text:
Coffee production in Hawaii
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The only state in the United States of America able to grow coffee plants commercially is Hawaii.[1] (However, it is not the only coffee grown on U.S. soil; for example, Puerto Rico has had a coffee industry for some time, although it is not a state but a U.S. territory.[2] Ramiro L. Colon worked in the coffee industry of Puerto Rico since 1925, for example. There are two experimental coffee growing projects taking place in the United States in Santa Barbara, CA and in Georgia.)
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Modern production
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
Samuel Ruggles brought coffee to the Kona District in 1828
Don Francisco de Paula y Marin recorded in his journal dated January 21, 1813, that he had planted coffee seedlings on the island of Oʻahu, but not much is known of the fate of that planting. John Wilkinson, a gardener who came on HMS Blonde in 1825 under Captain Lord Byron, brought coffee plants from Brazil. Governor Boki provided some land in the Mānoa Valley on Oʻahu. However, Wilkinson died in March 1827, and the trees did not thrive. Some cuttings were taken to other areas around Honolulu. Some plants from Manila were also grown by Richard Charlton, the British Consul.[3]
More trees were set out in the Kalihi and Niu valleys near Honolulu, in 1828 or 1829. On the island of Hawaii Rev. Joseph Goodrich tried planting some coffee to make the Hilo mission self-sustaining. Goodrich planted gardens over his 12 years at Hilo, and taught classes for native Hawaiians on cultivation of both for cash to support the mission, as well as vegetables and tropical fruits for their own meals.[4]
Rev. Samuel Ruggles (1795–1871) carried some cuttings of coffee to the Kona District when he was transferred from Hilo on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii to the Kealakekua Church on the western side in July 1828.[5] Although it would take time to get established, this area would be the most successful.[6]
Pioneer coffee merchant Henry Nicholas Greenwell (1826–1891)
Early commercial ventures on the island of Kauaʻi in 1836 and 1845 ended in failure. The first records of production were made in 1845, of only 248 pounds, grown on Kauaʻi and Hawaii island. The great Mahele in 1848 allowed private ownership of land for the first time. Large areas were once grown on Maui, but were replaced by sugarcane and other crops.[7] In particular, Scale insects infected many of the coffee trees on the other islands. The slopes in the Kona area were unsuitable for sugarcane, so the area became the center for the coffee industry in Hawaii. To be called Kona coffee, it must be grown in this district only.
In 1873, the world's fair in Vienna awarded Kona trader Henry Nicholas Greenwell an award for excellence, which gave some recognition to the "Kona" name. Around 1880 John Gaspar, Sr. (Married to Maria Rice Santos), built the first coffee mill in Hawaii near Kealakekua Bay. In 1892 the Guatemalan variety was introduced to Hawaii by German planter Hermann A. Widemann.[8] Also about this time lady bugs (also called ladybird beetles) were able to control the scale infestation.[9]
When the United States annexed Hawaii in 1898 (forming the territory of Hawaii), the dropping of tariffs meant sugar was even more profitable, and some coffee trees were torn up. Prices dropped in 1899 and 1900, which wiped out some remaining plantations. In 1916, production was about 2.7 million pounds, while sugar continued to expand.[10] World War I in 1917 and a severe frost in Brazil in 1918 caused a world shortage, and prices rose.[9]
Japanese laborers from sugarcane plantations would often start small farms in Kona after their employment contracts expired.[8] By 1922 most coffee production in Hawaii had disappeared except in the Kona district. The great Depression of the 1930s depressed prices, and caused many farmers to default on their debts. After World War II, and another frost in South America, prices rose again in the 1950s. Production peaked in 1957 at over 18 million pounds.[9]
By the 1970s, the tourism industry competed for labor, and production declined. The closing of the sugar and pineapple plantations in the 1990s provided a slow resurgence in the coffee industry.
Coffee trees in Hawaii
Modern production[edit]
The "coffee belt" in Kona is approximately two miles wide from 700 feet (210 m) to 2,000 feet (610 m) elevation. Other districts on the island where coffee is grown include Kaʻū in the far south, Puna in the southeast, and Hāmākua in the northeast.[11]
Although coffee can be harvested year-round in Hawaii, highest production begins in late summer and extends to early spring.[clarification needed]These seasons do not exist in Hawaii In the 2008–2009 season, there were about 790 farms on the island of Hawaii, and 40 on other islands. Average yield was equivalent to 1400 pounds of parchment per acre. A total of about 7,800 acres (3,200 ha) are planted with coffee throughout the state. A little over half the acreage is outside the island of Hawaii, in particular on the island of Kauai, indicating that farms on other islands are larger in average size compared to those on Hawaii. Although total production increased from 2007 to about 8.6 million pounds, farm prices actually dropped, so the dollar value decreased by about 8%.[12] (Due to the relatively few coffee farms in Kauai, Maui and Honolulu counties their numbers are combined in USDA statistics to avoid disclosure of individual operations in those counties.) Several former sugarcane and pineapple plantations have changed to coffee production, such as Molokaʻi coffee.
See also[edit]
Coffee portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-30.
Jump up ^ Gina M. Pérez (2004). The near northwest side story: migration, displacement, and Puerto Rican families. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23368-3.
Jump up ^ "History of Coffee in Hawaii". All about Hawaii. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 1891. pp. 63–68.
Jump up ^ Merze Tate (1962). "Sandwich Island Missionaries: The First American Point Four Agents". Annual report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Hawaiian Historical Society. hdl:10524/84.
Jump up ^ Hawaiian Mission Children's Society (1901). Portraits of American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaiian gazette co. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Kona Historical Society (1997). A Guide to Old Kona. University of Hawaii Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-8248-2010-7.
Jump up ^ William Harrison Ukers (1922). All about coffee. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company. pp. 239–241.
^ Jump up to: a b Baron Goto (1982). "Ethnic Groups and the Coffee Industry in Hawaii". 16. Hawaiian Historical Society. pp. 112–124. hdl:10524/432.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerald Kinro (2003). A cup of aloha: the Kona coffee epic. University of Hawaii Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-8248-2678-9.
Jump up ^ Commerce reports, Volume 4. United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 1917. p. 470.
Jump up ^ "Agriculture - coffee". official web site. County of Hawaii. 1998. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
Jump up ^ National Agricultural Statistics Service Hawaii Field Office (September 3, 2009). "Hawaii Coffee" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
[show]
v
t
e
Coffee production
Top 20
producers (2014)
Brazil
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Java
Ivory Coast
Mexico
Nicaragua
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Tanzania
Thailand
Uganda
Vietnam
Other cultivators
Angola
Bolivia
Cameroon
Cuba
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Guadeloupe
Guam
Haiti
Jamaica
Kenya
Laos
Martinique
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Sri Lanka
United States (Hawaii)
Venezuela
Lists
List of countries by coffee production
List of countries by coffee exports
[show]
v
t
e
Agriculture in the United States
History
History
African-American history
Industries
Almond
Apple
Banana
Blueberry
Cherry
Christmas tree
Citrus
Corn
Cotton
Maple syrup
Onion
Pepper
Rice
Spinach
Strawberry
Tea
Tomato
Wheat
Wine
State-specific
Idaho
New York
State-specific by type
Aquaculture in Alaska
Aquaculture in Hawaii
Aquaculture in Maine
Coffee in Hawaii
Garlic in California
Pistachios in California
Walnuts in California
Law and politics
Agricultural policy
Packers and Stockyards Act
Capper-Volstead Act
Grain Futures Act
1929 Agricultural Marketing Act
1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act
National School Lunch Act of 1946
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1956 Soil Bank Act
Food and Agricultural Act of 1962
1964 Food Stamp Act
Food Security Act of 1985
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1990 Wetlands Reserve Program
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act
Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000
2002 Grassland Reserve Program
[show]
v
t
e
Coffee production in Oceania
Sovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated states
of New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependencies
and other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Hawaii&oldid=813777528"
Categories:
Hawaiian cuisine
Business in Hawaii
Coffee production by country
Agriculture in Hawaii
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 December 2017, at 05:27.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Coffee_industry
mw-redirect
Coffee industry

values:
/wiki/Ramiro_L._Colon
mw-redirect
Ramiro L. Colon

value: p

values:
/wiki/Don_Francisco_de_Paula_Marin
mw-redirect
Don Francisco de Paula Marin

values:
/wiki/Richard_Charlton_(Hawaii)
mw-redirect
Richard Charlton (Hawaii)

values:
/wiki/Kealakekua_Church
mw-redirect
Kealakekua Church

values:
/wiki/Great_Mahele
mw-redirect
Great Mahele

values:
/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien
mw-redirect
Weltausstellung 1873 Wien

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F84

values:
nofollow
external text
//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F432

values: Coffee production in the Dominican Republic

values:
/wiki/Java_coffee
mw-redirect
Java coffee

values:
navbox-image
3
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Coffee production in Democratic Republic of the Congo

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Agriculture in the United States

values: Template talk:Agriculture in the United States (page does not exist)

values: History of agriculture in the United States

values: African-American history of agriculture in the United States

values: IHC corn picker, Story County, Iowa, 2011.jpg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Almond production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Apple production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Blueberry production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Christmas tree production in the United States

values: Citrus production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Maple syrup production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Onion production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Pepper production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Strawberry production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Tomato production in the United States (page does not exist)

values: Garlic production in California (page does not exist)

values: Pistachio production in California (page does not exist)

values: Walnut production in California (page does not exist)

values: Agricultural policy of the United States

values:
/wiki/Capper-Volstead_Act
mw-redirect
Capper-Volstead Act

values: 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act (page does not exist)

values: 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act_of_1946
mw-redirect
National School Lunch Act of 1946

values: 1956 Soil Bank Act (page does not exist)

values: Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 (page does not exist)

values: 1964 Food Stamp Act (page does not exist)

values: 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program (page does not exist)

values: Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act

values: Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000

values: 2002 Grassland Reserve Program (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Australia (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Fiji (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Kiribati (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Nauru (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in New Zealand (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Palau (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Solomon Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Tonga (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Tuvalu (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Vanuatu (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Cook Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Niue (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in American Samoa (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Christmas Island (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Easter Island (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in French Polynesia (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in New Caledonia (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Tokelau (page does not exist)

values: Coffee production in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: ハワイにおけるコーヒー生産 – Japanese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Coffee_production_in_Hawaii rootpage-Coffee_production_in_Hawaii skin-vector action-view


text:
Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia. Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications
Traditional Chinese
香港學術及職業資歷評審局
[show]Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
Hēung góng hohk seuht kahp jīk yihp jī lihk pìhng sám guhk
Jyutping
Heong1 gong2 hok6 syut6 kap6 zik1 jip6 zi1 lik6 ping4 sam2 guk6
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
The Hong Kong Council for Accreditation of Academic and Vocational Qualifications (HKCAAVQ, Chinese: 香港學術及職業資歷評審局), (formerly Hong Kong Council for Academic Accreditation) (HKCAA, Chinese: 香港學術評審局) is a statutory body established under the HKCAAVQ Ordinance (Chapter 1150) which came into effect on 1 October 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Functions under Ordinance
3 The Council
4 Scope of work
4.1 Academic and Vocational Accreditation
4.2 Assessment
4.2.1 Assessment of Non-local Courses
4.2.2 Assessment of Continuing Professional Development Programme (CPD)
4.2.3 Qualifications Assessment
4.2.4 Assessment of Continuing Education Fund (CEF) Reimbursable Course
5 International Liaison
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Hong Kong Council for Academic Accreditation (HKCAA) was a statutory body established under the HKCAA Ordinance (Chapter 1150) in 1990. During the 1990s, HKCAA conducted accreditation exercises for institutions such as Hong Kong Baptist University, City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, Lingnan College, Open Learning Institute and the Hong Kong Polytechnic. These institutions were later upgraded as universities in 1994. With the HKCAAVQ Ordinance (Chapter 1150) [1] which came into effect on 1 October 2007, the newly established HKCAAVQ is appointed by the Secretary for Education of Education Bureau as the Accreditation Authority and QR Authority under the Qualifications Framework of Hong Kong [2](HKQF). In addition to these statutory roles, the HKCAAVQ continues to perform other functions of the former HKCAA in connection with academic and vocational accreditation, education and training and quality assurance.
Functions under Ordinance[edit]
Functions of HKCAAVQ were mentioned in its Ordinance, which includes:[1]
(a) conduct accreditation in relation to operators, assessment agencies, learning programmes, qualifications and individuals;
(b) disseminating information on standards of learning programmes and promoting the methods and practices of conducting accreditation;
(c) establishing relationships with accreditation or quality assurance bodies and education and training authorities outside Hong Kong and keeping under review the systems of academic or vocational accreditation in places outside Hong Kong;
(d) conducting or commissioning research into the maintenance or monitoring of the standards of education and of training.
The Council[edit]
The Council of HKCAAVQ is composed of 15 to 21 Members appointed by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. The current Chairman of the Council is The Honourable Martin Liao,[3] the Barrister of Martin Liao Barrister.
Scope of work[edit]
Academic and Vocational Accreditation[edit]
The HKCAAVQ provides accreditation services for programme providers upon request. To be accredited, programme providers would have to go through at least both Stage 1 and Stage 2 of HKCAAVQ’s Four-stage Quality Assurance Process:[4]
Stage 1: Initial Evaluation: It assess if operators have the institutional competency to effectively manage and provide adequate resources to the development, delivery, assessment and quality assurance of their learning programmes and educational services.
Stage 2: Programme Validation: It evaluates provider’s programme planning and management, syllabuses, delivery arrangements, assessment methods and learning outcomes to ensure they are appropriate for the qualifications to which they lead.
According to its website, the minimum time required in complete both processes is 16 weeks.
Assessment[edit]
Assessment of Non-local Courses[edit]
The HKCAAVQ is the designated advisor to the Non-local Registry of Courses [5] since 1997. It assessed applications against the registration criteria for courses intending to register under the Non-local Higher and Professional Education (Regulation) Ordinance and gives recommendation to the Registry for final decision.
Assessment of Continuing Professional Development Programme (CPD)[edit]
The HKCAAVQ has been appointed by both the Hong Kong Insurance Authority and the Estate Agents Authority as the assessment authority for their CPD Programme. It assesses whether programme meet specific criteria set by the two authorities. It generally takes one month to process each application.
Qualifications Assessment[edit]
The HKCAAVQ advise whether the totality of the educational qualification(s) of an individual meets the standard of a particular qualification level in Hong Kong by providing qualifications assessment service to both individuals and organizations since the 1990s. The result is however non-binding, as in Hong Kong, it is a matter of discretion for individual employers, organisations, or education institutions to recognise or accept the qualifications of candidates for employment, registration or study purposes. It generally takes 15 working days to process each application and costs HK$2,160.
A new policy on qualifications assessment took effect on 1 November 2008 to align the outcome-based educational philosophy underpinning the HKQF and international practice.
Assessment of Continuing Education Fund (CEF) Reimbursable Course[edit]
In June 2002, the Government set up the CEF to subsidize those with learning aspirations to continuous education and training programmes. The aim is to help people pursue continuous learning, thereby preparing Hong Kong's workforce for the knowledge-based economy. Eligible applicants will be reimbursed 80% of their fees, subject to a maximum sum of $10,000, on successful completion of a reimbursable course.
Commencing from 5 May 2008, all new CEF courses will have to undergo a formal accreditation exercise conducted by HKCAAVQ and be registered under the Qualifications Register (QR) before their registration under the CEF.[6]
International Liaison[edit]
The HKCAAVQ is one of the founding members of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education, the first international network on quality assurance in higher education established in 1991, and has been a member of it since then. The HKCAAVQ was also one of the two coordinating bodies for the setting up of the Asia-Pacific Quality Network when it was first created in Hong Kong in 2003.
HKCAAVQ has also been maintaining close contact with various quality assurance bodies around the world, such as the Shanghai Educational Evaluation Institute of China, the Australian Universities Quality Agency, and the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education of the United Kingdom.
See also[edit]
Higher education in Hong Kong
Educational accreditation
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b [Hong Kong e-Legislation, Department of Justice, Hong Kong Cap. 1150 HONG KONG COUNCIL FOR ACCREDITATION OF ACADEMIC AND VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS ORDINANCE
Jump up ^ Hong Kong Qualifications Framework
Jump up ^ Message from Council Chairman, website of HKCAAVQ
Jump up ^ Four-stage Quality Assurance Process, website of HKCAAVQ
Jump up ^ Non-local Courses Registry of the Education Bureau
Jump up ^ Office of CEF, Student Financial Assistance Agency
External links[edit]
HKCAAVQ Official homepage
INQAAHE
APQN
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Council_for_Accreditation_of_Academic_and_Vocational_Qualifications&oldid=799487967"
Categories:
Education in Hong Kong
School accreditors
Hidden categories:
Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2012
All articles with too few wikilinks
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2012
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Use Hong Kong English from July 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English
Use dmy dates from July 2017
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 September 2017, at 01:03.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

attrs: class href

values: Wikipedia:Only make links that are relevant to the context

value: span

value: i

value: small

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
mbox-text plainlist
vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;

values: background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000;width: 22em;

values: Edit section: Academic and Vocational Accreditation

values: Edit section: Assessment of Non-local Courses

values: Edit section: Assessment of Continuing Professional Development Programme (CPD)

values: Edit section: Assessment of Continuing Education Fund (CEF) Reimbursable Course

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.hkqr.gov.hk/hkqr/welcome.do

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sfaa.gov.hk/cef/provider.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.hkcaavq.edu.hk/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.inqaahe.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.apqn.org

values: Category:Articles with too few wikilinks from December 2012

values: Category:All articles with too few wikilinks

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2012

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Use Hong Kong English from July 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: 香港學術及職業資歷評審局 – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hong_Kong_Council_for_Accreditation_of_Academic_and_Vocational_Qualifications rootpage-Hong_Kong_Council_for_Accreditation_of_Academic_and_Vocational_Qualifications skin-vector action-view


text:
Trolleybuses in Newcastle upon Tyne
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Newcastle upon Tyne
trolleybus system
Newcastle trolleybus at the Delaval Road terminus, Benwell, June 1966
Operation
Locale
Newcastle upon Tyne,
Northumberland, England
Status
Closed
Routes
15
Operator(s)
Newcastle Corporation
Infrastructure
Electrification
V DC parallel overhead lines
Depot(s)
Byker depot, Slatyford depot from 1956
Stock
140 (maximum)
The Newcastle upon Tyne trolleybus system once served the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, in Tyne and Wear, England. Started on 2 October 1935 (1935-10-02),[1][2] it gradually replaced the Newcastle tramway network.
By the standards of the various now-defunct trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom, the Newcastle system was a large one, with a total of 28 routes, and a maximum fleet of 204 trolleybuses.[2] It finished on 2 October 1966 (1966-10-02).[1][2]
Two of the distinctive yellow-liveried former Newcastle trolleybuses are now preserved, one at the East Anglia Transport Museum at Carlton Colville, Suffolk, and the other LTN 501 at Beamish Open Air Museum sometimes on loan to The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft, Lincolnshire.[3]

Contents
1 See also
2 References
2.1 Notes
2.2 Further reading
3 External links
See also[edit]
Transport portal
North East England portal
Transport in Tyne and Wear
List of trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia, p. 73. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybus books. ISBN 0-904235-18-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Short, Peter. "Former UK systems". British Trolleybus Society. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Zebedee, John (30 November 2010). "A List of Preserved Trolleybuses in the UK". British Trolleybus Society. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Canneaux, TP; Hanson, NH (1985). The Trolley Buses of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1935-1966 (2nd revised ed.). Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK: Newcastle upon Tyne City Libraries. ISBN 978-0-902653-29-0.
Lockwood, Stephen (2006). Newcastle Trolleybuses. Midhurst, West Sussex, UK: Middleton Press. ISBN 978-1-904474-78-4.
External links[edit]
Media related to Trolleybuses in Newcastle upon Tyne at Wikimedia Commons
National Trolleybus Archive
British Trolleybus Society, based in Reading
National Trolleybus Association, based in London
hide
v
t
e
Historic trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom
England
Ashton-under-Lyne
Birmingham
Bournemouth
Bradford
Brighton
Chesterfield
Cleethorpes
Darlington
Derby
Doncaster
Grimsby
Halifax
Hartlepool
Hastings
Huddersfield
Ipswich
Keighley
Kingston upon Hull
Leeds
London
Maidstone
Manchester
Mexborough and Swinton
Newcastle upon Tyne
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire
Oldham
Portsmouth
Ramsbottom
Reading
Rotherham
St Helens
Southend-on-Sea
South Lancashire
South Shields
Stockport
Teesside
Walsall
Wigan
Wolverhampton
York
Wales
Aberdare
Cardiff
Llanelli
Pontypridd
Rhondda
Scotland
Dundee
Glasgow
Northern Ireland
Belfast
Museums
Black Country Living Museum
East Anglia Transport Museum
London Transport Museum
North West Museum of Road Transport
The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

This article related to bus transport in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
This article about transport in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trolleybuses_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne&oldid=847524479"
Categories:
Transport in Newcastle upon Tyne
Transport in Tyne and Wear
Defunct trolleybus systems by city
Trolleybus transport in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom bus transport stubs
England transport stubs
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from August 2017
Use British English from August 2017
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 June 2018, at 23:58 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

values: British Trolleybuses - Newcastle upon Tyne - geograph.org.uk - 559484.jpg

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

values: Newcastle Corporation (page does not exist)

values: Trams in Newcastle upon Tyne (page does not exist)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist columns references-column-width
list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Trolleybuses in Newcastle upon Tyne

values:
nofollow
http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/archive/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.britishtrolley.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.trolleybus.co.uk/nta

values: Trolleybuses in Chesterfield (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Halifax (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Keighley (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire

values: Trolleybuses in Stockport (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Wigan (page does not exist)

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Trolleybuses in Aberdare (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Llanelli (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Pontypridd (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Rhondda (page does not exist)

values: Trolleybuses in Dundee (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:Transport in Newcastle upon Tyne

values: Category:Defunct trolleybus systems by city

values: Category:Trolleybus transport in the United Kingdom

values: Category:United Kingdom bus transport stubs

values: Category:Use British English from August 2017

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Trolleybuses_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne rootpage-Trolleybuses_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Secretaries General of OPEC
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Below is a list with each Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), based on the organization's official publications.[1][2] The Secretary General is OPEC's chief executive officer.
List of OPEC Secretaries General
No.
Name
Country
Tenure
1 Fuad Rouhani[A] Iran[B] 21 Jan 1961 – 30 Apr 1964
2 Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz[A] Iraq[B] 1 May 1964 – 30 Apr 1965
3 Ashraf T. Lutfi Kuwait[B] 1 May 1965 – 31 Dec 1966
4 Mohammad Saleh Joukhdar Saudi Arabia[B] 1 Jan 1967 – 31 Dec 1967
5 Francisco R. Parra Venezuela[B] 1 Jan 1968 – 31 Dec 1968
6 Elrich Sanger Indonesia 1 Jan 1969 – 31 Dec 1969
7 Omar el-Badri Libya 1 Jan 1970 – 31 Dec 1970
8 Nadim al-Pachachi United Arab Emirates 1 Jan 1971 – 31 Dec 1972
9 Abderrahman Khène Algeria 1 Jan 1973 – 31 Dec 1974
10 M.O. Feyide Nigeria 1 Jan 1975 – 31 Dec 1976
11 Ali M. Jaidah Qatar 1 Jan 1977 – 31 Dec 1978
12 René G. Ortiz Ecuador 1 Jan 1979 – 30 Jun 1981
13 Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema Gabon 1 Jul 1981 – 30 Jun 1983
14 Mana Al Otaiba[C] United Arab Emirates 19 Jul 1983 – 31 Dec 1983
15 Kamel Hassan Maghur[C] Libya 1 Jan 1984 – 31 Oct 1984
16 Subroto[C] Indonesia 31 Oct 1984 – 9 Dec 1985
17 Arturo Hernández Grisanti[C] Venezuela 1 Jan 1986 – 30 Jun 1986
18 Rilwanu Lukman[C] Nigeria 1 Jul 1986 – 30 Jun 1988
19 Subroto Indonesia 1 Jul 1988 – 30 Jun 1994
20 Abdallah Salem el-Badri Libya 1 Jul 1994 – 31 Dec 1994
21 Rilwanu Lukman Nigeria 1 Jan 1995 – 31 Dec 2000
22 Alí Rodríguez Araque Venezuela 1 Jan 2001 – 30 Jun 2002
23 Álvaro Silva Calderón Venezuela 1 Jul 2002 – 31 Dec 2003
24 Purnomo Yusgiantoro Indonesia 1 Jan 2004 – 31 Dec 2004
25 Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah Kuwait 1 Jan 2005 – 31 Dec 2005
26 Edmund Daukoru Nigeria 1 Jan 2006 – 31 Dec 2006
27 Abdallah Salem el-Badri Libya 1 Jan 2007 – 31 Jul 2016
28 Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo Nigeria 1 Aug 2016 –
^ Jump up to: a b The first two Secretaries General were Chairs of the Board of Governors in OPEC, and ex-officio Secretaries General. The functions of the two positions were separated prior to the appointment of Secretary General Lutfi, in May 1965.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e The first five Secretaries General were chosen to represent OPEC's founding countries in alphabetical order, and then each of the next eight members took their turn. Only Angola, the last country to join OPEC (2007), has not yet held the position.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to political disagreements over the Secretary General position during the Iran–Iraq War, OPEC between mid-1983 and mid-1988 was led by Presidents with a mandate to supervise the Secretariat.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Secretaries General of OPEC 1961–2008" (PDF). OPEC. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "OPEC 169th Meeting concludes". OPEC (Press release). 2 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretaries General of OPEC.
[hide]
v
t
e
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Algeria
Angola
Ecuador
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya
Nigeria
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Venezuela
List of Secretaries General
OPEC Fund for International Development
OPEC Reference Basket
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Secretaries_General_of_OPEC&oldid=782158791"
Categories:
Lists of politicians
Secretaries General of OPEC
Hidden categories:
Commons category without a link on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2017, at 07:32.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Secretary_General
mw-redirect
Secretary General

value: caption

values:
/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_al-Bazzaz
mw-redirect
Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz

values: Mohammad Saleh Joukhdar (page does not exist)

values: Francisco R. Parra (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Marc_Saturnin_Nan_Nguema
mw-redirect
Marc Saturnin Nan Nguema

values: Arturo Hernández Grisanti (page does not exist)

values: Álvaro Silva Calderón (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mohammed_Sanusi_Barkindo
mw-redirect
Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: upper-alpha;

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Secretaries General of OPEC

values:
/wiki/Economy_of_United_Arab_Emirates
mw-redirect
Economy of United Arab Emirates

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner

values: Category:Commons category without a link on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Secretaries_General_of_OPEC rootpage-List_of_Secretaries_General_of_OPEC vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Hybrid drive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For vehicle drives, see Hybrid vehicle.
"Solid-state hard drive" and "SSHD" redirect here. For information about solid-state drives (SSDs), see Solid-state drive. For the US-based research society, see Society for the Study of Human Development. For the sshd computer program, see Secure Shell.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In computing, a hybrid drive (solid state hybrid drive – SSHD) is a logical or physical storage device that combines a faster storage medium such as solid-state drive (SSD) with a higher-capacity hard disk drive (HDD). The intent is adding some of the speed of SSDs to the cost-effective storage capacity of traditional HDDs. The purpose of the SSD in a hybrid drive is to act as a cache for the data stored on the HDD, improving the overall performance by keeping copies of the most frequently used data on the faster SSD.
There are two main configurations for implementing hybrid drives: dual-drive hybrid systems and solid-state hybrid drives. In dual-drive hybrid systems, physically separate SSD and HDD devices are installed in the same computer, having the data placement optimization performed either manually by the end user, or automatically by the operating system through the creation of a "hybrid" logical device. In solid-state hybrid drives, SSD and HDD functionalities are built into a single piece of hardware, where data placement optimization is performed either entirely by the device (self-optimized mode), or through placement "hints" supplied by the operating system (host-hinted mode).
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Dual-drive hybrid systems
1.2 Solid-state hybrid drive
2 Operation
2.1 Modes of operation
2.2 Dual-drive hybrid systems
3 History
4 Benchmarks
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Types[edit]
A high-level comparison of SSHD and dual-drive or FCM designs
There are two main "hybrid" storage technologies that combine NAND flash memory or SSDs, with the HDD technology: dual-drive hybrid systems and solid-state hybrid drives.
Dual-drive hybrid systems[edit]
Dual-drive hybrid systems combine the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer. Overall performance optimizations are managed in one of three ways:
By the computer user, who manually places more frequently accessed data onto the faster drive.
By the computer's operating system software, which combines SSD and HDD into a single hybrid volume, providing an easier experience to the end-user. Examples of hybrid volumes implementations in operating systems are ZFS' "hybrid storage pools",[1] bcache and dm-cache on Linux,[2] and Apple's Fusion Drive and other Logical Volume Management based implementations[3] on OS X.[4]
By chipsets external to the individual storage drives. An example is the use of flash cache modules (FCMs). FCMs combine the use of separate SSD (usually an mSATA SSD module) and HDD components, while managing performance optimizations via host software, device drivers, or a combination of both. One example is Intel Smart Response Technology (SRT), which is implemented through a combination of certain Intel chipsets and Intel storage drivers, is the most common implementation of FCM hybrid systems today. What distinguished this dual-drive system from an SSHD system is that each drive maintains its ability to be addressed independently by the operating system if desired.
Solid-state hybrid drive[edit]
Solid-state hybrid drive (also known by the initialism SSHD[a]) refers to products that incorporate a significant amount of NAND flash memory into a hard disk drive (HDD), resulting in a single, integrated device.[7] The term SSHD is a more precise term than the more general hybrid drive, which has previously been used to describe SSHD devices and non-integrated combinations of solid-state drives (SSDs) and hard disk drives. The fundamental design principle behind SSHDs is to identify data elements that are most directly associated with performance (frequently accessed data, boot data, etc.) and store these data elements in the NAND flash memory. This has been shown[8] to be effective in delivering significantly improved performance over the standard HDD.
An example of an often confused dual-drive system being considered a SSHD is the use of laptops which combine separate SSD and HDD components into the same 2.5-inch HDD-size unit, while at the same time (unlike SSHDs) keeping these two components visible and accessible to the operating system as two distinct partitions. WD's Black2 drive is a typical example; the drive can either be used as a distinct SSD and HDD by partitioning it appropriately, or software can be used to automatically manage the SSD portion and present the drive to the user as a single large volume.[9]
Operation[edit]
In the two forms of hybrid storage technologies (dual-drive hybrid systems and SSHDs), the goal is to combine HDD and a faster technology (often NAND flash memory) to provide a balance of improved performance and high-capacity storage availability. In general, this is achieved by placing "hot data", or data that is most directly associated with improved performance, on the "faster" part of the storage architecture.
Making decisions about which data elements are prioritized for NAND flash memory is at the core of SSHD technology. Products offered by various vendors may achieve this through device firmware, through device drivers or through software modules and device drivers.
Modes of operation[edit]
Self-optimized mode
In this mode of operation, the SSHD works independently from the host operating system or host device drives to make all decisions related to identifying data that will be stored in NAND flash memory. This mode results in a storage product that appears and operates to a host system exactly as a traditional hard drive would.
Host-optimized mode (or host-hinted mode)
In this mode of operation, the SSHD enables an extended set of SATA commands defined in the so-called Hybrid Information feature, introduced in version 3.2 of the Serial ATA International Organization (SATA-IO) standards for the SATA interface. Using these SATA commands, decisions about which data elements are placed in the NAND flash memory come from the host operating system, device drivers, file systems, or a combination of these host-level components.[10]
Some of the specific features of SSHD drives, such as the host-hinted mode, require software support from the operating system. Microsoft added support for the host-hinted operation into Windows 8.1,[11] while patches for the Linux kernel are available since October 2014, pending their inclusion into the Linux kernel mainline.[12][13]
Dual-drive hybrid systems[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)
History[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Seagate desktop SSHD ST1000DX001
Hybrid-drive technology has come a long way with modern implementations improving over the past decade beginning in 2007:
In 2007, Seagate and Samsung introduced the first hybrid drives with the Seagate Momentus PSD and Samsung SpinPoint MH80[14] products. Both models were 2.5-inch drives, featuring 128 MB or 256 MB NAND flash memory options. Seagate's Momentus PSD emphasized power efficiency for a better mobile experience and relied on Windows Vista's ReadyDrive. The products were not widely adopted.[15]
In May 2010, Seagate introduced a new hybrid product called the Momentus XT and used the term solid-state hybrid drive. This product focused on delivering the combined benefits of hard drive capacity points with SSD-like performance. It shipped as a 500 GB HDD with 4 GB of integrated NAND flash memory.
In November 2011, Seagate introduced what they referred to as their second-generation SSHD, which increased the capacity to 750 GB and pushed the integrated NAND flash memory to 8 GB.
In March 2012, Seagate introduced their third-generation laptop SSHDs with two models – a 500 GB and 1 TB, both with 8 GB of integrated NAND flash memory.
In September 2012, Toshiba announced its first SSHD, delivering SSD-like performance and responsiveness by combining 8 GB of Toshiba's own SLC NAND flash memory and innovative, self-learning algorithms with up to 1 TB of storage capacity.
In September 2012, Western Digital (WD) announced a hybrid technology platform pairing cost-effective MLC NAND flash memory with magnetic disks to deliver high-performance, large-capacity integrated storage systems.
In November 2012, Apple Inc. released the factory-configured dual-drive hybrid system named Fusion Drive.[16]
In April 2013, Western Digital released 2.5-inch WD Black SSHD products, including a 5 mm–high SSHD with 500 GB of storage capacity and NAND flash memory size options of 8 GB, 16 GB and 24 GB.
In October 2015,[17] TarDisk introduced the plug-and-play dual-drive hybrid system "TarDisk Pear", with flash memory size options up to 256 GB.
Benchmarks[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2014)
Late 2011 and early 2012 benchmarks using an SSHD consisting of a 750 GB HDD and 8 GB of NAND cache found that SSHDs did not offer SSD performance on random read/write and sequential read/write, but were faster than HDDs for application startup and shutdown.[18][19]
The 2011 benchmark included loading an image of a system that had been used heavily, running many applications, to bypass the performance advantage of a freshly-installed system; it found in real-world tests that performance was much closer to an SSD than to a mechanical HDD. Different benchmark tests found the SSHD to be between an HDD and SSD, but usually significantly slower than an SSD. In the case of uncached random access performance (multiple 4 KB random reads and writes) the SSHD was no faster than a comparable HDD; there is advantage only with data that is cached. The author concluded that the SSHD drive was the best non-SSD type of drive by a significant margin, and that the larger the solid-state cache, the better the performance.[19]
See also[edit]
Computing portal
bcache, dm-cache, and Flashcache on Linux
Hybrid array
ExpressCache
ReadyBoost
Fusion Drive
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The initialism could be interpreted as "solid-state hard drive",[5] although it is more commonly interpreted as "solid-state hybrid drive".[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gregg, Brendan (2009-10-08). "Hybrid Storage Pool: Top Speeds". Brendan's blog. Dtrace.org. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05.
Jump up ^ Petros Koutoupis (2013-11-25). "Advanced Hard Drive Caching Techniques". linuxjournal.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Hybrid-Drive". TarDisk.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ "TarDisk Pear first look: Upgrade your MacBook flash storage in a few minutes". Macworld. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ Dong Ngo (9 January 2013). "WD Black SSHD (1TB) Preview". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "How to Choose Between SSD, SSHD and HDD Storage for Your Laptop". seagate.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Maris (22 January 2016). "Hybrid Drives: Integrating Hard-Disk Drives with Solid-State Drives". HDDMAG. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "SSDs vs. hard drives vs. hybrids: Which storage tech is right for you?". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 2016-06-01. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ +Peter Paul. "WD Black2 Dual Drive 120GBSSD + 1TB HDD Gets Discounted, $60 Off Its Price". The Best Laptops. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "SATA-IO FAQ: What else is new in SATA specification v3.2?" (PDF). SATA-IO. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
Jump up ^ Andy Herron (2013). "Advancements in Storage and File Systems in Windows 8.1" (PDF). SNIA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ Michael Larabel (2014-10-29). "Linux Kernel Finally Being Optimized For SSHDs". Phoronix. Archived from the original on 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Jason B. Akers (2014-10-29). "Enable use of Solid State Hybrid Drives". LWN.net. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Perenson, Melissa. "Tested: New Hybrid Hard Drives from Samsung and Seagate". PCWorld. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Seagate Point of View: Solid State Hybrid Drives – The Natural Evolution of Storage". Seagate Technology, LLC. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "iMac Available on November 30". www.apple.com (Press release). Archived from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ Liszewski, Andrew. "This Leave-In SD Card Merges With Your MacBook's SSD to Increase Its Capacity". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
Jump up ^ Patrick Schmid and Achim Roos (2012-02-08). "Momentus XT 750 GB Review: A Second-Gen Hybrid Hard Drive". Retrieved 2013-11-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Anand Lal Shimpi (2011-12-13). "Seagate 2nd Generation Momentus XT (750 GB) Hybrid HDD Review (with 8 GB NAND cache)". Archived from the original on 2013-11-01. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
show
v
t
e
Basic computer components
Input devices
Keyboard
Image scanner
Microphone
Pointing device
Graphics tablet
Joystick
Light pen
Mouse
Optical
Pointing stick
Touchpad
Touchscreen
Trackball
Refreshable braille display
Sound card
Webcam
Softcam
Video card
Output devices
Monitor
Refreshable braille display
Printer
Speakers
Plotter
Sound card
Video card
Removable
data storage
Optical disc
CD
DVD
Blu-ray
Disk pack
Floppy disk
Memory card
USB flash drive
Computer case
Central processing unit (CPU)
HDD / SSD / SSHD
Motherboard
Network interface controller
Power supply
Random-access memory (RAM)
Fax modem
Expansion card
Ports
Ethernet
FireWire (IEEE 1394)
Parallel port
Serial port
PS/2 port
USB
Thunderbolt
HDMI / DVI / VGA
eSATA
Audio jack
show
v
t
e
Disk image file formats
Comparison of disc image software
Optical discs
BIN+CUE
CSO
DAA
IMG+CCD+SUB
ISO
ISZ
MDF+MDS
MDX
NRG
UIF
Hard disks
DMG
FVD
IMG
ISO
NDIF
QCOW
UDIF
VDI
VHD
VMDK
WIM
Floppy disks
ADF, ADZ
DC42, DART
DCF
DMS
IMG, IMA, IMZ
VFD
CD-DA
Disc Description Protocol
Convention: Any item in this table that has the form of "A+B" or "A+B+C" indicates a disk format that spans multiple files, where A contains the bulk of the data, and B and C are sidecar files.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_drive&oldid=850677350"
Categories:
Computer peripherals
Computer storage devices
Computer storage media
Solid-state caching
Hard disk drives
Non-volatile memory
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from January 2015
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from May 2017
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Articles needing additional references from November 2013
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2014
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Eesti
Français
한국어
Italiano
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
中文
7 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 11:20 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Data_storage_device
mw-redirect
Data storage device

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Linux_kernel_mainline
mw-redirect
Linux kernel mainline

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
https://lwn.net/Articles/618489/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive
mw-redirect
Solid-state hybrid drive

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Media_Data_Extended
mw-redirect
Media Data Extended

values:
/wiki/New_Disk_Image_Format
mw-redirect
New Disk Image Format

values:
/wiki/Universal_Disk_Image_Format
mw-redirect
Universal Disk Image Format

values:
/wiki/Virtual_Floppy_Disk_(file_type)
mw-redirect
Virtual Floppy Disk (file type)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2017

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2014

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Hybrid_drive
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: الوسائط الهجين – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: 하이브리드 드라이브 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Гибридный жёсткий диск – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: హైబ్రిడ్ డ్రైవ్ – Telugu

values: Гібридний жорсткий диск – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: 混合固态硬盘 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Hybrid_drive rootpage-Hybrid_drive skin-vector action-view