
Geographers traditionally divide the vast territory of Russia into five natural zones: the tundra zone; the taiga, or forest, zone; the steppe, or plains, zone; the arid zone; and the mountain zone. Most of Russia consists of two plains (the East European Plain and the West Siberian Plain), two lowlands (the North Siberian and the Kolyma, in far northeastern Siberia), two plateaus (the Central Siberian Plateau and the Lena Plateau to its east), and a series of mountainous areas mainly concentrated in the extreme northeast or extending intermittently along the southern border.
Ecoregions[edit]
The wider area of the Urals, showing the transition of temperate forest, taiga, steppe and semi-desert
desert tundra alpine tundra taiga forest
temperate broadleaf forest temperate steppe steppe
East European plain[edit]
The East European Plain encompasses most of European Russia. The West Siberian Plain, which is the world's largest, extends east from the Urals to the Yenisei River. Because the terrain and vegetation are relatively uniform in each of the natural zones, Russia presents an illusion of uniformity. Nevertheless, Russian territory contains all the major vegetation zones of the world except a tropical rain forest.
Icecaps[edit]
Map of arctic tundra
Map of the Russian Arctic.
Further information: Arctic
The Russian Arctic stretches for close to 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi) west to east, from Karelia and the Kola Peninsula to Nenetsia, the Gulf of Ob, the Taymyr Peninsula and the Chukchi Peninsula (Kolyma, Anadyr River, Cape Dezhnev). Russian islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Sea include Novaya Zemlya, Severnaya Zemlya, and the New Siberian Islands.
About 57 percent of Russia is tundra—a treeless, marshy plain. The tundra is Russia's northernmost zone, stretching from the Finnish border in the west to the Bering Strait in the east, then running south along the Pacific coast to the northern Kamchatka Peninsula. The zone is known for its herds of wild reindeer, for so-called white nights (dusk at midnight, dawn shortly thereafter) in summer, and for days of total darkness in winter. The long, harsh winters and lack of sunshine allow only mosses, lichens, and dwarf willows and shrubs to sprout low above the barren permafrost. Although several powerful Siberian rivers traverse this zone as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean, partial and intermittent thawing hamper drainage of the numerous lakes, ponds, and swamps of the tundra. Frost weathering is the most important physical process here, gradually shaping a landscape that was severely modified by glaciation in the last ice age. Less than one percent of Russia's population lives in this zone. The fishing and port industries of the northwestern Kola Peninsula and the huge oil and gas fields of northwestern Siberia are the largest employers in the tundra. With a population of 180,000, the industrial frontier city of Norilsk is second in population to Murmansk among Russia's settlements above the Arctic Circle. From here you can also see the auroras (northern lights).
[show]
v
t
e
World deserts
Desert
Desertification
List of deserts
List of deserts by area
Africa
Algerian
Bayuda
Blue
Chalbi
Danakil
Djurab
Eastern
Ferlo
Farafra (White)
Kalahari
Libyan
Moçâmedes
Namib
Nubian
Nyiri
Owami
Richtersveld
Sahara
Tanezrouft
Ténéré
Western
Asia
Ad-Dahna
Akshi
Arabian
Aral Karakum
Aralkum
Badain Jaran
Betpak-Dala
Cholistan
Dasht-e Kavir
Dasht-e Khash
Dasht-e Leili
Dasht-e Loot
Dasht-e Margo
Dasht-e Naomid
Gurbantünggüt
Gobi
Hami
Indus Valley
Judaean
Karakum
Katpana
Kharan
Kumtag
Kyzylkum
Liwa
Lop
Maranjab
Muyunkum
Nefud
Negev
Polond
Ordos
Qaidam
Ramlat al-Sab'atayn
Rub' al Khali
Russian Arctic
Registan
Saryesik-Atyrau
Syrian
Taklamakan
Tengger
Thal
Thar
Ustyurt Plateau
Wahiba Sands
Australia
Gibson
Great Sandy
Great Victoria
Little Sandy
Nullarbor Plain
Painted
Pedirka
Simpson
Strzelecki
Sturt's Stony
Tanami
Tirari
Europe
Accona
Bardenas Reales
Błędów
Cabo de Gata
Deliblatska Peščara
Hálendi
Monegros
Oleshky
Oltenian Sahara
Ryn
Stranja
Tabernas
North America
Alvord
Amargosa
Baja California
Black Rock
Carcross
Carson
Channeled scablands
Chihuahuan
Colorado
Escalante
Forty Mile
Gran Desierto de Altar
Great Basin
Great Salt Lake
Great Sandy
Jornada del Muerto
Kaʻū
Lechuguilla
Mojave
North American Arctic
Owyhee
Painted Desert
Red Desert
Sevier
Smoke Creek
Sonoran
Tonopah Desert
Tule (Arizona)
Tule (Nevada)
Yp
Yuha
Yuma
South America
Atacama
La Guajira
Los Médanos de Coro
Monte
Patagonian
Sechura
Tatacoa
Oceania
Zealandia: Rangipo Desert
Polar regions
Antarctica
Arctic
Greenland
North American Arctic
Russian Arctic
Project
Category
Commons
Taiga[edit]
Taiga - the most extensive natural area of Russia - stretches from the western borders of Russia to the Pacific. It occupies the territory of the Eastern Europe and West Siberian plains to the north of 56 ° -58 ° N and most of the territory east of Yenisei River taiga forests reach the southern borders of Russia in Siberia taiga only accounts for over 60% of Russia. In the north-south direction the eastern taiga is divided (east of the Yenisei River), with a continental climate, and west, with a milder climate, in general, the climate zone is moist, moderately warm (cool in the north) in the summer and harsh winter, there is a steady snow cover in the winter. In the latitudinal direction the taiga is divided into three subzones - northern, middle and southern taiga. In the western taiga dense spruce and fir forests on wetlands alternate with pine forests, shrubs and meadows on the lighter soils. Such vegetation is typical of the eastern taiga, but it plays an important role not fir and larch. Coniferous forest, however, does not form a continuous array and sparse areas of birch, alder, willow (mainly in river valleys), the wetlands - marshes. Within the taiga are widespread fur-bearing animals - sable, marten, ermine, moose, brown bear, wolverine, wolf, and muskrat.[4]
Moose
In the taiga is dominated by podzolic and cryogenic taiga soils, characterized by clearly defined horizontal structure (only in the southern taiga there are sod-podzolic soil). Formed in a leaching regime, poor humus om. Groundwater is normally found in the forest close to the surface, washing calcium from the upper layers, resulting in the top layer of soil of the taiga discolored and oxidized. Few areas of the taiga, suitable for farming, are located mainly in the European part of Russia. Large areas are occupied by sphagnum marshes (here is dominated by podzolic-boggy soil). To enrich the soil for agricultural purposes should be making lime and other fertilizer.
Russian Taiga has the world's largest reserves of coniferous wood, but from year to year - as a result of intensive logging - they decrease. Development of hunting, farming (mainly in river valleys).
Mixed and deciduous forests[edit]
A birch forest in Novosibirsk. Birch is a national tree of Russia.
The mixed and deciduous forest belt is triangular, widest along the western border and narrower towards the Ural Mountains. The main trees are Oak and Spruce, but many other growths of vegetation such as ash, aspen, birch, hornbeam, maple, and pine reside there. Separating the taiga from the wooded steppe is a narrow belt of birch and aspen woodland located east of the Urals as far as the Altay Mountains. Much of the forested zone has been cleared for agriculture, especially in European Russia. Wildlife is more scarce as a result of this, but the roe deer, wolf, fox, and squirrel are very common.
Steppe[edit]
Further information: Eurasian Steppe and Pontic-Caspian steppe
The steppe has long been depicted as the typical Russian landscape. It is a broad band of treeless, grassy plains, interrupted by mountain ranges, extending from Hungary across Ukraine, southern Russia, and Kazakhstan before ending in Manchuria. Most of the Soviet Union's steppe zone was located in the Ukrainian and Kazakh republics; the much smaller Russian steppe is located mainly between those nations, extending southward between the Black and Caspian Seas before blending into the increasingly desiccated territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. In a country of extremes, the steppe zone provides the most favorable conditions for human settlement and agriculture because of its moderate temperatures and normally adequate levels of sunshine and moisture. Even here, however, agricultural yields are sometimes adversely affected by unpredictable levels of precipitation and occasional catastrophic droughts. The soil is very dry.
Topography[edit]
Russia's mountain ranges are located principally along its continental dip (the Ural Mountains), along the southwestern border (the Caucasus), along the border with Mongolia (the eastern and western Sayan Mountains and the western extremity of the Altay Mountains), and in eastern Siberia (a complex system of ranges in the northeastern corner of the country and forming the spine of the Kamchatka Peninsula, and lesser mountains extending along the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan). Russia has nine major mountain ranges. In general, the eastern half of the country is much more mountainous than the western half, the interior of which is dominated by low plains. The traditional dividing line between the east and the west is the Yenisei River valley. In delineating the western edge of the Central Siberian Plateau from the West Siberian Plain, the Yenisey runs from near the Mongolian border northward into the Arctic Ocean west of the Taymyr Peninsula.
Ural Mountains[edit]
Main article: Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains form the natural boundary between Europe and Asia; the range extends about 2,100 kilometres (1,300 mi) from the Arctic Ocean to the northern border of Kazakhstan. Several low passes provide major transportation routes through the Urals eastward from Europe. The highest peak, Mount Narodnaya, is 1,894 metres (6,214 ft). The Urals also contain valuable deposits of minerals.
West Siberian plain[edit]
Main article: West Siberian plain
To the east of the Urals is the West Siberian Plain, stretching about 6 kilometers from west to east and about 670 kilometers from north to south. With more than half its territory below 200 meters in elevation, the plain contains some of the world's largest swamps and floodplains. Most of the plain's population lives in the drier section south of 77 north latitude.
Central Siberian plateau[edit]
Main article: Central Siberian Plateau
The region directly east of the West Siberian Plain is the Central Siberian Plateau, which extends eastward from the Yenisei River valley to the Lena River valley. The region is divided into several plateaus, with elevations ranging between 320 and 740 meters; the highest elevation is about 1,800 meters, in the northern Putoran Mountains. The plain is bounded on the south by the Baikal Mountains system and on the north by the North Siberian Lowland, an extension of the West Siberian Plain extending into the Taymyr Peninsula on the Arctic Ocean.
Sayan and Stanovoy Mountains[edit]
In the mountain system west of Lake Baikal in south-central Siberia, the highest elevations are 3,300 meters in the Western Sayan, 3,200 meters in the Eastern Sayan, and 4,500 meters at Belukha Mountain in the Altay Mountains. The Eastern Sayan reach nearly to the southern shore of Lake Baikal; at the lake, there is an elevation difference of more than 4,500 meters between the nearest mountain, 2,840 meters high, and the deepest part of the lake, which is 1,700 meters below sea level. The mountain systems east of Lake Baikal are lower, forming a complex of minor ranges and valleys that reaches from the lake to the Pacific coast. The maximum height of the Stanovoy Range, which runs west to east from northern Lake Baikal to the Sea of Okhotsk, is 2,550 meters. To the south of that range is southeastern Siberia, whose mountains reach 800 meters. Across the Strait of Tartary from that region is Sakhalin Island, Russia's largest island, where the highest elevation is about 1,700 meters. The small Moneron Island, the site of the shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, is found to its west.
Caucasus Mountains[edit]
Truly alpine terrain appears in the southern mountain ranges. Between the Black and Caspian seas, the Caucasus Mountains rise to impressive heights, forming a boundary between Europe and Asia. One of the peaks, Mount Elbrus, is the highest point in Europe, at 5,642 meters. The geological structure of the Caucasus extends to the northwest as the Crimean and Carpathian Mountains and southeastward into Central Asia as the Tian Shan and Pamirs. The Caucasus Mountains create an imposing natural barrier between Russia and its neighbors to the southwest, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
Northeast Siberia and Kamchatka[edit]
Northeastern Siberia, north of the Stanovoy Range, is an extremely mountainous region. The long Kamchatka Peninsula, which juts southward into the Sea of Okhotsk, includes many volcanic peaks, some of which are still active. The highest is the 4,750-meter Klyuchevskaya Sopka, the highest point in the Russian Far East. The volcanic chain continues from the southern tip of Kamchatka southward through the Kuril Islands chain and into Japan. Kamchatka also is one of Russia's two centers of seismic activity (the other is the Caucasus). In 1995, a major earthquake largely destroyed the oil-processing town of Neftegorsk. Also located in this region is the very large Beyenchime-Salaatin crater.
Drainage[edit]
A clear view of Lake Baikal captured by SeaWiFS.
Crossing of the rivers Chusovaya (tributary) and Kama (main river) near the city of Perm. Ural mountains on the right.
Russia is a water-rich country, divided into twenty watershed districts. The earliest settlements in the country sprang up along the rivers, where most of the urban population continues to live. The Volga, Europe's longest river, is by far Russia's most important commercial waterway. Four of the country's thirteen largest cities are located on its banks: Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Kazan, and Volgograd. The Kama River, which flows west from the southern Urals to join the Volga in the Republic of Tatarstan, is a second key European water system whose banks are densely populated.
Russia has thousands of rivers and inland bodies of water, providing it with one of the world's largest surface-water resources. However, most of Russia's rivers and streams belong to the Arctic drainage basin, which lies mainly in Siberia but also includes part of European Russia. Altogether, 84 percent of Russia's surface water is located east of the Urals in rivers flowing through sparsely populated territory and into the Arctic and Pacific oceans. In contrast, areas with the highest concentrations of population, and therefore the highest demand for water supplies, tend to have the warmest climates and highest rates of evaporation. As a result, densely populated areas such as the Don and Kuban River basins north of the Caucasus have barely adequate (or in some cases inadequate) water resources.
Forty of Russia's rivers longer than 1,000 kilometers are east of the Urals, including the three major rivers that drain Siberia as they flow northward to the Arctic Ocean: the Irtysh-Ob system (totaling 5,380 kilometers), the Yenisei (4,000 kilometers), and the Lena (3,630 kilometers). The basins of those river systems cover about eight million square kilometers, discharging nearly 50,000 cubic meters of water per second into the Arctic Ocean. The northward flow of these rivers means that source areas thaw before the areas downstream, creating vast swamps such as the 48,000-square-kilometer Vasyugan Swamp in the center of the West Siberian Plain. The same is true of other river systems, including the Pechora and the Northern Dvina in Europe and the Kolyma and the Indigirka in Siberia. Approximately 10 percent of Russian territory is classified as swampland.
A number of other rivers drain Siberia from eastern mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean. The Amur River and its main tributary, the Ussuri, form a long stretch of the winding boundary between Russia and China. The Amur system drains most of southeastern Siberia. Three basins drain European Russia. The Dnieper, which flows mainly through Belarus and Ukraine, has its headwaters in the hills west of Moscow. The 1,860-kilometer |Don originates in the Central Russian Upland south of Moscow and then flows into the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea at Rostov-on-Don. The Volga is the third and by far the largest of the European systems, rising in the Valdai Hills west of Moscow and meandering southeastward for 3,510 kilometers before emptying into the Caspian Sea. Altogether, the Volga system drains about 1.4 million square kilometers. Linked by several canals, European Russia's rivers long have been a vital transportation system; the Volga system still carries two-thirds of Russia's inland water traffic.
Russia's inland bodies of water are chiefly a legacy of extensive glaciation. In European Russia, the largest lakes are Ladoga and Onega northeast of Saint Petersburg, Lake Peipus on the Estonian border, and the Rybinsk Reservoir north of Moscow. Smaller man-made reservoirs, 160 to 320 kilometers long, are on the Don, the Kama, and the Volga rivers. Many large reservoirs also have been constructed on the Siberian rivers; the Bratsk Reservoir northwest of Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest.
The most prominent of Russia's bodies of fresh water is Lake Baikal, the world's deepest and most capacious freshwater lake. Lake Baikal alone holds 85% of the freshwater resources of the lakes in Russia and 20% of the world's total. It extends 632 kilometers in length and 59 kilometers across at its widest point. Its maximum depth is 1,713 meters. Numerous smaller lakes dot the northern regions of the European and Siberian plains. The largest of these are lakes Belozero, Topozero, Vygozero, and Ilmen in the European northwest and Lake Chany in southwestern Siberia.
Climate[edit]
Main article: Climate of Russia
Lake Baikal. Lake ice is beginning to form at the northernmost end of the lake and in a bay at the middle.
Russia has a largely continental climate because of its sheer size and compact configuration. Most of its land is more than 400 kilometers (250 mi) from the sea, and the centre is 3,840 kilometers (2,386 mi) from the sea. In addition, Russia's mountain ranges, predominantly to the south and the east, block moderating temperatures from the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but European Russian and northern Siberia lack such topographic protection from the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.
Because only small parts of Russia are south of 50° north latitude and more than half of the country is north of 60° north latitude, extensive regions experience six months of snow cover over subsoil that is permanently frozen to depths as far as several hundred meters. The average yearly temperature of nearly all of Siberia is below freezing, and the average for most of European Russia is between 5 and 0 °C (41 and 32 °F). Most of Russia has only two seasons, summer and winter, with very short intervals of moderation between them. Transportation routes, including entire railroad lines, are redirected in winter to traverse rock-solid waterways and lakes. Some areas constitute important exceptions to this description, however: the moderate maritime climate of Kaliningrad Oblast on the Baltic Sea is similar to that of the American Northwest; the Russian Far East, under the influence of the Pacific Ocean, has a monsoonal climate that reverses the direction of wind in summer and winter, sharply differentiating temperatures; and a narrow, subtropical band of territory provides Russia's most popular summer resort area on the Black Sea.
In winter, an intense high-pressure system causes winds to blow from the south and the southwest in all but the Pacific region of the Russian landmass; in summer, a low-pressure system brings winds from the north and the northwest to most of the landmass. Russia is the coldest country of the world (average annual temperature is −5.5 °C (22.1 °F)). That meteorological combination reduces the wintertime temperature difference between north and south. Thus, average January temperatures are −6 °C (21 °F) in Saint Petersburg, −27 °C (−17 °F) in the West Siberian Plain, and −43 °C (−45 °F) at Yakutsk (in east-central Siberia, at approximately the same latitude as Saint Petersburg), while the winter average on the Mongolian border, whose latitude is some 10° farther south, is barely warmer. Summer temperatures are more affected by latitude, however; the Arctic islands average 4 °C (39.2 °F), and the southernmost regions average 20 °C (68 °F). Russia's potential for temperature extremes is typified by the national record low of −68 °C (−90 °F), recorded at Verkhoyansk in north-central Siberia and the record high of 45 °C (113.0 °F), recorded at several southern stations (Utta).
The long, cold winter has a profound impact on almost every aspect of life in Russia. It affects where and how long people live and work, what kinds of crops are grown, and where they are grown (no part of the country has a year-round growing season). The length and severity of the winter, together with the sharp fluctuations in the mean summer and winter temperatures, impose special requirements on many branches of the economy. In regions of permafrost, buildings must be constructed on pilings, machinery must be made of specially tempered steel, and transportation systems must be engineered to perform reliably in extremely low and extremely high temperatures. In addition, during extended periods of darkness and cold, there are increased demands for energy, health care, and textiles.
Because Russia has little exposure to ocean influences, most of the country receives low to moderate amounts of precipitation. The highest precipitation falls in the northwest, with amounts decreasing from northwest to southeast across European Russia. The wettest areas are the small, lush subtropical region adjacent to the Caucasus and along the Pacific coast: Sochi receives 1,500 millimetres (60 in) per year and the Kuril Islands typically around 1,000 to 1,500 millimetres (40 to 60 in) - much of which is snow. Along the Baltic coast, average annual precipitation is 600 millimeters (20 in), and in Moscow it is 525 millimeters (20 in). An average of only 20 millimeters (0.8 in) falls along the Russian–Kazakh border, and as little as 15 millimeters (0.6 in) may fall along Siberia's Arctic coastline. Average annual days of snow cover, a critical factor for agriculture, depends on both latitude and altitude. Cover varies from forty to 200 days in European Russia, and from 120 to 250 days in Siberia.
Area and boundaries[edit]
Area (excluding Crimea):
Total: 17,098,242 km²
Land: 17,021,900 km²
Water: 79,400 km²
Land boundaries:
Total (excluding Crimea): 19,917 km
Kaliningrad forms the westernmost part of Russia, having no land connection to the rest of the country. It is bounded by Poland, Lithuania, and the Baltic Sea.
Crimea, a peninsula on the Black Sea, is claimed and de facto administered by the Russian Federation since Russia annexed it in March 2014. It is recognized as a territory of Ukraine by most of the international community.
Border countries:
Table of countries with a land border with Russia
(listed anti-clockwise around Russia).[5]
Country
Length (km)
Norway 195.8
Finland 1,271.8
Estonia 138
Latvia 270.5
Lithuania 266
Poland 204.1
Belarus 1,239
Ukraine 1,925.8
Georgia 875.5
Azerbaijan 372.6
Kazakhstan 7,512.8
Mongolia 3485
China 4,209.3
North Korea 17
Japan water
US water
If Abkhazia and South Ossetia are counted as sovereign states
[6]
Country
Length (km)
Abkhazia 255.4
South Ossetia 70
remaining border with Georgia 365
Coastline excluding Crimea: 37,653 km (23,396 mi)
Maritime claims:
Russian continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi)
Territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
Elevation extremes:
See also: Extreme points of Russia
Lowest point: Caspian Sea: −28 m
Highest point: Mount Elbrus: 5,642 m
Natural resources and land use[edit]
Further information: Siberian natural resources
Russia holds the greatest reserves of mineral resources of any country in the world. Though they are abundant, they are in remote areas with extreme climates, making them expensive to mine. The country is the most abundant in mineral fuels. It may hold as much as half of the world's coal reserves and even larger reserves of petroleum. Deposits of coal are scattered throughout the region, but the largest are located in central and eastern Siberia. The most developed fields lie in western Siberia, in the northeastern European region, in the area around Moscow, and in the Urals. The major petroleum deposits are located in western Siberia and in the Volga-Urals. Smaller deposits are found throughout the country. Natural gas, a resource of which Russia holds around forty percent of the world's reserves, can be found along Siberia's Arctic coast, in the North Caucasus, and in northwestern Russia. Major iron-ore deposits are located south of Moscow, near the Ukrainian border in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly; this area contains vast deposits of iron ore that have caused a deviation in the Earth's magnetic field. There are smaller deposits in other parts of the country. The Ural mountains hold small deposits of manganese. Nickel, tungsten, cobalt, molybdenum and other iron alloying elements occur in adequate quantities.
Russia also contains most of the nonferrous metals. Aluminium ores are scarce and are found primarily in the Ural region, northwestern European Russia, and south central Siberia. Copper is more abundant and major reserves are located in the Urals, the Norilsk area near the mouth of the Yenisey in eastern Siberia, and the Kola Peninsula. Another vast deposit located east of Lake Baikal only became exploited when the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM) railroad was finished in 1989.
The North Caucasus, far eastern Russia, and the western edge of the Kuznetsk Basin in southern Siberia contain an abundance of lead and zinc ores. These are commonly found along with copper, gold, silver, and a large amount of other rare metals. The country has one of the largest gold reserves in the world; mostly in Siberia and the Urals. Mercury deposits can be found in the central and southern Urals and in south central Siberia.
Raw materials are abundant as well, including potassium and magnesium salt deposits in the Kama River region of the western Urals. Russia also contains one of the world's largest deposits of apatite found in the central Kola Peninsula. Rock salt is located in the southwestern Urals and the southwest of Lake Baikal. Surface deposits of salt are found in salt lakes along the lower Volga Valley. Sulfur can be found in the Urals and the middle Volga Valley.
Eight percent of the land is used for arable farming, four percent—for permanent pastures, forty-six percent of the land is forests and woodland, and forty-two percent is used for other purposes.
Natural hazards[edit]
Volcanic activity in the Kuril Islands and volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka peninsula are other natural hazards.
Antipodes[edit]
The antipodes of Russia lie in the South Pacific and South Atlantic near Antarctica. Only a small amount is antipodal to land. This includes the arctic islands of Franz Josef Land, Victoria, and North Novaya Zemlya (to Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica); Severnaya Zemlya (to the Ronne Ice Shelf and the Ellsworth Mountains behind it); the De Long Islands (to Coats Land, or just off shore); and Wrangel Island (to Queen Maud Land and its offshore Fimbul Ice Shelf).
In addition, northern Ellsworth Land and the base of the Antarctic Peninsula are largely antipodal to the Taymyr Peninsula, while Alexander Island is antipodal to eastern Taymyria south of the Khatanga Gulf. The free part of the Antarctic Peninsula is antipodal to the western Sakha Republic, from its northwestern coast southward, running east of the Lena River, with the northern end of the peninsula covering the towns of Vilyuysk and Kysyl-Syr and stopping about 300 km short of Yakutsk.
The antipodes of the South Orkney Islands are on the Aldan River on the other side of Yakutsk, between Ust-Maya and Eldikan, in southwestern Sakha. The southern two South Sandwich Islands are antipodal to the Pyagin Peninsula east of Magadan. Western South Georgia Island is antipodal to the northern tip of Sakhalin.
Peter I Island, claimed by Norway on the other side of the Peninsula, is opposite a spot 70 km SE of Norilsk.
The only inhabited lands antipodal to Russia are southern Patagonia, including Tierra del Fuego, which correspond to much of Buryatia, the western shore of Lake Baikal in Irkutsk Oblast, and southwestern Zabaykalsky Krai, down to the Mongolian border, with Ulan-Ude being antipodal to Puerto Natales, Chile. The sparsely inhabited West Falkland and neighboring islets are antipodal to eastern Zabaykalsky on the border with northern Inner Mongolia.
See also[edit]
Geography of the Soviet Union
Geology of Russia
List of Russian explorers
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Russia.
Great russian landscape places (20 photo)
Jump up ^ "Russia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Russia::Climate and vegetation". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
Jump up ^ The World Network of Biosphere Reserves — UNESCO. "Russian Federation". Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
Jump up ^ :84–109
Jump up ^ http://www.rosgranitsa.ru/node/2636
Jump up ^ Georgia and the majority of the world does not recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, considering the Russian border with these countries as part of the Russian–Georgian border.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
Further reading[edit]
Blinnikov, Mikhail S. A geography of Russia and its neighbors (Guilford Press, 2011)
Catchpole, Brian. A map history of Russia (1983)
Chew, Allen F. An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders (2nd ed. 1967)
Gilbert, Martin. Routledge Atlas of Russian History (4th ed. 2007) excerpt and text search
Henry, Laura A. Red to green: environmental activism in post-Soviet Russia (2010)
Kaiser, Robert J. The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the USSR (1994).
Medvedev, Andrei. Economic Geography of the Russian Federation by (2000)
Parker, William Henry. An historical geography of Russia (University of London Press, 1968)
Shaw, Denis J.B. Russia in the modern world: A new geography (Blackwell, 1998)
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Mouse Trap (game)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the board game. For other uses, see Mousetrap (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Mouse Trap
Mouse Trap playing board and box.
Players
2–4
Setup time
5–15 minutes
Playing time
c. 30 minutes
Random chance
High (dice rolling game)
Skill(s) required
Finger dexterity
Mouse Trap (originally titled Mouse Trap Game) is a board game first published by Ideal in 1963 for two to four players. The game was one of the first mass-produced, three-dimensional board games.[1] Over the course of the game, players at first cooperate to build a working Rube Goldberg–like mouse trap. Once the mouse trap has been built, players turn against each other, attempting to trap opponents' mouse-shaped game pieces.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 Current rules
3 Licensing controversy
4 Game redesign
5 Television
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Bibliography
8 External links
Gameplay[edit]
The basic premise of the game has been consistent throughout the game's history. However, the turn-based gameplay has changed somewhat over the years.
The original version, designed by Hank Kramer of Ideal Toy Company, allowed the players almost no decision-making, in keeping with other games for very young children such as Candyland, or Chutes and Ladders (Snakes and Ladders). In the 1970s, the board game surrounding the Mouse Trap was redesigned by Sid Sackson, adding the cheese pieces and allowing the player to maneuver opponents onto the trap space.[2]
Current rules[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Each player is represented by a mouse-shaped game piece which travels along a non-continuous, roughly square-shaped path around the game board from the start to a continuous loop at the end. The path is segmented into spaces, some of which are marked with instructions, and "build" spaces that are marked simply with numbers ("2", "2-3" and "2-3-4").
A player's objective is to trap all of their opponent's mice using the game's Rube Goldberg–style[3] mouse trap, which is built upon the board during the course of the game. The trap begins with a crank which turns a set of gears. This begins a series of stages which ends in a cage being lowered over the "cheese wheel" space on the board, which is one of six spaces in the ending loop of the game path.
Players roll the six-sided dice in turn-based play, and move their mouse the number of spaces rolled. If a player lands on a "build" space that corresponds with the number of players in the game (e.g. only "2-3-4" spaces for a four-player game), they must build the next unbuilt piece of the mouse trap, and take a piece of cheese, represented by cheese-shaped tokens. If the players reach the final loop of the board, they continue around it until the game ends; each "build" space in the loop requires a player to build two pieces of the mouse trap, and take two pieces of cheese.
Another space on the board is the "turn crank" space. Once the mouse trap is built, a player landing on one of these spaces while there is an opposing mouse on the "cheese wheel" space must turn the crank to start the mouse trap. If the mouse trap successfully runs its course (there are several stages in which the mouse trap may fail if not properly set), the cage will fall on any opposing mice on the space, and they are out of the game. If there are no opposing mice on the "cheese wheel" space, the player may trade one piece of cheese for the opportunity to choose an opponent who is not on a "safe" space and roll the die to move their mouse. One may repeat this trade as many times in a turn as they have pieces of cheese; when an opposing mouse is on the "cheese wheel" space, the crank can then be turned. Once there is only one mouse left in the game, that player wins. Other spaces require the player to move their mouse in a prescribed manner.
The mouse trap in the game has never changed in operation, though the color and shape of some pieces has been slightly modified over the years. There are several stages which form the mouse trap, and most stages are composed of multiple pieces. A 1990s ad campaign for the game involved a song which listed most of the stages of the mouse trap.
In a proper operation, the player turns the crank, which rotates a vertical gear, connected to a horizontal gear. As that gear turns, it pushes an elastic-loaded lever until it snaps back in place, hitting a swinging boot. This causes the boot to kick over a bucket, sending a marble down a zig-zagging incline (the "rickety stairs") which feeds into a chute. This leads the marble to hit a vertical pole, at the top of which is an open hand, palm-up, which is supporting a larger ball (changed later on to a marble just like the starter one). The movement of the pole knocks the ball free to fall through a hole in its platform into a bathtub, and then through a hole in the tub onto one end of a seesaw. This launches a diver on the other end into a tub which is on the same base as the barbed pole supporting the mouse cage. The movement of the tub shakes the cage free from the top of the pole and allows it to fall on the mouse.
There are several points at which the mousetrap can commonly fail. If not built level, or if kicked too hard, the marble can fall off the incline; it can also miss the chute if not properly aligned; the contact of the marble with the pole may fail to dislodge the ball above; the ball may fail to propel the diver into the tub; the movement of the tub may be insufficient to dislodge the cage; or the cage may get stuck on the barbed pole partway down.
Licensing controversy[edit]
The game designer Marvin Glass (and his company, Marvin Glass and Associates) refused to pay licensing fees or royalties to Rube Goldberg, despite Marvin acknowledging being inspired by Goldberg as well as the clear similarities between the game and a Goldberg drawing. Glass went on to develop two less well-known games based on Goldberg designs, Crazy Clock Game (released 1964) and Fish Bait (1965), neither of which credited Goldberg's influence. Elderly and near retirement, Goldberg declined to take legal action against Glass because inspiration and ideas are not intellectual property that can be protected with a copyright, trademark, or patent, and chose to sell licensing rights for his drawings to another toy company, Model Products, to help secure the rights to specific intellectual property that he owned and for which he might receive royalties.[4]
Game redesign[edit]
In 2004, the game was re-released in the United Kingdom with a completely new design in which there are three mousetraps, and in which the board and plastic components are completely different.[5]
In 2014, a new version of the game was released, incorporating characters from the Elefun and Friends universe.[6][7] This game briefly replaced the original version in retail stores, joining other Elefun and Friends banner titles Elefun, Hungry Hungry Hippos and Gator Golf.
In 2017, Hasbro and Cranium, Inc. released a remake of the original game, with slightly different mechanics, yet based upon the original 1960's design. Endorsed and reviewed by Mensa, it was produced to allow players to practice cause-and-effect, construction and decision making skills. This version was designed to be sold alongside the Elefun and Friends variant
Television[edit]
Mouse Trap was adapted into a game show which was featured on the British children's television show Motormouth.[8][9] A life-size board game was created and the child contestants took the place of the mice.
See also[edit]
Crazy Machines
Crazy Machines 2
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Coopee, Todd. "Mouse Trap". ToyTales.ca.
Jump up ^ Hinebaugh 2009, pp. 36.
Jump up ^ Miller, Chuck (18 November 2010). "Ten Examples of Rube Goldberg's Influence". timesunion.com blog. Times Union. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Timeless Toys: Classic Toys and the Playmakers Who Created Them from Google Books
Jump up ^ Hinebaugh 2009, pp. 38.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ New Mouse Trap Elefun & Friends Game Review - Jinxy Kids
Jump up ^ BBC Two - I Love the 1970s
Jump up ^ Mousetrap - UKGameshows
Bibliography[edit]
Hinebaugh, Jeffrey (2009), A Board Game Education, R&L Education, p. 221, retrieved 18 January 2013
External links[edit]
Hasbro Games' Mouse Trap product page
Mouse Trap at BoardGameGeek
The original 1963 Mouse Trap box cover
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