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Eclipse
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For other uses, see Eclipse (disambiguation) and Total Eclipse (disambiguation).
Totality during the 1999 solar eclipse. Solar prominences can be seen along the limb (in red) as well as extensive coronal filaments.
An eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when an astronomical object is temporarily obscured, either by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy.[1] Apart from syzygy, the term eclipse is also used when a spacecraft reaches a position where it can observe two celestial bodies so aligned. An eclipse is the result of either an occultation (completely hidden) or a transit (partially hidden).
The term eclipse is most often used to describe either a solar eclipse, when the Moon's shadow crosses the Earth's surface, or a lunar eclipse, when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow. However, it can also refer to such events beyond the Earth–Moon system: for example, a planet moving into the shadow cast by one of its moons, a moon passing into the shadow cast by its host planet, or a moon passing into the shadow of another moon. A binary star system can also produce eclipses if the plane of the orbit of its constituent stars intersects the observer's position.
For the special cases of solar and lunar eclipses, these only happen during an "eclipse season", the two times of each year when the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun crosses with the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth. The type of solar eclipse that happens during each season (whether total, annular, hybrid, or partial) depends on apparent sizes of the Sun and Moon. If the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, and the Moon's orbit around the Earth were both in the same plane with each other, then eclipses would happen each and every month. There would be a lunar eclipse at every full moon, and a solar eclipse at every new moon. And if both orbits were perfectly circular, then each solar eclipse would be the same type every month. It is because of the non-planar and non-circular differences that eclipses are not a common event. Lunar eclipses can be viewed from the entire nightside half of the Earth. But solar eclipses, particularly a total eclipse, as occurring at any one particular point on the Earth's surface, is a rare event that can span many decades from one to the next.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Umbra, penumbra and antumbra
3 Eclipse cycles
4 Earth–Moon system
4.1 Solar eclipse
4.2 Lunar eclipse
4.3 Historical record
5 Other planets and dwarf planets
5.1 Gas giants
5.2 Mars
5.3 Pluto
5.4 Mercury and Venus
6 Eclipsing binaries
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
The term is derived from the ancient Greek noun ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis), which means "the abandonment", "the downfall", or "the darkening of a heavenly body", which is derived from the verb ἐκλείπω (ekleípō) which means "to abandon", "to darken", or "to cease to exist,"[2] a combination of prefix ἐκ- (ek-), from preposition ἐκ (ek), "out," and of verb λείπω (leípō), "to be absent".[3][4]
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra[edit]
Main article: Umbra, penumbra and antumbra
Umbra, penumbra and antumbra cast by an opaque object occulting a larger light source
For any two objects in space, a line can be extended from the first through the second. The latter object will block some amount of light being emitted by the former, creating a region of shadow around the axis of the line. Typically these objects are moving with respect to each other and their surroundings, so the resulting shadow will sweep through a region of space, only passing through any particular location in the region for a fixed interval of time. As viewed from such a location, this shadowing event is known as an eclipse.[5]
Typically the cross-section of the objects involved in an astronomical eclipse are roughly disk shaped.[5] The region of an object's shadow during an eclipse is divided into three parts:[6]
The umbra, within which the object completely covers the light source. For the Sun, this light source is the photosphere.
The antumbra, extending beyond the tip of the umbra, within which the object is completely in front of the light source but too small to completely cover it.
The penumbra, within which the object is only partially in front of the light source.
Sun-moon configurations that produce a total (A), annular (B), and partial (C) solar eclipse
A total eclipse occurs when the observer is within the umbra, an annular eclipse when the observer is within the antumbra, and a partial eclipse when the observer is within the penumbra. During a lunar eclipse only the umbra and penumbra are applicable. This is because Earth's apparent diameter from the viewpoint of the Moon is nearly four times that of the Sun. The same terms may be used analogously in describing other eclipses, e.g., the antumbra of Deimos crossing Mars, or Phobos entering Mars's penumbra.
The first contact occurs when the eclipsing object's disc first starts to impinge on the light source; second contact is when the disc moves completely within the light source; third contact when it starts to move out of the light; and fourth or last contact when it finally leaves the light source's disc entirely.
For spherical bodies, when the occulting object is smaller than the star, the length (L) of the umbra's cone-shaped shadow is given by:
L = r ⋅ R o R s − R o {\displaystyle L\ =\ {\frac {r\cdot R_{o}}{R_{s}-R_{o}}}}
where Rs is the radius of the star, Ro is the occulting object's radius, and r is the distance from the star to the occulting object. For Earth, on average L is equal to 1.384×106 km, which is much larger than the Moon's semimajor axis of 3.844×105 km. Hence the umbral cone of the Earth can completely envelop the Moon during a lunar eclipse.[7] If the occulting object has an atmosphere, however, some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra. This occurs, for example, during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth—producing a faint, ruddy illumination of the Moon even at totality.
On Earth, the shadow cast during an eclipse moves very approximately at 1 km per sec. This depends on the location of the shadow on the Earth and the angle in which it is moving.[8]
Eclipse cycles[edit]
Main article: Eclipse cycle
An eclipse cycle takes place when eclipses in a series are separated by a certain interval of time. This happens when the orbital motions of the bodies form repeating harmonic patterns. A particular instance is the saros, which results in a repetition of a solar or lunar eclipse every 6,585.3 days, or a little over 18 years. Because this is not a whole number of days, successive eclipses will be visible from different parts of the world.[9]
Earth–Moon system[edit]
A symbolic orbital diagram from the view of the Earth at the center, with the sun and moon projected upon the celestial sphere, showing the Moon's two nodes where eclipses can occur.
An eclipse involving the Sun, Earth, and Moon can occur only when they are nearly in a straight line, allowing one to be hidden behind another, viewed from the third. Because the orbital plane of the Moon is tilted with respect to the orbital plane of the Earth (the ecliptic), eclipses can occur only when the Moon is close to the intersection of these two planes (the nodes). The Sun, Earth and nodes are aligned twice a year (during an eclipse season), and eclipses can occur during a period of about two months around these times. There can be from four to seven eclipses in a calendar year, which repeat according to various eclipse cycles, such as a saros.
Between 1901 and 2100 there are the maximum of seven eclipses in:[10]
four (penumbral) lunar and three solar eclipses: 1908, 2038.
four solar and three lunar eclipses: 1918, 1973, 2094.
five solar and two lunar eclipses: 1934.
Excluding penumbral lunar eclipses, there are a maximum of seven eclipses in:[11]
1591, 1656, 1787, 1805, 1918, 1935, 1982, and 2094.
Solar eclipse[edit]
Main article: Solar eclipse
The progression of a solar eclipse on August 1, 2008, viewed from Novosibirsk, Russia. The time between shots is three minutes.
As observed from the Earth, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes in front of the Sun. The type of solar eclipse event depends on the distance of the Moon from the Earth during the event. A total solar eclipse occurs when the Earth intersects the umbra portion of the Moon's shadow. When the umbra does not reach the surface of the Earth, the Sun is only partially occulted, resulting in an annular eclipse. Partial solar eclipses occur when the viewer is inside the penumbra.[12]
Each icon shows the view from the centre of its black spot, representing the moon (not to scale)
The eclipse magnitude is the fraction of the Sun's diameter that is covered by the Moon. For a total eclipse, this value is always greater than or equal to one. In both annular and total eclipses, the eclipse magnitude is the ratio of the angular sizes of the Moon to the Sun.[13]
Solar eclipses are relatively brief events that can only be viewed in totality along a relatively narrow track. Under the most favorable circumstances, a total solar eclipse can last for 7 minutes, 31 seconds, and can be viewed along a track that is up to 250 km wide. However, the region where a partial eclipse can be observed is much larger. The Moon's umbra will advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface.
Geometry of a total solar eclipse (not to scale)
During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its size is nearly the same as the Sun's when viewed from the Earth. A total solar eclipse is in fact an occultation while an annular solar eclipse is a transit.
When observed at points in space other than from the Earth's surface, the Sun can be eclipsed by bodies other than the Moon. Two examples include when the crew of Apollo 12 observed the Earth to eclipse the Sun in 1969 and when the Cassini probe observed Saturn to eclipse the Sun in 2006.
Lunar eclipse[edit]
Main article: Lunar eclipse
The progression of a lunar eclipse from right to left. Totality is shown with the first two images. These required a longer exposure time to make the details visible.
Lunar eclipses occur when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow. This happens only during a full moon, when the Moon is on the far side of the Earth from the Sun. Unlike a solar eclipse, an eclipse of the Moon can be observed from nearly an entire hemisphere. For this reason it is much more common to observe a lunar eclipse from a given location. A lunar eclipse lasts longer, taking several hours to complete, with totality itself usually averaging anywhere from about 30 minutes to over an hour.[14]
There are three types of lunar eclipses: penumbral, when the Moon crosses only the Earth's penumbra; partial, when the Moon crosses partially into the Earth's umbra; and total, when the Moon crosses entirely into the Earth's umbra. Total lunar eclipses pass through all three phases. Even during a total lunar eclipse, however, the Moon is not completely dark. Sunlight refracted through the Earth's atmosphere enters the umbra and provides a faint illumination. Much as in a sunset, the atmosphere tends to more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths, so the illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue,[15] thus the phrase 'Blood Moon' is often found in descriptions of such lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded.[16]
Historical record[edit]
Records of solar eclipses have been kept since ancient times. Eclipse dates can be used for chronological dating of historical records. A Syrian clay tablet, in the Ugaritic language, records a solar eclipse which occurred on March 5, 1223 B.C.,[17] while Paul Griffin argues that a stone in Ireland records an eclipse on November 30, 3340 B.C.[18] Positing classical-era astronomers' use of Babylonian eclipse records mostly from the 13th century BC provides a feasible and mathematically consistent[19] explanation for the Greek finding all three lunar mean motions (synodic, anomalistic, draconitic) to a precision of about one part in a million or better. Chinese historical records of solar eclipses date back over 4,000 years and have been used to measure changes in the Earth's rate of spin.[20]
By the 1600s, European astronomers were publishing books with diagrams explaining how lunar and solar eclipses occurred.[21][22] In order to disseminate this information to a broader audience and decrease fear of the consequences of eclipses, booksellers printed broadsides explaining the event either using the science or via astrology.[23]
Other planets and dwarf planets[edit]
Gas giants[edit]
See also: Solar eclipses on Jupiter, Solar eclipses on Saturn, Solar eclipses on Uranus, and Solar eclipses on Neptune
A picture of Jupiter and its moon Io taken by Hubble. The black spot is Io's shadow.
Saturn occults the Sun as seen from the Cassini–Huygens space probe
The gas giant planets (Jupiter,[24] Saturn,[25] Uranus,[26] and Neptune)[27] have many moons and thus frequently display eclipses. The most striking involve Jupiter, which has four large moons and a low axial tilt, making eclipses more frequent as these bodies pass through the shadow of the larger planet. Transits occur with equal frequency. It is common to see the larger moons casting circular shadows upon Jupiter's cloudtops.
The eclipses of the Galilean moons by Jupiter became accurately predictable once their orbital elements were known. During the 1670s, it was discovered that these events were occurring about 17 minutes later than expected when Jupiter was on the far side of the Sun. Ole Rømer deduced that the delay was caused by the time needed for light to travel from Jupiter to the Earth. This was used to produce the first estimate of the speed of light.[28]
On the other three gas giants, eclipses only occur at certain periods during the planet's orbit, due to their higher inclination between the orbits of the moon and the orbital plane of the planet. The moon Titan, for example, has an orbital plane tilted about 1.6° to Saturn's equatorial plane. But Saturn has an axial tilt of nearly 27°. The orbital plane of Titan only crosses the line of sight to the Sun at two points along Saturn's orbit. As the orbital period of Saturn is 29.7 years, an eclipse is only possible about every 15 years.
The timing of the Jovian satellite eclipses was also used to calculate an observer's longitude upon the Earth. By knowing the expected time when an eclipse would be observed at a standard longitude (such as Greenwich), the time difference could be computed by accurately observing the local time of the eclipse. The time difference gives the longitude of the observer because every hour of difference corresponded to 15° around the Earth's equator. This technique was used, for example, by Giovanni D. Cassini in 1679 to re-map France.[29]
Mars[edit]
Main article: Transit of Phobos from Mars
Transit of Phobos from Mars, as seen by the Mars Opportunity rover (10 March 2004).
On Mars, only partial solar eclipses (transits) are possible, because neither of its moons is large enough, at their respective orbital radii, to cover the Sun's disc as seen from the surface of the planet. Eclipses of the moons by Mars are not only possible, but commonplace, with hundreds occurring each Earth year. There are also rare occasions when Deimos is eclipsed by Phobos.[30] Martian eclipses have been photographed from both the surface of Mars and from orbit.
Pluto[edit]
Main article: Solar eclipses on Pluto
Pluto, with its proportionately largest moon Charon, is also the site of many eclipses. A series of such mutual eclipses occurred between 1985 and 1990.[31] These daily events led to the first accurate measurements of the physical parameters of both objects.[32]
Mercury and Venus[edit]
Eclipses are impossible on Mercury and Venus, which have no moons. However, both have been observed to transit across the face of the Sun. There are on average 13 transits of Mercury each century. Transits of Venus occur in pairs separated by an interval of eight years, but each pair of events happen less than once a century.[33] According to NASA, the next pair of transits will occur on December 10, 2117 and December 8, 2125. Transits on Mercury are much more common.[34]
Eclipsing binaries[edit]
A binary star system consists of two stars that orbit around their common centre of mass. The movements of both stars lie on a common orbital plane in space. When this plane is very closely aligned with the location of an observer, the stars can be seen to pass in front of each other. The result is a type of extrinsic variable star system called an eclipsing binary.
The maximum luminosity of an eclipsing binary system is equal to the sum of the luminosity contributions from the individual stars. When one star passes in front of the other, the luminosity of the system is seen to decrease. The luminosity returns to normal once the two stars are no longer in alignment.[35]
The first eclipsing binary star system to be discovered was Algol, a star system in the constellation Perseus. Normally this star system has a visual magnitude of 2.1. However, every 2.867 days the magnitude decreases to 3.4 for more than nine hours. This is caused by the passage of the dimmer member of the pair in front of the brighter star.[36] The concept that an eclipsing body caused these luminosity variations was introduced by John Goodricke in 1783.[37]
See also[edit]
List of solar eclipses in the 21st century
Mursili's eclipse
Transit of Venus
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Westfall, John; Sheehan, William (2014), Celestial Shadows: Eclipses, Transits, and Occultations, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 410, Springer, pp. 1−5, ISBN 1493915355.
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Jump up ^ Staff (January 6, 2006). "Solar and Lunar Eclipses". NOAA. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
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Jump up ^ Griffin, Paul (2002). "Confirmation of World's Oldest Solar Eclipse Recorded in Stone". The Digital Universe. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
Jump up ^ See DIO 16 p.2 (2009). Though those Greek and perhaps Babylonian astronomers who determined the three previously unsolved lunar motions were spread over more than four centuries (263 BC to 160 AD), the math-indicated early eclipse records are all from a much smaller span: the 13th century BC. The anciently attested Greek technique: use of eclipse cycles, automatically providing integral ratios, which is how all ancient astronomers' lunar motions were expressed. Long-eclipse-cycle-based reconstructions precisely produce all of the 24 digits appearing in the three attested ancient motions just cited: 6247 synod = 6695 anom (System A), 5458 synod = 5923 drac (Hipparchos), 3277 synod = 3512 anom (Planetary Hypotheses). By contrast, the System B motion, 251 synod = 269 anom (Aristarchos?), could have been determined without recourse to remote eclipse data, simply by using a few eclipse-pairs 4267 months apart.
Jump up ^ "Solar Eclipses in History and Mythology". Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
Jump up ^ Girault, Simon (1592). Globe dv monde contenant un bref traite du ciel & de la terra. Langres, France. p. Fol. 8V.
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Jump up ^ "Roemer's Hypothesis". MathPages. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
Jump up ^ Cassini, Giovanni D. (1694). "Monsieur Cassini His New and Exact Tables for the Eclipses of the First Satellite of Jupiter, Reduced to the Julian Stile, and Meridian of London". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 18 (207-214): 237–256. JSTOR 102468. doi:10.1098/rstl.1694.0048. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
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Jump up ^ Espenak, Fred (May 29, 2007). "Planetary Transits Across the Sun". NASA. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
Jump up ^ "When will the next transits of Mercury and Venus occur during a total solar eclipse? | Total Solar Eclipse 2017". eclipse2017.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-09-25.
Jump up ^ Bruton, Dan. "Eclipsing binary stars". Midnightkite Solutions. Archived from the original on 2007-04-14. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Price, Aaron (January 1999). "Variable Star Of The Month: Beta Persei (Algol)". AAVSO. Archived from the original on 2007-04-05. Retrieved 2007-05-01.
Jump up ^ Goodricke, John; Englefield, H. C. (1785). "Observations of a New Variable Star". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 75: 153–164. Bibcode:1785RSPT...75..153G. doi:10.1098/rstl.1785.0009.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eclipse.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Eclipse
Look up eclipse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Phobos Eclipsing Mars Observed by Curiosity Rover on YouTube
A Catalogue of Eclipse Cycles
Search 5,000 years of eclipses
NASA eclipse home page
International Astronomical Union's Working Group on Solar Eclipses
Mark's eclipse chasing website
Interactive eclipse maps site
Image galleries
The World at Night Eclipse Gallery
Solar and Lunar Eclipse Image Gallery
Williams College eclipse collection of images
Prof. Druckmüller's eclipse photography site
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Historical
Mursili's eclipse (1312 BC)
Assyrian eclipse (763 BC)
Eclipse of Thales (585 BC)

Total/hybrid eclipses

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1560 Aug 21
1598 Mar 7
1652 Apr 8
1654 Aug 12
1673 Aug 12
1699 Sep 23
1715 May 3
1724 May 22
1766 Feb 9
1778 Jun 24
1780 Oct 27
1806 Jun 16
1816 Nov 19
1824 Jun 26
1842 Jul 8
1851 Jul 28
1853 Nov 30
1857 Mar 25
1858 Sep 7
1860 Jul 18
1865 Apr 25
1867 Aug 29
1868 Aug 18
1869 Aug 7
1870 Dec 22
1871 Dec 12
1874 Apr 16
1875 Apr 6
1878 Jul 29
1882 May 17
1883 May 6
1885 Sep 8
1886 Aug 29
1887 Aug 19
1889 Jan 1
1889 Dec 22
1893 Apr 16
1896 Aug 9
1898 Jan 22
1900 May 28
1901 May 18
1903 Sep 21
1904 Sep 9
1905 Aug 30
1907 Jan 14
1908 Jan 3
1908 Dec 23
1909 Jun 17
1910 May 9
1911 Apr 28
1912 Apr 17
1912 Oct 10
1914 Aug 21
1916 Feb 3
1918 Jun 8
1919 May 29
1921 Oct 1
1922 Sep 21
1923 Sep 10
1925 Jan 24
1926 Jan 14
1927 Jun 29
1928 May 19
1929 May 9
1930 Apr 28
1930 Oct 21
1932 Aug 31
1934 Feb 14
1936 Jun 19
1937 Jun 8
1938 May 29
1939 Oct 12
1940 Oct 1
1941 Sep 21
1943 Feb 4
1944 Jan 25
1944 Jul 20
1945 Jul 9
1947 May 20
1948 Nov 1
1950 Sep 12
1952 Feb 25
1954 Jun 30
1955 Jun 20
1956 Jun 8
1957 Oct 23
1958 Oct 12
1959 Oct 2
1961 Feb 15
1962 Feb 5
1963 Jul 20
1965 May 30
1966 Nov 12
1967 Nov 2
1968 Sep 22
1970 Mar 7
1972 Jul 10
1973 Jun 30
1974 Jun 20
1976 Oct 23
1977 Oct 12
1979 Feb 26
1980 Feb 16
1981 Jul 31
1983 Jun 11
1984 Nov 22
1985 Nov 12
1986 Oct 3
1987 Mar 29
1988 Mar 18
1990 Jul 22
1991 Jul 11
1992 Jun 30
1994 Nov 3
1995 Oct 24
1997 Mar 9
1998 Feb 26
1999 Aug 11
2001 Jun 21
2002 Dec 4
2003 Nov 23
2005 Apr 8
2006 Mar 29
2008 Aug 1
2009 Jul 22
2010 Jul 11
2012 Nov 13
2013 Nov 3
2015 Mar 20
2016 Mar 9
2017 Aug 21
→ 2019 Jul 2
2020 Dec 14
2021 Dec 4
2023 Apr 20
2024 Apr 8
2026 Aug 12
2027 Aug 2
2028 Jul 22
2030 Nov 25
2031 Nov 14
2033 Mar 30
2034 Mar 20
2035 Sep 2
2037 Jul 13
2038 Dec 26
2039 Dec 15
2041 Apr 30
2042 Apr 20
2043 Apr 9
2044 Aug 23
2045 Aug 12
2046 Aug 2
2048 Dec 5
2049 Nov 25
2050 May 20
2052 Mar 30
2053 Sep 12
2055 Jul 24
2057 Jan 5
2057 Dec 26
2059 May 11
2060 Apr 30
2061 Apr 20
2063 Aug 24
2064 Aug 12
2066 Dec 17
2067 Dec 6
2068 May 31
2070 Apr 11
2071 Sep 23
2072 Sep 12
2073 Aug 3
2075 Jan 16
2076 Jan 6
2077 May 22
2078 May 11
2079 May 1
2081 Sep 3
2082 Aug 24
2084 Dec 27
2086 Jun 11
2088 Apr 21
2089 Oct 4
2090 Sep 23
2091 Aug 15
2093 Jan 27
2094 Jan 16
2095 Jun 2
2096 May 22
2097 May 11
2099 Sep 14
2100 Sep 4
2114 Jun 3
2132 Jun 13
2150 Jun 25
2168 Jul 5
2186 Jul 16

Annular eclipses

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1820 Sep 7
1854 May 26
1879 Jan 22
1889 Jun 28
1901 Nov 11
1903 Mar 29
1904 Mar 17
1905 Mar 6
1907 Jul 10
1908 Jun 28
1911 Oct 22
1914 Feb 25
1915 Feb 14
1915 Aug 10
1916 Jul 30
1917 Dec 14
1918 Dec 3
1919 Nov 22
1921 Apr 8
1922 Mar 28
1923 Mar 17
1925 Jul 20
1926 Jul 9
1927 Jan 3
1929 Nov 1
1932 Mar 7
1933 Feb 24
1933 Aug 21
1934 Aug 10
1935 Dec 25
1936 Dec 13
1937 Dec 2
1939 Apr 19
1940 Apr 7
1941 Mar 27
1943 Aug 1
1945 Jan 14
1947 Nov 12
1948 May 9
1950 Mar 18
1951 Mar 7
1951 Sep 1
1952 Aug 20
1954 Jan 5
1954 Dec 25
1955 Dec 14
1957 Apr 30
1958 Apr 19
1959 Apr 8
1961 Aug 11
1962 Jul 31
1963 Jan 25
1965 Nov 23
1966 May 20
1969 Mar 18
1969 Sep 11
1970 Aug 31
1972 Jan 16
1973 Jan 4
1973 Dec 24
1976 Apr 29
1977 Apr 18
1979 Aug 22
1980 Aug 10
1981 Feb 4
1983 Dec 4
1984 May 30
1987 Sep 23
1988 Sep 11
1990 Jan 26
1991 Jan 15
1992 Jan 4
1994 May 10
1995 Apr 29
1998 Aug 22
1999 Feb 16
2001 Dec 14
2002 Jun 10
2003 May 31
2005 Oct 3
2006 Sep 22
2008 Feb 7
2009 Jan 26
2010 Jan 15
2012 May 20
2013 May 10
2014 Apr 29
2016 Sep 1
2017 Feb 26
→ 2019 Dec 26
2020 Jun 21
2021 Jun 10
2023 Oct 14
2024 Oct 2
2026 Feb 17
2027 Feb 6
2028 Jan 26
2030 Jun 1
2031 May 21
2032 May 9
2034 Sep 12
2035 Mar 9
2038 Jan 5
2038 Jul 2
2039 Jun 21
2041 Oct 25
2042 Oct 14
2043 Oct 3
2044 Feb 28
2045 Feb 16
2046 Feb 5
2048 Jun 11
2049 May 31
2052 Sep 22
2053 Mar 20
2056 Jan 16
2056 Jul 12
2057 Jul 1
2059 Nov 5
2060 Oct 24
2061 Oct 13
2063 Feb 28
2064 Feb 17
2066 Jun 22
2067 Jun 11
2070 Oct 4
2071 Mar 31
2074 Jan 27
2074 Jul 24
2075 Jul 13
2077 Nov 15
2078 Nov 4
2079 Oct 24
2081 Mar 10
2082 Feb 27
2084 Jul 3
2085 Jun 22
2085 Dec 16
2088 Oct 14
2089 Apr 10
2092 Feb 7
2092 Aug 3
2093 Jul 23
2095 Nov 27
2096 Nov 15
2097 Nov 4
2099 Mar 21
2100 Mar 10

Partial eclipses

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1902 Apr 8
1902 May 7
1902 Oct 31
1906 Feb 23
1906 Jul 21
1906 Aug 20
1909 Dec 12
1910 Nov 2
1913 Apr 6
1913 Aug 31
1913 Sep 30
1916 Dec 24
1917 Jan 23
1917 Jun 19
1917 Jul 19
1920 May 18
1920 Nov 10
1924 Mar 5
1924 Jul 31
1924 Aug 30
1927 Dec 24
1928 Jun 17
1928 Nov 12
1931 Apr 18
1931 Sep 12
1931 Oct 11
1935 Jan 5
1935 Feb 3
1935 Jun 30
1935 Jul 30
1938 Nov 21
1942 Mar 16
1942 Aug 12
1942 Sep 10
1946 Jan 3
1946 May 30
1946 Jun 29
1946 Nov 23
1949 Apr 28
1949 Oct 21
1953 Feb 14
1953 Jul 11
1953 Aug 9
1956 Dec 2
1960 Mar 27
1960 Sep 20
1964 Jan 14
1964 Jun 10
1964 Jul 9
1964 Dec 4
1967 May 9
1968 Mar 28
1971 Feb 25
1971 Jul 22
1971 Aug 20
1974 Dec 13
1975 May 11
1975 Nov 3
1978 Apr 7
1978 Oct 2
1982 Jan 25
1982 Jun 21
1982 Jul 20
1982 Dec 15
1985 May 19
1986 Apr 9
1989 Mar 7
1989 Aug 31
1992 Dec 24
1993 May 21
1993 Nov 13
1996 Apr 17
1996 Oct 12
1997 Sep 2
2000 Feb 5
2000 Jul 1
2000 Jul 31
2000 Dec 25
2004 Apr 19
2004 Oct 14
2007 Mar 19
2011 Jan 4
2011 Jun 1
2011 Jul 1
2011 Nov 25
2014 Oct 23
2015 Sep 13
→ 2018 Feb 15
2018 Jul 13
2018 Aug 11
2019 Jan 6
2022 Apr 30
2022 Oct 25
2025 Mar 29
2025 Sep 21
2029 Jan 14
2029 Jun 12
2029 Jul 11
2032 Nov 3
2033 Sep 23
2036 Feb 27
2036 Jul 23
2036 Aug 21
2037 Jan 16
2040 May 11
2040 Nov 4
2047 Jan 26
2047 Jun 23
2047 Jul 22
2047 Dec 16
2050 Nov 14
2051 Apr 11
2051 Oct 4
2054 Mar 9
2054 Aug 3
2054 Sep 2
2055 Jan 27
2058 May 22
2058 Jun 21
2058 Nov 16
2062 Mar 11
2062 Sep 3
2065 Feb 5
2065 Jul 3
2065 Aug 2
2065 Dec 27
2068 Nov 24
2069 Apr 21
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2072 Mar 19
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2076 Jun 1
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text:
Active fault
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An active fault is a fault that is likely to become the source of another earthquake sometime in the future. Geologists commonly consider faults to be active if there has been movement observed or evidence of seismic activity during the last 10,000 years.[1]
Active faulting is considered to be a geologic hazard - one related to earthquakes as a cause. Effects of movement on an active fault include strong ground motion, surface faulting, tectonic deformation, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction, tsunamis, and seiches.[2]
Quaternary faults are those active faults that have been recognized at the surface and which have evidence of movement in the past 1.6 million years - the duration of the Quaternary Period.[3]
Related geological disciplines for active-fault studies include geomorphology, seismology, reflection seismology, plate tectonics, geodetics and remote sensing, risk analysis, and others.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Location
2 Measurement
3 Geologic conditions in U.S
4 References
5 External links
Location[edit]
Active faults tend to occur in the vicinity of tectonic plate boundaries, and active fault research has focused on these regions. Active faults tend to occur less within the area of any given plate. The fact that intraplate regions may also present seismic hazards has only recently been recognized.[2]
Measurement[edit]
Various geologic methods are used to define the boundaries of an active fault such as remote sensing and magnetic measurements, as well as other ways. Several types of data, such as seismologic reports or records over time, are used to gauge fault activity. Activity and fault area are correlated, and risk analysis is employed with other factors to determine the potential earthquake hazard.[2]
Geologic conditions in U.S[edit]
The geologic conditions and plate tectonic setting in much of the Western U.S. has resulted in the region being underlain by relatively thin crust and having high heat flow, both of which can favor relatively high deformation rates and active faulting.
In contrast, in the Central and Eastern U.S. (CEUS) the crust is thicker, colder, older, and more stable. Furthermore, the CEUS is thousands of miles from active plate boundaries, so the rates of deformation are low in this region. Nevertheless, the CEUS has had some rather large earthquakes in historical times, including a series of major earthquakes near New Madrid, Missouri in 1811–1812, a large earthquake near Charleston, South Carolina in 1886, and the Cape Ann earthquake northeast of Boston in 1755.[3][4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Active fault" (online web page). Earthquake Glossary. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. November 3, 2009. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Slemmons, D. Burton; and Defolo, Craig (1986). "Evaluation of Active Faulting and Associated Hazards". Active Tectonics: Impact on Society. The National Academies Press. pp. 45–48. ISBN 978-0-309-07395-0.
Organizations that authored this book: Geophysics Study Committee, Geophysics Research Forum, National Research Council
^ Jump up to: a b "... relationship between Quaternary faults and earthquakes". Quaternary Faults. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. October 27, 2009. Archived from the original (online web page) on November 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ "... so many earthquakes and Quaternary faults in the Western U.S.". Quaternary Faults. USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. October 27, 2009. Archived from the original (online web page) on November 27, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
External links[edit]
Active faults of New Zealand: an interactive map of active faults near a plate boundary
The Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning (AP) Act
Quaternary Fault and Fold Database for the Nation
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Fortnite
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with fortnight.
Fortnite
Genres
Survival, battle royale
Developer(s)
Epic Games
Publisher(s)
Epic Games
Platforms
Windows, macOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, iOS, Android
Platform of origin
Windows
Year of inception
2017
Fortnite is an online video game first released in 2017 and developed by Epic Games. It is available as separate software packages having different game modes that otherwise share the same general gameplay and game engine. The game modes include Fortnite: Save the World, a cooperative shooter-survival game for up to four players to fight off zombie-like creatures and defend objects with fortifications they can build, and Fortnite Battle Royale, a free-to-play battle royale game where up to 100 players fight to be the last person standing. Both game modes were released in 2017 as early access titles; Save the World is available only for Windows, macOS, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, while Battle Royale has been released for those platforms in addition for Nintendo Switch, iOS and Android devices.
While both games have been successful for Epic Games, Fortnite Battle Royale became a resounding success, drawing in more than 125 million players in less than a year, and earning hundreds of millions of dollars per month, and since has been a cultural phenomenon.
Contents
1 Game modes
2 Development
2.1 Fortnite: Save the World
2.2 Fortnite Battle Royale
3 Reception
3.1 Awards
4 References
5 External links
Game modes
Currently, Fortnite is distributed as two different games, though each game uses the same engine and has similar graphics, art assets, and game mechanics.
Main article: Fortnite: Save the World
Fortnite: Save the World is designed as player-versus-environment game, with four players cooperating towards a common objective on various missions. The game is set after a fluke storm appears across Earth, causing 98% of the population to disappear, and the survivors to be attacked by zombie-like "husks". The players take the role of commanders of home base shelters, collecting resources, saving survivors, and defending equipment that help to either collect data on the storm or to push back the storm. From missions, players are awarded a number of in-game items, which include hero characters, weapon and trap schematics, and survivors, all of which can be leveled up through gained experience to improve their attributes.
Main article: Fortnite Battle Royale
Fortnite Battle Royale is a player-versus-player battle royale game for up to 100 players, allowing one to play alone, in a duo, or in a squad (usually consisting of three or four players). Weaponless players airdrop from a "Battle Bus" that crosses the game's map. When they land, they must scavenge for weapons, items, and resources while trying to stay alive and attack other players. Over the course of a round, the safe area of the map shrinks down in size due to an incoming storm; players outside that safe area take damage and can be killed. This forces remaining players into tighter spaces and encourages player encounters. The last player, duo, or squad alive is the winner.
In both modes, players can use a pickaxe to knock down existing structures on the map to collect basic resources that are wood, brick, and metal. Subsequently, the player can use these materials to build fortifications with, such as walls, floors, and stairs. Such fortification pieces can be edited to add things like windows or doors. The materials used have different durability properties and can be updated to stronger variants using more materials of the same type. Within "Save the World" this enables players to create defensive fortifications around an objective or trap-filled tunnels to lure husks through. In "Battle Royale", this provides the means to quickly traverse the map, protect oneself from enemy fire, or to delay an advancing foe.
Both game modes are set to be free-to-play titles, though presently, "Save the World" is in early access and requires purchase to play. Both games are monetized through the use of V-Bucks, in-game currency that can be purchased with real-world funds, but also earned through completing missions and other achievements in "Save the World". V-Bucks in "Save the World" can be used to buy pinatas shaped like llamas to gain a random selection of items. In "Battle Royale", V-Bucks can be used to buy cosmetic items like character models or the like, or can also be used to purchase the game's Battle Pass, a tiered progression of customization rewards for gaining experience and completing certain objectives during the course of a "Battle Royale" season.[1][2]
Development
Fortnite: Save the World
Main article: Fortnite: Save the World § Development
Fortnite began from an internal game jam at Epic Games following the publishing of Gears of War 3 around 2011. Though it was not initially one of the developed titles during the jam, the concept of merging the construction game genre, representing games like Minecraft and Terraria, and shooter games arose, leading to the foundation of Fortnite.[3][4] Development of Fortnite slowed due to several issues, including switching from the Unreal Engine 3 to Unreal 4, a deeper role-playing game approach to extend the life of the game, and a switch of art style from a dark theme to a more cartoonish style. Further, Epic was looking to get into the games as a service model, and brought in Chinese publisher Tencent to help; Tencent took a large stake in Epic as part of this, leading to the departure of several executives, including Cliff Bleszinski, who had been a key part of Fortnite's development. Fortnite's approach was changed to be Epic's testbed for games as a service, and further slowed the development.[5][4][6]
Ultimately, Epic was able to prepare to release Fortnite as a paid early access title in July 2017, with plans to release it as free-to-play sometime in 2019 while gaining feedback from players to improve the game.[7][8][9][10] With the release of Fortnite Battle Royale, the player-versus-environment mode was distinguished as "Save the World".
Fortnite Battle Royale
Main article: Fortnite Battle Royale § Development
Near the same time that Epic released Fortnite into early access, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds had become a worldwide phenomenon, having sold over 5 million copies three months from its March 2017 release, and drawing strong interest in the battle royale genre. Epic recognized that with the Fortnite base game, they could also do a battle royale mode, and rapidly developed their own version atop Fortnite in about two months.[11] By September 2017, Epic was ready to release this as a second mode from "Save the World" in the paid-for earlier access, but then later decided to release it as a free game, Fortnite Battle Royale, supported with microtransactions. This version quickly gained players, with over 10 million players during its first two weeks of release, and leading Epic to create separate teams to continue the Fortnite Battle Royale development apart from the "Save the World" mode, outside of common engine elements and art assets.[12][13] This allowed Fortnite Battle Royale to expand to other platforms otherwise not supported by the "Save the World" mode, including iOS and Android mobile devices and the Nintendo Switch.[14][15]
Reception
The Fortnite Pro-Am event at E3 2018
See also: Fortnite: Save the World § Reception, and Fortnite Battle Royale § Reception
With both modes of Fortnite still considered to be early access, journalists have yet to provide comprehensive reviews of either mode.
The Save the World mode achieved over one million players by August 2017, just prior to the release of Battle Royale.[16]
Fortnite Battle Royale, on the other hand, became a significant financial success for Epic Games, leading them to separate the teams between Save the World and Battle Royale to provide better support for both modes. Within two weeks of release, over 10 million players had played the mode,[17] and by June 2018, just after the Nintendo Switch release, had reached 125 million players.[18] Revenue from Fortnite Battle Royale during the first half of 2018 had been estimated in the hundreds of millions of dollars per month.[19][20]
Fortnite Battle Royale has also become a cultural online phenomenon, with several celebrities reporting they play the game, and athletes using Fortnite emotes as victory celebrations.[21] A notable streaming event in March 2018, with streamer Tyler "Ninja" Blevins playing Fortnite Battle Royale alongside Drake, Travis Scott, Kim DotCom, and Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver JuJu Smith-Schuster, broke viewership records for Twitch to date, and led to Epic arranging a Fortnite Battle Royale pro–am with 50 pairs of streamers and professional players matched with celebrities at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2018 in June 2018.[22][23][24] Epic Games is working to develop organized eSports competitions around Fortnite: Battle Royale, including a Fortnite World Cup tournament in 2019.[25]
There has also been growing concern over Fortnite Battle Royale's draw toward young children, emphasized with the release of the mobile client. Parents and teachers had expressed concern that students are being distracted and drawn away from school work due to playing Fortnite.[26] Concerns have also been raised about the impact that playing a game involving repeated gun violence may have on young children.[27][28]
Awards
The game was nominated for "Best Co-op Game" by PC Gamer,[29] and for "Best Spectator Game" by IGN.[30]
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref(s).
2017 The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Nominated [31]
2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real-Time Project (A Hard Day's Night) Nominated [32][33]
D.I.C.E. Awards Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated [34][35]
SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Multiplayer Nominated [36][37]
Excellence in Gameplay Nominated
14th British Academy Games Awards Best Evolving Game Nominated [38][39]
Best Multiplayer Nominated
Webby Awards People's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer/Competitive Game Won [40]
Game Critics Awards Best Ongoing Game Won [41][42]
Develop Awards Best Animation Nominated [43][44]
Teen Choice Awards Choice Videogame Won [45][46]
Golden Joystick Awards Best Competitive Game Pending [47]
Mobile Game of the Year Pending
References
Ed Zobrist (March 22, 2018). Fortnite: An Unconventional Launch. Game Developers Conference. Retrieved July 24, 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Kim, Matt (March 1, 2018). "Fortnite's V-Bucks Currency is Another Battleground for a Community at Odds". USGamer. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Frushtick, Russ (March 16, 2018). "Should you spend money on Fortnite?". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ McWhertor, Michael (March 26, 2014). "What's the future of games at Epic Games?". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Inside the Development History of Fortnite. Game Informer. YouTube. April 25, 2014. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Peel, Jeremy (June 8, 2017). "Why has Fortnite taken so long?". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Martin (August 11, 2017). "The big Cliff Bleszinski interview". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Valdes, Giancarlo (March 22, 2018). "The Story Behind 'Fortnite's' Less Popular Mode". Glixel. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (June 8, 2017). "Fortnite announces early access release, hands-on the unfinished game". Polygon. Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany (July 21, 2017). "Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder's Packs". VG247. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Arif, Shabana (October 22, 2018). "Fortnite's Save the World free-to-play launch pushed back to next year at the earliest". VG247. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Crecente, Brian (January 15, 2018). "'Fortnite: Battle Royale': The Evolution of World's Largest Battle Royale Game". Glixel. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Duggan, James (April 17, 2018). "How Fortnite Became The Biggest Game In The World". IGN (video). Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Davenport, James (March 22, 2018). "Fortnite Battle Royale was developed in just two months, wasn't originally free-to-play". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on March 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hall, Charlie (April 2, 2018). "Fortnite now available for everyone on iOS". Polygon. Archived from the original on April 2, 2018. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kuchera, Ben (June 12, 2018). "Fortnite for Nintendo Switch is out today". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Jordan (August 19, 2017). "Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players; New Survival Mode Announced". Dualshockers. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (October 12, 2017). "Fortnite: Battle Royale Has Hit 10 Million Players In Two Weeks". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Statt, Nick (June 12, 2018). "Fortnite now has 125 million players just one year after launch". The Verge. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Thier, Dave (May 24, 2018). "Report: 'Fortnite: Battle Royale' Made Nearly $300 Million Last Month". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 28, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Molla, Rani (June 26, 2018). "Fortnite is generating more revenue than any other free game ever". Recode. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Celebrities Who Play Fortnite - Drake, Chance the Rapper and More!". Twin Galaxies. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Patrick Gill, Christopher Grant, Ross Miller, and Julia Alexander (March 15, 2018). "Drake sets records with his Fortnite: Battle Royale Twitch debut". Polygon. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2018. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ "'Fortnite' streamer breaks Twitch records with help from Drake". Engadget. Archived from the original on March 15, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Davenport, James (June 13, 2018). "Fortnite Celebrity Pro-Am Twitch channel breaks 700,000 concurrent viewers". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Goslin, Austen (June 12, 2018). "Epic announces the 2019 Fortnite World Cup event". Polygon. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.
Jump up ^ Stewart, Keith (March 7, 2018). "Fortnite: a parents' guide to the most popular video game in schools". The Guardian. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "What should I know about Fortnite – is it ok for kids to play?]"". Center on Media and Child Health. May 22, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Andrew (May 3, 2018). "Fortnite Could Endanger Children And Expose Them To Violence, NSPCC Claims". The Independent. Retrieved September 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff (December 8, 2017). "Games of the Year 2017: The nominees". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2017 Awards: Best Spectator Game". IGN. December 20, 2017. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (December 8, 2017). "The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda: Breath Of The Wild's Game Of The Year". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 9, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (January 16, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'Apes,' 'Blade Runner 2049' Lead Feature Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Giardina, Carolyn (February 13, 2018). "Visual Effects Society Awards: 'War for the Planet of the Apes' Wins Big". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (January 14, 2018). "Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards". GameSpot. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 22, 2018). "Legend Of Zelda: Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards". GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ McNeill, Andrew (January 31, 2018). "Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists!". SXSW. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed". IGN. March 17, 2018. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ deAlessandri, Marie (March 15, 2018). "Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations". The Market for Computer & Video Games. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Makedonski, Brett (April 12, 2018). "BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017". Destructoid. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (April 24, 2018). "JAY-Z, RuPaul, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners: See the Full List". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 25, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Faller, Patrick (June 28, 2018). "E3 2018: Game Critics Awards Nominations Revealed: Anthem, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate Top The List". GameSpot. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shanley, Patrick (July 2, 2018). "Game Critics Awards: Best of E3 2018 Winners Revealed". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ MCV staff (May 21, 2018). "Announcing the Develop Awards 2018 nominations shortlist". The Market for Computer & Video Games. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Barton, Seth (July 12, 2018). "The Develop Awards 2018: All the winners!". The Market for Computer & Video Games. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Jess (June 22, 2018). "Teen Choice Awards 2018: Avengers: Infinity War, Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees". E!. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (August 12, 2018). "Teen Choice Awards: 'Riverdale', 'Infinity War', 'Black Panther' Among Top Honorees – Full Winners List". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hoggins, Tom (September 24, 2018). "Golden Joysticks 2018 nominees announced, voting open now". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved October 7, 2018.
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text:
Interdental papilla
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with dental papilla.
Interdental papilla
Details
Identifiers
Latin
papilla gingivalis
TA
A05.1.01.110
FMA
77186
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The interdental papilla, also known as the interdental gingiva, is the part of the gums (gingiva) that exists coronal to the free gingival margin on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth. The interdental papillae fill in the area between the teeth apical to their contact areas to prevent food impaction; they assume a conical shape for the anterior teeth and a blunted shape buccolingually for the posterior teeth.[1]
A missing papilla is often visible as a small triangular gap between adjacent teeth. The relationship of interdental bone to the interproximal contact point between adjacent teeth is a determining factor in whether the interdental papilla will be present. If greater than 8mm exist between the interdental bone and the interproximal contact, usually no papilla will be present. If the distance is 5mm or less, than a papilla will almost always be present.
With active periodontal disease, both the marginal gingiva and attached gingiva can become enlarged, especially the interdental papillae. This enlargement results from edema occurring in the lamina propria of the tissue caused by the inflammatory response.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh, Elsevier, 2011, page 123
Jump up ^ Illustrated Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh, Elsevier, 2011, page 125
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Anatomy of the mouth
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duct
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