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Little Red Riding Hood
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This article is about the folk tale. For other uses, see Little Red Riding Hood (disambiguation).
"Little Red Cap" redirects here. For the poem by Carol Ann Duffy, see Little Red Cap (poem).
Little Red Riding Hood
Little Red Riding Hood (1881) by Carl Larsson
Folk tale
Name
Little Red Riding Hood
Also known as
Little Red Ridinghood
Data
Aarne-Thompson grouping
333
Mythology
European
Origin Date
17th Century
Published in
Italian Folktales
Related
Peter and the Wolf
Little Red Riding Hood
The version found in The Book of Fables and Folk Stories by Horace E. Scudder.
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"Little Red Riding Hood", is a European fairy tale about a young girl and a Big Bad Wolf.[1] Its origins can be traced back to the 10th century by several European folk tales, including one from Italy called The False Grandmother (Italian: La finta nonna), later written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection; the best known versions were written by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.[2]. The story has been changed considerably in various retellings and subjected to numerous modern adaptations and readings. Other names for the story are: "Little Red Ridinghood", "Little Red Cap" or simply "Red Riding Hood". It is number 333 in the Aarne-Thompson classification system for folktales.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tale
1.1 Relationship to other tales
2 Tale's history
2.1 Earliest versions
2.2 Charles Perrault
2.3 Grimm Brothers
2.4 After the Grimms
3 Interpretations
3.1 Natural cycles
3.2 Rite
3.3 Rebirth
3.4 Norse myth
4 Modern uses and adaptations
4.1 Erotic, romantic, or rape connotations
4.1.1 Animations, films, and TV shows
4.1.2 Lipstick
4.1.3 Literature
4.1.4 Music
4.2 Other adaptations
4.2.1 Animations and films
4.2.2 Games
4.2.3 Literature
4.2.4 Music
4.2.5 Musicals
4.2.6 Television
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Tale[edit]
Little Red Riding Hood, illustrated in a 1927 story anthology
The story revolves around a girl called Little Red Riding Hood. In Grimms' and Perrault's versions of the tale, she is named after her magical red hooded cape/cloak that she wears. The girl walks through the woods to deliver food to her sickly grandmother (wine and cake depending on the translation). In the Grimms' version, her mother had ordered her to stay strictly on the path.
A Big Bad Wolf wants to eat the girl and the food in the basket. He secretly stalks her behind trees, bushes, shrubs, and patches of little and tall grass. He approaches Little Red Riding Hood, and she naïvely tells him where she is going. He suggests that the girl pick some flowers, which she does. In the meantime, he goes to the grandmother's house and gains entry by pretending to be the girl. He swallows the grandmother whole (in some stories, he locks her in the closet) and waits for the girl, disguised as the grandma.
Gustave Doré's engraving of the scene: "She was astonished to see how her grandmother looked"
When the girl arrives, she notices that her grandmother looks very strange. Little Red then says, "What a deep voice you have!" ("The better to greet you with", responds the wolf), "Goodness, what big eyes you have!" ("The better to see you with", responds the wolf), "And what big hands you have!" ("The better to hug/grab you with", responds the wolf), and lastly, "What a big mouth you have" ("The better to eat you with!", responds the wolf), at which point the wolf jumps out of bed and eats her up too. Then he falls asleep. In Charles Perrault's version of the story (the first version to be published), the tale ends here. However, in later versions the story continues generally as follows:
A woodcutter in the French version, but a hunter in the Brothers Grimm and traditional German versions, comes to the rescue and with his ax cuts open the sleeping wolf. Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother emerge unharmed. They then fill the wolf's body with heavy stones. The wolf awakens and tries to flee, but the stones cause him to collapse and die. Sanitized versions of the story have the grandmother locked in the closet instead of eaten and some have Little Red Riding Hood saved by the lumberjack as the wolf advances on her rather than after she is eaten where the woodcutter kills the wolf with his ax.[4]
"Little Red Riding Hood" illustration by Arthur Rackham.[5]
The tale makes the clearest contrast between the safe world of the village and the dangers of the forest, conventional antitheses that are essentially medieval, though no written versions are as old as that.[citation needed] It also warns about the dangers of not obeying one's mother (at least in the Grimms' version).[citation needed]
Relationship to other tales[edit]
A very similar story also belongs to the North African tradition, namely in Kabylia, where a number of versions are attested.[6] The theme of the little girl who visits her (grand-)dad in his cabin and is recognized by the sound of her bracelets constitutes the refrain of a well-known song by the modern singer Idir, A Vava Inouva:
‘I beseech you, open the door for me, father.
Jingle your bracelets, oh my daughter Ghriba.
I’m afraid of the monster in the forest, father.
I, too, am afraid, oh my daughter Ghriba.’[7]
The theme of the ravening wolf and of the creature released unharmed from its belly is also reflected in the Russian tale Peter and the Wolf[citation needed] and another Grimm tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids,[citation needed] but its general theme of restoration is at least as old as the biblical story, Jonah and the Whale.[citation needed] The theme also appears in the story of the life of Saint Margaret, wherein the saint emerges unharmed from the belly of a dragon,[citation needed] and in the epic "The Red Path" by Jim C. Hines.[citation needed]
The story displays many similarities to stories from classical Greece and Rome. Scholar Graham Anderson has compared the story to a local legend recounted by Pausanias in which, each year, a virgin girl was offered to a malevolent spirit dressed in the skin of a wolf, who raped the girl. Then, one year, the boxer Euthymos came along, slew the spirit, and married the girl who had been offered up as a sacrifice.[8] There are also a number of different stories recounted by Greek authors involving a woman named Pyrrha (literally "Fire") and a man with some name meaning "wolf".[9] The Roman poet Horace alludes to a tale in which a male child is rescued alive from the belly of Lamia, a female ogress in classical mythology.[10]
The dialogue between the Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood has its analogies to the Norse Þrymskviða from the Elder Edda; the giant Þrymr had stolen Mjölner, Thor's hammer, and demanded Freyja as his bride for its return. Instead, the gods dressed Thor as a bride and sent him. When the giants note Thor's unladylike eyes, eating, and drinking, Loki explains them as Freyja's not having slept, or eaten, or drunk, out of longing for the wedding.[11]
Tale's history[edit]
"The better to see you with": woodcut by Walter Crane
Earliest versions[edit]
The origins of the Little Red Riding Hood story can be traced to versions from various European countries and more than likely preceding the 17th century, of which several exist, some significantly different from the currently known, Grimms-inspired version. It was told by French peasants in the 10th century[1] and recorded by the cathedral schoolmaster Egbert of Liege.[12] In Italy, the Little Red Riding Hood was told by peasants in the fourteenth century, where a number of versions exist, including La finta nonna (The False Grandmother), written among others by Italo Calvino in the Italian Folktales collection.[13] It has also been called "The Story of Grandmother". It is also possible that this early tale has roots in very similar East Asian tales (e.g. "Grandaunt Tiger").[14]
These early variations of the tale differ from the currently known version in several ways. The antagonist is not always a wolf, but sometimes an ogre, vampire[15], or a 'bzou' (werewolf), making these tales relevant to the werewolf-trials (similar to witch trials) of the time (e.g. the trial of Peter Stumpp).[16] The wolf usually leaves the grandmother's blood and meat for the girl to eat, who then unwittingly cannibalizes her own grandmother. Furthermore, the wolf was also known to ask her to remove her clothing and toss it into the fire.[17] In some versions, the wolf eats the girl after she gets into bed with him, and the story ends there.[18] In others, she sees through his disguise and tries to escape, complaining to her "grandmother" that she needs to defecate and would not wish to do so in the bed. The wolf reluctantly lets her go, tied to a piece of string so she does not get away. However, the girl slips the string over something else and runs off. In these stories she escapes with no help from any male or older female figure, instead using her own cunning, or in some versions the help of a younger boy who she happens to run into.[19] Sometimes, though more rarely, the red hood is even non-existent.[18]
In other tellings of the story, the wolf chases after Little Red Riding Hood. She escapes with the help of some laundresses, who spread a sheet taut over a river so she may escape. When the wolf follows Red over the bridge of cloth, the sheet is released and the wolf drowns in the river.[20] And in another version the wolf is pushed into the fire, while he is preparing the meat of the grandmother to be eaten by the girl.[18]
In 2013, it was revealed from scientific research that the tale originated in the 1st century in Europe and not, as previously assumed, in China. The scientists analysed the storylines and characters from 58 versions of the tale from different areas. By means of a computer model they then determined how the different versions of Little Red Riding Hood are related.[21]
Charles Perrault[edit]
The earliest known printed version[22] was known as Le Petit Chaperon Rouge and may have had its origins in 17th-century French folklore. It was included in the collection Tales and Stories of the Past with Morals. Tales of Mother Goose (Histoires et contes du temps passé, avec des moralités. Contes de ma mère l'Oye), in 1697, by Charles Perrault. As the title implies, this version[23] is both more sinister and more overtly moralized than the later ones. The redness of the hood, which has been given symbolic significance in many interpretations of the tale, was a detail introduced by Perrault.[24]
French images, like this 19th-century painting, show the much shorter red chaperon being worn
The story had as its subject an "attractive, well-bred young lady", a village girl of the country being deceived into giving a wolf she encountered the information he needed to find her grandmother's house successfully and eat the old woman while at the same time avoiding being noticed by woodcutters working in the nearby forest. Then he proceeded to lay a trap for the Red Riding Hood. Little Red Riding Hood ends up being asked to climb into the bed before being eaten by the wolf, where the story ends. The wolf emerges the victor of the encounter and there is no happy ending.
Charles Perrault explained the 'moral' at the end of the tale:[25] so that no doubt is left to his intended meaning:
From this story one learns that children, especially young lasses, pretty, courteous and well-bred, do very wrong to listen to strangers, And it is not an unheard thing if the Wolf is thereby provided with his dinner. I say Wolf, for all wolves are not of the same sort; there is one kind with an amenable disposition – neither noisy, nor hateful, nor angry, but tame, obliging and gentle, following the young maids in the streets, even into their homes. Alas! Who does not know that these gentle wolves are of all such creatures the most dangerous!
This, the presumed original, version of the tale was written for late seventeenth-century French court of King Louis XIV. This audience, whom the King entertained with extravagant parties, presumably would take from the story the intended meaning.
Grimm Brothers[edit]
Wilhelm (left) and Jacob Grimm (right) from an 1855 painting by Elisabeth Jerichau-Baumann.
In the 19th century two separate German versions were retold to Jacob Grimm and his younger brother Wilhelm Grimm, known as the Brothers Grimm, the first by Jeanette Hassenpflug (1791–1860) and the second by Marie Hassenpflug (1788–1856). The brothers turned the first version to the main body of the story and the second into a sequel of it. The story as Rotkäppchen was included in the first edition of their collection Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales (1812)).[26]
The earlier parts of the tale agree so closely with Perrault's variant that it is almost certainly the source of the tale.[27] However, they modified the ending; this version had the little girl and her grandmother saved by a huntsman who was after the wolf's skin; this ending is identical to that in the tale The Wolf and the Seven Young Kids, which appears to be the source.[28] The second part featured the girl and her grandmother trapping and killing another wolf, this time anticipating his moves based on their experience with the previous one. The girl did not leave the path when the wolf spoke to her, her grandmother locked the door to keep it out, and when the wolf lurked, the grandmother had Little Red Riding Hood put a trough under the chimney and fill it with water that sausages had been cooked in; the smell lured the wolf down, and it drowned.[29]
The Brothers further revised the story in later editions and it reached the above-mentioned final and better-known version in the 1857 edition of their work.[30] It is notably tamer than the older stories which contained darker themes.
After the Grimms[edit]
An engraving from the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor.
Numerous authors have rewritten or adapted this tale.
Andrew Lang included a variant called "The True History of Little Goldenhood"[31] in The Red Fairy Book (1890). He derived it from the works of Charles Marelles,[32] in Contes of Charles Marelles. This version explicitly states that the story had been mistold earlier. The girl is saved, but not by the huntsman; when the wolf tries to eat her, its mouth is burned by the golden hood she wears, which is enchanted.
James N. Barker wrote a variation of Little Red Riding Hood in 1827 as an approximately 1000-word story. It was later reprinted in 1858 in a book of collected stories edited by William E Burton, called the Cyclopedia of Wit and Humor. The reprint also features a wood engraving of a clothed wolf on bended knee holding Little Red Riding Hood's hand.
In the 20th century, the popularity of the tale appeared to snowball, with many new versions being written and produced, especially in the wake of Freudian analysis, deconstruction and feminist critical theory. (See "Modern uses and adaptations" below.) This trend has also led to a number of academic texts being written that focus on Little Red Riding Hood, including works by Alan Dundes and Jack Zipes.
Interpretations[edit]
A depiction by Gustave Doré, 1883.
Besides the overt warning about talking to strangers, there are many interpretations of the classic fairy tale, many of them sexual.[33] Some are listed below.
Natural cycles[edit]
Folklorists and cultural anthropologists, such as P. Saintyves and Edward Burnett Tylor, saw "Little Red Riding Hood" in terms of solar myths and other naturally occurring cycles. Her red hood could represent the bright sun which is ultimately swallowed by the terrible night (the wolf), and the variations in which she is cut out of the wolf's belly represent the dawn.[34] In this interpretation, there is a connection between the wolf of this tale and Sköll, the wolf in Norse mythology that will swallow the personified Sun at Ragnarök, or Fenrir.[35] Alternatively, the tale could be about the season of spring or the month of May, escaping the winter.[36]
Red Riding Hood by George Frederic Watts
Rite[edit]
The tale has been interpreted as a puberty rite, stemming from a prehistoric origin (sometimes an origin stemming from a previous matriarchal era).[37] The girl, leaving home, enters a liminal state and by going through the acts of the tale, is transformed into an adult woman by the act of coming out of the wolf's belly.[38]
Rebirth[edit]
Bruno Bettelheim, in The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales (1976), recast the Little Red Riding Hood motif in terms of classic Freudian analysis, that shows how fairy tales educate, support, and liberate children's emotions. The motif of the huntsman cutting open the wolf he interpreted as a "rebirth"; the girl who foolishly listened to the wolf has been reborn as a new person.[39]
Norse myth[edit]
The poem "Þrymskviða" from the Poetic Edda mirrors some elements of Red Riding Hood. Loki's explanations for the strange behavior of "Freyja" (actually Thor disguised as Freyja) mirror the wolf's explanations for his strange appearance. The red hood has often been given great importance in many interpretations, with a significance from the dawn to blood.[40]
Modern uses and adaptations[edit]
Works Progress Administration poster by Kenneth Whitley, 1939.
Main article: Adaptations of Little Red Riding Hood
Erotic, romantic, or rape connotations[edit]
A sexual analysis of the tale may also include negative connotations in terms of rape or abduction. In Against Our Will, Susan Brownmiller describes the fairy tale as a description of rape.[41] However, many revisionist retellings choose to focus on empowerment, and depict Little Red Riding Hood or the grandmother successfully defending herself against the wolf.[42]
Such tellings bear some similarity to the "animal bridegroom" tales, such as Beauty and the Beast or The Frog Prince, but where the heroines of those tales transform the hero into a prince, these tellings of Little Red Riding Hood reveal to the heroine that she has a wild nature like the hero's.[43] These interpretations refuse to characterize Little Red Riding Hood as a victim; these are tales of female empowerment.
Animations, films, and TV shows[edit]
In Tex Avery's short animated cartoon, Red Hot Riding Hood (1943), the story is recast in an adult-oriented urban setting, with the suave, sharp-dressed Wolf howling after the nightclub singer Red. Avery used the same cast and themes in a subsequent series of cartoons.[44]
Neil Jordan's film version of The Company of Wolves (1984) is about the journey of a young girl into womanhood, which can be interpreted as her menstruating for the first time (at the start of the tale, she is in bed with a stomachache, according to her sister), but also of sexual awakening (in it, she wears red lipstick in bed). The wolf in this version of the tale is in fact a werewolf, which comes to the newly menstruating Red Riding Hood in the forest, in the form of a charming hunter. He turns into a wolf and eats her grandmother, and is about to devour Red Riding Hood as well, but she is equally seductive and ends up lying with the wolf man.[45]
Lipstick[edit]
Allusions to the tale can be more or less overtly sexual, as when the color of a lipstick is advertised as "Riding Hood Red".[46]
Literature[edit]
Charles Perrault's "Le Petit Chaperon rouge" ("Little Red Riding Hood") is centered on an erotic metaphor.[47]
Little Red Riding Hood appears in Angela Carter's short story "The Company of Wolves", published in The Bloody Chamber (1979), her collection of "dark, feminist fables" filled with "bestial and ferocious" heroines.[48] In her revision of the classic, Carter examines female lust, which according to author Catherine Orenstein is "healthy, but also challenging and sometimes disturbing, unbridled and feral lust that delivers up contradictions."[49] As Orenstein points out, Carter does this by unravelling the original tale's "underlying sexual currents" and by impregnating the new Little Red Riding Hood (Rosaleen played by Sarah Patterson) with "animal instincts" that lead to her transformation.[49]
In Michelle Augello-Page's story "Wolf Moon",[50] Little Red is an adult who has been irrevocably changed by the events in her childhood, and it is the hunter who saves her "once upon a time, and again" in this tale of sexual awakening, bdsm, relationships, female rites and rebirth.
Music[edit]
A.P. Randolph's "How Could Red Riding Hood (Have Been So Very Good)?" (1925) was the first song known to be banned from radio because of its sexual suggestiveness.[citation needed]
Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs's hit song, "Li'l Red Riding Hood" (1966), takes the Wolf's point of view, implying that he wants love rather than blood.
Other adaptations[edit]
Animations and films[edit]
Soyuzmultfilm (1937) is a classic Soviet, black-and-white, animated film by the sisters Brumberg, "grandmothers of the Russian animation". Its plot differs slightly from the original fairy tale. It was issued on videotapes in various collections in the 1980s, via the SECAM system, and in the 1990s, via the PAL system, in collections of animated films of a videostudio "Soyuz" (since 1994).
The Big Bad Wolf is an animated short released on 13 April 1934 by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burt Gillett as part of the Silly Symphony series. Acting as an adaptation of the fairy-tale Little Red Riding Hood, with the Big Bad Wolf from 1933's Three Little Pigs acting as the adversary to Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother.
In the USSR-based animated film Petya and Little Red Riding Hood (1958), directed by Boris Stepantsev and Evgeny Raykovsky, the main character (a boy named Petya Ivanov) see the Grey Wolf deceived a trusting girl and risks his life to rescue her and her grandmother. Now, the animated movie is considered a cult film, many phrases have become part of popular culture, and in 1959 and 1960, the film received awards[which?] at festivals in Kiev, Ukraine and Ansi, Estonia.[citation needed] In Russia, it is repeatedly republished on DVD in collections of animated films.[citation needed]
Hoodwinked! (2005) is a retelling of "Little Red Riding Hood" as a police investigation.
The film Red Riding Hood (2006) is a musical movie based upon this tale.
The film Red Riding Hood (2011) is loosely based upon this tale.[51]
The wolf appears in the Shrek franchise of films. He is wearing the grandmother's clothing as in the fairytale, though the films imply he merely prefers wearing the gown and is not dangerous.[52]
Red Riding Hood briefly appears in the film Shrek 2 (2004), wherein she is frightened by Shrek and Fiona and runs off.
Ruby Rose, the main protagonist of Rooster Teeth's animated web series RWBY, alludes to Little Red Riding Hood.
Red Riding Hood is one of the main characters in the film adaptation of the musical "Into the Woods" (2014) portrayed by Lilla Crawford.
Little Red Riding Hood is parodied in the Warner Bros. cartoons Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944, Merrie Melodies) and The Windblown Hare (1949, Looney Tunes), with Bugs Bunny, and Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955, Looney Tunes) with Tweety and Sylvester
Games[edit]
In the Shrek 2 (2004) video game, she is playable and appears as a friend of Shrek's. She joins him, Fiona, and Donkey on their journey to Far Far Away, despite not knowing Shrek or his friends in the film.
In Dark Parables 4 (computer game) The Red Riding Hood Sisters (2013) computer game, the original red riding hood was orphaned when a wolf killed her grandma. A hunter killed the wolf before it could kill her. He took her in as his own out of pity. The red riding hood of this story convinced the hunter to teach her how to fight. They protected the forest together until the hunter was killed during a wolf attack. The red riding hood continued on protecting the forest and took in other orphaned girls and taught them to fight too. They take up wearing a red riding hood and cape to honor their teacher. Even after the death of the original red riding hood the girls continue doing what she did in life.
In the fighting game Darkstalkers 3 (1997), the character Baby Bonnie Hood is a parody of Little Red Riding Hood, complete with childish look, red hood and picnic basket. But instead of food, her basket is full of guns and grenades. Her personality is somewhat psychotic, guerrilla-crazy. During the fights, a small dog named Harry watches the action from the sidelines and reacts to her taking damage in battle. Two rifle-wielding huntsmen named John and Arthur briefly appear alongside her in a special power-up move titled "Beautiful Hunting" that inflicts extra damage on opponents.
Literature[edit]
Jerry Pinkney adapted the story for a children's picture book of the same name (2007)
Anne Sexton wrote an adaptation as a poem called "Red Riding Hood" in her collection Transformations (1971), a book in which she re-envisions 16 of the Grimm's Fairy tales.[53]
James Finn Garner wrote an adaptation in his book "Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life and Times", a book in which thirteen fairy tales were rewritten. The adaptation brings up topics such as feminism and gender norms.[54]
Michael Buckley wrote the children's series, The Sisters Grimm which included characters from the fairytale into the storyline.
Music[edit]
"Little Red Riding Hood" is a raw hardstyle song by Da Tweekaz[55]
Sunny's concept photo for Girls' Generation's third studio album The Boys was inspired by "Little Red Riding Hood".
Musicals[edit]
Little Red Riding Hood is one of the central characters in the Broadway musical Into the Woods (1987) by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. In the song, "I Know Things Now", she speaks of how the wolf made her feel "excited, well, excited and scared", in a reference to the sexual undertones of their relationship. Red Riding Hood's cape is also one of the musical's four quest items that are emblematic of fairy tales.[56]
Television[edit]
The pilot episode of NBC's TV series Grimm reveals that the Red Riding Hood stories were inspired by fabled blutbaden attacks, werewolf-like beings who have a deeply ingrained bloodlust and a weakness for victims wearing red.
Red Riding Hood is a character in ABC's Once Upon a Time (2011) TV series. In this version of the tale, Red (portrayed by Meghan Ory) is a werewolf, and her cape is the only thing that can prevent her from turning during a full moon. Her Storybrooke persona is Ruby.[57]
See also[edit]
Children's literature portal
France portal
Italy portal
Freeway (1996 film)
Hard Candy (film)
Ladle Rat Rotten Hut
"Little Red Cap" (poem)
The Path (video game), a psychological horror art game
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Berlioz, Jacques (2005). "Il faut sauver Le petit chaperon rouge". Les Collections de L'Histoires (36): 63.
Jump up ^ Bottigheimer, Ruth (2008). "Before Contes du temps passe (1697): Charles Perrault's Griselidis, Souhaits and Peau"". The Romantic Review. 99 (3): 175–189.
Jump up ^ Ashliman, D.L. Little Red Riding Hood and other tales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 333. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ Spurgeon, Maureen (1990). Red Riding Hood. England: Brown Watson. ISBN 0709706928.
Jump up ^ Tatar 2004, pp. xxxviii
Jump up ^ The oldest source is the tale Rova in: Leo Frobenius, Volksmärchen und Volksdichtungen Afrikas / Band III, Jena 1921: 126-129, fairy tale # 33.
Jump up ^ Quoted from: Jane E. Goodman, Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video, Indiana University Press, 2005: 62.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Graham (2000). Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Opie, Iona & Peter. The Classic Fairy Tales. pp. 93–4. ISBN 0-19-211559-6. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ J.M. Ziolkowski, "A fairy tale from before fairy tales: Egbert of Liege's ‘De puella a lupellis seruata’ and the medieval background of ‘Little Red Riding Hood’", Speculum 67 (1992): 549–575.
Jump up ^ Jack Zipes, In Hungarian folklore, the story is known as "Piroska" (Little Red), is still told in mostly the original version described above. The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, p 744, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
Jump up ^ Alan Dundes, little ducking
Jump up ^ Beckett, S. L. (2008). Little Red Riding Hood. In D. Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales: G-P (pp. 466-492). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Catherine Orenstein, Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale, pp 92-106, ISBN 0-465-04126-4
Jump up ^ Zipes, Jack (1993). The Trials and Tribulations of Little Red Riding Hood (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 0-415-90835-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Darnton, Robert (1985). The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-72927-7.
Jump up ^ Beckett, S. L. (2008). Little Red Riding Hood. In D. Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales: G-P (pp. 522-534). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Beckett, S. L. (2008). Little Red Riding Hood. In D. Haase, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairytales: G-P (pp. 583-588). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Jamshid J. Tehrani (2013). "The Phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood". PLoS ONE 8(11): e78871. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078871
Gannon, Megan (18 November 2013). "'Little Red Riding Hood' Tale Dates Back To First Century, Math Model Suggests". Huffington Post. Retrieved 24 March 2016. The analysis also suggests that the Chinese version of “Little Red Riding Hood” derives from ancient European tales and not vice versa as other researchers have suggested.
Jump up ^ Iona and Peter Opie, The Classic Fairy Tales. p. 93. ISBN 0-19-211559-6
Jump up ^ Charles Perrault, "Le Petit Chaperon Rouge"
Jump up ^ Maria Tatar, p 17, The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales, ISBN 0-393-05163-3
Jump up ^ "Little Red Riding Hood Charles Perrault". Pitt.Edu. University of Pittsburgh. 21 September 2003. Retrieved 12 January 2016. And, saying these words, this wicked wolf fell upon Little Red Riding Hood, and ate her all up.
Jump up ^ Jacob and Wilheim Grimm, "Little Red Cap"
Jump up ^ Harry Velten, "The Influences of Charles Perrault's Contes de ma Mère L'oie on German Folklore", p 966, Jack Zipes, ed. The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
Jump up ^ Harry Velten, "The Influences of Charles Perrault's Contes de ma Mère L'oie on German Folklore", p 967, Jack Zipes, ed. The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm, ISBN 0-393-97636-X
Jump up ^ Maria Tatar, The Annotated Brothers Grimm, p 149 W. W. Norton & company, London, New York, 2004 ISBN 0-393-05848-4
Jump up ^ Jacob and Wilheim Grimm, "Little Red Cap"
Jump up ^ Andrew Lang, "The True History of Little Goldenhood", The Red Fairy Book (1890)
Jump up ^ The proper name of this French author is Charles Marelle (1827-19..), there is a typo in Andrew Lang's Red Fairy Book. See BNF note online.
Jump up ^ Jane Yolen, Touch Magic p 25, ISBN 0-87483-591-7
Jump up ^ Tatar, Maria. The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales. p. 25. ISBN 0-393-05163-3.
Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan & McGlathery, James M. (ed.). "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically". The Brothers Grimm and Folktale. pp. 26–7. ISBN 0-252-01549-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan & McGlathery, James M. (ed.). "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically". The Brothers Grimm and Folktale. p. 27. ISBN 0-252-01549-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan & McGlathery, James M. (ed.). "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically". The Brothers Grimm and Folktale. pp. 27–9. ISBN 0-252-01549-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan & McGlathery, James M. (ed.). "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically". The Brothers Grimm and Folktale. pp. 27–8. ISBN 0-252-01549-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Tatar, Maria. The Annotated Brothers Grimm. p. 148. ISBN 0-393-05848-4.
Jump up ^ Dundes, Alan & McGlathery, James M. (ed.). "Intrepreting Little Red Riding Hood Psychoanalytically". The Brothers Grimm and Folktale. p. 32. ISBN 0-252-01549-5. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. p. 145. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. pp. 160–161. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. pp. 172–173. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. pp. 112–3. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. pp. 166–167. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. p. 126. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Hanks, Carol & Hanks, D.T., Jr. (1978). Children's Literature. 7. pp. 68–77, 10.1353/chl.0.0528. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. p. 165. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Orenstein, Catherine. Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality, and the Evolution of a Fairy Tale. p. 167. ISBN 0-465-04125-6.
Jump up ^ Augello-Page, Michelle. "Wolf Moon". Into the Woods. pp. 59–66. ISBN 978-1-291-75208-3.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive Interview With 'Red Riding Hood' Director Catherine Hardwicke". Hollywood.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ DiMare, Philip, ed. (2011). Movies in American History: An Encyclopedia [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 443. ISBN 978-1-598-84297-5.
Jump up ^ Sexton, Anne (1971). Transformations.
Jump up ^ Garner, James Finn (1994). Politically Correct Bedtime Stories: Modern Tales for Our Life and Times. Souvenir Press. ISBN 0285640410.
Jump up ^ Da Tweekaz. "Little Red Riding Hood". Soundclou.
Jump up ^ Sondheim, Steven; Lapine, James (1987). Into the Woods.
Jump up ^ Bricker, Tierney (March 16, 2012). "Once Upon a Time: Meghan Ory Dishes on Big Bad Wolf Twist! Plus, What's Next for Ruby?". E Online. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Little Red Riding Hood
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Little Red Riding Hood.
Free printable "Little Red Riding-hood" eBook and worksheets for grades K-3.
Terri Windling's 'The Path of Needles or Pins: Little Red Riding Hood' – a thorough article on the history of Little Red Riding Hood.
The Little Red Riding Hood Collection at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library at the University of Virginia contains hundreds of editions of the story, as well as ephemera, artifacts, and original artworks
Read Little Red Riding Hood by Charles Perrault (sad ending), or Little Red Cap by Brothers Grimm (happy ending)
A Translation of Grimm's Fairy Tale Little Red Cap
[show]
v
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Key articles
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Grimms' Fairy Tales
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Notable tales
"The Frog Prince"
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"The Three Spinners"
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The White Snake
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Other
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v
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"Little Red Riding Hood" by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm
Film
Little Red Riding Hood (1920)
Little Red Riding Hood (1954)
Rotkäppchen (1962)
About the Little Red Riding Hood (1977)
Red Riding Hood (1989)
Little Red Riding Hood (1997)
Red Riding Hood (2003)
Red Riding Hood (2006)
Red Riding Hood (2011)
Animation
Little Red Riding Hood (1922 cartoon)
Dizzy Red Riding Hood (1931 film)
Little Red Walking Hood (1937 cartoon)
The Big Bad Wolf (1934 cartoon)
Red Hot Riding Hood (1943 cartoon)
Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944 cartoon)
Little Rural Riding Hood (1949 cartoon)
Little Red Rodent Hood (1952 cartoon)
Red Riding Hoodwinked (1955 cartoon)
Red Riding Hoodlum (1957 cartoon)
Little Red Riding Hood (1995 film)
Redux Riding Hood (1997 film)
Hoodwinked! (2005 film)
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil (2011 film)
Video games
Little Red Riding Hood's Zombie BBQ (2008)
The Path (2009)
Overlord: Dark Legend (2009)
Dragon Fin Soup (2015)
Stage adaptations
Little Red Riding Hood (1911 opera)
Grimm (2014 musical)
Literary adaptations
The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck (1908)
Anguish Languish (1956)
Flossie & the Fox (1986)
Lon Po Po: A Red-Riding Hood Story from China (1989)
Wolf (1990)
Little Red Cap (1999)
Scarlet (2013)
Other adaptations
Li'l Red Riding Hood (1966)
The Company of Wolves (1984)
The Red Spectacles (1987)
Freeway (1996)
Black XXX-Mas (1999)
Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (1999)
Tokyo Red Hood (2003)
A Wicked Tale (2005)
"Red-Handed" (2012)
"Child of the Moon" (2012)
Related
Once Upon a Time (TV series)
Akazukin Chacha (1994 anime series)
Goldilocks and the Jivin' Bears
Now Hare This
Deadtime Stories
Baby Bear and the Big, Bad Wolf
Big Bad Wolf (character)
Red (character)
[show]
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Works
Histoires ou contes du temps passé (1697)
Griselidis (1695)
The Ridiculous Wishes (1695)
Donkeyskin (1695)
Cinderella (1697)
Little Red Riding Hood (1697)
Sleeping Beauty (1697)
Puss in Boots (1697)
Bluebeard (1697)
Diamonds and Toads (1697)
Riquet with the Tuft (1697)
Hop-o'-My-Thumb (1697)
Related
Marie-Jeanne L'Héritier
Brothers Grimm
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Government of Australia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article describes the federal government of Australia. For a description of other jurisdictions, politics and political institutions, see Politics of Australia.
Government of the
Commonwealth of Australia
Formation
1901
Website
www.australia.gov.au
Legislative branch
Legislature
Parliament
Meeting place
Parliament House
Executive branch
Main organ
Cabinet
Leader
Prime Minister
Appointer
Governor-General
Meeting place
Parliament House
Judicial branch
Court
High Court
Seat
Canberra
Australia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Australia
Constitution[show]
Constitution of Australia
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act
Australia Act
The Crown[show]
Monarch: Elizabeth II
Governor-General: Sir Peter Cosgrove
Executive[show]
Prime Minister: Malcolm Turnbull
Deputy Prime Minister: Barnaby Joyce
Federal Executive Council
Ministry
Current (71st)
Cabinet
Legislature[show]
Parliament
Senate
President: Scott Ryan
House of Representatives
Speaker: Tony Smith
Opposition
Leader: Bill Shorten
Shadow Ministry
Judiciary[show]
High Court
Lower Courts
Laws of Australia
Elections[show]
Federal electoral system
Electoral divisions
Political parties
Recent elections
Federal: 2016
2013
2010
Federal by-elections
Referendums
States and territories[show]
Governors and Administrators
Premiers and Chief Ministers
Parliaments and Assemblies
State courts
State electoral systems
Local government[show]
NSW
Vic
Qld
WA
SA
Tas
NT
Related topics[show]
Regions
Foreign relations
Defence Force
Public holidays
Republicanism
Other countries
Atlas
v
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The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia (also referred to as the Australian Government, the Commonwealth Government, or the Federal Government) is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self-governing British colonies, which became the six states. The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution, which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums. The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor-General of Australia,[1][2][3][4][5] with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government, the Prime Minister of Australia.
The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch, composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor-General, which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister, the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia's House of Representatives and Senate, and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts. Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution, the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters (chapters I to III). The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics, and has been characterised as a "Washminster mutation".[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Legislature
3 Executive
3.1 Head of state
3.2 Executive Council
3.3 Cabinet
3.4 Departments
4 Judiciary
5 Publicly owned entities
5.1 Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament
5.2 Government Business Enterprises
5.3 Other public non-financial corporations
6 See also
7 References
7.1 Footnotes
7.2 Citations
8 External links
Structure[edit]
The three branches of the federal government of Australia
The legislature: Parliament House in Canberra, the seat of the Federal Parliament
The Executive: Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull (left) representing the Federal Executive Council, and Governor-General Peter Cosgrove (right) who by convention follows the Council's advice
The judiciary: The High Court of Australia, the nation's highest court
Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature, the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia, and two houses of parliament, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities (known as "heads of power") to the Commonwealth government. All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States (previously separate colonies). Further, each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can encroach on the functions of any other. The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, concerning their respective functions.
The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution. To become effective, the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age, and must receive a "double majority": a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of States.
The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth. This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum (a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth, or vice versa, should be implemented). More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved. This "transfer" legislation may have a "sunset clause", a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period, at which point the original division of power is restored.
In addition, Australia has several "territories", two of which are self-governing: the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and the Northern Territory (NT). These territories' legislatures, their Assemblies, exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth; the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers. Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament. The territory of Norfolk Island was self-governing from 1979 until 2016, although it was never represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament. The other territories that are regularly inhabited—Jervis Bay, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands—have never been self-governing.
The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution. The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States. Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five. But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States: all States elect 12 Senators, regardless of population. This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives. The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators.
The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is Local government, in the form of shires, towns and cities. The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives (known as either councillor or alderman, depending on the State), usually serving part-time. Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located.
Government at the Commonwealth level and the State/Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government:
Legislature: The Commonwealth Parliament
Executive: The Sovereign of Australia, whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor-General, the Prime Minister, Ministers and their Departments
Judiciary: The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts.
The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other:
the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills, and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms; the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament, but takes no active role in these matters, except that (representing the sovereign) Governors-General, State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent
the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation
the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law, applying both statute law and the common law; the Australian courts cannot give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law, but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional
the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign's representatives, on the advice of the Commonwealth or State/Territory government; but the Legislature and the Executive should not try to influence its decisions.
Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986, and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal. With this act, Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign, and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal. The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed.[7]
Legislature[edit]
Main article: Parliament of Australia
The Australian Senate chamber
The Australian House of Representatives chamber
The Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate. The Australian Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Queen of Australia, a 76-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives.
Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote (known in Australia as "quota-preferential voting": see Australian electoral system), with half elected every three years. In addition to the state Senators, two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory (which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory (which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, but their term of office is not fixed; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election.
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority-preferential[8] voting using the non-proportional Instant-runoff voting system[9] from single-member constituencies allocated among the states and territories. In ordinary legislation, the two chambers have co-ordinate powers, but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives. Under the prevailing Westminster system, the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, of which they must, in most circumstances, be members. General elections are held at least once every three years. The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution. The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016.
The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system, with a recognised Leader of the Opposition, usually the leader of the largest party outside the government, and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who "shadow" each member of the Ministry, asking questions on matters within the Minister's portfolio. Although the Government, by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house, the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses.
The day-to-day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House, appointed by the Prime Minister, and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House, appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament, currently Bill Shorten.
Executive[edit]
Head of state[edit]
Main articles: Monarchy of Australia and Governor-General of Australia
The Australian Constitution dates from 1901, when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states, and does not use the term "head of state". As Australia is a constitutional monarchy, government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state.[10] In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they independently exercise many important powers in their own right. The governor-general represents Australia internationally, making and receiving state visits.[11]
Government House, Canberra
The Sovereign of Australia, currently Queen Elizabeth II, is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom. Like the other Dominions, Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939. By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia, and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed, making her Queen of Australia.
Section 61 of the Constitution provides that 'The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth'. Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia. In practice, the Governor-General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state, without reference to the Queen.
Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor-General's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers. The Governor-General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom. These are rarely exercised, but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor-General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.
Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy. In a 1999 referendum, the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution. The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister, but subject to the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament. The proposal was defeated. The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia, opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League.
Further information: Constitutional history of Australia, Australian republicanism, and Australian head of state dispute
Executive Council[edit]
Main article: Federal Executive Council (Australia)
The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions. All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled "The Honourable", a title which they retain for life. The Governor-General usually presides at Council meetings, but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council. Since 20 December 2017, the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann.
There are times when the government acts in a "caretaker" capacity, principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election.
Cabinet[edit]
Main articles: Cabinet of Australia and List of Australian Ministers
The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown, responsible to the Federal Parliament. The ministers are appointed by the Governor-General, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who serve at the former's pleasure. Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated. Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers, called Parliamentary secretaries, responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister.
The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity; it exists solely by convention. Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force. However, it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council, which is Australia's highest formal governmental body. In practice, the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet. All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council. While the Governor-General is nominal presiding officer, he almost never attends Executive Council meetings. A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor-General.
Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical, and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two-tier ministry, with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank, also known within parliament as the front bench. This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government.
When the non-Labor parties are in power, the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion, although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments. When the Liberal Party and its predecessors (the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios.
When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson, Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the Caucus, and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios. This practice was followed until 2007. Between 1907 and 2007, Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence. Prior to the 2007 general election, the then Leader of the Opposition, Kevin Rudd, said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.[12]
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals, most frequently Sydney and Melbourne. Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places, such as major regional cities.[13] There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital, with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street.
Departments[edit]
There are 18 departments of the Australian Government.[14][15][16]
Attorney-General's Department
Department of Agriculture and Water Resources
Department of Communications and the Arts
Department of Defence
Department of Education and Training
Department of Employment
Department of the Environment and Energy
Department of Finance
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
Department of Health
Department of Home Affairs
Department of Human Services
Department of Industry, Innovation and Science
Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development
Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet
Department of Social Services
Department of the Treasury
Department of Veterans' Affairs
Judiciary[edit]
Main article: Australian court hierarchy
Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra.
As a federation, in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts.
Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament, including the Federal Court of Australia, the Family Court of Australia, and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia. Additionally, unlike in the United States, the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts.[17] Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level, only courts may exercise federal judicial power; and conversely, non-judicial functions cannot be vested in courts.[18]
State judicial power is exercised by each State's Supreme Court, and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments.
The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law. It has both original and appellate jurisdiction, the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments, and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia. Unlike in the United States, there is only one common law of Australia, rather than separate common laws for each State.[19]
Publicly owned entities[edit]
Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament[edit]
The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament:
Australian Broadcasting Corporation (Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983[20])
Special Broadcasting Service (Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991[21])
Government Business Enterprises[edit]
The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises (GBEs) by section 5(1) of the Public Governance, Performance and Accountability (PGPA) Rule:
Australian Postal Corporation ("Australia Post")
Defence Housing Australia
The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5(2) of the PGPA Rule:
ASC Pty Ltd
Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited
Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited (ACN 161 635 105)
NBN Co Limited (ACN 136 533 741)[22]
Other public non-financial corporations[edit]
Airservices Australia
Snowy Hydro Limited[22]
See also[edit]
Australian federal budget
Australian Public Service
Referendums in Australia (and non-binding plebiscites)
Second Turnbull Ministry
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Prior to 1931, the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King, with dominion ministers, if they met the King at all, escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister. After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right, equal in Commonwealth status to Britain's ministers, meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for, or an acceptance of, the presence of British ministers. The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State. Australia and other dominions soon followed.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ House of Representatives, The Australian System of Government (PDF), Australian Government Publishing Service, p. 3, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2011, retrieved 10 March 2011
Jump up ^ "History and Culture: Quick Answers". Parliamentary Education Office. Australian Government Publishing Service. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. "Protocol > Protocol guidelines > The Australian Government". Australian Government Publishing Service. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission. "About the Commission > The Australian experience of public sector reform > The Constitutional and Government framework". Australian Government Publishing Service. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Australian Citizenship – Our Common Bond" (PDF). Department of Immigration and Citizenship. August 2012.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Elaine (1980). "The "Washminster" Mutation". Australian Journal of Political Science. 15. p. 32.
Jump up ^ "Australia Act 1986". Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General's Department. Commonwealth of Australia.
Jump up ^ "Australia: Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority-Preferential Voting". Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Jump up ^ "The first Parliament: Developments in the Parliament of Australia". Parliamentary Education Office of the Government of Australia.
Jump up ^ The Constitution (2012) Overview by the Attorney-General's Department and Australian Government Solicitor [1]
Jump up ^ "Governor-General's Role". Office of the Governor-General. 20 July 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Worsley, Ben (11 September 2007). "Rudd seizes power from factions". Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jump up ^ "Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd". News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 November 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20131014052331/http://www.dpmc.gov.au/parliamentary/docs/aao_20130918.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/renamed_depts-21_Sept_2015.pdf
Jump up ^ "List of departments and agencies". Australian Government. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Robert French, 'Two Chapters about Judicial Power', speech given at the Peter Nygh Memorial Lecture, 15 October 2012, Hobart, p 3.
Jump up ^ R v Kirby; Ex parte Boilermakers' Society of Australia (1956) 94 CLR 254.
Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1997) 189 CLR 520 at 563.
Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 '[2]'
Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 '[3]'
^ Jump up to: a b Australian Government - Current Government Business Enterprises '[4]'
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values: Урад Аўстраліі – Belarusian

values: Κυβέρνηση της Αυστραλίας – Greek

values: دولت استرالیا – Persian

values: Правительство Австралии – Russian

values: Government of Australia – Simple English

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