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Brainstem
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Brainstem
The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagittal section of a human brain.
Details
Part of
Brain
Parts
Medulla, Pons, Midbrain
Identifiers
Latin
truncus encephali
MeSH
D001933
NeuroNames
2052, 236
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1565
TA
A14.1.03.009
FMA
79876
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Sometimes the diencephalon, the caudal part of the forebrain, is included.[1]
The brainstem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves. Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves, ten pairs come from the brainstem. The brainstem is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brainstem. This includes the corticospinal tract (motor), the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (fine touch, vibration sensation, and proprioception), and the spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature, itch, and crude touch).
The brainstem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function. It also regulates the central nervous system, and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle. The brainstem has many basic functions including heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Midbrain
1.2 Pons
1.3 Medulla oblongata
1.4 Ventral view of medulla and pons
1.5 Dorsal view of medulla and pons
2 Development
3 Blood supply
4 Cranial nerves
5 Function
6 Clinical significance
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Structure[edit]
Midbrain[edit]
Structures of the brainstem
Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus.
Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus.
Main article: Midbrain
The midbrain is divided into three parts: tectum, tegmentum, and the ventral tegmentum. The tectum (Latin:roof), which forms the ceiling. The tectum comprises the paired structure of the superior and inferior colliculi and is the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct. The inferior colliculus, is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex. Its inferior brachium (arm-like process) reaches to the medial geniculate nucleus of the diencephalon. Superior to the inferior colliculus, the superior colliculus marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon.
The tegmentum which forms the floor of the midbrain, is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct. Several nuclei, tracts, and the reticular formation are contained here.
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is composed of paired cerebral peduncles. These transmit axons of upper motor neurons.
The midbrain consists of:
Periaqueductal gray: The area of gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains various neurons involved in the pain desensitization pathway. Neurons synapse here and, when stimulated, cause activation of neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus, which then project down into the posterior grey column of the spinal cord and prevent pain sensation transmission.
Oculomotor nerve nucleus: This is the third cranial nerve nucleus.
Trochlear nerve nucleus: This is the fourth cranial nerve.
Red nucleus: This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the lower motor neurons.
Substantia nigra pars compacta: This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter and is involved in both motor function and emotion. Its dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson's disease.
Reticular formation: This is a large area in the midbrain that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain. In particular, it contains lower motor neurons, is involved in the pain desensitization pathway, is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems, and contains the locus coeruleus, which is involved in intensive alertness modulation and in autonomic reflexes.
Central tegmental tract: Directly anterior to the floor of the fourth ventricle, this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord.
Ventral tegmental area: A dopaminergic nucleus located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus: A GABAergic nucleus located adjacent to the ventral tegmental area.
Pons[edit]
Main article: Pons
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain. It contains tracts that carry signals from the cerebrum to the medulla and to the cerebellum and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the thalamus. The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the cerebellar peduncles. The pons houses the respiratory pneumotaxic center and apneustic center that make up the pontine respiratory group in the respiratory center. The pons co-ordinates activities of the cerebellar hemispheres.[citation needed]
Medulla oblongata[edit]
Main article: Medulla oblongata
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
The medulla oblongata often just referred to as the medulla, is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord. Its upper part is continuous with the pons.[2] The medulla contains the cardiac, dorsal and ventral respiratory groups, and vasomotor centres, dealing with heart rate, breathing and blood pressure. Another important medullary structure is the area postrema whose functions include the control of vomiting.
Ventral view of medulla and pons[edit]
Cross-section of the middle pons (at the level of cranial nerve V).
Cross-section of the inferior pons (at the level of the facial genu).
Cross-section of the rostral (superior) medulla.
Cross-section of the middle medulla.
Cross-section of the inferior medulla.
In the medial part of the medulla is the anterior median fissure. Moving laterally on each side are the medullary pyramids. The pyramids contain the fibers of the corticospinal tract (also called the pyramidal tract), or the upper motor neuronal axons as they head inferiorly to synapse on lower motor neuronal cell bodies within the anterior grey column of the spinal cord.
The anterolateral sulcus is lateral to the pyramids. Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the CN XII (hypoglossal nerve) rootlets. Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the olives. The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior nucleary nuclei (containing various nuclei and afferent fibers). Lateral (and dorsal) to the olives are the rootlets for CN IX (glossopharyngeal), CN X (vagus) and CN XI (accessory nerve). The pyramids end at the pontine medulla junction, noted most obviously by the large basal pons. From this junction, CN VI (abducens nerve), CN VII (facial nerve) and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) emerge. At the level of the midpons, CN V (the trigeminal nerve) emerges. Cranial nerve III (the oculomotor nerve) emerges ventrally from the midbrain, while the CN IV (the trochlear nerve) emerges out from the dorsal aspect of midbrain.
Between the two pyramids can be seen a decussation of fibres which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord. The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below.
Dorsal view of medulla and pons[edit]
The most medial part of the medulla is the posterior median sulcus. Moving laterally on each side is the fasciculus gracilis, and lateral to that is the fasciculus cuneatus. Superior to each of these, and directly inferior to the obex, are the gracile and cuneate tubercles, respectively. Underlying these are their respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the fourth ventricle and the beginning of the central canal. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the fasciculus gracilis from the fasciculus cuneatus. Lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus is the lateral funiculus.
Superior to the obex is the floor of the fourth ventricle. In the floor of the fourth ventricle, various nuclei can be visualized by the small bumps that they make in the overlying tissue. In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the vagal trigone and superior to that it the hypoglossal trigone. Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves. Superior to these trigones are fibers running laterally in both directions. These fibers are known collectively as the striae medullares. Continuing in a rostral direction, the large bumps are called the facial colliculi. Each facial colliculus, contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line, or sulcus that runs rostrally, and is known as the sulcus limitans. This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons. Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the vestibular system, which is involved in special sensation. Moving rostrally, the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum. Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. This marks the end of the pons as the inferior colliculus is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain. Middle cerebellar peduncle is located inferior and lateral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, connecting pons to the cerebellum. Likewise, inferior cerebellar peduncle is found connecting the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum.
Development[edit]
The adult human brainstem emerges from two of the three primary vesicles formed of the neural tube. The mesencephalon is the second of the three primary vesicles, and does not further differentiate into a secondary vesicle. This will become the midbrain. The third primary vesicle, the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) will further differentiate into two secondary vesicles, the metencephalon and the myelencephalon. The metencephalon will become the cerebellum and the pons. The more caudal myelencephalon will become the medulla.
Blood supply[edit]
The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the basilar arteries and the vertebral arteries.[3]
Cranial nerves[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2016)
Main article: cranial nerves
Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves either target or are sourced from the brainstem.[4] The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve (III) and trochlear nerve (IV) are located in the midbrain. The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve (V), abducens nerve (VI), facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) are located in the pons. The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI) and hypoglossal nerve (XII) are located in the medulla. The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei.[5]
Function[edit]
There are three main functions of the brainstem:
The brainstem plays a role in conduction. That is, all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem. The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and include the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature sensation and the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML) including the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus for touch, proprioception, and pressure sensation. The facial sensations have similar pathways, and will travel in the spinothalamic tract and the DCML. Descending tracts are the axons of upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ventral horn and posterior horn. In addition, there are upper motor neurons that originate in the brainstem's vestibular, red, tectal, and reticular nuclei, which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord.
The cranial nerves III-XII emerge from the brainstem.[6] These cranial nerves supply the face, head, and viscera. (The first two pairs of cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum).
The brainstem has integrative functions being involved in cardiovascular system control, respiratory control, pain sensitivity control, alertness, awareness, and consciousness. Thus, brainstem damage is a very serious and often life-threatening problem.
Clinical significance[edit]
Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances, pupil abnormalities, changes in sensation, muscle weakness, hearing problems, vertigo, swallowing and speech difficulty, voice change, and co-ordination problems. Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem may be very precise, although it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem anatomical structures and how to test them.
Brainstem stroke syndrome can cause a range of impairments including locked-in syndrome.
Duret haemorrhages are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the brainstem.[7]
Cysts known as syrinxes can affect the brainstem, in a condition called syringobulbia. These fluid-filed cavities can be congenital, acquired or the result of a tumor.
Criteria for claiming brainstem death in the UK have developed in order to make the decision of when to stop ventilation of somebody who could not otherwise sustain life. These determining factors are that the patient is irreversibly unconscious and incapable of breathing unaided. All other possible causes must be ruled out that might otherwise indicate a temporary condition. The state of irreversible brain damage has to be unequivocal. There are brainstem reflexes that are checked for by two senior doctors so that imaging technology is unnecessary. The absence of the cough and gag reflexes, of the corneal reflex and the vestibulo-ocular reflex need to be established; the pupils of the eyes must be fixed and dilated; there must be an absence of motor response to stimulation and an absence of breathing marked by concentrations of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood. All of these tests must be repeated after a certain time before death can be declared.[8]
Additional images[edit]
The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain.
Brainstem. Anterior face.Deep dissection
Brainstem. Posterior face.Deep dissection
Sagittal section of brainstem marking nuclei
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Triune brain Reptilian brain
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Daniel (2012). Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary (32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1121. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale (2011). Neuroscience (5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 740. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Jump up ^ Purves, Dale (2011). Neuroscience (5. ed.). Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-87893-695-3.
Jump up ^ Vilensky, Joel; Robertson, Wendy; Suarez-Quian, Carlos (2015). The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves: The Nerves of "On Olympus Towering Top". Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-118-49201-7.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 842. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Black's Medical Dictionary 39th edition 1999
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain stem.
Comparative Neuroscience at Wikiversity
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/Meded/Neuro/frames/nlBSsL/nl40fr.htm
http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blbrainstem.htm
http://www.waiting.com/brainanatomy.html
http://braininjuryhelp.com/video-tutorial/brain-injury-help-video-tutorial/
http://www.martindalecenter.com/MedicalAnatomy_3_SAD.html
NIF Search - Brainstem via the Neuroscience Information Framework
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Brain
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Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum
Midbrain
Forebrain
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Retina
Optic nerve
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Limbic system
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic
Sensory nerve
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Cranial nerve
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Anatomy of the medulla
Grey matter
Cranial nuclei
afferent:
Solitary nucleus
tract
Dorsal respiratory group
Gustatory nucleus
Vestibular nuclei
Lateral
Medial
Inferior
efferent:
Hypoglossal nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus
Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
Inferior salivatory nucleus
Dorsal
Gracile nucleus
Cuneate nucleus
Accessory cuneate nucleus
Ventral
Ventral respiratory group
Arcuate nucleus of medulla
Rostral ventromedial medulla
Botzinger complex
Pre-Bötzinger complex
White matter
Dorsal
Sensory
Sensory decussation
Medial lemniscus
Juxtarestiform body
Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Motor
Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Ventral
Descending tracts
Olivocerebellar tract
Rubro-olivary tract
Surface
Front
Pyramid
Anterior median fissure
Anterolateral sulcus
Olive
Inferior olivary nucleus
Back
Posterior median sulcus
Posterolateral sulcus
Area postrema
Vagal trigone
Hypoglossal trigone
Medial eminence
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Grey
Reticular formation
Gigantocellular
Parvocellular
Ventral
Lateral
Paramedian
Raphe nuclei
Obscurus
Magnus
Pallidus
Perihypoglossal nuclei
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Anatomy of the pons
Dorsal/
(tegmentum)
Surface
Cerebellopontine angle
Superior medullary velum
Sulcus limitans
Medial eminence
Facial colliculus
White: Sensory
Trapezoid body
Trigeminal lemniscus
Dorsal trigeminal tract
Ventral trigeminal tract
Medial lemniscus
Lateral lemniscus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Central tegmental tract
White: Motor
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Vestibulocerebellar tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Vestibulospinal tract
Medial vestibulospinal tract
Lateral vestibulospinal tract
Grey: Cranial nuclei
afferent:
GSA
Trigeminal
Principal
Spinal
Cochlear nucleus
Dorsal
Anterior
Vestibular nuclei
Superior
efferent:
SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus
Facial motor nucleus
GSE: Abducens nucleus
GVE: Superior salivary nucleus
Inferior salivary nucleus
Other
Apneustic center
Pneumotaxic center
Parabrachial nuclei
Subparabrachial nucleus
Medial parabrachial nucleus
Lateral parabrachial nucleus
Superior olivary nucleus
Locus coeruleus
Ventral/
(base)
Grey
Pontine nuclei
White: Motor/descending
Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine fibers
MCP
Pontocerebellar fibers
Surface
Basilar sulcus
Other grey: Raphe/
reticular
Reticular formation
Caudal
Oral
Tegmental
Paramedian
Raphe nuclei
Median
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Anatomy of the midbrain
Tectum
(Dorsal)
Surface
Corpora quadrigemina:
Inferior colliculus
Brachium
Superior colliculus
Brachium
Grey matter
Pretectal area
White: Sensory/ascending
Spinotectal tract
Central tegmental tract
White: Motor/descending
Tectospinal tract
Peduncle
(Ventral)
Tegmentum
White: Sensory/ascending
Lemnisci
Medial
Lateral
Ascending MLF
Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
Spinothalamic tract
Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
Dentatothalamic tract
White: Motor/descending
Rubrospinal tract
Rubro-olivary tract
Descending MLF
Grey: cranial nuclei
GSA
Mesencephalic- GSE
Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus- GVE
Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Grey: other
Periaqueductal gray
Raphe nuclei
dorsal
Ventral tegmental area
Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Pedunculopontine nucleus
Red nucleus
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
Parabrachial area
Interpeduncular nucleus
Midbrain reticular formation
Ventricular system
Cerebral aqueduct
Base
White: Motor/descending
Cerebral crus: Corticospinal tract
Corticobulbar tract
Corticopontine tract/Frontopontine fibers/Temporopontine fibers
Grey: Substantia nigra
Pars compacta
Pars reticulata
Surface
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Decussation
Interpeduncular fossa
Authority control
GND: 4072520-0
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text:
The World's End (film)
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The World's End
British theatrical release poster
Directed by
Edgar Wright
Produced by
Nira Park
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Written by
Edgar Wright
Simon Pegg
Starring
Simon Pegg
Nick Frost
Paddy Considine
Martin Freeman
Eddie Marsan
Rosamund Pike
Music by
Steven Price
Cinematography
Bill Pope
Edited by
Paul Machliss
Production
companies
Relativity Media
StudioCanal
Working Title Films
Big Talk Pictures
Distributed by
Universal Pictures (International)
Focus Features (United States)
Release date
10 July 2013 (2013-07-10) (Leicester Square)
19 July 2013 (2013-07-19) (United Kingdom)
23 August 2013 (2013-08-23) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom[2]
Japan[2]
United States[2]
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[3]
Box office
$46.1 million[4]
The World's End is a 2013 comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike. The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during an epic pub crawl in their home town.
Wright has described the film as "social science fiction" in the tradition of John Wyndham and Samuel Youd (John Christopher).[5] It is the third and final film in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, following Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Hot Fuzz (2007). The film was produced by Relativity Media, StudioCanal, Big Talk Productions, and Working Title Films.[6] It grossed $46.1 million against a $20 million budget.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Development
4 Production
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Track list
6 Release
7 Reception
7.1 Box office
7.2 Critical reception
8 Accolades
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Alcoholic Gary King persuades his estranged schoolfriends Peter, Oliver, Steven, and Andy, to complete the "Golden Mile", a pub crawl encompassing the 12 pubs of their hometown of Newton Haven. The group attempted the crawl as teenagers, but failed to reach the final three pubs, including the World's End.
In the second pub, they are joined by Oliver's sister Sam, whose affections Gary and Steven fought over in school. Gary is refused entry to the third pub, having been barred as a teenager, but drinks beer left on a table outside. In the toilets of the fourth pub, Gary picks a fight with a teenager and knocks his head off, exposing him as an android. Gary's friends join him and fight more androids. Realising the town population has been replaced with androids, they decide to continue the pub crawl so as not to arouse suspicion.
At the seventh pub, Gary, Sam and Steven get into a fight with androids impersonating Sam's twin friends. At the eighth pub, androids impersonating girls from their youth attempt to seduce Gary, Andy and Peter, while Basil, a local known for conspiracy theories, explains the details of the android invasion to Steven. At the ninth pub, the group's old schoolteacher Guy Shepherd encourages them to be replaced by androids.
Andy notices that Oliver's birthmark, removed with laser treatment, has re-appeared, and realises he has been replaced with an android; he damages him. Another fight breaks out and the group scatters. Gary and Sam escape and Gary tells her to leave for her safety. The remaining friends accuse each other of having been replaced by androids, but prove their humanity with scars and tattoos the androids lack. The androids capture Peter, but Gary is determined to finish the pub crawl. At the World's End, Andy confronts Gary; he realises that Gary recently attempted suicide and clings to his goal of completing the Mile due to his sense that he has not and cannot achieve anything else in life.
As Andy tries to stop Gary from drawing his final pint, they discover a hidden chamber and reunite with Steven. A disembodied alien entity, the Network, tells them that the android invasion has been responsible for the technological advances in telecommunication over recent decades as part of a first step to joining a galactic community. It offers them eternal youth by becoming androids, but they refuse. Gary persuades them that humanity is too stupid to join the aliens; exasperated, the Network abandons the invasion. Sam arrives to drive the group out of Newton Haven as it self-destructs.
Some time later, the destruction of Newton Haven has triggered a worldwide electromagnetic pulse that destroyed all electrical power on Earth, setting humanity back to the Dark Ages. The remaining androids have reactivated and are mistrusted by surviving humans. Andy's marriage has recovered, Steven is in a relationship with Sam, and android versions of Peter and Oliver have returned to a semblance of their former lives. In the ruins of Newton Haven, the now-sober Gary enters a pub with the android versions of his younger friends and orders water. When the bartender refuses to serve androids, Gary leads his android friends into a brawl.
Cast[edit]
Simon Pegg as Gary King
Thomas Law as young Gary
Nick Frost as Andy Knightley
Zachary Bailess as young Andy
Paddy Considine as Steven Prince
Jasper Levine as young Steven
Martin Freeman as Oliver "O-Man" Chamberlain
Luke Bromley as young Oliver
Eddie Marsan as Peter Page
James Tarpey as young Peter
Rosamund Pike as Sam Chamberlain
Flora Slorach as young Sam
Pierce Brosnan as Guy Shepherd
Bill Nighy (voice) as The Network
David Bradley as Basil
Darren Boyd as Shane Hawkins
Richard Hadfield as young Shane
Michael Smiley as Trevor "The Reverend" Green
Reece Shearsmith as Collaborator #1
Nicholas Burns as Collaborator #2
Steve Oram as Motorcycle Policeman
Sophie Evans as Becky Salt
Samantha White as Erika Leekes
Rose Reynolds as Tracy Benson
Kelly Franklin as Kelly
Francesca Reidie as young Kelly
Stacey Franklin as Stacey
Charlotte Reidie as young Stacey
Alex Austin as Pale Young Man
Jonathan Aris as Group Leader
Jenny Bede as Fitness Instructor
Angie Wallis as Peter's Wife
Paul Bentall as Peter's Dad
Richard Graham as Head Builder
Alice Lowe as Young Lady
Rafe Spall as Young Man
Leo Thompson as Felicity
Julia Deakin as B&B Landlady
Greg Townley as Greg
Sebastian Zaniesienko as Seb
Luke Scott as Luke
Tyler Dobbs as Tyler
Samuel Mak as Sam
Teddy Kempner as Publican #1
Mark Kempner as Publican #2
Nick Holder as Publican #3
Paul Kennington as Publican #4
Mike Sarne as Publican #5
Mark Heap as Publican #6
Ken Bones as Publican #7
James Granstrom as Adrian Keane
Gabe Cronnelly as Upstairs Beehive Man
Patricia Franklin as Upstairs Beehive Lady
Mark Donovan as Big Ugly Bastard #1
Ricky Champ as Big Ugly Bastard #2
Garth Jennings (uncredited) as Man in Pub #5
Peter Serafinowicz (uncredited) as Knock-a-Door Run Home Owner [7]
Development[edit]
The World's End began as a screenplay titled Crawl about a group of teenagers on a pub crawl; it was written by Edgar Wright at the age of 21. He realised the idea could work with adult characters to capture "the bittersweet feeling of returning to your home town and feeling like a stranger".[8] Wright said he wanted to satirise the "strange homogeneous branding that becomes like a virus", explaining: "This doesn't just extend to pubs, it's the same with cafés and restaurants. If you live in a small town and you move to London, which I did when I was 20, then when you go back out into the other small towns in England you go 'oh my god, it's all the same!' It's like Bodysnatchers: literally our towns are being changed to death."[9]
In an interview for Entertainment Weekly, Pegg told Clark Collis, "People think we choose the genre first every time, and it's not true. We find the stories first. The notion of alienation from your hometown taken to its literal conclusion was how we got to science fiction."[10]
After the story was complete, Wright and Pegg examined a list of real pub names and "tried to make them like tarot cards" to foreshadow the events of the story. Wright explained: "So we said, 'OK this one's the Famous Cock, because this is where Gary is trying to puff up his own importance.' ... We did go through and work out in each one how the pub sign was going to relate."[9]
Production[edit]
The Gardeners Arms pub on the boundary of Letchworth was used as the shooting location for the final pub, the World's End
Principal photography for The World's End began on 28 September 2012.[11] Filming took place in Hertfordshire, at Elstree Studios, Letchworth Garden City, and Welwyn Garden City.[12] Part of the film was also shot at High Wycombe railway station, Buckinghamshire.[13]
All twelve pubs in the film use identical signage on menus and walls, reflecting what Wright called "that fake hand-written chalk" common to modern British pubs.[9] The exteriors of the real pubs were shot at locations in Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth Garden City, with altered signage.[14] Letchworth Garden City railway station got a makeover as the "Hole in the Wall".[15] Stunts were coordinated by Brad Allen of martial arts film director Jackie Chan's team. Wright said: "In Drunken Master, Jackie Chan has to get drunk to fight, but this is more the idea of Dutch courage. You know, when you're kind of drunk and you think 'ah, I can climb up that scaffolding!' Or just that you're impervious to pain. One of the things we talked about is this idea that [the characters] become better fighters the more oiled they get."[9]
The Broadway Cinema, Letchworth, a renovated independent cinema built in a quintessentially Art Deco style in the 1930s,[16] was used to portray the Mermaid pub. This cinema was also the first outside London to play the film, with a special introduction by Pegg thanking the residents of Letchworth for their help during its making; over 800 viewers watched the film at the cinema on its opening night.[17]
Soundtrack[edit]
The World's End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
5 August 2013 (2013-08-05)
Genre
Alternative rock, indie rock, Madchester, alternative dance, Britpop, psychedelic rock, dance-pop
Length
74:59
Label
ABKCO Records
Edgar Wright film soundtrack chronology
Scott Pilgrim vs. The World
(2010)Scott Pilgrim vs. The World2010 The World's End
(2013) Baby Driver
(2017)Baby Driver2017
The film uses what the New York Post's Kyle Smith called "a brilliant Madchester soundtrack",[18] alternative rock and pop music from the time of the characters' adolescence. Wright explained: "A lot of those songs are ones that really hit me and Simon hard when we were that age... [Gary] is still living by those rules. It's like he decided to take 'Loaded' and 'I'm Free' to heart and thinks the party's never going to end."[9]
The soundtrack for the film was released on 5 August 2013 in the UK and 20 August 2013 in the United States, with the film's score, composed by Steven Price, released on the same day.
The only songs featured in the film that did not make it onto the soundtrack are "The Only One I Know", "Summer's Magic" and "The Only Rhyme That Bites", by The Charlatans, Mark Summers and 808 State respectively. The original soundtrack tributes the song "No Opportunity Necessary, No Experience Needed" by Yes when the young characters reach the hills.
Track list[edit]
In addition to songs featured in the movie, the album also features dialogue snippets. The track list for the soundtrack is as follows:[19]
"Loaded" (single edit) – Primal Scream (4:21)
"There's No Other Way" – Blur (3:19)
Dialogue: "I Put This On a Tape for You" – Simon Pegg and Paddy Considine (0:09)
"I'm Free" – The Soup Dragons (3:50)
"Step On" – Happy Mondays (5:14) [Deluxe version bonus track]
Dialogue: "Was The Music Too Loud?" – Steve Oram and Simon Pegg (0:04) [Deluxe version bonus track]
"So Young" – Suede (3:37)
"Old Red Eyes Is Back" – The Beautiful South (3:32) [Deluxe version bonus track]
Dialogue: "A Humble Taproom" – Simon Pegg and Nick Frost (0:15) [Deluxe version bonus track]
"Come Home" (Flood mix) – James (3:53) [Deluxe version bonus track]
"Do You Remember the First Time?" – Pulp (4:22)
Dialogue: "Welcome" – Simon Pegg (0:04)
"What You Do to Me" – Teenage Fanclub (1:57)
"Fools Gold" (single edit) – The Stone Roses (4:15)
"Get a Life" – Soul II Soul (3:36)
Dialogue: "We Have Changed" – Nick Frost (0:07)
"This Is How It Feels" – Inspiral Carpets (3:10) [Deluxe version bonus track]
"Alabama Song (Whisky Bar)" – The Doors (3:16)
"Wear Your Love Like Heaven" – Definition of Sound (3:43)
Dialogue: "This Is What the Kids Want" – Simon Pegg and Martin Freeman (0:07)
"Step Back in Time" – Kylie Minogue (3:04) [Deluxe version bonus track]
"Join Our Club" – Saint Etienne (3:15)
"Here's Where the Story Ends" – The Sundays (3:52)
Dialogue: "I Hate This Town" – Nick Frost (0:04)
"20 Seconds to Comply" (World's End Bomb Squad mix re-edit) – Silver Bullet (4:35)
"This Corrosion" (single edit) – The Sisters of Mercy (4:21)
"Happy Hour" – The Housemartins (2:21)
Dialogue: "Let's Boo Boo" – Simon Pegg and Paddy Considine (0:24)
Release[edit]
The World's End premiered on 10 July 2013 at Leicester Square in London[20][21] and was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom.[20] It was released in the United States on 23 August 2013.[22]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The World's End earned £2,122,288 during its UK opening weekend, losing the top spot to Monsters University. Its weekend grosses were higher than Shaun of the Dead's £1.6 million but lower than Hot Fuzz's £5.4 million.[23]
In the United States, the movie was released on 23 August and earned $3.5 million on its opening day, beating out The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones and You're Next. The World's End also had the highest per-theatre average out of all films in theatres throughout the country on its opening day.[24] On its opening weekend, the film landed in fourth place with $8,790,237, behind Lee Daniels' The Butler, We're the Millers, and The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones.[25] This exceeded box office expectations ranging from $7 million[26] to $8.5 million,[27] and The World's End's opening weekend earned the most out of all films in the Cornetto Trilogy.[28]
Critical reception[edit]
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89% approval rating with a weighted average score of 7.4/10 based on 218 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Madcap and heartfelt, Edgar Wright's apocalypse comedy The World's End benefits from the typically hilarious Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, with a plethora of supporting players."[29] The film also holds a Metacritic score of 81 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 45 collected reviews.[30]
Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, praising it as "hilarious" and the "best" collaboration of Wright, Pegg and Frost, saying that "these pint-swilling Peter Pans also know how to work the heart and the brain for belly laughs... The finale is a little too shaggy and silly. But what do you expect after a dozen beers?"[31] Mark Dinning of Empire magazine gave the film four stars out of five, writing: "Bravely refusing to rigidly adhere to a formula that has been so successful, Wright, Pegg and Frost's Cornetto Trilogy closer has tonal shifts you won't expect, but the same beating heart you've been craving."[32] Movie blog eatpraymedia gave the film four and a half stars, calling it "...the perfect antidote to big budget movie making."[33] Henry Barnes of The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five, writing: "With this final film they've slowed down a bit, grown up a lot. And saved the richest bite until last."[34]
Accolades[edit]
The World's End received two Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations, for Best Actor in a Comedy (for Simon Pegg) and for Best Comedy, but lost to The Wolf of Wall Street and American Hustle respectively.
The film won Best British Film at the 19th Empire Awards held in London in March 2014.
It received nominations for three awards at the 40th Saturn Awards: Best International Film, Best Writing, and Best Actor for Pegg.[35]
See also[edit]
List of public house topics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "THE WORLD'S END (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The World's End". British Film Institute. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Simon Pegg: The World's End is $4 million shy of double what Hot Fuzz cost". radiotimes.com. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (18 August 2013). "The World's End (2013)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Hewitt, Chris (28 May 2012). "Pegg And Wright Talk The World's End". Empire. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World's End". Big Talk Productions. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Edgar Wright on The World's End, Man-Child Movies, and Not Tweeting While Making Ant-Man". Vulture. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Xan; Barnes, Henry (17 July 2013). "The World's End: Simon Pegg, Nick Frost and Edgar Wright on their apocalypse comedy - video interview | Film | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Franklin, Oliver (17 July 2013). "Edgar Wright interview on The World's End, pubs & Ant Man - Film - GQ.COM (UK)". Gq-magazine.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Collis, Clark (30 August 2013). "3 Blokes. 3 Films. Many, Many Laughs". Entertainment Weekly: 47.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (28 September 2012). "Production Begins on Edgar Wright's THE WORLD'S END; Martin Freeman and Eddie Marsan Join the Cast". Collider.com. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Creative England supports the production and filming of The World's End". Creative England. 4 July 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Cain, Rebecca (14 Oct 2012). "Film crews at High Wycombe train station". Bucks Free Press. Retrieved 10 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Railway Station looks a bit different this morning". facebook.com. Love Letchworth. Retrieved 23 November 2012. [unreliable source?]
Jump up ^ Davies, Alan (21 July 2013). "The World's End pub crawl locations revealed". Welwyn Hatfield Times. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cine-files: Broadway Cinema, Letchworth Garden City". The Guardian. 3 July 2012. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Tanna, Chandni (19 July 2013). "Letchworth premiere of The World's End a big hit with viewers". The Comet. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Smith, Kyle (22 August 2013). "The World's End can't come soon enough". New York Post. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather. "The World's End: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack review". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Kemp, Stuart (10 July 2013). "The World's End Premiere: Cast Celebrates Boozy Pub Crawl Comedy in London". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ "The stars come out for Simon Pegg at The World's End premiere". Evening Standard. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ (20 March 2013). "Edgar Wright's The World's End US Release Date Pulled Forward to August". /Film. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (24 July 2013). "Monsters University holds off The World's End at UK box office". Digital Spy. Retrieved 25 July 2013. .
Jump up ^ "Daily Box Office for Friday, August 23, 2013". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for August 23-25, 2013". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray. "Forecast: You're Next Targets Top Spot on Quiet August Weekend". Box Office Mojo. .
Jump up ^ Weekend Forecast: The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones, The World's End, & You're Next.
Jump up ^ Subers, Ray. "Weekend Report: 'Butler' Repeats, Newcomers All Open Below $10 Million". Box Office Mojo. .
Jump up ^ "The World's End". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World's End". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Nashawaty, Chris (31 August 2013). "The World's End". Entertainment Weekly. p. 48. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Dinning, Mark. "The World's End". Empire. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The World's End Review: The tastiest Cornetto is the one you wait for". Retrieved 2013-08-21.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Henry (9 July 2013). "The World's End - first look review". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
Jump up ^ "Gravity, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Lead Saturn Awards Noms"
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The World's End (film).
The World's End on IMDb
The World's End at Rotten Tomatoes
The World's End at Box Office Mojo
The World's End at Metacritic
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The World's End (2013)
Baby Driver (2017)
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Don't (2007)
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Billy Elliot (2001)
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28 Days Later (2003)
Love Actually (2004)
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Pride & Prejudice (2006)
United 93 (2007)
Atonement (2008)
RocknRolla (2009)
Harry Brown (2010)
Kick-Ass (2011)
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (2012)
Sightseers (2013)
The World's End (2014)
Kingsman: The Secret Service (2015)
Spectre (2016)
I, Daniel Blake (2017)
God's Own Country (2018)
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