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Supervolcano
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For the 2005 disaster television film, see Supervolcano (film).
Map of known supervolcanoes around the world:
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 8
Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 7
A supervolcano is a large volcano that has had an eruption of magnitude 8, which is the largest value on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI). This means the volume of deposits for that eruption is greater than 1,000 cubic kilometers (240 cubic miles).[1]
Supervolcanoes occur when magma in the mantle rises into the crust but is unable to break through it and pressure builds in a large and growing magma pool until the crust is unable to contain the pressure. This can occur at hotspots (for example, Yellowstone Caldera) or at subduction zones (for example, Toba). Another setting for the eruption of very large amounts of volcanic material is in large igneous provinces, which can cover huge areas with lava and volcanic ash, causing long-lasting climate change (such as the triggering of a small ice age), which can threaten species with extinction. The Oruanui eruption of New Zealand's Taupo Volcano (about 26,500 years ago)[2] was the world's most recent super eruption at a VEI-8 eruption.
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Large igneous provinces
3 Massive explosive eruptions
3.1 Known super eruptions
3.1.1 VEI 8
3.1.2 VEI 7
4 Media portrayal
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Terminology[edit]
The origin of the term "supervolcano" is linked to an early 20th-century scientific debate about the geological history and features of the Three Sisters volcanic region of Oregon in the United States. In 1925, Edwin T. Hodge suggested that a very large volcano, which he named Mount Multnomah, had existed in that region. He believed that several peaks in the Three Sisters area are the remnants of Mount Multnomah after it had been largely destroyed by violent volcanic explosions, similar to Mount Mazama.[3] In 1948, the possible existence of Mount Multnomah was ignored by volcanologist Howel Williams in his book The Ancient Volcanoes of Oregon. The book was reviewed in 1949 by another volcanologist, F. M. Byers Jr.[4] In the review, Byers refers to Mount Multnomah as a supervolcano.[5] Although Hodge's suggestion that Mount Multnomah is a supervolcano was rejected long ago, the term supervolcano was popularised by the BBC popular science television program Horizon in 2000 to refer to eruptions that produce extremely large amounts of ejecta.[6][7]
The term megacaldera is sometimes used for caldera supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Eruptions that rate VEI 8 are termed "super eruptions".[8] Though there is no well-defined minimum explosive size for a "supervolcano", there are at least two types of volcanic eruptions that have been identified as supervolcanoes: large igneous provinces and massive eruptions.[9]
Large igneous provinces[edit]
Main article: Large igneous province
Large igneous provinces, such as Iceland, the Siberian Traps, Deccan Traps, and the Ontong Java Plateau, are extensive regions of basalts on a continental scale resulting from flood basalt eruptions. When created, these regions often occupy several thousand square kilometres and have volumes on the order of millions of cubic kilometers. In most cases, the lavas are normally laid down over several million years. They release large amounts of gases.
The Réunion hotspot produced the Deccan Traps about 66 million years ago, coincident with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The scientific consensus is that a meteor impact was the cause of the extinction event, but the volcanic activity may have caused environmental stresses on extant species up to the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary.[10] Additionally, the largest flood basalt event (the Siberian Traps) occurred around 250 million years ago and was coincident with the largest mass extinction in history, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, although it is unknown whether it was solely responsible for the extinction event.
Such outpourings are not explosive, though lava fountains may occur. Many volcanologists consider that Iceland may be a large igneous province that is currently being formed. The last major outpouring occurred in 1783–84 from the Laki fissure which is approximately 40 km (25 mi) long. An estimated 14 km3 (3.4 cu mi) of basaltic lava was poured out during the eruption.
The Ontong Java Plateau has an area of about 2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi), and the province was at least 50% larger before the Manihiki and Hikurangi Plateaus broke away.
Massive explosive eruptions[edit]
See also: World's largest eruptions
Location of Yellowstone hotspot over time (numbers indicate millions of years before the present).
Volcanic eruptions are classified using the Volcanic Explosivity Index, or VEI. It is a logarithmic scale, which means that an increase of one in VEI number is equivalent to a tenfold increase in volume of erupted material. VEI 7 or VEI 8 eruptions are so powerful that they often form circular calderas rather than cones because the downward withdrawal of magma causes the overlying rock mass to collapse into the empty magma chamber beneath it.
Satellite image of Lake Toba, the site of a VEI 8 eruption c. 75,000 years ago.
Known super eruptions[edit]
Cross-section through Long Valley Caldera.
VEI 8[edit]
VEI 8 eruptions have happened in the following locations.hide
Name
Zone
Location
Notes
Years ago (approx.)
Ejecta bulk volume (approx.)
Reference
La Garita Caldera San Juan volcanic field Colorado, United States Fish Canyon eruption 27,800,000 5,000 km3
Lake Toba Lake Toba, North Sumatra Sumatra, Indonesia Produced 2200–4400 million tons of H2SO4 74,000 2,800 km3 [11][12][13][14][15]
Huckleberry Ridge eruption Yellowstone hotspot Idaho, United States Huckleberry Ridge Tuff 2,100,000 2,500 km3 [16]
Atana Ignimbrite Pacana Caldera Antofagasta, Chile Part of the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex 4,000,000 2,500 km3 [17]
Taupo Nui a tia Taupo Volcanic Zone North Island, New Zealand Whakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra 340,000 2,000 km3 [18]
Heise Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot Idaho, United States Kilgore Tuff 4,500,000 1,800 km3 [19]
Heise Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot Idaho, United States Blacktail Tuff 6,000,000 1,500 km3 [19]
Cerro Guacha Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex Sur Lípez, Bolivia Guacha ignimbrite, two smaller eruptions identified 5,700,000 1,300 km3 [20]
Mangakino Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone North Island, New Zealand Kidnappers eruption 1,080,000 1,200 km3 [21]
Oruanui eruption Taupo Volcanic Zone North Island, New Zealand Taupo Volcano (Lake Taupo) 26,500 1,170 km3
Cerro Galán Andes Central Volcanic Zone Catamarca, Argentina 2,500,000 1,050 km3
Lava Creek eruption Yellowstone hotspot Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, United States Lava Creek Tuff 640,000 1,000 km3 [16]
Based on incomplete statistics, at least 60 VEI 8 eruptions have been identified.[9][22]
VEI 7[edit]
VEI 7 eruptions, less colossal but still massive, have occurred in historical times. The only ones in the past 2,000 years are Taupo Volcano's Hatepe eruption c. 232,[23] Baekdu Mountain in 946–947,[24] the eruption of Mount Samalas in 1257,[25] and Tambora in 1815.[26]
VEI 7 eruptions have happened in the following locations.hide
Name
Zone
Location
Event / notes
Years ago before 1950 (Approx.)
Ejecta volume (Approx.)
Mount Tambora Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia This eruption took place in 1815. 1816 became known as the Year Without a Summer. 135 120 km3
Mount Samalas Lombok Island, West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia 1257 Samalas eruption. Possible trigger of the Little Ice Age. 693 130 km3[vague][citation needed]
Baekdu Mountain Control by Baikal Rift Zone China/North Korea One of the largest volcanic eruptions in the past 2,000 years. 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain (Millennium Eruption). 1,004 100–120 km3
Taupo Volcano (Lake Taupo) Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island Hatepe eruption AD 232 1,718 120 km3
[23]
Thera (Santorini caldera) South Aegean Volcanic Arc Greece, Santorini Minoan eruption BC 1,641 (±12) 3,591 100 km3
[27]
Kikai Caldera Japan, Ryukyu Islands Kikai Caldera 4,300 BC 6,300 150 km3
Macauley Island Kermadec Islands New Zealand Macauley Island 8,300 to 6,300 years ago 6,300 100 km3
[28][29]
Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) Cascade Volcanic Arc U.S., Oregon Partially responsible for the formation of Crater Lake. 6,578 100 km3
[30]
Kurile Lake Kamchatka Peninsula Russia Kurile Lake
6,440 BC 10,500 140–170 km3
[31]
Aira Caldera Japan, Kyūshū Aira Caldera 22,000 450 km3
Campanian Ignimbrite eruption Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields) Italy, Naples 39,280 300 km3*
Rotoiti Ignimbrite Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island Rotoiti Ignimbrite 50,000 240 km3
[32]
Lake Maninjau Lake Maninjau, West Sumatra Indonesia 52,000 220–250 km³
Reporoa Caldera Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island 230,000 100 km3
[33]
Mamaku Ignimbrite Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island Rotorua Caldera 240,000 280 km3
[34]
Matahina Ignimbrite Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island Haroharo Caldera 280,000 120 km3
[35]
Mount Aso Japan, Kyūshū Four large eruptions between 300,000 and 80,000 years ago. 300,000 600 km3
Long Valley Caldera Bishop Tuff U.S., California 760,000 600 km3
Mangakino Taupo Volcanic Zone New Zealand, North Island Three eruptions from 0.97 to 1.23 million years ago 970,000 300 km3
[36]
Valles Caldera Jemez volcanic field U.S., New Mexico Two eruptions at 1.25 and 1.61 million years ago 1,250,000
[37] 600 km3
[38]
Henry's Fork Caldera Yellowstone hotspot
Mesa Falls Tuff U.S., Idaho Yellowstone hotspot 1,300,000 280 km3
[16]
Karymshina Kamchatka Russia 1,780,000
[39] 825 km3
[40]
Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite Pastos Grandes Caldera Bolivia 2,900,000 820 km3
[41]
Heise Volcanic Field Yellowstone hotspot
Walcott Tuff U.S., Idaho Yellowstone hotspot 6,400,000 750 km3
[19]
Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera Yellowstone hotspot U.S., Idaho Yellowstone hotspot
Responsible for the Ashfall Fossil Beds 1,600 km to the east[42] 11,830,000
[43] 950 km3
[44]
Cerro Panizos Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex Argentina, Bolivia 12,000,000 250 km3
Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex Skukum Group Canada, British Columbia/Yukon 50,000,000 850 km3
[45]
* means DRE (dense rock equivalent).
Media portrayal[edit]
In 2004, the TV show Naked Science covered supervolcanoes on the National Geographic Channel.
In 2005, a two-part television disaster film called Supervolcano aired on BBC One, the Discovery Channel, and other television networks worldwide.
Nova featured an episode "Mystery of the Megavolcano" in September 2006 examining such eruptions in the last 100,000 years.[46]
In 2006, the Sci-Fi Channel aired the documentary Countdown to Doomsday which featured a segment called "Supervolcano". The same year, ABC News aired the documentary Last Days on Earth, which featured a segment called "Supervolcano".
In 2009, the apocalypse-themed film 2012 featured the super-eruption of the massive Yellowstone Caldera, a result of the Earth's core heating up. This made most of the United States uninhabitable.
The Siberian Traps and Lake Toba were featured in Animal Planet's prehistoric documentary Animal Armageddon (each in one episode), where speculation of the lifeforms they afflicted were discussed.
Satellite image of San Salvador, El Salvador and the Lake Ilopango caldera (also known as the Dark Age volcano) in the Valley of the Hammocks, site of a VEI 6–8 eruption and said to be ground zero for the extreme weather events of 535–536, when a dark veil settled on the world.
Volcano, lake, and caldera locations in the Taupo Volcanic Zone
See also[edit]
Global catastrophic risk
Timeline of volcanism on Earth
Toba catastrophe theory
Volcanic winter
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Mason, Ben G.; Pyle, David M.; Oppenheimer, Clive (2004). "The size and frequency of the largest explosive eruptions on Earth". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (8): 735–748. Bibcode:2004BVol...66..735M. doi:10.1007/s00445-004-0355-9.
Oppenheimer, C. (2011). Eruptions that shook the world. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8.
Timmreck, C.; Graf, H.-F. (2006). "The initial dispersal and radiative forcing of a Northern Hemisphere mid-latitude super volcano: a model study". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 6: 35–49. doi:10.5194/acp-6-35-2006.
External links[edit]
Overview and Transcript of the original BBC program
Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
Supervolcano eruption mystery solved, BBC Science, 6 January 2014
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Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ol Parker
Produced by
Judy Craymer
Gary Goetzman
Screenplay by
Ol Parker
Story by
Catherine Johnson
Richard Curtis
Ol Parker
Based on
Mamma Mia!
by Catherine Johnson
Starring
Christine Baranski
Pierce Brosnan
Dominic Cooper
Colin Firth
Andy García
Lily James
Amanda Seyfried
Stellan Skarsgård
Julie Walters
Cher
Meryl Streep
Music by
Anne Dudley
Cinematography
Robert Yeoman
Edited by
Peter Lambert
Production
company
Playtone[1]
Littlestar Productions[1]
Legendary Pictures[2]
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
July 16, 2018 (2018-07-16) (Hammersmith Apollo)
July 20, 2018 (2018-07-20) (United Kingdom & United States)
Running time
114 minutes[3]
Country
United States[2]
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$75 million[4]
Box office
$350.6 million[4]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker, from a story by Parker, Catherine Johnson, and Richard Curtis. It is a follow-up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia!, which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA. The film features an ensemble cast, including Lily James, Amanda Seyfried, Christine Baranski, Julie Walters, Pierce Brosnan, Andy García, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgård, Jessica Keenan Wynn, Alexa Davies, Jeremy Irvine, Josh Dylan, Hugh Skinner, Cher, and Meryl Streep. Both a prequel and a sequel, the plot is set after the events of the first film, and also features flashbacks to 1979, telling the story of Donna Sheridan's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie's three possible fathers.
Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia, and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment.
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16, 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20, 2018, ten years to the week of its predecessor's release, in both standard and IMAX formats.[5] The film has grossed over $350 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the performances and musical numbers.[6][7]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna's hotel, following Donna's death a year earlier. She is upset because two of her fathers, Harry and Bill, are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky, who is in New York, over her memorializing her mother’s life.
In 1979, a young Donna has just graduated from university with Rosie and Tanya, and is getting ready to travel the world. While in Paris, she meets and parties with Harry. They spend the night together, but Donna leaves soon after. She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill, and along the way, they are able to help a stranded fisherman, Alexio, make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another. Unbeknownst to Donna, Harry has followed her to Greece; but he arrived too late, and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance.
In the present, Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it’s revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up. Sophie then visits Sam, who is still grieving over the death of Donna. Back in the past, Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse, a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement. She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse. Back in the present, a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie’s plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event.
Back in the past, Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance, that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam’s fiancée in his drawer. A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island. In the present, Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother. Meanwhile, Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie, and separately Bill gets the same idea. Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats. However, Bill meets the fisherman Alexio and thereby secures boat passage for himself, Harry as well as the newly arrived Sky.
In the past, a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie. She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat; while they are gone, Sam returns, having recently ended his engagement for Donna, but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again. Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father. Sofia, the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed, overhears Donna’s wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts. It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie.
Back in the present, the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky. Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother, having now understood what her mother went through. Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna. Sophie’s estranged grandmother and Donna’s mother, Ruby, arrives despite Sophie deciding not to invite her. She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie. Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother, with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her. It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel, Fernando, is Ruby’s ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico, and the two are joyously reunited.
Nine months later, Sophie has given birth to a baby boy and everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando’s brother. The ceremony takes place with Donna’s spirit watching over her daughter with pride. At the end, all the characters, including Donna and the younger cast, sing "Super Trouper" at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna.
Cast[edit]
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna’s 25-year-old daughter and Ruby's granddaughter.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie’s husband.
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan-Carmichael, Sophie’s late mother, Ruby's daughter, and wife to Sam.
Lily James as Young Donna, founder of Donna and the Dynamos.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; a rich three-time divorcee.
Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna’s best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Alexa Davies as Young Rosie
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, an Irish-American architect, Sophie's stepfather, and widower of Donna.
Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, a British businessman.
Hugh Skinner as Young Harry
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, a Swedish sailor and travel writer, Sofia's great-nephew and as Kurt Anderson, Bill's obese brother.
Josh Dylan as Young Bill
Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos, the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby’s from 1959.
Cher as Ruby Sheridan, Donna’s mother, and Sophie’s grandmother.
Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer
Celia Imrie as Vice-Chancellor
Maria Vacratsis as Sofia, a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in: which eventually becomes Donna's home, and Bill's great aunt.
Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros, Sofia's son who owns the bar which his band as well as Donna perform at.
Gerard Monaco as Alexio
Anna Antoniades as Apollonia
Cameo appearances
Björn Ulvaeus as an Oxford professor
Benny Andersson as "Waterloo" piano player
Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos, Fernando's brother
Musical numbers[edit]
Main article: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again: The Movie Soundtrack
A soundtrack album was released on July 13, 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally, respectively.[8][9] The album was produced by Benny Andersson, who also served as the album's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer. Each song is featured within the film, with the exception of "I Wonder (Departure)" and "The Day Before You Came".
"Thank You for the Music" (Acapella) – Sophie
"When I Kissed the Teacher" – Young Donna and the Dynamos, Vice-Chancellor
"I Wonder (Departure)" – Young Donna and the Dynamos†
"One of Us" – Sophie, Sky
"Waterloo" – Young Harry, Young Donna
"SOS" (Acapella) – Sam
"Why Did It Have to Be Me?" – Young Bill, Young Donna, Young Harry
"I Have a Dream" – Young Donna
"Kisses of Fire" – Lazaros
"Andante, Andante" – Young Donna
"The Name of the Game" – Young Donna
"Knowing Me, Knowing You" – Young Donna, Young Sam
"Mamma Mia" – Young Donna and the Dynamos
"Angel Eyes" – Rosie, Tanya, Sophie
"Dancing Queen" – Sophie, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry
"I've Been Waiting for You" – Sophie, Rosie, Tanya
"Fernando" – Ruby, Fernando
"My Love, My Life" – Young Donna, Donna, Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Ruby, Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sophie, Sky, Sam, Bill, Harry, Fernando, Young Donna, Young Rosie, Young Tanya, Young Bill, Young Sam, Young Harry
"The Day Before You Came" – Donna†
† Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Due to Mamma Mia!'s financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, co-chairman of Universal Pictures, told the Daily Mail that it would take a while, but there could be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of.[10]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a release date of July 20, 2018.[11] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[12] On September 27, 2017, Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film: "When I Kissed the Teacher," "I Wonder (Departure)," and "Angeleyes."[13] “I Wonder (Departure)” was cut from the film, but is included on the soundtrack album.
Casting[edit]
On June 1, 2017, it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie.[14] Later that month, Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel, along with Streep, Firth and Brosnan as Sky, Donna, Harry, and Sam, respectively.[15] In July 2017, Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya.[16] On July 12, 2017, Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna.[17] On August 3, 2017, Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film, with Irvine playing Brosnan's character Sam in a past era, and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry, Davies as a young Rosie, played by Julie Walters.[18] On August 16, 2017, it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya, who is played by Baranski.[19] Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill, respectively.[20] On October 16, 2017, it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast, in her first on-screen film role since 2010,[21] and her first film with Streep since Silkwood. The part was written specifically for Cher, and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner.[22]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on August 12, 2017 in Croatia, including the island of Vis.[23][24][25][26][23] In October 2017, the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England, to film song and dance numbers with Cher.[21] Filming wrapped on December 2, 2017.[27]
Release[edit]
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was released on July 20, 2018 by Universal Pictures, in the UK, US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats.[28][5] The film premiered on July 16, 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London.[29]
Marketing[edit]
The first trailer for the film was released on December 21, 2017, in front of Pitch Perfect 3, another Universal Pictures film. Cher performed "Fernando" at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25, 2018, after footage of the film was shown.[citation needed] Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song "Mamma Mia" to promote the film.[30]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of August 28, 2018[update], Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again has grossed $116 million in the United States and Canada, and $234.6 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $350.6 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[4]
In June 2018, three weeks prior to its release, official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27–33 million,[31] which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release.[32] It made $14.3 million on its first day, including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $35 million, finishing second, behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ($36 million), and besting the opening of the first film ($27.8 million) by over 24%.[30][33] It fell 57% to $15.1 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomer Mission: Impossible – Fallout.[34][35] In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million, dropping to fourth place, and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend, finishing seventh.[36][37]
In the United Kingdom, the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend, topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018.[38] In its second weekend of international release, the film made $26.6 million (for a running total of $98.6 million). Its largest new markets were France ($1.7 million), Poland ($1.3 million), Switzerland ($223,000) and Croatia ($151,000), while its best holdovers were Australia ($9.5 million), the UK ($8.6 million) and Germany ($8.2 million).[39]
Critical response[edit]
Lily James' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a "breakout" role.[40]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80% based on 207 reviews, and a weighted average of 6.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original—and my my, how can fans resist it?"[41] On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same score as its predecessor, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83% overall positive score.[30]
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as "weirdly irresistible" and gave it three out of five stars. He described his reaction to the first film as "a combination of hives and bubonic plague," but concedes that this time, the relentlessness and greater self-aware comedy made him smile. He concludes: "More enjoyable than I thought. But please. Enough now."[43] Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented, "This slick sequel delivers sharp one-liners, joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling."[44] Joy Watson from Exclaim! thoroughly enjoyed the movie, saying, "With multitalented writer and director Ol Parker at the helm, and perhaps more importantly, Richard Curtis (king of the British rom-com) behind the scenes to balance out the cheesiness, Here We Go Again builds giddy energy and tension throughout until Cher arrives in a helicopter to blow the whole thing sky high with an ode to "Fernando." Pure bliss."[45]
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five, noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment, and saying, "her absence is deeply felt since the three-time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan".[46] Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars, calling it "wholly ridiculous", but complimenting its self-awareness. She also praised James' performance and singing talent.[47] Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the sequel a mixed review, awarding it two stars out of four, criticizing the reprises of "Dancing Queen" and "Super Trouper" as uninspired, and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing. He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters "energetic" and "likeable."[48] Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review, writing "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again is atrocious. And wonderful. It's all the reasons you should never go to the movies. And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket."[49]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Gleiberman, Owen (July 17, 2018). "Film Review: 'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again". Legendary Entertainment. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again". AMC Theatres. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 26, 2018). "Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries: "Films To The Fullest"". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Clopton, Ellis (July 17, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' Reviews: What the Critics Are Saying". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giles, Jeff (July 19, 2018). "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ LATF Staff (July 13, 2018). "New Music Friday: Tinashe, DJ Snake, Mamma Mia Soundtrack..." LATF USA. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today". Umusic. July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bamigboye, Baz (October 17, 2008). "Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel, Kate Winslet, Leonardo DiCaprio and much more". The Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Bryan (May 19, 2017). "'Mamma Mia' sequel 'Here We Go Again' coming next summer". USA Today. Gannett Company. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (May 19, 2017). "'Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again!' On Universal Pictures' 2018 Schedule". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Read-Dominguez, Jennifer (September 27, 2017). "Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 1, 2017). "Amanda Seyfried Set For 'Mamma Mia!' Reprise". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seemayer, Zach (June 22, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for 'Mamma Mia 2': It's 'a Phone Call I've Been Waiting For'". Entertainment Tonight. CBS Studios. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ N'Duka, Amanda (July 12, 2017). "Christine Baranski Returning For Universal's 'Mamma Mia!' Sequel". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (July 12, 2017). "'Mamma Mia' Sequel Adds Lily James (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray; N'Duka, Amanda (August 3, 2017). "'Mamma Mia!' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & 'Harlots' Actress Alexa Davies". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 16, 2017). "'Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again!' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perry, Spencer (August 22, 2017). "Here We Go Again: Mamma Mia! Sequel Begins Production". ComingSoon.net. Mandatory. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bamigboye, Baz (October 16, 2017). "Here she goes again: Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2". The Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ McHenry, Jackson (July 18, 2018). "Why Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep's Mother". Vulture. New York Media. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Demark, Nikolina (August 15, 2017). "Will the Filming of 'Mamma Mia' Affect the Island of Vis?". Total Croatia News. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (August 12, 2017). "Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Ellie (August 14, 2017). "Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia! sequel". Radio Times. Immediate Media Company. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sommers, Kat (August 14, 2017). "First Look: The Dynamos Reunite as 'Mamma Mia 2' Starts Filming". BBC America. BBC. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ McCreesh, Louise (December 4, 2017). "Mamma Mia 2: Here We Go Again! has officially finished filming". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved December 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (May 19, 2017). "'Mamma Mia!' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Harding, Laura (July 16, 2018). "Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 22, 2018). "Shocker: 'Mamma Mia 2' Meets B.O. Waterloo As 'Equalizer 2' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (June 28, 2018). "'Equalizer,' 'Mamma Mia' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 18, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30M+". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (July 23, 2018). "Box Office Top 20: 'Equalizer 2' beats 'Mamma Mia' by a hair". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (July 29, 2018). "'Mission' Accomplished: 'Fallout' $61M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise – Sunday". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Top 20: New 'Mission: Impossible' hits No. 1". ABC News. Associated Press. July 30, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 5, 2018). "'Mission' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35M; 'Christopher Robin' No Eeyore With $25M – Sunday Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 12, 2018). "'August Audiences Get Hooked On 'Meg' Shelling Out $44.5M". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gant, Charles (July 24, 2018). "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (July 29, 2018). "'Mission: Impossible – Fallout' Ignites Record $92M Overseas/$153.5M Global Bow – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Erbland, Kate (July 17, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' Review: Lily James Is a Breakout, but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep". IndieWire. Penske Business Media. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bradshaw, Peter (July 17, 2018). "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again review – feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kermode, Mark (July 22, 2018). "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again review – full of hits and emotion". The Observer. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Watson, Joy (July 23, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' Review: Carefree White Girl Vibes Win". Exclaim!. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (July 19, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' Review: ABBA-Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bahr, Lindsay (July 17, 2018). "Review: Bask in the effervescent insanity of 'Mamma Mia 2'". Associated Press. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (July 17, 2018). "'Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again' a campy sequel sure to please fans, my my". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie (July 30, 2018). "Mamma Mia: Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing". Time. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
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