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Internal Revenue Service
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For the Indian Tax Body, see Indian Revenue Service. For the Ghanaian institution, see Internal Revenue Service (Ghana).
"IRS" redirects here. For other uses, see IRS (disambiguation).
Internal Revenue Service
IRS
Agency overview
Formed
July 1, 1862; 155 years ago (1862-07-01)[1] (though the name originates from 1918)
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
Internal Revenue Service Building
1111 Constitution Ave., NW; Washington, DC 20224,U.S[2]
Employees
79,890 (2015)[3]
Annual budget
$11.4 billion (2015)[3]
Agency executive
Commissioner, John Koskinen
Parent agency
Department of the Treasury
Website
www.irs.gov
This article is part of a series on
Taxation in the
United States of America
Federal taxation[show]
Alternative minimum tax
Capital gains tax
Corporate tax
Estate tax
Excise tax
Gift tax
Income tax
Payroll tax
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
Internal Revenue Code (IRC)
IRS tax forms
Revenue by state
History
Constitutional authority
Taxpayer standing
Court
Protest
Evasion
State and local taxation[show]
State income tax
Property tax
Sales tax
Use tax
Land value tax
State tax levels
Federal tax reform[show]
Automated payment transaction tax
9–9–9
Competitive Tax Plan
Efficient Taxation of Income
FairTax
Flat tax
Hall–Rabushka flat tax
Kemp Commission
Taxpayer Choice Act
USA Tax
Value added tax
Border-adjustment tax
United States portal
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Internal Revenue Service Building on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C..
IRS Building in Washington D.C.
IRS location sign on Constitution Avenue, Washington, D.C.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the revenue service of the United States federal government. The government agency is a bureau of the Department of the Treasury, and is under the immediate direction of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, who is appointed to a five-year term by the President of the United States. The IRS is responsible for collecting taxes and administering the Internal Revenue Code, the main body of federal statutory tax law of the United States. The duties of the IRS include providing tax assistance to taxpayers and pursuing and resolving instances of erroneous or fraudulent tax filings. The IRS has also overseen various benefits programs, and enforces portions of the Affordable Care Act.[4]
The IRS originated with the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, a federal office created in 1862 to assess the nation's first income tax, which was to raise funds for the American Civil War. The temporary measure provided over a fifth of the Union's war expenses and was allowed to expire a decade later. In 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified authorizing Congress to impose a tax on income, and the Bureau of Internal Revenue was established. In 1953, the agency was renamed the Internal Revenue Service and significantly reorganized. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 modernized the IRS and restructured it along a private sector model.
In the 2015 fiscal year, the IRS processed almost 240 million returns and collected approximately $3.3 trillion in revenue, spending 35¢ for every $100 it collected.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 American Civil War (1861–65)
1.2 Post Civil War, Reconstruction, and popular tax reform (1866–1900)
2 Wars (1900-2000)
2.1 Presidential tax returns (1973)
2.2 Computerization (1959–present)
2.3 History of the IRS name
3 Current organization
3.1 Commissioner
3.2 Taxpayer Advocates
3.3 Programs
4 Tax collection statistics
4.1 Outsourcing collection and tax-assistance
5 Administrative functions
6 Controversies
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
History[edit]
See also: Taxation history of the United States
American Civil War (1861–65)[edit]
George S. Boutwell was the first Commissioner of Internal Revenue under President Abraham Lincoln.
In July 1862, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln and Congress passed the Revenue Act of 1862, creating the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue and enacting a temporary income tax to pay war expenses.
The Revenue Act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax. It copied a relatively new British system of income taxation, instead of trade and property taxation. The first income tax was passed in 1862:
The initial rate was 3% on income over $800, which exempted most wage-earners.
In 1862 the rate was 3% on income between $600 and $10,000, and 5% on income over $10,000.
In 1864 the rate was 5% on income between $600 and $5,000; 7.5% on income $5,000–10,000; and 10% on income $10,000 and above.
By the end of the war, 10% of Union households had paid some form of income tax, and the Union raised 21% of its war revenue through income taxes.[6]
Post Civil War, Reconstruction, and popular tax reform (1866–1900)[edit]
After the Civil War, Reconstruction, railroads, and transforming the North and South war machines towards peacetime required public funding. However, in 1872, seven years after the war, lawmakers allowed the temporary Civil War income tax to expire.
Income taxes evolved, but in 1894 the Supreme Court declared the Income Tax of 1894 unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., a decision that contradicted Hylton v. United States.[7] The federal government scrambled to raise money.[8]
In 1906, with the election of President Theodore Roosevelt, and later his successor William Howard Taft, the United States saw a populist movement for tax reform. This movement culminated during then candidate Woodrow Wilson's election of 1912 and in February 1913, the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution:
“ The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. ”
This granted Congress the specific power to impose an income tax without regard to apportionment among the states by population. By February 1913, 36 states had ratified the change to the Constitution. It was further ratified by six more states by March. Of the 48 states at the time, 42 ratified it. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah rejected the amendment; Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Florida did not take up the issue.[9]
People filing tax forms in 1920.
In the first year after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, no taxes were collected. Instead, taxpayers simply completed the form and the IRS checked the form for accuracy. The IRS's workload jumped by ten-fold, triggering a massive restructuring. Professional tax collectors began to replace a system of "patronage" appointments. The IRS doubled its staff, but was still processing 1917 returns in 1919.[10]
Wars (1900-2000)[edit]
A constitutional amendment to allow the Federal government to collect income taxes was proposed by President Taft in 1909, but the 16th Amendment was not ratified until 1913, just before the start of the First World War. In 1913 the first edition of the 1040 form was introduced. A copy of the very first IRS 1040 form, can be found at the IRS website[11] showing that only those with incomes of $3,000 (adjusted for inflation, the equivalent of $74,986 in 2017) or more were instructed to file. Income tax raised much of the money required to finance the war effort; in 1918 a new Revenue Act established a top tax rate of 77%.
In 1919 the IRS was tasked with enforcement of laws relating to prohibition of alcohol sales and manufacture; this was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Department of Justice in 1930. After repeal in 1933, the IRS resumed collection of taxes on beverage alcohol. [12] The alcohol, tobacco and firearms activities of the bureau were segregated into the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives in 1972.
A new tax act was passed in 1942 as the United States entered the Second World War.This act included a special wartime surcharge. The number of American citizens who paid income tax increased from about 4 million in 1939 to over 42 million by 1945. [13]
In 1953, President Truman's reform plan was carried out and the "patronage" system of appointments was ended. The organization's name was formally changed from "Bureau of Internal Revenue" to "Internal Revenue Service". In 1954 the filing deadline was moved to April 15.
The first electronic computers were put to work at the IRS in 1961. By 1986, limited electronic filing of tax returns was possible.

The 1998 IRS Reform act changed the organization from geographically oriented to an organization based on four operating divisions.
Presidential tax returns (1973)[edit]
From the 1950s through the 1970s, the IRS began using technology such as microfilm to keep and organize records. Access to this information proved controversial, when President Richard Nixon's tax returns were leaked to the public. His tax advisor, Edward L. Morgan, became the fourth law-enforcement official to be charged with a crime during Watergate.[14]
John Requard, Jr., accused of leaking the Nixon tax returns, collected delinquent taxes in the slums of Washington. In his words: "We went after people for nickels and dimes, many of them poor and in many cases illiterate people who didn't know how to deal with a government agency." Requard admitted that he saw the returns, but denied that he leaked them.[15]
Reporter Jack White of The Providence Journal, won the Pulitzer Prize for reporting about Nixon's tax returns. Nixon, with a salary of $200,000, paid $792.81 in federal income tax in 1970 and $878.03 in 1971, with deductions of $571,000 for donating "vice-presidential papers".[16] This was one of the reasons for his famous statement: "Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got."
So controversial was this leak, that most later US Presidents released their tax returns (though sometimes only partially). These returns can be found online at the Tax History Project.[17]
Computerization (1959–present)[edit]
By the end of the Second World War, the IRS was handling sixty million tax returns each year, using a combination of mechanical desk calculators, accounting machines and pencil and paper forms. In 1948 punch card equipment was used. The first trial of a computer system for income tax processing was in 1955, when an IBM 650 installed at Kansas City processed 1.1 million returns. The IRS was authorized to proceed with computerization in 1959, and purchased IBM 1401 and IBM 7070 systems for local and regional data processing centers. The Social Security Number was used for taxpayer identification starting in 1965. By 1967, all returns were processed by computer and punched card data entry was phased out.[18]
Information processing in the IRS systems of the late 1960s was in batch mode; microfilm records were updated weekly and distributed to regional centers for handling tax inquiries. A project to implement an interactive, realtime system, the "Tax Administration System" was launched, that would provide thousands of local interactive terminals at IRS offices. However, the General Accounting Office prepared a report critical of the lack of protection of privacy in TAS, and the project was abandoned in 1978.[18]
In 1995, the IRS began to use the public Internet for electronic filing. Since the introduction of e-filing, self-paced online tax services have flourished, augmenting the work of tax accountants, who were sometimes replaced.
In 2003, the IRS struck a deal with tax software vendors: The IRS would not develop online filing software and, in return, software vendors would provide free e-filing to most Americans.[19] In 2009, 70% of filers qualified for free electronic filing of federal returns.[20]
According to an inspector general's report, released in November 2013, identity theft in the United States is blamed for US$4 billion worth of fraudulent 2012 tax refunds by the IRS. Fraudulent claims were made with the use of stolen taxpayer identification and Social Security numbers, with returns sent to addresses both in the US and internationally. Following the release of the findings, the IRS stated that it resolved most of the identity theft cases of 2013 within 120 days, while the average time to resolve cases from the 2011/2012 tax period was 312 days.[21][22]
In September 2014, IRS Commissioner John Koskinen expressed concern over the organization's ability to handle Obamacare and administer premium tax credits that help people pay for health plans from the health law’s insurance exchanges. It will also enforce the law’s individual mandate, which requires most Americans to hold health insurance.[23] In January 2015, Fox News obtained an email which predicted a messy tax season on several fronts. The email was sent by IRS Commissioner Koskinen to workers. Koskinen predicted the IRS would shut down operations for two days later this year which would result in unpaid furloughs for employees and service cuts for taxpayers. Koskinen also said delays to IT investments of more than $200 million may delay new taxpayer protections against identity theft.[22] Also in January 2015, the editorial board of The New York Times called the IRS budget cuts penny-wise-and-pound-foolish, where for every dollar of cuts in the budget, $6 were lost in tax revenue.[24]
History of the IRS name[edit]
IRS and Department of the Treasury seal on lectern
As early as the year 1918, the Bureau of Internal Revenue began using the name "Internal Revenue Service" on at least one tax form.[25] In 1953, the name change to the "Internal Revenue Service" was formalized in Treasury Decision 6038.[26]
Current organization[edit]
The 1980s saw a reorganization of the IRS. A bipartisan commission was created with several mandates, among them to increase customer service and improve collections.[27] Congress later enacted the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998.[28]
As a result of that Act, the IRS now functions under four major operating divisions: Large Business and International division (LB&I), the Small Business/Self-Employed (SB/SE) division, the Wage and Investment (W&I) division, and Tax Exempt & Government Entities (TE/GE) division. Effective October 1, 2010, the name of the Large and Mid-Size Business division changed to the Large Business & International (LB&I) division.[29] The IRS also includes a criminal law enforcement division (IRS Criminal Investigation Division). While there is some evidence that customer service has improved, lost tax revenues in 2001 were over $323 billion.[30]
The IRS has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., and does most of its computer programming in Maryland. It currently operates five submission processing centers which process returns sent by mail and returns filed electronically via E-file. Different types of returns are processed at the various centers with some centers processing individual returns and others processing business returns.
Originally there were ten submission processing centers across the country. In the early 2000s the IRS closed five centers: Andover, MA; Holtsville, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Atlanta, GA; and Memphis, TN. This currently leaves five centers processing returns: Austin, TX; Covington, KY; Fresno, CA; Kansas City, MO; and Ogden, UT. In October 2016 the IRS announced that three more centers will close over a six-year period: Covington, KY in 2019; Fresno, CA in 2021; and Austin, TX in 2024. This will leave Kansas City, MO and Ogden, UT as the final two submission processing centers after 2024.
The IRS also operates three computer centers around the country (in Detroit, Michigan; Martinsburg, West Virginia; and Memphis, Tennessee).[31]
Commissioner[edit]
Main article: Commissioner of Internal Revenue
There have been 47 previous commissioners of Internal Revenue and 26 acting commissioners since the agency was created in 1862.[32]
Senior official at the Office of Management and Budget Daniel Werfel was announced as the acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue.[33] Werfel, who attended law school at the University of North Carolina and attained a master's degree from Duke University, prepared the government for a potential shutdown in 2011 by determining which services that would remain in existence.[33][34]
No IRS commissioner has served more than five years and one month since Guy Helvering, who served 10 years until 1943.[35] The most recent commissioner to serve the longest term was Doug Shulman, who was appointed by President George W. Bush and served for five years.[35]
Taxpayer Advocates[edit]
The Office of the Taxpayer Advocate, also called the Taxpayer Advocate Service, is an independent office within the IRS responsible for assisting taxpayers in resolving their problems with the IRS, as well as identifying systemic problems that exist within the IRS.[36] The current United States Taxpayer Advocate, also known as the National Taxpayer Advocate, is Nina E. Olson.[37]
Programs[edit]
Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) and Tax Counseling for the Elderly (TCE) are volunteer programs that the IRS runs to train volunteers and provide tax assistance and counseling to taxpayers.[38] Volunteers can study e-course material, take tests, and practice using tax-preparation software. Link & Learn Taxes (searchable by keyword on the IRS website), is the free e-learning portion of VITA/TCE program for training volunteers.
Tax collection statistics[edit]
Collections before Refunds by Type of Return, Fiscal Year 2010
Individual income tax (49.9%)
Employment taxes (35.3%)
Corporate income taxes (11.9%)
Excise taxes (2.0%)
Estate taxes (0.7%)
Other (0.2%)
Summary of Collections before Refunds by Type of Return, Fiscal Year 2010:[39]
Type of Return
Number of Returns
Gross Collections
to the nearest million US$
Individual Income Tax 141,166,805 1,163,688
Employment Taxes 29,493,234 824,188
Corporate Income Tax 2,355,803 277,937
Excise Taxes 836,793 47,190
Gift Tax 286,522 2,820
Estate Tax 28,780 16,931
Total 174,405,682 2,332,754
New York City field office for the IRS.
For fiscal year 2009, the U.S. Congress appropriated spending of approximately $12.624 billion of "discretionary budget authority" to operate the Department of the Treasury, of which $11.522 billion was allocated to the IRS. The projected estimate of the budget for the IRS for fiscal year 2011 was $12.633 billion.[40] By contrast, during Fiscal Year (FY) 2006, the IRS collected more than $2.2 trillion in tax (net of refunds), about 44 percent of which was attributable to the individual income tax. This is partially due to the nature of the individual income tax category, containing taxes collected from working class, small business, self-employed, and capital gains. The top 5% of income earners pay 38.284% of the federal tax collected.[41][42]
As of 2007, the agency estimates that the United States Treasury is owed $354 billion more than the amount the IRS collects.[43]
In 2011, 234 million tax returns were filed allowing the IRS to collect $2.4 trillion out of which $384 billion were attributed to mistake or fraud.[44]
Outsourcing collection and tax-assistance[edit]
In September 2006, the IRS started to outsource the collection of taxpayers debts to private debt collection agencies. Opponents to this change note that the IRS will be handing over personal information to these debt collection agencies, who are being paid between 29% and 39% of the amount collected. Opponents are also worried about the agencies' being paid on percent collected, because it will encourage the collectors to use pressure tactics to collect the maximum amount. IRS spokesman Terry Lemons responds to these critics saying the new system "is a sound, balanced program that respects taxpayers' rights and taxpayer privacy." Other state and local agencies also use private collection agencies.[45]
In March 2009, the IRS announced that it would no longer outsource the collection of taxpayers debts to private debt collection agencies. The IRS decided not to renew contracts to private debt collection agencies, and began a hiring program at its call sites and processing centers across the country to bring on more personnel to process collections internally from taxpayers.[46] As of October 2009, the IRS has ceased using private debt collection agencies.
In September 2009, after undercover exposé videos of questionable activities by staff of one of the IRS's volunteer tax-assistance organizations were made public, the IRS removed ACORN from its volunteer tax-assistance program.[47]
Administrative functions[edit]
The IRS publishes tax forms which taxpayers are required to choose from and use for calculating and reporting their federal tax obligations. The IRS also publishes a number of forms for its own internal operations, such as Forms 3471 and 4228 (which are used during the initial processing of income tax returns).
In addition to collection of revenue and pursuing tax cheaters, the IRS issues administrative rulings such as revenue rulings and private letter rulings. In addition, the Service publishes the Internal Revenue Bulletin containing the various IRS pronouncements.[48] The controlling authority of regulations and revenue rulings allows taxpayers to rely on them. A private letter ruling is good for the taxpayer to whom it is issued, and gives some explanation of the Service's position on a particular tax issue.[49] Additionally, a private letter ruling reasonably relied upon by a taxpayer allows for the waiver of penalties for underpayment of tax.
As is the case with all administrative pronouncements, taxpayers sometimes litigate the validity of the pronouncements, and courts sometimes determine a particular rule to be invalid where the agency has exceeded its grant of authority. The IRS also issues formal pronouncements called Revenue Procedures, that among other things tell taxpayers how to correct prior tax errors. The IRS's own internal operations manual is the Internal Revenue Manual, which describes the clerical procedures for processing and auditing tax returns in excruciating detail. For example, the Internal Revenue Manual contains a special procedure for processing the tax returns of the President and Vice President of the United States.[49]
More formal rulemaking to give the Service's interpretation of a statute, or when the statute itself directs that the Secretary of the Treasury shall provide, IRS undergoes the formal regulation process with a Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) published in the Federal Register announcing the proposed regulation, the date of the in-person hearing, and the process for interested parties to have their views heard either in person at the hearing in Washington, D.C., or by mail. Following the statutory period provided in the Administrative Procedure Act the Service decides on the final regulations "as is," or as reflecting changes, or sometimes withdraws the proposed regulations. Generally, taxpayers may rely on proposed regulations until final regulations become effective. For example, human resource professionals are relying on the October 4, 2005 Proposed Regulations[50] (citation 70 F.R. 57930-57984)[51] for the Section 409A on deferred compensation (the so-called Enron rules on deferred compensation to add teeth to the old rules) because regulations have not been finalized.
The IRS oversaw the Homebuyer Credit and First Time Homebuyer Credit programs instituted by the federal government from 2008-2010. Those programs provided United States citizens with money toward the purchase of homes, regardless of income tax filings.[52]
Controversies[edit]
See also: Political profiling at the Internal Revenue Service
Activists at IRS facility in Mountainside, New Jersey on May 21, 2013, protesting IRS targeting of partisan groups.
The IRS has been accused of abusive behavior on multiple occasions.[53][54][55][56] Testimony was given before a Senate subcommittee that focused on cases of overly aggressive IRS collection tactics in considering a need for legislation to give taxpayers greater protection in disputes with the agency.
Congress passed the Taxpayer Bill of Rights III on July 22, 1998, which shifted the burden of proof from the taxpayer to the IRS in certain limited situations. The IRS retains the legal authority to enforce liens and seize assets without obtaining judgment in court.[57]
Michael Minns was the defense lawyer in a case against the IRS on behalf of James and Pamela Moran, after an initial indictment in what Minns asserts was an IRS smear campaign that virtually canvassed the taxpayers' own hometown and surrounding area.[58] The original indictment was associated with the Morans' involvement with a tax shelter provider, Anderson's Ark & Associates. The Morans were eventually acquitted in the case.[59]
Minns also had previously asserted that the behavior of two IRS attorneys at law, Kenneth McWade and William A. Sims, constituted legal misconduct and recommended them for disbarment. Following an investigation, the law licenses of the IRS attorneys were duly suspended for a two-year period after a federal court ruling found that the two had indeed defrauded the courts in connection with 1,300 tax shelter cases. In 2003, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit concluded that the IRS lawyers had corruptly agreed with certain taxpayers that no tax collection actions would be taken against them—in return for testimony against other taxpayers. The court also asked why the IRS had not punished the two.[60]
In 2013, the IRS became embroiled in a political scandal in which it was discovered that the agency subjected conservative or conservative-sounding groups filing for tax-exempt status to extra scrutiny.[61]
On September 5, 2014, 16 months after the scandal first erupted, a Senate Subcommittee released a report that confirmed that Internal Revenue Service used inappropriate criteria to target Tea Party groups, but found no evidence of political bias.[62] The chairman of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations confirmed that while the actions were "inappropriate, intrusive, and burdensome," the Democrats have often experienced similar treatment.[63] Republicans noted that 83% of the groups being held up by the IRS were right-leaning; and the Subcommittee Minority staff, which did not join the Majority staff report, filed a dissenting report entitled, “IRS Targeting Tea Party Groups.”[64]
On May 25, 2015, the agency announced that criminals had illegally accessed the private tax information of over 100,000 taxpayers over a period of several months. By providing Social Security Numbers and other information obtained from prior computer crimes, the criminals were able to use the IRS's online "Get Transcript" function to have the IRS provide them with the tax returns and other private information of American tax filers.[65] On August 17, 2015, IRS disclosed that the breach had compromised an additional 220,000 taxpayer records.[66] On February 27, 2016, the IRS disclosed that more than 700,000 social security numbers and other sensitive information had been stolen.[67]
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Tax evasion in the United States
Notes[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b "Internal Revenue Service Data Book, 2015" (PDF).
Jump up ^ IRS: Affordable Care Act Tax Provisions
Jump up ^ "The Agency, its Mission and Statutory Authority". Internal Revenue Service. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "1861-1865: The Civil War". Tax.org. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ 3 U.S. 171 (1796).
Jump up ^ "1866-1900: Reconstruction to the Spanish-American War". Tax.org. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Notes on the Amendments - The U.S. Constitution Online". USConstitution.net. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "1901-1932: The Income Tax Arrives". Tax.org. April 14, 1906. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The first 1040 with instructions" (PDF). Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/historical-highlights-of-the-irs Historical highlights of the IRS retrieved 2017 Oct 6
Jump up ^ JoAnn A. Grote, The Internal Revenue Service, Infobase Publishing, 2001, ISBN 0791059898 page 43
Jump up ^ "Investigations: Fraud in Nixon's Taxes". Time. November 18, 1974. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ "How an IRS leak changed history altered history - Page 3 - Baltimore Sun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. December 21, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "How an IRS leak changed historyaltered history - Baltimore Sun". Articles.baltimoresun.com. December 21, 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ Tax History Project - Presidential Tax Returns. Taxhistory.org. Retrieved on August 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Cenuzi, A History of Modern Computing,MIT Press, 2003 ISBN 0262532034 pp. 119-122
Jump up ^ "Free File: Do Your Federal Taxes for Free". Irs.gov. January 29, 2013. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "As e-filing turns 20, IRS trying to win over remaining third of taxpayers from paper returns". cleveland.com. Retrieved August 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "IRS refunded $4 billion to identity thieves last year, inspector general's report says". CBS News. November 7, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "IRS chief warns of refund delays, poor customer service this tax year". Fox News.
Jump up ^ Howell, Tom. "Bipartisan doubts emerge on IRS ability to handle Obamacare". Retrieved September 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Editorial Board (January 17, 2015). "The Dangerous Erosion of Taxation". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Form 1040, Individual Income Tax Return for year 1918, as republished in historical documents section of Publication 1796 (Rev. February 2007), Internal Revenue Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury. Form 1040s for years 1918, 1919, and 1920 bore the name "Internal Revenue Service". For the 1921 tax year, the name was dropped, then was re-added for the 1929 tax year.
Jump up ^ 1953-2 C.B. 657 (August 21, 1953), filed with Division of the Federal Register on August 26, 1967, 18 Fed. Reg. 5120. Compare Treas. Department Order 150-29 (July 9, 1953).
Jump up ^ "Official web site of the National Commission on Restructuring the Internal Revenue Service". House.gov. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Pub. L. No. 105-206, 112 Stat. 685 (July 22, 1998).
Jump up ^ IR-2010-88, August 4, 2010, "IRS Realigns and Renames Large Business Division, Enhances Focus on International Tax Administration," Internal Revenue Service, at IRS.gov.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Department of the Treasury, Press Release" (PDF) (Press release). September 26, 2006.
Jump up ^ "GAO-11-308 Information Security: IRS Needs to Enhance Internal Control over Financial Reporting and Taxpayer Data" (PDF). Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Commissioner's Section". IRS.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b President Obama Appoints Daniel Werfel as Acting Commissioner of Internal Revenue, May 16, 2013
Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb; Aaron Blake (May 16, 2013). "Daniel Werfel replaces Miller as acting IRS commissioner". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 16, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "IRS Commissioner Says He Doesn’t Want Second Term". Bloomberg.
Jump up ^ "IRS Tax Attorney Los Angeles". IRStaxreliefsettlement. Retrieved 2016-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Profile of Nina Olson". Brynmawr.edu. November 16, 2003. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Link & Learn Taxes, linking volunteers to quality e-learning". Irs.gov. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tax Stats at a Glance". IRS.gov. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ See Table, p. 115, Budget of the U.S. Government: Fiscal Year 2011, Office of Management and Budget, Executive Office of the President of the United States (U.S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington, 2010), at Whitehouse.gov (PDF)
Jump up ^ 'SOI Tax Stats - Individual Income Tax Rates and Tax Shares'. Yearly statistics at www.irs.gov.
Jump up ^ 'New IRS Data Reveals That the Rich Really Do Pay Tax - Lots of It' by John Gaver. Press Release, Actionamerica.org, October 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ IRS Commissioner Assailed on 'Tax Gap' by Jack Speer. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 21, 2006.
Jump up ^ USA today page 1B/2B published April 12, 2012 "complex tax code raises problems for taxpayers and IRS"
Jump up ^ "IRS plan for private debt collection draws criticism". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Aug 23, 2006. Retrieved Apr 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "IRS Conducts Extensive Review, Decides Not to Renew Private Debt Collection Contracts".
Jump up ^ Wheaton, Sarah (September 23, 2008). "Acorn Sues Over Video as I.R.S. Severs Ties". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2012-23". Internal Revenue Service. June 4, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Internal Revenue Manual Section 3.28.3.
Jump up ^ A257.g.akamaitech.net Archived July 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF)
Jump up ^ Federal Register (Volume 70, Number 191) Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., October 4, 2005
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Prepared Statement Of Witness Before The Senate Finance Committee Oversight Hearing On The Internal Revenue Service". Archived from the original on July 29, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Davis, Robert Edwin. "Statement before the Senate Committee on Finance". Archived from the original on February 9, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Schriebman, Robert. "Prepared Statement of Robert S. Schrieman Before the Senate Finance Committee". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ Davis, Shelley L. (September 23, 1997). "Prepared Statement of Shelley L. Davis Before the Senate Finance Committee Oversight Hearing On The Internal Revenue Service". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2007.
Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6331. For case law on section 6331, see Brian v. Gugin, 853 F. Supp. 358, 94-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 50,278 (D. Idaho 1994), aff’d, 95-1 U.S. Tax Cas. (CCH) paragr. 50,067 (9th Cir. 1995).
Jump up ^ Katharhynn Heidelberg, "Attorney: IRS should apologize", Montrose Daily Press (Montrose, Colorado), December 28, 2007, at Montrose Daily Press
Jump up ^ Katharhynn Heidelberg, "Morans Acquitted on All Counts", Montrose Daily Press (Montrose, Colorado), December 21, 2007, at Montrose Daily Press[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ David Cay Johnston, August 21, 2004, "2 Ex-IRS Lawyers' Licenses Suspended for Misconduct", The New York Times, at The New York Times
Jump up ^ "IRS officials in Washington were involved in targeting of conservative groups". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Korte, Gregory. "Senate subcommittee: No political bias in IRS targeting". Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Permanent Subcommittee On Investigations. "RS and TIGTA Management Failures Related to 501(c)(4) Applicants Engaged in Campaign Activity". Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ The Subcommittee Minority. "IRS Targeting Tea Party Groups" (PDF). Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Joseph. "IRS Leaked Over 100,000 Taxpayers' Private Info To Criminals: What You Need". Forbes. New York, NY. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ Weise, Elizabeth (August 17, 2015). "IRS hack far larger than first thought". USA Today. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ CBS News (April 18, 2016). "Massive IRS data breach much bigger than first thought". CBS News Interactive. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
Further reading[edit]
Davis, Shelley L.; Matalin, Mary (1997). Unbridled Power: Inside the Secret Culture of the IRS. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-88730-829-5.
Johnston, David Cay (2003). Perfectly Legal: The Covert Campaign to Rig Our Tax System to Benefit the Super Rich—and Cheat Everybody Else. New York: Portfolio. ISBN 1-59184-019-8.
Rossotti, Charles O. (2005). Many Unhappy Returns: One Man's Quest To Turn Around The Most Unpopular Organization In America. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-59139-441-4.
Roth, William V., Jr.; Nixon, William H. (1999). The Power to Destroy. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-748-8.
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List of highest paid Major League Baseball players
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017)
Alex Rodriguez earned the highest salary in MLB in 2013 at $100. He also has the highest career earnings in MLB history.
The highest-paid player in Major League Baseball (MLB) from the 2013 season is Los Angeles Angels' centerfielder Mike Trout with an annual salary of $33,250,000 . MLB does not have a hard salary cap, instead employing a luxury tax which applies to teams whose total payroll exceeds certain set thresholds for a given season.[1][2] Free agency did not exist in MLB prior to the end of the reserve clause in the 1970s, allowing owners before that time to wholly dictate the terms of player negotiations and resulting in significantly lower salaries. [[Baby girl Ruth) ]], widely regarded as one of the greatest baseball players ever, earned an estimated $910,696 ($14,654,832 inflation-adjusted from 1931 dollars) over his entire playing career.[3] When asked whether he thought he deserved to earn $80,000 a year ($1,171,952 inflation-adjusted), while the president, Herbert Hoover, had a $75,000 salary, Ruth famously remarked, "What the hell has Hoover got to do with it? Besides, I had a better year than he did."[4][5]
Rodriguez has signed two record-breaking contracts over the course of his career. First, he signed a $252 million, 10-year contract with the Texas Rangers in December 2000 ($358,107,826 inflation-adjusted from 2000 dollars).[6] Sandy Alderson called the deal "stupefying", while Sports Illustrated noted that Rodriguez's early salaries under the contract ($21 million) would be greater than the annual payroll of the entire Minnesota Twins team that year ($15.8 million).[6] The deal was the largest sports contract in history, doubling the total value of Kevin Garnett's $126 million National Basketball Association contract (the previous record holder) and more than doubling Mike Hampton's $121 million contract, the previous MLB record which had been signed just days before.[6] The Rangers later traded Rodriguez to the Yankees in exchange for Alfonso Soriano before the 2004 season, though they agreed to pay $67 million of the $179 million outstanding on the contract.[7] Despite this, he opted out of the remainder of his deal after the 2007 season and renegotiated a new $275 million, 10-year agreement with the Yankees, breaking his own record for the largest sports contract.[8] Under this deal, Rodriguez also receives $6 million each if and when he ties the career home run totals of Willie Mays (660), Babe Ruth (714), Hank Aaron (755), and Barry Bonds (762), along with another $6 million for breaking Bonds' mark.[8]
First base was the highest-paid position in 2010; regular starters at that position earned an average salary of $9,504,165 in compared to an overall average of $3,014,572.[9] Pitcher Nolan Ryan was the first player to earn an annual salary above $1 million, signing a $4.5 million, 4-year contract with the Houston Astros in 1979.[10] Kirby Puckett and Rickey Henderson signed the first contracts which paid an average of $3 million a year in November 1989, in 1990 Jose Canseco signed for 5 years and $23.5 million, making him the first player to earn an average of $4 million a year. It was until 2010 when the MLB average salary rose above that same mark.[9][11] Five of the twenty highest-paid players in 2013 were members of the Yankees. Their team payroll for 2013 was $228,835,490, roughly $12 million above the second-largest Los Angeles Dodgers.[12] The Yankees have drawn criticism for their payroll, with some claiming it undermines the parity of MLB.[13][14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Highest annual salaries in 2017
3 Career earnings
4 Salary progression
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
Key[edit]
Key
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
1B
First baseman
2B
Second baseman
3B
Third baseman
SS
Shortstop
LF
Left fielder
CF
Center fielder
RF
Right fielder
C
Catcher
SP
Starting pitcher
RP
Relief pitcher
DH
Designated hitter
Highest annual salaries in 2017[edit]
This table refers to the salary for 2017 alone, not the overall average value of the contract.
Rank
Name
Position
Team(s)
Salary
Ref
1
Clayton Kershaw SP Los Angeles Dodgers $33,000,000 [15]
2
Zack Greinke SP Arizona Diamondbacks $31,876,966 [16]
3
David Price SP Boston Red Sox $30,000,000 [17]
4
Miguel Cabrera 1B Detroit Tigers $28,000,000 [18]
4
Justin Verlander SP Detroit Tigers/Houston Astros $28,000,000 [19]
6
Jason Heyward OF Chicago Cubs $26,055,288 [20]
7
Albert Pujols 1B Los Angeles Angels $26,055,288 [21]
8
Felix Hernandez SP Seattle Mariners $25,857,143 [22]
9
Jon Lester SP Chicago Cubs $25,000,000 [23]
9
CC Sabathia SP New York Yankees $25,000,000 [24]
Career earnings[edit]
Though retired since 2007, Barry Bonds' career earnings of over $188 million still ranks fifth-highest overall in MLB history.
Earnings up to date as of the end of the 2013 season.[E]
Name
Team(s)
Position
Years
Earnings
Ref
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
New York Yankees SS, 3B 1994–2016 $396,416,252 [25]
Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
New York Yankees SS 1995–2014 $265,159,364 [26]
Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
Kansas City Royals
Houston Astros
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Yankees
Houston Astros
CF, RF 1998–2017 $221,952,782 [27]
Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
Cleveland Indians
Boston Red Sox
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago White Sox
Tampa Bay Rays LF 1993–2011 $206,827,769 [28]
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Pittsburgh Pirates
San Francisco Giants LF 1986–2007 $188,245,322 [29]
Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
Montreal Expos
Seattle Mariners
Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks
New York Yankees
San Francisco Giants SP 1988–2009 $175,550,019 [30]
Hunter, ToriiTorii Hunter
Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels
Detroit Tigers CF 1997–2015 $171,055,000 [31]
Rivera, MarianoMariano Rivera
New York Yankees RP 1995–2013 $169,441,825 [32]
Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
Atlanta Braves 3B 1993–2012 $168,552,133 [33]
Sheffield, GaryGary Sheffield
Milwaukee Brewers
San Diego Padres
Florida Marlins
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
New York Yankees
Detroit Tigers
New York Mets RF 1988–2009 $168,008,550 [34]
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
New York Yankees
Miami Marlins RF 2001– $166,331,483 [35]
Helton, ToddTodd Helton
Colorado Rockies 1B 1998–2013 $161,490,000 [36]
Santana, JohanJohan Santana
Minnesota Twins
New York Mets SP 2000–2012 $155,997,269 [37]
Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Chicago Cubs
Atlanta Braves
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego Padres SP 1986–2008 $153,845,000 [38]
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
Cincinnati Reds
Chicago White Sox CF 1988–2010 $151,703,682 [39]
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
New York Yankees
Houston Astros SP 1984–2007 $150,601,000 [40]
Halladay, RoyRoy Halladay
Toronto Blue Jays
Philadelphia Phillies SP 1998–2013 $148,991,666 [41]
Sabathia, CCCC Sabathia
Cleveland Indians
Milwaukee Brewers
New York Yankees SP 2001– $146,357,142 [42]
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
Florida Marlins
New York Mets 1B 1993–2009 $146,299,000 [43]
Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Los Angeles Dodgers
Montreal Expos
Boston Red Sox
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies SP 1992–2009 $146,259,585 [44]
Salary progression[edit]
Nolan Ryan (pictured) became the first player to earn an average salary above $1 million in 1979. Precisely 17 years later Albert Belle became the first player to average above $10 million a year.
This list documents the progression of the highest average annual value contracts/contract extensions.[45][P]
Average annual salary
Date signed
Name
Team
Position
Contract duration
(Years)
Ref(s)
$01170000 !1,170,000
01 !November 19, 1979 Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan Houston Astros SP 03 !3 [10][46]
$02500000 !2,500,000[a]
02 !December 15, 1980 Winfield, DaveDave Winfield New York Yankees RF 10 [47][48]
$02600000 !2,600,000
03 !September 4, 1985 Murray, EddieEddie Murray Baltimore Orioles 1B 05 !5 [49][50]
$02633333 !2,633,333[b]
03.1 !February 16, 1989 Hershiser, OrelOrel Hershiser Los Angeles Dodgers SP 03 !3 [51][52]
$02970000 !2,970,000
04 !November 17, 1989 Saberhagen, BretBret Saberhagen Kansas City Royals SP 03 !3 [53][54]
$03000000 !3,000,000[c]
05 !November 22, 1989 Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett Minnesota Twins CF 03 !3 [55][56]
$03200000 !3,200,000
06 !December 1, 1989 Langston, MarkMark Langston California Angels SP 05 !5 [57][58]
$03250000 !3,250,000
07 !December 11, 1989 Davis, MarkMark Davis Kansas City Royals SP 04 !4 [59][60]
$03500000 !3,500,000
08 !January 17, 1990 Stewart, DaveDave Stewart Oakland Athletics SP 02 !2 [61][62]
$03750000 !3,750,000
09 !January 22, 1990 Clark, WillWill Clark San Francisco Giants 1B 04 !4 [63][64]
$03860000 !3,860,000
10 !April 9, 1990 Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly New York Yankees 1B 05 !5 [65][66]
$04700000 !4,700,000
11 !June 28, 1990 Canseco, JoseJose Canseco Oakland Athletics RF/DH 05 !5 [67][68]
$05380000 !5,380,000
12 !February 2, 1991 Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens Boston Red Sox SP 04 !4 [40][69]
$05800000 !5,800,000
13 !December 2, 1991 Bonilla, BobbyBobby Bonilla New York Mets 3B/RF 05 !5 [70][71]
$07100000 !7,100,000
14 !March 2, 1992 Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 04 !4 [72][73]
$07290000 !7,290,000
15 !December 6, 1992 Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 06 !6 [29][74]
$08500000 !8,500,000
16 !January 31, 1996 Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr. Seattle Mariners CF 04 !4 [39][75]
$11000000 !11,000,000
17 !November 19, 1996 Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle Chicago White Sox LF 05 !5 [76][77]
$11450000 !11,450,000
18 !March 20, 1997 Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds San Francisco Giants LF 02 !2 [29][78]
$11500000 !11,500,000
19 !August 10, 1997 Maddux, GregGreg Maddux Atlanta Braves SP 05 !5 [38][79]
$12500000 !12,500,000
20 !December 10, 1997 Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez Boston Red Sox SP 06 !6 [44][80]
$13000000 !13,000,000
21 !October 26, 1998 Piazza, MikeMike Piazza New York Mets C 07 !7 [81][82]
$13333333 !13,333,333
22 !November 25, 1998 Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn Anaheim Angels 1B 06 !6 [83][84]
$15000000 !15,000,000
23 !December 12, 1998 Brown, KevinKevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers SP 07 !7 [85][86]
$15450000 !15,450,000[d]
24 !August 11, 2000 Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens New York Yankees SP 02 !2[d] [40][87]
$17000000 !17,000,000
25 !October 20, 2000 Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays 1B 04 !4 [43][88]
$25200000 !25,200,000
26 !December 10, 2000 Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS 10 [6][25]
$27500000 !27,500,000
27 !December 13, 2007 Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez New York Yankees 3B 10 [8][25]
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
Business and economics portal
Highest-paid NBA players by season
List of player salaries in the NHL
List of highest-paid American television stars
List of highest-paid film actors
List of salaries
Footnotes[edit]
E "Earnings" as discussed here refers to salaries paid to players under MLB contracts and does not include advertising or other sources of income. All values are listed in nominal dollars.
P "Average annual value" is calculated as the total value of a contract (less bonuses) divided by the number of years. A $20 million/2-year contract would have an average annual value of $10 million, even if the player actually received $9 million one season and $11 million in the other. This also does not include contracts for less than a season prorated in value for a full season such as Roger Clemens' 2006 and 2007 contracts.[40][89][90][91][92] All values are listed in nominal dollars.
a Dave Winfield initially negotiated a 10-year deal in 1980 worth a projected $25 million ($2.5 million per year).[48] However, Yankees owner George Steinbrenner reportedly had not fully understood a cost of living adjustment provision in it and the 10-year contract was renegotiated a few months later. The final precise value is unclear, although it fell between $20 and $25 million in total value ($2–2.5 million a year).[47][93][94][95]
b Hershiser and Frank Viola both won the 1988 Cy Young Award and Viola signed an identically-sized $7.9 million, 3-year contract two months after Hershiser.[96]
c Rickey Henderson signed a $12 million, 4-year contract with the Oakland Athletics on November 28, 1989, 6 days after Puckett signed his $9 million, 3-year contract.[58][97]
d Roger Clemens signed a contract extension during the 2000 season covering 2001 and 2002 along with a player option for 2003. Clemens was paid $10.3 million each year for 2001 and 2002, with the same $10.3 million available if he elected to play in 2003 under his option. However, Clemens also received $10.3 million if he rejected the option. As a result, he could effectively collect the full $30.9 million of contract value for only two years of play ($15.45 million annually).[87][98] However, the Yankees valued this deal as a $10.3 million annually, three-year deal.[45] He became a free agent after the 2002 season and ultimately re-signed with the Yankees for a new, one-year contract in which they bought out the previous option.[40][99]
References[edit]
Bibliography
"USA Today Salaries Database – Top 25". USA Today. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
"Highest Career and Single-Season Salaries". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Footnotes
Jump up ^ "MLB players, owners announce five-year labor deal". ESPN.com. Associated Press. October 25, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Barry (March 10, 2009). "Fehr does not foresee a salary cap". MLB.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Babe Ruth Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hampton, Wilborn (2009). Babe Ruth: A twentieth-century life. New York: Viking. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-670-06305-5. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Wayne (2006). Babe Ruth: A biography. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-313-33596-6. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "$252,000,000: A-Rod, Rangers agree to richest deal in sports history". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 14, 2000. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Selig gives blessing to mega-merger". ESPN.com. February 17, 2004. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rodriguez finalizes $275M deal with Yankees". ESPN.com. December 13, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "MLB's average salary eclipses $3M for first time". ESPN.com. Associated Press. December 13, 2010. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Belth, Alex (December 2, 2005). "From Catfish to A-Rod: Landmark moments from baseball's free-agent era". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Salary Progression Chart". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 14, 2000. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2013 MLB Salaries by team". USA Today. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Nightengale, Bob (April 11, 2010). "Parity? Yankees, Red Sox loom large for smaller market teams". USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kepner, Tyler (April 6, 2010). "Edginess Over the Yankees' Payroll". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clayton Kershaw". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Zach Greinke". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "David Price". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Miguel Cabrera". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Justin Verlander". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Jason Heyward". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Albert Pujols". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Felix Hernandez". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Jon Lester". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
Jump up ^ "CC Sabathia". azcentral.com. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alex Rodriguez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Derek Jeter Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Carlos Beltran Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Manny Ramirez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Barry Bonds Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Randy Johnson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Torii Hunter Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Mariano Rivera Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Chipper Jones Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gary Sheffield Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ichiro Suzuki Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Todd Helton Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Johan Santana Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Greg Maddux Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ken Griffey, Jr. Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Roger Clemens Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Roy Halladay Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved April 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ "CC Sabathia Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Carlos Delgado Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pedro Martinez Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "MLB Baseball - Salary Progression Chart". Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 11, 2000. Retrieved March 22, 2011 – via CNNSI.com.
Jump up ^ "Nolan Ryan Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dave Winfield Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Chass, Murray (December 16, 1980). "Yanks Sign Winfield for up to $25 million; $1.5 million for first year Winfield becomes Yankee". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Murray Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Boswell, Thomas (September 6, 1985). "Eddie Murray's new contract surpasses all others". Anchorage Daily News. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Orel Hershiser Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (February 17, 1989). "Another record for Hershiser: $7.9 million Dodger contract". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bret Saberhagen Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Saberhagen highest paid in baseball". Philadelphia Inquirer. November 18, 1989.
Jump up ^ "Kirby Puckett Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (November 23, 1989). "Puckett hits the Jackpot: First $3 million man". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mark Langston Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Chass, Murray (December 2, 1989). "Angels and Langston agree on $16 million". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mark Davis Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Durso, Joseph (December 12, 1989). "Mark Davis signs with Royals for $13 million". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dave Stewart Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Dave Stewart agrees to contract". Harlan Daily Enterprise. Associated Press. January 18, 1990. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Will Clark Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Will Clark package zooms to $15 million". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 23, 1990. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Don Mattingly Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Dave (April 11, 1990). "Sports of the Times; Mattingly: Yankees' last tradition". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Jose Canseco Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Koppett, Leonard (June 28, 1990). "Canseco gets his pitch: $23.5 million from A's". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (February 9, 1991). "Baseball; Clemens signs for more than $5 million a year". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bobby Bonilla Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (December 3, 1991). "Baseball; How Bonilla got Mets to empty their pockets". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ryne Sandberg Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (March 3, 1992). "Sandberg becomes highest-paid player, for now". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (December 6, 1992). "Baseball; Giants make investment: $43 million in Bonds". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (February 1, 1996). "Baseball; Griffey becomes the first $8 million dollar man". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Albert Belle Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Smith, Claire (November 20, 1996). "Belle signs the richest deal: 5 years, $55 million". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Extension gives Bonds top salary". The New York Times. February 21, 1997. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Jerry (August 11, 1997). "Maddux's deal heads salary list". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (December 11, 1997). "Baseball; Martinez's $75 million for 6 years raises bar". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mike Piazza Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Diamos, Jason (October 25, 1998). "Baseball; The Mets agree to make Piazza baseball's richest player; Leiter says he is close to a $32 million deal". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Mo Vaughn Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (November 27, 1998). "Baseball: On baseball; Boston, with Vaughn gone, now can't win for signing". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Kevin Brown Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Diamos, Jason (December 13, 1998). "Baseball: Brown becomes the richest in baseball". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Olney, Buster (August 12, 2000). "Clemens' New Deal is most unusual". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Chass, Murray (October 21, 2000). "Plus: Baseball; Delgado becomes top-paid player". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rocket relaunch: Clemens rejoins Astros". ESPN.com. Associated Press. June 1, 2006. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Roger Clemens 2006 Pitching Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clemens to make about $4.5 million per month". ESPN.com. May 7, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Olney, Buster (May 30, 2007). "If inclined, Yankees would need Rocket's OK on trade". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Durso, Joseph (February 9, 1981). "Dave Winfield finds baseball and business the perfect mix". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Winfield finishes business with Yankees and Padres". The New York Times. February 3, 1981.
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Jump up ^ "Viola gets big pact, loss". Spokane Chronicle. Associated Press. April 20, 1989. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Rickey Henderson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Paying it forward: The Mets' cash troubles are epitomized by the story of Bobby Bonilla". Retrieved August 12, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Clemens staying put in pinstripes: Yankees' ace re-signs in pursuit of win No. 300". Edmonton Journal. December 31, 2002.
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