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Climate of Pakistan
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Pakistan map of Köppen climate classification.
Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world – 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) – on 26 May 2010, the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan, but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[1][2] As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the Tropic of Cancer (between latitudes 25° and 36° N), it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature, both seasonally and daily. Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold, snow-covered northern mountains; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau are somewhat higher. Along the coastal strip, the climate is modified by sea breezes. In the rest of the country, temperatures reach great heights in the summer; the mean temperature during June is 38 °F (3 °C) in the plains, the highest temperatures can exceed 47 °C (117 °F). In the summer, hot winds called Loo blow across the plains during the day. Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture. The dry, hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature. Evenings are cool; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to 17C. Winters are cold, with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 °C (39 °F) in January, and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan.
Regions where Snow Falls in Pakistan (Region: Northern half of Azad Kashmir, Gilgit–Baltistan, Extreme northern Punjab, Northern half of Khyber-Pakhtunkhawa province and Northern Balochistan. Personal estimation.)
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The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan; otherwise, Continental air prevails for rest of the year. Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan.
Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country. These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan.
Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh, central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.
Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan, FATA, Chitral and Gilgit–Baltistan. Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat. These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding, even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country.
Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November. They affect the coastal localities of the country.
Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June, They are locally known as Andhi. These dust storms are quite violent. Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter.
Heat waves occur during May and June, especially in southern Punjab, central Balochistan and interior Sindh.
Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir.
Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country.
Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.
The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 °C in January to an average daily high of 38 °C in June. Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimeters per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring.
Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial center, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. Only July and August average more than twenty-five millimeters of rain in the Karachi area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging from an average daily low of 13 °C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34 °C on summer days. Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab, the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort. In Islamabad, there are cold winds from the north of Pakistan.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Extreme weather events
1.1 Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded
1.2 Tropical cyclones and tornadoes
1.3 Drought
1.4 Floods
1.4.1 2010 Floods
1.4.2 2011 Sindh floods
2 See also
3 References
Extreme weather events[edit]
Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded[edit]
Main article: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
The weather extremes in Pakistan include high and low temperatures, heaviest rainfall and flooding. The highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan is 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) which was recorded in Mohenjo-daro, Sindh on 26 May 2010. It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia.[4][5] and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth. The highest rainfall of 620 millimetres (24 in) was recorded in Islamabad during 24 hours on 24 July 2001. The record-breaking rain fell in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the previous 100 years.
Tropical cyclones and tornadoes[edit]
Main article: Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan
Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to 15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15 December, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. Cyclones form in the Arabian sea often results in strong winds and heavy rainfall in Pakistan's coastal areas. However tornadoes mostly occur during spring season that is March and April usually when a Western Disturbance starts effecting the northern parts of the country. It is also speculated that cycles of tornado years may be correlated to the periods of reduced tropical cyclone activity.
Drought[edit]
Main article: Drought in Pakistan
The drought has become a frequent phenomenon in the country. Already, the massive droughts of 1998-2002 has stretched the coping abilities of the existing systems to the limit and it has barely been able to check the situation from becoming a catastrophe. The drought of 1998-2002 is considered worst in 50 years. According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan, the drought was one of the most significant factors responsible for the less than anticipated growth performance. The survey terms it as the worst drought in the history of the country. According to the government, 40 percent of the country's water needs went unmet.[6][7]
Floods[edit]
Main articles: Monsoon of South Asia and List of floods in Pakistan
Pakistan has seen many floods, the worst and most destructive is the recent 2010 Pakistan floods, other floods which caused destruction in the history of Pakistan, include the flood of 1950, which killed 2910 people; on 1 July 1977 heavy rains and flooding in Karachi, killed 248 people, according to Pakistan meteorological department 207 millimetres (8.1 in) of rain fell in 24 hours.[8] In 1992 flooding during Monsoon season killed 1,834 people across the country, in 1993 flooding during Monsoon rains killed 3,084 people, in 2003 Sindh province was badly affected due to monsoon rains causing damages in billions, killed 178 people, while in 2007 Cyclone Yemyin submerged lower part of Balochistan Province in sea water killing 380 people. Before that it killed 213 people in Karachi on its way to Balochistan.
2010 Floods[edit]
Main article: 2010 Pakistan floods
2010 July floods swept 20% of Pakistan's land, the flood is the result of unprecedented Monsoon rains which lasted from 28 July to 31 July 2010. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North eastern Punjab were badly affected during the monsoon rains when dams, rivers and lakes overflowed. By mid-August, according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission (FFC), the floods had caused the deaths of at least 1,540 people, while 2,088 people had received injuries, 557,226 houses had been destroyed, and over 6 million people had been displaced.[9] One month later, the data had been updated to reveal 1,781 deaths, 2,966 people with injuries, and more than 1.89 million homes destroyed.[10] The flood affected more than 20 million people exceeding the combined total of individuals affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[11][12] The flood is considered as worst in Pakistan's history affecting people of all four provinces and Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan.[13]
2011 Sindh floods[edit]
Main article: 2011 Sindh floods
The 2011 Sindh floods began during the monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab.[14] The floods have caused considerable damage; an estimated 270 civilians have been killed, with 5.3 million people and 1.2 million homes affected.[15] Sindh is a fertile region and often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy is said to be extensive. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land has been inundated as a result of the flooding.[15] The flooding has been described as the worst since the 2010 Pakistan floods, which devastated the entire country.[15] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh province.[16]
See also[edit]
Climate of Islamabad
Climate of Karachi
Climate of Lahore
Climate of Rawalpindi
Climate of Peshawar
Climate of Quetta
Climate of Multan
Climate of Hyderabad
Climate of Nawabshah
Climate of Gwadar
2001 Islamabad Cloud Burst
List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-09-02. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html/entrynum=1559&tstamp=
Jump up ^ "Pakistan - Climate". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Wunder Blog : Weather Underground". Wunderground.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pakmet.com.pk :Extreme Heat wave in Pakistan". Pakmet.com.pk. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-09. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
Jump up ^ Platform, International Recovery. "Sorry, there has been a problem - 'assets/publication/9+sept/Drought/drought+coping+in+afghanistan.pdf' cannot be found - International Recovery Platform" (PDF). www.recoveryplatform.org. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Dawn.com: Heavy Rain in Karachi". Dawn.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Ahmadani A (August 19, 2010). "Heavily Funded FFC Fails to Deliver". TheNation. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Singapore Red Cross (September 15, 2010). "Pakistan Floods:The Deluge of Disaster - Facts & Figures as of 15 September 2010". Retrieved October 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ South Asia, BBC News (14 August 2010). "Floods affect 20m people – Pakistan PM Gilani". British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Floods in Pakistan worse than tsunami, Haiti". gulfnews. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dawn.com : 2010 Pakistan Floods". Dawn.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan floods: Oxfam launches emergency aid response". BBC World News South Asia. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Floods worsen, 270 killed: officials". The Express Tribune. September 13, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
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Ron Hale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ron Hale
Born
(1946-01-02) January 2, 1946 (age 72)
Grand Rapids, Michigan[1]
Ron Hale (born January 2, 1946) is an American actor best known for his role as Dr. Roger Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope for its entire run (1975–1989). He played the recurring role of Mike Corbin, the father of mobster Sonny Corinthos in the ABC soap opera General Hospital.
Filmography[edit]
Search for Tomorrow (1951, TV Series) - Walt Driscoll (1969)
A Lovely Way To Die (1968) - (uncredited)
Me, Natalie (1969) - Stanley Dexter
Love is a Many Splendored Thing (1973, TV Series) - Dr. Jim Abbott
All the President's Men (1976) - Frank Sturgis
Ryan's Hope (1975-1989, TV Series) - Dr. Roger Coleridge
Matlock (1989, TV Series) - Eldon Williams
MacGyver (1990, TV Series) - Mike Travers
Original Intent (1992) - Dr. Johnson
Trial by Jury (1994) - Bailiff
The Dark Mist (1996) - Pentakis
Port Charles (1997, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Brothers Flub (1999) - Squish (voice)
Sunstorm (2001) - Jack
Intimate Portrait (2003, TV Series, Vanessa Marcil) - Himself
General Hospital (1996-2010, TV Series) - Mike Corbin
The Ghost and The Whale (2017) - Father Reinhart
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.filmreference.com/film/87/Ron-Hale.html
External links[edit]
Ron Hale on IMDb

This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Jason's Deli
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jason's Deli
Type
Private
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
30 November 1976; 40 years ago (1976-11-30)
Headquarters
Beaumont, Texas
Key people
Joe Tortorice Jr., President
Rusty Coco, Charley Pohl, Executive VP
Pete Verde, VP Operations
Pat Broussard, VP Facilities
Products
Sandwiches, Salads, Spuds
Revenue
$500 million USD (2011)
Website
jasonsdeli.com
Jason's Deli is a fast casual delicatessen restaurant chain headquartered in Beaumont, Texas, United States.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Menu
3 Awards
4 Locations
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Jason's Deli was founded in Beaumont, Texas on 30 November 1976 by Joe Tortorice Jr. and his partners Rusty Coco, Pete Verde and Pat Broussard.
Joe and Rusty grew up in the food business. Their fathers owned neighborhood grocery stores in Beaumont. The original Jason's Deli location is still in operation at its original location at 112 Gateway St. The chain started franchising in 1988, with the first franchised store opened in Tucson, Arizona.
Today there are 268 locations in 29 states.[2] As of August 2008, Jason's Deli ranked #1 in annual sales in QSR Magazine's Top Ten list of restaurant groups with under 300 locations.[3] The parent company, Deli Management, Inc., owns the majority of the deli restaurants. In 2007, Jason's Deli opened a new "neighborhood deli" concept in Flower Mound, Texas with a smaller location and a slightly reduced menu.
Menu[edit]
The company offers a standard deli style menu including traditional sandwiches such as Po'boys and muffalettas. Each deli has a salad bar and a daily soup selection. They also serve other items, such as baked potatoes, pastas and salads.
In April 2005, the company completed a five-year plan to eliminate added trans-fats from its menu.[4] In October 2008, the company eliminated high fructose corn syrup from its food.[5][6]
Additionally, the company has eliminated MSG from all of its food.[7]
Jason's Deli has also introduced gluten-free products.
Awards[edit]
Jason's Deli won the 2008 Nation's Restaurant News Golden Chain Award, and Restaurants & Institutions’ 2007 and 2006 Consumers’ Choice in Chains Gold Award in the sandwich segment.
Locations[edit]
Jason's Deli is found in 29 states.[8]
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
Colorado
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Wisconsin
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Food portal
Texas portal
List of delicatessens
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Corporate Office Contact Information." Jason's Deli. Retrieved on February 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.jasonsdeli.com/restaurants
Jump up ^ "QSR Top 50 by Total Units". QSR Magazine. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Jason's Deli chain to go trans-fat-free by April 15". Nations Restaurant News. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-12-12. Retrieved 2007-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Working to Keep It Real In His Chain of Delis". Washington Post. 2008-10-29. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Jump up ^ "Jason's Deli Becomes First U.S. Restaurant Chain to Ban HFCS from Its Menu". The Food Channel. Retrieved 2008-11-05.
Jump up ^ http://www.jasonsdeli.com/blog/tag/msg/
Jump up ^ Jason's Deli
External links[edit]
Jason's Deli Website
Nation's Restaurant News profile on Joseph V. Tortorice Jr.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason%27s_Deli&oldid=777753335"
Categories:
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Bonus Army
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Bonus Army Conflict

Bonus Army marchers (left) confront the police.
Date
July 28, 1932
Location
Washington D.C., United States
Result
Pyrrhic victory, Bonus Army dispersed, demands rejected, Herbert Hoover loses 1932 Presidential election
Belligerents
Bonus Army U.S. Army
Commanders and leaders
Walter W. Waters Herbert Hoover
Douglas MacArthur
George S. Patton
Strength
17,000 veterans
26,000 others 500 infantry
500 cavalry
6 M1917 light tanks
800 policemen
Casualties and losses
First day 2 dead; 1,017 injured,[citation needed] total unknown At least 69 police injured
The Bonus Army were the 43,000 marchers—17,000 U.S. World War I veterans, their families, and affiliated groups—who gathered in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash-payment redemption of their service certificates. Organizers called the demonstrators the "Bonus Expeditionary Force", to echo the name of World War I's American Expeditionary Forces, while the media referred to them as the "Bonus Army" or "Bonus Marchers". The contingent was led by Walter W. Waters, a former sergeant.
Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression. The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945. Each certificate, issued to a qualified veteran soldier, bore a face value equal to the soldier's promised payment compound interest. The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates.
On July 28, U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property. Washington police met with resistance, shots were fired and two veterans were wounded and later died. President Herbert Hoover then ordered the Army to clear the marchers' campsite. Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded the infantry and cavalry supported by six tanks. The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out, and their shelters and belongings burned.
A second, smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps at Fort Hunt, Virginia, which most of the group accepted. Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home.[1] In 1936, Congress overrode President Roosevelt's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early.
Contents
1 Background
2 March
3 Police shooting
4 Army intervention
5 Aftermath
6 See also
7 Notes
7.1 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
Members of the Bonus Army camped out on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol building
The practice of war-time military bonuses began in 1776, as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted. The practice derived from British legislation passed in the 1592–93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers. Similar legislation for disabled veterans later only progressively passed by the North American colonies, beginning with Virginia in 1624.[citation needed]
In 1781, most of the Continental Army was demobilized. Two years later, hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia, then the nation's capital, surrounded the State House, where the U.S. Congress was in session, and demanded back pay. Congress fled to Princeton, New Jersey, and several weeks later, the U.S. Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia.[citation needed]
In August 1776, Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans. Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at the Battle of Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate. Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses, eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836.[2]
Before World War I, the soldiers' military service bonus (adjusted for rank) was land and money; a Continental Army private received 100 acres (40 ha) and $80.00 (2017: $1,968.51) at war's end, while a major general received 1,100 acres (450 ha). In 1855, Congress increased the land-grant minimum to 160 acres (65 ha), and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle; moreover, the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war. The provision of land eventually became a major political issue, particularly in Tennessee where almost 40% of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus. By 1860, 73,500,000 acres (29,700,000 ha) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program's abandonment and replacement with a cash-only system.[citation needed] Breaking with tradition, the veterans of the Spanish–American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I, that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus. The American Legion, created in 1919, led a political movement for an additional bonus.[3]
Cinderella stamp (USA, 1932) supporting the Bonus Army
On May 15, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I, saying: "patriotism... bought and paid for is not patriotism." Congress overrode his veto a few days later,[3] enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act. Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service, up to a maximum of $500, and $1.25 for each day of overseas service, up to a maximum of $625 (2017: $8,903.62).[4] Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid. All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years.[5]
There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued, with a combined face value of $3.64 billion (2017: $51.8 billion).[4] Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that, with interest, would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3.638 billion for the veterans. Meanwhile, veterans could borrow up to 22.5% of the certificate's face value from the fund; but in 1931, because of the Great Depression, Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50% of the certificate's face value.[6] Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates, Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed.[7]
The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates.[8]
The first march of the unemployed was Coxey's Army in 1894, when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a "living petition" to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects[9] In January 1932, a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians, dubbed "Cox's Army", had marched on Washington, D.C., the largest demonstration to date in the nation's capital, setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed.[citation needed]
March[edit]
Bonus Army Camp
Most of the Bonus Army camped in a "Hooverville" on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington, just south of the 11th Street Bridges (now Section C of Anacostia Park). Approximately 10,000 veterans, women and children lived in the shelters in which they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby, which included old lumber, packing boxes and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw.[10] The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans, who laid out streets, built sanitation facilities, and held daily parades. To live in the camps, veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged.[citation needed] The Superintendent of the D.C. Police, Pelham D. Glassford, worked with camp leaders to maintain order.
On June 15, 1932, the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus.[11] The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill. The bill was defeated by a vote of 62–18.[citation needed]
Police shooting[edit]
On July 28, 1932, President Hoover ordered the Secretary of War to disperse the protesters. Towards the late afternoon, cavalry, infantry, tanks and machine guns pushed the "Bonusers" out of Washington. The troops injured more than one hundred marchers in the process.[12] When the veterans moved back into the camp, police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans, two of whom, William Hushka and Eric Carlson, died later.[13][14]
Hushka (1895– July 28, 1932) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania. When the US entered World War I in 1917, he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis, Missouri, and joined the army. After the war, he lived in Chicago.[14] Hushka is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.[15]
Carlson (1894 – August 2, 1932) was a veteran from Oakland, California. He fought in the trenches of France in World War I.[14][16][17] He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery.[18]
On July 28 under prodding from the White House the D.C. Commissioners ordered Glassford to clear their buildings, rather than letting them drift away as he had recommended. An Army intelligence report said that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting which would be a signal for Communist uprisings in all major cities. At least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries; hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon (the report of July 5, 1932 by Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991). When two veterans were shot the commissioners asked the White House for federal troops. Hoover passed the request to Secretary Hurley who told MacArthur to take action. At 1.40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble them on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House. Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by Patton crossed the Memorial Bridge, with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later. At 4 pm Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready, and MacArthur (like Eisenhower, by now in service uniform) said that Hoover wanted him on hand to take the rap if .... However twice that evening Hoover sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night, both of which he ignored; shortly after 9 p.m. he ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment [19]
Army intervention[edit]
At 4:45 p.m., commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, the 12th Infantry Regiment, Fort Howard, Maryland, and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, supported by six M1917 light tanks commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch. The Bonus Marchers, believing the troops were marching in their honor, cheered the troops until Patton ordered[citation needed] the cavalry to charge them, which prompted the spectators to yell, "Shame! Shame!"[citation needed]
Shacks that members of the Bonus Army erected on the Anacostia Flats burning after its confrontation with the army.
After the cavalry charged, the infantry, with fixed bayonets and tear gas (adamsite, an arsenical vomiting agent) entered the camps, evicting veterans, families, and camp followers. The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp, and Hoover ordered the assault stopped. MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack, claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government; 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested.[14] A veteran's wife miscarried. When 12-week-old Bernard Myers died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack, a government investigation reported he died of enteritis, and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas "didn't do it any good."[20]
During the military operation, Major Dwight D. Eisenhower, later the 34th president of the United States, served as one of MacArthur's junior aides.[21] Believing it wrong for the Army's highest-ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans, he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role: "I told that dumb son-of-a-bitch not to go down there," he said later. "I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff."[22] Despite his misgivings, Eisenhower later wrote the Army's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur's conduct.[23]
Aftermath[edit]
Joe Angelo, a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton's life during the Meuse-Argonne offensive on September 26, 1918, approached him the day after to sway him. Patton, however, dismissed him quickly. This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army, each man the face of each side: Angelo the dejected loyal soldier; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties.[24]
Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved, it proved politically disastrous for Hoover, and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D. Roosevelt.[25]
Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene, believing that the police could have handled the situation. He soon resigned as superintendent.
MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933, the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president. Produced by William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan Pictures, it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who, in the film's opening scenes, refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an "Army of Construction" to work on public works projects until the economy recovers.[26] First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover's.[27]
During the presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt had opposed the veterans' bonus demands.[28] When they organized a second demonstration in May 1933, he provided the marchers with a campsite in Virginia and provided them three meals a day.[citation needed]
Administration officials, led by presidential confidant Louis Howe, tried to negotiate an end to the protest. Roosevelt arranged for his wife, Eleanor, to visit the site unaccompanied. She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs. She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home. The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).[27] One veteran commented, "Hoover sent the army, Roosevelt sent his wife."[29] In a press conference following her visit, the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers, highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals.[27]
Roosevelt later issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC, exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25.[30] Congress, with Democrats holding majorities in both houses, passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936, authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses, and then overrode Roosevelt's veto of the measure.[31] The House vote was 324 to 61,[32] and the Senate vote was 76 to 19.[33]
See also[edit]
List of protest marches on Washington, D.C.
On-to-Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans, 1935
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "'Take Job in the Forest or Go Home' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys", Middlesboro (Kentucky) Daily News, May 17, 1933, p1; "Bonus Marchers Weaken; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps", Milwaukee Journal, May 20, 1933, p1
Jump up ^ Graves, Will. "Pension Acts An Overview of Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Legislation and the Southern Campaigns Pension Transcription Project". Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements & Rosters. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b David Greenberg, Calvin Coolidge (NY: Henry Holt, 2006), 78–9
^ Jump up to: a b "BLS Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. US Government, Department of Labor. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen, 29
Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen, 37-8
Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen, 34
Jump up ^ Stephen R. Ortiz, "The 'New Deal' for Veterans: The Economy Act, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of the New Deal," Journal of Military History, vol. 70 (2006), 434–5
Jump up ^ Donald L. McMurry, "Coxey's Army", 1930 (page cite needed).
Jump up ^ ""The Bonus Army" Eyewitness to History (2000)".
Jump up ^ Glass, Andrew (2009). "House passes bonus bill for WWI veterans, June 15, 1932". POLITICO. Retrieved 2013-12-20.
Jump up ^ "The Bonus Army". Encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Veteran dies of wounds," August 2, 1932, accessed August 30, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b c d TIME: "Heroes: Battle of Washington," August 8, 1932, accessed August 30, 2011: "Last week William Hushka's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years."
Jump up ^ FindAGrave
Jump up ^ Mentioned in "The March of the Bonus Army" video, 30 min. Retrieved from answer.com 2011-2-4.
Jump up ^ "Bonus Army Spectacle, U.S. Capital, 1932: What Really Happened", Section VI. Two Shootings at Glassford Camp from Suburban Emergency Management Project (SEMP), Biot Report #635: July 18, 2009. Retrieved 2011-2-8
Jump up ^ Bonus Expeditionary Force Martyrs Hushka & Carlson (1932), DC Labor Map, retrieved 2011-2-8
Jump up ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. New York: Random House. pp. 109–113. ISBN 978-0-679-64429-3.
Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen, 182-3
Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen, 170-4, 180
Jump up ^ Wukovits, John F. (2006). Eisenhower. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 43. ISBN 0-230-61394-2. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ D'Este, Carlo (2002). Eisenhower: A Soldier's Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. p. 223. ISBN 0-8050-5687-4. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Hirshson, Stanley P. General Patton. Harper Collins Publishers 2002. New York, New York.
Jump up ^ Historynet.com reproduction of "The 'Bonus Army' War in Washington," Wyatt Kingseed, Anerican History magazine, June 2004, accessed 31 Jan 2018
Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database: Gabriel Over the White House (1933), accessed December 15, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c Blanche Wiesen Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt (NY: Viking, 1999), vol. 2, 44–6
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Governor Lays Plans for Trip," October 17, 1932, accessed December 18, 2010
Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003, p. 63.
Jump up ^ H.W. Brands, Traitor to his Class: The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt(NY: Doubleday, 2008), 391
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Bonus Bill Becomes Law", January 28, 1936, accessed December 20, 2010
Jump up ^ New York Times: "House Swiftly Overrides Bonus Veto by Roosevelt", January 25, 1936, accessed September 3, 2011
Jump up ^ New York Times: "Bonus Bill Becomes Law", January 28, 1936, accessed September 3, 2011
Bibliography[edit]
Burner, David. (1979). Herbert Hoover: A Public Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-46134-7.
Daniels, Roger. (1971). The Bonus March: An Episode of the Great Depression. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 0837151740
Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. (2004). The Bonus Army: An American Epic. New York: Walker and Company. ISBN 0-8027-1440-4.
Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen. "Marching On History," in Smithsonian, February 2003
James, D. Clayton. (1970). The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880–1941. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 36211265
Jenkins, Roy (2003). Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Times Books. ISBN 9780805069594.
Lisio, Donald J. (1974). The President and Protest: Hoover, Conspiracy, and the Bonus Riot. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. ISBN 082620158X
Smith, Richard Norton. (1984). An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-46034-X.
Liebovich, Louis W. (1994). Bylines in Despair: Herbert Hoover, the Great Depression, and the U.S. News Media ISBN 0-275-94843-9
Bennett, Michael J. (1999). When Dreams Come True: The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ISBN 1-57488-218-X
Perret, Geoffrey (1996). "MacArthur and the Marchers" in MHQ: the Quarterly Journal of Military History. Vol 8, No 2 American Historical Publication, Inc
Further reading[edit]
Morrow, Felix. (1932). The Bonus March. International Pamphlets No. 31. New York: International Publishers. OCLC 12546840
Ortiz, Stephen R. 2006. "Rethinking the Bonus March: Federal Bonus Policy, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the Origins of a Protest Movement". Journal of Policy History. 18, no. 3: 275–303.
Rawl, Michael J. (2006). Anacostia Flats. Baltimore: Publish America. ISBN 978-1-413-79778-7.
Smith, Gene. (1970). The Shattered Dream: Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression. New York: William Morrow and Company. OCLC 76078
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonus Army.
Sheilah Kast (February 13, 2005). "Soldier Against Soldier: The Story of the Bonus Army". NPR: Weekend Edition Sunday.
The Bonus Army (EyeWitness to History)
Vets Owe Debt to WWI's "Bonus Army from military.com
FBI file on the Bonus Army
The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers
Memory: The Bonus Army March, Library of Congress
Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on The Bonus Army: An American Epic, a lecture recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Coordinates: 38°52′0.3″N 76°59′53″W / 38.866750°N 76.99806°W / 38.866750; -76.99806
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