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List of secondary schools in the Western Cape
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This is a list of high schools in the Western Cape province of South Africa, divided by education district and ownership status.
Contents
[hide]
1 Metro Central
1.1 Government schools
1.2 Independent schools
2 Metro South
2.1 Government schools
2.2 Independent schools
3 Metro North
3.1 Government schools
3.2 Independent schools
4 Metro East
4.1 Government schools
4.2 Independent schools
5 West Coast
5.1 Government schools
5.2 Independent schools
6 Cape Winelands
6.1 Government schools
6.2 Independent schools
7 Overberg
7.1 Government schools
7.2 Independent schools
8 Eden & Central Karoo
8.1 Government schools
8.2 Independent schools
9 References
10 External links
Metro Central[edit]
Metro Central education district.
Government schools[edit]
Alexander Sinton Secondary School
Aloe Secondary School
Athlone Secondary School
Belgravia Secondary School
Bridgetown Secondary School
Camps Bay High School
Cape Town High School
Cathkin Secondary School
Crystal Secondary School
Holy Cross High School
Gardens Commercial High School
Garlandale Secondary School
Good Hope Seminary High School
Groenvlei Secondary School
Groote Schuur High School
Harold Cressy High School
Heideveld Secondary School
Ikamvalethu Secondary School
Isilimela Secondary School
Jan van Riebeeck High School
Kensington Secondary School
Kulani Secondary School
Langa Secondary School
Livingstone High School
Maitland Secondary School
Manenberg Secondary School
Mount View Secondary School
Ned Doman High School
Oaklands Secondary School
Oude Molen Technical High School
Peak View Secondary School
Pelican Park High School
Phoenix Secondary School
Pinelands High School
Queen's Park High School (Cape Town)
Rhodes High School
Rondebosch Boys' High School
Rustenburg Girls' High School
Rylands High School
Salt River Secondary School
Sans Souci Girls' High School
Sea Point High School
Silverstream Secondary School
South African College High School
Spes Bona High School
Thandokhulu Secondary School
Trafalgar Secondary School
Vista High School
Voortrekker High School
Westerford High School
Windermere Secondary School
Windsor High School
Zonnebloem Nest Senior School
Independent schools[edit]
Athlone Christian School
Cannons Creek Independent School
Constantia Waldorf School
Darul Islam Islamic High School
Deutsche Internationale Schule Kapstadt
Diocesan College
Gaia Waldorf School
Herschel Girls' School
Herzlia High School
Imhoff Waldorf School
International School of Cape Town
Islamia College
Jezreel Christian Academy
Michael Oak Waldorf School
Rosmeade College
Simond Private School
St. Cyprian's School
St. George's Grammar School
St. Joseph's College
Star International High School
Zenzeleni School for Creative Education
Focus College
Metro South[edit]
Metro South education district.
Government schools[edit]
Aloe Secondary School
Beacon Hill Secondary School
Bergvliet High School
Cedar Secondary School
Crestway Secondary School
Dr. Nelson R. Mandela High School
Fairmount Secondary School
Fezeka Secondary School
Fish Hoek High School
Glendale Secondary School
Grassdale High School
Grassy Park Secondary School
Heathfield High School
Hout Bay Secondary School
I. D. Mkize Senior Secondary School
Immaculata Secondary School
Intsebenziswano Secondary School
Intshukumo Secondary School
Lavender Hill Secondary School
Lentegeur Secondary School
Lotus Secondary School
Masiphumelele High School
Mondale High School
Muizenberg High School
New Eisleben Secondary School
Norman Henshilwood High School
Ocean View Secondary School
Oscar Mpetha High School
Oval North Secondary School
Pelican Park High School
Phakama Secondary School
Phandulwazi High School
Phillipi Secondary School
Plumstead High School
Portland Secondary School
Princeton Secondary School
Rocklands Secondary School
Sibelius High School
Simon's Town School
Sinethemba Secondary School
Sithembele Matiso Secondary School
Sophumelela Secondary School
South Peninsula High School
Spine Road Secondary School
Steenberg Secondary School
Strandfontein Secondary School
Tafelsig Secondary School
Vuyiseka Secondary School
Westridge Secondary School
Wittebome High School
Woodlands Secondary School
Wynberg Boys' High School
Wynberg Girls' High School
Wynberg Secondary School
Zeekoevlei Secondary School
Zisukhanyo Secondary School
Zwaanswyk High School
Independent schools[edit]
Al-Azhar Institute Cape Town
American International School of Cape Town
Bayside Christian High School
Constantia Waldorf School
Darul Arqam Islamic High School
Heritage College High School
Ieglaasi Nieyah School
Ixna Academy
Khanyisa Waldorf School
Reddam House Cape Town
Shiloah Christian School
Silvermine Academy
Simon Estes Music High School
Springfield Convent of the Holy Rosary
The Oracle Academy
The Vine School
Metro North[edit]
Metro North education district.
Government schools[edit]
Arcadia Senior Secondary School
Atlantis Secondary School
Beauvallon Secondary School
Belhar Secondary School
Bellville High School
Bellville-South Secondary School
Bellville Technical High School
Bishop Lavis Secondary School
Bloubergrant High School
Bonteheuwel Secondary School
Bosmansdam High School
Buren High School
Cravenby Secondary School
D.F. Malan High School
Durbanville High School
Edgemead High School
Elsiesrivier Secondary School
Elswood Secondary School
Excelsior Secondary School
Fairbairn College
Fairmont High School
Florida Secondary School
Goodwood College
Inkwenkwezi Secondary School
J.G. Meiring High School
John Ramsay Secondary School
Kasselsvlei Comprehensive High School
Leiden Secondary School
Marian Secondary School
Masibambisane Secondary School
Melkbosstrand High School
Mfuleni Secondary School
Milnerton High School
Modderdam Secondary School
Parow High School
Perseverance Secondary School
President High School
Proteus Secondary School
Range Secondary School
Ravensmead Secondary School
Robinvale High School
Rosendaal Secondary School
Saxonsea Secondary School
Simunye Secondary School
Sinenjongo High School
St. Andrew's Secondary School
Stellenberg High School
Symphony Secondary School
Table View High School
The Settlers High School
Tygerberg High School
Uitzig Secondary School
Valhalla Secondary School
Voorbrug Secondary School
Independent schools[edit]
Abbott's College Milnerton
Abeille Ruche School
Bellville Christian Academy
Cape Town Studies and Tours
CBC St. John's Parklands
Christ Generation Christian School
Curro Private School
Dassenberg Waldorf School
Elkanah House High School
El Shaddai Christian School
Emmanuel Christian Academy
Iqra Academy
Lighthouse Centre of Learning
Melkbos Baptist Fellowship College
Melkbosstrand Private
Mountain View Academy
Parklands College
Riverside College
Tygerberg Good Hope Christian School
Unity Christian Campus
West Coast Christian Academy
Chester house
Metro East[edit]
Metro East education district.
Government schools[edit]
Bernadino Heights Secondary School
Blackheath Secondary School
Bloekombos Secondary School
Brackenfell High School
Bulumko Secondary School
Centre Of Science And Technology (COSAT)
Chris Hani Secondary School
Danie Ackermann Primary School
De Kuilen High School
Eben Donges High School
Eersterivier Secondary School
Esangweni Secondary School
Forest Heights High School
Gordon Secondary School
Harry Gwala Secondary School
Hector Peterson Secondary School
Hottentots Holland High School
Intlanganiso Secondary School
Iqhayiya Secondary School
Joe Slovo Secondary School
Khanyolwethu Secondary School
Khayelitsha No. 1 Senior Secondary School
Kleinvlei Secondary School
Kuils River Technical Secondary School
Kwamfundo Secondary School
Luhlaza Secondary School
Macassar Secondary School
Malibu Secondary School
Manyano High School
Masibambane Secondary School
Masiyile Senior Secondary School
Matthew Goniwe Memorial High School
Monument Park High School
Parel Vallei High School
Rusthof Secondary School
Sarepta Secondary School
Scottsdene Secondary School
Scottsville Secondary School
Silversands Secondary School
Simanyene Secondary School
Siphamandla Secondary School
Sizimisele Secondary School
Strand High School
Strand Secondary School
Thembelihle High School
Tuscany Glen Secondary School
Usasazo Secondary School
Uxolo High School
Wallacedene Secondary School
Wesbank Secondary School
Zandvliet High School
Zola Senior Secondary School
Independent schools[edit]
False Bay High School
Good Hope High School
Helderberg High School
Madrasatur Rajaa Strand High School
Montgomery & Miller Academy
Somerset College
Somerset West Private School
Somerstrand College
The Ark Christian School
Young Eagles Christian Academy
Natural Learning Academy (Mill street Art School)
West Coast[edit]
West Coast education district.
Government schools[edit]
Augsburg Agricultural Gymnasium
Citrusdal High School
Clanwilliam Secondary School
Diazville High School
Dirkie Uys High School
Graafwater High School
Hopefield High School
Lutzville High School
Naphakade Secondary School
Nuwerus High School
Piketberg High School
Porterville High School
Schoonspruit Secondary School
Smuts-Malan High School
Steynville Secondary School
Swartland High School
Vanrhynsdorp High School
Velddrif High School
Vredenburg High School
Vredendal High School
Vredendal Secondary School
Wesbank Secondary School
Weston Secondary School
Independent schools[edit]
Curro Langebaan Private School
Morester Private School
Saldanha Lighthouse Christian Academy
Cape Winelands[edit]
Cape Winelands education district.
Government schools[edit]
Ashton Public Combined School
Ashton Secondary School
Bella Vista High School
Berg River Secondary School
Bloemhof High School
Boland Agricultural School
Bonnievale High School
Breë River High School
Ceres Secondary School
Charleston Hill Secondary School
Charlie Hofmeyr High School
Cloetesville High School
De Kruine Secondary School
Desmond Mpilo Tutu Secondary School
Drostdy Technical High School
Esselenpark Secondary School
Franschhoek High School
Goudini High School
Groendal Secondary School
Hex Valley High School
Hex Valley Secondary School
Hugenote High School
Ihlumelo Senior Secondary School
Iingcinga Zethu Secondary School
Kayamandi Secondary School
Klein Nederburg Secondary School
Kylemore Secondary School
Labori High School
Langeberg Secondary School
La Rochelle Girls' High School
Langeberg Secondary School
Luckhoff Secondary School
Makupula Secondary School
Masakheke Combined School
Montagu High School
Montana High School
New Orleans Secondary School
Noorder-Paarl Secondary School
Paarl Gimnasium
Paarl Boys' High School
Paarl Girls' High School
Paul Roos Gymnasium
Paulus Joubert Secondary School
Rhenish Girls' High School
Robertson High School
Roodezandt Secondary School
Skurweberg Secondary School
Stellenbosch High School
Stellenzicht Secondary School
Tulbagh High School
Van Cutsem Combined School
Vusisizwe Secondary School
Waveren High School
Wellington Secondary School
Weltevrede Secondary School
Wolseley Secondary School
Worcester Gimnasium
Worcester Secondary School
Independent schools[edit]
Al-Azhar Institute of Paarl
Bridge House School
Bridges Academy
Lifestyle Christian Academy
Robertson Logos Christian School
Simond Privaatskool/Private School
Stellenbosch Waldorf School
Tertia Theron Private School
Overberg[edit]
Overberg education district.
Government schools[edit]
Albert Myburgh Secondary School
Barrydale High School
Bredasdorp High School
De Rust Futura Academy
De Villiers Graaff High School
Emil Weder Secondary School
Grabouw High School
Groenberg Secondary School
Hawston Secondary School
Hermanus High School
Napier High School
Overberg High School
Qhayiya Secondary School
Riviersonderend High School
Swartberg Secondary School
Swellendam High School
Swellendam Secondary School
Villiersdorp Secondary School
Independent schools[edit]
Bosko Christian School
Greyton House
Hermanus Waldorf School
Kingsway Christian School
Northcliff House College
Eden & Central Karoo[edit]
Eden & Central Karoo education district.
Government schools[edit]
Albertinia High School
Aurial College
Bastiaanse Secondary School
Beaufort West Secondary School
Bridgton Secondary School
Calitzdorp High School
De Rust Secondary School
Dysselsdorp Secondary School
Fezekile Secondary School
George Secondary School
Gerrit du Plessis Secondary School
Groot Brak River Secondary School
Haarlem Secondary School
Heidelberg High School
Hillcrest Secondary School
Imizamo Yethu Secondary School
Indwe Secondary School
Kairos Secondary School
Knysna High School
Knysna Secondary School
Ladismith High School
Ladismith Secondary School
Laingsburg High School
Langenhoven Gimnasium
Langenhoven High School
Mandlenkosi Secondary School
Morester Secondary School
Murray High School
Murraysburg High School
Oakdale Agricultural School
Oudtshoorn High School
Outeniqua High School
Pacaltsdorp Secondary School
Parkdene Secondary School
Percy Mdala High School
Plettenberg Bay Secondary School
Punt Secondary School
P.W. Botha College
Sao Bras Secondary School
Sentraal High School
Thembalethu Secondary School
Uniondale High School
Wittedrift High School
York High School
Zwartberg High School
Independent schools[edit]
Raphaeli Waldorf School
References[edit]
"Education Management Information System". Western Cape Education Department. Archived from the original on 2009-04-16. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
External links[edit]
A complete list of schools and statistics can be found at opensoftwarealliance
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_secondary_schools_in_the_Western_Cape&oldid=818219784"
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Muscle relaxant
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about skeletal muscle relaxants. For information on smooth muscle relaxants, see antispasmodic.
A muscle relaxant is a drug that affects skeletal muscle function and decreases the muscle tone. It may be used to alleviate symptoms such as muscle spasms, pain, and hyperreflexia. The term "muscle relaxant" is used to refer to two major therapeutic groups: neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics. Neuromuscular blockers act by interfering with transmission at the neuromuscular end plate and have no central nervous system (CNS) activity. They are often used during surgical procedures and in intensive care and emergency medicine to cause temporary paralysis. Spasmolytics, also known as "centrally acting" muscle relaxants, are used to alleviate musculoskeletal pain and spasms and to reduce spasticity in a variety of neurological conditions. While both neuromuscular blockers and spasmolytics are often grouped together as muscle relaxants,[1][2] the term is commonly used to refer to spasmolytics only.[3][4]
Contents
1 History
2 Neuromuscular blockers
3 Spasmolytics
3.1 Terminology
3.2 Clinical use
3.3 Mechanism
4 Side effects
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
The earliest known use of muscle relaxant drugs was by natives of the Amazon Basin in South America who used poison-tipped arrows that produced death by skeletal muscle paralysis. This was first documented in the 16th century, when European explorers encountered it. This poison, known today as curare, led to some of the earliest scientific studies in pharmacology. Its active ingredient, tubocurarine, as well as many synthetic derivatives, played a significant role in scientific experiments to determine the function of acetylcholine in neuromuscular transmission.[5] By 1943, neuromuscular blocking drugs became established as muscle relaxants in the practice of anesthesia and surgery.[6]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of carisoprodol in 1959, metaxalone in August 1962, and cyclobenzaprine in August 1977.[7]
Other skeletal muscle relaxants of that type used around the world come from a number of drug categories and other drugs used primarily for this indication include orphenadrine (anticholinergic), chlorzoxazone, tizanidine (clonidine relative), diazepam, tetrazepam and other benzodiazepines, mephenoxalone, methocarbamol, dantrolene, baclofen,[7] Drugs once but no longer or very rarely used to relax skeletal muscles include meprobamate, barbiturates, methaqualone, glutethimide and the like; some subcategories of opioids have muscle relaxant properties, and some are marketed in combination drugs with skeletal and/or smooth muscle relaxants such as whole opium products, some ketobemidone, piritramide and fentanyl preparations and Equagesic.
Neuromuscular blockers[edit]
Detailed view of a neuromuscular junction:
1. Presynaptic terminal
2. Sarcolemma
3. Synaptic vesicle
4. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
5. Mitochondrion
Main article: Neuromuscular-blocking drug
Muscle relaxation and paralysis can theoretically occur by interrupting function at several sites, including the central nervous system, myelinated somatic nerves, unmyelinated motor nerve terminals, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the motor end plate, and the muscle membrane or contractile apparatus. Most neuromuscular blockers function by blocking transmission at the end plate of the neuromuscular junction. Normally, a nerve impulse arrives at the motor nerve terminal, initiating an influx of calcium ions, which causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine. Acetylcholine then diffuses across the synaptic cleft. It may be hydrolysed by acetylcholine esterase (AchE) or bind to the nicotinic receptors located on the motor end plate. The binding of two acetylcholine molecules results in a conformational change in the receptor that opens the sodium-potassium channel of the nicotinic receptor. This allows Na+
and Ca2+
ions to enter the cell and K+
ions to leave the cell, causing a depolarization of the end plate, resulting in muscle contraction.[8] Following depolarization, the acetylcholine molecules are then removed from the end plate region and enzymatically hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase.[5]
Normal end plate function can be blocked by two mechanisms. Nondepolarizing agents, such as tubocurarine, block the agonist, acetylcholine, from binding to nicotinic receptors and activating them, thereby preventing depolarization. Alternatively, depolarizing agents, such as succinylcholine, are nicotinic receptor agonists which mimic Ach, block muscle contraction by depolarizing to such an extent that it desensitizes the receptor and it can no longer initiate an action potential and cause muscle contraction.[5] Both of these classes of neuromuscular blocking drugs are structurally similar to acetylcholine, the endogenous ligand, in many cases containing two acetylcholine molecules linked end-to-end by a rigid carbon ring system, as in pancuronium (a nondepolarizing agent).[5]
Chemical diagram of pancuronium, with red lines indicating the two acetylcholine "molecules" in the structure
Spasmolytics[edit]
Main article: antispasmodic
A view of the spinal cord and skeletal muscle showing the action of various muscle relaxants – black lines ending in arrow heads represent chemicals or actions that enhance the target of the lines, blue lines ending in squares represent chemicals or actions that inhibition the target of the line
The generation of the neuronal signals in motor neurons that cause muscle contractions are dependent on the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition the motor neuron receives. Spasmolytic agents generally work by either enhancing the level of inhibition, or reducing the level of excitation. Inhibition is enhanced by mimicking or enhancing the actions of endogenous inhibitory substances, such as GABA.
Terminology[edit]
Because they may act at the level of the cortex, brain stem or spinal cord, or all three areas, they have traditionally been referred to as "centrally acting" muscle relaxants. However, it is now known not every agent in this class has CNS activity (e.g. dantrolene), so this name is inaccurate.[5]
Most sources still use the term "centrally acting muscle relaxant". According to MeSH, dantrolene is usually classified as a centrally acting muscle relaxant.[9] The World Health Organization, in its ATC, uses the term "centrally acting agents",[10] but adds a distinct category of "directly acting agents", for dantrolene.[11] Use of this terminology dates back to at least 1973.[12]
The term "spasmolytic" is also considered a synonym for antispasmodic.[13]
Clinical use[edit]
Spasmolytics such as carisoprodol, cyclobenzaprine, metaxalone, and methocarbamol are commonly prescribed for low back pain or neck pain, fibromyalgia, tension headaches and myofascial pain syndrome.[14] However, they are not recommended as first-line agents; in acute low back pain, they are not more effective than paracetamol or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs),[15][16] and in fibromyalgia they are not more effective than antidepressants.[14] Nevertheless, some (low-quality) evidence suggests muscle relaxants can add benefit to treatment with NSAIDs.[17] In general, no high-quality evidence supports their use.[14] No drug has been shown to be better than another, and all of them have adverse effects, particularly dizziness and drowsiness.[14][16] Concerns about possible abuse and interaction with other drugs, especially if increased sedation is a risk, further limit their use.[14] A muscle relaxant is chosen based on its adverse-effect profile, tolerability, and cost.[18]
Muscle relaxants (according to one study) were not advised for orthopedic conditions, but rather for neurological conditions such as spasticity in cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis.[14] Dantrolene, although thought of primarily as a peripherally acting agent, is associated with CNS effects, whereas baclofen activity is strictly associated with the CNS.
Muscle relaxants are thought to be useful in painful disorders based on the theory that pain induces spasm and spasm causes pain. However, considerable evidence contradicts this theory.[17]
In general, muscle relaxants are not approved by FDA for long-term use. However, rheumatologists often prescribe cyclobenzaprine nightly on a daily basis to increase stage 4 sleep. By increasing this sleep stage, patients feel more refreshed in the morning. Improving sleep is also beneficial for patients who have fibromyalgia.[19]
Muscle relaxants such as tizanidine are prescribed in the treatment of tension headaches.[20]
Diazepam and carisoprodol are not recommended for older adults, pregnant women, or people who suffer depression or for those with a history of drug or alcohol addiction.[21]
Mechanism[edit]
Because of the enhancement of inhibition in the CNS, most spasmolytic agents have the side effects of sedation, drowsiness and may cause dependence with long-term use. Several of these agents also have abuse potential, and their prescription is strictly controlled.[22][23][24]
The benzodiazepines, such as diazepam, interact with the GABAA receptor in the central nervous system. While it can be used in patients with muscle spasm of almost any origin, it produces sedation in most individuals at the doses required to reduce muscle tone.[5]
Baclofen is considered to be at least as effective as diazepam in reducing spasticity, and causes much less sedation. It acts as a GABA agonist at GABAB receptors in the brain and spinal cord, resulting in hyperpolarization of neurons expressing this receptor, most likely due to increased potassium ion conductance. Baclofen also inhibits neural function presynaptically, by reducing calcium ion influx, and thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in both the brain and spinal cord. It may also reduce pain in patients by inhibiting the release of substance P in the spinal cord, as well.[5][25]
Clonidine and other imidazoline compounds have also been shown to reduce muscle spasms by their central nervous system activity. Tizanidine is perhaps the most thoroughly studied clonidine analog, and is an agonist at α2-adrenergic receptors, but reduces spasticity at doses that result in significantly less hypotension than clonidine.[26] Neurophysiologic studies show that it depresses excitatory feedback from muscles that would normally increase muscle tone, therefore minimizing spasticity.[27][28] Furthermore, several clinical trials indicate that tizanidine has a similar efficacy to other spasmolytic agents, such as diazepam and baclofen, with a different spectrum of adverse effects.[29]
The hydantoin derivative dantrolene is a spasmolytic agent with a unique mechanism of action outside of the CNS. It reduces skeletal muscle strength by inhibiting the excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. In normal muscle contraction, calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor channel, which causes the tension-generating interaction of actin and myosin. Dantrolene interferes with the release of calcium by binding to the ryanodine receptor and blocking the endogenous ligand ryanodine by competitive inhibition. Muscle that contracts more rapidly is more sensitive to dantrolene than muscle that contracts slowly, although cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are depressed only slightly, most likely because the release of calcium by their sarcoplasmic reticulum involves a slightly different process. Major adverse effects of dantrolene include general muscle weakness, sedation, and occasionally hepatitis.[5]
Other common spasmolytic agents include: methocarbamol, carisoprodol, chlorzoxazone, cyclobenzaprine, gabapentin, metaxalone, and orphenadrine.
Side effects[edit]
Muscle relaxants are very powerful drugs that may produce negative effects, including heart failure and paralysis.[30] Patients most commonly report sedation as the main adverse effect of muscle relaxants. Usually, people become less alert when they are under the effects of these drugs. People are normally advised not to drive vehicles or operate heavy machinery while under muscle relaxants' effects.
Cyclobenzaprine produces confusion and lethargy, as well as anticholinergic side effects. When taken in excess or in combination with other substances, it may also be toxic. While the body adjusts to this medication, it is possible for patients to experience dry mouth, fatigue, lightheadedness, constipation or blurred vision. Some serious but unlikely side effects may be experienced, including mental or mood changes, possible confusion and hallucinations, and difficulty urinating. In a very few cases, very serious but rare side effects may be experienced: irregular heartbeat, yellowing of eyes or skin, fainting, abdominal pain including stomach ache, nausea or vomiting, lack of appetite, seizures, dark urine or loss of coordination.[31]
Patients taking carisoprodol for a prolonged time have reported dependence, withdrawal and abuse, although most of these cases were reported by patients with addiction history. These effects were also reported by patients who took it in combination with other drugs with abuse potential, and in fewer cases, reports of carisoprodol-associated abuse appeared when used without other drugs with abuse potential.[32]
Common side effects eventually caused by metaxalone include dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, irritability, nervousness, upset stomach and vomiting. Severe side effects may be experienced when consuming metaxalone, such as severe allergic reactions (rash, hives, itching, difficulty breathing, tightness in the chest, swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue), chills, fever, and sore throat, may require medical attention. Other severe side effects include unusual or severe tiredness or weakness, as well as yellowing of the skin or the eyes.[33] When baclofen is administered intrathecally, it may cause CNS depression accompanied with cardiovascular collapse and respiratory failure. Tizanidine may lower blood pressure. This effect can be controlled by administering a low dose at the beginning and increasing it gradually.[34]
See also[edit]
Paralysis
Quaternary ammonium muscle relaxants
Caroverine
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Skeletal Muscle Relaxant (Oral Route, Parenteral Route)." Mayo Clinic. Last Updated: April 1, 2007. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "M03B Muscle Relaxants, Centrally acting agents". ATC/DDD Index. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology.
Jump up ^ "M03CA01 Dantrolene". ATC/DDD Index. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology.
Jump up ^ Ellis KO, Castellion AW, Honkomp LJ, Wessels FL, Carpenter JE, Halliday RP (June 1973). "Dantrolene, a direct acting skeletal muscle relaxant". J Pharm Sci. 62 (6): 948–51. doi:10.1002/jps.2600620619. PMID 4712630.
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Jump up ^ See, S.; Ginzburg, R. (Feb 2008). "Skeletal muscle relaxants". Pharmacotherapy. 28 (2): 207–13. doi:10.1592/phco.28.2.207. PMID 18225966.
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Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tension Headache
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External links[edit]
Skeletal+Muscle+Relaxants at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
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Skeletal muscle relaxants (M03)
Peripherally acting
(primarily antinicotinic,
NMJ block)
Non-depolarizing
Curare alkaloids
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Tubocurarine
4° ammonium agents
ultra-short duration: Gantacurium
short duration: Mivacurium
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long duration: Doxacurium
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unsorted: Hexafluronium (Hexafluorenium)
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system (H)
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Corticosteroids
Glucocorticoids
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Thyroid hormones/Antithyroid agents
Infections and
infestations (J, P, QI)
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Sensory organs (S)
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Radiopharmaceuticals
Dressings
Senotherapeutics
Authority control
NDL: 00565878
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