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Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines)
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This article is about the station on London Underground's Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. For the Bakerloo, Circle and District lines station, see Paddington tube station (Bakerloo, Circle and District lines).
Paddington
Entrance from Paddington Basin
Paddington
Location of Paddington in Central London
Location
Paddington
Local authority
City of Westminster
Managed by
London Underground
Number of platforms
2[1]
Accessible
Yes[2]
Fare zone
1
OSI
Marylebone NR
Lancaster Gate[3]
London Underground annual entry and exit
2013
49.71 million[4]
2014
49.28 million[4]
2015
49.64 million[4]
2016
49.48 million[4]
Key dates
1863
Opened (as terminus)
1864
Extension (to Hammersmith)
1872
Started ("Middle Circle")
1905
Ended ("Middle Circle")
1990
Started (Hammersmith & City)
2009
Started (Circle line to Hammersmith)
Other information
Lists of stations
DLR
Underground
National Rail
Tramlink
External links
TfL station info page
WGS84
51°31′07″N 0°10′42″W / 51.518578°N 0.178470°W / 51.518578; -0.178470Coordinates: 51°31′07″N 0°10′42″W / 51.518578°N 0.178470°W / 51.518578; -0.178470
London Transport portal
Paddington is a London Underground station served by the Circle and Hammersmith & City lines. It is located adjacent to the north side of Paddington mainline station and has entrances from within the mainline station and from Paddington Basin. The station is between Royal Oak and Edgware Road and is in London Fare Zone 1.
The station is one of two separate Underground stations of the same name. The other station, on Praed Street to the south of the mainline station, is served by the Bakerloo, Circle and District lines. Although shown on the London Underground map as a single station,[5] the two stations are not directly linked and interchange between them is via the concourse of the mainline station.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Metropolitan Railway
1.2 Circle line
1.3 Accidents and incidents
2 Services
3 Connections
4 Notes and references
4.1 Notes
4.2 References
4.3 Bibliography
5 External links
History[edit]
Metropolitan Railway[edit]
Exterior, 1862
Metropolitan Railway station between Paddington GWR passenger and goods stations, 1874
The station was opened as Paddington (Bishop's Road) by the Metropolitan Railway (MR, later the Metropolitan line) on 10 January 1863 as the western terminus of the world's first underground railway.[6][n 1] The station building was located on the road bridge carrying Bishop's Road (now Bishop's Bridge Road) over the mainline tracks of the Great Western Railway (GWR).[n 2] Services were initially operated with rolling stock provided by the GWR,[9] and the MR route to Farringdon was laid with dual-gauge track for both broad-gauge and standard-gauge trains.[10][n 3]
On 13 June 1864, GWR services were extended westward when the Hammersmith & City Railway (H&CR) opened to Hammersmith.[6][12][n 4] MR services began operating to Hammersmith in 1865.[13] Initially, trains ran for about 1 mile (1.6 km) on the GWR's mainline tracks between Paddington and the start of the Hammersmith branch,[12] but delays on the mainline section led to a separate pair of parallel tracks for the Hammersmith service being constructed. These opened on 30 October 1871.[12]
On 1 October 1868, the MR opened a south-west facing junction (Praed Street junction) approximately 350 yards (320 m) west of Edgware Road for a new branch to Gloucester Road.[6][1][n 5] MR trains to Gloucester Road served a separate station named Paddington (Praed Street) south of the main-line station.[6] Paddington (Bishop's Road) station was given its current name in 10 September 1933.[6]
From 1 August 1872, the '"Middle Circle"' service also began operations through the station running from Moorgate then over the Hammersmith branch to Latimer Road then, via a now demolished link, to the West London Line to Addison Road and the District Railway (DR, later the District line) to Mansion House.[14] The service was operated jointly by the GWR and the DR. The service ended on 31 January 1905.[15]
Until 1990, services through the station were shown on maps as part of the MR and, later the Metropolitan line. They were separately identified as the Hammersmith & City line in 1990.[6]
Circle line[edit]
Entrance from the mainline station
In December 2009, Circle line services began serving the station. Originally operating as a loop-line using tracks constructed by the MR and the DR and serving only the station in Praed Street, the Circle line's route was altered to include the Hammersmith branch to increase train frequency on the branch and improve the regularity of Circle line trains. Trains run in a spiral anti-clockwise from Edgware Road around the loop, back to Edgware Road and then on to the Hammersmith branch.[16][n 6]
The station was rebuilt during 2012 and 2013 to provide longer platforms, improved access and connections to the mainline station. A new entrance to Paddington Basin was opened.[18]
Accidents and incidents[edit]
On 9 May 1864, the boiler of a Great Northern Railway 0-6-0 locomotive exploded as it was leaving Bishops Road. Two people were seriously injured and the resulting debris landed up to 250 yards (230 m) away, and a section of the main station roof was dented.[19]
Services[edit]
The station is in London Fare Zone 1 between Royal Oak and Edgware Road stations. Train frequencies vary throughout the day, but, generally, Hammersmith & City line trains operate every 10 minutes from approximately 04:50 to 00:42 eastbound and 05:22 to 00:53 westbound; they are supplemented by Circle line trains every 10 minutes from approximately 04:58 to 23:43 eastbound and 06:40 to 00:45 westbound.[20] Both lines use the same tracks.[1]
Connections[edit]
London Buses routes 46 and 332 serve Bishop's Bridge Road, north of the station. Other bus routes serve the station in Praed Street.[21]
Lancaster Gate Underground station on the Central line and Marylebone mainline station are within walking distance and out of station interchanges to these stations are permitted at no extra cost if made within the permitted time.[3]
Notes and references[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Railway ran mostly in shallow tunnels constructed using the cut-and-cover technique under existing roads. Some sections of the trench were left un-roofed for ventilation. Some station platforms were below ground level within the roofed sections of tunnel but others, such as Paddington (Bishop's Road) had glazed roofs.[7]
Jump up ^ The Metropolitan Railway's chief engineer was John Fowler.[8]
Jump up ^ A falling out between the managers of the GWR and MR led to the GWR withdrawing its trains from the MR's use in August 1863,[9] though it continued to operate its own suburban services over the MR's tracks.[11] The MR hired standard gauge rolling stock from the Great Northern Railway and London & North Western Railway whilst it had its own constructed.[9]
Jump up ^ The Hammersmith & City Railway was promoted jointly by the GWR and MR, but established as a separate company. It was jointly controlled by the two companies from 1 July 1865.[12]
Jump up ^ The branch to Gloucester Road met the District Railway there and, with later extensions of both lines towards the City of London eventually formed the Inner Circle (now the Circle line).[6]
Jump up ^ Although the two Paddington Underground stations are only about 400 metres (440 yd) apart geographically, the distance by rail on the Circle line without changing trains is 20.84 kilometres (12.95 mi) around almost the whole of the line's loop section.[17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Circle Line, Toplogy". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Step free Tube Guide" (PDF). Transport for London. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Out of Station Interchanges" (XLS). Transport for London. May 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Multi-year station entry-and-exit figures" (XLS). London Underground station passenger usage data. Transport for London. March 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Standard Tube Map" (PDF). Transport for London. December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rose 1999.
Jump up ^ Walford 1878.
Jump up ^ Wolmar 2005, p. 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c Day & Reed 2010, p. 14.
Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2010, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Wolmar 2005, p. 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Day & Reed 2010, p. 16.
Jump up ^ Jackson 1986, pp. 39–40.
Jump up ^ Bruce 1983, p. 11.
Jump up ^ Lee 1956, p. 29.
Jump up ^ "Services on London Underground's Circle line to be extended to Hammersmith". Transport for London. 5 March 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Rail distance calculated from kilometerage data at "Circle Line, Toplogy". Clive's Underground Line Guides. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Paddington station works completed ahead of schedule". Transport for London. 23 December 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson 1984, p. 330.
Jump up ^ "Timetables". Transport for London. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Buses from Paddington" (PDF). Transport for London. 19 November 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Bruce, J Graeme (1983). Steam to Silver. A history of London Transport Surface Rolling Stock. Capital Transport. ISBN 0-904711-45-5.
Day, John R.; Reed, John (2010) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground (11th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-341-9.
Jackson, Alan (1984) [1969]. London's Termini (New Revised ed.). London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.
Jackson, Alan (1986). London's Metropolitan Railway. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8839-8.
Lee, Charles E. (1956). The Metropolitan District Railway. The Oakwood Press. ASIN B0000CJGHS.
Rose, Douglas (1999) [1980]. The London Underground, A Diagrammatic History. Douglas Rose/Capital Transport. ISBN 1-85414-219-4.
Walford, Edward (1878). "XVIII". Underground London: Its railways, subways and sewers. Old and New London. 5. Cassell, Petter & Galpin. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via British History Online.
Wolmar, Christian (2005) [2004]. The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-84354-023-6.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paddington tube station (Circle and Hammersmith & City lines).
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
Paddington (Bishop's Road) station under construction, 1862
Entrance from Bishop's Bridge Road, 1950
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text:
Kothari Commission
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[1]
Indian Education Commission (1964-1966)
Kothari Commission
Agency overview
Formed
14 July 1964
Dissolved
29 June 1966
Jurisdiction
Government of India
Headquarters
New Delhi
Agency executives
Daulat Singh Kothari, Chairman
[J. P. Naik], Secretary
J. F. McDougall, Associate secretary
A. R. Dawood
H. L. Elvin
R. A. Gopalswami
V. S. Jha
P. N. Kirpal
M. V. Mathur
B. P. Pal
Kumari S. Panandikar
Roger Revelle
K. G. Saiyidain
T. Sen
Jean Thomas
S. A. Shumovsky
Sadatoshi Ihara, Members
Indian Education Commission (1964-1966), popularly known as Kothari Commission, was an ad hoc commission set up by the Government of India to examine all aspects of the educational sector in India, to evolve a general pattern of education and to advise guidelines and policies for the development of education in India.[2] It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, then chairman of the University Grants Commission.[2] The terms of reference of the commission was to formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education from primary level to the highest and advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India.[3] However, the medical and legal studies were excluded from the purview of the commission.[3] The tenancy of the commission was from 1964 to 1966 and the report was submitted by the commission on 29 June 1966.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Core group
3 Consultants
4 Task Forces and Working Groups
5 Sub groups and invitees
6 Report
6.1 Main recommendations
6.2 Aftermath
7 See also
8 References
Structure[edit]
The commission, under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, was the sixth commission in India post independence and the first commission with comprehensive terms of reference on education.[4] It was composed of a member secretary, an associate secretary and fifteen members.[4] Apart from the core group, the commission had a panel of overseas consultants numbering twenty[4] and nineteen task forces, their sub groups and special panels of invitees.[5]
Core group[edit]
No.
Designation
Name
Position
1 Chairman D. S. Kothari Chairman, University Grants Commission
2 Member Secretary J. P. Naik Head, Dept of Edu. Planning, Admn and Finance Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune
3 Associate Secretary J. F. McDougall Assistant Director, Department of School and Higher Education, UNESCO, Paris
4 Member A. R. Dawood Director, Extension Programmes for Secondary Education, New Delhi
5 Member H. L. Elvin Director, Institute of Education, University College of London
6 Member R. A. Gopalaswami Director, Institute of Applied Manpower Research, New Delhi
7 Member V. S. Jha Director of the Commonwealth Education Liaison Unit, London
8 Member P. N. Kirpal Educational Adviser to the Government of India
9 Member M. V. Mathur Professor, Economics and Public Administration, University of Rajasthan
10 Member B. P. Pal Director, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
11 Member Kum. S. Panandikar Head of the Department of Education, Karnatak University, Dharwar
12 Member Roger Revelle Dean of Research, University of California, USA
13 Member K. G. Saiyidain Educational Adviser to the Government of India
14 Member T. Sen Rector, Jadavpur University, Calcutta
15 Member Jean Thomas Inspector General of Education, France, and formerly Assistant Director-General of UNESCO
16 Member S. A. Shumovsky Director, Methodological Division, Ministry of Higher and Special Secondary Education, RSFSR, Moscow
17 Member Sadatoshi Ihara Professor of the First Faculty of Science and Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo
Consultants[edit]
A panel of 20 consultants, selected from various parts of the world and deemed experts in education, was constituted for consultative assistance to the commission.[3]
No.
Incumbent
Position
1 James E. Allen, Jr. Commissioner, State Education Department, USA
2 C. E. Beeby Visiting Professor, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University
3 P. M. S. Blackett President, the Royal Society, UK
4 Recteur J. J. Capelle Director-General of Education in France, Paris
5 Christopher Cox Educational Adviser, Ministry of Overseas Development, UK
6 Philip H. Coombs Director, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris
7 Andre Daniere Centre for Studies in Education and Development, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University
8 Stevan Dedijer Institute of Sociology, University of Lund, Sweden
9 Nicholas DeWitt Director, International Survey of Educational Development and Planning, Indiana University, USA
10 John Guy Fowlkes School of Education, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
11 Willis Jackson Professor of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London
12 J. Paul Leonard Professor of Education, Columbia University Teachers' College
13 Gordon N. Mackenzie Professor of Education, Teachers' College, Columbia University, New York, USA
14 C. A. Moser Director, Unit for Economic and Statistical Studies on Higher Education, London School of Economics
15 S. Okita Executive Director, Japan Economic Research Centre, Tokyo
16 A. R. Prest Professor of Economics and Public Finance, University of Manchester, England
17 Lionel Robbins Professor Emeritus, London School of Economics
18 Edward A. Shils Professor, University of Chicago, USA
19 Frederick Seitz President, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, USA
20 W. C. Smith Director, Centre for the Study of World Religions, Harvard University
Task Forces and Working Groups[edit]
The main front line activities were handled by nineteen task forces or working groups, each handling a specific area of activity.[5]
Task Force on Adult Education The group's main objective was the eradication of illiteracy by focusing on adult education. The group was composed of three foreign members, J. F. McDougall, Welthy Fischer and Hans Simons and fifteen Indian members, V. S. Jha, Abdul Qadir, G. K. Chandiramani, A. R. Deshpande, Durgabai Deshmukh, K. L. Joshi, D. R. Kalia, T. A. Koshy, M. S. Mehra, A. R. Moore, J. P. Naik, M. S. Randhawa, K. G. Saiyidain, Sohan Singh and group secretary, S. M. S. Chari.
Task Force on Agriculture Education The group had 15 members of which two were foreign members, J. F. McDougall and R. W. Cummings. The Indian members included B. P. Pal, Hashim Amir Ali, Anant Rao, Chintamani Singh, V. M. Dandekar, K. C. Kanungo, A. B. Joshi, S. N. Mehrotra, S. K. Mukherji, J. P. Naik, K. C. Naik, N. K. Panikar, C. S. Ranganathan, S. C. Verma and secretary, S. Ramanujam. The group focused on the development of agricultural education.
Task Force on Educational Administration This twelve member group examined the shortcomings on the educational administration and had Prem Kirpal, A. C. Deve Gowda, V. Jagannadham, M. V. Mathur, S. N. Mukherjee, J. P. Naik, H. M. Patel, D. M. Sen, J. D. Sharma, V. D. Sharma, Rudra Dutt Singh and S. Rajan (secretary) as its members.
Task Force on Educational Finance The task before the group was to examine the existing set up with regard to educational finance and identify ways to overcome the shortfalls. The group had M. V. Mathur, D. A. Dabholkar, B. Dutta, R. A. Gopalaswami, K. L. Joshi, D. T. Lakdawala, Gautam Mathur, Atmanand Misra, Sadashiv Misra, J. P. Naik, K. A. Naqvi, Pritam Singh and Gurbax Singh (secretary) as its members.
Task Force on Higher Education The group's objective was to coordinate the higher education system in India and advise on ways of improvement. The group was one of the largest and had 20 members, including three overseas members, J. F. McDougall, Hans Simons and H. J. Taylor. The Indian members were K. G. Saiyidain, J. W. Airan, P. K. Bose, Chandrahasan, V. S. Jha, A. C. Joshi, K. L. Joshi, C. L. Kapur, D. S. Kothari, M. V. Mathur, P. G. Mavlankar, J. P. Naik, P. J. Philip, A. B. Shah, Amrik Singh, R. K. Singh and S. Rehman (secretary).
Task Force on Manpower The group had twelve members which included R. A. Gopalaswami, Abdul Qadir, K. L. Joshi, M. V. Mathur, J. P. Naik, R. Prasad, T. Sen and S. P. Aggarwal. The group had its mandate to examine the recruitment and training of teaching and non teaching staff.
Task Force on Techniques and Methods in Education This seventeen member task force was entrusted with the designing of the functional mechanics of the educational system. The members were V. S. Jha, G. K. Athalye (later replaced by S. L. Ahluwallia), M. L. Bharadwaj, A. R. Dawood, S. Dutt, C. L. Kapur, S. S. Kulkarni, J. C. Mathur, J. F. McDougall, S. K. Mitra, J. P. Naik, Paul Neurath, S. Panandikar, Albert J. Perrelli, S. Rehman, J. M. Ure (later replaced by D. A. Smith) and S. M. S. Chari, who served as the Secretary.
Task Force on Professional, Vocational and Technical Education The group trained its focus on the professional and vocational courses. The group had sixteen members including the associate secretary, J. F. McDougall. The other members were T. Sen, S. K. Bose, G. K. Chandiramani, L. S. Chandrakant, D. R. Dhingra, R. N. Dogra, V. G. Garde, R. A. Gopalaswami, K. L. Joshi, P. K. Kelkar, S. G. Pendse, S. C. Sen, R. K. Srivastav, H. C. Visvesvaraya and secretary, S. Venkatesh.
Task Force on Science Education The mandate of the group was to focus on the science education excluding medical education and consisted of D. S. Kothari, S. Deb, B. D. Jain, P. Florence Nightingale, R. C. Paul, R. N. Rai, T. S. Sadasivan, D. Shankernarayan, Shantinarayan, A. R. Verma, R. D. Deshpande and I. C. Menon (secretary).
Task Force on School Education The group worked on the modalities of school education excluding primary education in India. It consisted of twelve members including the commission secretary, J. P. Naik along with A. R. Dawood, K. L. Gupta, G. S. Khair, K. Kuruvila Jacob, D. R. Mankad, P. N. Mathar, R. Muralidharan, S. Panandikar, H. Radhakrishna, S. N. Saraf, and S. Doraiswami (secretary).
Task Force on Student Welfare The welfare aspects of the students including scholarships and other measures of incentives were attended to by this group which had A. R. Dawood, V. S. Jha, D. R. Mankad, M. S. Mehta, Perin H. Mehta, J. P. Naik, Prem Pasricha, V. Ramakrishna, A. S. Raturi, D. S. Reddy, S. L. Saruparia, Vikram Singh and S. Doraiswami (secretary) as its members.
Task Force on Teacher Education and Teacher Status The group inspected the proficiency of the teachers and their remuneration packages. One of the tasks before the group was to standardize the public and private sector compensation packages and also to design a machinery for continuous on-job training of the teachers. The members of the group were S. Panandikar, S. P. Aggarwal, Reginald Bell, A. C. Deve Gowda, G. N. Kaul, J. P. Naik, S. Natarajan, K. G. Saiyidain, Salamatullah and M. D. Paul (secretary).
Working Group on Educational Buildings This group had its focus on the educational infrastructure and had several construction and infrastructure experts among its fifteen members. The members were A. R. Dawood, R. K. Chhabra, Dinesh Mohan, B. V. Doshi, J. F. McDougall, M. M. Mistri, J. P. Naik, M. H. Pandya, C. B. Patel, S. Rahaman, J. L. Sehgal, T. S. Vedagiri, H. C. Visvesaraya, H. Williams and S. Venkatesh (secretary).
Working Group on Education of the Backward Classes The group had fifteen members and was mandated to focus on the education of the scheduled caste, scheduled tribe and other backward communities in India. L. M. Shrikant, Sashimeren Aier, N. V. Bapat, S. R. Bhise, P. D. Kulkarani, J. Lakra, D. J. Naik, J. P. Naik, V. Rajlakshmi, T. Sanganna, S. C. Sen Gupta, Manikya Lal Verma, Vimal Chandra, N. M. Wadiwa and the secretary of the group, Gurbax Singh were the members.
Working Group on Educational Statistics The group provided the statistical tools for the commission and had J. P. Naik, S. P. Aggarwal, R. K. Chhabra, G. P. Khare, D. Natarajan, H. Webster and Gurbax Singh (secretary) as members.
Working Group on Pre-Primary Education This group was intended to work on the primary education and its standardization as the primary education till that time was unorganized with several different schools such as basic primary and Montessori systems in practice. The group had ten women, S. Panandikar, Bilquis Ghufran, L. Jesudian, Shalini Moghe, A. Pakrashi, Grace Tucker, P. K. Varalakshmi, Amrita Varma and R. Muralidharan and two men, M. C. Nanavatty and Shesh Namle as members.
Working Group on School Community Relations The group composed of L. R. Desai, Hulbe, V. S. Jha, H. B. Majumder, P. N. Mathur, J. P. Naik, M. C. Nanavatty, H. Radhakrishna, K. G. Saiyidain, R. K. Singh and M. P. Balakrishnan (secretary) worked on the extra curricular ambience and activities of the education.
Working Group on School Curriculum This group had one of the major tasks of the commission which included the design and development of a standardized curriculum to be used across the country. S. Panandikar, J. P. Naik, A. R. Dawood, L. S. Chandrakant, A. J. Perrelli and B. Ghosh (secretary) were the members.
Working Group on Women's Education The group, consisting the chairman, D. S. Kothari and the commission secretary, J. P. Naik, had Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajammal Devadas, P. N. Mathur, S. Panandikar, K. G. Saiyidain, Raksha Saran, Premlila V. Thackersey and S. Rajan (Secretary) as members.
Sub groups and invitees[edit]
Besides the task forces, the commission had twenty one sub groups assisting the task forces on specific assignments.[5] They were:
Sub group on Literacy Education
Sub group on Role of Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning in Adult Education
Sub group on Education of Workers
Sub group on Role of Cultural Institutions in Adult Education
Sub group on Equalization of Educational Opportunities at University Level
Sub group on Rural Higher Education
Sub group on Salaries of Teachers
Sub group on University Standards
Sub group on Evolution at University Level
Sub group on the Functions of a University
Sub group on Policy of Admissions and Substandard Institutions
Sub group on Secondary Education
Sub group on Evolution at The School Stage
Sub group on Hostels
Sub group on Guidance and Counselling
Sub group on Health Services
Sub group on Teacher Education
Sub group on Evaluation in Teacher Education
Sub group on Comprehensive Scheme of Teacher Training
Sub group on Recruitment, Pay Scales and Conditions of Service of Teachers
Sub group on Statistical Calculations, Finance and Unit Costs
C. Gilpatric, M. S. Mehta, Prof. M. Mehrotra, H. H. Howes, Nauhria Ram and Olive 1. Reddick served as special invitees of the sub groups.[5]
Report[edit]
9000 individuals covering educators, scholars and scientists were interviewed and 2400 memorandums were examined by the commission, during a period spanning 21 months.[4] The commission submitted its 287-page report on 29 June 1966 to M. C. Chagla, the then minister of education.[6] The report had four sub sections:[4]
Section I : General issues
Section II : Stages of Education
Section III : Recommendations and programmes
Section IV : Additional papers
The four main themes of the commission were:[4][7]
Increase in Productivity
Promoting social and National Integration
Education and Modernization
Developing social, moral and spiritual values
Main recommendations[edit]
One of the main recommendations of the commission was the standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern, across the country.[4] It advised that the pre-primary education which had different names such as kindergarten, Montessori and pre-basic should be renamed as pre-primary and the primary education (renamed as lower primary) to be up to the 4th standard. It further classified the schooling as upper primary or higher primary and high school (up to standard X). The under graduate education was identified as XI and XII standards under the name, higher secondary or pre university. The graduate studies were recommended to be standardized as a three-year course. The educational system up to master's degree was categorized as first (primary education), second (secondary education up to XII) and third levels of education (higher studies).[3]
The commission recommended that a common public education system should be introduced and the it should be vocationalized in general and special streams by introducing work experience as a part of education. It further stressed on the need to make work experience and social/national service as an integral part of education. Specialization of subjects were advised to be started from higher secondary levels.[3]
The days of instruction were recommended to be increased to 234 for schools and 216 for colleges and the working hours to be fixed at not less than 1000 hours per academic year, preferably higher at 1100 or 1200 hours. It also advised for reduction of national holidays.[3] Linking of colleges to a number of schools in the neighborhood, utilization of school facilities 8 hours a day all through the year, establishment of book banks, identification of talents and provision of scholarships, setting up of day study and residential facilities and opportunities for students to earn while studying were some of the other recommendations of the commission.[3][8] It also emphasized on free education up to and including lower secondary level of education.[8]
Commission laid stress on women education and advised setting up of state and central level committees for overseeing women education.[8] It suggested establishing schools and hostels for women and urged to identify ways to find job opportunities for women in the educational sector.[8] Focusing on equalization of opportunities to all irrespective of caste, religion and gender and to achieve social and national integration,[8] the schools were advised to provide education to backward classes on a priority basis and the minimum level of enrollment at a secondary school were advised to be not less than 360 every year. Two sets of curricula were prescribed, one at state level and one at the national level and the schools were recommended to experiment with the curriculum. It also proposed that three or four text books to be prescribed for each subject and moral and religious education be made a part of the curriculum.[7] The curriculum prescribed by the commission was:
Lower primary level (1 to 4)[7]
One language (regional)
Mathematical studies
Environmental studies
Creative studies
Health studies
Work experience
Higher primary level (5 to 8)[7]
Two languages (one regional and one national) and preferably a third language
Mathematical studies
Science studies
Social studies
Art
Physical education
Work experience
Moral studies
Lower secondary level (IX and X)[7]
Three languages
Mathematical studies
Science studies
Social studies
Art
Physical education
Work experience
Moral studies
Higher secondary level (XI and XII)
Two languages (one modern Indian language and one classical or foreign language)
Any three subjects from (a) one additional language, (b) History (c) Economics (d) Logic (e) geography (f) psychology (g) sociology (h) art (i) physics (j) chemistry (k) mathematics (l) biology (m) geology (n) home science
Art
Physical education
Work experience
Moral studies
It also recommended the establishment of guidance and counselling centres and a new approach in the evaluation of student performances.[3] The commission suggested the neighbourhood school system without social or religious segregation and a school complex system integrating primary and secondary levels of education. It put forward the suggestion that state and national boards of examination be set up and state level evaluation machinery be put in place.[3][7]
The commission recommended the establishment of Indian Education Service, along the lines of Indian Administrative Service, to bring in professional management to education sector. It proposed standardization and revision of the pay scales of the teaching, non teaching and administrative staff and prescribed minimum pay levels based on their locations. It also advised standardization of pay scales working under different managements such as government, private and local bodies. The minimum scale was suggested to be in the ratio of 1:2:3 for teachers in the primary, secondary and higher levels of educational sector.[3] Another proposal was for the establishment of a machinery for continuous on job training of the teaching staff and for efforts to raise the status of the teachers to attract talents into the profession.[7] It urged laws to be passed to legalize the educational standards and the educational expenditure to be raised from the then level of 2.9 percent of the GDP to 6 percent, to be achieved by the fiscal year, 1985-86.[3] A significant suggestion was the issuance of a National Policy on Education by the Government of India which should serve as a guideline for the state and local bodies in the design and implementation of their educational plans.[3]
Aftermath[edit]
Formulation of a National Policy on Education was one of the important recommendations of the commission and in 1968, the fourth Lok Sabha elected to office in 1967 under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, passed the bill.[9] The policy covered many recommendations of the Kothari Commission such as free and compulsory education, Status and pay scale revision of teachers, equalization of educational opportunity and science education.[9]
Another recommendation of the commission for the alignment of the educational system on 10+2+3 pattern has been achieved by the government on a national level.[6] The education has been modeled as per commission's recommendation to stratify the sector with state and national bodies and a central board, Board of Higher Secondary Education was set up in 1986.[10]
Kothari commission, fourth education commission in the independent India,[7] and its recommendations are also reported to have influenced the 1986 revision of the National Policy on Education by the Rajiv Gandhi ministry.[11] The guidelines laid out by the commission were revisited by the National Knowledge Commission headed by Sam Pitroda in 2005.[6]
See also[edit]
List of Indian commissions
National Policy on Education
National Knowledge Commission
Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
Saakshar Bharat
Daulat Singh Kothari
J. P. Naik
M. V. Mathur
Benjamin Peary Pal
Roger Revelle
Atmaram Bhairav Joshi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Education and National Development: Report of the Education Commission, 1964-66 - Vol I: General Problems" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Indian Education Commission 1964-66". PB Works. 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l J C Aggarwal (2009). Landmarks In The History Of Modern Indian Education, 6E. Vikas Publishing House. p. 626. ISBN 9788125924029.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Introduction to Education Commissions 1964-66". Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University. 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Task Force on Agriculture Education" (PDF). National Council of Educational Research and Training. 1970. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "From Kothari Commission to Pitroda Commission". 2015. JSTOR 4419252. Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Seminar on Kothari Commission". Slide Share. 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Recommendations of Kothari Commission". Slide Share. 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "National Policy on Education 1968" (PDF). Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Board of Higher Secondary Education". Board of Higher Secondary Education. 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Statement by Arjun Singh" (PDF). NCERT. 1992. Retrieved June 21, 2015.
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