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IEC 60320
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"IEC connector" redirects here. For other uses, see IEC connector (disambiguation).
IEC 60320 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes[1] is a set of standards from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) specifying non-locking appliance and interconnection couplers for connecting power supply cords to electrical appliances of voltage not exceeding 250 V (a.c.) and rated current not exceeding 16 A.[2] Different types of connector (distinguished by shape and size) are specified for different combinations of current, temperature and earthing requirements. Unlike IEC 60309 connectors, they are not coded for voltage; users must ensure that the voltage rating of the equipment is compatible with the mains supply.
The first edition of IEC 320 (later renumbered IEC 60320) was published in 1970.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Terminology
2 Application
3 Standards
3.1 Parts of the standard
3.2 Contents of standards
4 North American ratings
5 Appliance couplers
5.1 C1/C2 coupler
5.2 C5/C6 coupler
5.3 C7/C8 coupler
5.4 C13/C14 coupler
5.5 C15/C16 coupler
5.5.1 C15A/C16A coupler
5.6 C17/C18 coupler
5.7 C19/C20 coupler
5.8 Withdrawn and other standard sheets
6 Interconnection couplers
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Terminology[edit]
Appliance couplers enable the use of standard inlets and country-specific cord sets which allow manufacturers to produce the same appliance for many markets, where only the cord set has to be changed for a particular market. Interconnection couplers allow a power supply from a piece of equipment or an appliance to be made available to other equipment or appliances. Couplers described under these standards have standardized current and temperature ratings.
Each type of coupler is identified by a standard sheet number. For appliance couplers this consists of the letter "C" followed by a number, where the standard sheet for the male appliance inlet is 1 higher than the sheet for the corresponding female cable connector. Many types of coupler also have common names. The most common ones are IEC connector for the common C13 and C14, the figure-8 connector for C7 and C8, and cloverleaf connector or Mickey Mouse connector for the C5/C6. Kettle plug is a colloquial term used for the high-temperature C16 appliance inlet (and sometimes, wrongly, for the mating C15 female connector). "Kettle plug" is sometimes mistakenly used to refer to regular temperature-rated C13 and C14 connectors, which should not be used with heating appliances.
Application[edit]
Detachable appliance couplers are used in office equipment, measuring instruments, IT environments, and medical devices, among many types of equipment for worldwide distribution. Each appliance's power system must be adapted to the different plugs used in different regions. An appliance with a permanently-attached plug for use in one country cannot be readily sold in another which uses an incompatible wall socket; this requires keeping track of variations throughout the product's life cycle from assembly and testing to shipping and repairs.
Instead, a country-specific power supply cord can be included in the product packaging, so that model variations are minimized and factory testing is simplified. A cord which is fitted with non-rewireable (usually moulded) connectors at both ends is termed a cord set. Appliance manufacturing may be simplified by mounting an appliance coupler directly on the printed circuit board. Assembly and handling of an appliance is easier if the power cord can be removed without much effort.
Appliances can be used in another country easily, with a simple change of the power supply cord (including a connector and a country-specific plug). The power supply cord can be replaced easily if damaged, because it is a standardized part that can be unplugged and re-inserted. Safety hazards, maintenance expenditure and repairs are minimized.
Standards[edit]
Parts of the standard[edit]
IEC 60320 is divided into several parts:
IEC 60320-1: General Requirements specifies two-pole and two-pole with earth couplers intended for the connection of a supply cord to electrical appliances.[2] As from IEC 60320-1:2015 this part also applies to interconnection couplers which enable the connection and disconnection of an appliance to a cord leading to another appliance. This part of the standard no longer includes standard sheets which have been moved to a new part first published in 2014: IEC 60320-3.
IEC 60320-2-1: Sewing machine couplers specifies couplers which are not interchangeable with other couplers from IEC 60320, for use with household sewing machines. They are rated no higher than 2.5 A and 250 V (a.c.).[4]
IEC 60320-2-2 Interconnection couplers for household and similar equipment. This section was withdrawn in January 2016. The general requirements for these items are now included in IEC 60320-1 and the standard sheets are part of IEC 60320-3.
IEC 60320-2-3: Couplers with a degree of protection higher than IPX0[5] specifies couplers with some degree of liquid ingress protection.
IEC 60320-2-4: Couplers dependent on appliance weight for engagement.[6]
IEC 60320-3: Standard sheets and gauges.[7] This part includes the standard sheets for both appliance couplers and interconnection couplers. For appliance couplers the various coupler outlines are designated using a combination of letters and numbers, e.g., "C14". The female part connector supplies power to the male appliance inlet. The male part is designated by the even number one greater than the number assigned to the female part, so a C1 connector mates with a C2 inlet, and a C15A mates with a C16A. Interconnection couplers have single letter designators, e.g., "F". They consist of two parts: a plug connector, which is the part integral with, or intended to be attached to, the cord, and an appliance outlet, which is the part integrated or incorporated in the appliance or equipment or intended to be fixed to it, and from which the supply is obtained.
Contents of standards[edit]
The standards define the mechanical, electrical and thermal requirements and safety goals of power couplers. The standard scope is limited to appliance couplers with a rated voltage not exceeding 250 V (a.c.) at 50 Hz or 60 Hz, and a rated current not exceeding 16 A. Further sub-parts of IEC 60320 focus on special topics such as protection ratings and appliance specific requirements.
Selection of a coupler depends in part on the IEC appliance classes. The shape and dimensions of appliance inlets and connectors are coordinated so that a connector with lower current rating, temperature rating, or polarization cannot be inserted into an appliance inlet that requires higher ratings. (i.e. a Protection Class II connector cannot mate with a Class I inlet which requires an earth); whereas connecting a Class I to a Class II appliance inlet is possible because it creates no safety hazard.
Pin temperature is measured where the pin projects from the engagement surface. The maximum permitted pin temperatures, are 70 °C, 120 °C, and 155 °C, respectively (the higher temperatures are not applicable to interconnection couplers). The pin temperature is determined by the design of the appliance, and its interior temperature, rather than by its ambient temperature. Typical applications with increased pin temperatures include appliances with heating coils such as ovens or electric grills. It is generally possible to use a connector with a higher rated temperature with a lower rated appliance inlet, but the keying feature of the inlet prevents use of a connector with a lower temperature rating.
Connectors are also classified according to the method of connecting the cord, either as rewirable connectors or non-rewirable connectors.
In addition the standards define further general criteria such as withdrawal forces, testing procedures, the minimum number of insertion cycles, and the number of flexings of cords.
IEC 60320-1 defines a cord set as an "assembly consisting of one cable or cord fitted with one plug and one connector, intended for the connection of an electrical appliance or equipment to the electrical supply". It also defines an interconnection cord set as an "assembly consisting of one cable or cord fitted with one plug connector and one connector, intended for the interconnection between two electrical appliances".
In addition to the connections within the standards, as mentioned, there are possible combinations between appliance couplers and IEC interconnection couplers. Fitted with a flexible cord, the components become interconnection cords to be used for connecting appliances or for extending other interconnection cords or power supply cords.
North American ratings[edit]
North American rating agencies (CSA, NOM-ANCE, and UL) will certify IEC 60320 connectors for higher currents than are specified in the IEC standard itself. In particular, UL will certify:
C5/C6 connectors for up to 13 A,[8] although 10 A is more commonly seen (IEC maximum is 2.5 A)
C7/C8 connectors for up to 10 A[9] (IEC maximum is 2.5 A)
C13/C14 and C15/C16 connectors for up to 15 A[10] (IEC maximum is 10 A)
C19/C20 and C21/C22 connectors for up to 20 A[11] (IEC maximum is 16 A)
Given the 120V±5% mains supply used in the United States[12] and Canada,[13] these higher ratings permit devices with C6 and C8 inputs to draw more than 114×2.5 = 285 W from the mains, and devices with C14 inputs to draw more than 1140 W from the mains.
This is exploited by high-powered computer power supplies, up to 1200 W output, and even some particularly efficient 1500 W output models[14] to use the more popular C14 input on products sold worldwide.
Although less common, power bricks with C6 and C8 inputs and ratings up to 300 W also exist.
Appliance couplers[edit]
The dimensions and tolerances for connectors and appliance inlets are given in standard sheets, which are dimensioned drawings showing the features required for safety and interchangeability.
Appliance couplers
Connector (female)[15]
Appliance inlet (male)[16]
Diagram
Pin spacing,
centres (mm)
Earth contact
Appliance class
Rewirable
connector
allowed?
Max. current
(A)
Max. pin temp.
(°C)
Remarks and example uses
C1 C2 6.6 No II No 0.2 70 Not polarized. Electric shaver.
C3 C4 10 No II 2.5 70 Polarized, similar connector to C5/C6 but with a key ridge instead of an earthing conductor, withdrawn from standard.
C5 C6 10 (H)
4.5 (V) Yes I No 2.5 70 Many small switched-mode power supplies used for laptops. Commonly referred to as a Clover-leaf or Mickey Mouse connector due to its shape.
C7 C8 8.6 No II No 2.5 70 Not polarized. Domestic Audio, video, radio equipment and double insulated power supplies. C8 inlet is 10 mm deep, C8A and C8B inlets are 15.5 mm deep. Commonly referred to as a "figure of 8".
There is a similar polarized connector having one squared side, (see outline below), but this is not part of the standard.
C9 C10 10 No II No 6 70 Not polarized. This kind of coupler is used by Roland Corporation for a couple of synthesizer and drum computer models (for example: TR-909) and by Revox for many older models of their HiFi equipment (for example, A76, A77, A78, B77, B225). Was also used heavily on Marantz Hifi equipment in the 1980s and 1990s
C11 C12 10 No II 10 70 Polarized, similar to C9 with a slot in the connector, withdrawn from standard.
C13 C14 14 (H)
4 (V) Yes I Yes 10 70 Very common on personal computers and peripherals. Commonly but incorrectly referred to as a "kettle cord", but kettles actually require the C15/C16.
C15 C16 14 (H)
4 (V) Yes I Yes 10 120 For use in high temperature settings (for example, electric kettle, computer networking closets). Also used in Cisco MDS9500 series rack-mounted SAN switches,[17] HP Procurve Switches and early Xbox 360 power supplies.
C15A C16A 14 (H)
4 (V) Yes I Yes 10 155 For use in very high temperature settings. Similar to C15/C16, but the top is narrowed to exclude the C15 cord connector.
C17 C18 14 No II No 10 70 Later model Xbox 360 power supplies, Xbox One power supply (not applicable for Xbox One S)[18] some vacuum cleaners, a few models of CPAP machines, some higher end audio equipment, Sony televisions, medical devices intended for use in a home healthcare environment that are IEC-60601-1-11 1.0 (2010) compliant.
C19 C20 13 (H)
8 (V) Yes I Yes 16 70 Common on Enterprise-class servers and datacenter rack-mounted power distribution units, Late 2005 PowerMac G5, Cisco 6500 Series Power Supplies, Cisco UCS 5108 Chassis, Nexus 7000 Series Core Router Power Supplies, Also used in Cisco MDS9700 series rack-mounted SAN switches.
C21 C22 13 (H)
8 (V) Yes I Yes 16 155 High-temperature variant of C19/C20
C23 C24 13 No II No 16 70 Ungrounded variant of C19/C20
C1/C2 coupler[edit]
The C1 coupler and C2 inlet were commonly used for mains powered electric shavers. These have largely been supplanted by cordless shavers with rechargeable batteries or corded shavers which use an AC adapter.
C5/C6 coupler[edit]
This coupler is sometimes colloquially called a cloverleaf coupler or "Mickey Mouse" (because the cross section looks like the silhouette of the Disney character).
The C6 inlet is used on laptop power supplies and portable projectors, as well as on some desktop computers and recent LCD televisions from LG.
C7/C8 coupler[edit]
Commonly known as a figure-8 or shotgun connector due to the shape of its cross-section. This coupler is often used for small cassette recorders, battery/mains operated radios, battery chargers, some full size audio-visual equipment, laptop computer power supplies, video game consoles, and similar double-insulated appliances.
A C8B inlet type is defined by the standard, for use by dual-voltage appliances; it has three pins, and can hold a C7 connector in either of two positions, allowing the user to select voltage by choosing the position the connector is inserted.[19]
A similar but polarized connector has been made, but is not part of the standard. Sometimes called C7P, it is asymmetrical, with one side squared off. Unpolarized C7 connectors can be inserted into the polarized inlets; however, doing so might be a safety risk if the device is designed for polarized power. Although not specified by IEC 60230, and not clear if any formal written standard exists, the most common wiring appears to connect the squared side to the neutral, and the rounded to the hot line.[20][21]
C13/C14 coupler[edit]
Most desktop computers use the C14 inlet to attach the power cord to the power supply, as do many instrument amplifiers, monitors, printers and other peripherals. A power cord with a suitable power plug (for the locality where appliance is being used) on one end and a C13 connector (connecting to the appliance) on the other is commonly called an IEC cord. IEC cords are used to power many pieces of electronic equipment, including computers, instrument amplifiers, professional audio equipment and virtually all professional video equipment.
There are also a variety of splitter blocks, splitter cables, and similar devices available. These are usually un-fused (with the exception of C13 cords attached to BS 1363 plugs, which are always fused).
These cables are sometimes inappropriately referred to as a "kettle cord" or "kettle lead", but the C13/14 connectors are only rated for 70 °C; a device such as a kettle requires the C15/16 connector, rated for 120 °C.
C15/C16 coupler[edit]
Some electric kettles and similar hot household appliances like home stills use a supply cord with a C15 connector, and a matching C16 inlet on the appliance; their temperature rating is 120 °C rather than the 70 °C of the similar C13/C14 combination. The official designation in Europe for the C15/C16 coupler is a 'hot condition' coupler.
These are similar in form to the C13/C14 coupler, except with a ridge opposite the earth in the C16 inlet (preventing a C13 fitting), and a corresponding valley in the C15 connector (which doesn't prevent it fitting a C14 inlet). For example, an electric kettle cord can be used to power a computer, but an unmodified computer cord cannot be used to power a kettle.
There is some public confusion between C13/C14 and C15/C16 couplers, and it is not uncommon for C13/C14 to be loosely referred to as "kettle plug" or "kettle lead" (or some local equivalent).
In European countries the C15/C16 coupler has replaced and made obsolete the formerly common types of national appliance coupler in many applications.
C15A/C16A coupler[edit]
There is also a C15A/C16A coupler, with an even higher (155 °C) temperature rating.
C17/C18 coupler[edit]
Similar to C13/C14 coupler, but unearthed. A C18 inlet will accept a C13 connector but a C14 inlet will not accept a C17 connector.
The IBM Wheelwriter series of electronic typewriters are one common application. Three wire cords with C13 connectors, which are easier to find, are sometimes used in place of the two wire cords for replacement. In this case, the ground wire will not be connected.
The C17/C18 coupler is often used in audio applications where a floating ground is maintained to eliminate hum caused by ground loops. Other common applications are the power supplies of Xbox 360 game consoles, replacing the C15/C16 coupler employed initially, and large CRT televisions manufactured by RCA in the early 1990s.
C19/C20 coupler[edit]
Earthed, 16 A, polarized. This coupler is used for some IT applications where higher currents are required, as for instance, on high-power workstations and servers, uninterruptible power supplies, power distribution units, large network routers, switches, blade enclosures, and similar equipment. This connector can also be found on high current medical equipment. It is rectangular and has pins parallel to the long axis of the coupler face.
Withdrawn and other standard sheets[edit]
C3, C4, C11 and C12 standard sheets are no longer[when?] listed in the standard.
Standard sheet C25 shows retaining device dimensions. Sheet C26 shows detail dimensions for pillar-type terminals, where the end of the screw bears on a wire directly or through a pressure plate. Sheet 27 shows details for screw terminals, where the wire is held by wrapping it around the head of a screw.
Interconnection couplers[edit]
Interconnection couplers are similar to appliance couplers, but the female part is a power outlet that is built into a piece of equipment, while the male part is attached to a cord. They are identified by letters, not numbers, with one letter identifying the cord plug, and the alphabetical next letter identifying the mating appliance outlet. For example, an E plug fits into an F outlet.
The dimensions and tolerances for plug connectors and appliance outlets are given in standard sheets, which are dimensioned drawings showing the features required for safety and interchangeability.
Interconnection couplers
Plug connector (male)
Appliance outlet (female)
Drawing
Pin spacing,
centres (mm)
Earth contact
Appliance class
Rewirable
connector
allowed?
Max. current
(A)
Remarks and example uses
A B 10 (H)
4.5 (V) Yes I No 2.5 Commonly referred to as a Clover-leaf or Mickey Mouse connector due to its shape.
C D 8.6 No II No 2.5 Not polarized. Commonly referred to as a "figure of 8" or "figure 8".
E F 14 (H)
4 (V) Yes I Yes 10 Very common for power distribution on computer and instrument equipment racks, used to be common as a means of connecting power from a PC to a monitor.
G H 14 No II No 10 Ungrounded variant of E/F
I J 13 (H)
8 (V) Yes I Yes 16 Common on Enterprise-class servers and datacenter rack-mounted power distribution units.
K L 13 No II Yes 16 Ungrounded variant of I/J
Type E plug connector to IEC 60320-2-2
Some desktop computers provide both a C14 inlet (lower) and a type F outlet (upper) for powering the monitor.
Uninterruptible power supply with a C14 inlet (lower left) and four type F outlets (right).
Cables with a C13 connector at one end and a type E plug connector at the other are commonly available. They have a variety of common uses including connecting power between older PCs and their monitors, extending existing power cords, connecting to type F outlets strips (commonly used with rack-mount gear to save space and for international standardization) and connecting computer equipment to the output of a uninterruptible power supply (UPS). Type J outlets are used in a similar way.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IEC 60320.
AC power plugs and sockets
Power entry module
IEC 60309 specifies larger couplers used for higher currents, higher voltages, and polyphase systems.
IEC 60906-1 A proposed standard for domestic wall sockets.
NEMA connector North American standard for building receptacles and compatible cord connectors
References[edit]
Jump up ^ BS EN 60320-1:2015 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes
^ Jump up to: a b "IEC 60320-1". IEC Webstore. International Electrotechnical Commission.
Jump up ^ Sophie J. Chumas (ed), Index of international standards, Volume 390 of NBS special publication, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards 1974, top of book page 11.
Jump up ^ IEC 60320-2-1 edition 2.0 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes — Part 2-1: Sewing machine couplers
Jump up ^ IEC 60320-2-3 consolidated edition 1.1 with amendment 1 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes — Part 2-3: Appliance couplers with a degree of protection higher than IPX0
Jump up ^ IEC 60320-2-4 edition 1.0 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes - Part 2-4: Couplers dependent on appliance weight for engagement
Jump up ^ Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes - Part 3: Standard sheets and gauges
Jump up ^ UL certification E152635 covering YC-14 C5 and YP-34 C6 connectors. Note that the manufacturer's page only mentions the 10 A rating when used with 18 AWG wire; the UL certification allows 13 A when used with 16 AWG wire. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
Jump up ^ UL certification E152635 covering YC-13 C7 and YP-31 C8 connectors. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
Jump up ^ UL certification E152635 covering YC-12 C13, YC-20 C15 and YP-32 C14 connectors. Note that the manufacturer's YC-20 label contains an error; the wire gauges (18, 16, 14) are repeated in the "current rating" column; the UL certification contains the correct values (10 A, 13 A, 15 A). Retrieved 2014-09-24.
Jump up ^ UL certification E152635 covering YC-18 C19, YC-25 C21 and YP-33 C20 connectors. Note that the manufacturer's page only mentions the 16 A rating when used with 14 AWG wire; the UL certification allows 20 A when used with 12 AWG wire. Retrieved 2014-09-24.
Jump up ^ ANSI C84.1: American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)
Jump up ^ CAN3-C235-83: Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50 000 V
Jump up ^ One arbitrarily chosen example of a 1500 W PSU with a C14 input is the Enermax MAXREVO 1500 W 80+ Gold. It manages to fit within the 15 A input current limit because of its 80 Plus gold efficiency.
Jump up ^ [1], Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, Phillip A. Laplante, Springer, 1999, p.243 (retrieved 26 March 2014 from Google Books)
Jump up ^ Laplante, Phillip A. (1999), Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering, Springer, p. 395 – via Google Books
Jump up ^ Cisco MDS 9216 Switch Hardware Installation Guide
Jump up ^ "Xbox One Power Supply | Xbox One Console". support.xbox.com. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
Jump up ^ Australian/New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 60320.1:2004, Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes Part 1: General Requirements (IEC 60320-1, Ed. 2.0 (2001) MOD). This is the Australian version of the IEC standard with national variations shown.
Jump up ^ Specification drawing of Yung Li polarized power cable showing which pins connect to which wires.
Jump up ^ Specification drawing of Quail polarized power cable showing which pins connect to which wires.
IEC 60799 edition 2.0 Electrical accessories — Cord sets and interconnection cord sets
International Standardized Appliance Connectors (IEC-60320) Reference Chart Includes diagrams of all couplers, their rated current, equipment class, and temperature rating.
External links[edit]
"IEC 60320" at International Electrotechnical Commission
Previews (table of contents and introduction) of IEC standard 60320: Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes:
IEC 60320-1 General requirements
IEC 60320-2-1 Sewing machine couplers
IEC 60320-2-3 Appliance couplers with a degree of protection higher than IPX0
IEC 60320-2-4 Couplers dependent on appliance weight for engagement
IEC 60320-3 Standard sheets and gauges
Indian national standards equivalent to IEC standards:
IS/IEC 60320-1:2001 General requirements
IS/IEC 60320-2-2:1998 Interconnection couplers for household and similar equipment
IS/IEC 60320-2-3:1998 Appliance couplers with a degree of protection higher than IPX0
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Intranet
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Internet.
An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organisation's staff.[1][2] Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form an intranet is established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).[3][4][5]
Intranets began to appear in a range of larger organizations from 1994.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
2 Benefits
3 Planning and creation
4 Intranet software
4.1 Enterprise private network
5 See also
6 References
Uses[edit]
Increasingly, intranets are being used to deliver tools, e.g. collaboration (to facilitate working in groups and teleconferencing) or sophisticated corporate directories, sales and customer relationship management tools, project management etc., to advance productivity.
Intranets are also being used as corporate culture-change platforms. For example, large numbers of employees discussing key issues in an intranet forum application could lead to new ideas in management, productivity, quality, and other corporate issues.
In large intranets, website traffic is often similar to public website traffic and can be better understood by using web metrics software to track overall activity. User surveys also improve intranet website effectiveness.
Larger businesses allow users within their intranet to access public internet through firewall servers. They have the ability to screen messages coming and going keeping security intact. When part of an intranet is made accessible to customers and others outside the business, that part becomes part of an extranet. Businesses can send private messages through the public network, using special encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another.
Intranet user-experience, editorial, and technology teams work together to produce in-house sites. Most commonly, intranets are managed by the communications, HR or CIO departments of large organizations, or some combination of these.
Because of the scope and variety of content and the number of system interfaces, intranets of many organizations are much more complex than their respective public websites. Intranets and their use are growing rapidly. According to the Intranet design annual 2007 from Nielsen Norman Group, the number of pages on participants' intranets averaged 200,000 over the years 2001 to 2003 and has grown to an average of 6 million pages over 2005–2007.[6]
Benefits[edit]
Workforce productivity: Intranets can help users to locate and view information faster and use applications relevant to their roles and responsibilities. With the help of a web browser interface, users can access data held in any database the organization wants to make available, anytime and — subject to security provisions — from anywhere within the company workstations, increasing the employees ability to perform their jobs faster, more accurately, and with confidence that they have the right information. It also helps to improve the services provided to the users.
Time: Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to employees on an as-needed basis; Employees may link to relevant information at their convenience, rather than being distracted indiscriminately by email.
Communication: Intranets can serve as powerful tools for communication within an organization, vertically strategic initiatives that have a global reach throughout the organization. The type of information that can easily be conveyed is the purpose of the initiative and what the initiative is aiming to achieve, who is driving the initiative, results achieved to date, and who to speak to for more information. By providing this information on the intranet, staff have the opportunity to keep up-to-date with the strategic focus of the organization. Some examples of communication would be chat, email, and/or blogs. A great real-world example of where an intranet helped a company communicate is when Nestle had a number of food processing plants in Scandinavia. Their central support system had to deal with a number of queries every day.[7] When Nestle decided to invest in an intranet, they quickly realized the savings. McGovern says the savings from the reduction in query calls was substantially greater than the investment in the intranet.
Web publishing allows cumbersome corporate knowledge to be maintained and easily accessed throughout the company using hypermedia and Web technologies.[8] Examples include: employee manuals, benefits documents, company policies, business standards, news feeds, and even training, can be accessed using common Internet standards (Acrobat files, Flash files, CGI applications). Because each business unit can update the online copy of a document, the most recent version is usually available to employees using the intranet.
Business operations and management: Intranets are also being used as a platform for developing and deploying applications to support business operations and decisions across the internetworked enterprise.[8]
Cost-effective: Users can view information and data via web-browser rather than maintaining physical documents such as procedure manuals, internal phone list and requisition forms. This can potentially save the business money on printing, duplicating documents, and the environment as well as document maintenance overhead. For example, the HRM company PeopleSoft "derived significant cost savings by shifting HR processes to the intranet".[7] McGovern goes on to say the manual cost of enrolling in benefits was found to be USD109.48 per enrollment. "Shifting this process to the intranet reduced the cost per enrollment to $21.79; a saving of 80 percent". Another company that saved money on expense reports was Cisco. "In 1996, Cisco processed 54,000 reports and the amount of dollars processed was USD19 million".[7]
Enhance collaboration: Information is easily accessible by all authorised users, which enables teamwork.[8]
Cross-platform capability: Standards-compliant web browsers are available for Windows, Mac, and UNIX.
Built for one audience: Many companies dictate computer specifications which, in turn, may allow Intranet developers to write applications that only have to work on one browser (no cross-browser compatibility issues). Being able to specifically address your "viewer" is a great advantage. Since Intranets are user-specific (requiring database/network authentication prior to access), you know exactly who you are interfacing with and can personalize your Intranet based on role (job title, department) or individual ("Congratulations Jane, on your 3rd year with our company!").
Promote common corporate culture: Every user has the ability to view the same information within the Intranet.
Immediate updates: When dealing with the public in any capacity, laws, specifications, and parameters can change. Intranets make it possible to provide your audience with "live" changes so they are kept up-to-date, which can limit a company's liability.[8]
Supports a distributed computing architecture: The intranet can also be linked to a company’s management information system, for example a time keeping system.
Planning and creation[edit]
Most organizations devote considerable resources into the planning and implementation of their intranet as it is of strategic importance to the organization's success. Some of the planning would include topics such as determining the purpose and goals of the intranet,[9][10] identifying persons or departments responsible for implementation and management and devising functional plans, page layouts and designs.[11]
The appropriate staff would also ensure that implementation schedules and phase-out of existing systems were organized, while defining and implementing security of the intranet and ensuring it lies within legal boundaries and other constraints. In order to produce a high-value end product, systems planners should determine the level of interactivity (e.g. wikis, on-line forms) desired.
Planners may also consider whether the input of new data and updating of existing data is to be centrally controlled or devolve. These decisions sit alongside to the hardware and software considerations (like content management systems), participation issues (like good taste, harassment, confidentiality), and features to be supported.[12]
Intranets are often static sites; they are a shared drive, serving up centrally stored documents alongside internal articles or communications (often one-way communication). By leveraging firms which specialise in 'social' intranets, organisations are beginning to think of how their intranets can become a 'communication hub' for their entire team.[13] The actual implementation would include steps such as securing senior management support and funding.,[14] conducting a business requirement analysis and identifying users' information needs.
From the technical perspective, there would need to be a co-ordinated installation of the web server and user access network, the required user/client applications and the creation of document framework (or template) for the content to be hosted.[15]
The end-user should be involved in testing and promoting use of the company intranet, possibly through a parallel adoption methodology or pilot programme. In the long term, the company should carry out ongoing measurement and evaluation, including through benchmarking against other company services.[16][17]
Another useful component in an intranet structure might be key personnel committed to maintaining the Intranet and keeping content current. For feedback on the intranet, social networking can be done through a forum for users to indicate what they want and what they do not like.
Intranet software[edit]
Microsoft SharePoint is the dominant software used for creating intranets. Estimates indicate that around 50% of all intranets are developed using SharePoint;[18] however, there are many alternatives.[19]
Enterprise private network[edit]
An enterprise private network is a computer network built by a business to interconnect its various company sites (such as production sites, offices and shops) in order to share computer resources.
Beginning with the digitalisation of telecommunication networks, started in the 1970s in the USA by AT&T,[20] and propelled by the growth in computer systems availability and demands, enterprise networks have been built for decades without the need to append the term private to them. The networks were operated over telecommunication networks and, as for voice communications, a certain amount of security and secrecy was expected and delivered.
But with the Internet in the 1990s came a new type of network, virtual private networks, built over this public infrastructure, using encryption to protect the data traffic from eaves-dropping. So the enterprise networks are now commonly referred to enterprise private networks in order to clarify that these are private networks, in contrast to public networks.
See also[edit]
eGranary Digital Library
Enterprise portal
Intranet portal
Intranet strategies
Intranet Wiki
Intraweb
Kwangmyong (intranet)
Local area network
Private network IP-addresses to be used inside private networks
SharePoint
Virtual workplace
Wide area network
Web portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Nielsen, J. and Sano, D., '1994 Design of SunWeb - Sun Micro-systems' Intranet', Useit.com, 1994.
Jump up ^ "The Difference Between Internet, Intranet, and Extranet", October 19, 1998, Steven L. Telleen, http://www.iorg.com/
Jump up ^ Luk, A. (9 May 1991). "Fujikama goes Unix". IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, 1991. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 2: 783–786. ISBN 0879426381. doi:10.1109/PACRIM.1991.160857. Retrieved 2013-03-04. The internet and intranet Unix network provide a functioning email facility around the world.
Jump up ^ Richardson, C.; Schoultz, M. (14 October 1991). "Formation flight system design concept". Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 1991. Proceedings., IEEE/AIAA 10th: 18–25. doi:10.1109/DASC.1991.177138. Retrieved 2013-03-04. The data transfer task is broken up into two network solutions: an intranet used for transferring data among formation members at high update rates to support close formation flight and an internet used for transferring data among the separate formations at lower update rates.
Jump up ^ RFC 4364
Jump up ^ Pernice Coyne, Kara; Schwartz, Mathew; Nielsen, Jakob (2007), "Intranet Design Annual 2007", Nielsen Norman Group
^ Jump up to: a b c McGovern, Gerry (November 18, 2002). "Intranet return on investment case studies". Retrieved 2009-04-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Christian, Michael (April 2, 2009). "Making the most of your corporate intranet". Retrieved 2009-04-02.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew. "8 good business reasons for having an intranet". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew. "From innovation to operation: the role of the intranet". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ward, Toby (2006-06-11). "Leading an intranet redesign". IntranetBlog. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ LaMee, James A. (2002-04-30). "Intranets and Special Libraries: Making the most of inhouse communications". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ Scaplehorn, geoff (2010-03-01). "Bringing the internet indoors - socialising your intranet". IntranetBlog. Retrieved 2010-03-03.
Jump up ^ Ward, Toby. "Planning: An Intranet Model for success Intranet". Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Intranet: Table of Contents – Macmillan Computer Sciences: Internet and Beyond". Bookrags.com. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Intranet benchmarking explained". Intranet Benchmarking Forum. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ "Benchmarking intranet end user satisfaction". Retrieved 2013-09-03.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew. "On what technologies do companies use to develop their intranets". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Wright, Andrew. "What alternatives are there to SharePoint for an intranet?". Retrieved 3 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "History of network switching". AT&T.
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IMO number
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"IMO 8814275" on Eendracht
Stern of "Evangelia" displaying "IMO 9176187" and port of registry ("Majuro"). In addition to the current name parts of the ship's former names are visible: "Cornelie Oldendorff" and "Asia Melody". The ship's current name is "Evangelia" (as of 2007)
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) number is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the SOLAS Convention to improve maritime safety and security and to reduce maritime fraud. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ship Identification Number
1.1 History
1.2 Assignment and Structure
2 Company and Registered Owner Identification Number
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Ship Identification Number[edit]
The ship number consists of the three letters "IMO" followed by a unique seven-digit number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).[1]
History[edit]
In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A.600(15), "aimed at enhancing maritime safety, and pollution prevention and to facilitate the prevention of maritime fraud" by assigning to each ship a permanent identification number which would continue despite any subsequent change in the vessel's name, ownership or flag.
When made mandatory, through SOLAS regulation XI/3 adopted in 1994 and which came into force on 1 January 1996, it was applied to cargo vessels that are at least 300 gross tons (gt) and passenger vessels of at least 100 gt.[1]
In the SOLAS Convention "cargo ships" means "ships which are not passenger ships".[2] The IMO scheme does not however apply to:
Vessels solely engaged in fishing
Ships without mechanical means of propulsion
Pleasure yachts
Ships engaged on special service (e.g. lightships, SAR vessels)
Hopper barges
Hydrofoils, air cushion vehicles
Floating docks and structures classified in a similar manner
Ships of war and troopships
Wooden ships[1]
"IMO 9319466" on the helideck of M/S Finnmaid
In December 2002, the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Security adopted a number of measures aimed at enhancing security of ships and port facilities. This included a modification to SOLAS Regulation XI-1/3 to require ships' identification numbers to be permanently marked in a visible place either on the ship's hull or superstructure as well as internally and on the ship's certificates. Passenger ships should also carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air.[1]
Assignment and Structure[edit]
When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by Lloyd's Register since 1963.[3] IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by IHS Fairplay (previously Lloyd's Register-Fairplay).[1]
For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, generally upon keel laying. Many vessels which fall outside the mandatory requirements of SOLAS have numbers allocated by Lloyd's Register or IHS Fairplay in the same numerical series, including fishing vessels[4] and commercial yachts.[5]
The IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters "IMO" followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a check digit. The integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of 2 to 7 corresponding to their position from right to left. The rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO 9074729: (9×7) + (0×6) + (7×5) + (4×4) + (7×3) + (2×2) = 139.[6][7]
Company and Registered Owner Identification Number[edit]
In May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009.[8]
The Regulation provides that every ship owner and management company shall have a unique identification number and other amendments require these numbers to be added to the relevant certificates and documents in the International Safety Management Code (ISM) and the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS).[1] Like the IMO ship number, the company identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO. For example, for the ship Atlantic Star, IMO 5304986 refers to the ship manager Pullmantur Cruises Ship Management Ltd and IMO 5364264 to her registered owner, Pullmantur Cruises Empress Ltd.[9]
See also[edit]
Nautical portal
Maritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI), used globally as a national alternate to the IMO number
ENI number, a comparable system for European barges and other inland waterway vessels
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "IMO identification number scheme". International Maritime Organization. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amendments to SOLAS Conventions" (PDF). Class NK. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Infosheet No. 45: Lloyd's Register/International Maritime Organisation Numbers" (PDF). Lloyd's Register. 11 July 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Unique Vessel Identifier (UVI) - Global Record". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Setting Industry Standards". IHS Fairplay. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Vuori, Teppo (21 August 2013). "How to compute check characters for Coden and IMO Number". Teppovuori.fi. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Error messages table". LRIT DB User Manual. European Maritime Safety Agency. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "IMO International Convention Calendar". Class NK. 25 December 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Atlantic Star (8024026)" . Equasis. French Ministry for Transport. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ships by IMO number.
IMO Number Requests by IHS Maritime (free registration required)
Shipfinder Online by IHS Maritime (subscription required)
Equasis.org (free registration required)
Marinetraffic.com (no registration)
Vesselfinder.com (no registration)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IMO_number&oldid=822335732"
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Ship registration
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This page was last edited on 25 January 2018, at 19:57.
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