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Elf (film)
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For other uses, see Elf (disambiguation).
Elf
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jon Favreau
Produced by
Jon Berg
Todd Komarnicki
Shauna Robertson
Written by
David Berenbaum
Starring
Will Ferrell
James Caan
Zooey Deschanel
Mary Steenburgen
Daniel Tay
Bob Newhart
Ed Asner
Narrated by
Bob Newhart
Music by
John Debney
Cinematography
Greg Gardiner
Edited by
Dan Lebental
Production
company
Guy Walks Into a Bar Productions
Distributed by
New Line Cinema
Release date
November 7, 2003 (2003-11-07)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$33 million[2]
Box office
$220.4 million[2]
Elf is a 2003 American Christmas fantasy comedy film, directed by Jon Favreau and written by David Berenbaum. It stars Will Ferrell, James Caan, Zooey Deschanel, Mary Steenburgen, Daniel Tay, Ed Asner, and Bob Newhart. The story is about one of Santa's elves (Ferrell) who learns he is actually a human and goes to New York City to meet his biological father (Caan), spreading Christmas cheer in a world of cynics as he goes.
The film was released in the United States on November 7, 2003 by New Line Cinema. It received positive reviews from critics and grossed $220 million worldwide on a $33 million budget. It inspired the 2010 Broadway musical Elf: The Musical and NBC's 2014 stop-motion animated television special Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Voices
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Post-Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
4.3 Accolades
4.4 Critics' rankings
4.5 Home media
5 Musical
6 Music
7 Animated special
8 Possible sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On Christmas Eve, a baby boy crawls into Santa Claus's sack at an orphanage and is unwittingly transported back to the North Pole. When discovered at the workshop, the elves name him "Buddy" because he is wearing "Little Buddy Diapers", and he is adopted by Papa Elf.
Buddy grows up at the North Pole believing he is an elf, but due to his human size is unable to keep up with the other elves and demoted to the demeaning job of toy testing. When Buddy overhears that he is a human, Papa Elf explains that Buddy was born to Walter Hobbs and Susan Wells, and given up for adoption. Susan subsequently died and Walter, who now works for a children's book publisher at the Empire State Building in New York City, is unaware of Buddy's existence. Santa reveals, to Buddy's horror, that Walter is on the naughty list due to his selfishness, but suggests Buddy could help redeem him.
Buddy travels to New York where he has trouble adjusting to the customs of the cynical human world. Buddy finds his father at work, but Walter is incredulous and has security remove him. Taking a security guard's sarcastic suggestion literally, Buddy visits the Gimbels department store where the manager mistakes him for an employee. At the store's Santa Land, he meets Jovie, an unenthusiastic employee to whom he is instantly attracted. After hearing that Santa will be at the store the following day, Buddy spends the night decorating Santa Land. When Buddy realizes that the Gimbels Santa is not the real Santa, he confronts him and yanks the beard off his costume, resulting in a fight that lands Buddy in jail. Walter reluctantly bails him out and takes him to a doctor for a DNA test, which confirms that Buddy is Walter's son. The doctor convinces Walter to take Buddy home to meet his step mother Emily and twelve-year-old half brother Michael. Walter and Michael are put off by Buddy's odd behavior, but Emily insists that they care for him until he "recovers".
Buddy and Michael become friends after defeating a gang of bullies in a snowball fight and Michael encourages Buddy to ask Jovie on a date. During the date, the two fall for each other. Walter's boss, citing the failure of the company's most recent book, expects a new book by Christmas Eve, so Walter and his team hire best-selling children's author Miles Finch. Buddy interrupts a meeting between Walter's team and Finch to tell Walter of his newfound love and mistakes Finch, who has dwarfism, for an elf. Buddy pesters Finch into losing his temper and walking out on Walter, causing Walter to harshly disown Buddy. Buddy leaves a note for Emily and Michael, and wanders the streets lamenting that he does not fit in anywhere.
On Christmas Eve, after finding Finch's notebook full of ideas, Walter and his team scramble to create a book to pitch. Walter's boss is prepared to hear the pitch when Michael arrives and informs Walter that Buddy is gone. Realizing he was wrong, Walter tries unsuccessfully to reschedule, then quits his job and leaves with Michael to find Buddy.
Santa's sleigh crashes in Central Park, attracting a large crowd. Buddy finds Santa, who explains that the sleigh has lost its engine and cannot fly without it, due to a shortage of Christmas spirit. Buddy finds the engine and is reunited with Walter and Michael. Walter apologizes to Buddy and accepts him as his son; Buddy then takes them to meet Santa. Michael takes Santa's list and reads it in front of television news cameras gathered outside the park, proving that Santa is real. The Central Park Rangers, whom Santa had placed on the naughty list, chase the sleigh as Buddy tries to reattach the engine. Jovie leads the crowd in singing "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town," helping raise enough Christmas spirit to fully power the sleigh.
By next Christmas, Walter has started his own publishing company with a best-selling book about Buddy's adventures. Buddy and Jovie, now married, bring their newborn daughter Susie to visit Papa Elf.
Cast[edit]
Will Ferrell as Buddy Hobbs, a human who was raised by Santa's elves
James Caan as Walter Hobbs, a children's book publisher and Buddy's biological father
Zooey Deschanel as Jovie, an unenthusiastic worker at Gimbels and Buddy's love interest.
Mary Steenburgen as Emily Hobbs, Walter's wife and Buddy's stepmother
Daniel Tay as Michael Hobbs, Walter and Emily's son and Buddy's younger half brother
Ed Asner as Santa Claus, who finds Buddy in his sack and gives him to Papa Elf to raise
Bob Newhart as Papa Elf, an elf that raised Buddy
Faizon Love as Wanda, the manager of Gimbels and Jovie's boss
Peter Dinklage as Miles Finch, a best selling children's author
Amy Sedaris as Deb, Walter Hobbs' secretary
Michael Lerner as Mr. Greenway, Walter Hobbs' boss
Andy Richter as Morris, an associate of Walter Hobbs
Kyle Gass as Eugene Dupree, an associate of Walter Hobbs
Artie Lange as the Gimbels Santa
Jon Favreau as Dr. Leonardo, the Hobbs family's pediatrician
Matt Walsh as Eye Witness
Peter Billingsley as Ming Ming (uncredited)
Mark Acheson as a mailroom worker
Patrick Ferrell (Will Ferrell's brother) as a security guard (cameo)[citation needed]
Voices[edit]
Leon Redbone as Leon the Snowman
Ray Harryhausen as Polar Bear Cub
Jon Favreau as the Baby Walrus, Mr. Narwhal, and the Arctic Puffin
Dallas McKennon as the Jack-in-the-Box (archive audio)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
David Berenbaum's screenplay underwent uncredited rewrites by Scot Armstrong,[3][4] Chris Henchy,[5] and the writing team of Adam McKay and Will Ferrell.[6][7][8]
Terry Zwigoff was offered to direct, but declined due to his commitment on another Christmas comedy of 2003, Bad Santa.[citation needed] Jon Favreau eventually directed the film.
Casting[edit]
Jim Carrey was originally attached to portray Buddy, but turned down the role.[9]
Filming[edit]
Director Jon Favreau
Filming took place in New York City, as well as in Vancouver and at Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam, British Columbia.[10][11]
The film makes heavy use of forced perspective to exaggerate the size of Buddy compared to all the other elves. Stop motion animation was employed for certain sequences.[10]
Zooey Deschanel singing was not in the original script, and Favreau added it when he learned she was a singer.[10] When Buddy starts singing in the middle of Santaland at Gimbels, the lyrics were not scripted and Will Ferrell improvised the song on the spot.[12] Even though Buddy is an excellent gift wrapper, Will Ferrell is not, and needed someone else to wrap all the gifts in the movie.[12]
Post-Production[edit]
Apart from snow, most of the computer generated imagery (CGI) in the film was created by Rhythm & Hues Studios.[13] Buddy's belch after drinking a two-liter bottle of Coca-Cola was real, as dubbed by voice actor Maurice LaMarche.[14]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Elf grossed $173.4 million in North America and $47 million in other territories for a total gross of $220.4 million, against a budget of $33 million.[2]
The film opened at number two at the box office in the United States with $31.1 million, finishing behind The Matrix Revolutions, also in its first week.[15] It topped the box office on its second week of release, beating out Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World. In the United Kingdom, it opened in second behind Love Actually.[16]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 84% based on 189 reviews, and an average rating of 7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A movie full of Yuletide cheer, Elf is a spirited, good natured family comedy, and it benefits greatly from Will Ferrell's funny and charming performance as one of Santa's biggest helpers."[17] On Metacritic, the film has a normalized score of 64 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[18] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[19]
Roger Ebert gave it 3 out of 4 stars, calling it "one of those rare Christmas comedies that has a heart, a brain and a wicked sense of humor, and it charms the socks right off the mantelpiece."[20] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying: "Ferrell makes the damn thing work. Even though he can't get naked or use naughty words, there's a devil of comedy in Ferrell, and he lets it out to play. Director Jon Favreau has the good sense to just stand out of his way."[21]
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated for nine awards and won two.[22]
Won
2004 ASCAP award – Top Box Office Films (John Debney)
2004 Golden Trailer – Best Comedy
Nominated
2004 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award – Favorite Movie
2004 MTV Movie Award – Best Comedic Performance (Will Ferrell)
2004 PFCS Award – Best Live Action Family Film and Best Use of Previously Published or Recorded Music
2004 Teen Choice Award – Choice Movie Actor – Comedy (Will Ferrell) and Choice Movie – Comedy
2005 Golden Satellite Award – Best Youth DVD
Critics' rankings[edit]
Elf is often ranked among the greatest Christmas films of all-time,[23][24][25][26] and since its release has joined the many films which air annually on television during the holiday season. In 2017, Fandango users rated Elf as the best Christmas film of the 21st century.[27]
Digital Spy – #3[28]
Total Film – #3[29]
Entertainment Weekly – #4[30]
San Francisco Chronicle – #4[31]
The Guardian – #4[32]
The Hollywood Reporter – #6[33]
Forbes – #7[34]
Newsday – #7[35]
about.com – #9[36]
Empire – #11[37]
Chicago Tribune – #17[38]
New York Daily News - #23[39]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on DVD and VHS on November 16, 2004, and on Blu-ray on October 28, 2008. It is also available for the PlayStation Portable with Universal Media Disc.
Musical[edit]
Main article: Elf: The Musical
A Broadway musical based upon the film ran on Broadway during the 2010 Christmas season. It was directed by Casey Nicholaw, with music by Matthew Sklar, lyrics by Chad Beguelin, and a book by Bob Martin and Thomas Meehan.
The musical officially opened at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on November 10, 2010, after previews from November 2, 2010. The cast included Sebastian Arcelus as Buddy, Amy Spanger as Jovie, Beth Leavel as Emily, Mark Jacoby as Walter, Matthew Gumley as Michael, Valerie Wright as Deb, Michael McCormick as Mr. Greenway, Michael Mandell as Store Manager, and George Wendt as Santa. It ran through to January 2, 2011.[40]
Music[edit]
The soundtrack was released on New Line Records in November 2003 in the United States[41] and in October 2005 in the United Kingdom.[42] It was certified Gold by the RIAA in April 2011.[43] Having sold 695,000 copies in the United States, it is the second best-selling film soundtrack/holiday album hybrid since Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales in 1991, behind only The Polar Express.[44]
"Pennies from Heaven" – Louis Prima
"Sleigh Ride" – Ella Fitzgerald and the Frank De Vol Orchestra
"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" – Lena Horne
"Sleigh Ride/Santa Claus Party" – Ferrante and Teicher/Les Baxter
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" – Leon Redbone/Zooey Deschanel
"Jingle Bells" – Jim Reeves
"The Nutcracker Suite" – Brian Setzer
"Christmas Island" – Leon Redbone
"Santa Baby" – Eartha Kitt and the Henri René Orchestra
"Winter Wonderland" – Leon Redbone
"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town" – Eddy Arnold
"Nothing from Nothing" – Billy Preston
The score to the film, composed and conducted by John Debney and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony, was released by Varese Sarabande.[45]
Animated special[edit]
Main article: Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas
Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas is an hour long stop motion animated musical television special based on the film and the musical of the same name. While Edward Asner was the only cast member from the film to reprise his role, the rest of the cast included Jim Parsons as Buddy, Mark Hamill as Walter Hobbs, Kate Micucci as Jovie, Rachael MacFarlane as Emily Hobbs, Max Charles as Michael Hobbs, and Gilbert Gottfried as Mr. Greenway. It was produced by Warner Bros. Animation and first aired on NBC on December 16, 2014. It features songs from the musical.
Possible sequel[edit]
On September 28, 2013, Mental Floss reported that Favreau was interested in making a sequel to Elf, entitled Elf 2: Buddy Saves Christmas, but it was later cancelled.[46] Later in December 2013, Will Ferrell stated that he didn't want to make a sequel to Elf.[47] Despite this, during an interview in January 2016, Favreau stated that a sequel could possibly be made.[48] The next month however, Ferrell reiterated that it's unlikely that the sequel will happen and stated that he was not interested in reprising his role.[49]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Elf". American Film Institute. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Elf (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Falcon, Jesse (February 1, 2007). "Old School's Scot Armstrong". Cracked. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (June 14, 2005). "Inside Move: Lack of Will power won't stop 'Elf' sequel". Variety. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Riley, Jenelle (May 27, 2016). "Will Ferrell and Adam McKay Celebrate a Decade of Gary Sanchez Productions". Variety. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Hara, Helen (January 17, 2016). "Adam McKay: laughing all the way to the bank". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Caro, Mark (December 6, 2013). "'Anchorman 2': The Chicago roots of Adam McKay". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Weiner, Jonah (February 28, 2014). "Anchor Management". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Mullins, Jenna (18 December 2014). "NEWS/ 56 Facts You May Not Know About Your Favorite Holiday Films". E! News. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gary Susman (2013-12-24). "'Elf' at 10: Jon Favreau Reflects on Buddy's Magical Legacy | Movies News". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Explanation of the sound effect". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Will Ferrell in 'Elf" Interview". Vimeo. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
Jump up ^ Snipes, Stephanie (November 7, 2003). "How to create an 'Elf'". CNN.com. CNN. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Maurice LaMarche interview on Talk Radio Meltdown - Explanation of Buddy the Elf's belch at 21:52". Talk Radio Meltdown. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for November 7-9, 2003". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Elf beats Crowe at US box office". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 16 November 2003. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Elf at Rotten Tomatoes". Flixster Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elf". Metacritic. Retrieved May 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Elf – CinemaScore". CinemaScore. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Jim (2003-11-07). "Elf Movie Review & Film Summary (2003)". Roger Ebert. Retrieved 2014-02-21.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (November 7, 2003). "'Elf' review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elf Awards". IMDb. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Movie Rankings: 10 Best Christmas Movies". Heavy.com.
Jump up ^ "17 Favorite Christmas Movies". Huffington Post. December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dave Infante (December 18, 2015). "Best Christmas Movies including Home Alone, Scrooged, Muppet Christmas Carol". thrillist.
Jump up ^ "The 10 Greatest Christmas Movies Of All-Time, According To British People". cinemablend.com.
Jump up ^ "Elf Is the Top Christmas Movie of the 21st Century". 22 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (December 19, 2011). "Muppet Christmas Carol tops Digital Spy favourite Christmas film poll". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Elf #3 total film greatest xmas film of all time".
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris (2011-12-26). "Entertainment Weekly Greatest xmas movies of all time Elf #4".
Jump up ^ "SFC Elf #4 Greatest christmas movie of all time". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "Guardian Greatest christmas movies Elf #4". HanMan.
Jump up ^ Couch, Aaron. "Elf #6 Greatest xmas film of all time". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Mark. "Elf #7 Forbes best christmas movies of all time".
Jump up ^ "Newsday Elf 7th best christmas film".
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Christmas Movies". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ "The 30 Best Christmas Movies Ever". empireonline.com. Bauer Consumer Media. December 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ "Chicago tribune #17 elf greatest christmas film of all time". HanMan.
Jump up ^ "Merry Christmas! The best Christmas movies ever". Daily News New York. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-24.
Jump up ^ Hetrick, Adam."Beth Leavel, Mark Jacoby and George Wendt to Star in Elf – The Musical on Broadway" Archived 2010-08-15 at the Wayback Machine. playbill.com, August 11, 2010
Jump up ^ "Elf: Music From The Major Motion Picture". Amazon.com. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elf Original Soundtrack". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "American certifications – Elf: Music from the Major Motion Picture". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 6, 2014). "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: 'Guardians' on Cassette Cashes In". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Studio Symphony". Retrieved 1 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "55 Unfortunately Unfinished Films". September 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Will Ferrell Says 'Bah Humbug' to 'Elf 2'".
Jump up ^ "Elf 2 Could Happen Says Jon Favreau (Exclusive)".
Jump up ^ Tilly, Chris (February 11, 2016). "Why Will Ferrell Won't Make Elf 2".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Elf
Elf on IMDb
Elf at AllMovie
Elf at Box Office Mojo
Elf at Rotten Tomatoes
Elf at the Internet Broadway Database
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Films directed by Jon Favreau
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Frenulum of tongue
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Frenulum of tongue
The mouth cavity. The apex of the tongue is turned upward, and on the right side a superficial dissection of its under surface has been made. (Frenulum labeled at center right.)
Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. (Frenulum linguae is topmost label at right.)
Details
Identifiers
Latin
frenulum linguae
MeSH
A14.549.885.431
Dorlands
/Elsevier
f_16/12379176
FMA
54659
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The frenulum of tongue or tongue web (also lingual frenulum or frenulum linguæ; also fraenulum[1]) is a small fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the midline of the underside of the tongue.
Contents
[hide]
1 Development
2 Anatomy
3 Disorders
3.1 Trauma related to oral sexual activity
4 See also
5 Footnotes
Development[edit]
The tongue starts to develop at about 4 weeks. The tongue originates from the first, second, and third pharyngeal arches which induces the migration of muscles from the occipital myotomes. A U-shaped sulcus develops in front of and on both sides of the oral part of the tongue. This allows the tongue to be free and highly mobile, except at the region of the lingual frenulum, where it remains attached. Disturbances during this stage cause tongue tie or ankyloglossia. During the sixth week of gestation, the medial nasal processes approach each other to form a single globular process that in time gives rise to the nasal tip, columella, prolabium, frenulum of the upper lip, and the primary palate.[2] As the tongue continues to develop, frenulum cells undergo apoptosis, retracting away from the tip of the tongue, and increasing the tongue's mobility.[3]
During early gestation (as early as 4 weeks) the lingual frenulum serves as a guide for the forward growth of the tongue. After birth the tip of the tongue continues to elongate, giving the impression of the frenulum retracting, though in reality this has been going on for some time before birth. This is what gives the impression that the frenulums of some previously tongue-tied infants will "stretch" with age and growth. In reality the tongue often just grows beyond the frenulum, although some do also stretch and/or rupture after mild accidents. Many others continue to cause problems throughout life, unless corrected.[4]
Anatomy[edit]
The thin strip of tissue that runs vertically from the floor of the mouth to the undersurface of the tongue is called the lingual frenulum. It tends to limit the movement of the tongue, and in some people, it is so short that it actually interferes with speaking.
The base of the frenulum contains a "V" shaped hump of tissue in the floor of the mouth which houses a series of saliva gland ducts. The two largest ducts are in the center just in front of the attachment of the lingual frenulum and are called Wharton's Ducts. They empty the submandibular (submaxillary) and sublingual salivary glands. These ducts can be quite active in some persons, and upon occasion, a considerable amount of saliva may erupt from them while talking, eating, yawning, or cleaning the teeth in a process known as gleeking. The sublingual saliva glands empty through a series of tiny ducts in the tissue on either side of Wharton's ducts. The tongue is attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the frenulum.
Superficial veins run through the base of the frenulum known as varicosities. Their presence is normal, becoming more and more prominent as the patient ages.[5]
Disorders[edit]
Ankyloglossia
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital anomaly characterised by an abnormally short lingual frenulum; when severe, the tip of the tongue cannot be protruded beyond the lower incisor teeth.[6]
Additionally, an abnormally short frenulum in infants can be a cause of breastfeeding problems, including sore and damaged nipples and inadequate feedings.[7] The resultant trouble breastfeeding results in slower weight gain in affected infants.[8]
The absence of the inferior labial (100% sensitivity; 99.4% specificity) and lingual frenulum (71.4% sensitivity; 100% specificity) was found to be associated with classical and hypermobility types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[9]
Trauma related to oral sexual activity[edit]
Traumatic lesions on the ventral surface (undersurface) of the tongue, especially the lingual frenulum, can be caused by friction between the tongue and the mandibular central incisor teeth during cunnilingus and other oral sexual activities (such as anilingus)[10][10][11][12][13] in what is sometimes knowns as cunnilingus tongue or cunnilingus syndrome.[14]
The condition manifests as pain and soreness on the undersurface of the tongue,[15] and sometimes the throat.[14] The ulceration of the lingual frenum caused by cunnilingus is typically orientated horizontally, the lesion corresponding to the contact of the ventral tongue with the incisal edge of the mandibular incisor teeth when the tongue is in its most forward position and the lingual frenulum is stretched.[10] The ulceration has a nonspecific appearance, and is covered with a fibrinous exudate and surrounded by an erythematous (red) "halo".[15][16] Chronic ulceration at this site can cause linear fibrous hyperplasia (irritation fibroma).[10][15]
Differential diagnosis is with other causes of oral ulceration such as aphthous stomatitis, secondary herpetic lesions, syphilis, etc.[16]
Topical anesthetic may be used to relieve symptoms while the lesion heals.[15] Fibrous lesions may require surgical excision.[15] The incisal edges of the mandibular teeth can be smoothed to minimize the chance of trauma.[10] This type of lesion usually resolves in 7–10 days, but may recur with repeated performances.[10]
See also[edit]
Ankyloglossia
Lingual frenectomy
Frenuloplasty of tongue
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ e.g. William Trevor, The Story of Lucy Gault, 2002, page 14.
Jump up ^ "Basic Embryology of Head and Neck". Chicago Medical Center. 2009-08-14. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Jump up ^ Human embryology made easy. Harwood Academic Publishers. 1998.
Jump up ^ "lingual frenulum". Everything2. 2002-03-23. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.doctorspiller.com/oral%20anatomy.htm
Jump up ^ "Division of ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) for breastfeeding". NICE, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
Jump up ^ "The importance of the identification of ankyloglossia (short lingual frenulum) as a cause of breastfeeding problems". J Hum Lact. NCBE. 6 (3): 113–5. 2005-12-14. PMID 2400555.
Jump up ^ "Sore Nipples and Slow Weight Gain Related to a Short Frenulum". SAGE. 1990. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Absence of the inferior labial and lingual frenula in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome". The Lancet. 2001-05-22. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f BW Neville; DD Damm; CM Allen; JE Bouquot (2002). Oral & maxillofacial pathology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 253–284. ISBN 0-7216-9003-3.
Jump up ^ Stark, Margaret M (2011). Clinical forensic medicine a physician's guide (3rd ed.). New York: Humana Press. p. 96. ISBN 9781617792588.
Jump up ^ Crispian Scully; Stephen Flint; Stephen R. Porter; Kursheed Moos; Jose Bagan (2010). Oral and maxillofacial diseases: an illustrated guide to diagnosis and management of diseases of the oral mucosa, gingivae, teeth, salivary glands, jaw bones and joints (4th ed.). London: Informa Healthcare. p. 221. ISBN 9781841847511.
Jump up ^ Scully C (2004). Oral and maxillofacial diseases (3rd ed.). London [u.a.]: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781841843384.
^ Jump up to: a b Benrubi, Guy I (2010). Handbook of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 345. ISBN 9781605476667.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ravikiran Ongole; Praveen BN (10 Feb 2014). Textbook of Oral Medicine, Oral Diagnosis and Oral Radiology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1245. ISBN 9788131237991.
^ Jump up to: a b Laskaris, George (2003). Color atlas of oral diseases (3rd ed.). Stuttgart [u.a.]: Thieme. p. 58. ISBN 9781588901385.
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text:
Baa, Baa, Black Sheep
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Baa, Baa, Black Sheep (disambiguation).
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
Sheet music
Nursery rhyme
Published
c. 1744
Songwriter(s)
Unknown
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep" is an English nursery rhyme, the earliest surviving version of which dates from 1731. The words have not changed very much in two-and-a-half centuries. It is sung to a variant of the 1761 French melody Ah! vous dirai-je, maman. Uncorroborated theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme. These include that it is a complaint against taxes levied on the Medieval English wool trade and that it is about the slave trade. In the twentieth century it was a subject of controversies in debates about political correctness. It has been used in literature and popular culture as a metaphor and allusion. The Roud Folk Song Index classifies the lyrics and their variations as number 4439.
Contents
[hide]
1 Modern version
2 Original version
3 Melody
4 Origins and meaning
5 Modern controversies
6 Allusions
7 See also
8 Notes
Modern version[edit]
The rhyme as illustrated by Dorothy M. Wheeler
Recent versions tend to take the following form:
Baa, baa, black sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes, sir, yes, sir,
Three bags full;
One for the master,
And one for the dame,
And one for the little boy
Who lives down the lane.[1]
The rhyme is a single stanza in trochaic metre, which is common in nursery rhymes and relatively easy for younger children to master.[2] The Roud Folk Song Index, which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number, classifies the song as 4439 and variations have been collected across Great Britain and North America.[3] And as stated above, the tune is widely accepted as a common-practice nursery rhyme, but it is only a fragment of an 18th century anecdotal song/poetry to shed light on the transitional economy of the period, for both good.. and otherwise.
Original version[edit]
Illustration for the rhyme from Mother Goose's Melody, first published c. 1765
This rhyme was first printed in Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book, the oldest surviving collection of English language nursery rhymes, published c. 1744 with the lyrics very similar to those still used today:
Bah, Bah, a black Sheep,
Have you any wool?
Yes merry I have,
Three bags full,
Two for my master,
One for my dame,
None for the little boy
That cries in the lane.[1]
In the next surviving printing, in Mother Goose's Melody (c. 1765), the rhyme remained the same, except the last lines, which were given as, "But none for the little boy who cries in the lane".[1]
Melody[edit]
Baa, Baa, Blacksheep
Tune for Baa, Baa, Blacksheep
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The rhyme is usually sung to a variant of the 1761 French melody Ah! vous dirai-je, maman, which is also used for "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" and the "Alphabet song". The words and melody were first published together by A. H. Rosewig in (Illustrated National) Nursery Songs and Games, published in Philadelphia in 1879.[4]
Origins and meaning[edit]
As with many nursery rhymes, attempts have been made to find origins and meanings for the rhyme, most which have no corroborating evidence.[1] Katherine Elwes Thomas in The Real Personages of Mother Goose (1930) suggested that the rhyme referred to resentment at the heavy taxation on wool.[5] This has particularly been taken to refer to the medieval English "Great" or "Old Custom" wool tax of 1275, which survived until the fifteenth century.[1] More recently the rhyme has been connected to the slave trade, particularly in the southern United States.[6] This explanation was advanced during debates over political correctness and the use and reform of nursery rhymes in the 1980s, but has no supporting historical evidence.[7] Rather than being negative, the wool of black sheep may have been prized as it could be made into dark cloth without dyeing.[6]
Modern controversies[edit]
William Wallace Denslow's illustrations for Baa, Baa, Black Sheep, from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose
Further information: Loony Left § Baa Baa White Sheep
A controversy emerged over changing the language of "Baa Baa Black Sheep" in Britain from 1986, because, it was alleged in the popular press, it was seen as racially dubious. This was based only on a rewriting of the rhyme in one private nursery as an exercise for the children there and not on any local government policy.[8] A similar controversy emerged in 1999 when reservations about the rhyme were submitted to Birmingham City Council by a working group on racism in children's resources, which were never approved or implemented.[9] Two private nurseries in Oxfordshire in 2006 altered the song to "Baa Baa Rainbow Sheep", with black being replaced with a variety of other adjectives, like "happy, sad, hopping" and "pink".[10] In 2012, a private nursery in Kingston upon Thames replaced "black" with "little" for their Easter show.[11] Commentators have asserted that these controversies have been exaggerated or distorted by some elements of the press as part of a more general campaign against political correctness.[8]
In 2014, there was reportedly a similar controversy in the Australian state of Victoria.[12]
Allusions[edit]
The phrase "yes sir, yes sir, three bags full sir" has been used to describe any obsequious or craven subordinate. It is attested from 1910, and originally was common in the British Royal Navy.[13]
The rhyme has often been raised in literature and popular culture. Rudyard Kipling used the rhyme as the title of a semi-autobiographical short story he wrote in 1888.[5] The name Black Sheep Squadron was used for the Marine Attack Squadron 214 of the United States Marine Corps from 1942 and the title Baa Baa Black Sheep was used for a book by its leader Colonel Gregory "Pappy" Boyington and for a TV series (later syndicated as Black Sheep Squadron) that aired on NBC from 1976 until 1978.[14] In 1951, together with "In the Mood", "Baa Baa Black Sheep" was the first song ever to be digitally saved and played on a computer.[15]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Opie, I. & Opie, P. (1997) [1951]. The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 88. ISBN 0-19-860088-7.
Jump up ^ Hunt, P. (1997). International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 0-2031-6812-7.
Jump up ^ "Searchable database", English Folk Song and Dance Society, retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ J. J. Fuld, The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk (Courier Dover Publications, 5th edn., 2000), ISBN 0-486-41475-2, pp. 593-4.
^ Jump up to: a b W. S. Baring-Gould and C. Baring Gould, The Annotated Mother Goose (Bramhall House, 1962), ISBN 0-517-02959-6, p. 35.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ariadne", New Scientist, 13 March 1986.
Jump up ^ Lindon, J. (2001). Understanding Children's Play. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. p. 8. ISBN 0-7487-3970-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Curran, J.; Petley, J.; Gaber, I. (2005). Culture wars: the media and the British left. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 85–107. ISBN 0-7486-1917-8.
Jump up ^ Cashmore, E. (2004). Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 321. ISBN 0-415-28674-3.
Jump up ^ "Nursery opts for "rainbow sheep"". BBC News Education. 7 March 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "How private school abandoned nursery rhyme's lyrics for Easter show sparking political correctness accusations". Daily Mail. 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Racial connotations over black sheep prompts changes to Baa Baa Black Sheep at Victorian kindergartens". Herald Sun. 17 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Partridge, Eric; Beale, Paul (1986). A dictionary of catch phrases: British and American, from the sixteenth century to the present day (2nd revised & abridged ed.). Routledge. p. 547. ISBN 0-415-05916-X.
Jump up ^ F. E. Walton, Once They Were Eagles: The Men of the Black Sheep Squadron (University Press of Kentucky, 1996), ISBN 0-8131-0875-6, p. 189.
Jump up ^ J. Fildes, "Oldest computer music unveiled", BBC News, retrieved 15 August 2012.
[hide]
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Nursery rhymes (list)
"A-Tisket, A-Tasket"
"Baa, Baa, Black Sheep"
"Did You Ever See a Lassie?"
"Happy Birthday to You"
"Hey Diddle Diddle"
"Hickory Dickory Dock"
"Hot Cross Buns"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"I'm a Little Teapot"
"It's Raining, It's Pouring"
"Jack and Jill"
"Little Bo Peep"
"Little Boy Blue"
"Little Jack Horner"
"Little Miss Muffet"
"Mary Had a Little Lamb"
"Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary"
"Old King Cole"
"Old MacDonald Had a Farm"
"Old Mother Hubbard"
"Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe"
"Peter Piper"
"Polly Put the Kettle On"
"Poor Mary"
"Pop Goes the Weasel"
"Pussy Cat Pussy Cat"
"Rain Rain Go Away"
"Roses Are Red"
"Rub-a-dub-dub"
"Simple Simon"
"Sticks and Stones"
"The Grand Old Duke of York"
"The Queen of Hearts"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
Clapping
"A Sailor Went to Sea"
"Down Down Baby"
"Mary Mack"
"Miss Susie"
"Miss Lucy"
"Pat-a-cake"
"Pretty Little Dutch Girl"
"Pease Porridge Hot"
Counting
"Duck, duck, goose"
"Eeny, meeny, miny, moe"
"One, Two, Buckle My Shoe"
"One, Two, Three, Four, Five"
"This Old Man"
"Tinker, Tailor"
Finger-
plays
"Five Little Monkeys"
"Five Little Ducks"
"Five Little Speckled Frogs"
"Itsy Bitsy Spider"
"Little Robin Redbreast"
"Round and Round the Garden"
"This Little Piggy"
"Two Little Dickie Birds"
Games
"London Bridge"
"The Muffin Man"
"Mulberry Bush"
"Oranges and Lemons"
"Ring a Ring o' Roses"
"The Farmer in the Dell"
Riddle
"As I was going to St Ives"
Lullabies
"Hush, Little Baby"
"Rock-a-bye Baby"
Rounds
"Ding Dong Bell"
"Frère Jacques"
"Kookaburra"
"Row, Row, Row Your Boat"
"Scotland's Burning"
"Three Blind Mice"
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