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John Ratzenberger
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John Ratzenberger
Ratzenberger at the 2011 Time 100 gala
Born
John Dezso Ratzenberger[1]
(1947-04-06) April 6, 1947 (age 71)
Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
Alma mater
Sacred Heart University
Occupation
Actor, voice actor, entrepreneur
Years active
1976–present
Known for
Cliff Clavin in Cheers
Various Pixar film roles
Television
Cheers
John Ratzenberger's Made in America
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Georgia Stiny
(m. 1985; div. 2004)
Julie Blichfeldt
(m. 2012)
Children
2
Website
ratzenberger.com
John Dezso Ratzenberger (born April 6, 1947)[1] is an American actor, voice actor, and entrepreneur. He is known for playing Cliff Clavin in the TV show Cheers, for which he earned two Emmy nominations. He is also known for his extensive voice roles in Pixar Animation Studios' films, such as Hamm in the Toy Story franchise and Mack in the Cars franchise. He is the only actor to appear in all of Pixar's feature films, and with minor appearances in major films such as Superman and The Empire Strikes Back, is one of the most successful actors of all time in terms of box-office receipts.[2]
Born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, Ratzenberger began his entertainment career while living in London in the 1970s. He had minor film and television roles throughout the late 70s and early 1980s before landing the role of the know-it-all mailman Cliff Clavin on Cheers (1982–1993), a role he portrayed throughout the show's eleven seasons. His first Pixar role was the voice of Hamm the Piggy Bank in Toy Story (1995) and has voiced Pixar characters in films and video games ever since. From 2004 to 2008 he hosted the TV documentary series Made in America. Outside of acting, he has promoted American entrepreneurship and manufacturing, and campaigned for several Republican candidates.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Cheers
2.2 Pixar
2.3 Reality show appearances
2.4 Additional voice, TV, and film work
3 Other work
4 Personal life
5 Political views
6 Filmography
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
6.3 Video games
6.4 Other
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Ratzenberger was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the son of Bertha Veronica (née Grochowski), who worked for Remington Arms, and Dezso Alexander Ratzenberger, a Texaco truck driver.[3][4] His father was of Austrian and Hungarian descent, and his mother was of Polish ancestry.[5] He attended St. Ann's School in Bridgeport and Sacred Heart University in Fairfield, Connecticut.[1] In 1969, Ratzenberger was a tractor operator at the Woodstock Festival.[6] He moved to London in 1971 and stayed there for 10 years.[1]
Career[edit]
Ratzenberger was a house framer[7] living in London when he began his career in the performing arts.[1] Through the 1970s, he performed with Ray Hassett as the comedic theatrical duo Sal's Meat Market, which toured across the UK.[8] Peter Richardson and Nigel Planer as The Outer Limits and in The Comic Strip were heavily influenced by Sal's Meat Market.[9] His first role was a patron in The Ritz (1976). Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, Ratzenberger appeared in various minor roles in major feature films, including Firefox; A Bridge Too Far, as Lieutenant James Megellas; Superman, as a missile controller; Superman II, as the NASA control man; Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back as Major Bren Derlin; Motel Hell as a drummer; Outland as a doomed mine worker named Tarlow; and Gandhi, playing an American lieutenant.
Cheers[edit]
Ratzenberger at the 1992 Primetime Emmy Awards
Ratzenberger is well known for playing mail carrier Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers. He had read for the part of Norm Peterson, but after the audition, he sensed that they were not going to give him the part. Sensing an opportunity, he asked if they had written a bar know-it-all, which the producers decided was a great idea.[10] Ratzenberger also came up with the idea for Cliff's trademark white socks, which he wore as a tribute to French comedian Jacques Tati.[11] Cliff became known for his outlandish stories of plausible half-truths, uninteresting trivia, and misinformation, and in general for being a pretentious blowhard. Cliff and Norm, the primary customer characters, became iconic bar buddies. Ratzenberger provided the voice for an animated version of Cliff on The Simpsons sixth-season episode "Fear of Flying". Ratzenberger was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1985 and again in 1986.[12][13]
When Paramount Television licensed the look of the Cheers bar to the Host International subsidiary of Host Marriott Services for use in airports in the U.S. and New Zealand, the group also created animatronic barflies. They were called "Hank" and "Bob"; Ratzenberger and George Wendt claimed Hank and Bob resembled them, and in January 1993, sued Host for using their likenesses without permission.[14] The case languished in court for eight years before all sides settled in 2001.[15]
Pixar[edit]
Ratzenberger has had a voice part in all of Pixar's feature films made to date, ranging from main characters to characters who appear in only one scene.[16] His roles include:
Hamm the Piggy Bank in the Toy Story series (1995, 1999, 2010, 2019)
P.T. Flea, the Circus Ring Leader in A Bug's Life (1998)
The Abominable Snowman in the Monsters, Inc. series (2001, 2013)
The school of Moonfish in Finding Nemo (2003)
The Underminer in The Incredibles series (2004, 2018)
Mack the truck in the Cars series (2006, 2011, 2017)
Mustafa the waiter in Ratatouille (2007)
John in WALL-E (2008)
Tom the construction worker in Up (2009)
Gordon the guard in Brave (2012)
Fritz in Inside Out (2015)
Earl the Velociraptor in The Good Dinosaur (2015)
Bill the crab in Finding Dory (2016)
Juan Ortodoncia in Coco (2017)
Ratzenberger's tenure at Pixar was parodied during the end credits of Cars, where his character, Mack, watches car-themed versions of Pixar films (Toy Car Story, Monster Trucks, Inc., and A Bug's Life). Mack notes that all the characters Ratzenberger has played were excellent until he realizes that they are performed by the same actor, at which point he remarks, "They're just using the same actor over and over," and asks "What kind of cut-rate production is this?!"
His favorite of his Pixar characters was P.T. Flea, because "in real life, I always get a kick out of those kinds of characters, people who just go into a rage for [no] explicable reason. He was always on edge. His blood pressure was always way over the top, and everything that he did was done in a panicked state. So it was a lot of fun to play him."[7] Although technically not Pixar films, Ratzenberger also voiced Aniyaku in the Engish version of Spirited Away, Harland the jet tug in DisneyToon Studios' Planes (2013)[17][18] and a mustached plane named Brodi in its sequel, Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014).[19]
Reality show appearances[edit]
During season six of Last Comic Standing, Ratzenberger was a talent scout with his former Cheers co-star George Wendt.
On March 2, 2007, he replaced Vincent Pastore (who had quit after one week of training) on the fourth season of the American version of Dancing with the Stars.[20] He was partnered with professional ballroom dancer Edyta Sliwinska, who had been Pastore's partner; the two were the sixth couple to be eliminated from the show.
On December 3, 2009, Ratzenberger appeared on an episode of American Chopper to help promote awareness of the Iraq Star Foundation.
On June 26, 2011, Ratzenberger was asked by NASCAR to give the shouting command for the 2011 Toyota Save-Mart 350 at Sonoma. Ratzenberger accepted and gave the "Gentlemen, start your engines" command.
On April 23, 2015, Ratzenberger appeared as a guest judge on the 14th season of Hell's Kitchen for an alcohol challenge, in nod to his appearances on Cheers.
Additional voice, TV, and film work[edit]
Guest starred as Walter Brewster in an episode of Magnum, P.I. in 1984
Appeared in the sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Bob or Santa Claus (1997)
Hosted the Travel Channel TV series John Ratzenberger's Made in America, about things made in the USA (2003–2008[update])
Guest-starred in four episodes of the first season of John Ritter's sitcom 8 Simple Rules as Paul Hennessy's overly friendly neighbor Fred Doyle
Hosts the Wildcard section in the PC version of the board game Trivial Pursuit
Also appeared on That '70s Show as Glen, a man stuck in an awful marriage with his high-school sweetheart whose negative example gives Eric second thoughts about marrying Donna
Played Thomas Foy in the TV movie The Pennsylvania Miners' Story
As Shelly Cole star in The Village Barbershop (2008), written and directed by Chris Ford[21]
Made an appearance in Bill Nye the Science Guy
Provided the voice of Rigger in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers
Made an appearance on British show Live from Studio Five (February 17, 2010).
Appeared in television commercials for the Pitney Bowes personal post office, ended every commercial saying "Hey, I look good in red!"
Appeared in commercials for Quality Hotels and Zaxby's restaurant chain (2010)
Plays Mike the Angel in What If..., a Pure Flix Entertainment/Jenkins Entertainment movie release in 2010, also starring Kevin Sorbo, Kristy Swanson, and Debby Ryan[22]
Reprised his role of Cliff Clavin in an episode of Frasier[23] and - along with his Cheers partner, George Wendt - an episode of Wings called "The Story of Joe"
Hosted the documentary Industrial Tsunami, intended to wake Americans up to the shortage of skilled workers threatening the existence of American companies and entire industries
Appeared in the final episode of Secret Army entitled "The Execution" as a Canadian officer who is bribed by Standartenfuhrer Kessler's mistress Madeleine Duclos to spring Kessler from the POW camp where he is incarcerated
Starred in "A House Divided," the 28th episode of the first season of Melissa & Joey as Arnie the neighbor
Voiced the bathhouse's assistant manager, Aniyaku, in the English dub of Spirited Away
Made a cameo in the DisneyToon Studios animation Planes (2013) playing Harland the pushback vehicle
Made commercials for Ontario's The Beer Store with his Cheers partner, George Wendt
Appeared in Drop Dead Diva as Kim Kaswell's estranged father
Other work[edit]
Ratzenberger at the 2008 Rhode Island International Film Festival
Ratzenberger developed a packaging-alternatives product made from biodegradable and non-toxic recycled paper as a safe alternative to styrofoam "peanuts" and plastic bubble wrap. This product was manufactured by his company Eco-Pak Industries, which he later sold.[24]
Ratzenberger co-authored We've Got it Made in America: A Common Man's Salute to an Uncommon Country (ISBN 1-931722-84-6), published in 2006.
He also co-founded the Nuts, Bolts and Thingamajigs Foundation,[25] dedicated to raising awareness among young people of skilled trades and engineering disciplines.[26]
In 2010, Ratzenberger became affiliated with and now represents the Center for America (formerly the Foundation for Fair Civil Justice) to further develop his work and increase awareness about the skilled worker shortage facing the United States and the changes needed to positively impact and increase the number of skilled workers.[27] He joined as a board member in 2010.[27] CFA is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to "educate, motivate, and empower the American people to understand they have the greatest stake in removing obstacles to a fair civil justice system, innovation, entrepreneurism, and job creation."[28] CFA creates multi-media educational programs, publications, and website features that reach millions of Americans through radio, television, and the internet."[28]
In 2016, Ratzenberger launched thegiftbox.com,[29] an e-commerce website that allows customers to subscribe to a variety of monthly boxes.
Personal life[edit]
Ratzenberger has two children, James John (born 1987), and Nina Kathrine (born 1989), both from a 19-year marriage to Georgia Stiny that ended in divorce in 2004.
After dating for nearly four years, Ratzenberger married Julie Blichfeldt (then 46 years old) on November 6, 2012.[30] Both Ratzenberger and Blichfeldt are described as "avid outdoors enthusiasts, philanthropists, and activists".[30]
Political views[edit]
Ratzenberger, a Republican, said he considered running for the U.S. Senate in Connecticut in 2012.[31]
During the 2008 presidential race, Ratzenberger campaigned for John McCain, appearing with former Cheers co-star Kelsey Grammer at several Republican party events.[32][33] He also has been outspoken in opposition of the 2010 health care reform bill, referring to it as socialism.[34] He endorsed Mitt Romney in 2012.[35] He appeared on Your World with Neil Cavuto to support Donald Trump's candidacy during the 2016 presidential race, shortly after Trump was declared the presumptive Republican nominee.[36]
On January 17, 2010, he appeared and endorsed Scott Brown for the United States Senate at Mechanics Hall in Worcester, Massachusetts.
Ratzenberger campaigned for Republican Josh Mandel of Ohio for the State Treasurer position during the 2010 election and on January 10, 2011, served as master of ceremonies for Mandel's swearing into office.
In response to the 2012 Aurora shooting, he said "Hollywood has to, at some point, admit that what they produce does affect the minds of people.... If you just want to shock 'em... society will pay the price for that at some point."[11]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 The Ritz Patron
1977 Twilight's Last Gleaming Sgt. Kopecki
A Bridge Too Far Lt James Megellas
Valentino Newshound
1978 Warlords of Atlantis Fenn
Superman Missile controller
1979 Hanover Street Sergeant John Lucas
Arabian Adventure Achmed
Yanks Corporal Cook
The Bitch Hal Leonard
1980 The Empire Strikes Back Major Bren Derlin
Motel Hell Drummer
Superman II Controller No. 1
1981 Outland Tarlow
Ragtime Policeman
Reds Communist Leader Uncredited
1982 Battletruck Rusty AKA Warlords of the 21st Century
Firefox Chief Peck
Gandhi American Lieutenant Voice dubbed over
1984 Protocol Security Guard on TV Uncredited
1985 The Falcon and the Snowman Detective
1987 House II: The Second Story Bill
1995 Toy Story Hamm The Piggy Bank (voice)
1997 That Darn Cat Dusty
Bad Day on the Block Al Calavito
One Night Stand Phil
1998 A Bug's Life P.T. Flea (voice)
1999 Toy Story 2 Hamm The Piggy Bank (voice)
2001 Monsters, Inc. Yeti / The Abominable Snowman (voice)
2002 Spirited Away Assistant Manager (voice)
2003 Finding Nemo School of Moonfish (voice)
2004 The Incredibles Underminer (voice)
2006 Something New Brian's Father Uncredited
Cars Mack The 18-Wheeler Truck (voice)
2007 Ratatouille Mustafa The Waiter (voice)
2008 The Village Barbershop Art Leroldi
WALL-E John (voice)
2009 Up Tom The Construction Worker (voice)
2010 What If... Mike The Angel
Toy Story 3 Hamm (voice)
2011 Hawaiian Vacation Short film
Small Fry
Cars 2 Mack (voice)
2012 Brave Gordon The Guard (voice)
Partysaurus Rex Hamm The Piggy Bank (voice) Short film
The Woodcarver Ernest
2013 Monsters University Yeti / The Abominable Snowman (voice)
Planes Harland The Pitty (voice)
Super Buddies Marvin "Gramps" Livingstone Video
In the Name of God Reverend Thomas
2014 Planes: Fire & Rescue Brodie (voice)
2015 Inside Out Fritz (voice)
Russell Madness Mick Vaughn
The Good Dinosaur Earl The Velociraptor (voice)
2016 Finding Dory Bill the Husband Crab (voice)
2017 Cars 3 Mack (voice)
Coco Juan Ortodoncia (voice)
2018 Incredibles 2 Underminer (voice) In production
2019 Toy Story 4 Hamm (voice) In production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1979 Secret Army Staff Sergeant Dexter Episode: "The Execution"
1980 ITV Playhouse Tom Phillips Episode: "Friends in Space"
1981 The Good Soldier Jimmy Television film
Private Schulz American Newsreel Commentator (voice) Uncredited
Episode #1.5
Goliath Awaits Bill Sweeney Television film
Code Red Inspector Ray Allen Episode: "All That Glitters"
1982 Hill Street Blues Phony Cop Episode: "Some Like it Hot-Wired"
1982–93 Cheers Cliff Clavin 268 episodes
1983 Wizards and Warriors Archie Episode: "The Dungeon of Death"
1984 Magnum, P.I. Walt Brewster Episode: "The Legacy of Garwood Huddle"
1985 St. Elsewhere Cliff Clavin Episode: "Cheers"
The Love Boat Marty Elder Episode: "A Day in Port"
1986 Combat Academy Mr. Barnett Television film
1987 The Tortellis Cliff Clavin Episode: "Frankie Comes to Dinner"
Timestalkers General Joe Brodsky Television film
1988 Small World Morris Zapp 6 episodes
Mickey's 60th Birthday Cliff Clavin Television film
1990 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color Cliff Clavin Episode: "Disneyland's 35th Anniversary Celebration"
Camp Cucamonga Marvin Schector Television film
The Earth Day Special Cliff Clavin Television special
Wings Cliff Clavin Episode: "The Story of Joe"
1990–92 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Rigger (voice) 24 episodes
1992 Nurses Mr. Hafner Episode: "Illicit Transfers"
1993 Moon Over Miami Norman Rust Episode: "Farewell, My Lovelies"
1994, 2014 The Simpsons Cliff Clavin / CGI Homer Simpson (voice) 2 episodes: "Fear of Flying", "Treehouse of Horror XXV"
1995 Murphy Brown Felix Episode: "A Rat's Tale"
Sister, Sister Gus Kiamilikimaka 2 episodes
1996 Caroline in the City Mr. Berman Episode: "Caroline and Richard's Mom"
1997 Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child Hinky (voice) Episode: "The Pied Piper"
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch Bob/Santa Claus Episode: "Sabrina Claus"
The Detectives Edsel Episode: "Go West Old Man"
1998 Remember WENN Mr. Abernathy Episode: "And If I Die Before I Sleep"
2000 Touched by an Angel Merl Episode: "Monica's Bad Day"
2001 That '70s Show Glen Episode: "Holy Craps"
The Drew Carey Show Himself/Various Episode: "Drew Live III"
2002 Frasier Cliff Clavin Episode: "Cheerful Goodbyes"
The Pennsylvania Miners' Story Thomas "Tucker" Foy Television film
2003 8 Simple Rules Fred Doyle 4 episodes
2004–08 Made in America Himself (host) 97 episodes
2006 Rodney Himself Episode: "Celebrity"
2011 Melissa & Joey Arnie Episode: "A House Divided"
2012 Matchmaker Santa George Television film
2012–14 Drop Dead Diva Larry Kaswell 3 episodes
2013 Bones Bill Schumacher Episode: "The Cheat in the Retreat"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Stu Kirchoff Episode: "Torch Song"
2013–14 Legit Walter Nugent 10 episodes
Franklin & Bash Judge Elliot Reid 3 episodes
2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Officer Bender (voice) Television special
2015 The McCarthys Charlie Ellis Episode: "Hall of Fame"
Hell's Kitchen Himself Episode: "11 Chefs Compete"
2017 Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures Major Bren Derlin Episode: The Storms of Taul
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
1996 Toy Story: Activity Center Hamm The Piggy Bank
Animated Storybook: Toy Story
1999 Toy Story 2: Activity Center
Toy Story 2: Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue
2005 The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer Underminer
2006 Cars Mack
2010 Toy Story 3: The Video Game Hamm
2012 Kinect Rush: A Disney-Pixar Adventure
2013 Disney Infinity
2017 Cars 3: Driven to Win Mack
Other[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008–2016 Toy Story: The Musical Hamm The Piggy Bank Voice
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e About John from Ratzenberger's official website
Jump up ^ Alcorn, Stacey (2016-04-02). "John Ratzenberger - American Made". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger Biography (1947–) from filmreference.com
Jump up ^ "Last Night's Dancing with the Stars: What You Didn't See". PEOPLE.com.
Jump up ^ "The Ratzenberger Attic".
Jump up ^ The Mark Levin Show (wma) (Radio). May 8, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2008. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Spelling, Ian (May 21, 2009). "John Ratzenberger, Pixar's good luck charm, on Up, Bugs and Toys 3". Sci Fi Wire. Retrieved May 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sal's Meat Market – Unfinished Histories". Unfinishedhistories.com. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ Wilmut, Roger (1989). Didn't You Kill My Mother in Law?- the story of alternative comedy in Britain from the Comedy Store to Saturday Night Live. UK: Methuen. p. 58. ISBN 0-413-17390-9.
Jump up ^ Toasting Cheers, Dennis A. Bjorklund, p.7
^ Jump up to: a b The Joe Cook Program (Radio). July 26, 2012. http://joecookprogram.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/john-ratzenberger-interview/ Retrieved July 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nominees/Winners". Television Academy. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Nominees/Winners". Television Academy. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Norm and Cliff Fight Cheers Robots". go.com.
Jump up ^ Bar Association Plus, Norm and Cliff settle Cheers robot lawsuit from the Entertainment Weekly website
Jump up ^ "Pixar's secret weapon: John Ratzenberger, Slate.com slideshow
Jump up ^ "Disney's "Planes" Hi-res Stills, Fun Facts and Activity Sheets". Stitch Kingdom. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hill, Jim (August 6, 2013). "World premiere of Disney "Planes" turns Hollywood Boulevard into a celebrity-filled landing strip". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Planes Fire & Rescue (2014)". British Film Institute. Retrieved August 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Dancing' adds Cliff from 'Cheers'". CNN. Associated Press. February 20, 2007. Archived from the original on March 4, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
Jump up ^ "www.thevillagebarbershop.com". www.thevillagebarbershop.com. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Jump up ^ "育毛や発毛に効果があるシャンプーの種類についてヰミゼゥ". thewhatifmovie.com.
Jump up ^ "Cheerful Goodbyes". Frasier. Season 9. Episode 21. April 30, 2002. OCLC 124055292. NBC.
Jump up ^ About John: Innovator from Ratzenberger's official website
Jump up ^ Official website of the Nuts, Bolts & Thingamajigs Foundation
Jump up ^ "Early recruitment: Foundation draws youth to careers in manufacturing". Industrial Engineer. May 2009. p. 12.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Ratzenberger – Fiddlers Bay Productions". ratzenberger.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "foundationforfairciviljustice.org". Archived from the original on November 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ TheGiftBox.com. "Actor John Ratzenberger Launches TheGiftBox.com". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "John Ratzenberger weds Julie Blichfeldt". UPI. November 30, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Rachel E. Stassen-Berger (November 5, 2009). "Pawlenty draws wallets fat ... and famous". Minneapolis Star Tribune.
Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger and Kelsey Grammer greeted McCain supporters, called voters on behalf of the Republican ticket, participated in voter-registration activities at the local campaign headquarters, and held a McCain victory rally in Henderson, Nevada. "Political emissaries descend on valley: Richardson, Grammer rally voters at events". Las Vegas Review-Journal. October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Stars stump in Las Vegas Valley". NBC-affiliated KVBC website. October 11, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tea Party activists hit the Hill, arrested outside Pelosi's office". CNN Political Ticker. November 5, 2009. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Obama, Romney turn to star power for help in NV – San Jose Mercury News[dead link]
Jump up ^ "'The Only Candidate for Me': Pixar Icon Throws Support Behind Donald Trump". Fox News Insider. May 11, 2016. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ratzenberger.
John Ratzenberger on IMDb
John Ratzenberger at the TCM Movie Database
John Ratzenberger Official Website
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WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 120933537
LCCN: no97049476
ISNI: 0000 0000 7963 2588
GND: 141339675
BNF: cb14219120b (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ratzenberger&oldid=836658233"
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Sandstone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the geological rock type. For other uses, see Sandstone (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sandstone
Sedimentary rock
Cut slab of sandstone showing Liesegang banding
Composition
Typically quartz and feldspar; lithic fragments are also common. Other minerals may be found in particularly mature sandstone.
Devonian Sandstone at Suur Taevaskoda, Põlva County, Estonia
Alcove in the Navajo Sandstone
Kokh-type tombs cut into the multicoloured sandstone of Petra, Jordan
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) because they are the most resistant minerals to weathering processes at the Earth's surface, as seen in Bowen's reaction series. Like uncemented sand, sandstone may be any color due to impurities within the minerals, but the most common colors are tan, brown, yellow, red, grey, pink, white, and black. Since sandstone beds often form highly visible cliffs and other topographic features, certain colors of sandstone have been strongly identified with certain regions.
Rock formations that are primarily composed of sandstone usually allow the percolation of water and other fluids and are porous enough to store large quantities, making them valuable aquifers and petroleum reservoirs. Fine-grained aquifers, such as sandstones, are better able to filter out pollutants from the surface than are rocks with cracks and crevices, such as limestone or other rocks fractured by seismic activity.
Quartz-bearing sandstone can be converted into quartzite through metamorphism, usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Components
2.1 Framework grains
2.2 Matrix
2.3 Cement
2.4 Pore space
3 Types of sandstone
3.1 Dott's classification scheme
4 Uses
5 See also
6 Notes
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
Origins[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah. These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange colour. Scale bar is 1.0 mm.
Sandstones are clastic in origin (as opposed to either organic, like chalk and coal, or chemical, like gypsum and jasper).[1] They are formed from cemented grains that may either be fragments of a pre-existing rock or be mono-minerallic crystals. The cements binding these grains together are typically calcite, clays, and silica. Grain sizes in sands are defined (in geology) within the range of 0.0625 mm to 2 mm (0.002–0.079 inches). Clays and sediments with smaller grain sizes not visible with the naked eye, including siltstones and shales, are typically called argillaceous sediments; rocks with larger grain sizes, including breccias and conglomerates, are termed rudaceous sediments.
Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years.
Tafoni at Twyfelfontein in Namibia
The formation of sandstone involves two principal stages. First, a layer or layers of sand accumulates as the result of sedimentation, either from water (as in a stream, lake, or sea) or from air (as in a desert). Typically, sedimentation occurs by the sand settling out from suspension; i.e., ceasing to be rolled or bounced along the bottom of a body of water or ground surface (e.g., in a desert or erg). Finally, once it has accumulated, the sand becomes sandstone when it is compacted by the pressure of overlying deposits and cemented by the precipitation of minerals within the pore spaces between sand grains.
The most common cementing materials are silica and calcium carbonate, which are often derived either from dissolution or from alteration of the sand after it was buried. Colours will usually be tan or yellow (from a blend of the clear quartz with the dark amber feldspar content of the sand). A predominant additional colourant in the southwestern United States is iron oxide, which imparts reddish tints ranging from pink to dark red (terracotta), with additional manganese imparting a purplish hue. Red sandstones are also seen in the Southwest and West of Britain, as well as central Europe and Mongolia. The regularity of the latter favours use as a source for masonry, either as a primary building material or as a facing stone, over other construction.
The environment where it is deposited is crucial in determining the characteristics of the resulting sandstone, which, in finer detail, include its grain size, sorting, and composition and, in more general detail, include the rock geometry and sedimentary structures. Principal environments of deposition may be split between terrestrial and marine, as illustrated by the following broad groupings:
Terrestrial environments
Rivers (levees, point bars, channel sands)
Alluvial fans
Glacial outwash
Lakes
Deserts (sand dunes and ergs)
Marine environments
Deltas
Beach and shoreface sands
Tidal flats
Offshore bars and sand waves
Storm deposits (tempestites)
Turbidites (submarine channels and fans)
Components[edit]
Framework grains[edit]
Paradise Quarry, Sydney, Australia
Grus sand and the granitoid from which it is derived
Framework grains are sand-sized (0.0625-to-2-millimetre (0.00246 to 0.07874 in) diameter) detrital fragments that make up the bulk of a sandstone.[2][3] These grains can be classified into several different categories based on their mineral composition:
Quartz framework grains are the dominant minerals in most clastic sedimentary rocks; this is because they have exceptional physical properties, such as hardness and chemical stability.[4] These physical properties allow the quartz grains to survive multiple recycling events, while also allowing the grains to display some degree of rounding.[4] Quartz grains evolve from plutonic rock, which are felsic in origin and also from older sandstones that have been recycled.
Feldspathic framework grains are commonly the second most abundant mineral in sandstones.[4] Feldspar can be divided into two smaller subdivisions: alkali feldspars and plagioclase feldspars. The different types of feldspar can be distinguished under a petrographic microscope.[4] Below is a description of the different types of feldspar.
Alkali feldspar is a group of minerals in which the chemical composition of the mineral can range from KAlSi3O8 to NaAlSi3O8, this represents a complete solid solution.[4]
Plagioclase feldspar is a complex group of solid solution minerals that range in composition from NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8.[4]
Photomicrograph of a volcanic sand grain; upper picture is plane-polarised light, bottom picture is cross-polarised light, scale box at left-centre is 0.25 millimetre. This type of grain would be a main component of a lithic sandstone.
Lithic framework grains are pieces of ancient source rock that have yet to weather away to individual mineral grains, called lithic fragments or clasts.[4] Lithic fragments can be any fine-grained or coarse-grained igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock,[4] although the most common lithic fragments found in sedimentary rocks are clasts of volcanic rocks.[4]
Accessory minerals are all other mineral grains in a sandstone; commonly these minerals make up just a small percentage of the grains in a sandstone. Common accessory minerals include micas (muscovite and biotite), olivine, pyroxene, and corundum.[4][5] Many of these accessory grains are more dense than the silicates that make up the bulk of the rock. These heavy minerals are commonly resistant to weathering and can be used as an indicator of sandstone maturity through the ZTR index.[6] Common heavy minerals include zircon, tourmaline, rutile (hence ZTR), garnet, magnetite, or other dense, resistant minerals derived from the source rock.
Matrix[edit]
Matrix is very fine material, which is present within interstitial pore space between the framework grains.[4] The interstitial pore space can be classified into two varieties. One is to call the sandstone an arenite, and the other is to call it a wacke. Below is a definition of the differences between the two matrices:
Arenites are texturally clean sandstones that are free of or have very little matrix.[5]
Wackes are texturally dirty sandstones that have a significant amount of matrix.[3]
Cement[edit]
Cement is what binds the siliciclastic framework grains together. Cement is a secondary mineral that forms after deposition and during burial of the sandstone.[4] These cementing materials may be either silicate minerals or non-silicate minerals, such as calcite.[4]
Silica cement can consist of either quartz or opal minerals. Quartz is the most common silicate mineral that acts as cement. In sandstone where there is silica cement present, the quartz grains are attached to cement, which creates a rim around the quartz grain called overgrowth. The overgrowth retains the same crystallographic continuity of quartz framework grain that is being cemented. Opal cement is found in sandstones that are rich in volcanogenic materials, and very rarely is in other sandstones.[4]
Calcite cement is the most common carbonate cement. Calcite cement is an assortment of smaller calcite crystals. The cement adheres itself to the framework grains, this adhesion is what causes the framework grains to be adhered together.[4]
Other minerals that act as cements include: hematite, limonite, feldspars, anhydrite, gypsum, barite, clay minerals, and zeolite minerals.[4]
Pore space[edit]
Pore space includes the open spaces within a rock or a soil.[7] The pore space in a rock has a direct relationship to the porosity and permeability of the rock. The porosity and permeability are directly influenced by the way the sand grains are packed together.[4]
Porosity is the percentage of bulk volume that is inhabited by interstices within a given rock.[7] Porosity is directly influenced by the packing of even-sized spherical grains, rearranged from loosely packed to tightest packed in sandstones.[4]
Permeability is the rate in which water or other fluids flow through the rock. For groundwater, work permeability may be measured in gallons per day through a one square foot cross section under a unit hydraulic gradient.[7]
Types of sandstone[edit]
Schematic QFL diagram showing tectonic provinces
Cross-bedding and scour in sandstone of the Logan Formation (Lower Carboniferous) of Jackson County, Ohio
All sandstones are composed of the same general minerals. These minerals make up the framework components of the sandstones. Such components are quartz, feldspars,[8] and lithic fragments. Matrix may also be present in the interstitial spaces between the framework grains.[4] Below is a list of several major groups of sandstones. These groups are divided based on mineralogy and texture. Even though sandstones have very simple compositions which are based on framework grains, geologists have not been able to agree on a specific, right way, to classify sandstones.[4] Sandstone classifications are typically done by point-counting a thin section using a method like the Gazzi-Dickinson Method. The composition of a sandstone can have important information regarding the genesis of the sediment when used with a triangular Quartz, Feldspar, Lithic fragment (QFL diagrams). Many geologists, however, do not agree on how to separate the triangle parts into the single components so that the framework grains can be plotted.[4] Therefore, there have been many published ways to classify sandstones, all of which are similar in their general format.
Visual aids are diagrams that allow geologists to interpret different characteristics about a sandstone. The following QFL chart and the sandstone provenance model correspond with each other therefore, when the QFL chart is plotted those points can then be plotted on the sandstone provenance model. The stage of textural maturity chart illustrates the different stages that a sandstone goes through.
A QFL chart is a representation of the framework grains and matrix that is present in a sandstone. This chart is similar to those used in igneous petrology. When plotted correctly, this model of analysis creates for a meaningful quantitative classification of sandstones.[9]
A sandstone provenance chart allows geologists to visually interpret the different types of places from which sandstones can originate.
A stage of textural maturity is a chart that shows the different stages of sandstones. This chart shows the difference between immature, submature, mature, and supermature sandstones. As the sandstone becomes more mature, grains become more rounded, and there is less clay in the matrix of the rock.[4]
Dott's classification scheme[edit]
Dott's (1964) sandstone classification scheme is one of many such schemes used by geologists for classifying sandstones. Dott's scheme is a modification of Gilbert's classification of silicate sandstones, and it incorporates R.L. Folk's dual textural and compositional maturity concepts into one classification system.[10] The philosophy behind combining Gilbert's and R. L. Folk's schemes is that it is better able to "portray the continuous nature of textural variation from mudstone to arenite and from stable to unstable grain composition".[10] Dott's classification scheme is based on the mineralogy of framework grains, and on the type of matrix present in between the framework grains.
In this specific classification scheme, Dott has set the boundary between arenite and wackes at 15% matrix. In addition, Dott also breaks up the different types of framework grains that can be present in a sandstone into three major categories: quartz, feldspar, and lithic grains.[4]
Arenites are types of sandstone that have less than 15% clay matrix in between the framework grains.
Quartz arenites are sandstones that contain more than 90% of siliceous grains. Grains can include quartz or chert rock fragments.[4] Quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature sandstones. These pure quartz sands result from extensive weathering that occurred before and during transport. This weathering removed everything but quartz grains, the most stable mineral. They are commonly affiliated with rocks that are deposited in a stable cratonic environment, such as aeolian beaches or shelf environments.[4] Quartz arenites emanate from multiple recycling of quarts grains, generally as sedimentary source rocks and less regularly as first-cycle deposits derived from primary igneous or metamorphic rocks.[4]
Feldspathic arenites are sandstones that contain less than 90% quartz, and more feldspar than unstable lithic fragments, and minor accessory minerals.[4] Feldspathic sandstones are commonly immature or sub-mature.[4] These sandstones occur in association with cratonic or stable shelf settings.[4] Feldspathic sandstones are derived from granitic-type, primary crystalline, rocks.[4] If the sandstone is dominantly plagioclase, then it is igneous in origin.[4]
Lithic arenites are characterised by generally high content of unstable lithic fragments. Examples include volcanic and metamorphic clasts, though stable clasts such as chert are common in lithic arenites.[4] This type of rock contains less than 90% quartz grains and more unstable rock fragments than feldspars.[4] They are commonly immature to submature texturally.[4] They are associated with fluvial conglomerates and other fluvial deposits, or in deeper water marine conglomerates.[4] They are formed under conditions that produce large volumes of unstable material, derived from fine-grained rocks, mostly shales, volcanic rocks, and metamorphic rock.[4]
Wackes are sandstones that contain more than 15% clay matrix between framework grains.
Quartz wackes are uncommon because quartz arenites are texturally mature to supermature.[4]
Felspathic wackes are feldspathic sandstone that contain a matrix that is greater than 15%.[4]
Lithic wacke is a sandstone in which the matrix greater than 15%.[4]
Arkose sandstones are more than 25 percent feldspar.[1] The grains tend to be poorly rounded and less well sorted than those of pure quartz sandstones. These feldspar-rich sandstones come from rapidly eroding granitic and metamorphic terrains where chemical weathering is subordinate to physical weathering.
Greywacke sandstones are a heterogeneous mixture of lithic fragments and angular grains of quartz and feldspar or grains surrounded by a fine-grained clay matrix. Much of this matrix is formed by relatively soft fragments, such as shale and some volcanic rocks, that are chemically altered and physically compacted after deep burial of the sandstone formation.
Uses[edit]
The Main Quadrangle of the University of Sydney, a so-called sandstone university
17,000 yr old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the caves of Lascaux, France
Sandstone statue Maria Immaculata by Fidelis Sporer, around 1770, in Freiburg, Germany
Sandstone is highly absorbent. These are sandstone beverage coasters.
Sandstone has been used for domestic construction and housewares since prehistoric times, and continues to be used.
Sandstone was a popular building material from ancient times. It is relatively soft, making it easy to carve. It has been widely used around the world in constructing temples, homes, and other buildings.[11] It has also been used for artistic purposes to create ornamental fountains and statues.
Some sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work. This makes sandstone a common building and paving material including in asphalt concrete. However, some that have been used in the past, such as the Collyhurst sandstone used in North West England, have been found less resistant, necessitating repair and replacement in older buildings.[12] Because of the hardness of individual grains, uniformity of grain size and friability of their structure, some types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements. Non-friable sandstone can be used to make grindstones for grinding grain, e.g., gritstone.
A type of pure quartz sandstone, the orthoquartzite, with more of 90–95 percent of quartz,[13] has been proposed for nomination to the Global Heritage Stone Resource.[14] In some regions of Argentina, the orthoquartzite-stoned facade is one of the main features of the Mar del Plata style bungalows.[14]
See also[edit]
Geology portal
Dimension stone
List of sandstones
Kurkar
Sedimentary basins
Sydney sandstone
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Basic Sedimentary Rock Classification", L.S. Fichter, Department of Geology/Environmental Science, James Madison University (JMU), Harrisonburg, Virginia, October 2000, JMU-sed-classif (accessed: March 2009): separates clastic, chemical & biochemical (organic).
Jump up ^ Dorrik A. V. Stow (2005). Sedimentary Rocks in the Field: A Colour Guide. Manson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-874545-69-9. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Francis John Pettijohn; Paul Edwin Potter; Raymond Siever (1987). Sand and Sandstone. Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-96350-1. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Boggs, J.R., 2000, Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy, 3rd ed. Toronto: Merril Publishing Company. ISBN 0-13-099696-3
^ Jump up to: a b Prothero, D. (2004). Sedimentary Geology. New York, NN: W.H. Freeman and Company
Jump up ^ Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, Sedimentary Geology, p. 460, ISBN 0-7167-2726-9
^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson, J. (1997). Glossary of Geology. Alexandria, VA: American Geological Institute ISBN 3-540-27951-2
Jump up ^ "Sandstone: Sedimentary Rock - Pictures, Definition & More". geology.com. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ Carozzi, A. (1993). Sedimentary petrography. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall ISBN 0-13-799438-9
^ Jump up to: a b Robert H. Dott (1964). "Wacke, greywacke and matrix; what approach to immature sandstone classification?". SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research. 34 (3): 625–32. doi:10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
Jump up ^ "Sandstone: Characteristics, Uses And Problems". www.gsa.gov. Retrieved 2017-08-11.
Jump up ^ Edensor, T. & Drew, I. Building stone in the City of Manchester: St Ann's Church. Sci-eng.mmu.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2012-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Definition of orthoquartzite – mindat.org glossary". www.mindat.org. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Cravero, Fernanda et alia (8 July 2014). "'Piedra Mar del Plata': An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a 'Global Heritage Stone Resource'" (PDF). Geological Society, London. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Folk, R.L., 1965, Petrology of sedimentary rocks PDF version. Austin: Hemphill’s Bookstore. 2nd ed. 1981, ISBN 0-914696-14-9.
Pettijohn F. J., P.E. Potter and R. Siever, 1987, Sand and sandstone, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-96350-2.
Scholle, P.A., 1978, A Color illustrated guide to constituents, textures, cements, and porosities of sandstones and associated rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 28. ISBN 0-89181-304-7.
Scholle, P.A., and D. Spearing, 1982, Sandstone depositional environments: clastic terrigenous sediments , American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir no. 31. ISBN 0-89181-307-1.
USGS Minerals Yearbook: Stone, Dimension, Thomas P. Dolley, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 2005 (format: PDF).
Further reading[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sandstone.
Webb, Jonathan. Sandstone shapes 'forged by gravity' (July 2014), BBC
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Sandstone (disambiguation)

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Collyhurst sandstone

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Grindstone (tool)

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