text:
Binomial nomenclature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Latin name" redirects here. For personal names in the Roman Empire, see Roman naming conventions.
Binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system") also called binominal nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen, binominal name or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part – the specific name or specific epithet – identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. Tyrannosaurus rex is probably the most widely known binomial.[1] The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Carl Linnaeus, effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753.[2] But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus.[3]
The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences, both in the terminology they use and in their precise rules.
In modern usage, the first letter of the first part of the name, the genus, is always capitalized in writing, while that of the second part is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are italicized when a binomial name occurs in normal text (or underlined in handwriting). Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist Thomas Drummond) is now written as Phlox drummondii.
In scientific works, the "authority" for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the date of publication may be specified.
In zoology
"Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found (in this case the 10th edition of the book Systema Naturae).
"Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information.
In botany
"Amaranthus retroflexus L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used in botany for "Linnaeus".
"Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICN does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 History
3 Value
4 Problems
5 Relationship to classification and taxonomy
6 Derivation of binomial names
7 Codes
7.1 Differences in handling personal names
8 Writing binomial names
8.1 Authority
9 Other ranks
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Origin[edit]
The name is composed of two word-forming elements: "bi", a Latin prefix for two, and "-nomial", relating to a term or terms. The word "binomium" was used in Medieval Latin to mean a two-term expression in mathematics.[4]
History[edit]
See also: Biological classification: Early systems
Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature
Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long. Together they formed a system of polynomial nomenclature.[5] These names had two separate functions. First, to designate or label the species, and second, to be a diagnosis or description; however these two goals were eventually found to be incompatible.[6] In a simple genus, containing only two species, it was easy to tell them apart with a one-word genus and a one-word specific name; but as more species were discovered the names necessarily became longer and unwieldy, for instance Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatus pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti ("Plantain with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindric spike and a terete scape"), which we know today as Plantago media.
Such "polynomial names" may sometimes look like binomials, but are significantly different. For example, Gerard's herbal (as amended by Johnson) describes various kinds of spiderwort: "The first is called Phalangium ramosum, Branched Spiderwort; the second, Phalangium non ramosum, Unbranched Spiderwort. The other ... is aptly termed Phalangium Ephemerum Virginianum, Soon-Fading Spiderwort of Virginia".[7] The Latin phrases are short descriptions, rather than identifying labels.
The Bauhins, in particular Caspar Bauhin (1560–1624), took some important steps towards the binomial system, by pruning the Latin descriptions, in many cases to two words.[8] The adoption by biologists of a system of strictly binomial nomenclature is due to Swedish botanist and physician Carl von Linné, more commonly known by his Latinized name Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778). It was in his 1753 Species Plantarum that he first began consistently using a one-word "trivial name" together with a generic name in a system of binomial nomenclature.[9] This trivial name is what is now known as a specific epithet (ICN) or specific name (ICZN).[9] The Bauhins' genus names were retained in many of these, but the descriptive part was reduced to a single word.
Linnaeus's trivial names introduced an important new idea, namely that the function of a name could simply be to give a species a unique label. This meant that the name no longer need be descriptive; for example both parts could be derived from the names of people. Thus Gerard's phalangium ephemerum virginianum became Tradescantia virginiana, where the genus name honoured John Tradescant the Younger,[note 1] an English botanist and gardener.[10] A bird in the parrot family was named Psittacus alexandri, meaning "Alexander's parrot", after Alexander the Great whose armies introduced eastern parakeets to Greece.[11] Linnaeus' trivial names were much easier to remember and use than the parallel polynomial names and eventually replaced them.[2]
Value[edit]
The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the uniqueness and stability of names it generally favors:
Economy. Compared to the polynomial system which it replaced, a binomial name is shorter and easier to remember.[2] It corresponds to the widespread system of family name plus given name(s) used to name people in many cultures.[8]
Widespread use. The binomial system of nomenclature is governed by international codes and is used by biologists worldwide.[12] A few binomials have also entered common speech, such as Homo sapiens, E. coli, and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Uniqueness. Provided that taxonomists agree as to the limits of a species, it can have only one name that is correct under the appropriate nomenclature code, generally the earliest published if two or more names are accidentally assigned to a species.[13] However, establishing that two names actually refer to the same species and then determining which has priority can be difficult, particularly if the species was named by biologists from different countries. Therefore, a species may have more than one regularly used name; all but one of these names are "synonyms".[14]
Stability. Although stability is far from absolute, the procedures associated with establishing binomial names, such as the principle of priority, tend to favor stability.[15] For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the second part of the binomial is kept the same. Thus there is disagreement among botanists as to whether the genera Chionodoxa and Scilla are sufficiently different for them to be kept separate. Those who keep them separate give the plant commonly grown in gardens in Europe the name Chionodoxa siehei; those who do not give it the name Scilla siehei.[16] The siehei element is constant. Similarly if what were previously thought to be two distinct species are demoted to a lower rank, such as subspecies, where possible the second part of the binomial name is retained as the third part of the new name. Thus the Tenerife robin may be treated as a different species from the European robin, in which case its name is Erithacus superbus, or as only a subspecies, in which case its name is Erithacus rubecula superbus.[17] The superbus element of the name is constant.
Problems[edit]
Binomial nomenclature for species has the effect that when a species is moved from one genus to another, sometimes the specific name or epithet must be changed as well. This may happen because the specific name is already used in the new genus, or to agree in gender with the new genus. Some biologists have argued for the combination of the genus name and specific epithet into a single unambiguous name, or for the use of uninomials (as used in nomenclature of ranks above species).[18]
Because binomials are unique only within a kingdom, it is possible for two or more species to share the same binomial if they occur in different kingdoms. At least five instances of such binomial duplication occur.[19]
Relationship to classification and taxonomy[edit]
Nomenclature (including binomial nomenclature) is not the same as classification, although the two are related. Classification is the ordering of items into groups based on similarities or differences; in biological classification, species are one of the kinds of item to be classified.[20] In principle, the names given to species could be completely independent of their classification. This is not the case for binomial names, since the first part of a binomial is the name of the genus into which the species is placed. Above the rank of genus, binomial nomenclature and classification are partly independent; for example, a species retains its binomial name if it is moved from one family to another or from one order to another, unless it better fits a different genus in the same or different family, or it is split from its old genus and placed in a newly created genus. The independence is only partial since the names of families and other higher taxa are usually based on genera.[citation needed]
Taxonomy includes both nomenclature and classification. Its first stages (sometimes called "alpha taxonomy") are concerned with finding, describing and naming species of living or fossil organisms.[21] Binomial nomenclature is thus an important part of taxonomy as it is the system by which species are named. Taxonomists are also concerned with classification, including its principles, procedures and rules.[22]
Derivation of binomial names[edit]
See also: List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
A complete binomial name is always treated grammatically as if it were a phrase in the Latin language (hence the common use of the term "Latin name" for a binomial name). However, the two parts of a binomial name can each be derived from a number of sources, of which Latin is only one. These include:
Latin, either classical or medieval. Thus, both parts of the binomial name Homo sapiens are Latin words, meaning "wise" (sapiens) "human/man" (Homo).
Classical Greek. The genus Rhododendron was named by Linnaeus from the Greek word ῥοδόδενδρον, itself derived from rhodon, "rose", and dendron, "tree".[23][24] Greek words are often converted to a Latinized form. Thus coca (the plant from which cocaine is obtained) has the name Erythroxylum coca. Erythroxylum is derived from the Greek words erythros, red, and xylon, wood.[25] The Greek neuter ending -ον (-on) is often converted to the Latin neuter ending -um.[note 2]
Other languages. The second part of the name Erythroxylum coca is derived from kuka, the name of the plant in Aymara and Quechua.[26][27] Since many dinosaur fossils were found in Mongolia, their names often use Mongolian words, e.g. Tarchia from tarkhi, meaning "brain", or Saichania meaning "beautiful one".
Names of people (often naturalists or biologists). The name Magnolia campbellii commemorates two people: Pierre Magnol, a French botanist, and Archibald Campbell, a doctor in British India.[28]
Names of places. The lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, is widespread in the United States.[29]
Other sources. Some binominal names have been constructed from anagrams or other re-orderings of existing names. Thus the name of the genus Muilla is derived by reversing the name Allium.[30] Names may also be derived from jokes or puns. For example, Ratcliffe described a number of species of Rhinoceros beetle, including Cyclocephala nodanotherwon.[31]
The first part of the name, which identifies the genus, must be a word which can be treated as a Latin singular noun in the nominative case. It must be unique within each kingdom, but can be repeated between kingdoms. Thus Huia recurvata is an extinct species of plant, found as fossils in Yunnan, China,[32] whereas Huia masonii is a species of frog found in Java, Indonesia.[33]
The second part of the name, which identifies the species within the genus, is also treated grammatically as a Latin word. It can have one of a number of forms.
The second part of a binomial may be an adjective. The adjective must agree with the genus name in gender. Latin has three genders, masculine, feminine and neuter, shown by varying endings to nouns and adjectives. The house sparrow has the binomial name Passer domesticus. Here domesticus ("domestic") simply means "associated with the house". The sacred bamboo is Nandina domestica[34] rather than Nandina domesticus, since Nandina is feminine whereas Passer is masculine. The tropical fruit langsat is a product of the plant Lansium parasiticum, since Lansium is neuter. Some common endings for Latin adjectives in the three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) are -us, -a, -um (as in the previous example of domesticus); -is, -is, -e (e.g. tristis, meaning "sad"); and -or, -or, -us (e.g. minor, meaning "smaller"). For further information, see Latin declension: Adjectives.
The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the nominative case. An example is the binomial name of the lion, which is Panthera leo. Grammatically the noun is said to be in apposition to the genus name and the two nouns do not have to agree in gender; in this case, Panthera is feminine and leo is masculine.
The second part of a binomial may be a noun in the genitive (possessive) case. The genitive case is constructed in a number of ways in Latin, depending on the declension of the noun. Common endings for masculine and neuter nouns are -ii or -i in the singular and -orum in the plural, and for feminine nouns -ae in the singular and -arum in the plural. The noun may be part of a person's name, often the surname, as in the Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii, the shrub Magnolia hodgsonii, or the olive-backed pipit Anthus hodgsoni. The meaning is "of the person named", so that Magnolia hodgsonii means "Hodgson's magnolia". The -ii or -i endings show that in each case Hodgson was a man (not the same one); had Hodgson been a woman, hodgsonae would have been used. The person commemorated in the binomial name is not usually (if ever) the person who created the name; for example Anthus hodgsoni was named by Charles Wallace Richmond, in honour of Hodgson. Rather than a person, the noun may be related to a place, as with Latimeria chalumnae, meaning "of the Chalumna River". Another use of genitive nouns is in, for example, the name of the bacterium Escherichia coli, where coli means "of the colon". This formation is common in parasites, as in Xenos vesparum, where vesparum means "of the wasps", since Xenos vesparum is a parasite of wasps.
Whereas the first part of a binomial name must be unique within a kingdom, the second part is quite commonly used in two or more genera (as is shown by examples of hodgsonii above). The full binomial name must be unique within a kingdom.
Codes[edit]
From the early 19th century onwards it became ever more apparent that a body of rules was necessary to govern scientific names. In the course of time these became nomenclature codes. The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) governs the naming of animals,[35] the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) that of plants (including cyanobacteria), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) that of bacteria (including Archaea). Virus names are governed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), a taxonomic code, which determines taxa as well as names. These codes differ in certain ways, e.g.:
"Binomial nomenclature" is the correct term for botany,[36] although it is also used by zoologists.[37] Since 1953, "binominal nomenclature" is the technically correct term in zoology. A binominal name is also called a binomen (plural binomina).[38]
Both codes consider the first part of the two-part name for a species to be the "generic name". In the zoological code (ICZN), the second part of the name is a "specific name". In the botanical code (ICN), it is a "specific epithet". Together, these two parts are referred to as a "species name" or "binomen" in the zoological code; or "species name", "binomial", or "binary combination" in the botanical code. "Species name" is the only term common to the two codes.
The ICN, the plant Code, does not allow the two parts of a binomial name to be the same (such a name is called a tautonym), whereas the ICZN, the animal Code, does. Thus the American bison has the binomial Bison bison; a name of this kind would not be allowed for a plant.
The starting points, the time from which these codes are in effect (retroactively), vary from group to group. In botany the starting point will often be in 1753 (the year Carl Linnaeus first published Species Plantarum). In zoology the starting point is 1758 (1 January 1758 is considered the date of the publication of Linnaeus's Systema Naturae, 10th Edition, and also Clerck's Aranei Svecici). Bacteriology started anew, with a starting point on 1 January 1980.[39]
Summary of terminology for the names of species in the ICZN and ICN
Code
Full name
First part
Second part
ICZN species name, binomen, binominal name generic name, genus name specific name
ICN species name, binary combination, binomial (name) generic name specific epithet
Unifying the different codes into a single code, the "BioCode", has been suggested, although implementation is not in sight. (There is also a code in development for a different system of classification which does not use ranks, but instead names clades. This is called the PhyloCode.)
Differences in handling personal names[edit]
As noted above, there are some differences between the codes in the way in which binomials can be formed; for example the ICZN allows both parts to be the same, while the ICN does not. Another difference is in the way in which personal names are used in forming specific names or epithets. The ICN sets out precise rules by which a personal name is to be converted to a specific epithet. In particular, names ending in a consonant (but not "er") are treated as first being converted into Latin by adding "-ius" (for a man) or "-ia" (for a woman), and then being made genitive (i.e. meaning "of that person or persons"). This produces specific epithets like lecardii for Lecard (male), wilsoniae for Wilson (female), and brauniarum for the Braun sisters.[40] By contrast the ICZN does not require the intermediate creation of a Latin form of a personal name, allowing the genitive ending to added directly to the personal name.[41] This explains the difference between the names of the plant Magnolia hodgsonii and the bird Anthus hodgsoni. Furthermore, the ICN requires names not published in the form required by the code to be corrected to conform to it,[42] whereas the ICZN is more protective of the form used by the original author.[43]
Writing binomial names[edit]
By tradition, the binomial names of species are usually typeset in italics; for example, Homo sapiens.[44] Generally, the binomial should be printed in a font style different from that used in the normal text; for example, "Several more Homo sapiens fossils were discovered." When handwritten, a binomial name should be underlined; for example, Homo sapiens.[45]
The first part of the binomial, the genus name, is always written with an initial capital letter. In current usage, the second part is never written with an initial capital.[46][47] Older sources, particularly botanical works published before the 1950s, use a different convention. If the second part of the name is derived from a proper noun, e.g. the name of a person or place, a capital letter was used. Thus the modern form Berberis darwinii was written as Berberis Darwinii. A capital was also used when the name is formed by two nouns in apposition, e.g. Panthera Leo or Centaurea Cyanus.[48][note 3]
When used with a common name, the scientific name often follows in parentheses, although this varies with publication.[49] For example, "The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is decreasing in Europe."
The binomial name should generally be written in full. The exception to this is when several species from the same genus are being listed or discussed in the same paper or report, or the same species is mentioned repeatedly; in which case the genus is written in full when it is first used, but may then be abbreviated to an initial (and a period/full stop).[50] For example, a list of members of the genus Canis might be written as "Canis lupus, C. aureus, C. simensis". In rare cases, this abbreviated form has spread to more general use; for example, the bacterium Escherichia coli is often referred to as just E. coli, and Tyrannosaurus rex is perhaps even better known simply as T. rex, these two both often appearing in this form in popular writing even where the full genus name has not already been given.
The abbreviation "sp." is used when the actual specific name cannot or need not be specified. The abbreviation "spp." (plural) indicates "several species". These abbreviations are not italicised (or underlined).[51] For example: "Canis sp." means "an unspecified species of the genus Canis", while "Canis spp." means "two or more species of the genus Canis". (The abbreviations "sp." and "spp." can easily be confused with the abbreviations "ssp." (zoology) or "subsp." (botany), plurals "sspp." or "subspp.", referring to one or more subspecies. See trinomen (zoology) and infraspecific name.)
The abbreviation "cf." (i.e. confer in Latin) is used to compare individuals/taxa with known/described species. Conventions for use of the "cf." qualifier vary.[52] In paleontology, it is typically used when the identification is not confirmed.[53] For example, "Corvus cf. nasicus" was used to indicate "a fossil bird similar to the Cuban crow but not certainly identified as this species".[54] In molecular systematics papers, "cf." may be used to indicate one or more undescribed species assumed related to a described species. For example, in a paper describing the phylogeny of small benthic freshwater fish called darters, five undescribed putative species (Ozark, Sheltowee, Wildcat, Ihiyo, and Mamequit darters), notable for brightly colored nuptial males with distinctive color patterns,[55] were referred to as "Etheostoma cf. spectabile" because they had been viewed as related to, but distinct from, Etheostoma spectabile (orangethroat darter).[56] This view was supported in varying degrees by DNA analysis. The somewhat informal use of taxa names with qualifying abbreviations is referred to as open nomenclature and it is not subject to strict usage codes.
In some contexts the dagger symbol ("†") may be used before or after the binomial name to indicate that the species is extinct.
Authority[edit]
Main articles: Author citation (zoology) and Author citation (botany)
In scholarly texts, at least the first or main use of the binomial name is usually followed by the "authority" – a way of designating the scientist(s) who first published the name. The authority is written in slightly different ways in zoology and botany. For names governed by the ICZN the surname is usually written in full together with the date (normally only the year) of publication. The ICZN recommends that the "original author and date of a name should be cited at least once in each work dealing with the taxon denoted by that name."[57] For names governed by the ICN the name is generally reduced to a standard abbreviation and the date omitted. The International Plant Names Index maintains an approved list of botanical author abbreviations. Historically, abbreviations were used in zoology too.
When the original name is changed, e.g. the species is moved to a different genus, both Codes use parentheses around the original authority; the ICN also requires the person who made the change to be given. Some examples:
(Plant) Amaranthus retroflexus L. – "L." is the standard abbreviation for "Linnaeus"; the absence of parentheses shows that this is his original name.
(Plant) Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named the Italian bluebell Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides.
(Animal) Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) – the original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; unlike the ICN, the ICZN does not require the name of the person who changed the genus to be given.
Other ranks[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Main articles: Biological nomenclature, Trinomial nomenclature, and Infraspecific name (botany)
Binomial nomenclature, as described here, is a system for naming species. Implicitly it includes a system for naming genera, since the first part of the name of the species is a genus name. In a classification system based on ranks there are also ways of naming ranks above the level of genus and below the level of species. Ranks above genus (e.g., family, order, class) receive one-part names, which are conventionally not written in italics. Thus the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, belongs to the family Passeridae. Family names are normally based on genus names, although the endings used differ between zoology and botany.
Ranks below species receive three-part names, conventionally written in italics like the names of species. There are significant differences between the ICZN and the ICN. In zoology, the only rank below species is subspecies and the name is written simply as three parts (a trinomen). Thus one of the subspecies of the olive-backed pipit is Anthus hodgsoni berezowskii. In botany, there are many ranks below species and although the name itself is written in three parts, a "connecting term" (not part of the name) is needed to show the rank. Thus the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; the white-flowered form of the ivy-leaved cyclamen is Cyclamen hederifolium f. albiflorum.
See also[edit]
Animals portal
Biology portal
Evolutionary biology portal
Plants portal
Science portal
Glossary of scientific naming
Botanical name
Hybrid name (botany)
List of botanists by author abbreviation
List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names
List of zoologists by author abbreviation
Scientific terminology
Species description
Undescribed taxon
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Some sources say that both John Tradescant the Younger and his father, John Tradescant the Elder, were intended by Linnaeus.
Jump up ^ The ending "-on" may derive from the neuter Greek ending -ον, as in Rhodoxylon floridum, or the masculine Greek ending -ων, as in Rhodochiton atrosanguineus.
Jump up ^ The modern notation was resisted by some, partly because writing names like Centaurea cyanus can suggest that cyanus is an adjective which should agree with Centaurea, i.e. that the name should be Centaurea cyana, whereas Cyanus is derived from the Greek name for the cornflower. See Gilbert-Carter, H. (1955), Glossary of the British Flora (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, OCLC 559413416 , p. xix.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Busby III, Arthur; et al. (1997). A Guide to Rocks and Fossils. p. 103. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c Knapp, Sandra, What's in a name? A history of taxonomy : Linnaeus and the birth of modern taxonomy, Natural History Museum, London, retrieved 17 June 2011
Jump up ^ Bauhin, Gaspard. "Pinax theatri botanici". Kyoto University Library. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
Jump up ^ See entry "binôme" in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé.
Jump up ^ Reddy, S.M. (2007), University botany: Angiosperms, plant embryology and plant physiology, New Age International, p. 34, ISBN 978-81-224-1547-6
Jump up ^ Blunt, Wilfrid (2004), Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist, Frances Lincoln ltd, p. 266, ISBN 978-0-7112-2362-2
Jump up ^ John Gerard & Thomas Johnson (1636). The Herball, or, Generall Historie of Plantes /gathered by John Gerarde of London, Master in Chirurgerie; very much enlarged and amended by Thomas Johnson, Citizen and Apothecarye of London. Adam Islip, Joice Norton and Richard Whitakers and the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, A.T. & Smith, H.A. (1972), Plant Names Simplified : Their Pronunciation Derivation & Meaning, Buckenhill, Herefordshire: Landsmans Bookshop, ISBN 978-0-900513-04-6 , p. v
^ Jump up to: a b Polaszek, Andrew (2009), Systema naturae 250: the Linnaean ark, CRC Press, p. 189, ISBN 978-1-4200-9501-2
Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 502
Jump up ^ Jobling, James A. (2010), Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names, London: Christopher Helm, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
Jump up ^ Van Dyke, Fred (2008), "Contemporary Issues of the Species Concept", Conservation biology: foundations, concepts, applications, Springer, p. 86, ISBN 978-1-4020-6890-4, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ Peter J. Russell; Stephen L. Wolfe; Paul E. Hertz & Cecie Starr (2007), "Species Concepts and Speciation", The Linnaean System of Taxonomy, Volume 2, Cengage Learning, p. 493, ISBN 978-0-495-01033-3
Jump up ^ "General Principles of Taxonomy", Competition Science Vision, Pratiyogita Darpan Group, 10 (114): 764–767, 2007, retrieved 20 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Joan C. Stevenson (1991), Dictionary of concepts in physical anthropology, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 53, ISBN 978-0-313-24756-9
Jump up ^ Dashwood, Melanie & Mathew, Brian (2005), Hyacinthaceae – little blue bulbs (RHS Plant Trials and Awards, Bulletin Number 11), Royal Horticultural Society, archived from the original on 20 February 2011, retrieved 19 February 2011
Jump up ^ Bergmann, H. H. & Schottler, B. (2001), "Tenerife robin Erithacus (rubecula) superbus – a species of its own?", Dutch Birding, 23: 140–146
Jump up ^ Cantino, P. D.; Bryant, H. D.; de Queiroz, K.; Donoghue, M. J.; Eriksson, T.; Hillis, D. M.; Lee, M. S. Y. (1999). "Species names in phylogenetic nomenclature" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 48 (4): 790–807. doi:10.1080/106351599260012.
Jump up ^ "Category:Species-level hemihomonyms – Wikispecies". species.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Simpson, Michael G. (2006), Plant Systematics, London: Elsevier Academic Press, ISBN 978-0-12-644460-5 , p. 552
Jump up ^ Fortey, Richard (2008), Dry Store Room No. 1: The Secret Life of the Natural History Museum, London: Harper Perennial, ISBN 978-0-00-720989-7
Jump up ^ Davis, Peter H. & Heywood, Vernon H. (1965), Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy, Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd , p. 8
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "rhododendron". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ ῥοδόδενδρον, ῥόδον, δένδρον. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 182
Jump up ^ Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
Jump up ^ Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 303
Jump up ^ Childs, James E.; Paddock, Christopher D. (2003), "The ascendancy of Amblyomma americanum as a vector of pathogens affecting humans in the United States", Annual Review of Entomology, 48 (1): 307–337, doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.48.091801.112728, PMID 12414740
Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 329
Jump up ^ Isaak, Mark, Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature: Puns, archived from the original on 17 June 2011, retrieved 17 June 2011
Jump up ^ Geng, Bao-Yin (1985), "Huia recurvata – A New Plant from Lower Devonian of Southeastern Yunnan China", Acta Botanica Sinica (in Chinese and English), 27 (4): 419–426, retrieved 7 February 2011
Jump up ^ Iskandar, D. & Mumpuni, D. (2004), IUCN Red List of Threatened Species : Huia masonii, retrieved 19 June 2011
Jump up ^ Hyam & Pankhurst 1995, p. 334
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999
Jump up ^ McNeill et al. 2011, Article 23
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Diane (2003), Guide to reference and information sources in the zoological sciences, Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited, ISBN 978-1-56308-977-0 , p. 4
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Chap. 2, Article 5
Jump up ^ Sneath, P.H.A. (2003), A short history of the Bacteriological Code, International Union of Microbiological Societies, archived from the original on 24 May 2012, retrieved 20 June 2013
Jump up ^ McNeill et al. 2011, Recommendation 60C
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Chap. 7, Article 3.1.2
Jump up ^ McNeill et al. 2011, Article 60.12
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Chap. 7, Article 32.3
Jump up ^ "How to Write Scientific Names of Organisms" (PDF), Competition Science Vision, Assumption University Journal, retrieved 20 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Hugh T.W. Tan & Tan Kai-xin, Understanding and Learning Scientific Names of Species, Successful Learning, Center for Development of Teaching and Learning, National University of Singapore, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ Silyn-Roberts, Heather (2000), Writing for Science and Engineering: Papers, Presentations and Reports, Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN 978-0-7506-4636-9 , p. 198
Jump up ^ McNeill et al. 2011, Recommendation 60F
Jump up ^ Johnson & Smith 1972, p. 23
Jump up ^ Writing Guide, Macquarie University, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ "Linnaean Nomenclature of Plants, Animals, & Bacteria", Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003, p. 22a – 23a, ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5
Jump up ^ Matthew A. Jenks, Plant Nomenclature, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, archived from the original on 11 December 2012, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ Chris Clowes, Taxonomy – A Primer, peripatus.gen.nz, archived from the original on 7 August 2011, retrieved 20 June 2011
Jump up ^ Bengtson, P. (1988). "Open nomenclature" (PDF). Palaeontology. 31 (1): 223–227. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Orihuela, J. (2013). "Fossil Cuban crow Corvus cf. nasicus from a late Quaternary cave deposit in northern Matanzas, Cuba". Journal of Caribbean Ornithology. 26: 12–16. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Page, L. M.; Burr, B. M. (1991). Peterson field guide to freshwater fishes: North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. plate 52. ISBN 978-0-547-24206-4.
Jump up ^ Near, T. J.; Bossu, C. M.; Bradburd, G. S.; Carlson, R. L.; Harrington, R. C.; Hollingsworth, P. R.; Keck, B. P.; Etnier, D. A. (2011). "Phylogeny and temporal diversification of darters (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)". Systematic Biology. 60 (5): 565–595. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr052. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, Recommendation 51a.
Bibliography[edit]
Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995), Plants and their names : a concise dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999), International Code of Zoological Nomenclature online (4th ed.), The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, ISBN 978-0-85301-006-7, retrieved 20 June 2011
McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012), International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011, Regnum Vegetabile 154, A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG, ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6
External links[edit]
Curiosities of Biological Nomenclature
NCBI Taxonomy Database
Crinan, Alexander, ed. (2007), Plant Names : A Guide for Horticulturists, Nurserymen, Gardeners and Students (PDF), Horticultural Taxonomy Group, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, retrieved 4 June 2013
[hide]
v
t
e
Carl Linnaeus
Published works
Linnaeus bibliography
The Study of Instinct (book)
Systema Naturae (1735)
Fundamenta Botanica (1736)
Bibliotheca Botanica (1736)
Musa Cliffortiania (1736)
Critica Botanica (1737)
Flora Lapponica (1737)
Genera Plantarum (1737)
General
Taxonomy (biology)
Linnaean taxonomy (Linnaean classification)
Botanical nomenclature
Zoological nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Taxa named by Linnaeus
Natural history
History of biology
History of botany
Historical race concepts
Related people
Carl Linnaeus the Younger
Elisabeth Christina von Linné
Apostles of Linnaeus
Students of Linnaeus
Pre-Linnaean botanists
Gaspard Bauhin
Johann Bauhin
Peter Artedi
Herman Boerhaave
Recognitions
Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus
Expedition Linné
Linnaea
Linnaean Garden
Linnaeite
Linnaemya
Linnaemyini
7412 Linnaeus
Linnaeus Arboretum
The Linnaeus Museum
Linnaeus University
Linnaeus' Hammarby
Linné (crater)
Linnéa
Linnean Medal
Linnean Society of London
Swedish Linnaeus Society
Linnean Society of New South Wales
Linnean Tercentenary Medal
Linneus, Maine
Linneus, Missouri
Wikiquote
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binomial_nomenclature&oldid=834453717"
Categories:
Biological nomenclature
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011
Articles needing additional references from June 2011
All articles needing additional references
Use dmy dates from January 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Afrikaans
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Basa Banyumasan
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Occitan
Олык марий
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
پښتو
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Ślůnski
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vèneto
Tiếng Việt
Walon
粵語
中文
88 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 20:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

value: u

values: International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

values:
/wiki/Passer_domesticus
mw-redirect
Passer domesticus

values:
/wiki/Latinized_name
mw-redirect
Latinized name

values:
/wiki/Family_name
mw-redirect
Family name

values:
/wiki/Nomenclature_code
mw-redirect
Nomenclature code

values: Edit section: Relationship to classification and taxonomy

values:
/wiki/Biological_classification
mw-redirect
Biological classification

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy
mw-redirect
Alpha taxonomy

values: Edit section: Derivation of binomial names

values:
/wiki/Quechua_languages
mw-redirect
Quechua languages

values:
/wiki/Arthur_Campbell_(doctor)
mw-redirect
Arthur Campbell (doctor)

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values:
/wiki/Rhinoceros_beetle
mw-redirect
Rhinoceros beetle

values:
/wiki/Latimeria_chalumnae
mw-redirect
Latimeria chalumnae

values:
/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)
mw-redirect
Colon (anatomy)

values: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria

values: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

values: Edit section: Differences in handling personal names

values:
/wiki/Infraspecific_name_(botany)
mw-redirect
Infraspecific name (botany)

values:
/wiki/Werner_Hugo_Paul_Rothmaler
mw-redirect
Werner Hugo Paul Rothmaler

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Biological_nomenclature
mw-redirect
Biological nomenclature

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Hybrid_name_(botany)
mw-redirect
Hybrid name (botany)

values: List of botanists by author abbreviation

values: List of zoologists by author abbreviation

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/559413416

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.

values:
/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology
mw-redirect
Annual Review of Entomology

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12414740

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2Fsyr052

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/taxonomy

values: Template talk:Carl Linnaeus (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/The_Study_of_Instinct
mw-redirect
The Study of Instinct

values: Musa Cliffortiania (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Linnaean_classification
mw-redirect
Linnaean classification

values:
/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature
mw-redirect
Zoological nomenclature

values:
/wiki/7412_Linnaeus
mw-redirect
7412 Linnaeus

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek-language text

values: Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: تسمية ثنائية – Arabic

values: Sistema de nomenclatura binominal – Aragonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: বৈজ্ঞানিক নামকৰণ পদ্ধতি – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: দ্বিপদ নামকরণ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms
display: none;

values: Бінамінальная наменклатура – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Бінамінальная намэнклятура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: दूपद नाँव – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Бинарна номенклатура – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Διωνυμική ονοματολογία – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: نام علمی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: દ્વિનામી નામકરણ – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: द्विपद नामपद्धति – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values: שם מדעי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ದ್ವಿಪದ ಹೆಸರು – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: ბინომიალური ნომენკლატურა – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Бинарлық номенклатура – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Бинардык номенклатура – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomen
Binomen – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Биномна номенклатура – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ദ്വിപദ നാമപദ്ധതി – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: द्विपदीय नामकरण पद्धति – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binominal
Binominal – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: Кокмутан номенклатур – Eastern Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਦੁਨਾਵੀਂ ਨਾਮਕਰਨ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: علمی نوم – Pashto

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values: Binominalne nazewnictwo gatunków – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Биологическая номенклатура – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-szl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Биномна номенклатура – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: இருசொற் பெயரீடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ద్వినామ నామకరణ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: การตั้งชื่อทวินาม – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Біноміальна номенклатура – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: دو اسمی نظام تسمیہ – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Binomial_nomenclature rootpage-Binomial_nomenclature skin-vector action-view


text:
Femina Miss India 2018
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Femina Miss India 2018
Date
19 June 2018
Presenters
Karan Johar & Ayushmann Khurrana
Entertainment
Madhuri Dixit, Kareena Kapoor & Jacqueline Fernandez
Venue
DOME, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium, Mumbai
Entrants
30
Placements
12
Winner
Anukreethy Vas
Tamil Nadu
← 2017
2019 →
Femina Miss India 2018 was the 55th edition of the Femina Miss India beauty pageant and was held on 19 June 2018 at Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium, Mumbai.[1] At the end of the event, Anukreethy vas of Tamil Nadu was crowned Femina Miss India 2018 by the outgoing title holder and Miss World 2017 Manushi Chhillar of Haryana. Meenakshi Chaudhary of Haryana was crowned 1st Runner-up and she represented India at Miss Grand International 2018 where she was crowned 1st Runner Up. Shreya Rao Kamavarapu of Andhra Pradesh was crowned as 2nd Runner-up .Gayatri Bharadwaj of Delhi who was in Top 5, was declared to represent India at Miss United Continents 2018 where she made the top 10.
Contents
1 Results
2 Background
3 Judges
4 Sub Title Awards
4.1 Bennett University Sports Day
4.2 Miss Active
4.3 Miss Shining Star
4.4 Miss Refreshing Beauty
4.5 Miss Body Beautiful
4.6 Miss Beautiful Smile
4.7 Miss Fashion Icon
5 Contestants
6 References
Results[edit]
Final Results Candidate International Placements
Miss India World 2018
Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
TBD
Miss India Grand International 2018
Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
1st Runner-up
Miss India United Continents 2018
Delhi - Gayatri Bharadwaj §
Top 10 semifinalist
2nd Runner-Up
Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Top 5
Jharkhand - Stefy Patel
Delhi - Gayatri Bharadwaj
Top 12
Chhattisgarh - Spandana Palli
Karnataka - Bhavana Durgam Reddy
Manipur - Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia
Meghalaya - Mary Khyriem
Mizoram - Lily Lalremkimi Darnei
Odisha- Shrutiksha Nayak
Punjab - Anna Kler
§ - the candidate was directly appointed to represent India at Miss United Continents 2018 by Femina Miss India franchise.
Background[edit]
There are four zones/regions under which the contestants are grouped - North, South, East and West. There is one mentor for each Zone:
North Zone - Neha Dhupia (Femina Miss India 2002)
South Zone - Rakul Preet Singh (Femina Miss India 2011 - 3rd Runner up)
East Zone - Pooja Chopra (Miss World India 2009)
West Zone - Pooja Hegde (Miss Universe India 2010 - 2nd Runner up)
Judges[edit]
Manushi Chhillar - Miss World 2017
K. L. Rahul
Irfan Pathan
Kunal Kapoor
Malaika Arora
Gaurav Gupta - Indian Fashion Designer
Faye D'Souza
Sub Title Awards[edit]
Award
Contestant
Miss Multimedia Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Miss Getaway Goddess Chhattisgarh - Spandana Palli
Beauty with a Purpose Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
Miss Glamorous Look Delhi - Gayatri Bharadwaj
Miss Goodness Ambassador Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Miss Rampwalk Madhya Pradesh - Meena Ahir
Miss Spectacular Eyes Delhi - Gayatri Bharadwaj
Miss Glowing Skin West Bengal - Prarthana Sarkar
Miss Beautiful Smile Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
Miss Body Beautiful Punjab - Anna Kler
Miss Refreshing Beauty Meghalaya - Mary Khyriem
Miss Active Uttar Pradesh- Himanshi Parashar
Miss Iron Maiden Mizoram- Lily Darnei
Miss Fashion Icon Mizoram- Lily Darnei
Miss Shining Star West Bengal - Prarthana Sarkar
Miss Popular Delhi - Gayatri Bharadwaj
Miss Photogenic Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
Miss Tech Beauty Goa - Aashna Gurav
Miss Congeniality Arunachal Pradesh - Osin Mosu
Miss Lifestyle Maharashtra - Mehaak Punjabi
Miss Vivacious Tripura - Mamita Debbarma
Miss Talented Meghalaya - Mary Khyriem (Tie)
West Bengal - Prarthana Sarkar (Tie)
Bennett University Sports Day[edit]
Award
Contestant
100m run Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Table tennis Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Iron Maiden Mizoram - Lily Darnei
Badminton Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
Basketball Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
Swimming West Bengal - Prarthna Sarkar
Miss Active[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner Uttar Pradesh - Himanshi Parashar
Top 6 Mizoram - Lily Lalremkimi Darnei
Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
Punjab - Anna Kler
Bihar - Bhavana Jain
Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
Miss Shining Star[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner West Bengal - Prarthana Sarkar
Top 10 Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Manipur - Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia
Jharkhand - Stefy Patel
Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Punjab - Anna Kler
Telangana - Kamakshi Bhaskarla
Arunachal Pradesh - Osin Mosu
Gujarat - Anushka Luhar
Miss Refreshing Beauty[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner Meghalaya - Mary Khyriem
Top 10 Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Manipur - Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia
Madhya Pradesh - Meena Ahir
Mizoram - Lily Darnei
Rajasthan - Nikita Soni
Bihar - Bhavna Jain
Arunachal Pradesh - Osin Mosu
Gujarat - Anushka Luhar
Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Miss Body Beautiful[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner Punjab - Anna Kler
Top 10
Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Uttar Pradesh - Himanshi Parashar
Jammu and Kashmir - Malika Kapoor
Madhya Pradesh - Meena Ahir
Haryana - Meenakshi Chaudhary
Mizoram - Lily Lalremkimi Darnei
Tripura - Mamita Debbarma
Chhattisgarh - Spandana Palli
Sikkim - Parmila Chhetri
Nagaland - Ruopfüzhano Whiso
Jharkhand - Stefy Patel
Rajasthan - Nikita Soni
Miss Beautiful Smile[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner Tamil Nadu - Anukreethy Vas
Top 5 Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Odisha - Shrutiksha Nayak
Madhya Pradesh - Meena Ahir
Maharashtra - Mehaak Punjabi
Manipur - Nimrit Ahluwalia
Miss Fashion Icon[edit]
Result
Contestant
Winner Mizoram - Lily Lalremkimi Darnei
Top 12 Jharkhand - Stefy Patel
Nagaland - Ruopfüzhano Whiso
Arunachal Pradesh - Osin Mosu
Andhra Pradesh - Shreya Rao Kamavarapu
Rajasthan - Nikita Soni
Goa - Aashna Gurav
Manipur - Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia
Meghalaya - Mary Khyriem
Bihar - Bhavna Jain
Madhya Pradesh - Meena Ahir
Delhi - Gayatri Bhardwaj
Contestants[edit]
#
Zone
State
Name
Age
Height
Placement and Awards
Notes
1 South Andhra Pradesh Shreya Rao Kamavarapu[2] 25 5'9" Femina Miss India 2018 (2nd Runner Up) (Miss Goodness Ambassador) (Miss Multimedia) Top 3 at Femina Miss India Telangana 2017[3]
2 East Arunachal Pradesh Osin Mosu[4] 20 5'5"
3 East Assam Sunaina Kamath[4]
4 North Bihar Bhavna Jain 18 5'6.7"
5 East Chhattisgarh Spandana Palli[5] 25 5'10" Top 12
(Miss Getaway Goddess 2018) Miss ICON Chhattisgarh 2017 (Winner)
6 West Goa Aashna Gurav 21 Miss Diva Campus Princess Finalists 2016[6]
7 West Gujarat Anushka Luhar[7] 20 fbb Campus Princess Finalists 2018 [8]
Miss Diva - Miss Universe India 2017 Ahmedabad finalist [9]
8 North Haryana Meenakshi Chaudhary[10] 21 5'7" Femina Miss India 2018 (1st Runner Up) (Miss Photogenic) Miss Diva - Miss Universe India 2017 Chandigarh finalist[11]
9 North Himachal Pradesh Swattee Thakur[12] 23 5'7.5"
10 North Jammu and Kashmir Malika Kapoor[13] 23 5'6"
11 East Jharkhand Stefy Patel 22 5'7" Top 5 1st runner-up at Miss Teen India 2014
12 South Karnataka Bhavana Durgam Reddy[14] 21 5'10" Top 12
13 South Kerala Mekhana Shajan[15] 19 Top 10 at Miss Kerala Fitness and Fashion 2017 (Miss Healthy Woman)
14 North Madhya Pradesh Meena Ahir[16] 23 5'5.8"
15 West Maharashtra Mehaak Punjabi
16 East Manipur Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia[4] 22 5'7" Top 12
17 East Meghalaya Mary Khyriem[4] 20 5'6" Top 12 Mega Miss North East 2017 (Winner)[17]
18 East Mizoram Lily Lalremkimi Darnei[4] 21 5'7.5" Top 12
(Miss Fashion Icon)
(Miss Iron Maiden) Top 5 at Miss Mizoram 2018
(Miss Multimedia)
(not affiliated with Femina)
19 East Nagaland Ruopfüzhano Whiso[18] 18 Miss Nagaland 2017 (1st Runner Up)[19][20] (not affiliated with Femina)
20 North New Delhi Gayatri Bhardwaj [21] 22 5'6" Top 5
( Miss Popular )
( Miss Glamorous look )
( Miss Spectacular eyes )
21 East Odisha Shrutiksha Nayak 22 5'6" Top 12
22 North Punjab Anna Kler[22] 24 5'10" Top 12
23 West Rajasthan Nikita Soni Top 3 at Femina Miss India Madhya Pradesh 2018[23]
24 East Sikkim Pramila Chettri[4]
25 South Tamil Nadu Anukreethy Vas[24] 19 5'6" Femina miss India 2018 (Winner) (Miss India Beauty with a purpose) (Miss beautiful smile) Top 10 at Miss Tamil Nadu 2018[25] (not affiliated with Femina)
26 South Telengana Sai Kamakshi Bhaskarla[26]
27 East Tripura Mamita Debbarma 21 5'6.4"
28 North Uttarakhand Sumita Bhandari[27] 23 5'9"
29 North Uttar Pradesh Himanshi Parashar 18 5'8"
30 East West Bengal Prarthna Sarkar Miss Diva - Miss Universe India 2016 Kolkata finalist[28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fbb Colors Femina Miss India 2018: Meet The Contestants". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shreya Rao Kamavarapu Crowned Femina Miss India Andhra Pradesh 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Femina Miss India Telangana 2017". https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/unveiling-fbb-colors-femina-miss-india-2017-telangana-finalists/eventshow/57225139.cms. Feb 18, 2017. External link in |website= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Miss India 2018: North East Audition". Femina Beauty Pageants. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Spandana Palli - 2018 - Miss India Contestants". FEMINA Beauty Pageants. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Campus Princess". https://indianandworldpageant.com/.../femina-miss-india-goa-2018-is-aashna-gurav/. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Anuskha Luhar - 2018 - Miss India Contestants". FEMINA Beauty Pageants. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/campusprincess/posts/1950844271623292
Jump up ^ https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Unveiling-Yamaha-Fascino-Miss-Diva-2017-Ahmedabad-finalists/eventshow/60135733.cms
Jump up ^ "Meenakshi Chaudhary Crowned Femina Miss India Haryana 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Miss Diva 2017". https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/unveiling-yamaha-fascino-miss-diva-2017-chandigarh-finalists/eventshow/60351215.cms. Sep 3, 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Swattee Thakur Crowned Femina Miss India Himachal Pradesh 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Malika Kapoor Crowned Femina Miss India Jammu & Kashmir 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bhavana Durgam Crowned Femina Miss India Karnataka 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mekhana Shajan Crowned Femina Miss India Kerala 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Meena Ahir Crowned Femina Miss India Madhya Pradesh 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ https://thenortheasttoday.com/meghalaya-beauty-mary-khyriem-wins-sunsilk-mega-miss-north-east-2017/
Jump up ^ http://www.nagalandpost.com/ChannelNews/Infotainment/Infotainmentnews.aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDEyOTcxNA%3D%3D
Jump up ^ http://morungexpress.com/aspiring-to-bring-change-marina-kiho-wins-miss-nagaland-2017/
Jump up ^ http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/marina-kiho-crowned-miss-nagaland-2017/
Jump up ^ "Gayatri Bharadwaj Crowned Femina Miss India Delhi 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Anna Kler Crowned Femina Miss India Punjab 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Femina Miss India Madhya Pradesh 2018". https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-india/miss-india-2018-madhya-pradesh-auditions/eventshow/63334839.cms. Mar 16, 2018. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Anukreethy Vyas Crowned Femina Miss India Tamil Nadu 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Miss Tamil Nadu 2018". www.cinemaplusnews.com/lifestyle/miss-tamil-nadu-2018/. Oct 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kamakshi Bhaskarla Crowned Femina Miss India Telangana 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sumita Bhandari Crowned Femina Miss India Uttarakhand 2018". The Kaleidoscope of Pageantry. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Miss Diva 2016". https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-diva/yamaha-fascino-miss-diva-2016-kolkata-finalists/eventshow/52927702.cms. June 26, 2016. External link in |website= (help)
hide
v
t
e
Femina Miss India
...
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femina_Miss_India_2018&oldid=866402613"
Categories:
Femina Miss India
2018 beauty pageants
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: external links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
മലയാളം
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 03:03 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Beauty_Pageant
mw-redirect
Beauty Pageant

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: class border cellpadding cellspacing style

values: margin:1em 1em 1em 0; background:#fff; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%;

values:
/wiki/Spandana_Palli
mw-redirect
Spandana Palli

values: Edit section: Bennett University Sports Day

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:center;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Femina_Miss_India_2018
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: ഫെമിന മിസ്സ് ഇന്ത്യ 2018 – Malayalam

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Femina_Miss_India_2018 rootpage-Femina_Miss_India_2018 skin-vector action-view