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Battle of Pea Ridge
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For the historic site, see Pea Ridge National Military Park.
Battle of Pea Ridge
Battle of Elkhorn Tavern
Part of the American Civil War

The Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. by Kurz & Allison
Date
March 7 – 8, 1862
Location
Near Leetown, northeast of Fayetteville, Arkansas
36°27′15.8″N 94°02′04.9″W / 36.454389°N 94.034694°W / 36.454389; -94.034694Coordinates: 36°27′15.8″N 94°02′04.9″W / 36.454389°N 94.034694°W / 36.454389; -94.034694
Result
Union victory
Belligerents
United States Confederate States
Commanders and leaders
Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn
Units involved
Army of the Southwest Trans-Mississippi District
Strength
10,500[1] 16,500[2]
Casualties and losses
1,384[1] 2,000[3]
Pea Ridge
Location within Arkansas
Pea Ridge
Pea Ridge (the US)
Show map of Arkansas Show map of the US Show all
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Pea Ridge Campaign
Pea Ridge
The Battle of Pea Ridge (March 7 – 8, 1862), also known as the Battle of Elkhorn Tavern, was a major battle of the American Civil War fought near Leetown, northeast of Fayetteville, Arkansas.[4] Federal forces, led by Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, moved south from central Missouri, driving Confederate forces into northwestern Arkansas. Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn launched a Confederate counter-offensive, hoping to recapture northern Arkansas and Missouri. Curtis held off the Confederate attack on the first day and drove Van Dorn's force off the battlefield on the second. This American Civil War battle, one of the few in which a Confederate army outnumbered its opponent, essentially established Federal control of most of Missouri and northern Arkansas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Prelude
2.1 Action at Bentonville, Arkansas
2.2 Geography
3 Opposing forces
3.1 Union
3.2 Confederate
4 Battle, March 7
4.1 Contact
4.2 Leetown
4.3 Elkhorn Tavern
5 Battle, March 8
5.1 Night
5.2 Second day
6 Aftermath
7 Legacy
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Background[edit]
United States forces in Missouri during the latter part of 1861 and early 1862 had pushed the Confederate Missouri State Guard under Major-General Sterling Price out of the state. By spring 1862, Federal Brig. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis determined to pursue the Confederates into Arkansas with his Army of the Southwest.[5]
Curtis moved his approximately 10,250 Federal soldiers and 50 artillery pieces into Benton County, Arkansas, and along Little Sugar Creek. The Federal forces consisted primarily of soldiers from Iowa, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Ohio. Over half of the Union soldiers were German immigrants, grouped into the 1st and 2nd Divisions, which were under the command of Brig. Gen. Franz Sigel, himself a German immigrant. Upon learning that General Curtis would command the army instead of himself, Sigel threatened to resign, so the predominantly native-born regiments were assigned to the 3rd and 4th divisions to create an ethnic balance among divisions and their commanders.[6]
Due to the length of his supply lines and to a lack of reinforcements necessary for a further advance, Curtis decided to remain in position and fortified an excellent defensive line on the north side of the creek, placing artillery for an expected Confederate assault from the south.[7]
The Confederate major general, Earl Van Dorn, had been appointed as the overall commander of the Trans-Mississippi District to quell a simmering conflict between the Confederate generals Price of Missouri and Benjamin McCulloch of Texas. Van Dorn's Trans-Mississippi District totaled approximately 16,000 men, which included 800 Indian troops, Price's Missouri State Guard contingents and other Missouri units, and McCulloch's contingent of cavalry, infantry, and artillery from Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri.[8]
Van Dorn was aware of the Federal movements into Arkansas and was intent on destroying Curtis's Army of the Southwest and reopening the gateway into Missouri.
He intended to flank Curtis and attack his rear, forcing Curtis to retreat north or be encircled and destroyed. Van Dorn had ordered his army to travel light so each soldier carried only three days' rations, forty rounds of ammunition, and a blanket. Each division was allowed an ammunition train and an additional day of rations. All other supplies, including tents and cooking utensils, were to be left behind.[9]
Prelude[edit]
Key commanders (Army of the Southwest)
Brig. Gen.
Samuel R. Curtis, Commanding
Brig. Gen.
Franz Sigel,
1st and 2d Divisions
On March 4, 1862, instead of attacking Curtis's position head on, Van Dorn split his army into two divisions under Price and McCulloch, ordering a march north along the Bentonville Detour to get behind Curtis and cut his lines of communication. For speed, Van Dorn left his supply trains behind, which proved a crucial decision. Amid a freezing storm, the Confederates made a three-day forced march from Fayetteville through Elm Springs and Osage Spring to Bentonville, arriving stretched out along the road, hungry and tired.[10]
Action at Bentonville, Arkansas[edit]
Warned by scouts and Arkansas unionists, Curtis rapidly concentrated his outlying units behind Little Sugar Creek, placing William Vandever's 700-man brigade, who marched 42 miles (68 km) in 16 hours from Huntsville to Little Sugar Creek.[11] But Curtis's right flank also suffered from Sigel's having sent a 360-man task force to the west, where they would miss the next three days of fighting. Sigel also withdrew a cavalry patrol from the road on which the Confederate army was advancing; however, Colonel Frederick Schaefer of the 2nd Missouri Infantry, on his own initiative, extended his patrols to cover the gap. When Van Dorn's advance guard blundered into one of these patrols near Elm Springs, the Federals were alerted. Still, Sigel was so slow in evacuating Bentonville that his rear guard was nearly snared by Van Dorn on March 6 as he advanced.[12]
Waiting until the Confederate advance was nearly upon him, Sigel ordered his 600 men and six guns to fall back on a road leading northeast toward Curtis's position. The Confederate 1st Missouri Cavalry led by Elijah Gates attacked from the south to cut off Sigel's retreat. They managed to surprise and capture a company of the 36th Illinois, but many were freed when Sigel's withdrawing men unexpectedly bumped into them. Sigel managed to fight his way through Gates' men, helped by a blunder by confederate Brig. Gen. James M. McIntosh.[13]
Key commanders (Trans-Mississippi District)
Maj. Gen.
Earl Van Dorn, Commanding
Maj. Gen.
Sterling Price,
Mo. State Guard
Brig. Gen.
Benjamin McCulloch,
McCulloch's Division
Brig. Gen.
Albert Pike, Department of Indian Territory
McIntosh had planned to envelop Sigel's force from the northwest while Gates closed the trap on the south. However, McIntosh mistakenly took his 3,000-man cavalry brigade too far up a northerly road. After marching three miles out of his way, he turned his troopers onto the road leading east into the Little Sugar Creek valley. By the time they reached the site where Sigel's northeast road met McIntosh's east-bound road, the Federal general's men had already passed the intersection thus avoiding a disaster. When the 3rd Texas Cavalry charged, they ran smack into Sigel's main line. The Confederates lost 10 killed and about 20 wounded to Federal artillery and rifle fire and the Union position held.[14]
Geography[edit]
Curtis's headquarters at Pratt's Store
Curtis placed his four small divisions astride the Telegraph or Wire Road in a fortified position atop the bluffs north of Little Sugar Creek. From the creek, the Telegraph Road went northeast to Elkhorn Tavern where it intersected the Huntsville Road leading east, and Ford Road leading west. From Elkhorn, the Wire Road continued north and down into Cross Timber Hollow before crossing the border into Missouri. From there, the Federal supply line followed the Telegraph Road northeast to St. Louis. The hamlet of Leetown lay north-west of the Telegraph Road, about halfway between Curtis's position on the bluffs and Ford Road. Curtis made his headquarters at Pratt's Store, located on the Wire Road between Elkhorn and Little Sugar Creek.[15]
Van Dorn sought the Federal rear via the Bentonville Detour. This ran from Camp Stephens, west of Curtis's position, northeast onto the Pea Ridge plateau. At Twelve Corner Church, which still stands today, Ford Road branched east to Elkhorn; the Detour continued northeast, meeting the Wire Road just north of Cross Timber Hollow. South of the Bentonville Detour, west of Cross Timber Hollow, and north of Ford Road lay the militarily impassable Big Mountain.[16]
On the night of March 6, Col. Grenville Dodge, with Curtis's approval, led several parties to obstruct the Bentonville Detour, felling trees on the road between Twelve Corner Church and Cross Timber Hollow. That same evening, Van Dorn's army, Price's Division leading, began the long march to Cross Timber Hollow. The night march was slowed by clearing Dodge's obstructions, Van Dorn's lack of an engineer corps, poor staff work, and the soldiers' exhaustion.[17]
Opposing forces[edit]
Union[edit]
Further information: Union order of battle
Confederate[edit]
Further information: Confederate order of battle
Battle, March 7[edit]
Battle of Pea Ridge (Day 1 and Day 2)
Contact[edit]
Van Dorn had planned for both his divisions to reach Cross Timber Hollow, but by dawn, only the head of Price's division had made it that far. Because of the delay, Van Dorn instructed McCulloch's division to take the Ford Road from Twelve Corner Church and meet Price at Elkhorn.[18]
That morning, Federal patrols detected both threats. Not knowing where the Confederate main body was located, Curtis sent Dodge's brigade of Col. Eugene A. Carr's 4th Division northeast up the Wire Road to join the 24th Missouri Infantry at Elkhorn Tavern. But Dodge, still worried about the threat to the Federal rear, had disobeyed orders and pulled his brigade back to Pratt's Store, available to immediately reinforce Elkhorn. Curtis also sent a task force under Col. Peter J. Osterhaus north to reconnoiter along Ford Road. Osterhaus' force consisted of Col. Nicholas Greusel's brigade of his own 1st Division, several cavalry units led by Col. Cyrus Bussey, and twelve cannons.[19]
Leetown[edit]
Troop arrangement at the Battle of Leetown
McCulloch's force consisted of a cavalry brigade under Brigadier General James McIntosh, an infantry brigade under Col. Louis Hébert, and a combined force of Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole cavalry under Brig. Gen. Albert Pike. McCulloch's troops swung west on the Ford Road and plowed into elements of the Federal army at a small village named Leetown, where a fierce firefight erupted.[20]
At 11:30 a.m. Osterhaus rode north through a belt of timber onto Foster Farm and witnessed an astonishing sight. McCulloch's entire division was marching east on Ford Road only a few hundred yards away.[21] Despite the odds, Osterhaus ordered Bussey's small force to attack to buy time for his infantry brigade to deploy. Three Federal cannon began shelling the Southerners, killing at least ten. McCulloch wheeled McIntosh's 3,000 horsemen to the south to attack. The massed Confederate charge overwhelmed Bussey's force, stampeding them and capturing the cannons. A little further west, two companies of the 3rd Iowa ran into a Cherokee ambush and were similarly routed. The Iowa unit's unusual killed-to-wounded ratio, 24 killed and 17 wounded, suggests that the Native American warriors killed a number of wounded Northerners. "Some, perhaps all, of Trimble's wounded Iowans were murdered and at least eight were scalped."[22]
Lee Town fight
South of the belt of timber lay Oberson's Field, where Greusel had time to form his brigade and nine cannon on the forest edge on the south side. Sul Ross alertly led the 6th Texas Cavalry in pursuit of Bussey's force. But when Ross rode into the field, his men were fired on and quickly fell back. Greusel shook out two companies of skirmishers from the 36th Illinois and posted them along the southern edge of the belt of timber between Oberson's and Foster's fields. The Federal gunners began lobbing shells over the belt of timber. Though the howitzers were fired blindly, their first shell bursts panicked the Cherokees, who rapidly retreated and could not be rallied. Meanwhile, McCulloch had formed Louis Hébert's 4,000-man infantry brigade across a wide front and sent them south. Hébert took control of the four regiments east of the north-south Leetown Road, while McCulloch took charge of the four regiments west of the road.[23]
The Texan general rode forward into the belt of timber to personally reconnoiter the Federal positions, and coming into range of the Illinois skirmishers was shot through the heart. McIntosh was quickly notified that he was in command, but his staff, fearing that the death of their popular leader would dishearten his soldiers, made the unwise decision not to share the bad news with many of the subordinate officers. Without consulting Hébert, or anyone else, McIntosh impulsively led his former regiment, the dismounted 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles Regiment into the attack. As the unit reached the southern edge of the belt of timber, it was met with a massed volley from Greusel's brigade and McIntosh dropped dead with a bullet in him. In the meantime, unaware that he was now in command of the division, Hébert led the left wing of the attack south into the woods. Meanwhile, the colonels of the right wing regiments withdrew to await orders from Hébert. It was about 2:00 p.m. The blind Federal bombardment of Foster's Farm and the breakdown in the Confederate command structure began to destroy the morale of McCulloch's division.[24]
Hébert's powerful attack was stopped in the nick of time by Col. Jefferson C. Davis and the 3rd Division. Davis was originally destined for Elkhorn, but Curtis diverted his troops to Leetown after Osterhaus' report reached him. The four Southern regiments nearly overran Davis' leading brigade under Col. Julius White. Davis ordered a cavalry battalion to charge, but this effort was easily routed by the Southern infantry. When Col. Thomas Pattison's brigade arrived, Davis sent them up a forest trail to envelop Hébert's open left flank. Untroubled by the inert Confederate units on Foster's Farm, Osterhaus was able to "box in" Hébert's right flank.[25] After very hard fighting in dense woods, the Confederates, pressed from three sides, were driven back to the Ford Road. In the smoky confusion, Hébert and a small party, having become separated from the rest of the left wing, blundered through a gap in the Federal lines and got lost in the woods. Later that day, a Federal cavalry unit captured Hébert and his group.[26]
At this point, command of McCulloch's division would normally have devolved upon Elkanah Greer, the commander of the 3rd Texas Cavalry Regiment, but due to the prevailing command confusion, he was not notified of his superior officers' death or capture for several hours. In the meantime, Brig. Gen. Albert Pike, technically outside the chain of command of McCulloch's division assumed command on the Leetown battlefield around 3:00 p.m. At 3:30 p.m., even as Hébert was still battling in the woods, Pike decided to lead the regiments nearest to him in retreat back to Twelve Corners Church. This movement took place in total confusion, several units being left behind on the field, some marching back towards Camp Stephens, others around Big Mountain towards Van Dorn and the rest of the army. At least one regiment was at this point ordered to discard its arms and bury them for later recovery. It was only several hours later that Greer assumed command of the remaining forces and was at that point informed of Pike's actions. Initially, he considered remaining on the battlefield but after consulting with Van Dorn decided to withdraw his forces as well and join the remainder of the army in Cross Timber Hollow.[27]
Elkhorn Tavern[edit]
Pea Ridge National Military Park
Around 9:30 a.m., Cearnal's cavalry battalion in Price's advance guard bumped into a company of the 24th Missouri Volunteer Infantry in Cross Timber Hollow. Soon after, Carr arrived at Elkhorn Tavern with Dodge's brigade right behind. Carr spread out his regiments facing north along the edge of the plateau near the tavern and pulled the 24th Missouri back to cover their left flank at the base of Big Mountain. The Fourth Division commander then sent the 1st Iowa Battery's four guns forward to slow the Confederate advance.[28]
At this point, Van Dorn, instead of rushing Carr's badly outnumbered force with all 5,000 of his available soldiers, became cautious and ordered Price to fully deploy his division, with the Missouri State Guard divisions on the right and the Confederate Missouri brigades on the left. When the Northern guns began firing, Van Dorn ordered his own artillery into action. Soon, 21 Southern guns were pounding the Iowa cannoneers. By the time Price's infantry finally began edging uphill toward the Yankee guns, they met Carr's men advancing downhill in an aggressive counterstroke. The Confederate advance stalled near Elkhorn, but Price's left flank units were marching up Williams Hollow further to the east. Once this force reached the plateau, Carr's right flank would be turned.[29]
By 12:30 p.m., Carr's second brigade, Vandever's, arrived at Elkhorn. The Federal division commander immediately launched this unit in a counterattack on Price's right flank. Superior numbers of Southerners eventually forced Vandever to pull back a short distance uphill. At 2:00 p.m. Van Dorn found out that McCulloch's division would not be meeting Price's at Elkhorn. At this time, Henry Little, on his own initiative, waved his 1st Missouri Brigade forward and the Rebel advance began to roll uphill. These events finally convinced Van Dorn to take more aggressive action.[30] Price was wounded but remained in charge of his left wing while Van Dorn took tactical control of the Confederate right wing. But more time was lost in reorganizing Price's division to attack. Meanwhile, Curtis was rushing small units to Carr's assistance as quickly as he could. Carr himself was wounded three times: in the ankle, neck and arm, but refused to leave the field. In 1894 he would be awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions this day.[31]
About 4:30 p.m. Price's left emerged from Williams Hollow and attacked, outflanking Carr's line. On the right, Dodge's brigade collapsed after putting up a terrific fight at Clemon's farm. On the left, in equally hard fighting, Vandever's men were steadily pushed back to the tavern and beyond. In the center, Little led his men forward into the teeth of Federal artillery. After being forced back from position after position, Vandever's men finally halted the Confederate drive at Ruddick's field, over a quarter mile south of the tavern. There they were joined by Dodge's men, part of Alexander S. Asboth's 2nd Division and Curtis. At 6:30 p.m., Curtis launched a brief counter-attack, but soon recalled his men in the dark.[32]
Battle, March 8[edit]
Night[edit]
Temperatures fell rapidly after dark, making a very uncomfortable night for the men of both armies. Curtis called Davis' 3rd Division to Ruddick's field during the night. When Davis arrived he was put in line to the left of Carr. Sigel marched the 1st and 2nd Divisions in circles all night but finally had them camp near Pratt's Store. Asboth, who was wounded in the last action of the day, believed that the United States Army's position was hopeless and pressed Curtis several times during the night to retreat. Though his army was now cut off from Missouri, Curtis refused to consider retreat and confidently predicted victory in the morning.[33]
By a night march, a number of regiments and artillery batteries from McCulloch's Division, led by Greer, reached Van Dorn via the Bentonville Detour and Cross Timber Hollow. Van Dorn was unaware that his supply train had been mistakenly ordered back to Camp Stephens during the previous afternoon and evening. In the morning, the Confederate reserve artillery ammunition would be hopelessly out of reach.[34]
Second day[edit]
Troop deployment at Elkhorn Tavern
In the early morning, Sigel sent Osterhaus to scout the open prairie to the west of Elkhorn. The colonel discovered a knoll that promised to make an excellent artillery position and reported it to Sigel. Osterhaus also suggested that the 1st and 2nd Divisions simply march up the Telegraph Road and deploy on Davis' left, rather than retrace the route of the previous evening; Sigel agreed with his advice and his wing was put into motion. In the meantime, Davis ordered an Illinois battery to fire a few salvos into the woods opposite his position. This provoked a sharp Confederate reaction. Three Southern batteries opened fire, causing two Federal batteries to retreat and Davis to pull his men out of the open and back into the woods. This was followed by a Confederate probe which was quickly driven back.[35]
Soon Sigel's men extended in a long line to the left of Davis. By 8:00 a.m., Asboth's division took its place on the far left, then came Osterhaus, Davis and Carr, with the Federal line generally facing north. It was possibly the only time during the war an entire army was visibly deployed in one continuous line of battle from flank to flank.[36] Sigel now massed 21 cannons on the open knoll to the west of Elkhorn. With Sigel in personal control, the Federal artillery began an extremely effective fire against the 12 Southern guns opposed to them. When the Confederate gunners pulled back under the deadly fire, Van Dorn ordered two batteries to take their place. After one of the new batteries panicked and fled, Van Dorn put its commander under arrest. But the Southern commander was unable to counter Sigel's devastating fire. Return fire from the Confederate artillery was ineffective and few Federals were killed.[37]
With the opposing guns rendered nearly harmless, Sigel directed his gunners to fire into the woods at the Confederate infantry. Near the base of Big Mountain the projectiles created a deadly combination of rock shrapnel and wood splinters, driving the 2nd Missouri Brigade from its positions. "It was one of the few times in the Civil War when a preparatory artillery barrage effectively softened up an enemy position and paved the way for an infantry assault."[38] During the bombardment, Sigel's infantry edged forward so that by 9:30 a.m. his divisions had executed a right wheel and faced to the northeast. By this time Van Dorn found that his reserve artillery ammunition was with the wagon train, a six-hour march away. The Southern commander bitterly realized that he had no hope of victory and decided to retreat via the Huntsville Road. This route led east from the tavern, then turned south. With Price wounded but still in command of the rear guard, Van Dorn's army began to move toward the Huntsville Road in some confusion.[39]
The last hour of the battle
At 10:30 a.m., Sigel sent his two divisions forward into the attack. On the far left, Asboth's regiments drove the 2nd Cherokee Mounted Rifles from the point of Big Mountain. Osterhaus was resisted by Little's 1st Missouri Brigade. Soon, Curtis ordered Davis to attack in the center. Not realizing that the Confederate army was retreating past his right flank, Curtis held Carr's mauled division in position on the right.[40]
Van Dorn joined the retreat about 11:00 a.m. Sometime around noon, Sigel's soldiers met Davis' men near Elkhorn Tavern and a great cry of "Victory" was sent up. A number of Southerners were cut off and escaped up the Wire Road into Cross Timber Hollow. From there the infantry retraced their steps on the Bentonville Detour. Several batteries marched northeast into Missouri then south through the Ozarks. In the confusion, Curtis failed to understand that Van Dorn had escaped on the Huntsville Road. Thinking that Van Dorn had retreated via Cross Timber Hollow, he sent Sigel and some cavalry to pursue in that direction. Instead of taking the forces Curtis assigned for the pursuit, Sigel gathered both of his divisions and marched northeast toward Keetsville, Missouri. Near there, he requested that Curtis send his supply train to that place. "I am going forward not backward," remarked an annoyed Curtis to his staff.[41] On March 9, Sigel finally returned to the battlefield and admitted that the Southern main body had not retreated by way of Missouri.[42]
Aftermath[edit]
Plan of the Battlefield of Pea Ridge
Federal forces reported 203 killed, 980 wounded and 201 missing for a total of 1,384 casualties. Of these, Carr's 4th Division lost 682, almost all in its action on the first day, and Davis' 3rd Division lost 344. Both Asboth and Carr were wounded but remained in command of their divisions.[43] Van Dorn reported his losses as 800 killed and wounded, with between 200 and 300 prisoners, but these are probably too low. A more recent estimate is that the Confederates suffered approximately 2,000 casualties in the Battle of Pea Ridge. These losses included a large proportion of senior officers. Generals McCulloch, McIntosh, and William Y. Slack were killed or mortally wounded, and Price wounded. Among colonels, Hébert was captured, and Benjamin Rives was mortally wounded, with two other colonels captured and one wounded.[44]
Separated from their supply train, Van Dorn's main body retreated through very sparsely settled country for a week, living off what little food they could take from the inhabitants. They finally reunited with their supply train south of the Boston Mountains, but thousands of Price's troops deserted and returned to Missouri. Pike meanwhile, believing that the Confederate army had been destroyed, returned to the Indian Territory. Van Dorn refused to admit that he was defeated "but only failed in my intentions".[45] With the defeat at Pea Ridge, the Confederates never again seriously threatened the state of Missouri. Within weeks Van Dorn's army was transferred across the Mississippi River to bolster the Confederate Army of Tennessee, leaving Arkansas virtually defenseless.[46]
With his victory, Curtis sent some of his troops east of the Mississippi and proceeded with the remainder of his army to move east to West Plains, Missouri. Then he turned south into undefended northeast Arkansas. He had hopes of capturing Little Rock, but this proved impossible because of a lack of supplies and because guerrillas had cut his supply lines. Instead, following the approximate course of the White River, Curtis continued south and seized Helena, Arkansas, on July 12.[47]
Curtis remained confident and exercised effective overall control of his outnumbered army through the two days of fighting.[48] He was well served by three of his four division commanders, Osterhaus, Davis and Carr. His brigade commanders Dodge, Vandever and Greusel also performed well. Sigel's generalship on the morning of March 8 was generally commended.[49] However, his erratic behavior on other occasions and his attempt to claim credit for the victory led to a rift with Curtis. Sigel was soon transferred to a command in Virginia.[50]
Van Dorn ignored logistics and failed to control his army. When McCulloch was killed, his division fell apart while Van Dorn absorbed himself in the tactical details of Price's fight. His staff lost contact with his wagon train at a critical moment and committed many other errors. Of all the Southern officers, Henry Little showed the most ability, becoming the "de facto commander of Price's division" at the end of the battle.[51]
Legacy[edit]
The battlefield at Pea Ridge is now Pea Ridge National Military Park, founded in 1956, one of the best-preserved civil war battlefields. A reconstruction of Elkhorn Tavern, scene of the heaviest fighting, stands at the original location. The park also includes a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) section of the Trail of Tears.[52]
See also[edit]
American Civil War portal
Arkansas portal
Arkansas in the American Civil War
List of American Civil War battles
List of costliest American Civil War land battles
Native Americans in the American Civil War
Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1862
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Shea & Hess 1997, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 270–71.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 271.
Jump up ^ National Park Service battle description Archived October 24, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, pp. 337–38.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 8–9, 14.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, p. 338.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 20, 59.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 56–58.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 62–65.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 66–67.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 68–69.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 69, 74–76.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 77.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 67–68.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 80–84.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 82, 84.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, pp. 341–42.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 90, 151.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 334–36.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 102.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 94–96, 107, 109.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 110, 113–15, 118–19.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 120–40.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 143–46.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 154.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 158–67.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 181.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 171, 180–83.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 185–205.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 216–22.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 210, 214.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 225–28.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 239.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 230–36.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 236.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 235–42.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 243–47.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 257.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 257–58.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 205, 270.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 270–71, 334–36.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, p. 347.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, pp. 346–47.
Jump up ^ Josephy1991, p. 348.
Jump up ^ "People". National Park Service. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, p. 311.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 310–11.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 312–13.
Jump up ^ Shea & Hess 1997, pp. 329–30.
References[edit]
Josephy, Jr., Alvin M. (1991). The Civil War in the American West. New York: Alfred K. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-56482-0.
Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Buel, Clarence C. (eds.), Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Century Co., 1884–1888.
Shea, William L.; Hess, Earl J. (8 June 2011). Pea Ridge: Civil War Campaign in the West. UNC Press Books. ISBN 978-0-8078-6976-5.
National Park Service battle description
U.S. War Department, The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
Further reading[edit]
Castel, Albert (1993) [1st pub. 1968]. General Sterling Price and the Civil War in the West (Louisiana pbk. ed.). Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-1854-0. LCCN 68-21804.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutBattle of Pea Ridgeat Wikipedia's sister projects
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Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Data from Wikidata
Animated History of the Battle of Pea Ridge
Battle of Pea Ridge at the American Battlefield Protection Program
Battle of Pea Ridge at the Civil War Trust
Battle of Pea Ridge at the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
Civil War in Arkansas
Community & Conflict: The Impact of the Civil War in the Ozarks*Lyrics to "The Battle of Elkhorn Tavern" from The Digital Tradition
Confederate Sunset at Pea Ridge video
Lyrics to "The Battle of Pea Ridge" from The Digital Tradition
National Park Service Pea Ridge site
Newspaper coverage of the Battle of Pea Ridge
On this date in Civil War history: March 6-8, 1862 - Battle of Pea Ridge
Significance of The Battle at Pea Ridge

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pea_Ridge&oldid=824307895"
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text:
Every Which Way but Loose (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Every Which Way but Loose"
Single by Eddie Rabbitt
from the album Every Which Way But Loose Soundtrack
B-side
"Under the Double Eagle"
Released
December 1978 (U.S.)
Format
7"
Recorded
1978
Genre
Country
Length
2:51
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Milton Brown
Steve Dorff
Snuff Garrett
Producer(s)
Snuff Garrett
Eddie Rabbitt singles chronology
"I Just Want to Love You"
(1978) "Every Which Way but Loose"
(1978) "Suspicions"
(1979)
"I Just Want to Love You"
(1978) "Every Which Way but Loose"
(1979) "Suspicions"
(1979)
"Every Which Way but Loose" is a song written by Steve Dorff, Snuff Garrett and Milton Brown, and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt.[1][2][3] It was released in November 1978 as the only single from the soundtrack to the 1978 film of the same name, it spent three weeks atop the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in February 1979.
Contents
[hide]
1 Highest debut
2 Chart performance
3 References
4 External links
Highest debut[edit]
Released just weeks before Every Which Way But Loose premiered nationwide, the title track immediately broke in popularity. In fact, the song debuted at No. 18 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, the highest debut since the inception of the 100-position chart in July 1973. The record was later tied by Garth Brooks' "Good Ride Cowboy" in 2005.[4]
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (1978–79)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[5] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 30
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[7] 26
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Top Singles 47
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 4
New Zealand Singles Chart 28
U.K. Singles Chart 41
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Morris, Edward, "Alabama," Contemporary Books Inc., Chicago, 1985 (ISBN 0809253062)
Jump up ^ Roland, Tom, "The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits" (Billboard Books, Watson-Guptill Publications, New York, 1991 (ISBN 0-82-307553-2)
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel, "Top Country Songs: 1944-2005," 2006
Jump up ^ "Billboard - Google Books". Books.google.com. 2006-09-02. Retrieved 2012-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Rabbitt – Chart history" Billboard Hot Country Songs for Eddie Rabbitt.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Rabbitt – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Eddie Rabbitt.
Jump up ^ "Eddie Rabbitt – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Eddie Rabbitt.
External links[edit]
Allmusic — Every Which Way But Loose by Eddie Rabbitt.
Preceded by
"Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For"
by Crystal Gayle Billboard Hot Country Singles
number-one single
February 10–February 24, 1979 Succeeded by
"Golden Tears"
by Dave & Sugar
RPM Country Tracks
number-one single
February 24–March 10, 1979 Succeeded by
"Back on My Mind Again"
by Ronnie Milsap
[hide]
v
t
e
Eddie Rabbitt
Studio albums
Eddie Rabbitt
Rocky Mountain Music
Rabbitt
Variations
Loveline
Horizon
Step by Step
Radio Romance
The Best Year of My Life
Rabbitt Trax
I Wanna Dance with You
Jersey Boy
Ten Rounds
Beatin' the Odds
Songs from Rabbittland
Notable singles
"Drinkin' My Baby (Off My Mind)"
"Rocky Mountain Music"
"Two Dollars in the Jukebox"
"I Can't Help Myself"
"We Can't Go On Living Like This"
"Hearts on Fire"
"You Don't Love Me Anymore"
"I Just Want to Love You"
"Every Which Way But Loose"
"Suspicions"
"Pour Me Another Tequila"
"Gone Too Far"
"Drivin' My Life Away"
"I Love a Rainy Night"
"Step by Step"
"Someone Could Lose a Heart Tonight"
"I Don't Know Where to Start"
"You and I" (with Crystal Gayle)
"You Can't Run from Love"
"You Put the Beat in My Heart"
"Nothing Like Falling in Love"
"B-B-B-Burnin' Up with Love"
"The Best Year of My Life"
"Warning Sign"
"She's Comin' Back to Say Goodbye"
"A World Without Love"
"Repetitive Regret"
"Both to Each Other (Friends and Lovers)" (with Juice Newton)
"Gotta Have You"
"I Wanna Dance with You"
"The Wanderer"
"We Must Be Doin' Somethin' Right"
"That's Why I Fell in Love with You"
"On Second Thought"
"Runnin' with the Wind"
"It's Lonely Out Tonite"
"American Boy"
Related articles
Discography
Elektra Records
Warner Bros. Records
RCA Records
Capitol Records
"Kentucky Rain"
"Pure Love"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Every_Which_Way_but_Loose_(song)&oldid=789873963"
Categories:
1979 singles
1978 songs
Eddie Rabbitt songs
Songs written by Steve Dorff
Songs written by Snuff Garrett
Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett
Billboard Hot Country Songs number-one singles
RPM Country Tracks number-one singles
Elektra Records singles
Hidden categories:
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Age of candidacy
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Age of candidacy is the minimum age at which a person can legally qualify to hold certain elected government offices. In many cases, it also determines the age at which a person may be eligible to stand for an election or be granted ballot access.
The first known example of a law enforcing age of candidacy was the Lex Villia Annalis, a Roman law enacted in 180 BCE which set the minimum ages for senatorial magistrates.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Controversies
2 Reform efforts
3 In various countries
3.1 Australia
3.2 Austria
3.3 Belgium
3.4 Belize
3.5 Brazil
3.6 Canada
3.7 Chile
3.8 China
3.9 Cyprus
3.10 Czech Republic
3.11 Denmark
3.12 Estonia
3.13 France
3.14 Germany
3.15 Hong Kong
3.16 India
3.17 Indonesia
3.18 Israel
3.19 Italy
3.20 Iran
3.21 Iraq
3.22 Ireland
3.23 Japan
3.24 South Korea
3.25 Malaysia
3.26 Mexico
3.27 Netherlands
3.28 New Zealand
3.29 Nigeria
3.30 Norway
3.31 Pakistan
3.32 Philippines
3.33 Poland
3.34 Portugal
3.35 Singapore
3.36 South Africa
3.37 Switzerland
3.38 Thailand
3.39 Turkey
3.40 United Kingdom
3.41 United States
3.42 Venezuela
4 Comparison chart
5 See also
6 Notes and references
Controversies[edit]
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1972, Linda Jenness ran for President of the United States although she was only 31 at the time.
Many youth rights groups view current age of candidacy requirements as unjustified age discrimination.[2] Occasionally people who are younger than the minimum age will run for an office in protest of the requirement or because they don't know that the requirement exists. On extremely rare occasions, young people have been elected to offices they do not qualify for and have been deemed ineligible to assume the office.
In 1934, Rush Holt of West Virginia was elected to the Senate of the United States at the age of 29. Since the U.S. Constitution requires senators to be at least 30, Holt was forced to wait until his 30th birthday, six months after the start of the session, before being sworn in.[3]
In 1954, Richard Fulton won election to the Tennessee Senate. Shortly after being sworn in, Fulton was ousted from office because he was only 27 years old at the time. The Tennessee State Constitution required that senators be at least 30.[4] Rather than hold a new election, the previous incumbent, Clifford Allen, was allowed to resume his office for another term. Fulton went on to win the next State Senate election in 1956 and was later elected to the US House of Representatives where he served for 10 years.
In South Carolina, two Senators aged 24 were elected, but were too young according to the State Constitution: Mike Laughlin in 1969 and Bryan Dorn (later a US Congressman) in 1941. They were seated anyway.[5]
On several occasions, the Socialist Workers Party (USA) has nominated candidates too young to qualify for the offices they were running for. In 1972, Linda Jenness ran as the SWP presidential candidate, although she was only 31 at the time. Since the U.S. Constitution requires that the President and Vice President be at least 35 years old, Jenness was not able to receive ballot access in several states in which she otherwise qualified.[6] Despite this handicap, Jenness still received 83,380 votes.[7] In 2004, the SWP nominated Arrin Hawkins as the party's vice-presidential candidate, although she was only 28 at the time. Hawkins was also unable to receive ballot access in several states due to her age.[8]
Reform efforts[edit]
In the United States, many groups have attempted to lower age of candidacy requirements in various states. In 1994, South Dakota voters rejected a ballot measure that would have lowered the age requirements to serve as a State Senator or State Representative from 30 to 18. In 1998, however, they approved a similar ballot measure that reduced the age requirements for those offices from 25 to 21. In 2002, Oregon voters rejected a ballot measure that would have reduced the age requirement to serve as a State Representative from 21 to 18.
During the early 2000s, the British Youth Council and other groups successfully campaigned to lower age of candidacy requirements in the United Kingdom.[9] The age of candidacy was reduced from 21 to 18 in England, Wales and Scotland on 1 January 2007,[10] when section 17 of the Electoral Administration Act 2006 entered into force.[11]
In various countries[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia a person must be aged 18 or over to stand for election to public office at federal, state or local government level.
The youngest ever member of the House of Representatives was 20-year-old Wyatt Roy elected in the 2010 federal election after the Electoral Act 1918 was amended (in 1973) to reduce the age of candidacy for that office from 21 to 18.[citation needed]
Austria[edit]
In Austria, a person must be 18 years of age or older to stand in elections to the European Parliament or National Council.[12] The Diets of regional Länder are able to set a minimum age lower than 18 for candidacy in elections to the Diet itself as well as to municipal councils in the Land.[13] In presidential elections the candidacy age is 35.
Belgium[edit]
Any Belgian who has reached the age of 21 years can stand for election for the Chamber of Representatives, can become a member of the Senate, or can be elected in one of the regional parliaments.[citation needed] This is regulated in the Constitution and in the Special Law on the Reform of the Institutions.
Belize[edit]
According to the Constitution of Belize, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected as a member of the House of Representatives and must be at least 30 to be Speaker of the House. A person must be at least 18 years old to be appointed to the Senate and must be at least 30 to be President or Vice-President of the Senate. As only members of the House of Representatives are eligible to be appointed Prime Minister, the Prime Minister must be at least 18 years old. A person must also be at least 18 years old to be elected to a village council.[14]
Brazil[edit]
The Brazilian Constitution (Article 14, Section 3 (VI)) defines 35 years as the minimum age for someone to be elected President, Vice-President or Senator; 30 years for state Governor or Vice-Governor; 21 for Federal or State Deputy, Mayor or Vice-Mayor; and 18 for city Councilman.[15]
Canada[edit]
In Canada (other than Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) a person must be aged 19 or over (18 in Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, the Prince Edward Island, Quebec and Saskatchewan) to stand for election to public office. However, to be appointed to the Senate, one must be at least 30 years of age, must possess land worth at least $4,000 in the province for which he or she is appointed, and must own real and personal property worth at least $4,000, above his or her debts and liabilities.[citation needed]
Chile[edit]
In Chile the minimum age required to be elected President of the Republic is 35 years on the day of the election. Before the 2005 reforms the requirement was 40 years, and from 1925 to 1981 it was 30 years. For senators it is 35 years (between 1981 and 2005 it was 40 years) and for deputies it is 21 years (between 1925 and 1970 it was 35 years).[16]
China[edit]
In China the minimum age to be elected as president or vice-president is 45.[17]
Cyprus[edit]
In Cyprus the minimum age to be elected president is 35 years.
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Czech Republic, a person must be at least 18 years old to be elected in local elections. A person must be at least 21 years old to be elected to the lower house of the Czech Parliament or to the European Parliament and 40 years old to be a member of the upper house (Senate) of the Parliament[18] or the President of the Czech Republic.
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.
Estonia[edit]
In Estonia, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in local elections, and 21 years or older in parliamentary elections. The minimum age for the President of Estonia is 40.[19]
France[edit]
In France, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected to the lower house of Parliament, and 24 years or older for the Senate. The minimum age for the President of France is 18.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, any citizen 18 years of age or older can be elected in national, regional or local elections. The only exception is the Landtag election in Hesse where a minimum age of 21 is required.[20] The minimum age for the President is 40.
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong a person must be at least 21 to be candidate in a district council or Legislative Council election. A person must be at least 40 to be candidate in the Chief Executive election, and also at least 40 to be candidate in the election for the President of the Legislative Council from among the members of the Legislative Council.
India[edit]
In India a person must be at least:
35 to be the President or Vice President, Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of the States as specified in the Constitution of India
30 to be a member of Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Parishad (the upper house of a State Legislature, in those states where the legislature is bicameral.)
25 to be the Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speaker, Union Minister, Chief Minister, Vidhan Sabha Speaker, Minister in the State Governments. Additionally, to be a member of Lok Sabha (the lower house of Parliament of India) and a Vidhan Sabha (the lower house a State Legislature in the States of India.)
21 to be the Mayor, Chairman, Head and a Member (Members are variously called Corporators/Councillors/Ward Members according to the type of their respective local bodies) of a Nagar Nigam (Municipal Corporation), Nagar Palika (Municipal Council), Nagar Panchayat (Town Committee), Gram Sabha (Village Council) and Gram Panchayat (Village Committee) respectively.
Indonesia[edit]
In Indonesia a person must be at least:
35 to be President or Vice President as specified in the Constitution of Indonesia
30 to be Governor or Lieutenant Governor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
25 to be Regent, Vice Regent, Mayor, or Deputy Mayor, as specified in the 2004 Regional Government Act
21 to be Senator or Representative in both national and local parliament, as specified in the 2008 Election Act
Israel[edit]
In Israel one must be at least 21 to become a member of the Knesset (Basic Law: The Knesset section 6(a)) or a municipality. When the Prime Minister was directly elected, one must have been a member of the Knesset who is at least 30 to be a candidate for Prime Minister. Every Israeli Citizen (including minors) can be appointed as a Government Minister, or elected as President of Israel, but the latter role is mostly ceremonial and elected by the Parliament.
Italy[edit]
In Italy, a person must be at least 50 to be President of the Republic, 40 to be a Senator, and 25 to be a Deputy, as specified in the 1947 Constitution of Italy. 18 years of age is sufficient, however, to be elected member of the Council of Regions, Provinces, and Municipalities (Communes).
Iran[edit]
In Iran a person must be at least 21 years old to run for president.[21]
Iraq[edit]
The Iraqi constitution states that a person must be at least 40 years old to run for president[22] and 35 years old to be Prime Minister.[23] The Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013 states that a person must be 30 years old to run for the House of Representatives.[24] There are proposals by various MP's to amend the Law and reduce the age from 30 to 25.
Ireland[edit]
The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the President to be at least 35 and members of the Oireachtas (legislature) to be 21.[25][26] Members of the European Parliament for Ireland must also be 21.[26][27] Members of local authorities must be 18, reduced from 21 in 1973.[26][28] The 1922–37 Constitution of the Irish Free State required TDs (members of the Dáil, lower house) to be 21,[29] whereas Senators had to be 35 (reduced to 30 in 1928).[30] The Thirty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution (Age of Eligibility for Election to the Office of President) Bill 2015 proposes to lower the presidential age limit to 21.[31] However, this proposal was rejected by 73% of the voters.
Japan[edit]
In Japan a person must be at least:[32]
25 to be the Member of parliament of the House of Representatives with Japanese nationality, to be the Member of metropolitan, prefecture, city, town, or village with valid vote rights, or to be the Mayor
30 to be the Governor, or to be the Member of parliament of the House of Councillors with Japanese nationality. See also House of Peers (Japan).
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, a person must be at least 40 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be the member of the National Assembly or to be Mayor or Governor.[33]
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, any citizen 21 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected to the Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Undangan Negeri. Minimum age for the Senator is 30 by constitution.
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, a person must be at least 35 to be President, 25 to be a Senator, or 21 to be a Congressional Deputy, as specified in the 1917 Constitution of Mexico.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, any adult 18 years of age or older can become a candidate and be elected in any public election.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand the minimum age to be Prime Minister of New Zealand is 18 years old. Citizens and permanent residents who are enrolled as an elector are eligible to be a candidate for election as a Member of Parliament.[citation needed]
Nigeria[edit]
In Nigeria, a person must be at least 40 years of age to be elected President or Vice President, 35 to be a Senator or State Governor, and 30 to be a Representative in parliament.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, any adult can become a candidate and be elected in any public election, from the calendar year that he or she turns 18 years.
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, a person must be at least 45 years old to be President. A person must be at least 25 years old to be a member of the provincial assembly or national assembly.[citation needed]
Philippines[edit]
Ages of candidacy in the Philippines
Type of candidate
Minimum age
President and Vice President 40
Senator 35
Regional governor 35
Member of the House of Representatives 25
Provincial-level elected official 23
City-level elected official 21
Municipal-level elected official 21
Member of the regional legislative assembly 21
Barangay-level elected official 18
Member of youth councils 18-24
Poland[edit]
Ages of candidacy in Poland
Type of candidate
Minimum age
President 35
Senator 30
Mayor/Wójt 25
Poseł 21
Member of the European Parliament 21
Councillor 18
Portugal[edit]
Ages of candidacy in Portugal
Type of candidate
Minimum age
References
President 35 [34]
Parliament 18 [35]
Singapore[edit]
In Singapore a person must be at least 45 years old to run for president.[36]
South Africa[edit]
Section 47, Clause 1 of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa states that "Every citizen who is qualified to vote for the National Assembly is eligible to be a member of the Assembly", defaulting to Section 46 which "provides for a minimum voting age of 18 years" in National Assembly elections; Sections 106 and 105 provide the same for provincial legislatures.
Switzerland[edit]
In Switzerland, any citizen aged 18 or over can become a candidate and be elected in any federal election.
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years.
Turkey[edit]
The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age.[37]
The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as said Prime Minister is related to parliament and in order to be in parliament you have to be 18 and the government of Turkey said that 18 will be the age for when you can run for prime minister.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, a person must be aged 18 or over in Northern Ireland, England, and Wales, and 16 or over in Scotland to stand in elections to all parliaments, assemblies, and councils at the European, UK, devolved, or local level. This age requirement also applies in elections to any individual elective public office; the main example is that of an elected mayor, whether of London or a local authority. There are no higher age requirements for particular positions in public office. Candidates are required to be aged 18 on both the day of nomination and the day of the poll. This was reduced from 21 by the Electoral Administration Act 2006.
United States[edit]
Main article: Age of candidacy laws in the United States
In the United States, a person must be aged 35 or over to be President or Vice President, 30 or over to be a Senator, and 25 or over to be a Representative, as specified in the U.S. Constitution. Most states in the U.S. also have age requirements for the offices of Governor, State Senator, and State Representative.[38] Some states have a minimum age requirement to hold any elected office (usually 21 or 18).
Venezuela[edit]
In Venezuela, a person must be at least 30 to be President or Vice President,[39] 21 to be a deputy for the National Assembly [40] and 25 to be the Governor of a state.[41]
Comparison chart[edit]
Country
President
Vice President
Prime Minister
Upper house
Lower house
References
Armenia 40 - 25 - 25 [42][43]
Australia - - 18 18 18
Austria 35 - 18 [44]
Belgium - - 21 21
Belize - - 18 18 18 [45]
Brazil 35 35 35 21 [46]
Canada - - 30
Chile 35 35 21 [47]
China 45 45
Cyprus 35
Czech Republic 40 40 21 [48]
Denmark - - 18 - 18
Estonia 40 - 21 [49]
France 18 24 18
Germany 40 18 18 [50]
Hong Kong 21
India 35 35 25 30 25
Indonesia 35 35 21 21
Israel 30 - 21
Italy 50 40 25
Iran 21 [51]
Iraq 40 35 - 30 [52][53][54]
Ireland 35 30 21 [55][26][26][56][26][57][58]
Japan 30 25 [59]
South Korea 40 25 [60]
Malaysia 30 21
Mexico 35 25 21
Netherlands - - 18 18 18
New Zealand - - 18
Nigeria 40 40 35 30
Norway - - 18 - 18
Pakistan 40 25 25
Philippines 40 40 35 25
Poland 35 - 30 21
Portugal 35 - 18 [61][62]
Singapore 45
South Africa 18
Switzerland 18
Thailand 35
Turkey 40 30 30 [63]
United Kingdom - - 18
United States 35 35 - 30 25 [64]
Venezuela 30 30 - 21
See also[edit]
Youth
Youth suffrage
Youth rights
Ageism
Ballot access
Electoral reform
Voting age
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Broughton, Thomas; Marcia Patterson (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association. p. 388.
Jump up ^ "BYC Youth Manifesto" (PDF). British Youth Council. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2008-07-28. Young people believe that the age to stand as candidates for local, regional, national and European elections should be 16, as should the age to become a trustee of a charity. Young people have significant responsibilities to society at the age of 16 and can have significant responsibilities in the private sector as company directors; this inconsistency should be rectified. Young people have lots to offer and the decision of their appointment to positions of political authority or governance of organisations should be in the hands of the electorate or membership respectfully.
Jump up ^ "Unsworn Senators". Time Magazine (January 14, 1935).
Jump up ^ Battle, Dick; Tom Flake (January 5, 1955). "Senate Vote Ousts Fulton". Nashville Banner.
Jump up ^ O'Brian, Jack (11 January 1969). "Senate To Have Ineligible Man". Spartanburg Herald. Spartanburg, SC. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Jo (2008). We Will Be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 91. Only 31, Linda Jenness did not meet the Constitutional age requirement to hold the office of President, but the SWP was on the ballot in 25 states — six more than in 1968.
Jump up ^ "1972 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 2008-07-28.
Jump up ^ "Presidency 2004". Politics1.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-30. Retrieved 2007-10-16. Since they weren't going to be elected anyways, the Socialist Workers Party didn't care that they nominated a ticket entirely ineligible to be elected. Why? Because Róger Calero is both foreign born and also not a US citizen; and Arrin Hawkins is too young. To avoid ballot access problems for the SWP, as the constitutional ineligibility may also render them unable to be listed on the ballot in some states, the 2000 SWP ticket of James Harris for President and Margaret Trowe for Vice President are being used in states that will not permit the Calero-Hawkins slate to be listed.
Jump up ^ "How old is old enough?" (PDF) (Press release). British Youth Council. October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2008-07-16. BYC believes that at the age of 18 a person may hold elected office. A candidate’s breadth of life experience is something that can be evaluated by the electorate... BYC strongly believes that the age of voting should be lowered to 16 and candidacy age should be lowered to 18...
Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 (Commencement No. 2, Transitional and Savings Provisions) Order 2006, article 3 and Schedule 1(14)(d).
Jump up ^ The Electoral Administration Act 2006 - Part 5, Section 17 Archived July 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved on 1 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz - Federal Constitutional Law 1920, 1929 version Archived February 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved on 3 February 2007.
Jump up ^ Laws of Belize, Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."
Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the People's Republic of China, Section 2, Article 79.
Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Piven, Ben; Ben Willers (11 June 2013). "Infographic: Choosing Iran's next president". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 68
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 77
Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013, Article 8 (a)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4.1° (President) Article 16.1.1° (Dáil Éireann), Article 18.2 (Seanad Éireann)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Children and rights in Ireland". p. Elections. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Section 11". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 4". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act, 1922, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book. pp. Article 14. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State, Article 31; "Constitution (Amendment No. 8) Act, 1928, Section 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Referendum 2015: Home". Dublin: Referendum Commission. 2015. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "公職選挙法". Ministry of Justice (Japan).
Jump up ^ 국가법령정보센터 - 공직선거법
Jump up ^ "O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições (Portugal). "Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Constitution, Art. 19(2)(b).
Jump up ^ "18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni". Evrensel.net (in Turkish). 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5, Chapter II, Article 227
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 5, Chapter I, Article 188, Section 2
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Part 4, Chapter III, Article 160
Jump up ^ "National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia | Official Web Site | parliament.am". www.parliament.am. Retrieved 2018-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Election Code of Armenia" (in Armenian).
Jump up ^ 31/BNR (XXIII. GP) Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz, ss. 2 and 6, Republik Österreich Parlament (German). Retrieved on 1 July 2007.
Jump up ^ Laws of Belize, Volume II, Title VIII, Chapter 88, Part III. "Any person shall be eligible to be elected as a member of a council who: is a citizen of Belize; and has ordinarily resided in the village for at least one year immediately preceding the election; and is at least eighteen years old."
Jump up ^ Brazilian Constitution (in Portuguese)
Jump up ^ "Ley Chile - Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional". leychile.cl. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ https://www.psp.cz/docs/guide/
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Archived April 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Landtagswahlgesetz - LWG I. Allgemeines - § 4 Wählbarkeit. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Piven, Ben; Ben Willers (11 June 2013). "Infographic: Choosing Iran's next president". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 68
Jump up ^ Constitution of Iraq, Article 77
Jump up ^ Iraqi Election Law No. 45 of 2013, Article 8 (a)
Jump up ^ Constitution of Ireland Article 12.4.1° (President) Article 16.1.1° (Dáil Éireann), Article 18.2 (Seanad Éireann)
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Section 11". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1973, Section 4". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Irish Free State, Article 31; "Constitution (Amendment No. 8) Act, 1928, Section 1". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "公職選挙法". Ministry of Justice (Japan).
Jump up ^ 국가법령정보센터 - 공직선거법
Jump up ^ "O que é preciso para ser candidato a Presidente da República". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cmoissão Nacional de Eleições (Portugal). "Perguntas Frequentes: Candidatura". Retrieved January 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "18 maddelik anayasa değişikliği teklifinin tam metni". Evrensel.net (in Turkish). 10 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Age of Candidacy Law & Legal Definition". USLegal.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
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