text:
2018 China–United States trade war
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is part of
a series about
Donald Trump
President of the United States
Incumbent
Presidency
Transition
Inauguration
Timeline
Executive actions
proclamations
pardons
Polls
Protests
Trips
2017
2018
international
Riyadh summit
Singapore summit
Helsinki summit
Appointments
Cabinet
formation
Ambassadors
Federal judges
Gorsuch
Kavanaugh
Supreme Court candidates
U.S. Attorneys
Dismissals
Comey
Policies
Economy
tax cuts
tariffs
China trade war
Environment
Paris withdrawal
Foreign policy
Iran
Jerusalem
Immigration
Social issues
cannabis
show
Presidential election
2016 campaign
2000
2020
Rallies
Primaries
Convention
Endorsements
Debates
Never Trump
list
Sexual misconduct allegations
Access Hollywood tape
show
Controversies involving Russia
Business projects in Russia
Election interference
timeline
Links of associates with Russian officials
Meetings with Russians
Steele dossier
Classified information disclosure
Special Counsel investigation
2017
2018
hide
Business and personal
Business career
The Trump Organization
The Apprentice
Books
Eponyms
Family
Foundation
Golf
Health
Honors
Legal affairs
Stormy Daniels scandal
Racial views
Residences
Social media

v
t
e
An ongoing trade war exists between China and the United States as each country has introduced tariffs on goods traded with the other. In April 2018, the U.S. imposed tariffs on steel and aluminum imports from China, as well as Canada and countries in the European Union.[1] On July 6, the U.S. imposed 25% tariffs on $34 billion worth of Chinese goods[2] as part of President Donald Trump's tariffs policy, which then led China to respond with similarly sized tariffs on U.S. products. Four days later, following Trump's orders, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) published a list of $200 billion in Chinese products to be subject to a newly proposed – but not yet implemented – 10% tariff.[2] China quickly responded to the announcement by blasting the proposed tariffs as "irrational" and "completely unacceptable".[2] The Trump administration said the tariffs were necessary to protect national security and the intellectual property of U.S. businesses, and to help reduce the U.S. trade deficit with China.[3][4]
The U.S. administration is relying partly on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 to prevent what it claims are unfair trade practices and theft of intellectual property.[5][6] This gives the president the authority to unilaterally impose fines or other penalties on a trading partner if it is deemed to be unfairly harming U.S. business interests.[7] Trump had already, in August 2017, opened a formal investigation into attacks on the intellectual property of the U.S. and its allies, the theft of which cost the U.S. alone an estimated $225–600 billion a year.[8][9]
Contents
1 United States tariffs
2 Tariff announcements
3 Rationales given for the tariffs
4 Reactions
4.1 Markets
4.2 Industry associations
5 See also
6 References
United States tariffs[edit]
The United States International Trade Commission publishes all tariffs in the document "Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States"[10]
Ninety seven (97) main classes of products are described and tariffs are specified for sub-classes within these classes.
Generally, tariffs depends on exporting countries which are treated in one of three different groups:
1. Privileged countries such as most developing countries and countries with trade agreements such as NAFTA. Tariffs here are zero for most products. 2. "Rate of duty column 2" is enhanced tariffs for legal trade with Cuba and North Korea 3. All other countries.
The tariffs are typically given as a percentage of value, but it can also be given per Kg weight or per unit.
Tariff announcements[edit]
President Trump placed a 30% tariff on foreign solar panels on January 23, 2018, to be reduced to 15% after four years.[11][12] China, the world leader in solar panel manufacture, decried the tariffs.[13] That same day, tariffs of 20% were placed on washing machines for the first 1.2 million units imported during the year. In 2016, China exported $425 million worth of washers to the United States.[14][15]
President Trump asked the United States Trade Representative (USTR) investigate applying tariffs on US$50 billion worth of Chinese goods, which he estimated would affect about $60 billion of Chinese imports, on March 22.[4][16][17] He relied on Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. intellectual property.[3][4] Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for the tariffs, including aircraft parts, batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.[18][19]
China responded on April 2 by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports from America, including aluminum, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25% tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%).[5][6][20][21] On April 5, Trump said he is considering a new round of tariffs[22] on an additional $100 billion of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates. The World Trade Organization receives request from China for consultations[23] on new U.S. tariffs.
Vice Premier Liu He, top economic adviser to Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, visited Washington from May 15 to May 19 for further trade talks[24][17]. It was reported on May 20 that Chinese officials had agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with China[24] by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a result, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that "We are putting the trade war on hold".[25] White House National Trade Council Director Peter Navarro, however, said that there was no "trade war," but that it was a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."[26]
The White House announced on May 29 that it would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion[27] of Chinese goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be announced by June 15. It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring U.S. technology.[28] China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed trade sanctions."[29]
On June 15, Trump declared in a short White House statement that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese exports. $34 billion would start July 6, with a further $16 billion to begin at a later date.[30][31][32] China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6.[33] Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional 10% tariffs on another $200 billion worth of Chinese imports[17] if China retaliated against the U.S. tariffs. The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11 and was set to be implemented within 60 days.[34]
China retaliated almost immediately, threatening its own tariffs on $50 billion of U.S. goods, and claimed the United States had "launched a trade war." Import and export markets in a number of nations feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe."[35]
American tariffs on $34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect on July 6, 2018. China imposed retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global gross domestic product.[36][37] On July 10, U.S. released initial list of the additional $200 billion[38] of Chinese goods that could be subject to a 10% tariff. China vowed to retaliate[39] with additional tariffs on American goods worth $60 billion annually two days later.
On August 8 the Office of the United States Trade Representative published it's finalized list of 279 Chinese goods, worth $16 Billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23.[40] [41][17] China responded with its own tariffs of equal value when the American tariffs were implemented on August 23.[42]
Rationales given for the tariffs[edit]
During a campaign speech in June 2016, President Trump vowed to cancel international trade deals and go on an offensive against Chinese economic practices, describing his promise as a reaction against "a leadership class that worships globalism."[43] In April 2018, Trump denied that the dispute was actually a trade war, saying "that war was lost many years ago by the foolish, or incompetent, people who represented the U.S." He added: "Now we have a trade deficit of $500 billion a year, with intellectual property (IP) theft of another $300 billion. We cannot let this continue."[44][45]
In January 2018, Trump said he wanted the United States to have a good relationship with China, but insisted that it treat the United States fairly.[46] In his State of the Union Address a few weeks later, he stated:
America has also finally turned the page on decades of unfair trade deals that sacrificed our prosperity and shipped away our companies, our jobs, and our Nation’s wealth. The era of economic surrender is over. From now on, we expect trading relationships to be fair and to be reciprocal. We will work to fix bad trade deals and negotiate new ones. And we will protect American workers and American intellectual property, through strong enforcement of our trade rules.[47][48]
A number of government and industry experts have offered their own rationales about why the tariffs are, or are not, appropriate:
John Ferriola, the CEO and President of Nucor, America's largest steel producer and its largest metal recycler, claimed that tariffs were not unfair, but were "simply leveling the playing field." He explained to TV host Jim Cramer, that not only the "European Union, but most countries in the world, have a 25 percent or greater VAT, value-added tax, on products going into their countries from the United States. So if we impose a 25 percent tariff, all we are doing is treating them exactly as they treat us."[49] VAT (value added tax) is a sales tax which is charged regardless of origin.
Analyst Zachary Karabell claimed that the administration's desire to reject long-standing trade consensus in favor of a more nationalist approach will not succeed: "A set of very public and punitive tariffs will not reverse what has already been transferred and will not do much to address the challenge of China today, which is no longer a manufacturing neophyte."[50]
Peter Navarro, White House Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy Director, gave a number of the administration's explanations for the tariffs, among them are that they are "purely defensive measures."[51] He claims that the cumulative trillions of dollars Americans transfer overseas as a result of yearly deficits, are then used by those countries to buy America's assets, as opposed to investing that money in the U.S. "If we do as we're doing . . . those trillions of dollars are in the hands of foreigners that they can then use to buy up America."[52]
Richard Trumka, president of the AFL-CIO, which represents over 12 million active and retired workers, said that China has stolen U.S. intellectual property and "bullied its way into acquiring critical U.S. advances in technology." He stated in March 2018 that "Tariffs aren’t an end goal, but an important tool to end trade practices that kill American jobs and drive down American pay."[53]
A number of experts have focused on China's theft of intellectual property, and that it forces U.S. firms that want to do business there into transferring its confidential technology and trade secrets before having access to their market. Although that kind of transfer is disallowed by the WTO, the negotiations are usually conducted in secret to avoid penalties.[54] In 2018 the American Chamber of Commerce in China learned that over half its members thought that "leakage of intellectual property" was an important concern when doing business there.[54] Similarly, the EU Chamber of Commerce has also complained that European companies wanting access to the Chinese market often had to agree to transfer vital technology.[55]
U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, after a seven-month investigation into China and intellectual property, explained that the value of the tariffs imposed was based on U.S. estimates of the actual economic damage caused by China’s alleged IP theft and the forced transfer of technology to Chinese companies.[56] In response, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang promised in March 2018 to henceforth protect the rights of foreigners investing in its economy,[56] followed in April by an announcement by China that it would eliminate laws that required global automakers and shipbuilders to work through state-owned partners.[57]
Chinese paramount leader Xi Jinping reiterated those pledges, affirming a desire to increase imports, lower foreign-ownership limits on manufacturing and expand protection to intellectual property, all central issues in Trump’s complaints about their trade imbalance.[58] Trump thanked Xi for his "kind words on tariffs and automobile barriers" and "his enlightenment" on intellectual property and technology transfers. "We will make great progress together!" the president added.[58]
National security experts say Chinese hackers have consistently stolen trade secrets from U.S. defense contractors. This prompted former National Security Agency head Keith Alexander to describe Beijing’s practices as "the greatest transfer of wealth in history." He states:[8]
Chinese spies have gone after private defense contractors and subcontractors, national laboratories, public research universities, think tanks and the American government itself. Chinese agents have gone after the United States’ most significant weapons, such as the F-35 Lightning, the Aegis Combat System and the Patriot missile system; illegally exported unmanned underwater vehicles and thermal-imaging cameras; and stolen documents related to the B-52 bomber, the Delta IV rocket, the F-15 fighter and even the Space Shuttle. President Trump’s action on Monday acknowledges the broad scope of the challenge.[8]
In August 2018, U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross said that "at the end of the day, we have many more bullets than they do. They know it."[59]
Reactions[edit]
U.S. commerce secretary Wilbur Ross said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. gross domestic product, and press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that the moves would have "short-term pain" but bring "long-term success".[60][45][61][44] Nucor's John Ferriola said that even with the tariffs on steel, the cost of an average $36,000 car would go up about $160, less than 1/2 of 1%, while a can of beer would only cost an extra penny more.[49]
After president Trump imposed tariffs against a number of allies, including Mexico, Canada and countries in the EU, G7 finance leaders strongly condemned the tariffs and planned retaliating with tariffs of their own.[62]
By early July 2018, there were negative and positive results already showing up in the economy as a result of the tariffs, with a number of industries showing employment growth while others were planning on layoffs.[63]
Markets[edit]
In anticipation of tariffs going into effect, stock prices in the U.S. and China sustained significant losses for four to six weeks prior. Trade war fears had led to a bear market in China where by late June the total value of the country's stock markets was 20% lower than it had been at the beginning of 2018 when it reached record levels.[64] The Japanese Nikkei also suffered a "three-week pullback".[65] On July 6, when the tariffs went into effect, markets rebounded and rallied due to positive jobs report in the U.S.[66] Asian markets similarly rebounded, ending the day in a high note. According to the Associated Press, the positive reaction to the tariffs in U.S. and Asian markets was because of an end to uncertainty[66] and, according to Investor's Business Daily, because "markets had largely priced in the impact".[65]
Industry associations[edit]
Following announcements of escalation of tariffs by the U.S. and China, representatives of several major U.S. industries expressed their fears of the effects on their businesses. Organizations critical of the intensifying trade war included National Pork Producers Council, American Soybean Association, and Retail Industry Leaders Association. Several mayors representing towns with a heavy reliance on the manufacturing sector also expressed their concerns.[67]
Proponents of the increased U.S. tariffs included Scott Paul, president of the Alliance for American Manufacturing.[67]
See also[edit]
Cold War II
Death by China / The Coming China Wars
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Chinese espionage in the United States
Cyberwarfare in China / Office of Personnel Management data breach / Operation Aurora / Yahoo! data breaches
Non-tariff barriers to trade
Censorship in China / Internet censorship in China
Counterfeit consumer goods / Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
Economic policy of Donald Trump / Foreign policy of Donald Trump
Protectionism in the United States / Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lynch, David J. "Trump imposes tariffs on closest allies; Mexico and Europe announce retaliation". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Update: U.S. Names Products Targeted by $200 Billion in New Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Statement from President Donald J. Trump on Additional Proposed Section 301 Remedies". White House. Retrieved April 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Diamond, Jeremy. "Trump hits China with tariffs, heightening concerns of global trade war". CNN. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "These Are the 128 U.S. Products China Is Enacting Tariffs On". Fortune. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Biesheuvel, Thomas (April 4, 2018). "As China Fires Back in Trade War, Here Are the Winners and Losers". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Intellectual property theft, not metal, is the real trade war in US sights and it's a much bigger worry", ABC, March 9, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b c Blair, Dennis; Alexander, Keith. "China’s Intellectual Property Theft Must Stop", The New York Times, August 15, 2017
Jump up ^ Pham, Sherisse (March 23, 2018). "How much has the US lost from China's intellectual property theft?". CNNMoney.
Jump up ^ USITC, U.S. International Trade Commission -. "Harmonized Tariff Schedule PDFs". hts.usitc.gov. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "President Trump Slaps Tariffs on Solar Panels in Major Blow to Renewable Energy". Time Magazine. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump's solar tariffs could put the brakes on rapid job growth in renewable energy". CNBC. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "China blasts Trump's new trade tariffs". CNNMoney. January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Large Residential Washers: Investigation No. TA-201-076" (PDF). usitc.gov. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "President Trump Approves Relief for U.S. Washing Machine and Solar Cell Manufacturers" (Press release). Office of the United States Trade Representative. January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump's Rumored Tariff Plan Sparks Fears of Sino-U.S. Trade War - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "China Strikes Back With Second Tranche of Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ Office of the United States Trade Representative, April 2018, Under Section 301 Action, USTR Releases Proposed Tariff List on Chinese Products
Jump up ^ Swanson, Ana (April 3, 2018). "White House Unveils Tariffs on 1,300 Chinese Products". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rauhala, Emily (April 4, 2018). "China fires back at Trump with the threat of tariffs on 106 U.S. products, including soybeans". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chang, Eunyoo (July 6, 2018). "Global Soybean Trade Suffers from the US-China Trade War". Tridge. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Beijing to 'Fight Back at All Costs' Against New Trump Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "WTO Says It Has Received China Complaint Over Proposed U.S. Tariffs". k.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S., China Strike Trade Deal, Ending Threat of Protective Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "US, China putting trade war on hold after progress in talks". AP News. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Elis, Niv (May 30, 2018). "Navarro contradicts Mnuchin's assertion that trade war with China is on hold". The Hill.
Jump up ^ "Update: Beijing Lashes Out at U.S. for Backtracking on Tariff Cancellation - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "White House Announces Tariffs, Trade Restrictions To Be Placed On China". NPR. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Stark China warning to US over trade". BBC News. June 3, 2018. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump announces tariffs on $50 billion worth of Chinese goods". CNN. June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump imposes import taxes on Chinese goods, and warns of 'additional tariffs'". The Washington Post. June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trade War Back on Stage With New U.S. Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "China: 'The US has launched a trade war'". CNN. June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "US releases $200bn list of Chinese products for possible new tariffs". RT International. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump threatens China with new tariffs on another $200 billion of goods". CNN. June 19, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "China hits back after US imposes tariffs worth $34 bn". BBC. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Update: Sino-U.S. Trade War Begins - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Update: U.S. Names Products Targeted by $200 Billion in New Tariffs - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ "China Vows Retaliatory Tariffs on $60 Billion in U.S. Goods - Caixin Global". www.caixinglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
Jump up ^ Swanson, Ian (7 August 2018). "Trump to hit China with $16B in tariffs on Aug. 23". The Hill. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Lawder, David. "U.S. finalizes next China tariff list targeting $16 billion in imports". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
Jump up ^ Martina, Michael. "U.S., China impose further tariffs, escalating trade war". Reuters. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump Vows to Rip Up Trade Deals and Confront China", New York Times, June 28, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, David (April 4, 2018). "Trump plays down US-China trade war concerns: 'When you're $500bn down you can't lose'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Jr., Berkeley Lovelace (April 4, 2018). "Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross: China tariffs amount to only 0.3% of US GDP". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump considers big 'fine' over China intellectual property theft". CNBC. January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ video: "President Donald Trump’s State Of The Union Address 2018", NBC News, Jan. 30, 2018
Jump up ^ "President Donald J. Trump's State of the Union Address". White House. January 30, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nucor CEO on Trump tariffs: 'We're treating other countries how they treat us'", CNBC, March 5, 2018
Jump up ^ "Why Trump's Misguided China Tariffs Won't Help the U.S.", Wired, March 31, 2018
Jump up ^ "Trump tariffs on Chinese goods fulfill campaign promise: Peter Navarro, Fox Business, June 19, 2018
Jump up ^ "Peter Navarro talks trade and tariffs", CNBC, March 15, 2018
Jump up ^ "Strategic Tariffs Against China Are Critical Part of Trade Reform to Create More Jobs and Better Pay", AFL-CIO press release, March 22, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "Why is the U.S. accusing China of stealing intellectual property?", Marketwatch, April 6, 2018
Jump up ^ "EU firms in China: 'Frustration is growing'", DW, July 3, 2017
^ Jump up to: a b "What’s Intellectual Property and Does China Steal It?", Washington Post, March 22, 2018
Jump up ^ "China Loosens Foreign Auto Rules, in Potential Peace Offering to Trump", New York Times, April 17, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b "Facing trade war with U.S., China’s Xi renews vow to open markets, import more", Washington Post, April 10, 2018
Jump up ^ Michael Martina, David Lawder (August 23, 2018). "U.S.-China trade war escalates as new tariffs kick in". Reuters. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "White House sees 'short-term pain' as Trump stokes China trade war". Politico. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sheetz, Michael (April 4, 2018). "Trump: 'We are not in a trade war with China, that war was lost many years ago'". CNBC. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Peter Navarro on new tariffs, NAFTA talks and China trade", Fox News, June 3, 2018
Jump up ^ "Trade War With China Heats Up, But Tariff Effects Are Already Rippling Across U.S.", NPR, July 9, 2018
Jump up ^ Retuers Staff (June 27, 2018). "Bears prowl world markets, maul Chinese stocks as trade tensions simmer". Retuers. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, Alan R. (July 6, 2018). "Stocks Open Mixed On Payrolls Data, Trade War; This Big Biotech Spikes". Investor's Business Daily. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Stocks rally despite U.S.-China trade war". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Reaction to the Trade Battle Between China and the US". The New York Times. July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_China–United_States_trade_war&oldid=856870326"
Categories:
2018 in China
2018 in economics
2018 in international relations
2018 in the United States
China–United States economic relations
Trade wars
Presidency of Donald Trump
Hidden categories:
Use American English from July 2018
All Wikipedia articles written in American English
Use mdy dates from July 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Español
فارسی
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
日本語
Português
Română
Русский
ไทย
Tiếng Việt
中文
Lingua Franca Nova
4 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 02:02 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

values: Donald Trump official portrait (cropped).jpg

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;

values: background: #002466; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

value: th

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;

values: Timeline of the presidency of Donald Trump

values: List of executive actions by Donald Trump

values: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump

values: Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration

values: List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump during 2017

values: List of presidential trips made by Donald Trump during 2018

values: List of international presidential trips made by Donald Trump

values: United States Ambassadors appointed by Donald Trump

values: List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump

values: Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination

values: United States Attorneys appointed by Donald Trump

values: List of Trump administration dismissals and resignations

values: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration

values: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement

values: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration

values: United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

values: United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel

values: Cannabis policy of the Donald Trump administration

values: United States presidential election, 2016

values: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

values: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2000

values: Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2020

values: List of rallies for the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

values: Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

values: List of Donald Trump presidential campaign endorsements, 2016

values: United States presidential debates, 2016

values: List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016

values: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations

values: text-align: center; display: none; background: transparent;

values: Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia

values: Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

values: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials

values: Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information

values: Special Counsel investigation (2017–present)

values: Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2017)

values: Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2018)

values: List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border: 4px double #d69d36;

values: Office of the United States Trade Representative

values:
/wiki/Trump_administration
mw-redirect
Trump administration

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China

values: General Secretary of the Communist Party of China

values:
/wiki/Treasury_Secretary
mw-redirect
Treasury Secretary

values:
/wiki/National_Trade_Council
mw-redirect
National Trade Council

values: Edit section: Rationales given for the tariffs

values:
/wiki/Trade_deficit
mw-redirect
Trade deficit

values:
/wiki/John_Ferriola
mw-redirect
John Ferriola

values:
/wiki/Value_added_tax
mw-redirect
Value added tax

values: Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy

values:
/wiki/American_Chamber_of_Commerce
mw-redirect
American Chamber of Commerce

values: Premier of the People's Republic of China

values:
/wiki/F-35_Lightning
mw-redirect
F-35 Lightning

values:
/wiki/Patriot_missile_system
mw-redirect
Patriot missile system

values:
/wiki/B-52_bomber
mw-redirect
B-52 bomber

values:
/wiki/Delta_IV_rocket
mw-redirect
Delta IV rocket

values:
/wiki/Bear_market
mw-redirect
Bear market

values: Office of Personnel Management data breach

values:
nofollow
external text
https://hts.usitc.gov/current

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286

values: Category:2018 in international relations

values: Category:China–United States economic relations

values: Category:Use American English from July 2018

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: النزاع التجاري بين الصين والولايات المتحدة 2018 – Arabic

values: Guerra comercial entre China y Estados Unidos de 2018 – Spanish

values: جنگ تجاری آمریکا و چین (۲۰۱۸) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Guerre commerciale entre les États-Unis et la Chine – French

values: Perang dagang Tiongkok–Amerika Serikat 2018 – Indonesian

values: Disputa comercial entre China e Estados Unidos em 2018 – Portuguese

values: Războiul Comercial SUA-China (2018) – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Торговая война Китая и США (2018) – Russian

values: สงครามการค้าจีน–สหรัฐ พ.ศ. 2561 – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Chiến tranh thương mại Hoa Kỳ - Trung Quốc 2018 – Vietnamese

values: Gera comersial entre Statos Unida e Xina – Lingua Franca Nova

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-2018_China–United_States_trade_war rootpage-2018_China–United_States_trade_war skin-vector action-view


text:
She dwelt among the untrodden ways
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1837 manuscript of "She dwelt among the untrodden ways"
"She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways" is a three-stanza poem written by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth in 1798 when he was 28 years old. The verse was first printed in Lyrical Ballads, 1800, a volume of Wordsworth's and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poems that marked a climacteric in the English Romantic movement. The poem is the best known of Wordsworth's series of five works which comprise his "Lucy" series, and was a favourite amongst early readers.[1] It was composed both as a meditation on his own feelings of loneliness and loss, and as an ode to the beauty and dignity of an idealised woman who lived unnoticed by all others except by the poet himself. The title line implies Lucy lived unknown and remote, both physically and intellectually. The poet's subject's isolated sensitivity expresses a characteristic aspect of Romantic expectations of the human, and especially of the poet's, condition.
According to the literary critic Kenneth Ober, the poem describes the "growth, perfection, and death" of Lucy.[2] Whether Wordsworth has declared his love for her is left ambivalent, and even whether she had been aware of the poet's affection is unsaid. However the poet's feelings remain unrequited, and his final verse reveals that the subject of his affections has died alone. Lucy's "untrodden ways" are symbolic to the poet of both her physical isolation and the unknown details of her mind and life. In the poem, Wordsworth is concerned not so much with his observation of Lucy, but with his experience when reflecting on her death.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure and style
2 Lucy
3 Place among the 'Lucy' series
4 Parodies
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Structure and style[edit]
William Wordsworth, author of "She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways"
"She dwelt" consists of three quatrains, and describes Lucy who lives in solitude near the source of the River Dove.[4] In order to convey the dignity and unaffected flowerlike naturalness of his subject, Wordsworth uses simple language, mainly words of one syllable. In the opening quatrain, he describes the isolated and untouched area where Lucy lived, while her innocence is explored in the second, during which her beauty is compared to that of a hidden flower. The final stanza laments Lucy's early and lonesome death, which only he notices.
Throughout the poem, sadness and ecstasy are intertwined, emphasised by the exclamation marks in the second and third verses. The effectiveness of the concluding line in the concluding stanza has divided critics and has variously been described as "a masterstroke of understatement" and overtly sentimental. Wordsworth's voice remains largely muted, and he was equally silent about the poem and series throughout his life.[1] This fact was often mentioned by 19th century critics, however they disagreed as to its value. A critic, writing in 1851, remarked on the poem's "deep but subdued and silent devour."[5]
This is written with an economy and spareness intended to capture the simplicity the poet sees in Lucy. Lucy's femininity is described in the verse in girlish terms, a fact that has drawn criticism from some critics that see a female icon, in the words of John Woolford "represented in Lucy by condemning her to death while denying her the actual or symbolic fulfillment of maternity".[6] To evoke the "loveliness of body and spirit", a pair of complementary but opposite images are employed in the second stanza: a solitary violet, unseen and hidden, and Venus, emblem of love, and the first star of evening, public and visible to all.[2] Wondering which Lucy most resembled—the violet or the star—the critic Cleanth Brooks concluded that although Wordsworth likely viewed her as "the single star, completely dominating [his] world, not arrogantly like the sun, but sweetly and modestly". Brooks considered the metaphor only vaguely relevant, and a conventional and anomalous complement.[7] For Wordsworth, Lucy's appeal is closer to the violet and lies in her seclusion, and her perceived affinity with nature.[6]
Wordsworth purchased a copy of Thomas Percy's collection of British ballad material "Reliques of Ancient English Poetry" in Hamburg a few months before he began to compose the Lucy series. The influence of traditional English folk ballad is evident in the meter, rhythm, and structure of the poem. She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways follows the variant ballad stanza a4—b3—a4 b3,[2] and in keeping with ballad tradition seeks to tell its story in a dramatic manner.[8] As the critic Kenneth Ober observed, "To confuse the mode of the 'Lucy' poems with that of the love lyric is to overlook their structure, in which, as in the traditional ballad, a story is told as boldly and briefly as possible."[2] Ober compares the opening lines of She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways to the traditional ballad Katharine Jaffray and notes the similarities in rhythm and structure, as well as in theme and imagery:
There livd a lass in yonder dale,
And doun in yonder glen, O.
And Katherine Jaffray was her name,
Well known by many men, O.[2]
According to the critic Carl Woodring, "She Dwelt" can also be read as an elegy. He views the poem and the Lucy series in general as elegiac "in the sense of sober meditation on death or a subject related to death", and that they have "the economy and the general air of epitaphs in the Greek Anthology ... if all elegies are mitigations of death, the Lucy poems are also meditations on simple beauty, by distance made more sweet and by death preserved in distance".[9]
One passage was originally intended for the poem "Michael"–"Renew'd their search begun where from Dove Crag / Ill home for bird so gentle / they look'd down / On Deep-dale Head, and Brothers-water".[10]
Lucy[edit]
Wordsworth wrote his series of "Lucy" poems during a stay with his sister Dorothy in Hamburg, Germany, between October 1798 and April 1801.[11] The real life identity of Lucy has never been identified, and it is probable that she was not modeled on any one historical person.[12] Wordsworth himself never addressed the matter of her persona,[11] and was reticent about commenting on the series.[1] Although a great detail is known of the circumstances and details of Wordsworth's life, from the time he spend during of his stay in Germany comparatively little record survives. Only one known mention from the poet that references the series survives, and that mentions the series only, and not any of the individual verses.[13]
The literary historian Kenneth Johnson concluded that Lucy was created as the personification of Wordsworth's muse,
and the group as a whole is a series of invocations to a Muse feared dead. As epitaphs, they are not sad, a very inadequate word to describe them, but breathlessly, almost aware of what such a loss would mean to the speaker: 'oh, the difference to me!'[14]
Writing in the mid-19th century, Thomas De Quincey said that Wordsworth,
always preserved a mysterious silence on the subject of that 'Lucy', repeatedly alluded to or apostrophised in his poems, and I have heard, from gossiping people about Hawkshead, some snatches of tragic story, which, after all, might be an idle semi-fable, improved out of slight materials.[15]
Pencil drawing of William's sister Dorothy Wordsworth in later life.
Lucy's identity has been the subject of much speculation,[16] and some have guessed that the poems are an attempt by Wordsworth to voice his affection for Dorothy;[17] this line of thought reasoning that the poems dramatise Wordsworth's feelings of grief for her inevitable death. Soon after the series was completed, Coleridge wrote, "Some months ago Wordsworth transmitted to me a most sublime Epitaph / whether it had any reality, I cannot say. - Most probably, in some gloomier moment he had fancied the moment in which his Sister might die."[18]
Reflecting on the importance and relevance of Lucy's identity, the 19th-century literary critic Frederic Myers said, "Here it was that the memory of some emotion prompted the lines on Lucy. Of the history of that emotion, he has told us nothing; I forbear, therefore, to inquire concerning it, or even to speculate. That it was to the poet's honour, I do not doubt; but who ever learned such secrets rightly? Or who should wish to learn? It is best to leave the sanctuary of all hearts inviolate, and to respect the reserve not only of the living but of the dead. Of these poems, almost alone, Wordsworth in his autobiographical notes has said nothing whatever."[19] According to Karl Kroeber,
Wordsworth's Lucy possesses a double existence, her actual, historical existence and her idealised existence in the poet's mind. The latter is created out of the former but neither an abstraction nor a conceptualisation, because the idealised Lucy is at least as "concrete" as the actual Lucy. In the poem, Lucy is both actual and idealised, but her actuality is relevant only insofar as it makes manifest the signifiance implicit in the actual girl.[20]
Lucy is thought by others to represent his childhood friend Peggy Hutchinson, with whom he was in love before her early death in 1796—Wordsworth later married Peggy's sister, Mary.[21]
Place among the 'Lucy' series[edit]
Main article: The Lucy poems
Wordsworth established himself, according to the critic Norman Lacey, as a 'poet of nature' in his volume Lyrical Ballads in which "She Dwelt" first appeared.[22] Early works, such as Tintern Abbey, can be seen as an ode to his experience of nature (though he preferred to avoid this interpretation), or as a lyrical meditation on the fundamental character of the natural world. Wordsworth later recalled that as a youth nature once stirred in him, "an appetite, a feeling and a love", but by the time he wrote "Lyrical Ballads", it evoked "the still sad music of humanity".[23]
The five 'Lucy' poems are often interpreted as representing both his apposing views of nature and a meditation on natural cycle of life.[24] "Strange fits" presents "Kind Nature's gentlest boon", "Three years" its duality, and "A slumber", according to the American literary critic Cleanth Brooks, the clutter of natural object.[25] In Jones view, "She dwelt", along with "I travelled", represents its "rustication and disappearance".[24]
Parodies[edit]
"She dwelt.." has been parodied numerous times since it was first published. In part, parodies of earlier works were intended to remark on the simplification of textual complexities and deliberate ambiguities in poetry, and on the way many 19th-century critics sought to establish a 'definitive' reasonings. According to Jones, such parodies sought to comment in a "meta-critical" manner, and to present an alternative mode of criticism to the then mainstream mode.[26]
Among the more notable are those by Hartley Coleridge ("A Bard whom there were none to praise, / And very few to read") in 1834, and Samuel Butler's 1888 murder-mystery reading of the poem. Butler believed Wordsworth's use of the phrase "the difference to me!" was overtly terse, and remarked that the poet was "most careful not to explain the nature of the difference which the death of Lucy will occasion him to be ... The superficial reader takes it that he is very sorry she was dead ... but he has not said this."[1]
These parodies were intended to question definitive interpretation of the verse, and highlight its indeterminacies.[27]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Jones, 4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ober, Kenneth; Ober, Warren. "Samuil Marshak's Translations Wordsworth's "Lucy" Poems". Germano-Slavica, January 2005.
Jump up ^ Slakey, 629.
Jump up ^ Wordsworth knew three rivers of that name; in Derbyshire, Yorkshire and Westmorland, but each could equally be the setting for the verse.
Jump up ^ "Poetry, Sacred and Profane". Nottinghamshire Guardian, October 30, 1853.
^ Jump up to: a b Woolford, John. "Robert Browning, Christina Rossetti and the Wordsworthian Scene of Writing". Wordsworth Circle 34.1, 2003.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Cleanth, 729-741.
Jump up ^ Durrant, Geoffrey. "William Wordsworth". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969. 61.
Jump up ^ Woodring, 44, 48.
Jump up ^ Hartman 1934, 134–42
^ Jump up to: a b Rolfe, i.
Jump up ^ Murray, 85.
Jump up ^ Jones, 6.
Jump up ^ Johnson, 463.
Jump up ^ Davies, Hugh Sykes. "Lake Reminiscences". 247.
Jump up ^ Abrams, M.H. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: Volume 2A, "The Romantic Period". (7th ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
Jump up ^ Coleridge was the first to raise the possibility that Lucy may represent Dorothy
Jump up ^ Johnson, 464.
Jump up ^ Myers, Frederic William Henry. "Wordsworth". Project Gutenberg. 33. Retrieved on 7 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Kroeber, 106-107.
Jump up ^ Cavendish, Richard. "Death of Dorothy Wordsworth: January 25th, 1855". History Today, January 2005. 55.
Jump up ^ Lacey, 1.
Jump up ^ Lacey, 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Jones, 190.
Jump up ^ Brooks, 736.
Jump up ^ Jones, 95
Jump up ^ Davies, Damien Walford. "Lucy's Trodden Ways". Oxford University Press, 1995.
Bibliography[edit]
Brooks, Cleanth. Irony as a Principle of Structure. In Zabel, Morton D. (ed): Literary Opinion in America. New York: Harper, 2nd edition, 1951.
Kroeber, Karl. The Artifice of Reality: Poetic Style in Wordsworth, Foscolo, Keats, and Leopardi. Madidon: University of Wisconsin, 1964.
Johnston, Kenneth. The Hidden Wordsworth: Poet, Lover, Rebel, Spy. W. W. Norton & Company, 1998. ISBN 0-393-04623-0
Jones, Mark. The 'Lucy Poems': A Case Study in Literary Knowledge. Toronto:The University of Toronto Press, 1995. ISBN 0-8020-0434-2
Lacey, Norman. Wordsworths View Of Nature. Cambridge: University Press. 1948.
Murray, Roger N. Wordsworth's Style: Figures and Themes in the Lyrical Ballads of 1800. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967.
Rolfe, William J. William Wordsworth, Select Poems of William Wordsworth. New York: American Book, 1889.
Slakey, Roger L. "At Zero: A Reading of Wordsworth's 'She Dwelt among the Untrodden Ways'". Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. Volume 12, issue 4, Autumn, 1972. 629–638.
Woodring, Carl. Wordsworth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965.
External links[edit]
Works related to She dwelt among the untrodden ways at Wikisource
Biography and Works of William Wordsworth
[hide]
v
t
e
William Wordsworth
Topics
Early life
Lake Poets
Lyrical Ballads
Preface to the Lyrical Ballads
"Anecdote for Fathers"
"The Idiot Boy"
"Lucy Gray"
The Lucy poems
"She dwelt among the untrodden ways"
"A slumber did my spirit seal"
"Strange fits of passion have I known"
"Three years she grew in sun and shower"
The Matthew poems
"Michael, a Pastoral"
"Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey"
"We Are Seven"
Later poetry
Poems, in Two Volumes
Peter Bell
The White Doe of Rylstone
"Composed upon Westminster Bridge"
"Elegiac Stanzas"
"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"
The Lucy poems
"I travelled among unknown men"
"London, 1802"
"Ode: Intimations of Immortality"
"Resolution and Independence"
"The Solitary Reaper"
"The World Is Too Much with Us"
"Character of the Happy Warrior"
The Recluse
The Excursion
The Prelude
Prose
Guide to the Lakes
People
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Robert Southey
Dora Wordsworth (daughter)
Dorothy Wordsworth (sister)
Places
Alfoxton House
Allan Bank
Dove Cottage
Rydal Mount
Wordsworth House
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=She_dwelt_among_the_untrodden_ways&oldid=788220284"
Categories:
Poetry by William Wordsworth
1798 poems
British poetry
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 30 June 2017, at 05:36.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

attrs: class style

value: b

attrs: href title

value: i

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(Bishop_of_Dromore)
mw-redirect
Thomas Percy (Bishop of Dromore)

values: Edit section: Place among the 'Lucy' series

values:
/wiki/Tintern_Abbey_(poem)
mw-redirect
Tintern Abbey (poem)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8747

values:
reflist columns references-column-width
list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikisource:Special:Search/She dwelt among the untrodden ways

values: Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-She_dwelt_among_the_untrodden_ways rootpage-She_dwelt_among_the_untrodden_ways vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
British colonization of the Americas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
European colonization
of the Americas
First wave of European colonization
British
Couronian
Danish
Dutch
French
German
Hospitaller (Maltese)
Norse
Portuguese
Russian
Scottish
Spanish
Swedish
Colonization of Canada
Colonization of the United States
Decolonization
Colonialism portal
v
t
e
The British colonization of the Americas (including colonization by both the English and the Scots) began in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia, and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The English, and later the British, were among the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might.
Three types of colonies were established in the English overseas possessions in America of the 17th century and continued into the British Empire at the height of its power in the 17th century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies, and royal colonies. A group of 13 British American colonies collectively broke from the British Empire in the 1770s through a successful revolution, establishing the modern United States. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), the remaining British territories in North America were slowly granted more responsible government. In 1838 the Durham Report recommended full responsible government for Canada, but this was not fully implemented for another decade. Eventually, with the Confederation of Canada, the Canadian colonies were granted significant autonomy and became a self-governing Dominion in 1867. Other colonies in the Americas followed at a much slower pace. In this way, two countries in North America, ten in the Caribbean, and one in South America have received their independence from Great Britain or the later United Kingdom. All of these, except the United States, are members of the Commonwealth of Nations and nine are Commonwealth realms. The eight current British overseas territories in the Americas have varying degrees of self-government.
Great Britain in the Americas
Contents
1 North America
1.1 Pre-British colonization of North America
1.1.1 English colonies in North America
1.1.2 Scottish colonies in North America
1.2 British colonies in North America
1.2.1 List of English and British colonies in North America (in rough chronological order)
1.2.2 Non-colonial British territories in North America
2 Central and South America, Caribbean
2.1 English and later British Caribbean colonies
2.2 English and later British Central and South American colonies
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
5.1 Historiography
6 External links
North America[edit]
Main articles: Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada
Pre-British colonization of North America[edit]
English colonies in North America[edit]
Main articles: English overseas possessions and English colonial grants in North America (1621–1639)
Plaque in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, commemorating Gilbert's founding of the British overseas Empire
A number of English colonies were established under a system of Proprietary Governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements.
Between 1584 and 1589, the English attempt to establish Roanoke Colony failed, and in 1590 the colony was found abandoned.
In 1607, Jamestown, Virginia was founded by the London Company (also known as the Virginia Company).
In Newfoundland, a chartered company known as the Society of Merchant Venturers established a permanent settlement at Cuper's Cove, from 1610.
St. George's, Bermuda was founded by the Virginia Company, in 1612.
In 1664, England took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including its capital of New Amsterdam) which England renamed the Province of New York. With New Netherland, the English also came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This later became part of Pennsylvania after that was established in 1680.
Scottish colonies in North America[edit]
Main article: Scottish colonization of the Americas
The Kingdom of Scotland tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony at Darién, and the Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia (New Scotland) lasted from 1629 to 1632. Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in English colonization before the two countries were united in 1707.
British colonies in North America[edit]
See also: British America, British North America, and Thirteen Colonies
The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763. After being renamed the Province of Quebec, the former French Canada was divided into two Provinces, the Canadas, consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada (today Quebec) and the newly settled Upper Canada (today Ontario).
In the north, the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples, and had competed with French, Aboriginal, and Métis fur traders. The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay, called Rupert's Land. The small part of the Hudson Bay drainage south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.
Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled in the American Revolutionary War, beginning in 1775, primarily over representation, local laws and tax issues, and established the United States of America, which was recognised internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 3 September 1783.
Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America, indirectly via the Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains: the Columbia District and New Caledonia fur district. Most of these were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The Colony of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849, and the Colony of British Columbia, founded in 1858, were combined in 1866 under the name Colony of British Columbia, and joined the Confederation in 1871. British Columbia was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863; and upon joining Confederation the Peace River Block, formerly part of Rupert's Land, was added.
In 1867, the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a self-governing dominion, named Canada, within the British Empire (the term "kingdom" was avoided so as to not provoke the United States). Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) had been ceded to Britain by the French. The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years, and Newfoundland joined in 1949. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870. This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870), Saskatchewan, and Alberta (both created in 1905), as well as the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory (created 1898, following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush), and Nunavut (created in 1999).
List of English and British colonies in North America (in rough chronological order)[edit]
The British Colonies in North America, 1763–1775
Roanoke Colony, founded 1586, abandoned the next year. Second attempt in 1587 disappeared (also called the Lost Colony).
Cuttyhunk Island, established as a small fort and trading post by Bartholomew Gosnold in 1602, abandoned after one month.
Virginia Company, chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624
London Company
Jamestown, Virginia, founded 1607 (briefly abandoned in 1610)
Bermuda, islands located in the North Atlantic, first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company; administration passed in 1615 to the Somers Isles Company, formed by the same shareholders. Known officially as the Somers Isles, they remain today a British overseas territory.
Citie of Henricopolis, founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622.
Plymouth Company
Popham Colony, founded 1607, abandoned 1608
Society of Merchant Venturers (Newfoundland)
Cuper's Cove, founded 1610, abandoned in the 1620s
Bristol's Hope, founded 1618, abandoned in the 1630s
London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland)
The massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622. Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies.
New Cambriol, founded 1617, abandoned before 1637
Renews, founded 1615, abandoned in 1619[1]
St. John's, Newfoundland, chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; seasonal settlements ca. 1520;[2] informal year-round settlers before 1620.[3][4]
Plymouth Council for New England
Plymouth Colony, founded 1620, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691
Ferryland, Newfoundland, granted to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore in 1620, first settlers in August 1621[5]
Province of Maine, granted 1622, sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677
South Falkland, Newfoundland, founded 1623 by Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland
Province of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire settled in 1623, see also New Hampshire Grants
Dorchester Company Colony, (Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1624)
Salem Colony, later Salem, Massachusetts, settled in 1628, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year
Massachusetts Bay Colony, later part of Massachusetts, founded 1629
New Scotland, in present Nova Scotia, 1629–1632
Connecticut Colony, later part of Connecticut founded 1633
Province of Maryland, later Maryland, founded in 1634
The Treaty of William Penn with the Indians. Penn's Treaty was never violated.
New Albion, chartered in 1634, failed by 1649–50, not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast (see next section)
Saybrook Colony, founded 1635, merged with Connecticut in 1644
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, first settled in 1636
New Haven Colony, founded 1638, merged with Connecticut in 1665
Gardiners Island, founded 1639, now part of East Hampton, New York
Province of New York, captured 1664
Province of New Jersey, captured in 1664
divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674, each held by its own company of Proprietors.
Province of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania, founded 1681 as an English colony, although first settled by Dutch and Swedes
Delaware Colony, later Delaware, separated from Pennsylvania in 1704
Province of Carolina
Province of North Carolina, first permanent English settlements in the late 1600s (nearly a century after the failed Roanoke Colony; see Albemarle Settlements), became a separate colony in 1710–12.
Province of South Carolina, first permanent English settlement in 1670, became a separate colony in 1710–12.
Province of Georgia, later Georgia; first settled in about 1670, formal colony in 1732
Nova Scotia, site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629; British colony 1713, but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758.
Province of Quebec, which had been called Canada under French rule. Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France. Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759–1761, from the events within the North American theater of the Seven Years' War; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Became Canada East in the Province of Canada, which also included Ontario (Upper Canada) as Canada West, from 1841 to 1867.
East Florida and West Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, taken from Spain in 1761; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783. Backwoods areas almost unaffected by the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, which unified the thirteen colonies that formed the United States, not much for abstract principles, and grateful to the crown, they declined to send representatives to the Continental Congress or to participate in any way in the independence movement. After the Second Spanish period, they were acquired by the United States in 1821.
Island of St. John, separated from Nova Scotia 1769, renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798
New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia in 1784
Fur traders in Canada, trading with Indians, 1777
Ontario, separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841, when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada.
Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec (Lower Canada) and Ontario (Upper Canada) from 1841 to 1867.
Colony of Vancouver Island, founded by the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843. Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849, and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866.
Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands, founded in 1852, merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863.
Colony of British Columbia, also called the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony, founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel (see below). The colony was expanded with the addition of most of the Stikine Territory (also called Stickeen Territory) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863.
Colony of British Columbia, formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies. The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists.
Non-colonial British territories in North America[edit]
Rupert's Land, territory of the Hudson's Bay Company, founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories
Columbia District, the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846, by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States. HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861.
New Caledonia, fur district. First created in 1805 as part of North West Company for operations, administered by Hudson's Bay Company following the two companies' forced merger in 1821, until incorporated as the part of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858, by which time the term "New Caledonia" had come to refer to the whole of the British Columbia mainland, not just the original fur district in what is now its Central Interior.
Stikine Territory, also called Stickeen Territories, founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush to prevent an American takeover.
North-Western Territory, a Hudson's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert's Land and, after 1863, north of the Stikine Territory's original boundary at the 62nd parallel. Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia.
Nova Albion, never incorporated or settled, exact location unknown, claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute.
the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire, from 1839 to 1867, until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and, subsequently, by the Canadian and the British imperial governments, despite British Columbia's protests.
Central and South America, Caribbean[edit]
English and later British Caribbean colonies[edit]
Main articles: History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean
Planter and his wife, with a servant, circa 1780
In order of settlement or founding:
Saint Kitts – The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623. The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts. After they massacred the Caribs, the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the island to Britain. It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
Barbados – The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625, and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo-Dutchman William Courten. It became an independent nation in 1966.
Nevis – The island was permanently settled in 1628. It became independent as part of Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
Providencia Island – part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua, this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans. The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641. The island is today administered by Colombia. Providence Island colony was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Antigua – The island was settled in 1632. It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
Barbuda – The island was settled about 1632. It became independent as part of Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
Montserrat – The island was settled in 1632. It was occupied by the French in 1664–68 and 1782–84. It remains a British territory.
Bahamas – The islands were settled from 1647. They became independent in 1973.
Anguilla – The island was settled in 1650. Its government was united with St Christopher (St Kitts) from 1882 until 1967, when it declared its separation. It was brought back under British administration in 1969. It remains a British territory.
Jamaica – The island was conquered from Spain in 1655. It became independent in 1962.
British Virgin Islands – The islands were settled from 1666. They remain a British territory.
Cayman Islands – The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670. They remain a British territory.
Turks and Caicos Islands – The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s. They remain a British territory.
A linen market in the West Indies, circa 1780
Dominica – The island was captured from the French in 1761. The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783. Dominica became independent in 1978.
Trinidad and Tobago – The island of Tobago was captured in 1762. The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797. The two governments were joined in 1888. They became independent in 1962.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines – Saint Vincent was colonised in 1762. France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783. The islands were part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958. The nation gained full independence in 1979.
Grenada – The island was conquered from France in 1762. The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783. It became independent in 1974.
Saint Lucia – The island was captured from the French in 1778, but returned in 1783. In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again, but permanently annexed by Britain in 1814. Saint Lucia became independent in 1979.
English and later British Central and South American colonies[edit]
Belize – from 1638 English adventurers used Belize as a source of logwood, a tree used to make a wool dye. The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives. The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717, 1730, 1754 and 1779. The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798, but were defeated. The colony was known as British Honduras from the 19th century until 1973, when its name changed to Belize. Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence, but full independence was granted in 1981.[6]
Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua's Caribbean coast) – This area was first settled by the English in 1630. It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859, along with the Bay Islands north of the country, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860; the area was disputed until a treaty of 1965 divided the Mosquito Coast for each country.[clarification needed][citation needed]
British Guiana – The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century. In the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch gained control of these colonies. Britain later controlled various colonies in the area. Britain ceded Suriname in exchange for New Amsterdam. The Congress of Vienna (1815) awarded the settlements of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain; they were united as British Guiana in 1831. It became independent as Guyana in 1966. Currently, Venezuela claims sovereignty over half of Guyana's territory.
Falkland Islands – The British first established a presence on the Falkland Islands in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774.[7] The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of Port Egmont was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of Puerto Soledad, which ended with the British return in 1833. The islands have been under British control ever since, save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War of 1982.
See also[edit]
Book: British colonization in north America (from the reign of King James)
Atlantic World
British West Indies
Colonial South and the Chesapeake
First Nations
Historiography of the British Empire
Imperialism
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "William Vaughan and New Cambriol". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Nicholas Canny, The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001, ISBN 0-19-924676-9.
Jump up ^ "Early Settlement Schemes". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Jump up ^ Paul O'Neill, The Oldest City: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003, ISBN 0-9730271-2-6.
Jump up ^ Colony of Avalon, [1], Colony of Avalon Foundation, Revised March 2002, accessed 27 August 2006
Jump up ^ "The Belize Position". Government of Belize. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Gibran, Daniel (1998). The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-0-7864-0406-3.
Further reading[edit]
Elliott, John H. Empires of the Atlantic world: Great Britain and Spain in America, 1492-1830 (Yale UP, 2007).
Louis, William Roger (general editor), The Oxford History of the British Empire
vol 1 The Origins of Empire ed. by Nicholas Canny
vol 2 The Eighteenth Century ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search
Lloyd; T. O. The British Empire, 1558-1995 Oxford University Press, 1996 online edition
Marshall, P.J. (ed.) The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (1996). excerpt and text search
Robinson, Howard . The Development of the British Empire (1922), 465pp edition
Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), The Cambridge History of the British Empire, 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp online edition Volume I
Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141
Taylor, Alan. American Colonies: The Settling of North America (Penguin, 2002).
Historiography[edit]
Canny, Nicholas. "Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America." Journal of American History 86.3 (1999): 1093-1114. in JSTOR
Hinderaker, Eric; Horn, Rebecca. "Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas," William and Mary Quarterly, (2010) 67#3 pp 395–432 in JSTOR
External links[edit]
The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert's trip to North America
show
v
t
e
Former colonies and territories in Canada
Norse
Named territories
Vinland
Sites:
L'Anse aux Meadows
French
Claims
New France
Acadia
Isle St-Jean
Île Royale
Canada
Domaine du roy
Louisiana
Pays d'en Haut
Terre Neuve
Important sites
Port Royal
Quebec
Trois-Rivières
Montreal
Louisbourg
Plaisance
List of towns
List of forts
Spanish
Claims
New Spain
Important sites
Fort San Miguel, Nootka Sound
Expeditions
Newfoundland
Pacific Northwest
Scottish
Claims
Nova Scotia (1621)
Sites
Port Royal Colony
Russian
Claims
Russian America
American
Claims
Oregon Country
English &
British
Claims
Newfoundland (1583)
New Albion (?)
Rupert's Land
Nova Scotia (1710)
Quebec
Lower and Upper Canada
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Cape Breton
United Canada
New Caledonia
Columbia District
Queen Charlotte Islands
Vancouver Island
British Columbia (1858–66)
British Columbia (1866–71)
Stickeen
North-Western Territory (districts)
Red River
Important sites
Cuper's Cove
Avalon (1620)
York Factory
Halifax
Victoria
Fort Langley
List of HBC sites
Norwegian
Claims
Sverdrup Islands
Related
Territorial evolution after 1867
Areas disputed by Canada and the United States
Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
Population of Canada
Category
Portal
WikiProject
show
v
t
e
History of the Americas
History
North America
Mesoamerica
Central America
Caribbean
Latin America
South America
Andean South America
Genetics
Settlement
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous population
Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories
Discovery
Exploration
European colonization
Spanish colonization
French colonization
Portuguese colonization
British colonization
Columbian Exchange
Decolonization
Societies
Paleo-Indians
Pre-Columbian era
Aztec
Maya
Muisca
Inca
Related
Maps
Culture
Geography
Indigenous languages
Epidemics
Slavery
Lists
Pre-Columbian cultures
Indigenous peoples
Oldest churches
Population
Conflicts
North America
South America
Chronology
Archaeology of the Americas
North America by period
North American timelines
Mesoamerica by period
Mesoamerica timeline
Era: By period
By region
Three-age system
Ancient history
Pre-Columbian era
Classical Antiquity
Middle Ages
Modern history
Future
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=865778498"
Categories:
British colonization of the Americas
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from August 2014
Use dmy dates from August 2014
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Latina
Lietuvių
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 October 2018, at 02:37 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: td

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size: 145%; padding: 0.15em 0.4em; line-height: 1.2em;

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;padding: 0.65em; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

value: li

values: Hospitaller colonization of the Americas

values: Former colonies and territories in Canada

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top: 0.40em;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid; padding-bottom:0.4em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19em;

values:
/wiki/Royal_colony
mw-redirect
Royal colony

values: Report on the Affairs of British North America

values:
/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada
mw-redirect
Confederation of Canada

values:
/wiki/British_overseas_territories
mw-redirect
British overseas territories

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: Edit section: Pre-British colonization of North America

values: Edit section: English colonies in North America

values: English colonial grants in North America (1621–1639)

values:
/wiki/Proprietary_Governor
mw-redirect
Proprietary Governor

values:
/wiki/Joint_stock_company
mw-redirect
Joint stock company

values: Edit section: Scottish colonies in North America

values:
/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_scheme
mw-redirect
Darién scheme

values: Edit section: British colonies in North America

values:
/wiki/Canada,_New_France
mw-redirect
Canada, New France

values:
/wiki/Anglo-American_Convention_of_1818
mw-redirect
Anglo-American Convention of 1818

values:
/wiki/Thirteen_colonies
mw-redirect
Thirteen colonies

values: History of the west coast of North America

values:
/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia
mw-redirect
Colony of British Columbia

values:
/wiki/Stikine_Territory
mw-redirect
Stikine Territory

values:
/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)
mw-redirect
Métis people (Canada)

values:
/wiki/Yukon_Territory
mw-redirect
Yukon Territory

values: Edit section: List of English and British colonies in North America (in rough chronological order)

values: Subdivision 1I, Newfoundland and Labrador

values:
/wiki/New_Cambriol
mw-redirect
New Cambriol

values:
/wiki/Renews,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
mw-redirect
Renews, Newfoundland and Labrador

values:
/wiki/Dorchester_Company_Colony
mw-redirect
Dorchester Company Colony

values:
/wiki/Province_of_New_Albion
mw-redirect
Province of New Albion

values:
/wiki/Nova_Albion
mw-redirect
Nova Albion

values:
/wiki/Rhode_Island_Colony
mw-redirect
Rhode Island Colony

values:
/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina
mw-redirect
Province of North Carolina

values:
/wiki/Canada_West
mw-redirect
Canada West

values: Edit section: Non-colonial British territories in North America

values:
/wiki/Dominion_of_Canada
mw-redirect
Dominion of Canada

values:
/wiki/Alaska_Panhandle
mw-redirect
Alaska Panhandle

values: Edit section: Central and South America, Caribbean

values: Edit section: English and later British Caribbean colonies

values:
/wiki/Providencia_Island
mw-redirect
Providencia Island

values: Edit section: English and later British Central and South American colonies

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna_(1815)
mw-redirect
Congress of Vienna (1815)

values:
/wiki/American_War_of_Independence
mw-redirect
American War of Independence

values: Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)

values: Book:British colonization in north America (from the reign of King James)

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: The Oxford History of the British Empire

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521002540

values: The Cambridge History of the British Empire

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2568607

values:
row
navbox-group navbox-canada-a
width:1%

values:
/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France
mw-redirect
List of towns in New France

values: Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest

values: List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts

values: List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States

values: List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks navbox-canada hlist hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/History_of_Mesoamerica
mw-redirect
History of Mesoamerica

values: Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories

values:
/wiki/Discoverer_of_the_Americas
mw-redirect
Discoverer of the Americas

values:
/wiki/Columbian_Exchange
mw-redirect
Columbian Exchange

values: Category:Maps of the history of the Americas

values:
/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas
mw-redirect
Slavery in the Americas

values: Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

values: List of the oldest churches in the Americas (page does not exist)

values: List of countries in the Americas by population

values: List of archaeological periods (North America)

values: Category:Timelines of North American history

values: List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:British colonization of the Americas

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: الاستعمار البريطاني للأمريكتين – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: Colonització britànica d'Amèrica – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Britiske kolonier i Nordamerika i 1700-tallet – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Britische Kolonisierung Amerikas – German

values: Colonisation britannique des Amériques – French

values: Colonización británica de América – Galician

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: Kolonisasi Britania di Amerika – Indonesian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values: Anglijos kolonijos Amerikoje – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: Britse kolonisatie van Noord-Amerika – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: イギリスによるアメリカ大陸の植民地化 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Britisk kolonisering av Amerika – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Britisk kolonisering av Amerika – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Brytyjska kolonizacja Ameryki Północnej – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Colonização britânica da América – Portuguese

values: Английская колонизация Америки – Russian

values: Brittiska koloniseringen av Amerika – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Amerika'nın Britanya tarafından sömürgeleştirilmesi – Turkish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Британська колонізація Америки – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 英國美洲殖民地 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-British_colonization_of_the_Americas rootpage-British_colonization_of_the_Americas skin-vector action-view