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Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
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For the arena formerly known as Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena, see Oracle Arena.
Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Oakland Coliseum

Former names
Network Associates Coliseum (1998–2004)
McAfee Coliseum (2004–2008)
Overstock.com Coliseum (May 2011)
O.co Coliseum (2011–2016)
Address
7000 Coliseum Way
Location
Oakland, California
Coordinates
37°45′6″N 122°12′2″W / 37.75167°N 122.20056°W / 37.75167; -122.20056Coordinates: 37°45′6″N 122°12′2″W / 37.75167°N 122.20056°W / 37.75167; -122.20056
Public transit
Oakland Coliseum Station
Owner
Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Authority (City of Oakland and Alameda County)
Operator
AEG
Capacity
Baseball: 47,170[1] (expandable to 55,945)[2]
Football: 56,063[3](expandable to 63,132)
Soccer: 47,416 or 63,132 (depending on configuration)
Field size
Left Field – 330 feet (101 m)
Left-Center – 388 feet (118 m)
Center Field – 400 feet (122 m)
Right-Center – 388 feet (118 m)
Right Field – 330 feet (101 m)
Backstop – 60 feet (18 m)
Surface
Tifway II Bermuda Grass
Scoreboard
36 feet (11 m) high by 145 feet (44 m) wide
Construction
Broke ground
April 15, 1964[4]
Opened
September 18, 1966
Renovated
1995–96
Construction cost
$25.5 million
($188 million in 2016 dollars[5])

$200 million (1995–96 renovation)
($305 million in 2016 dollars[5])
Architect
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
HNTB (1995–96 renovation)
Structural engineer
Ammann & Whitney[6]
Services engineer
Syska & Hennessy, Inc.[7]
General contractor
Guy F. Atkinson Company[4]
Tenants
Oakland Athletics (MLB) (1968–present)
Oakland Raiders (AFL/NFL) (1966–1981, 1995–present)
Oakland Invaders (USFL) (1983–1985)
Oakland Clippers (NPSL/NASL) (1967–1968)
Oakland Stompers (NASL) (1978)
San Jose Earthquakes (MLS) (2008–2009)[8]
The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, often referred to as the Oakland Coliseum, is a multi-purpose stadium in Oakland, California, United States, which is home to both the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). It opened in 1966 and is the only remaining stadium in the United States that is shared by professional football and baseball teams. The Coliseum was also home to some games of the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer in 2008–2009 and hosted games at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum complex consists of the stadium and the neighboring Oracle Arena.
The Coliseum has 6,300 club seats, 2,700 of which are available for Athletics games, 143 luxury suites, 125 of which are available for Athletics games, and a variable seating capacity of 47,170 for baseball, 56,057 for football, and 63,132 for soccer. In seating capacity, Oakland Coliseum is the second smallest NFL stadium, larger only than StubHub Center, the temporary home of the Los Angeles Chargers, but the eighth largest MLB stadium.
On April 3, 2017, Opening Day, the Athletics dedicated the Coliseum's playing surface as Rickey Henderson Field in honor of MLB Hall of Famer and former Athletic Rickey Henderson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Stadium history
1.1 Design
1.2 Planning and construction
1.3 Configurations
1.4 Seating capacity
1.5 Stadium name changes
1.6 Possible replacements
1.6.1 Athletics
1.6.2 Raiders
2 Notable events
2.1 1960s
2.1.1 Raiders and A's move in
2.2 1970s
2.3 1980s
2.4 1990s
2.5 2000s
2.6 2010s
2.7 Concerts
2.8 In Popular culture
2.9 Other events
3 Criticism
3.1 Baseball
3.2 Mount Davis
3.3 Sewage
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Stadium history
Design
The Coliseum features an underground design where the playing surface is actually below ground level (21 feet/6 meters below sea level). Consequently, fans entering the stadium find themselves walking on to the main concourse of the stadium at the top of the first level of seats. This, combined with the hill that was built around the stadium to create the upper concourse, means that only the third deck is visible from outside the park. This gives the Coliseum the illusion of being a short stadium from the outside.
Planning and construction
Business and political leaders in Oakland had long been in competition with neighbor San Francisco, as well as other cities in the West, and worked for Oakland and its suburbs (the greater East Bay) to be recognized nationally as a viable metropolitan area with its own identity and reputation, distinct and separate from that of San Francisco. Professional sports was seen as a primary way for the East Bay to gain such recognition. As a result, the desire for a major-league caliber stadium in the city of Oakland intensified during the 1950s and 1960s.[citation needed]
By 1960, a non-profit corporation was formed to oversee the financing and development of the facility (rather than city or county government issuing taxpayer-backed bonds for construction). Local real estate developer Robert T. Nahas headed this group (which included other prominent East Bay business leaders such as former US Senator William Knowland and Edgar F. Kaiser), which later became the governing board of the Coliseum upon completion. It was Nahas' idea that the Coliseum be privately financed with ownership transferring to the city and county upon retirement of the construction financing.[9]
Robert T. Nahas served 20 years as President of the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Board. On the death of Nahas, the San Francisco Chronicle's Rick DelVecchio quoted Jack Maltester, a former San Leandro mayor and Coliseum board member, "If not for Bob Nahas, there would be no Coliseum, it's really that simple." Nahas had to be a diplomat dealing with the egos of Raiders owner Al Davis, Athletics owner Charles O. Finley, and Warriors owner Franklin Mieuli.
Preliminary architectural plans were unveiled in November 1960, and the following month a site was chosen west of the Elmhurst district of East Oakland alongside the then-recently completed Nimitz Freeway. A downtown site adjacent to Lake Merritt and the Oakland Auditorium (which itself, many years later, would be renamed the Henry J. Kaiser Convention Center) was also originally considered.[9] The Port of Oakland played a key role in the East Oakland site selection; The Port swapped 157 acres (64 ha) at the head of San Leandro Bay to the East Bay Regional Park District, in exchange for 105 acres (42 ha) of park land across the freeway, which the Port in turn donated to the City of Oakland as the site for the Coliseum sports complex.[10]
The Oakland Raiders of the American Football League moved to Frank Youell Field, a makeshift stadium near downtown Oakland, in 1962, and the Coliseum was already being heralded in the local media as the Raiders' future permanent home. Baseball was also a major factor in the planning of the Coliseum. As early as 1961, the American League publicly indicated that it wished to include Oakland in its West Coast expansion plans. In 1963, American League president Joe Cronin suggested that Coliseum officials model some aspects of the new ballpark after then-new Dodger Stadium, which impressed him,[11] though these expansion plans seemed to fade by the middle of the decade.
The Coliseum as seen in its original open grandstand configuration before being enclosed.
After approval from the city of Oakland as well as Alameda County by 1962, $25 million in financing was arranged. Plans were drawn for a stadium, an indoor arena, and an exhibition hall in between them. The architect of record was the San Francisco office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (with Myron Goldsmith the principal design architect[12]) and the general contractor was Guy F. Atkinson Company. Preliminary site preparation began in the summer of 1961. Construction began in the spring of 1962. The construction schedule was delayed for two years due to various legal issues and cost overruns; the original design of the Coliseum had to be modified slightly in order to stay on budget.[13] (For details on the indoor arena, now known as Oracle Arena, refer to that facility's article.)
In 1965, it was rumored that the Cleveland Indians might leave Cleveland for a West Coast city (such as Oakland), but the Indians ended up remaining in Cleveland. Charlie Finley, owner of the Kansas City Athletics, unhappy in Kansas City, impressed by Oakland's new stadium and personally convinced to consider Oakland by Nahas,[14] eventually got permission after several unsuccessful attempts and amid considerable controversy, to relocate his American League franchise to the stadium for the 1968 season (for details on the controversy, see the separate articles for the A's and the Kansas City Royals, the expansion franchise created to replace the A's in Kansas City).
Configurations
In its baseball configuration, the Coliseum has the most foul territory of any major league ballpark in Major League Baseball. Thus, many balls that would reach the seats in other ballparks can be caught for outs at the Coliseum. The distance to the backstop was initially 90 feet (27 m), but was reduced to 60 feet (18 m) in 1969.
From 1968 through 1981 and in 1995, two football configurations were used at the stadium. During Raider preseason games and all regular season games played while the baseball season was still going on, the field was set up from home plate to center field (east/west). Seats that were down the foul lines for baseball games became the sideline seats for football games, which started up to 120 feet away from the field (most football-only stadiums have sideline seats that start around 60 feet away). Once the A's season ended, the orientation was switched to north/south: i.e. the football field ran from the left field line to the right field line; seats were moved from behind first and third base to create corners for the end zone to fit into (these seats were then placed to fill in the space that was normally behind home plate and near the foul poles for baseball games). Temporary football bleachers were then added in front of the baseball bleachers to form the sideline on the east (visitors') side, and the baseball bleachers were not sold. Raiders season ticket holders would thus have two season ticket locations in different parts of the stadium that roughly corresponded to the same location in relation to the field. Since stadium expansion in 1996, the field has run north/south throughout the season.
Seating capacity
Baseball
Years
Capacity
1968–1976
50,000
1977–1980
49,649
1981–1982
50,255
1983–1984
50,219
1985
50,255
1986
50,219
1987
49,219
1988
50,219
1989
49,219
1990
48,219
1991
47,450
1992–1995
47,313
1996–1997
39,875
1998–2005
43,662
2006–2007
34,077
2008–2016
35,067
Since 2017
47,170
Football
Years
Capacity
1966–1976
54,587
1977–1988
54,615
1989–1995
54,444
1996–1998
63,026
1999–2012
63,132
Since 2013
56,057
Stadium name changes
Logo (2004–2008)
Logo (2008–2011)
Logo (April–June 2011)
Logo (2011–2016)
For more than its first three decades (1966–1998) the stadium was known as Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.[15]
In September 1997, UMAX Technologies agreed to acquire the naming rights to the stadium. However, following a dispute, a court decision reinstated the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum name. In 1998, Network Associates agreed to pay US$5.8 million over 5 years for the naming rights and the stadium became known as Network Associates Coliseum, or, alternately in marketing and media usage as, "the Net".[16]
Network Associates renewed the contract in 2003 for an additional five years at a cost of $6 million. In mid-2004, Network Associates was renamed McAfee, restoring its name from before its 1997 merger with Network General, and the stadium was renamed McAfee Coliseum accordingly.
McAfee was offered a renewal of the naming contract in 2008, but it was declined. The name reverted to the pre-1997 name of Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum on September 19, 2008. The stadium retained its original name until April 27, 2011, when it was renamed Overstock.com Coliseum via a 6-year, $7.2 million naming rights deal with online retailer Overstock.com.
The Coliseum was renamed O.co Coliseum on June 6, 2011, after Overstock.com's marketing name.[17] However, due to a contract dispute with the Athletics regarding the Overstock/O.co naming rights deal, the A's referred to the stadium as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in all official team communications and on team websites.[18]
Overstock.com opted out of the final year on their naming rights deal on April 2, 2016, and the stadium was re-branded from O.co Coliseum to The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.[19][20]
The Athletics dedicated the Coliseum's playing surface "Rickey Henderson Field" in honor of MLB Hall of Famer and former Athletic Rickey Henderson as part of Opening Day on April 3, 2017.[21]
Possible replacements
See also: Cisco Field, Carson Stadium, Las Vegas Stadium, and Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas
Athletics
The A's new owner Lewis Wolff made the A's first official proposal for a new ballpark in Oakland to the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum Authority on August 12, 2005. The new stadium would have been located across 66th Avenue from the Coliseum in what is currently an industrial area north of the Coliseum. The park would have held 35,000 fans, making it the smallest park in the major leagues. Plans for the Oakland location fell through in early 2006 when several of the owners of the land proposed for the new ballpark decided not to sell.
Throughout 2006, the Athletics continued to search for a ballpark site within their designated territory of Alameda County. Late in 2006, rumors began to circulate regarding a 143-acre (58 ha) parcel of land in Fremont, California being the new site. These rumors were confirmed by the Fremont city council on November 8 of that year. Wolff met with the council that day to present his plan to move the A's to Fremont into a soon to be built ballpark named Cisco Field. Wolff and Cisco Systems conducted a press conference at the San Jose-based headquarters of Cisco Systems on November 14, 2006 to confirm the deal, and showcase some details of the future plan. However, on February 24, 2009, after delays and increased public opposition, the Athletics officially ended their search for a stadium site in Fremont.[22] Speculation was raised as to whether or not the Athletics franchise would remain in Northern California in the long term as a result of the termination of the Cisco Field plan.
The Coliseum in 1981 before construction of the Mount Davis structure (top) and Mt. Davis during baseball season in 2006, with tarp-covered upper deck (middle); the structure during football season. (bottom)
Two building sites have become leading candidates for a new Athletics' home in 2010: a site in downtown San Jose located near SAP Center (home of the NHL's San Jose Sharks) and a proposed stadium near Jack London Square in Oakland at a site referred to as Victory Court.[23]
The Athletics signed a 10-year lease to stay in Oakland and at the Coliseum on July 22, 2014. The deal requires that the team looks into a new stadium, but only in the city limits, making it more difficult for the Raiders taking the stadium down.
The A's began talks with an architect on August 6, 2014, to build a baseball-only stadium at the Coliseum site, according to Wolff.[24]
The United States Supreme Court rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics on October 5, 2015.[25]
Raiders
Under any such replacement proposals, the Oakland Raiders would have presumably continued to play football in the Coliseum, although there were proposals for the Raiders to play at Levi's Stadium, the home of the San Francisco 49ers in Santa Clara as well as rumors regarding the Raiders' possible return to Los Angeles.[26][27][28]
The Oakland Raiders proposed a 50,000-seat stadium in the same spot of their current stadium in 2013. It would cost $800 million, with $300 million coming from the Raiders, $200 million coming from the NFL's stadium loan program, and the final $300 million coming from the city.[29]
Raiders owner Mark Davis met with officials with the city of San Antonio on July 29, 2014, to discuss moving the Raiders to the city in time for the 2015 season; they would have temporarily played home games at the Alamodome until a new permanent stadium is built.
On September 3, 2014, the city of Oakland claimed it had reached a tentative deal to build a new football stadium in Oakland, which would result in the Coliseum being demolished. The claim was met with silence from the Raiders, who continued to explore San Antonio, and opposition from Alameda County.[30]
The Raiders and the San Diego Chargers announced plans on February 19, 2015, for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.[31] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[32]
Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3–0 on April 22, 2015.[33] The council voted without having clarified several issues, including who would finance the stadium, how the required three-way land swap would be performed, and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant.[34]
In January 2016, Mark Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about building a domed stadium on the UNLV campus for the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels.[35] Funding was later secured for the Vegas project. The Raiders submitted papers for relocation to Las Vegas in January 2017, and on March 27, 2017, the Raiders' relocation to Las Vegas was approved.
Notable events
1960s
Raiders and A's move in
The Raiders played their first game at the stadium on September 18, 1966. In 1968, the Kansas City Athletics moved to Oakland and began play at the stadium. The Athletics' first game was played on April 17, 1968. The stadium complex cost $25.5 million to build and rests on 120 acres (49 ha) of land. On April 17, 1968, Boog Powell hit the first major league home run in the history of the Coliseum.[36] On May 8 of that year, Catfish Hunter pitched the ninth perfect game in Major League history at the Coliseum.[37] The Coliseum hosted the 1967 and 1969 AFL championship games. Additionally, the venue had hosted the second match of the NPSL Final 1967.
1970s
The Black Hole (sections 104, 105, 106, and 107) during a Raiders home game against the Atlanta Falcons on November 2, 2008
From 1970 to 1972 the stadium hosted 3 college football benefit games featuring Bay Area schools versus historically black colleges.
The Coliseum hosted the 1971 East–West Shrine Game on January 2, 1971.
In 1972, the Athletics won their first of 3 straight World Series championships and their first since their years in Philadelphia.
The awkwardness of the baseball-football conversion, as well as the low seating capacity (around 54,000 for football) and that the prime seating on the east side consisted of temporary bleachers led the Raiders to explore other stadium options. One such option was Memorial Stadium on the UC Berkeley campus. Several preseason games were played there in the early 1970s along with one regular season game in 1973 (a 12-7 victory over the Miami Dolphins during September while the A's regular season was going on). However, in response to traffic and parking issues associated with these games (while Cal games drew a large number of students who live on or near campus and walk to the games, Raiders games attracted fans from a larger geographic area who were used to tailgating at the Coliseum and were more likely to drive to games), the City of Berkeley passed a Professional Sports Events License Tax in which the city collected 10% of all gate receipts, making the staging of professional games inside the city cost-prohibitive. The Raiders were granted an injunction from the city collecting the tax, arguing that the tax was a regulatory measure rather than a revenue measure, and was therefore an improper regulation on land held in trust by the Regents of the University of California. However, the grant of the injunction was reversed by the California Court of Appeals, who found it to be a revenue measure, despite the fact that the city had made the measure immediately effective "due to danger to the public peace, health, and safety of the City of Berkeley as a result of the holding of professional sports events there".[38]
The stadium was not well maintained for most of the late 1970s. Its condition was most noticeable during baseball season, when crowds for A's games twice numbered fewer than 1,000. On April 17, 1979, only 653 fans attended the game versus the Seattle Mariners.[39] During this time, it was popularly known as the "Oakland Mausoleum".
1980s
An A's game at the Coliseum in 1985
In 1980, the Raiders won Super Bowl XV. Two years later, the Raiders moved to Los Angeles, leaving the A's as the only remaining tenants of Oakland Coliseum. Only days later, Finley agreed to sell the A's to Marvin Davis, who planned to move the A's to Denver. However, city and county officials were not about to lose Oakland's status as a major-league city in its own right, and refused to let the A's out of their lease. Finley sold the team instead to the owners of San Francisco-based Levi Strauss & Co..[citation needed] After the 1986 Major League Baseball season, the original scoreboards were replaced. A new American Sign and Indicator scoreboard and message center was installed behind the left-field bleachers, while the original right-field scoreboard was replaced with a manually operated out-of-town scoreboard. Between the centerfield flagpoles, a new Diamond Vision videoscreen was installed.
The 1987 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held at the stadium. From 1988 to 1990, the venue saw 3 more World Series. In 1989, the Athletics won their 4th Series since moving to Oakland, sweeping the San Francisco Giants in the earthquake-interrupted "Battle of the Bay" Series.
1990s
In the 1990s, several major concerts were held, but these were not "Days on the Green", by definition, because they occurred at night.
In July 1995, the Raiders agreed to return to Oakland provided that Oakland Coliseum underwent renovations. In November 1995, those renovations commenced and continued through the next summer until the beginning of the 1996 football season (more info below). The new layout also had the somewhat peculiar effect of creating an inward jog in the outfield fence, in left-center and right-center. There are now three distance markers instead of one, at various points of the power alleys, as indicated in the dimensions grid. The Raiders' return also heralded the creation of the "Black Hole", a highly recognizable group of fans who occupy one end zone seating during football games.
Along with the since-demolished Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, the stadium features the unusual configuration of laying the football field on a line from first to third base rather than laying it from home plate to center field, or parallel to one of the foul lines, as with most multipurpose facilities. Thus, a seat behind home plate for baseball is behind the 50-yard line for football. With the Miami Marlins opening their own ballpark in 2012, the stadium became the last remaining venue in the United States that hosts both a Major League Baseball and a National Football League team.[40]
2000s
On April 2, 2006, the broadcast booth was renamed in honor of the late Bill King, a legendary Bay Area sportscaster who was the play-by-play voice of the A's, Raiders and Warriors for 44 years.
San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer, announced in November 2007 that they would be playing their "big draw" games, such as those featuring David Beckham and the Los Angeles Galaxy, at the stadium instead of their then-home Buck Shaw Stadium (capacity roughly over 10,000) in Santa Clara.[41] Since then the Quakes moved to their new home of Avaya Stadium and play their bigger games in nearby Stanford Stadium.
Midway through the decade, the stadium established a "no re-entry" policy. Each ticket can only be used once, after which a second ticket must be purchased in order to re-enter the Coliseum.
2010s
On May 9, 2010, almost 42 years to the day of Catfish Hunter's perfect game, Dallas Braden pitched the 19th perfect game in Major League history at the Coliseum. A commemorative graphic was placed on the baseball outfield wall next to Rickey Henderson's retired number on May 17, their next home game.
As part of a new 10-year lease signed by the Athletics with the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Authority in 2014, the Oakland Coliseum had a new $10 million scoreboard system (two large outfield scoreboards, 36 feet tall and 145 feet wide, and two ribbon scoreboards) installed for the start of the 2015 MLB season. Also part of the new lease, the Coliseum Authority agreed to pay $1 million a year, with 5% annual increases, into a fund to maintain the stadium.[42]
For the 2017 Major League Baseball season, the tarp covering a large amount of the baseball configuration has been removed, increasing the capacity to over 47,000 for the first time since 1995. The tarp remains on the football-only Mt. Davis.
Concerts
Commencing in 1973, the stadium hosted an annual Day on the Green concert series, presented by Bill Graham and his company Bill Graham Presents, which continued on into the early 1990s.
Marvin Gaye made his official return to live performing and touring at the Coliseum on January 4, 1974 and the Coliseum was the basis for his 1 million-selling live album, Marvin Gaye Live! At the time, music industry executives cited the tour as a "heralded event" as Gaye made a comeback to live touring nearly 4 years after the death of his late singing partner Tammi Terrell.
Led Zeppelin played what turned out to be their final North American concerts with twin shows during their 1977 North American Tour. This was due to the brutal assault on Peter Grant's 11-year-old son Warren by a Bill Graham roadie, and the sudden death of Robert Plant's young son Karac in the UK.[43]
Parliament-Funkadelic recorded half the album Live: P-Funk Earth Tour at the Oakland Coliseum in January 1977. The album was released in April of that year.
The stadium played host to Amnesty International's Human Rights Now! Benefit Concert on September 23, 1988. The show was headlined by Sting and Peter Gabriel and also featured Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Tracy Chapman, Youssou N'Dour, Roy Orbison and Joan Baez.
Metallica and Guns N' Roses brought the Guns N' Roses/Metallica Stadium Tour to the Coliseum on September 24, 1992, with Body Count as their opening act.
U2 played two nights in July 1997 at the Oakland Coliseum as part of their PopMart tour. They were supported by Oasis, one of the first shows of their Be Here Now tour.
The stadium played host to The Gigantour on September 8, 2006, featuring performances by Megadeth, Lamb of God, Opeth, Arch Enemy, Overkill, Into Eternity, Sanctity and The SmashUp.[44]
U2 performed during their 360° Tour on June 7, 2011, with Lenny Kravitz and Moonalice as their opening acts. The show was originally scheduled to take place on June 16, 2010, but was postponed, due to Bono's emergency back surgery.[45]
On August 5th, 2017, Green Day played a homecoming concert at the Collesium. The show was part of the band's summer tour in support of their third number 1 album, Revolution Radio.
In Popular culture
Richard Marx shot the video for "Take This Heart" on the baseball field of the Coliseum.
The stadium was the location for the 1994 Disney movie Angels in the Outfield. Although Angel Stadium of Anaheim (known as Anaheim Stadium at the time) was where the Angels actually played, it was damaged in the 1994 Southern California earthquake. Anaheim Stadium was used for views from the outside and aerial views, while the Coliseum was used for interior shots.
Other events
The stadium has hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round since 2011.[46]
Criticism
This article's Criticism or Controversy section may compromise the article's neutral point of view of the subject. Please integrate the section's contents into the article as a whole, or rewrite the material. (July 2013)
Baseball
In recent years, the Coliseum has been criticized as being one of the "worst stadiums in baseball".[47] Problems cited include the large amount of foul territory and the addition of Mount Davis. The former allows for more foul-outs while the latter has been criticized for "ruining" the ambience of the original configuration.
Mount Davis
The Bill King Broadcast Booth, with a tarpaulin covering the third deck
One feature of the 1996 expansion was the addition of over 10,000 seats in the upper deck that now spans the outfield in the baseball configuration, enclosing the stadium. Due to the stands' height and the loss of the Oakland hills view, A's fans have derisively nicknamed the structure "Mount Davis", after late Raiders owner Al Davis. It has been criticized as an area which has made the Oakland Coliseum look ever more like a football stadium, and not at all one for baseball.[48]
In 2006, the Athletics covered the entire third deck with a tarpaulin (tarp), reducing capacity to 34,077—the smallest capacity in MLB at the time. Even if a game was otherwise sold out, the A's would not sell any seats in the area. It would remain covered except if they made the World Series. The A's said that closing off the upper deck would create a "more intimate environment" for baseball. This drew criticism from fans, the Oakland City Council, and sports marketing analysts baffled at owner Lew Wolff's decision, with some stating that this was cover for a possible move to San Jose (see Cisco Field). There were 20,878 seats covered up by the tarp which would otherwise have been usable for baseball.[2] In 2017, new team President Dave Kaval decided to remove several sections covered by tarps. This increased capacity by 12,103 to 47,170.[1]
In February 2013, the Oakland Raiders announced that they would cover 11,000 seats in the Mount Davis section with a tarp to avoid blackouts. This reduces capacity to 53,250, by far the smallest in the NFL (league rules require a minimum capacity of 50,000, and no other stadium, barring the temporary-use StubHub Center, seats fewer than 61,000). Under NFL rules, the tarps have to stay in place all season long, no matter if they make the playoffs or not.[49]
Main article: Mount Davis (Oakland)
Sewage
On June 16, 2013 following the game against the Seattle Mariners, the Coliseum experienced a severe sewage backup. This led to pipes leaking out puddles of sewage into the showers, offices, visitor training room and storage areas on the clubhouse level of the stadium, all of which are 3 feet (1 m) below sea level. After the game, the A's and Mariners were forced to share the Oakland Raiders locker room, located on the stadium's second floor. According to Coliseum officials, the stadium's aging plumbing system was overtaxed after a six-game homestand that drew close to baseball capacity crowds totaling 171,756 fans.[50]
This was not the first time sewage problems cropped up at the stadium. For instance, on one occasion the Angels complained about E. coli in the visiting team's training room after a backup. Backups occur even when no events are taking place there.[51] For instance, Wolff wanted to go to dinner on June 12, 2013 (while the A's were on the road) at one of the Coliseum's restaurants, only to find out that food service had been halted due to a sewage leak in the kitchen.[52]
The Coliseum during A's game in September 2008
See also
Baseball portal
National Football League portal
San Francisco Bay Area portal
Sports in the San Francisco Bay Area
Oracle Arena – home of the Oakland-based Golden State Warriors
References
^ Jump up to: a b Slusser, Susan (April 11, 2017). "A's take tarps off; upper deck tickets $15". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved April 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, Carolyn (October 5, 2012). "A's Refuse to Remove Tarp". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Quick Facts" (PDF). 2015 Oakland Raiders Media Guide. Oakland Raiders. July 27, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Oakland Raiders Fan Guide". Oakland Raiders. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Complex". Engineering News-Record. Peter Griffin-Hill. 179 (2): 13. 1967. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sports" (PDF). Syska Hennessy Group. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official statements concerning the cancellation of gr and prix arizona". Retrieved September 15, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Oakland Tribune, November 3, 1960, front page
Jump up ^ "Chapter 2 – LWVO Study". WaterfrontAction.org. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ Oakland Tribune, January 27, 1963, pg. 39E
Jump up ^ Temko, Allan (July 17, 1996). "Myron Goldsmith -- Noted Architect". sfgate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Oakland Tribune, April 3, 1964, page E49
Jump up ^ Robert Nahas obituary, San Francisco Chronicle, February 26, 2002. Retrieved April 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Woodall, Angela (April 7, 2012). "Oakland Coliseum Still Bears O.co Name". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved May 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Matier, Phillip; Ross, Andrew (May 12, 2011). "New Name in Oakland Sports: Overstock.com Coliseum". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ About Us: History. Oracle Arena and O.co Coliseum official website. SMG (management company). Retrieved September 20, 2011. See also: About SMG (SMG official website. Retrieved September 20, 2011.) and SMG At-a-Glance: Stadiums (SMG official website. Retrieved September 20, 2011.).
Jump up ^ "Athletics: No go for O.co". Ballpark Digest. August Publications. April 9, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Oakland Alameda Coliseum Naming Rights Available". ORACLE Arena & Oakland Alameda Coliseum. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2016. Until further notice, the Joint Powers Authority requests that the facility be referred to as 'The Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum', by the media and in all public communications.
Jump up ^ Mahbubani, Rhea (April 2, 2016). "Overstock.com Opts out of Naming Rights with O.co Coliseum". KNTV. Retrieved April 3, 2016. The stadium will, until further notice, be known as the Coliseum, Oakland Coliseum or Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. It remains unclear what permanent name will be picked.
Jump up ^ "A’s to Dedicate Rickey Henderson Field". Ballpark Digest. August Publications. February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goll, David (February 24, 2009). "A's Abandon Plans for Fremont Ballpark". Sacramento Business Journal. Bizjournals.com. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Purdy, Mark (December 3, 2010). "Bud Selig shouldn't bite on Oakland's sketchy pitch for A's". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ "A's approach architect about building new ballpark in Oakland". San Francisco Chronicle. August 6, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose's bid to lure Oakland A's". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
Jump up ^ "NFL: 49ers & Raiders Should Share Stadium – NFL – Rumors". FanNation. January 25, 2009. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ 49ers and Raiders to Share Stadium from mvn.com Archived January 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Los Angeles stadium planner: Talks held with five NFL teams Sports Illustrated, June 10, 2011
Jump up ^ "Oakland Raiders want new $800M stadium when lease expires after 2013 season". The Oregonian. July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "New stadium deal for Raiders gives team land, pays off debt". San Francisco Chronicle. September 3, 2014. Retrieved September 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Williams, Eric D. (February 20, 2015). "Chargers, Raiders reveal L.A. plan". ESPN.com. Retrieved February 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rapoport, Ian (February 20, 2015). "Chargers, Raiders team up for stadium proposal in Los Angeles". NFL.com. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jablon, Robert (April 22, 2015). "City Council approves plan for NFL stadium near Los Angeles". Associated Press. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
Jump up ^ Logan, Tim; Nathan Fenno (April 21, 2015). "Carson City Council may be set to approve NFL stadium, sight unseen". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2015-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Las Vegas Sands wants stadium for UNLV, possibly Raiders". Sports Illustrated. 2016-01-29. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Home Run Baptism of New Parks". sabr.org. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ "May 8, 1968 Twins-Athletics box score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Oakland Raiders vs. City of Berkeley, 65 Cal. App. 3d 623".
Jump up ^ "April 17, 1979 Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Box Score and Play by Play –". Baseball-Reference.com. April 17, 1979. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ "Report: New stadium to open April 4". ESPN. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ San Jose Earthquakes: Home: FAQ Archived October 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Harrison, Jeff (24 July 1977). "Trouble at Coliseum concert". Oakland Tribune. Oakland. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Gigantour 2008 Official site Archived January 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ 2015 AMA Supercross media guide
Jump up ^ "The 5 Worst Stadiums in All of Major League Baseball". Bleacher Report. January 30, 2011. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Press Box: Oakland: Less Seats, More Filling". Retrieved September 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Vic Tafur (2013-02-06). "Raiders will tarp top of Mount Davis". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
Jump up ^ A's, M's forced into same locker room. ESPN, 2013-06-16.
Jump up ^ Slusser, Susan. Raw sewage on clubhouse level creates chaos. San Francisco Chronicle, 2013-06-16.
Jump up ^ Steward, Carl. Oakland A's owner Lew Wolff says Coliseum sewage mess not unusual. Oakland Tribune, 2013-06-17.
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum.
Official Oakland Coliseum website
County Coliseum_coliseum.htm Visit to Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
History of Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
Oaklandathletics.com: Coliseum website
FootballGeography.com: College football at the Oakland Coliseum
YouTube.com: Time-lapse video of the conversion between seating arrangement
[show]Events and tenants
Preceded by
Municipal Stadium Home of the
Oakland Athletics
1968–present Succeeded by
current
Preceded by
Frank Youell Field Home of the
Oakland Raiders
1966–1981 Succeeded by
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Preceded by
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Oakland Raiders
1995–present Succeeded by
current
Preceded by
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1987 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
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San Jose Earthquakes
(with Buck Shaw Stadium)
2008–2009 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
Miami Orange Bowl
Three Rivers Stadium
Alltel Stadium
Heinz Field Host of AFC Championship Game
1975
1977
2001
2003 Succeeded by
Three Rivers Stadium
Mile High Stadium
Heinz Field
Gillette Stadium
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Articles and topics related to Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
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† does not include 1967 AFL championship
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[show]
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[show]
Honors
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[show]
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[show]
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San Jose, California
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Owner: Earthquakes Soccer, LLC
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Head Coach: Chris Leitch
Major honors (4)
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2001
2003
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2005
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Major League Soccer
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1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2008
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[show]
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[show]
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Current stadiums of the National Football League
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1 Both the New York Giants (NFC) and the New York Jets (AFC) share the same venue.
[show]
v
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Attractions in Oakland, California
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[show]
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Multi-purpose baseball parks (open air) – Major League Baseball
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Angel Stadium (Angels; Anaheim, California)
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[show]
v
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AMA / FIM World Supercross venues
Current
(2017)
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[show]
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Defunct stadiums of Major League Soccer
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The General Crisis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Thirty Years' War devastated much of Europe 1618–48 and was one of the many political upheavals during the General Crisis.
The General Crisis is the term used by some historians to describe the period of widespread conflict and instability that occurred from the early 17th century to the early 18th century in Europe and in more recent historiography in the world at large.[1] The concept is much debated by historians and there is no consensus.
Contents
[hide]
1 What was the "General Crisis"?
2 Global patterns
3 Conflicts and Wars
4 Inflation
5 Demographic decline
6 Climate change
7 References
8 Bibliography
What was the "General Crisis"?[edit]
The term was coined by English Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm in his pair of 1954 articles entitled "The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century" published in Past and Present, and cemented by his contemporary, Hugh Trevor-Roper, in a 1959 article entitled "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century" published in the same journal. Hobsbawm discussed an economic crisis in Europe; Trevor-Roper saw a wider crisis, "a crisis in the relations between society and the State".[2] Trevor-Roper argued that the middle years of the 17th century in Western Europe saw a widespread break-down in politics, economics and society caused by a complex series of demographic, religious, economic and political problems. In this "general crisis", various events such as the English Civil War, the Fronde in France, the climax of the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and revolts against the Spanish Crown in Portugal, Naples and Catalonia were all manifestations of the same problem. The most important cause of the "general crisis",[3] in Trevor-Roper’s opinion, was the conflict between "Court" and "Country"; that is between the increasingly powerful centralizing, bureaucratic, sovereign princely states represented by the court, and the traditional, regional, land-based aristocracy and gentry representing the country. In addition, the intellectual and religious changes introduced by the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation were important secondary causes of the "general crisis". The "general crisis" thesis generated much controversy between those, such as the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm, who believed in the "general crisis" thesis but saw the problems of 17th-century Europe as being more social and economic in origin than Trevor-Roper would allow, and those who simply denied there was any "general crisis". Current historians interested in the General Crisis include Geoffrey Parker, who has authored a book on the subject.
Global patterns[edit]
Many historians have argued the 17th century was an era of crisis.[4][page needed][5][page needed] Many other historians have rejected the idea.[who?] Today there are historians who promote the crisis model,[6] arguing it provides an invaluable insight into the warfare, politics, economics,[7] and even art.[8] The Thirty Years War (1618–48) focused attention on the massive horrors that wars could bring to entire populations.[9][page needed] The 1640s in particular saw more state breakdowns around the world than any previous or subsequent period.[4][page needed][5][page needed] The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the largest state in Europe, temporarily disappeared. In addition, there were secessions and upheavals in several parts of the Spanish Empire, the world’s first global empire. In Britain the entire Stuart monarchy (Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, Kingdom of Ireland, and British America) rebelled. Political insurgency and a spate of popular revolts seldom equaled shook the foundations of most states in Europe and Asia. More wars took place around the world in the mid-17th century than in almost any other period of recorded history. The crises spread far beyond Europe—for example Ming China, the most populous state in the world, collapsed.[10]
China’s Ming dynasty and Japan’s Tokugawa shogunate had radically different economic, social, and political systems. However they experienced a series of crises during the mid-17th century that were at once interrelated and strikingly similar to those occurring in other parts of the world at the same time.[11] Frederic Wakeman argues that the crisis which destroyed the Ming dynasty was partly a result of the climatic change as well as China’s already significant involvement in the developing world economy. Bureaucratic dishonesty worsened the problem. Moreover, the Qing dynasty’s success in dealing with the crisis made it more difficult for it to consider alternative responses when confronted with severe challenges from the West in the 19th century.[12]
Conflicts and Wars[edit]
Examples which have been given for general crisis and state breakdown during this period include:
The Thirty Years War in Germany (1618–48)
The Economic Crisis in the Holy Roman Empire (1619–23)[13]
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639–51), The Protectorate (1653–59), and the Glorious Revolution (1688) in Britain and Ireland
The collapse of the Ming Dynasty and rise of the Qing Dynasty in China (1644–62)
The Fronde in France (1643–68)
Revolts against the Spanish crown in Naples, Portugal, and Catalonia
The climax of the Dutch Revolt and related conflicts (ends in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia)
Numerous internal revolts in the Ottoman Empire (especially 1622)
The disintegration of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Deluge
The beginning of Sakoku in Japan and the Shimabara Uprising (1638)
The Char Bouba War in Mauritania (1644–74)
The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14)
Several wars of succession in the Mughal Empire (1600-1605 between Akbar and Salim; 1605; Shahjahan's revolt)
Inflation[edit]
Precious metals from newly discovered deposits in America, especially silver from Potosí in modern Bolivia and from Mexico, were shipped by Spain to China as well as to Europe. Silver was less prevalent in China than in Europe and consequently more valuable. The continuous flow of silver from the New World caused a continuous flow of wealth from China to Spain. The silver imports also caused general price inflation throughout Europe. Rapid population growth until the mid-decades of the seventeenth century also initially contributed to inflation in some areas.[citation needed]
Demographic decline[edit]
For those who extend the General Crisis outside Europe, one symptom is dramatic population decline. For example, with the collapse of the Ming Dynasty the population of China fell by approximately 50 million between 1600 and 1644, a decrease of over 30%.[14] Likewise, Germany's population was reduced by approximately 15% to 30% in the Thirty Years War.[15] The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth also lost about a third of its population. Many theories have been proposed as to why population dropped so rapidly during this period. Renowned economist Robert Malthus proposed the theory of population limitation as a result of carrying capacity. In his theory, food supplies simply did not grow as fast as population. As such, the subsistence gap between food and population created a check on the population. In applying this theory to the demographic crisis of this period, much focus has been placed on the growth and expansion of the "new" monarchies of late medieval Europe. These newly centralized and bureaucratized monarchies with their greater demands for war placed greater demands on the populaces of their realms. The previously mentioned climatic change also helped to exacerbate these new problems of war.[citation needed]
Climate change[edit]
The General Crisis overlaps fairly neatly with the Little Ice Age which some authorities locate in the 17th century. Of particular interest is the overlap with the Maunder Minimum. Across the Northern Hemisphere, the mid-17th century experienced almost unprecedented death rates. Geoffrey Parker has suggested that environmental factors may have been in part to blame, especially the global cooling trend of this period.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tutorial (PDF), IN: Sgt Bkhalsadu .
Jump up ^ Aston 1965, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Kristen, "Trevor-Roper, Hugh", The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing, pp. 1204–5 .
^ Jump up to: a b Parker & Smith 1997.
^ Jump up to: a b Aston 1965.
Jump up ^ Shank, JB (2008), "Crisis: A Useful Category of Post-Social Scientific Historical Analysis?", American Historical Review, 113 (4): 1090–99, doi:10.1086/ahr.113.4.1090 .
Jump up ^ de Vries, Jan (2009), "The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 40 (2): 151–94, JSTOR 40263652, doi:10.1162/jinh.2009.40.2.151 .
Jump up ^ Burke, Peter (2009), "The Crisis in the Arts of the Seventeenth Century: A Crisis of Representation?", Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 40 (2): 239–61, JSTOR 40263655, doi:10.1162/jinh.2009.40.2.239 .
Jump up ^ Wilson, Peter H (2011), The Thirty Years War: Europe’s Tragedy .
Jump up ^ Parker 2008, pp. 1053–79.
Jump up ^ Atwell, William S (1986), "Some Observations on the ‘Seventeenth-Century Crisis’ in China and Japan", Journal of Asian Studies, 45 (2): 223–44, doi:10.2307/2055842
Jump up ^ Wakeman, Frederic E (1986), "China and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis", Late Imperial China, 7 (1): 1–26, doi:10.1353/late.1986.0006 .
Jump up ^ JStor .
Jump up ^ Ming Dynasty.
Jump up ^ "The Thirty Years War (1618–48)". Twentieth Century Atlas. Retrieved 2008-05-24.
Jump up ^ Parker & Smith 2008.
Bibliography[edit]
Aston, Trevor, ed. (1965), Crisis in Europe 1560–1660: Essays from Past and Present .
Parker, Geoffrey; Smith, Lesley M, eds. (1997) [1978]. The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Psychology Press.
Parker, Geoffrey (2008), "Crisis and Catastrophe: The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered", American Historical Review, 113 (4): 1053–79, doi:10.1086/ahr.113.4.1053 .
——— (2010), "States Make War But Wars Also Break States", Journal of Military History, 74 (1): 11–34 .
Rabb, Ted, ed. (1975), Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe .
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1959), "The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century", Past and Present, 16, doi:10.1093/past/16.1.31 .
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