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Edo State
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This article is about the subnational state of Nigeria. For Japan, see Edo period. For other uses, see Edo (disambiguation).
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Edo
State
Nickname(s): Heart Beat of Nigeria

Location of Edo State in Nigeria
Coordinates: 6°30′N 6°00′E / 6.500°N 6.000°E / 6.500; 6.000Coordinates: 6°30′N 6°00′E / 6.500°N 6.000°E / 6.500; 6.000
Country
Nigeria
Date created
27 August 1991
Capital
Benin City
Government
• Governor
(List)
Godwin Obaseki (APC)
• Deputy Governor
Philip Shuaibu
• Senators
Aisagbonriodion Urhoghide
Ordia Clifford
Francis Alimikhena
Area
• Total
17,802 km2 (6,873 sq mi)
Area rank
22nd of 36
Population (2006 census)
• Total
3,233,366
• Rank
27th of 36
• Density
180/km2 (470/sq mi)
Demonym(s)
Edolite
GDP (PPP)
• Year
2007
• Total
$11.89 billion[1]
• Per capita
$3,623[1]
Time zone
WAT (UTC+01)
ISO 3166 code
NG-ED
Website
edostate.gov.ng
Edo is a state in Nigeria. With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 4 million. It is made up of four major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Esan, Owan and etsako. However the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City the capital has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of the African continent many centuries ago. Some of the flash points have remained enviable tourists’ attractions for the state.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 People
2.1 Demographics
3 Governors
4 Local Government Areas
5 Demographics
6 Economy
7 Notable people
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The Mid-Western Region was a division of Nigeria from 1963 to 1991, being known as the Bendel state from 1976. It was formed in June 1963 from Benin and Delta provinces of the Western Region, and its capital was Benin City. It was renamed a province in 1966, and in 1967 when the other provinces were split up into several states, it remained territorially intact, becoming a state.
During the Nigerian Civil War, the Biafran forces invaded the new Mid-Western state, en route to Lagos, in an attempt to force a quick end to the war. While under Biafran occupation, the state was declared as the “Republic of Benin” as Nigerian forces were to retake the region. The republic collapsed a day after the declaration as Nigerian troops overtook Benin City. Edo State was formed on August 27, 1991 when Bendel State was split into Edo and Delta States.
People[edit]
With Benin City as capital, the population of the entire state is approximately 4 million. It is made up of three major ethnic groups; namely Edo (Binis), Esan and Afemai (Owan/Etsako) with Akoko Edo. However the State has a high presence of residents from across the country and the world because of its cosmopolitan tendencies. Benin City the capital has a history of being one of the foremost destinations of Europeans during their exploration of Africa continent many centuries ago. Some of the flash points have remained enviable tourists’ attraction for the state.
Demographics[edit]
The main ethnic groups in Edo State are: Edos, Afemais, Esans, Owans and Akoko Edos. Virtually all the groups traced their origin to Benin City hence the dialects of the groups vary with their distance from Benin City. The Bini speaking people who occupy seven out of the 18 Local Government Areas of the state constitute 57.54% while others Esan (17.14%) Afemai compirising of Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), and Akoko Edo (5.70%). However, the Igbira speaking communities exist in Akoko Edo as well as Urhobos, Izons, Itsekiris communities in Ovia North East and South West Local Government Areas especially in the borderlands. Also, Ika speaking communities exist in Igbanke in Orhionmwon LGA.
A lot of communities and indeed the ruling dynasties in all the clans trace their roots to the ancient kingdom of Benin. Cultural similarities are in the areas of religious worships, folk-lore, dances, festivals, traditional modes of dressing, arts and craft. The political pattern and behaviour are based on a situation where both the monarchial and republican ideas flourished in an integrated manner. The colourful traditional festivals in the state manifest its rich cultural heritage. Critical among these are the Igue and Ekaba festivals done among the Binis and manhood initiation (age groups) by the Etsako people. With an estimated population of 3,218, 332 made up of 1,640,461 males and 1, 577, 871 females and a growth rate of 2.7% per annum (NPC, 2006), as well as a total landmass of 19,187 square kilometers, the state has a population density of about 168 persons per square kilometers.
Governors[edit]
Name
Title
Took office
Left office
Party
Notes
Colonel John Ewerekumoh Yeri Governor Aug 1990 Jan 1992 (Military)
John E.K. Odigie Oyegun Governor Jan 1992 Nov 1993 SDP
Colonel Mohammed Abul-Salam Onuka Administrator 9 Dec 1993 14 Sep 1994 (Military)
Colonel Bassey Asuquo Administrator 14 Sep 1994 22 Aug 1996 (Military)
Group Captain Baba Adamu Iyam Administrator 22 Aug 1996 7 Aug 1998 (Military)
Navy Captain Anthony Onyearugbulem Administrator 7 Aug 1998 29 May 1999 (Military)
Chief Lucky Igbinedion Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP
Professor Oserheimen Osunbor Governor 29 May 2007 12 November 2008 PDP Removed by court judgment invalidating his election
Comrade Adams A. Oshiomhole Governor 12 November 2008 12 November 2016 AC which later merged with some other political parties to become APC (All Progressive Congress) in 2016
Godwin Obaseki Governor 12 November 2016 present APC
Local Government Areas[edit]
Edo State consists of eighteen (18) Local Government Areas. They are:
Akoko-Edo
Egor
Esan Central
Esan North-East
Esan South-East
Esan West
Etsako Central
Etsako East
Etsako West
Igueben
Ikpoba-Okha
Oredo
Orhionmwon
Ovia North-East
Ovia South-West
Owan East
Owan West
Uhunmwonde
Demographics[edit]
English is the official language of the state. The major tribal languages spoken in the state are Igarra, Edo, Etsako/Afemai, Esan and Okpamheri.[2] Edo State is home to several ethnicities, among them the Edo, Okpe, Esan, Afemai/Etsako, Ora, Akoko-Edo, Igbanke, Emai and Ijaw.[citation needed]
Economy[edit]
Tourist attractions in Edo State include the Emotan Statue in Benin City, Ise Lake and River Niger Beach in Agenebode, Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square at fugar, Ambrose Alli Square, Ekpoma, River Niger Beaches at Ilushi, BFFM Building at Ewu, College of Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode, Okpekpe with its hills and scenes and the Usomege Hills at Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills in Akoko Edo, where a government-run tourist center at Ososo is set among spectacular scenery.[3][4] The state produces crude oil.[5] and other mineral resources like limestone and quarry.
Notable people[edit]
Oba of Benin
Late Erhabor Emokpae, pioneer of modern arts in Nigeria
Late admiral Mike Akhigbe, former vice president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Late Dele Giwa, A renowned Nigerian journalist, editor and founder of Newswatch magazine.
Late Senator Albert Legogie, former deputy senate president in the defunct Third Republic and a pioneer member of the Board of Trustees of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
late Pa Michael Imoudu, who was a foremost labour leader and founder of the Nigeria state,
the late Chief Julius Momo Udochi, the first Nigerian ambassador to the United States,
late Gen. George Agbazika Innih, who was one-time military governor of Bendel and Kwara State,
Late Major-General Abdul Rahman Mamudu Former Commander Nigerian Army Signals Corps and military administrator Gongola State,
Adams Oshiomhole, the past president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and formal governor of Edo State; he built Edo University of Iyamoh, Edo State.
Archbishop Benson Idahosa, founder of Church of God Mission International.
Pastor Chris Oyakhilome, founder of the Believers Loveworld Nation
Prince Tony Momoh, former Minister of Information and Culture,
Commander Anthony Ikhazoboh, minister of sports and transport,
Late Professor Ambrose Alli, former governor of the defunct Bendel State. He created the Bendel State university now named after him.
Professor Osayuki Godwin Oshodin, former vice chancellor of University of Benin
Jacob U. Egharevba, a Bini historian and traditional chief
Late Dr Samuel Ogbemudia, former governor of the midwest region of Nigeria and later Bendel state
Late Chief Anthony Enahoro, prominent anti-colonial and pro-democracy activist and politician
Late Professor Festus Iyayi, novelist and first African to win the Commonwealth Writers Prize
Odia Ofeimun, poet and former president of the Association of Nigerian Authors
Late Dr Abel Guobadia, educator and former Nigerian ambassador to the Republic of Korea, former Chairman Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC)
General Godwin Abbe, former Nigerian Minister for Interior and Defence
Late Archbishop John Edokpolo, founder of Edokpolo Grammar Schools and Political Activist
Sir Victor Uwaifo, musician
Archbishop Benson Idahosa, Foremost Pentecostal Church Leader
Late Sonny Okosun, musician
Felix Idubor, artist
Genesis Inibhunu, EWC Vice President
Festus Ezeli, basketball player with the Golden State Warriors
Modupe Ozolua, Body Enhancement and Reconstructive Surgery
Chief Tony Anenih, chairman of board of trustees (PDP) Once Minister of Work.
Gabriel Igbinedion, foremost and international business mogul and bini high chief and owner of ITV
Raymond Dokpesi, owner of Africa largest private television network and politician
Francis Edo-Osagie, businessman
Tony Ezekiel, entrepreneur
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "C-GIDD (Canback Global Income Distribution Database)". Canback Dangel. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Seibert, Uwe (24 April 2000). "Languages of Edo State". University of Iowa. Archived from the original on 2007-12-13. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Edo State". NigeriaGalleria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "70 Exciting Tourist Spots". OnlineNigeria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Ogbeifun, Greg U (April 2006). "Importance of a Sea Outlet for Edo State". Retrieved 10 November 2007.
External links[edit]
Edo state Government Official Website
[show]
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Governors of Edo State
John Ewerekumoh Yeri
John Odigie Oyegun
Mohammed Abul-Salam Onuka
Bassey Asuquo
Baba Adamu Iyam
Anthony Onyearugbulem
Lucky Igbinedion
Oserheimen Osunbor
Adams Oshiomhole
Godwin Obaseki
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text:
Piano Concerto No. 20 (Mozart)
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Piano Concerto in D minor
No. 20
by W. A. Mozart
Pianoforte by Johann Andreas Stein (Augsburg, 1775) – Berlin, Musikinstrumenten-Museum
Key
D minor
Catalogue
K. 466
Genre
Concerto
Style
Classical period
Composed
1785 (1785)
Movements
Three (Allegro, Romanze, Allegro assai)
Scoring
Piano
orchestra
The Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor, K. 466, was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1785. The first performance took place at the Mehlgrube Casino in Vienna on 11 February 1785, with the composer as the soloist.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Movements
2.1 I. Allegro
2.2 II. Romanze
2.3 III. Rondo, Allegro assai
3 In other media
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
Background[edit]
A few days after the first performance, the composer's father, Leopold, visiting in Vienna, wrote to his daughter Nannerl about her brother's recent success: "[I heard] an excellent new piano concerto by Wolfgang, on which the copyist was still at work when we got here, and your brother didn't even have time to play through the rondo because he had to oversee the copying operation."[1]
It is written in the key of D minor. Other works by the composer in that key include the Fantasia K. 397 for piano, the Requiem, a Kyrie, a mass, the aria "Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen" from the opera The Magic Flute and parts of the opera Don Giovanni. It is the first of two piano concertos written in a minor key (No. 24 in C minor being the other).
The young Ludwig van Beethoven admired this concerto and kept it in his repertoire.[1] Daniel Barenboim contends that this concerto was Joseph Stalin's favorite piece of music.[2] Composers who wrote cadenzas for it include Beethoven (WoO 58), Charles-Valentin Alkan, Johannes Brahms (WoO 14), Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Ferruccio Busoni, and Clara Schumann.
Neuer Markt in Vienna with Capuchin Church and Haus zur Mehlgrube on the right, painting by Bernardo Bellotto, 1760
Movements[edit]
The concerto is scored for solo piano, flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, timpani and strings.
As is typical with concertos, it is in three movements:
Allegro (in D minor), 4
4
Romanze (in B♭ major), 2
2 (4
4 in some editions)[3]
Rondo, Allegro assai (in D minor, with coda in D major), 2
2
I. Allegro[edit]
The first movement starts off the concerto in the dark tonic key of D minor with the strings restlessly but quietly building up to a full forte.
The theme is quickly taken up by the piano soloist and developed throughout the long movement. A slightly brighter mood exists in the second theme, but it never becomes jubilant. The timpani further heighten the tension in the coda before the cadenza. The movement ends on a quiet note.
II. Romanze[edit]
Manuscript of Brahms' cadenza to the first movement.
The Romanze second movement, in the subdominant of D minor's relative key, (F major), B♭ major, is a five-part rondo (ABACA)[4] with a coda. The trumpets and timpani are not used in this movement. The beginning features a solo piano playing the flamboyant and charming main B♭ major melody without accompaniment. This lyrical, passionate, tender and romantic melody paints a picture of peace and a sense of harmony between the piano and the orchestra and has also inspired its title 'Romanze'.
Halfway through, the piece moves on to the second episode (part C), where instead of the beautiful melody, a storm sets in. The new stormy material is turbulent, agitated and ominous theme, in the relative key of G minor, which greatly contrasts the peaceful mood at the starting of the movement. Though the storm section begins abruptly and without transition, after a transition back to the tonic key of B♭ major, finally, we are greeted once again with the aforeheard melody which returns as the movement is nearing the end. The piece ends with an ascending arpeggio that is light and delicate, gradually until it becomes a faint whisper.
III. Rondo, Allegro assai[edit]
The final movement, a rondo, begins with the solo piano rippling upward in the home key before the full orchestra replies with a furious section. (This piano "rippling" is known as the Mannheim Rocket and is a string of eighth notes (D-F-A-D-F) followed by a quarter note (A). A second melody is touched upon by the piano where the mood is still dark but strangely restless. A contrasting cheerful melody in F major ushers in not soon after, introduced by the orchestra before the solo piano rounds off the lively theme. A series of sharp piano chords snaps the bright melody and then begin passages in D minor on solo piano again, taken up by full orchestra. Several modulations of the second theme (in A minor and G minor) follow. Thereafter follows the same format as above, with a momentary pause for introducing the customary cadenza.
After the cadenza, the mood clears considerably and the piece is now fully sunny in character, as we are now in the parallel key of D major, and the bright happy melody is taken up, this time by the oboes and then winds. The solo piano repeats the theme before a full orchestral passage develops the passage, thereby rounding up the concerto with a jubilant finish.
In other media[edit]
The second movement (minus the more tumultuous C part of the rondo) plays in the final scene and during the end credits of the 1984 movie Amadeus.
The first movement was also played in the ballet scene in Series 1 Episode 8 of the television series Mr. Robot.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Steinberg (1998, 303-305)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2014-06-01. , 8:30
Jump up ^ "IMSLP" (PDF). Retrieved 30 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Girdlestone (1964), p. 319-321.
Sources[edit]
Girdlestone, C. M. Mozart's Piano Concertos. Cassell, London.
Hutchings, A. A Companion to Mozart's Piano Concertos, Oxford University Press.
Mozart, W. A. Piano Concertos Nos. 17-22 in full score. Dover Publications, New York.
Steinberg, M. The Concerto: A Listener's Guide, Oxford (1998)
External links[edit]
Konzert für Klavier und Orchester in d, KV 466: Score and critical report (in German) in the Neue Mozart-Ausgabe
Piano Concerto No. 20: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
BBC Discovering Music (browse for .ram file for this work)
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Leopold Mozart
Anna Maria Mozart
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Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Childhood arrangements
No. 1 in F major, K. 37
No. 2 in B♭ major, K. 39
No. 3 in D major, K. 40
No. 4 in G major, K. 41
Three Concertos after J.C. Bach, K. 107
Salzburg concertos
No. 5 in D major, K. 175
No. 6 in B♭ major, K. 238
No. 8 in C major, K. 246 (Lützow)
No. 9 in E♭ major, K. 271 (Jeunehomme / Jenamy)
Concertos for two
and three pianos
No. 7 in F major for 3 Pianos, K. 242 (Lodron)
No. 10 in E♭ major for 2 Pianos, K. 365
Early Vienna concertos
No. 11 in F major, K. 413
No. 12 in A major, K. 414
No. 13 in C major, K. 415
Major Vienna concertos
No. 14 in E♭ major, K. 449
No. 15 in B♭ major, K. 450
No. 16 in D major, K. 451
No. 17 in G major, K. 453
No. 18 in B♭ major, K. 456
No. 19 in F major, K. 459
No. 20 in D minor, K. 466
No. 21 in C major, K. 467
No. 22 in E♭ major, K. 482
No. 23 in A major, K. 488
No. 24 in C minor, K. 491
No. 25 in C major, K. 503
Later concertos
No. 26 in D major, K. 537 (Coronation)
No. 27 in B♭ major, K. 595
Concert rondos
D major, K. 382
A major, K. 386
About the Mozart piano concertos
List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Journey to the Center of the Earth
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Journey to the Centre of the Earth (disambiguation).
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Book cover made in 1874
Author
Jules Verne
Original title
Voyage au centre de la Terre
Illustrator
Édouard Riou
Cover artist
Édouard Riou
Country
France
Language
French
Series
The Extraordinary Voyages #3
Genre
Science fiction, adventure novel
Publisher
Pierre-Jules Hetzel
Publication date
1864
Published in English
1871
Media type
Print (Hardback)
Pages
183
ISBN
0486440885
Preceded by
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras
Followed by
From the Earth to the Moon
Journey to the Center of the Earth (French: Voyage au centre de la Terre, also translated under the titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey to the Interior of the Earth) is an 1864 science fiction novel by Jules Verne. The story involves German professor Otto Lidenbrock who believes there are volcanic tubes going toward the centre of the Earth. He, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans descend into the Icelandic volcano Snæfellsjökull, encountering many adventures, including prehistoric animals and natural hazards, before eventually coming to the surface again in southern Italy, at the Stromboli volcano.
The genre of subterranean fiction already existed long before Verne. However, the present book considerably added to its popularity and influenced later such writings. For example, Edgar Rice Burroughs explicitly acknowledged Verne's influence on his own Pellucidar series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Inspiration
3 Main characters
4 Prehistoric animals featured
5 Notes
6 Adaptations
6.1 Film
6.2 Television
6.3 Radio
6.4 Theatre
6.5 Theme park (themed areas) and rides
6.6 Other
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
The story begins in May 1863, in the Lidenbrock house in Hamburg, Germany, with Professor Lidenbrock rushing home to peruse his latest purchase, an original runic manuscript of an Icelandic saga written by Snorri Sturluson (Snorre Tarleson in some versions of the story), "Heimskringla"; the chronicle of the Norwegian kings who ruled over Iceland. While looking through the book, Lidenbrock and his nephew Axel find a coded note written in runic script along with the name of a 16th-century Icelandic alchemist, Arne Saknussemm. (This was a first indication of Verne's love for cryptography. Coded, cryptic, or incomplete messages as a plot device would continue to appear in many of his works and in each case Verne would go a long way to explain not only the code used but also the mechanisms used to retrieve the original text.) Lidenbrock and Axel transliterate the runic characters into Latin letters, revealing a message written in a seemingly bizarre code. Lidenbrock attempts a decipherment, deducing the message to be a kind of transposition cipher; but his results are as meaningless as the original.
Professor Lidenbrock decides to lock everyone in the house and force himself and the others (Axel, and the maid, Martha) to go without food until he cracks the code. Axel discovers the answer when fanning himself with the deciphered text: Lidenbrock's decipherment was correct, and only needs to be read backwards to reveal sentences written in rough Latin.[1] Axel decides to keep the secret hidden from Professor Lidenbrock, afraid of what the Professor might do with the knowledge, but after two days without food he cannot stand the hunger and reveals the secret to his uncle. Lidenbrock translates the note, which is revealed to be a medieval note written by the (fictional) Icelandic alchemist Arne Saknussemm, who claims to have discovered a passage to the centre of the Earth via Snæfell in Iceland. In what Axel calls bad Latin, the deciphered message reads:
The Runic cryptogram
In Snefflls [sic] Iokulis kraterem kem delibat umbra Skartaris Iulii intra kalendas deskende, audas uiator, te [sic] terrestre kentrum attinges. Kod feki. Arne Saknussemm.
In slightly better Latin, with errors amended:
In Sneffels Jokulis craterem, quem delibat umbra Scartaris, Julii intra kalendas descende, audax viator, et terrestre centrum attinges; quod feci. Arne Saknussemm
which, when translated into English, reads:
Descend, bold traveller, into the crater of the jökull of Snæfell, which the shadow of Scartaris touches (lit: tastes) before the Kalends of July, and you will attain the centre of the earth. I did it. Arne Saknussemm
Snæfellsjökull.
Professor Lidenbrock is a man of astonishing impatience, and departs for Iceland immediately, taking his reluctant nephew with him. Axel, who, in comparison, is cowardly and anti-adventurous, repeatedly tries to reason with him, explaining his fears of descending into a volcano and putting forward various scientific theories as to why the journey is impossible, but Professor Lidenbrock repeatedly keeps himself blinded against Axel's point of view. After a rapid journey via Kiel and Copenhagen, they arrive in Reykjavík, where the two procure the services of Hans Bjelke (a Danish-speaking Icelander eiderdown hunter) as their guide, and travel overland to the base of the volcano.
In late June, they reach the volcano, which has three craters. According to Saknussemm's message, the passage to the center of the Earth is through the one crater that is touched by the shadow of a nearby mountain peak at noon. However, the text also states that this is only true during the last days of June. During the next few days, with July rapidly approaching, the weather is too cloudy for any shadows. Axel silently rejoices, hoping this will force his uncle – who has repeatedly tried to impart courage to him only to succeed in making him even more cowardly still – to give up the project and return home. Alas for Axel, however, on the second to last day, the sun comes out and the mountain peak shows the correct crater to take.
After descending into the crater, the three travellers set off into the bowels of the Earth, encountering many strange phenomena and great dangers, including a chamber filled with firedamp, and steep-sided wells around the "path". After taking a wrong turn, they run out of water and Axel almost dies, but Hans taps into a neighbouring subterranean river. Lidenbrock and Axel name the resulting stream the "Hansbach" in his honour and the three are saved. At another point, Axel becomes separated from the others and is lost several miles from them. Luckily, a strange acoustic phenomenon allows him to communicate with them from some miles away, and they are soon reunited.
After descending many miles, following the course of the Hansbach, they reach an unimaginably vast cavern. This underground world is lit by electrically charged gas at the ceiling, and is filled with a very deep subterranean ocean, surrounded by a rocky coastline covered in petrified trees and giant mushrooms. The travelers build a raft out of trees and set sail. The Professor names this sea the "Lidenbrock Sea" and the port as "Port Gräuben", after the name of his goddaughter. While on the water, they see several prehistoric creatures such as a giant Ichthyosaurus, which fights with a Plesiosaurus and wins. After the battle between the monsters, the party comes across an island with a huge geyser, which Lidenbrock names "Axel Island".
A lightning storm again threatens to destroy the raft and its passengers, but instead throws them onto the coastline. This part of the coast, Axel discovers, is alive with prehistoric plant and animal life forms, including giant insects and a herd of mastodons. On a beach covered with bones, Axel discovers an oversized human skull. Axel and Lidenbrock venture some way into the prehistoric forest, where Professor Lidenbrock points out, in a shaky voice, a prehistoric human, more than twelve feet in height, leaning against a tree and watching a herd of mastodons. Axel cannot be sure if he has really seen the man or not, and he and Professor Lidenbrock debate whether or not a proto-human civilization actually exists so far underground. The three wonder if the creature is a man-like ape, or an ape-like man. The sighting of the creature is considered the most alarming part of the story, and the explorers decide that it is better not to alert it to their presence as they fear it may be hostile.
The travellers continue to explore the coastline, and find a passageway marked by Saknussemm as the way ahead. However, it is blocked by what appears to be a recent cave-in and two of the three, Hans and the Professor, despair at being unable to hack their way through the granite wall. The adventurers plan to blast the rock with gun cotton and paddle out to sea to escape the blast. Upon executing the plan, however, they discover that behind the rockfall was a seemingly bottomless pit, not a passage to the center of the earth. The travellers are swept away as the sea rushes into the large open gap in the ground. After spending hours being swept along at lightning speeds by the water, the raft ends up inside a large volcanic chimney filling with water and magma. Terrified, the three are rushed upwards, through stifling heat, and are ejected onto the surface from a side-vent of a stratovolcano. When they regain consciousness, they discover that they have been ejected from Stromboli, a volcanic island located in southern Italy. They return to Hamburg to great acclaim – Professor Lidenbrock is hailed as one of the great scientists of history, Axel marries his sweetheart Gräuben, and Hans eventually returns to his peaceful life in Iceland. The Professor has some regret that their journey was cut short.
At the very end of the book, Axel and Lidenbrock realize why their compass was behaving strangely after their journey on the raft. They realize that the needle was pointing the wrong way after being struck by an electric fireball which nearly destroyed the wooden raft.
Inspiration[edit]
The book was inspired by Charles Lyell's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man of 1863 (and probably also influenced by Lyell's earlier ground-breaking work Principles of Geology, published 1830–33). By that time geologists had abandoned a literal biblical account of Earth's development and it was generally thought that the end of the last glacial period marked the first appearance of humanity, but Lyell drew on new findings to put the origin of human beings much further back in the deep geological past. Lyell's book also influenced Louis Figuier's 1867 second edition of La Terre avant le déluge ("The Earth before the flood") which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes, in place of the Garden of Eden shown in the 1863 edition.[2]
It is noteworthy that at the time of writing Verne had no hesitation with having sympathetic German protagonists with whom the reader could identify. Verne's attitude to Germans would drastically change in the aftermath of the 1871 Franco-Prussian War. After 1871, The sympathetic if eccentric Professor Otto Lidenbrock would be replaced in Verne's fiction by the utterly evil and demonic Professor Schultze of The Begum's Fortune.
Main characters[edit]
Professor Otto Lidenbrock: a man of science
Axel: the nephew of Professor Lidenbrock, overcautious and unadventurous student.
Hans Bjelke: a Danish-speaking Icelandic eiderduck hunter who becomes their guide; dependable, resourceful and imperturbable.
Gräuben: the goddaughter of Professor Lidenbrock with whom Axel is in love, from the Vierlande area of Hamburg.
Martha: the maid at the house of Professor Lidenbrock.
Prehistoric animals featured[edit]
Pterichthys
Dipterides – A two-finned fish
Leptotherium – A gazelle-like creature
Merycotherium – A cattle-like creature
Anoplotherium
Mastodon
Megatherium
Unidentified Pterosaur (probably Pterodactylus)
Unknown species of giant bird, probably a Teratorn
Ichthyosaurus
Plesiosaurus
Notes[edit]
The first English edition was published in its entirety by Henry Vickers in 12 installments of a Boys magazine entitled "The Boys Journal". The plates are more numerous than the book form which was published with an 1872 title page. If it was released in 1871 as a single volume it was late in the year. This "True" first edition also found in an octavo normal book size (not Annual size), has been overlooked by bibliographers. It has a place of pre-eminence up to about a 3rd of the way through the 12 monthly issues and then slides down into the main body of the journal. The Magazine does not seem to have survived in its loose format of 12 individual parts.[3]
The 1871 English language edition published by Griffith and Farran (named Journey to the Centre of the Earth at Project Gutenberg) is an abridged and altered translation. It changes the Professor's name to Hardwigg, Axel's name to Harry (or Henry) Lawson, and Grauben's name to Gretchen. It omits some chapters, while rewriting or adding portions to others. The redactor's note by Norm Wolcott, at Project Gutenberg, claims that this translation is the most popularly reprinted one, despite the flaws. The 1877 translation by Ward, Lock, & Co., Ltd., translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson, is more faithful, though it too has some slight rewrites (according to the redactor at its Project Gutenberg page, where its title is translated as Journey to the Interior of the Earth).
The 1877 translation by Ward Lock & Co Ltd., translated by Frederick Amadeus Malleson was adapted by AD Classic Books' 2008 edition of Journey to the Center of the Earth. In this edit by A.R. Roumanis, antiquated writing and out of date sayings were replaced which makes this the most modernized version available.
The novel frequently uses the device of the Professor explaining or arguing scientific matters with Axel, in order to communicate scientific facts on which the world-view is based. In the midst of their descent, this role reverses at one point, as Axel points out strata to the Professor as another example of the same story-telling method. Many things postulated in the novel are now known to be incorrect, including the temperature of space being minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit, and volcanoes erupting due to a reaction between water and chemicals in the Earth's crust.
Adaptations[edit]
Film[edit]
1959: Journey to the Center of the Earth, USA, directed by Henry Levin, starring James Mason and Pat Boone. In the film, the character of Axel becomes Alec and is more adventurous than cowardly as he is in the novel. The film introduces two new main characters: a female explorer and a main antagonist.
1978: Viaje al centro de la Tierra, Spain, directed by Juan Piquer Simón, starring Kenneth More and Pep Munné. It was distributed in Great Britain and the US as Where Time Began.
1989: Journey to the Center of the Earth took only the title and a general idea from the Verne novel, and had a unique plot aimed at a teen audience. It was written by Debra Ricci, Regina Davis, Kitty Chalmers, and Rusty Lemorande, and was directed by Lemorande and Albert Pyun. It stars Emo Philips, Paul Carafotes, Jaclyn Bernstein, Kathy Ireland, Janet Du Plessis, Nicola Cowper, Lochner De Kock, and Ilan Mitchell-Smith. It was based on an uncompleted version, more faithful to Verne's text, written and directed by Lemorande, that had been left unfinished because of Cannon Films' premature closure.
2008: Journey to the Center of the Earth is a 3-D film by Eric Brevig. Cast members include Brendan Fraser, Anita Briem and Josh Hutcherson. The film follows as a sequel to the original book.
2008: Journey to the Center of the Earth – A direct-to-DVD release by The Asylum, which is a loose adaptation of the original book. It was released as Journey to Middle Earth in the United Kingdom.
Walt Disney Pictures began work on a "Journey" in the late 1990s, but was not happy with the appearance of the subterranean caverns, so the project was scrapped and the cavern scenes were altered and used in the production of their 2001 film Atlantis: The Lost Empire.
Television[edit]
An animated television series, Journey to the Center of the Earth, first broadcast in 1967 on ABC, starring the voices of Ted Knight, Pat Harrington, Jr., and Jane Webb, only loosely based on Verne's novel.[4]
A limited animation television special in the Famous Classic Tales series was aired by CBS in 1977.
In 1993, NBC aired a made-for-TV film version with a cast including John Neville, F. Murray Abraham and Kim Miyori. The film used the title and general premise of Verne's novel, but had its heroes carry out the journey in an earth-penetrating machine.[5] A television series was supposed to follow, but was never produced.[citation needed]
The Wishbone 1996 episode "Hot Diggety Dawg" was based on the novel, featuring several major scenes starring the title character as Professor Lidenbrock.
The 1999 Hallmark Entertainment movie starred Treat Williams, Jeremy London, Bryan Brown, Tushka Bergen, and Hugh Keays-Byrne (this version deviates considerably from Verne's original).
A TV film version by RHI Entertainment starring Rick Schroder, Peter Fonda, Victoria Pratt, Steven Grayhm and Mike Dopud was shot on location in and around Vancouver on high definition video during the summer of 2007. The show aired on February 4, 2008 and been released on DVD. Victoria Pratt and Peter Fonda's characters were added to the original story.
Radio[edit]
A 7-part radio serial was broadcast on the BBC Home Service in 1962. It was produced by Claire Chovil, and starred Trevor Martin and Nigel Anthony.[6]
An 8-part radio serial was produced for BBC Radio 4 by Howard Jones in 1963. It starred Bernard Horsfall and Jeffrey Banks.
A radio drama adaptation was broadcast by National Public Radio in 2000 for its series "Radio Tales".
A 90-minute radio adaptation by Stephen Walker directed by Owen O'Callan was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Extra on 20 November 2011 and re-broadcast on 11 and 12 November 2012. Nicholas Le Prevost starred as Professor Otto Lidenbrock, Nathaniel Parker as Axel and Oliver Senton as Hans. Rosemary McNab, an original female character who funds and accompanies the expedition (and has affairs with both Hans and Otto along the way), was played by Kristen Millwood.[7]
A two-part BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Journey to the Centre of the Earth was broadcast on 19 and 26 March 2017, with Stephen Critchlow as Professor Lidenbrock, Joel MacCormack as Axel and Gudmundur Ingi Thorvaldsson as Hans. It was directed and produced by Tracey Neale and adapted by Moya O'Shea.[8]
Theatre[edit]
A stage version of Journey to the Center of the Earth, written by Gerald Fitzgerald and directed by Steven-Shayle Rhodes, was produced at Pegasus Theatre in Dallas, Texas in 2000, with substantial changes made to the characters and the plot.
In 2014, Fitzgerald's 2-act script was adapted into a 3-act melodrama format and presented at the Pocket Sandwich Theatre in Dallas, directed by Joey Dietz.
Theme park (themed areas) and rides[edit]
A thrill ride based on the book, Journey to the Center of the Earth, is open at The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea's theme park. Its also includes a dark ride based on Twenty thousand leagues under the Sea.
Le Visionarium (Timekeeper) - featuring Jules Verne in a circle vision ride (1992 - 2005)and Space Mountain, de la Terre à la Lune, in its original version (1995 - 2005), based directly on From the earth to the Moon in Discoveryland (the hub facing part of the Land features Steampunk related theming) at Euro Disneyland (now Disneyland Paris) between 1992 and 2005.
A water ride at Water World in Federal Heights, Colorado called 'Voyage to the Center of the Earth' is loosely based on the book.
A mill chute ride, called 'Journey to the Center of the Earth' and loosely based on the book, existed at Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom from 1960 to 1992.
Other[edit]
An erotic adaptation of the novel, An Erotic Journey to the Centre of the Earth [9] was published by paranormal erotica writer Cecilia Chase in 2017.
Video games called Journey to the Center of the Earth: in 1984 by Ozisoft for the Commodore 64; in 1989 by Topo Soft [10] for the ZX Spectrum and in 2003 by Frogwares.[11]
A board game adaptation of the book designed by Rüdiger Dorn was released by Kosmos in 2008.[12]
A concept album called Journey to the Centre of the Earth by Rick Wakeman, was released in 1974. It combines song, narration and instrumental pieces to retell the story
Rick Wakeman released a second concept album called Return to the Centre of the Earth in 1999, it tells the story of a later set of travelers attempting to repeat the original journey.
Alien Voices, an audio theater group led by Leonard Nimoy and John de Lancie, released a dramatized version of Journey to the Center of the Earth through Simon and Schuster Audio in 1997.
Christopher Lloyd's character of Doctor Emmett Brown, one of the two main fictional characters of the Back To The Future film series, attributed the origins of his lifelong devotion to science to having read as a child the works of Jules Verne in general, and Journey to the Center of the Earth in particular. (This is evident when he reveals that he tried to dig to the Center of the Earth at the age of twelve.) Back to the Future Part III, especially, pays homage to Journey of the Center of the Earth where Dr. Brown carves his initials in a mineshaft after storing the time machine, just like Arne Saknussemm did to help guide future explorers. At the end of the film, it is also revealed that Dr. Brown's two sons are named Jules and Verne.
The first part of the second season of Around the World with Willy Fog by Spanish studio BRB Internacional was "Journey to the Centre of the Earth".
Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote the Pellucidar series using the Journey to the Center of the Earth concept.
The surname of Kathy Ireland's character in Alien From L.A. (1988), a film about a girl who falls through the earth and discovers a repressive subterranean society, is Saknussemm.
The 1992 adventure/role-playing game Quest for Glory III by Sierra Entertainment used Arne Saknoosen the Aardvark as a bit character for exploration information, alluding to the explorer Arne Saknussemm.
The DC Comics comic book series Warlord took place in Skartaris, a land supposed to exist within a Hollow Earth. Its creator, Mike Grell, has confirmed that "the name comes from the mountain peak Scartaris that points the way to the passage to the earth's core in Journey to the Center of the Earth."[13]
Louis MacNeice's final play Persons from Porlock contains a reference to Journey to the Center of the Earth at the beginning. Because his mother used to read it aloud to him, Hank became 'completely fascinated' with 'caves and pot-holes and things' (p 111). At the end of the play 'Herr Professor Lidebrock' is one of the characters Hank meets down the pot hole. Hank says to him, 'Oh, my dear Professor, I've always wanted to meet you, since my mother used to read me your adventures. How you went down the volcano and ran into all those mastodons. But, of course, in your case you got out again.' The Professor replies, 'That was because I am a character in fiction.' He continues, 'Jules Verne invented me'(p 141).[14]
Halldór Laxness, the only Icelandic author to be awarded the Nobel Prize, situated his novel Under the Glacier in the area of Snæfellsjökull. The glacier has a mystic quality in the story and there are several references to A Journey to the Center of the Earth in connection with it.
In the Exile computer game series and its remake, the Avernum series, the player's party is exiled to a vast underground cavern similar to the one described in A Journey to the Center of the Earth. It also contains a subterranean ocean and networks of tunnels, but it is lit by bioluminescent mushrooms rather than an electric phenomenon. One of the goals of several of the games is to escape from the cavern.
See also[edit]
Subterranean fiction
Pellucidar
Spartakus and the Sun Beneath the Sea
References[edit]
Jump up ^ To produce the cipher, the text is written backwards, and then each letter and punctuation mark is placed in a separate cell of a 7x3 matrix, going row by row. When each cell is filled with the first 21 letters, the 22nd letter is placed in the first cell, and so again through the matrix repeatedly until the message is complete. To decipher, one copies out the first letter of each cell, then the second, and so forth, and finally the resulting message is read backwards.
Jump up ^ Criticism: Browne, E. Janet (2002), Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place, London: Jonathan Cape, pp. 130, 218, 515, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3
Jump up ^ The Boys Journal. Published By Henry Vickers, London. 1870
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth". IMDb. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Journey to the Center of the Earth". IMDb. IMDb.com, Inc. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "A Journey to the Centre of the Earth". BBC Genome. BBC. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jules Verne- Journey to the Centre of the Earth", BBC Radio 4, 20 Nov 2011.
Jump up ^ [1]"Radio 4 relevant page"
Jump up ^ [2], An Erotic Journey to the Centre of the Earth
Jump up ^ World of Spectrum
Jump up ^ Moby Games
Jump up ^ Board Game Geek
Jump up ^ Brian Cronin, 2006, "Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed #54!" (archive)
Jump up ^ Louis MacNeice, Persons from Porlock, London: BBC, 1969.
Further reading[edit]
Debus, Allen (July 2007). "Re-Framing the Science in Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth". Science Fiction Studies. 33 (3): 405–20. JSTOR 4241461. .
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Journey into the Interior of the Earth
French Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Voyage au centre de la Terre
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Journey to the Center of the Earth.
A Journey to the Centre of the Earth (Griffith and Farran, 1871) entire early English translation.
Journey to the Centre of the Earth and PDF Full text of the Oxford University Press translation, with introduction, notes and appendices. Most modern translation available online.
Journey into the Interior of the Earth (Malleson, trans.; Ward, Lock & Co., 1877) from JV.Gilead.org.il
A Journey to the Interior of the Earth (Malleson, trans.; Ward, Lock & Co., 1877) – in easy to read HTML format.
A Journey to the Interior of the Earth at Project Gutenberg (English)
Journey to the Interior of the Earth public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Free Audio Book of "Journey to the Center of the Earth" from The Drama Pod
Journey to the Center of the Earth – Classics Illustrated comic book
[show]
v
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Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth
Films
1959 film
1978 film
1989 film
2008 TV film
2008 Asylum film
2008 theatrical film
Other
1967 series
1999 miniseries
1974 album
2008 video game
Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
Journey Through the Impossible
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Jules Verne
Voyages
extraordinaires
Five Weeks in a Balloon (1863)
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864)
From the Earth to the Moon (1865)
The Adventures of Captain Hatteras (1866)
In Search of the Castaways (1867–68)
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1869–70)
Around the Moon (1870)
A Floating City (1871)
The Adventures of Three Englishmen and Three Russians in South Africa (1872)
The Fur Country (1873)
Around the World in Eighty Days (1873)
The Mysterious Island (1874–75)
The Survivors of the Chancellor (1875)
Michael Strogoff (1876)
Off on a Comet (1877)
The Child of the Cavern (1877)
Dick Sand, A Captain at Fifteen (1878)
The Begum's Fortune (1879)
Tribulations of a Chinaman in China (1879)
The Steam House (1880)
Eight Hundred Leagues on the Amazon (1881)
Godfrey Morgan (1882)
The Green Ray (1882)
Kéraban the Inflexible (1883)
The Vanished Diamond (1884)
The Archipelago on Fire (1884)
Mathias Sandorf (1885)
The Lottery Ticket (1886)
Robur the Conqueror (1886)
North Against South (1887)
The Flight to France (1887)
Two Years' Vacation (1888)
Family Without a Name (1889)
The Purchase of the North Pole (1889)
César Cascabel (1890)
Mistress Branican (1891)
The Carpathian Castle (1892)
Claudius Bombarnac (1892)
Foundling Mick (1893)
Captain Antifer (1894)
Propeller Island (1895)
Facing the Flag (1896)
Clovis Dardentor (1896)
An Antarctic Mystery (1897)
The Mighty Orinoco (1898)
The Will of an Eccentric (1899)
The Castaways of the Flag (1900)
The Village in the Treetops (1901)
The Sea Serpent (1901)
The Kip Brothers (1902)
Travel Scholarships (1903)
A Drama in Livonia (1904)
Master of the World (1904)
Invasion of the Sea (1905)
Other works
Novels
The Waif of the Cynthia (1885)
The Lighthouse at the End of the World (1905)
The Golden Volcano (1906)
The Chase of the Golden Meteor (1908)
The Danube Pilot (1908)
The Survivors of the "Jonathan" (1909)
The Secret of Wilhelm Storitz (1910)
The Barsac Mission (1919)
Backwards to Britain (1989, written 1859)
Paris in the Twentieth Century (1994, written 1863)
Collections
Doctor Ox (1874)
Yesterday and Tomorrow (1910)
Short
stories
"A Drama in Mexico" (1851)
"A Drama in the Air" (1851)
"Martin Paz" (1852)
"Master Zacharius" (1854)
"A Winter amid the Ice" (1855)
"The Count of Chanteleine" (1864)
"The Blockade Runners" (1865)
"Dr. Ox's Experiment" (1872)
"An Ideal City" (1875)
"The Mutineers of the Bounty" (1879)
"Ten Hours Hunting" (1881)
"Frritt-Flacc" (1884)
"Gil Braltar" (1887)
"In the Year 2889" (1889)
"Adventures of the Rat Family" (1891)
"Mr. Ray Sharp and Miss Me Flat" (1893)
"The Eternal Adam" (1910)
Plays
The Broken Straws (1850)
Mona Lisa (1852)
Blind Man's Buff (1853)
The Adoptive Son (1853
Knights of the Daffodil (1855)
Mr. Chimpanzee (1858)
The Inn in the Ardennes (1860)
Eleven Days' Siege (1861)
A Nephew from America (1873)
Around the World in 80 Days (1874)
The Children of Captain Grant (1878)
Michael Strogoff (1880)
Journey Through the Impossible (1882)
Kéraban the Pigheaded (1883)
Related
The Thompson Travel Agency by Michel Verne (1907)
Universe
Characters
Aouda
Tom Ayrton
David Farragut
Phileas Fogg
Lord Glenarvan
Captain Nemo
Jacques Paganel
Jean Passepartout
Cyrus Smith
Universe
Leyden ball
Nautilus
HMS Sword
Book
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 181861005
GND: 4835489-2
SUDOC: 089079728
BNF: cb12342582t (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journey_to_the_Center_of_the_Earth&oldid=804476351"
Categories:
Journey to the Center of the Earth
1864 French novels
Novels by Jules Verne
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Hidden categories:
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values: رحلة إلى مركز الأرض – Arabic

values: Viatge al centre de la Terra (novel·la) – Catalan

values: Die Reise zum Mittelpunkt der Erde – German

values: Ταξίδι στο Κέντρο της Γης – Greek

values: Vojaĝo al la centro de la Tero – Esperanto

values: سفر به مرکز زمین – Persian

values: 지구 속 여행 – Korean

values: Ուղևորություն դեպի երկրի կենտրոնը – Armenian

values: Journey to the Center of the Earth – Indonesian

values: Viaggio al centro della Terra (romanzo) – Italian

values: מסע אל בטן האדמה – Hebrew

values: მოგზაურობა დედამიწის ცენტრისკენ – Georgian

values: Utazás a Föld középpontja felé (regény) – Hungarian

values: O călătorie spre centrul Pământului – Romanian

values: Путешествие к центру Земли – Russian

values: Voyage au centre de la Terre – Serbo-Croatian

values: Подорож до центру Землі – Ukrainian

values: Hành trình vào tâm Trái đất – Vietnamese

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