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Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2018
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Karnataka Legislative Assembly election, 2018
← 2013 12 May 2018 (222 seats)
28 May 2018 (1 seat)
11 June 2018 (1 seat) 2023 →
224 of 224 seats in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
113 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout
72.13%[1]
Majority party
Minority party
Third party
Leader
B. S. Yeddyurappa Siddaramaiah H. D. Kumaraswamy
Party
BJP INC JD(S)
Alliance
JD(S)+
Leader's seat
Shikaripura Badami, Chamundeshwari Channapattana
Seats before
44 122 40
Seats won
104 80 37 + 1 (BSP)
Seat change
60 42 3
Popular vote
13,267,956 13,932,069 6,726,667
Percentage
36.34% 38.14% 18.3%
Swing
16.3% 1.4% 1.9%
Results of the election
Chief Minister before election
Siddaramaiah
INC
Elected Chief Minister
B. S. Yeddyurappa, BJP
H. D. Kumaraswamy
JD(S)+INC

The 15th Karnataka Legislative Assembly election was held on 12th May 2018 in 222 constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. The election was postponed in Jayanagar and Rajarajeshwari Nagar, following the death of the MLA BN Vijaya Kumar and a voter fraud scandal respectively till May 28, 2018.[2] The election saw a voter turnout of 72.13%, which is the highest in Karnataka since 1952 Assembly polls.[3] The counting of votes took place on 15th May 2018. [4]
The incumbent Indian National Congress was seeking re-election, having governed the state since elections in 2013.[5] The Bharatiya Janta Party attempted to regain office, having previously governed the state in 2007 and from 2008 to 2013. The Janata Dal (Secular), and the Bahujan Samaj Party contested the election in an electoral alliance. The Aam Aadmi Party also made its debut in the state.[6] The election led to a hung assembly, with the Bharatiya Janata Party emerging as the single largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority of seats and popular votes. The Indian National Congress won the popular vote.[7]
Contents
1 Background
2 Organization
3 Schedule
3.1 Controversies
3.1.1 Leaked election dates
3.1.2 Voter ID fraud case
3.1.3 Kaveri river water scandal
4 Election campaign
5 Opinion polls
5.1 Preferred Chief Ministerings polling
6 Exit polls
7 Results
7.1 Seats and vote-share
7.2 List of winning candidates
8 Formation of government
9 Bypolls
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Background[edit]
The tenure of 15 th Karnataka Assembly ended on May 28, 2018.[8]
Organization[edit]
The Times of India reported in late February 2018 that the state had fewer electronic voting machines than the minimum mandated requirement to be stored going into elections for any state assembly. The report stated that only 20 per cent or 11,398 EVMs were in place against the requirement of 56,994 machines, one each for a polling station. Bharat Electronics Limited, which provides 80 per cent of the machines began supplying during this time.[9] The District Election Officer for the Bangalore region stated that a "vulnerability mapping exercise" would be conducted to ensure "free and fair polls". He added that 550 Sector teams, each headed by a sector magistrate, a police officer (not below the rank of an Assistant sub-inspector) and a videographer, were formed, one for every 15 of the 8,274 polling stations in the said region.[10]
Schedule[edit]
The schedule of the election was announced by the Election Commission of India on 27 March 2018. It announced that polling would be held in a single phase on 12 May and that results would be declared on 15 May.[11] It also declared that the provisions of the Model Code of Conduct "came into force with immediate effect" with the said announcement.[12][13]
Event Date Day
Date for nominations 17 April 2018 Tuesday
Last date for filing nominations 24 April 2018 Tuesday
Date for scrutiny of nominations 25 April 2018 Wednesday
Last date for withdrawal of candidatures 27 April 2018 Friday
Date of poll 12 May 2018 Saturday
Date of counting 15 May 2018 Tuesday
Date before which the election shall be completed 31 May 2018 Thursday
Controversies[edit]
Leaked election dates[edit]
The Election Commission of India ran into a major embarrassment on 27 March 2018, when BJP IT cell head Amit Malviya and Karnataka Congress' social media in-charge, Srivasta, tweeted the dates before they were officially released.[14][15] However, both of them got the counting day incorrect in their tweets. Both the tweets were deleted after an outrage on Twitter. Amit Malviya later claimed that he got the information from Times Now, a 24-hour English news channel.[16] The news was reportedly also shown by a local Kannada news channel. Later it was revealed that even Times Now got the counting day incorrectly as May 18, 2018, instead of May 15, 2018.[17]
Om Prakash Rawat, the Chief Election Commissioner of India, formed a committee to investigate into the alleged leak.[18] The terms of reference of the formed committee included probing certain media outlets and Congress' social media head Srivasta, but not BJP's Amit Malviya.[19] This prompted allegations of the Election Commission of India being biased for the BJP by the Congress.
On 14 April 2018, the committee said that the media reports were mere speculation and not a leak.[20]
Voter ID fraud case[edit]
On 11 May 2018, Congress MLA Munirathna and 13 others were booked in an alleged fake voter ID scam.On 8 May 2018, almost 10,000 voter ID cards, along with several laptops, were found in a flat in Bengaluru owned by former BJP leader Manjula Nanjamari.[21][22] Apart from the voter IDs and laptops, the Munirathna's pamphlets were also found, which turned the needle of suspicion on Munirathna. After the FIR, Munirathna said “I’ve distributed 40,000 pamphlets asking for votes for me in my constituency and you will find them in every home in my segment. I’ve been named as accused no. 14 because one such pamphlet was found in the flat that was raided. This is an outrageous complaint against me and part of the concerted propaganda to harass and humiliate me.”[23][24]
The polling in RR Nagar was postponed to 28 May 2018 and the counting of votes was done on 31 May 2018.
Kaveri river water scandal[edit]
Main article: 2018 Tamil Nadu protests for Kaveri water sharing
The Karnataka Legislative Assembly election sparked criticisms from Tamil Nadu over the Karnataka's government for not addressing the issue on properly and for its delay in setting up a Kaveri Management Board.[25][26] The Supreme Court also issued a strict notice to the Karnataka state government for using the Karnataka Legislative state election as an excuse to resolve the Kaveri riverwater crisis with Tamil Nadu cannot be acceptable. The election was one of the hottest points considered by the critics for the future of Karnataka in dealing with the rivals, Tamil Nadu over the Kaveri River water dispute.[27]
Election campaign[edit]
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) officially began its election campaign on 2 November 2017.[28] The party spent 85 days covering all the assembly constituencies, culminating in Bangalore on 4 February 2018, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressing it.[29] In early March, the party launched a 14-day Protect Bengaluru March travelling across Bangalore aimed at, according to the party, "reviving" and "rebuilding" the city from Indian National Congress' "criminal neglect".[30]
In December 2017, the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee, although not part of the election campaign, undertook a task of setting up booth-level committees at 54,261 locations in the state which will be responsible to disseminate information on various programmes of the ruling Indian National Congress and their implementation. The move was seen as an "extensive outreach programme" preceding the elections.[31]
Opinion polls[edit]
hide
Polling firm/Commissioner
Date published
Lead
BJP
INC
JD(S)
Others
Public TV[32] 2 January 2018 85–95 90–95 40–45 0–6 15
TV9-CVoter[33] 5 January 2018 96
35.90% 102
36.60% 15
18.80% 1
8.70% 6
0.7%
CHS[34] 13 January 2018 73–76
36.40% 77–81
33.20% 64–66
24.90% 5
-3.2%
Creative Center for Political and Social Studies[35] 2 February 2018 113 85 25 1 28
C-Fore[36] 26 March 2018 70
31.00% 126
46.00% 27
16.00% 1
7.00% 56
15.0%
India Today-Karvy Insights[37] 13 April 2018 78-86
35% 90-101
37% 34-43
19% 2-12
9% 14
2.0%
BTV[38] 19 April 2018 82-87
35% 94-99
37% 39-44
19% 2-6
9% 12
2.0%
Times Now-VMR[39] 23 April 2018 89
35% 91
37% 40
19% 4
9% 2
2.0%
C-Fore[40] 1 May 2018 63-73
35% 118-128
37% 29-36
20% 2-7
8% 55
2.0%
Jan Ki Baat[41] 4 May 2018 102-108
40% 72-74
38% 42-44
20% 2-4
2% 30
2.0%
ABP News-CSDS[42] 7 May 2018 79-89
33% 92-102
38% 34-42
22% 1-7
7% 13
5.0%
Flash News - TV 5[43] 7 May 2018 110-120
36-38% 65-75
33-35% 38-42
20-22% 2-6 45
3.0%
Samyuktha TV[44] 8 May 2018 80–90 100–110 40–45 0–6 20
Spick Media[45] 9 May 2018 88
101
31
3
13
India TV[46] 9 May 2018 85
96
38
4
11
News X-CNX[47] 9 May 2018 87
90
39
7
3
Average as on 8 May 2018 87 96 36 05 9
Preferred Chief Ministerings polling[edit]
Some opinion pollsters asked voters the party leader they would prefer as Chief Minister – Siddaramaiah (Indian National Congress), B. S. Yeddyurappa (Bharatiya Janata Party). or H. D. Kumaraswamy (Janata Dal (Secular)). Lokniti-CSDS conducted surveys between 10 and 15 January interviewing 878 people. While 34 per cent of the sample wanted Siddaramaiah to remain the chief minister for the next term, 19 per cent chose Kumaraswamy and 14 per cent chose Yeddyurappa.[48] A poll conducted by CHS in the same month found that Kumaraswamy was the first choice, followed by Yeddyurappa and Siddaramaiah in that order.[49] C-Fore's survey of a sample size of 22,357 voters across 154 assembly constituencies between 1 and 25 March showed that Siddaramaiah, with 45 per cent, was the most popular choice for Chief Minister, followed by Yeddyurappa at 26 per cent and Kumaraswamy at 13 per cent, while 16 per cent preferred 'others'.[50]
Exit polls[edit]
The exit polls remained divided, with only one predicting that a party - BJP - will get past the majority mark. 5 predicted that BJP will have the most seats, while 2 predicted that the Congress is in comfortable lead, and 1 predicted a cliffhanger. Today's Chanakya exit poll, which was released last and took into account voting right until polling closure time, predicted clear majority for BJP.
Exit Polls hide
Polling firm/Commissioner
Date published
Lead
BJP
INC
JD(S)
Others
IndiaTV-VMR[51] 12 May 2018 94 97 28 3 3
Republic TV-Jan Ki Baat[52] 12 May 2018 105 78 37 2 27
ABP News-C Voter[53] 12 May 2018 110 88 24 2 22
Times Now-VMR[54] 12 May 2018 87 97 35 3 10
Times Now-Today's Chanakya[55] 12 May 2018 120 73 26 3 47
India Today-Axis My India[56] 12 May 2018 85 111 26 0 26
NewsX-CNX[57] 12 May 2018 106 75 37 4 31
News Nation[58] 12 May 2018 107 73 38 4 34
Results[edit]
Seats and vote-share[edit]
The election led to a hung assembly, with the BJP emerging as the largest party, with 104 seats, but failing to win a majority.[7] The popular vote was won by the Congress. The seat and vote share was as follows -
Parties and coalitions
Popular vote
Seats
Votes
%
±pp
Won
+/−
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 13,328,524 36.35 16.3 104 64
Indian National Congress (INC) 13,986,526 38.14 1.4 80 42
Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS) 6,726,667 18.3 1.9 37 3
Independents (IND) 14,38,106 3.9 3.5 1 8
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) 1,08,592 0.32 1 1
Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party (KPJP) 74,229 0.2 1 1
Other parties and candidates 6,83,632 2.2 0 13
None of the Above (NOTA) 3,22,841 0.9
Total 100.00 224 ±0
An analysis of the result showed that the BJP lost 9 seats with very small margin against the Congress. If 6730 votes had switched over from the Congress to the BJP, the BJP could have won 113 seats. Similarly, the Congress would have needed a minimum of 1,25,608 votes to switch over to its side for it to increase its tally from 78 to 113.[59]
List of winning candidates[edit]
The election results for each constituency are as follows[60]
no
Constituency
Party
Candidate
Margin
2013 Party
2013 Candidate
2013 margin
1 Nippani BJP Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle 8,506 BJP Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle 08662
2 Chikkodi-Sadalga INC Ganesh Hukkeri 10,569 INC Prakash Babanna Hukkeri 76,588
3 Athani INC Mahesh Eranagouda Kumatalli 2,331 BJP Laxman Savadi 23,771
4 Kagwad INC Shrimant Balasaheb Patil 23942 BJP Bharamgouda Alagouda Kage 2887
5 Kudachi (SC) BJP P. Rajeev 15,008 BSR Congress P. Rajeev 46,234
6 Raybag (SC) BJP Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole 16,548 BJP Duryodhan Mahalingappa Aihole 829
7 Hukkeri BJP Umesh Vishwanath Katti 15,385 BJP Umesh Vishwanath Katti 57,326
8 Arabhavi BJP Balachandra Jarkiholi 47,328 BJP Balachandra Jarkiholi 75,221
9 Gokak INC Ramesh Jarkiholi 14,280 INC Ramesh Jarkiholi 28,005
10 Yemkanmardi (ST) INC Satish Jarkiholi 2,850 INC Satish Jarkiholi 24,350
11 Belagavi Uttar BJP Anil Benake 17,267 INC Fairoz Nuruddin Saith 18,210
12 Belagavi Dakshin BJP Abhay Patil 58,692 IND Sambhaji Lakshman Patil 6,310
13 Belagavi Rural INC Lakshmi Hebbalkar 51,724 BJP Sanjay B. Patil 1,335
14 Khanapur INC Anjali Nimbalkar 5,133 IND Arvind Chandrakant Patil 16,152
15 Kittur BJP Doddagoudar Mahantesh Basavantaray 32,862 INC Arvind Chandrakant Patil 18,290
16 Bailhongal INC Mahantesh Kaujlagi 5,122 KJP Vishwanath Patil 3,621
17 Saundatti Yellamma BJP Vishwanath Chandrashekhar Mamani 6,291 BJP Vishwanath Chandrashekhar Mamani 16,042
18 Ramdurg BJP Mahadevappa Shivalingappa Yadawad 2,875 INC Ashok Pattan 4,984
19 Mudhol (SC) BJP Govind M. Karjol 15,482 BJP Govind M. Karjol 5,178
20 Terdal BJP Siddu Savadi 20,889 INC Umashree 2,599
21 Jamkhandi INC Siddu Bhimappa Nyamgoud 2,795 INC Siddu Bhimappa Nyamgoud 21,152
22 Bilgi BJP Murugesh Nirani 4811 INC J. T. Patil 11,238
23 Badami INC Siddaramaiah 1,696 INC Chimmanakatti Balappa Bhimappa 15,113
24 Bagalkot BJP Veerabhadrayya Charantimath 15,934 INC Meti Hullappa Yamanappa 2,900
25 Hungund BJP Doddanagouda Patil 5227 INC Vijayanand Kashappanavar 15797
26 Muddebihal BJP A. S. Patil (Nadahalli) 8,633 INC Channabasavaraj Nadagoud 12,202
27 Devar Hippargi BJP Somanagouda Patil 3,353 INC Aminappagouda Patil 8,096
28 Basavana Bagevadi INC Shivanand Patil 3,186 INC Shivanand Patil 19,676
29 Babaleshwar INC M. B. Patil 29,715 INC M. B. Patil 4,355
30 Bijapur City BJP Basangouda Patil Yatnal 6,413 INC Makbul S Bagawan 9,380
31 Nagthan (SC) JD(S) Devanand Fulasing Chavan 5601 INC Raju Alagur 667
32 Indi INC Yashavanthar Aygouda Vittalagouda Patil 9,938 INC Yashavanthar Aygouda Vittalagouda Patil 33,302
33 Sindgi JD(S) Managuli Mallappa Channaveerappa 9,305 BJP Ramesh Balappa Bhusanur 752
34 Afzalpur INC M. Y. Patil 10594 INC Malikayya Guttedar 5238
35 Jevargi INC Ajay Singh 16,056 INC Ajay Singh 407
36 Shorapur (ST) BJP Narasimhanayak (Rajugouda) 22,568 INC Raja Venkatappa Nayak 4,075
37 Shahapur INC Sharanabasappa Gouda Darshanapur 30,974 KJP Guru Patil Shiraval 5,796
38 Yadgir BJP Venkatreddy Mudnal 12,881 INC Maalakareddy 9,104
39 Gurmitkal JD(S) Naganagouda Kandkur 24,480 INC Baburao Chinchansur 1,650
40 Chittapur (SC) INC Priyank M. Kharge 4,393 INC Priyank Kharge 31,191
41 Sedam BJP Rajkumar Patil 7,200 BJP Sharan Prakash Patil 11,895
42 Chincholi (SC) INC Umesh G. Jadhav 19,212 INC Umesh G. Jadhav 26,060
43 Gulbarga Rural (SC) BJP Basawaraj Mattimud 12,386 INC G. Ramakrishna 7,209
44 Gulbarga Dakshin BJP Dattatraya C. Patil 5,431 BJP Dattatraya C. Patil 9,970
45 Gulbarga Uttar[61] INC Kaneez Fatima 5,940 INC Qamar ul Islam 20,121
46 Aland BJP Guttedar Subhash Rukmayya 697 KJP B. R. Patil 17,114
47 Basavakalyan INC B. Narayanrao 17,272 JD(S) Mallikarjun Khuba 15,893
48 Homnabad INC Rajshekhar Basavaraj Patil 31,814 INC Rajshekhar Basavaraj Patil 24,500
50 Bidar South JD(S) Bandeppa Kashempur 12,742 KMP Ashok Kheny 15,788
49 Bidar INC Rahim Khan 10,245 KJP Gurupadappa Nagamarapalli 2,571
51 Bhalki INC Eshwara Khandre 21,438 INC Eshwara Khandre 5,669
52 Aurad (SC) BJP Prabhu Chauhan 10,592 BJP Prabhu Chauhan 23,191
53 Raichur Rural (ST) INC Basanagouda Daddal 9,964 BJP Thipparaja Hawaldar 3,270
54 Raichur BJP Shivaraj Patil 10,991 JD(S) Shivaraj Patil 7,871
55 Manvi (ST) JD(S) Raja Venkatappa Nayak Raja Ambanna Nayak 15,815 INC G. Hampayya Sahukar Ballatagi 6,987
56 Devadurga (ST) BJP K. Shivana Gouda Nayak 21,045 INC Venkatesh Nayak 3,700
57 Lingsugur (SC) INC D. S. Hoolageri 4,946 JD(S) Manappa D. Vajjal 1,286
58 Sindhanur JD(S) Venkatrao Nadagouda 1,597 INC Badarli Hampanagouda 13,016
59 Maski (ST) INC Pratapagouda Patil 213 INC Pratapagouda Patil 19,147
60 Kushtagi INC Amaregouda Linganagouda Patil Bayyapur 18,031 BJP Doddanagouda Hanamagouda Patil 3,037
61 Kanakagiri (SC) BJP Basavaraj Dhadesugur 14,225 INC Shivaraj Tangadagi 5,052
62 Gangawati BJP Paranna Munavalli 7,973 JD(S) Iqbal Ansari 29,789
63 Yelburga BJP Achar Halappa Basappa 13,318 INC Basavaraj Rayareddy 16,900
64 Koppal INC Raghavendra Hitnal 26,351 INC Raghavendra Hitnal 26,788
65 Shirahatti (SC) BJP Ramappa Lamani 29,993 INC Doddamani Ramakrishna Siddalingappa 315
66 Gadag INC H. K. Patil 1,868 INC H. K. Patil 33,727
67 Ron BJP Kalakappa Bandi 7,334 INC Gurupadagouda Patil 18,227
68 Nargund BJP C. C. Patil 7,979 INC B. R. Yavagal 8,585
69 Navalgund BJP Patil Munenakoppa Shankar 20,521 JD(S) N. H. Konaraddi 2,669
70 Kundgol INC Channabasappa Satyappa Shivalli 634 INC Channabasappa Satyappa Shivalli 21,072
71 Dharwad BJP Amrupayyappa Desai 20,340 INC Vinay Kulkarni 18,320
72 Hubli-Dharwad-East (SC) INC Abbayya Prasad 21,467 INC Abbayya Prasad 13,522
73 Hubli-Dharwad-Central BJP Jagadish Shettar 23,306 BJP Jagadish Shettar 17,754
74 Hubli-Dharwad- West BJP Aravind Bellad 40,487 BJP Aravind Bellad 11,182
75 Kalghatgi BJP C. M. Nimbannavar 25,997 INC Santosh Lad 45,661
76 Haliyal INC R. V. Deshpande 5,140 INC R. V. Deshpande 5,939
77 Karwar BJP Roopali Naik 14066 IND Santeesh Sail Krishna 35,880
78 Kumta BJP Dinakar Keshav Shetty 32,750 INC Sharada Mohan Shetty 420
79 Bhatkal BJP Sunil Biliya Naik 5,930 IND M. S. Vaidya 9,884
80 Sirsi BJP Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri 17,461 BJP Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri 3,059
81 Yellapur INC Arbail Hebbar Shivaram 1,483 INC Arbail Hebbar Shivaram 24,490
82 Hangal BJP Udasi C. M. 6,515 INC Manohar Tahsildar 5,686
83 Shiggaon BJP Basavaraj Bommai 9,265 BJP Basavaraj Bommai 9,503
84 Haveri (SC) BJP Neharu Olekar 11,304 INC Rudrappa Manappa Lamani 30,208
85 Byadgi BJP Ballary Virupakshappa Rudrappa 21,271 INC Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar 13,359
86 Hirekerur INC B. C. Patil 555 KJP U. B. Banakar 2,606
87 Ranibennur KPJP R. Shankar 4,338 INC K. B. Koliwad 6,788
88 Hadagalli (SC) JD(S) P T Parameshwar Naik 9178 INC P T Parameshwar Naik 40,810
89 Hagaribommanahalli (SC) INC Bheema Naik L. B. P. 7,232 JD(S) Bheema Naik L. B. P. 125
90 Vijayanagara INC Anand Singh 8,228 BJP Anand Singh 30,637
91 Kampli (ST) INC J. N. Ganesh 5,555 BSRCP T. H. Suresh Babu 34,396
92 Siruguppa (ST) BJP M. S. Somalingappa 21,271 INC B. M. Nagaraj 21,814
93 Bellary (ST) INC B. Nagendra 2,679 BSRCP B. Sriramulu 33,294
94 Bellary City BJP G. Somashekara Reddy 16,155 INC Anil Lad 16,155
95 Sandur (ST) INC E. Tukaram 14,010 INC E. Tukaram 34,631
96 Kudligi (ST) BJP N. Y. Gopalakrishna 10813 IND B. NAGENDRA 24803
97 Molakalmuru (ST) BJP B. Sreeramulu 42045 BSRCP S. THIPPESWAMY 7169
98 Challakere (ST) INC T. Raghumurthy 13539 INC T. Raghumurthy 23123
99 Chitradurga BJP G. H Thippa Reddy 32985 BJP G. H Thippa Reddy 26718
100 Hiriyur BJP K. Poornima 12875 INC D.SUDHAKAR 1205
101 Hosadurga BJP Gulhatty D. Shekhar 25992 INC B.G. GOVINDAPPA 20017
102 Holalkere (SC) BJP M. Chandrappa 38940 INC H. ANJANEYA 12864
103 Jagalur (ST) BJP S. V. Ramachandra 29221 INC H.P.RAJESH 36890
104 Harapanahalli BJP G. Karunakara Reddy 9647 INC M P RAVINDRA 8406
105 Harihar INC S. Ramaappa 7260 JD(S) H.S. SHIVASHANKAR 19053
106 Davanagere North BJP S. A. Ravindranath 4071 INC S S MALLIKARJUNA 57280
107 Davanagere South INC Shamanur Shivashankarappa 15884 INC Shamanur Shivashankarappa 40158
108 Mayakonda (SC) BJP N. Liganna 6458 INC [K.SHIVAMURTHY 694
109 Channagiri BJP K .Madal Veerupakshappa 25780 INC VADNAL RAJANNA 1773
110 Honnali BJP M. P. Renukacharya 4233 INC D. G SHANTANA GOWDA 18738
111 Shimoga Rural (SC) BJP K. B. Ashok Naik 3777 JD(S) SHARADA POORYANAIK 10109
112 Bhadravati INC B.K. Sangameshwara 11567 JD(S) APPAJI. M.J 44099
113 Shimoga BJP K. S. Eshwarappa 46107 INC K. B. Prasanna Kumar 278
114 Tirthahalli BJP Araga Jnanendra 21955 INC Kimmane Rathnakar 1343
115 Shikaripura BJP B. S. Yeddyurappa 35,397 KJP B. S. Yeddyurappa 24,425
116 Sorab BJP Kumar Bangarappa 13,286 JD(S) Madhu Bangarappa 13,225
117 Sagar BJP Hartalu Halappa 8,039 INC Kagodu Thimmappa 41,248
118 Byndoor BJP B. M. Sukumar Shetty 24,393 INC K. Gopala Poojary 31,149
119 Kundapura BJP Halady Srinivas Shetty 56,105 IND Halady Srinivas Shetty 40,611
120 Udupi BJP K. Raghupati Bhat 12,044 INC Pramodh Madhvaraj 39,524
121 Kapu BJP Lalaji Mendon 11,917 INC Vinay Kumar Sorake 1,855
122 Karkar BJP V. Sunil Kumar 42,566 BJP V. Sunil Kumar 4,254
123 Sringeri INC T. D. Rajegowda 1,989 BJP D. N. Jeevaraj 3,452
124 Mudigere (SC) BJP M. P. Kumaraswamy 12,512 JD(S) B. B. Ningaiah 635
125 Chikmagalur BJP C. T. Ravi 26,314 BJP C. T. Ravi 10,988
126 Tarikere BJP D. S. Suresh 11687 INC G.H SRINIVASA 899
127 Kadur BJP Belliprakash 15372 JD(S) Y.S.V.DATTA 42433
128 Chiknayakanhalli BJP J. C. Madhu Swamy 10277 JD(S) C.B.SURESHBABU 11139
129 Tiptur BJP B. C. Nagesh 25563 INC K.SHADAKSHARI 11602
130 Turuvekere BJP Jayaram A S 2049 JD(S) M.T.KRISHNAPPA 2049
131 Kunigal INC Dr H.D. Ranganath 5600 JD(S) D. NAGARAJAIAH 9632
132 Tumkur City BJP G. B. Jyothi Ganesh 5293 INC DR. RAFEEQ AHMED S 3608
133 Tumkur Rural JD(S) D. C. Gowrishankar 5640 BJP B.SURESH GOWDA 1572
134 Koratagere (SC) INC Dr. G. Parameshwara 7619 JD(S) SUDHAKARA LAL .P.R 18155
135 Gubbi JD(S) S R Srinivas (Vasu) 9081 JD(S) S R Srinivas (Vasu) 7244
136 Sira JD(S) B Sathyanarayanav 10365 INC T B JAYACHANDRA 14681
137 Pavagada (SC) INC Venkata Ramanappa 409 JD(S) K.M.THIMMARAYAPPA 4863
138 Madhugiri JD(S) M.V Veerabhadraiah 18574 INC KYATASANDRA N.RAJANNA 14427
139 Gauribidanur INC N.H.Shivashankara Reddy 9168 INC N.H.Shivashankara Reddy 6075
140 Bagepalli INC S.N. Subbareddy 14013 IND S.N. Subbareddy 30755
141 Chikkaballapur INC Dr. K. Sudhakar 30431 INC Dr. K. Sudhakar 15048
142 Sidlaghatta INC V. Muniyappa 9709 JD(S) M. RAJANNA 15479
143 Chintamani JD(S) J K Krishna Reddy 5673 JD(S) J K Krishna Reddy 1696
144 Srinivaspur INC K R Ramesh Kumar 10552 INC K R Ramesh Kumar 3893
145 Mulbagal (SC) JD(S) H. Nagesh 6715 IND G.MANJUNATHA 33734
146 Kolar Gold Field (SC) INC Roopakala. M 40827 BJP RAMAKKA .Y 26022
147 Bangarapet (SC) INC S.N. Narayanaswamy K.M 21571 INC S.N. Narayanaswamy K.M 28377
148 Kolar INC Roopakala. M 44251 IND R. VATHUR PRAKASH 12591
149 Malur INC K.Y. Nanjegowda 17915 JD(S) K.S. MANJUNATHGOWDA 18769
150 Yelahanka BJP S. R. Vishwanath 42503 BJP S. R. Vishwanath 18397
151 K.R. Puram INC B.A. Basavaraja 32729 INC B.A. Basavaraja 24001
152 Byatarayanapura INC Krishna Byre Gowda 5,671 INC Krishna Byre Gowda 32,400
154 Yeshvanthapura INC S. T. Somashekhar 10,711 INC S. T. Somashekhar 29,100
155 Dasarahalli JD(S) R. Manjunatha 10675 BJP S MUNIRAJU 10828
156 Mahalakshmi Layout JD(S) K. Goapalaiah 41100 JD(S) K. Goapalaiah 15370
157 Malleshwaram BJP C. N. Ashwath Narayan 54,000 BJP C. N. Ashwath Narayan 21,066
158 Hebbal INC Suresha BS 21140 BJP R. JAGADEESH KUMAR 21140
159 Pulakeshinagar (SC) INC R. Akhanda Srinivasamurthi 81626 JD(S) R. Akhanda Srinivasamurthi 10199
160 Sarvagnanagar INC KJ George 53304 INC KJ George 22853
161 C.V. Raman Nagar (SC) BJP S. Raghu 12227 BJP S. Raghu 8419
162 Shivajinagar INC R. Roshan Baig 15040 INC R. Roshan Baig 20855
163 Shanti Nagar INC NA Harris 18205 INC NA Harris 20187
164 Gandhi Nagar INC Dinesh Gundu Rao 10070 INC Dinesh Gundu Rao 22607
165 Rajaji Nagar BJP S. Suresh Kumar 9453 BJP S. Suresh Kumar 14767
166 Govindraj Nagar BJP V. Somanna 11375 INC PRIYAKRISHNA 42460
167 Vijay Nagar INC M . Krishnappa 2775 INC M . Krishnappa 32642
168 Chamrajpet INC B.Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan 33137 JD(S) B.Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan 30162
169 Chickpet BJP Uday B. Garudachar 7934 INC R.V. DEVRAJ 13049
170 Basavanagudi BJP L. A. Ravi Subramanya 38,009 BJP L. A. Ravi Subramanya 19,713
171 Padmanaba Nagar BJP R. Ashoka 12166 BJP R. Ashoka 20123
172 B.T.M Layout INC Ramalinga Reddy 20478 INC Ramalinga Reddy 49048
173 JayaNagar INC Soumya Reddy 2,889 BJP B. N. Vijayakumar 12,312
174 Mahadevapura (SC) BJP Aravind Limbavali 17,784 BJP Aravind Limbavali 6,149
175 Bommanahalli BJP M. Satish Reddy 47,162 BJP M. Satish Reddy 25,852
176 Bangalore South BJP M Krishnappa 30,417 BJP M. Krishnappa 30,162
177 Anekal (SC) INC B. Shivanna 8627 INC B. Shivanna 40182
178 Hosakote INC M.T.B. Nagaraju 7597 INC M.T.B. Nagaraju 7139
179 Devanahalli (SC) JD(S) Nisarga Narayana Swamy L.N 17010 JD(S) Pilla Munishamappa 1942
180 Doddaballapur INC T. Venkataramanaiah (Appakaranahalli. T. Venkatesh) 9,945 INC T. Venkataramanaiah (Appakaranahalli. T. Venkatesh) 1,447
181 Nelamangala (SC) JD(S) K. Sreenivasa Murthy 24321 JD(S) K. Sreenivasa Murthy 15103
182 Magadi JD(S) A. Manjunath 51,425 JD(S) H. C. Balakrishna 14,359
183 Ramanagaram JD(S) HD Kumarswamy 22,636 JD(S) HD Kumarswamy 25,398
184 Kanakapura INC D. K. Shivakumar 79,909 INC D. K. Shivakumar 31,424
185 Channapatna JD(S) H. D. Kumaraswamy 21,530 JD(S) C. P. Yogeshwar 6,464
186 Malavalli (SC) JD(S) Dr. K. Annadani 26,760 SP P. M. Narendra Swamy 538
187 Maddur JD(S) D. C. Thammanna 54030 JD(S) D. C. Thammanna 31958
188 Melukote JD(S) C. S. Puttaraju 22,224 SKP K. S. Puttannaiah 9,848
189 Mandya JD(S) M.Srinivas 21,608 INC Ambareesh 42,937
190 Srirangapatna JD(S) Ravindra Srikantaiah 47,667 JD(S) A. B. Ramesha Bandisiddegowda 20,363
191 Nagamangala JD(S) Suresh Gowda 46,667 JD(S) N. Chaluvaraya Swamy 20,363
192 Krishnarajpete JD(S) Narayanagowda 17119 JD(S) NARAYANAGOWDA 9243
193 Shravanabelagola JD(S) C. N. Balakrishna 53,012 JD(S) C. N. Balakrishna 24,142
193 Arsikere JD(S) K. M. Shivalinge Gowda 43,683 JD(S) K. M. Shivalinge Gowda 29,631
194 Belur JD(S) K. S. Lingesha 19,690 INC Y. N. Rudresh Gowda 7,529
195 Hassan BJP Preetham J. Gowda 13,006 JD(S) H. S. Prakash 4,196
196 Holenarasipur JD(S) H. D. Revanna 43,832 JD(S) H. D. Revanna 30,058
197 Arkalgud JD(S) A. T. Ramaswamy 10,653 INC A. Manju 8,794
198 Sakleshpur (SC) JD(S) H. K. Kumaraswamy 4,942 JD(S) H. K. Kumaraswamy 33,069
199 Belthangady BJP Harish Poonja 22,974 INC K. Vasantha Bangera 15,741
200 Moodabidri BJP Umanatha A. Kotian 29,799 INC Abhayachandra Jain 4,550
201 Mangalore City North BJP Bharath Shetty 26,648 INC B. A. Mohiuddin Bava 5,373
202 Mangalore City South BJP D. Vedavyas Kamath 16,075 INC J. R. Lobo 12,275
203 Mangalore INC U. T. Abdul Khadar 19,739 INC U. T. Abdul Khadar 29,111
204 Bantval BJP Rajesh Naik 15,971 INC Ramanath Rai 17,850
205 Puttur BJP Sanjeeva Matandoor 19,477 INC Shakunthala T. Shetty 4,289
206 Sullia (SC) BJP Angara S. 26,068 BJP Angara S. 1,373
207 Madikeri BJP Appachu Ranjan 16015 BJP Appachu Ranjan 4629
208 Virajpet BJP K. G. Bopaiah 13,353 BJP K. G. Bopaiah 3,414
209 Periyapatna JD(S) K. Mahadeva 7493 INC K. Venkatesh 2088
210 Krishnarajanagara JD(S) Sa. Ra. Mahesh 1779 JD(S) Sa. Ra. Mahesh 15052
211 Hunasuru JD(S) Adagur H. Vishwanath 8,575 INC H. P. Manjunath 40,207
212 Heggadadevankote (ST) INC Anil Kumar C. 22,093 JD(S) Chikkamadu S. 12,498
213 Nanjangud (SC) BJP Harshavardhan B. 12479 INC Srinivasa Prasad 8941
214 Chamundeshwari JD(S) GT Devegowda 36,042 JD(S) GT Devegowda 7,103
215 Krishnaraja BJP S. A. Ramadas 26,347 INC M. K. Somashekar 6,065
216 Chamaraja BJP L. Nagendra 14936 INC Vasu 12915
217 Narasimharaja INC Tanveer Sait 18,127 INC Tanveer Sait 8,370
218 Varuna INC Yathindra S. 58,616 INC Siddaramaiah 29,646
219 T.Narasipur (SC) JD(S) Ashvin Kumar M. 28,478 INC H. C. Mahadevappa 899
220 Hanur INC R. Narendra 3,513 INC R. Narendra 11,549
221 Kollegal (SC) BSP N. Mahesh 19,454 INC S. Jayanna 10,193
222 Chamarajanagar INC C. Puttarangashetty 4,913 INC C. Puttarangashetty 11,196
223 Gundlupet BJP C. S. Niranjan Kumar 16,684 INC H. S. Mahadeva Prasad 7,675
224 Rajarajeshwarinagar INC Munirathna 41162 INC Muniratna 18,813
Formation of government[edit]
The Congress party decided to support the JD(S) to form a coalition government.[62] The Congress accepted Kumaraswamy for the post of Chief Minister.[63] The governor Vajubhai Vala, however, invited the BJP, the single largest party after the election result, to form a Government.[64] He gave the party a period of 15 days to prove its strength on the floor of the assembly.[65]
There were several allegations from the Congress and JD(S) that the BJP was trying to "poach" their MLAs. Congress released 6 audio recordings, allegedly trying to persuade their MLAs to vote in favour of the BJP government, in exchange for lavish offers. One of the calls was allegedly made by Yeddyurappa himself, to the Congress lawmaker B. C. Patil.[66] JD(S) chief Kumaraswamy said that their MLAs were being offered Rs. 100 crore to cross vote.[67] Union Minister Prakash Javadekar denied the allegations.[68]
Congress and JD(S) approached the Supreme Court for a midnight hearing to stop the swearing-in ceremony. The hearing started at approximately 2 AM.[69] A three-judge bench consisting of Justices A.K Sikri, S.A Bobde and Ashok Bhushan heard the petition. Even though the swearing-in ceremony was allowed to proceed,[70] on 18 May 2018, the Supreme Court reduced the period allowed for the vote of confidence to 24 hours.[71] The court issued five points of guidance:[72]
The floor test must be conducted by 4 PM on 19 May 2018.
The pro tem Speaker should decide the mode of test.
There should be no secret ballot.
The government should not nominate the Anglo-Indian Representative.
B. S. Yeddyurappa's government should not take any major policy decisions.
Disregarding the convention of choosing the most senior MLA as the pro tem Speaker, the Governor appointed BJP MLA K. G. Bopaiah to the post.[73] The Congress challenged this in the Supreme Court, noting that Bopaiah was not the most senior MLA, and also that he had a bad track record as the speaker.[74] The Supreme Court allowed Bopaiah to stay as the pro tem Speaker, but asked for the live broadcasting of the floor test on all channels.[75]
The Chief Minister Yeddyurappa, unable to muster enough support for the trust vote, resigned after giving an emotional speech.[76]
On 23 May 2018, H. D. Kumaraswamy took oath as the Chief Minister of Karnataka, along with G. Parameshwara as his deputy.[77] Several leaders including Mamata Banerjee, Sitaram Yechury, Mayawati, Akhilesh Yadav, Rahul Gandhi and Sonia Gandhi, Pinarayi Vijayan, Chandrababu Naidu were present during the ceremony. It was reported as a display of unity of the opposition ahead of the 2019 general election.[78] On 25 May, Kumaraswamy won the trust vote with the support of 117 MLAs, while the BJP MLAs had walked out ahead of the floor test.[79]
Bypolls[edit]
Bypolls were due to be held in three seats: Jayanagar and Rajarajeshwari Nagar in Bangalore[80] and in Ramanagara.
Rajarajeshwari Nagar election results was declared on May 31, 2018 and INC candidate Munirathna won by a margin of 25,572 votes taking the Congress' tally to 79 seats and the JD(S)-INC coalition to 118 seats.[81]
Jayanagar assembly Election result was declared on June 13, 2018. Sowmya Reddy, daughter of former minister Ramalinga Reddy, won the constituency by defeating BJP's B N Prahlad by 2889 votes. 55% polling was recorded in the Jayanagar Assembly constituency on June 11. The assembly elections were held across the state on May 12, but poll in Jayanagar was countermanded following the death of BJP candidate B N Vijayakumar, who was holding the seat. The JDS had earlier pulled out its candidate, formally supporting its coalition partner Congress.[82][83] This win took the Congress' tally to 80 in the 224 seats assembly and the INC-JD(S) coalition to 119 seats.
The elected Congress MLA for Jamkhandi passed away in a road accident on 28 May 2018.[84]
See also[edit]
Elections in India
2018 elections in India
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Election Commission of India
Karnataka Assembly Elections 2018
Karnataka Elections 2018
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Laws on crossbows
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The crossbow often has a complicated legal status due to its potential use for lethal purposes, and its similarities with both firearms and other archery weapons. The crossbow is, for technical purposes, often categorized as a firearm by various legal jurisdictions, despite the fact that no combustion is required to propel the projectile.
This is a list of laws concerning crossbows by country.
Crossbows are not considered firearms in the United States.
In some nations, such as Canada and the United States, crossbows are not subject to any specific regulation, in most there are laws, which differ widely. Each jurisdiction has its own definition of a crossbow, and in some cases pistol-sized crossbows are treated differently. There may be minimum ages for possession, and sales of both crossbows and bolts may be restricted. Specific rules around hunting use are also common.
Some jurisdictions require permits and background checks similar to those required for firearms.
Contents
1 Australia
2 Bulgaria
3 Canada
4 Czech Republic
5 Denmark
6 Finland
7 Germany
8 Netherlands
9 Norway
10 Poland
11 Sweden
12 United Kingdom
13 United States
14 References
Australia[edit]
Pistol crossbows are strictly controlled in all Australian states due to their concealable nature. Crossbows can be bought and owned by adults over 18 years of age, while in most states crossbows can only be owned with a special licence, for instance for members of an official sporting club. Control on transport of crossbows between states has increased to prevent unauthorised use of imported crossbows.[1]
Recent changes to laws in Western Australia to prohibit crossbow ownership require applications to legally possess a crossbow by July 2, 2011 before they became illegal to possess and sporting usage is only legal for people currently participating in the sport at the date of the laws introduction and does not apply to or allow for new participants thereafter. [2]
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria crossbows are not regulated, but their use for fishing and hunting is explicitly prohibited.
Canada[edit]
In Canada, it is legal to own a crossbow and has a similar designation as an airgun. Weapons of a projectile velocity under 500 FPS may be owned by any person 18 years of age or older. No licence is required to purchase a crossbow. Though older PAL cards say that one is allowed to acquire one, the laws designating them as firearms were struck down before they could be implemented. Crossbows designed to be fired with one hand and crossbows measuring less than 500 mm in length are prohibited.[3]
Hunting in Canada is regulated at the provincial level, therefore the legality of crossbow hunting vary from province to province.
Czech Republic[edit]
Crossbows and other mechanical weapons with drawing force under 150N are not regulated. Mechanical weapons above this limit are class D weapons, which means they can be used or owned by person at least 18 years (no license is required), must not be worn visibly, can be used at private places (where is no danger to health or property) and at licensed shooting ranges and at visibly marked places over-sighted by a designated person.
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, the creation or import of crossbows without a license is prohibited by Danish law on weapons (Våbenloven - Bekendtgørelse af lov om våben og eksplosivstoffer), and crossbows are not recognized as legal weapons for hunting.
Finland[edit]
In Finland, crossbows are banned in hunting. Possession of crossbows and other bows requires no licence.[4] In other legal aspects the crossbow is parallel to an air gun.
Germany[edit]
In German law on weapons, crossbows and firearms are equated in their legal status as weapons (WaffG Anlage 1 1.2.2), but in contrast to guns, acquisition, possession, trade or production of crossbows requires no license (WaffG Anlage 2). Because of their definition as weapons, but without further restrictions, any crossbows can be used by minors under custody of competent adults. Fishing and hunting with crossbows is prohibited. As a specialty to be noted is that, crossbows do not shoot as per legal definition in Germany, since they don't use expanding gases or similar mechanisms to propel a projectile.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands crossbows are regulated by the "wet weapons en munitie" (law on weapons and ammunition). Crossbows and crossbow bolts are placed in category 4, along with bows, swords, spears, etc. It is legal to possess weapons from this category providing that the individual is over 18. It is not allowed to carry those weapons in public. When transporting, the weapon should be packaged in a way that one has to perform at least 3 actions before the weapon is ready for use (this does not include the steps required to actually load and fire the weapon). Only on special occasions such as re-enactment events this is not strictly enforced. Crossbows should be used only for collecting, re-enactment or sportive purposes. Hunting with crossbows (or bows) is strictly prohibited in the Netherlands under animal cruelty laws.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, crossbows are considered equivalent to firearms, and possession requires a license (Innførsel og utførsel av våpen, Tollvesenet). Hunting with crossbows is not allowed.
Poland[edit]
In Poland, crossbows are considered a 'dangerous devices' equivalent to firearms, and possession requires a license (Dz.U.2003/52/451). Hunting with crossbows is not allowed (Dz.U.2005/61/548).
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, crossbows are considered equivalent to firearms, and possession requires a license. Hunting with crossbows is not allowed. Swedish law dictates that any weapon that stores its energy, i.e., weapons with a firing mechanism, that produces more than 10 joules at the muzzle are illegal without licence. Thus very weak crossbows are sold in toy stores as well as low powered air rifles (not sold to minors). Sale or possession of normal bows of any strength are regulated in the same way as the previously mentioned weak crossbows and air rifles.
United Kingdom[edit]
No licence or registration is required to own a crossbow in the United Kingdom. Under the Crossbows Act 1987, crossbows cannot be bought or sold in England, Wales or Scotland by or to those under 18. Possession is also prohibited by those under 18 years old except under adult supervision. The act states that crossbows may be used by persons under 18 years of age only when supervised by a person aged 21 years old or over.[5] Similar prohibitions for Northern Ireland are made in the Crossbows (Northern Ireland) Order 1988. Section 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prevents their use for hunting birds. In Scotland, section 50 of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 [6] makes it illegal to be drunk in a public place in possession of a crossbow.
Section 44 of the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 raised the age limit from 17 to 18 in England and Wales, with effect from 1 October 2007.[7] The Scottish Parliament made similar changes in section 62 of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act 2007,[8] also with effect from 1 October 2007.
United States[edit]
It is legal to own a crossbow. Rules regarding hunting with crossbow vary by state. (Laws By State)
Michigan
Any licensed hunter who has obtained a free crossbow stamp can hunt with a crossbow during any season in which a firearm is allowed, for both big and small game, except hunters in the Upper Peninsula may not use a crossbow or a modified bow during the Dec. 1 - Jan. 1 late archery deer season and Dec. 7-16 muzzleloader deer season, unless the hunter is disabled and has a crossbow permit or special permit to take game with a modified bow. Any licensed hunter may use a crossbow throughout the archery deer season in the Lower Peninsula (Oct. 1 - Nov. 14 and Dec. 1 - Jan. 1) and during the early archery deer season in the Upper Peninsula (Oct. 1 - Nov. 14). Crossbow use is not allowed in the Red Oak Unit during the archery-only bear season (Oct. 5-11) except for certified hunters with a disability. The DNR may issue a crossbow permit or a special permit to take game with a modified bow to a person with a valid hunting license to take a deer during an open deer season, if the person is certified as having permanent or temporary disability, as defined in Wildlife Conservation Order 5.95, which renders a person unable to use conventional archery equipment. Hunters may use a modified bow where crossbows are legal. A modified bow is a bow, other than a crossbow, that has been physically altered so that it may be held, aimed and shot with one arm. When hunting deer, bear, elk and turkey, crossbow hunters must use only arrows, bolts and quarrels with a broadhead hunting type of point not less than 7/8 of an inch wide with a minimum of 14 inches in length. See Hunter Orange Clothing Requirements. This was taken from https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,4570,7-153-10366_37141_37706-31578--,00.html
New York
Hunting with crossbow is legal to hunt game as of August 2014.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ausbow Industries - Australian crossbow manufacturer and agent for Excalibur crossbow Archived 2007-01-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/cfp-pcaf/faq/index-eng.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/alkup/1996/19961374
Jump up ^ Office of Public Sector Information - Crossbows Act 1987
Jump up ^ Section 50 of the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982
Jump up ^ The Crown prosecution Service - Offensive weapons retrieved 29 January 2008
Jump up ^ Section 62 of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons (Scotland) Act 2007
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laws_on_crossbows&oldid=853328094"
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text:
Product (business)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a market that might satisfy a want or need.[1] In retailing, products are called merchandise. In manufacturing, products are bought as raw materials and sold as finished goods. A service is another common product type.
Commodities are usually raw materials such as metals and agricultural products, but a commodity can also be anything widely available in the open market. In project management, products are the formal definition of the project deliverables that make up or contribute to delivering the objectives of the project. In insurance, the policies are considered products offered for sale by the insurance company that created the contract. In economics and commerce, products belong to a broader category of goods. The economic meaning of product was first used by political economist Adam Smith.[citation needed]
A related concept is that of a sub-product, a secondary but useful result of a production process.
Dangerous products, particularly physical ones, that cause injuries to consumers or bystanders may be subject to product liability.
Contents
[hide]
1 Product classification
1.1 By use
1.2 By association
1.3 National and international product classifications
2 Product model
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Product classification[edit]
A product can be classified as tangible or intangible. A tangible product is a physical object that can be perceived by touch such as a building, vehicle, gadget, or clothing. An intangible product is a product that can only be perceived indirectly such as an insurance policy. Services can be broadly classified under intangible products which can be durable or non durable.
By use[edit]
In its online product catalog, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into "departments", then presents products to potential shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand.[2] Each product has a Sears item-number and a manufacturer's model-number. Sears uses the departments and product groupings with the intention of helping customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional department-store structure.[3]
By association[edit]
A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges."[4] Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organization or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans".[5] Within the insurance industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance, commercial insurance and life insurance.[6]
National and international product classifications[edit]
Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The NAFTA signatories are working on a system that classifies products called NAPCS as a companion to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).[7] The European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications.[8] The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting.[9]
The Aspinwall Classification System [10][11] classifies and rates products based on five variables:
Replacement rate (How frequently is the product repurchased?)
Gross margin (How much profit is obtained from each product?)
Buyer goal adjustment (How flexible are the buyers' purchasing habits with regard to this product?)
Duration of product satisfaction (How long will the product produce benefits for the user?)
Duration of buyer search behavior (How long will consumers shop for the product?)
The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP)[12] developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments, the NIGP Code.[13] The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as thousands of cities, counties and political subdivisions. The NIGP Code is a hierarchical schema consisting of a 3 digit class, 5 digit class-item, 7 digit class-item-group and an 11 digit class-item-group-detail.[14] Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis and strategic sourcing.
Product model[edit]
A manufacturer usually provides an identifier for each particular type of product they make, known as a model, model variant, or model number (often abbreviated as MN, M/N or model no.). For example, Dyson Ltd, a manufacturer of appliances (mainly vacuum cleaners), requires customers to identify their model in the support section of the website.[15] Brand and model can be used together to identify products in the market. The model number is not necessarily the same as the manufacturer part number (MPN).[16]
Because of the huge amount of similar products in the automotive industry, there is a special kind of defining a car with options (marks, attributes), that represent the characteristics features of the vehicle. A model of a car is defined by some basic options like body, engine, gear box and axles. The variants of a model are built by some additional options like color, seats, wheels, mirrors, trims, entertainment and assistant systems etc. Options, that exclude each other (pairwise) build an option-family. That means, that you can choose only one option by each family and you have to choose exactly one option. This kind of product definition fulfill the requirements of an ideal Boolean Algebra and can be helpful to construct a product configurator.[17] Sometimes, a set of options (car features) are combined to an automotive package and are offered by a lower price. A consistent car definition is essential for the production planning and control in the automotive industry, to generate a master production schedule,[18] which is the fundamental for the enterprise resource planning.
In addition, a specific unit of a product is usually (and has to be) identified by a serial number, which is necessary to distinguish products with the same product definition. In the case of automotive products it's called the Vehicle Identification Number VIN, an international standardized format.
See also[edit]
Builder's plate
List of fastest-selling products
Manufacturer part number
Product teardown
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006) Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.
Jump up ^ Sears online Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine., sears.com.
Jump up ^ When an online Sears customer goes to the "Parts and accessories" section of the website to find parts for a particular Sears item, the "model number" field actually requires a Sears item number, not a manufacturer's model number. This is a typical problem with product codes or item codes that are internally assigned by a company but do not conform to an external standard.
Jump up ^ Kotler, Philip; Gary Armstrong (1989). Principles of Marketing, fourth edition (Annotated Instructor's Edition). Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 639 (glossary definition). ISBN 0-13-706129-3.
Jump up ^ "2002 Economic Census, Finance and Insurance" US Census Bureau, 2002, p.14.
Jump up ^ Insurance carrier product lines at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Jump up ^ North American Product Classification System, U.S. Census Bureau
Jump up ^ Eurostat classifications Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine., ec.europa.eu.
Jump up ^ United Nations product classifications Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine., unstats.un.org.
Jump up ^ Leo Aspinwall, 1958 Archived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine., Social Marketing AED Resource p. 45
Jump up ^ A history of schools of marketing thought, Eric H. Shaw, D.G. Brian Jones Archived 2010-12-05 at the Wayback Machine., Marketing theory Volume 5(3): 239–281, 2005 SAGE, p. 249
Jump up ^ National Institute of Governmental Purchasing Archived 2008-10-26 at the Wayback Machine., nigp.org
Jump up ^ NIGP Code Archived 2008-12-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ NIGP Code sample Archived 2008-10-17 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dyson: Help with your Dyson Archived 2011-08-27 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ SOTW, Celebird, et al. "Model Number Vs. MPN" Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine.. Google Merchant Center: Help forum. August 31, 2009, accessed September 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Herlyn: PPS im Automobilbau, Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, S. 81-120
Jump up ^ Herlyn: PPS im Automobilbau, Hanser Verlag, München, 2012, S. 122 ff.
Further reading[edit]
Herlyn, W.: PPS im Automobilbau - Produktionsprogrammplanung und -steuerung von Fahrzeugen und Aggregaten. Hanser Verlag, München, 2012 - ISBN 978-3-446-41370-2
Stark, John (2015). Product Lifecycle Management: Volume 1: 21st Century Paradigm for Product Realisation. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-17439-6.
External links[edit]
Quotations related to Merchandise at Wikiquote
Authority control
GND: 4139399-5
NDL: 00572055
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Product_(business)&oldid=827761377"
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