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Srinagar
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This article is about the municipality. For its namesake district, see Srinagar district.
For other uses, see Srinagar (disambiguation).
Srinagar
Metropolis
View of Srinagar and Dal Lake
Srinagar
Srinagar
Show map of Jammu and Kashmir Show map of India Show all
Location in Jammu and Kashmir
Coordinates: 34°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 34.09000°N 74.79000°E / 34.09000; 74.79000Coordinates: 34°5′24″N 74°47′24″E / 34.09000°N 74.79000°E / 34.09000; 74.79000
Country
India
State
Jammu and Kashmir
District
Srinagar
Government
• Governor
N. N. Vohra
Area
• Metropolis
294 km2 (114 sq mi)
Elevation
1,585 m (5,200 ft)
Population (2011)[2]
• Metropolis
1,180,570
• Rank
34th
• Density
4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi)
• Metro
1,273,312[1]
• Metro Rank
38th
Languages
• Official
Urdu[3]
• Other Spoken languages
Kashmiri
• Regional
Kashmiri
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN
190 001
Telephone code
0194
Vehicle registration
JK 01
Sex ratio
888 ♀/ 1000 ♂
Literacy
69.15%
Distance from Delhi
876 kilometres (544 mi) NW
Distance from Mumbai
2,275 kilometres (1,414 mi) NE (land)
Climate
Cfa
Precipitation
710 millimetres (28 in)
Avg. summer temperature
23.3 °C (73.9 °F)
Avg. winter temperature
3.2 °C (37.8 °F)
Website
www.srinagar.nic.in
Srinagar /ˈsriˌnʌɡʌr/ ( listen (help·info)) is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It lies in the Kashmir Valley on the banks of the Jhelum River, a tributary of the Indus, and Dal and Anchar lakes. The city is famous for its gardens, waterfronts and houseboats. It is also known for traditional Kashmiri handicrafts and dried fruits.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin of name
2 History
2.1 Ancient period
2.2 Srinagar in 14th to 19th centuries
2.3 Post Indo-Pakistani independence
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Economy
5.1 Tourism
6 Government and politics
6.1 Stray dog controversy
7 Demographics
8 Transport
8.1 Road
8.2 Air
8.3 Rail
8.4 Cable car
8.5 Boat
9 Culture
9.1 Places of worship
9.2 Performing arts
10 Education
11 Sports
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Origin of name[edit]
Folk etymology draws the city name from two Sanskrit words: śrī ("glory, prosperity", a name for the Hindu goddess Sri Mahalakshmi) and nagar ("city"), which would make "City of Lakshmi" (or "City of Prosperity").
However, the earliest records mention the name as siri-nagar which in turn is a local transformation of the original Sanskrit name sūrya-nagar, meaning "City of the Sun" (or, of a sun god).[4]
History[edit]
Ancient period[edit]
The Burzahom archaeological site 10 km from Srinagar has revealed the presence of neolithic and megalithic cultures.[5]
According to Kalhana's 12th century text Rajatarangini, a king named Pravarasena II established a new capital named Pravarapura (also known as Pravarasena-pura). Based on topographical details, Pravarapura appears to be same as the modern city of Srinagar. Aurel Stein dates the king to 6th century.[6]
Kalhana mentions that a king named Ashoka had earlier established a town called Srinagari. Kalhana describes this town in hyperbolic terms, stating that it had "9,600,000 houses resplendent with wealth".[7] According to Kalhana, this Ashoka reigned before 1182 BCE and was a member of the dynasty founded by Godhara. Kalhana states that this king adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka.
Multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the 3rd century Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka despite these discrepancies.[8] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha.[7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script.[8]:130
Ashoka's Srinagari is generally identified with Pandrethan (near present-day Srinagar), although there is an alternative identification with a place on the banks of the Lidder River.[9] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena II resided at Puranadhishthana ("old town") before the establishment of Pravarapura; the name Pandrethan is believed to be derived from that word.[6][10] Accordining to V. A. Smith, the original name of the "old town" (Srinagari) was transferred to the new town.[11]
Srinagar in 14th to 19th centuries[edit]
Srinagar and Environ map 1911
The independent Hindu and the Buddhist rule of Srinagar lasted until the 14th century when the Kashmir valley, including the city, came under the control of the several Muslim rulers, including the Mughals. It was also the capital during the reign of Yusuf Shah Chak. Kashmir came under Mughal rule, when it was conquered by the third Mughal badshah (emperor) Akbar in 1586 CE. Akbar established Mughal rule in Srinagar and Kashmir valley.[12] Kashmir was added to Kabul Subah in 1586, until Shah Jahan made it into a separate Kashmir Subah (imperial top-level province) with seat in Srinagar.
With the disintegration of the Mughal empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, infiltration in the valley of the Afghan tribes from Afghanistan and Hindu Dogras from the Jammu region increased, and the Afghan Durrani Empire and Dogras ruled the city for several decades.
Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler from the Punjab region annexed a major part of the Kashmir Valley, including Srinagar, to his kingdom in the year 1814 and the city came under the influence of the Sikhs.
In 1846, the Treaty of Lahore was signed between the Sikh rulers and the British in Lahore. The treaty inter alia provided British de facto suzerainty over the Kashmir Valley and Maharaja Gulab Singh, a Hindu Dogra from the Jammu region became a semi-independent ruler of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Srinagar became part of his kingdom and remained until 1947 as one of several princely states in British India. The Maharajas choose Sher Garhi Palace as their main Srinagar residence.
Srinagar city and its vicinity in 1959
Post Indo-Pakistani independence[edit]
After India and Pakistan's independence from Britain, villagers around the city of Poonch began an armed protest at continued rule of the Maharaja on 17 August 1947.[13] In view of the Poonch uprising, certain Pashtun tribes such as Mehsud and Afridi from mountainous region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan and with its collusion, entered the Kashmir valley to capture it on 22 October 1947.[14] The Maharaja, who had refused to accede to either India or Pakistan in hopes of securing his own independent state, signed the instrument of accession in exchange for refuge on 26 October 1947, as Pakistani-backed tribesmen approached the outskirts of Srinagar. The Accession was accepted by India the next day. The government of India immediately airlifted Indian troops to Srinagar and prevented the tribesmen from reaching the city.[15]
In 1989, Srinagar became the focus of the Kashmiri uprising against Indian rule and the Indian military, which has been present since 1990, and the area continues to be a highly politicised hotbed of separatist activity with frequent spontaneous protests and strikes ("bandhs" in local parlance). On 19 January 1990, the Gawakadal massacre of at least 50 unarmed protestors by Indian forces,[16] and up to 280 by some estimates from eyewitness accounts,[17] set the stage for bomblasts, shootouts, and curfews that characterised Srinagar throughout the early and mid-1990s. Further massacres in the spring of 1990 in which 51 allegedly unarmed protesters were allegedly killed by Indian security forces in Zakura and Tengpora heightened anti-Indian sentiments in Srinagar.[18] As a result, bunkers and checkpoints are found throughout the city, although their numbers have come down in the past few years as militancy has declined. However, frequent protests still occur against Indian rule, such as the 22 August 2008 rally in which hundreds of thousands[19] of Kashmiri civilians protested against Indian rule in Srinagar.[20][21] Similar protests took place every summer for the next 4 years. In 2010 alone 120 protesters, many of whom were stone pelters and arsonists, were killed by police and CRPF. Large scale protests were seen following the execution of Afzal Guru in February 2013.[22] In 2016, about 87 protesters were killed by Indian army, CRPF and JK police which became known as 2016 Kashmir unrest.
The city also saw increased violence against minorities, particularly the Kashmiri Hindus, starting from mid-1980s and resulting in their ultimate exodus.[23][24][25] Posters were pasted to walls of houses of Pandits, telling them to leave or die, temples were destroyed and houses burnt;[26] but a very small minority of pandits still remains in the city.[27] The recent years have seen protests in Srinagar from local Kashmiri pandits for protection of their shrines in Kashmir and their rights.[28]
Geography[edit]
Map of Kashmir showing various Geographic regions.
The city is located on both the sides of the Jhelum River, which is called Vyath in Kashmir. The river passes through the city and meanders through the valley, moving onward and deepening in the Dal Lake. The city is famous for its nine old bridges, connecting the two parts of the city.
There are a number of lakes and swamps in and around the city. These include the Dal, the Nigeen, the Anchar, Khushal Sar, Gil Sar and Hokersar.
Hokersar is a wetland situated near Srinagar. Thousands of migratory birds come to Hokersar from Siberia and other regions in the winter season. Migratory birds from Siberia and Central Asia use wetlands in Kashmir as their transitory camps between September and October and again around spring. These wetlands play a vital role in sustaining a large population of wintering, staging and breeding birds.
Hokersar is 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Srinagar, and is a world class wetland spread over 13.75 km2 (5.31 sq mi) including lake and marshy area. It is the most accessible and well-known of Kashmir's wetlands which include Hygam, Shalibug and Mirgund. A record number of migratory birds have visited Hokersar in recent years.[29]
Birds found in Hokersar—Migratory ducks and geese which include brahminy duck, tufted duck, gadwall, garganey, greylag goose, mallard, common merganser, northern pintail, common pochard, ferruginous pochard, red-crested pochard, ruddy shelduck, northern shoveller, common teal, and Eurasian wigeon.[citation needed]
Climate[edit]
Srinagar has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), much cooler than what is found in much of the rest of India, due to its moderately high elevation and northerly position. The valley is surrounded by the Himalayas on all sides. Winters are cool, with daytime temperature averaging to 2.5 °C (36.5 °F), and drops below freezing point at night. Moderate to heavy snowfall occurs in winter and the highway connecting Srinagar with the rest of India faces frequent blockades due to icy roads and avalanches. Summers are warm with a July daytime average of 24.1 °C (75.4 °F). The average annual rainfall is around 720 millimetres (28 in). Spring is the wettest season while autumn is the driest. The highest temperature reliably recorded is 38.3 °C (100.9 °F) and the lowest is −20.0 °C (−4.0 °F).[30]
[hide]Climate data for Srinagar (1971–1986 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
17.2
(63) 20.6
(69.1) 27.3
(81.1) 31.1
(88) 36.4
(97.5) 37.8
(100) 38.3
(100.9) 36.7
(98.1) 35.0
(95) 33.9
(93) 24.5
(76.1) 18.3
(64.9) 38.3
(100.9)
Average high °C (°F)
7.0
(44.6) 8.2
(46.8) 14.1
(57.4) 20.5
(68.9) 24.5
(76.1) 29.6
(85.3) 30.1
(86.2) 29.6
(85.3) 27.4
(81.3) 22.4
(72.3) 15.1
(59.2) 8.2
(46.8) 19.7
(67.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)
2.5
(36.5) 3.8
(38.8) 8.8
(47.8) 14.2
(57.6) 17.7
(63.9) 22.3
(72.1) 24.1
(75.4) 23.5
(74.3) 19.8
(67.6) 14.1
(57.4) 8.1
(46.6) 3.4
(38.1) 13.5
(56.3)
Average low °C (°F)
−2
(28) −0.7
(30.7) 3.4
(38.1) 7.9
(46.2) 10.8
(51.4) 14.9
(58.8) 18.1
(64.6) 17.5
(63.5) 12.1
(53.8) 5.8
(42.4) 0.9
(33.6) −1.5
(29.3) 7.3
(45.1)
Record low °C (°F)
−14.4
(6.1) −20.0
(−4) −6.9
(19.6) 0.0
(32) 1.0
(33.8) 7.2
(45) 10.3
(50.5) 9.5
(49.1) 4.4
(39.9) −1.7
(28.9) −7.8
(18) −12.8
(9) −20
(−4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
48
(1.89) 68
(2.68) 121
(4.76) 85
(3.35) 68
(2.68) 39
(1.54) 62
(2.44) 76
(2.99) 31
(1.22) 33
(1.3) 38
(1.5) 54
(2.13) 723
(28.48)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
6.6 7.3 10.2 8.8 8.1 5.7 7.9 6.8 3.5 2.8 2.8 5.1 75.6
Average relative humidity (%)
82 79 70 64 61 56 66 70 67 69 77 84 70.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours
74.4 101.7 136.4 189.0 238.7 246.0 241.8 226.3 228.0 226.3 186.0 108.5 2,203.1
Mean daily sunshine hours
2.4 3.6 4.4 6.3 7.7 8.2 7.8 7.3 7.6 7.3 6.2 3.5 6.0
Source #1: NOAA,[31] India Meteorological Department (records up to 2010)[30]
Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun 1945–1988)[32]
Economy[edit]
Market boats on Mar Canal in Srinagar.
In November 2011, the City Mayors Foundation – an advocacy think tank – announced that Srinagar was the 92nd fastest growing urban areas in the world in terms of economic growth, based on actual data from 2006 onwards and projections to 2020.[33]
Tourism[edit]
Srinagar is one of several places that have been called the "Venice of the East" or the "Kashmiri Venice"[34][35][36] Lakes around the city include Dal Lake – noted for its houseboats – and Nigeen Lake. Apart from Dal lake and Nigeen lake city is also famous for wular lake and manasbal lake to the north of srinagar. Wular lake is one of the largest fresh water lakes in Asia.
The floating vegetable market on Dal Lake, the only one of its kind in India
Dal Lake and the shikaras.
Srinagar has some Mughal gardens, forming a part of those laid by the Mughal emperors across the Indian subcontinent. Those of Srinagar and its close vicinity include Chashma Shahi (the royal fountains); Pari Mahal (the palace of the fairies); Nishat Bagh (the garden of spring); Shalimar Bagh; the Naseem Bagh.[37]
Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden is a botanical garden in the city, set up in 1969.[38] The Indian government has included these gardens under "Mughal Gardens of Jammu and Kashmir" in the tentative list for sites to be included in world Heritage sites.
The Sher Garhi Palace houses administrative buildings from the state government.[citation needed] Another palace of the Maharajas, the Gulab Bhavan, has now become the Lalit Grand Palace hotel.[39]
The Shankaracharya Temple which lies on a hill top in the middle of the city, besides the Kheer Bhawani Temple are important Hindu temples in the city.[40]
Government and politics[edit]
The city is run by the Srinagar Municipal Corporation (SMC). The Srinagar district along with the adjoining Budgam and Ganderbal districts forms the Srinagar Parliamentary seat.
Stray dog controversy[edit]
Srinagar's city government attracted brief international attention in March 2008 when it announced a mass poisoning program aimed at eliminating the city's population of stray dogs.[41] Officials estimate that 100,000 stray dogs roam the streets of the city, which has a human population of just under 900,000. In a survey conducted by an NGO, it was found that some residents welcomed this program, saying the city was overrun by dogs, while critics contended that more humane methods should be used to deal with the animals.
The situation has become alarming with local news reports coming up at frequent intervals highlighting people, especially children being mauled by street dogs.[42]
Demographics[edit]
As of 2011 census Srinagar urban agglomeration had 1,273,312 population.[43] Both the city and the urban agglomeration has average literacy rate of approximately 70%.[43][44] The child population of both the city and the urban agglomeration is approximately 12% of the total population.[43] Males constituted 53.0% and females 47% of the population. The sex ratio in the city area is 888 females per 1000 males, whereas in the urban agglomeration it is 880 per 1,000.[43][45] The predominant religion of Srinagar is Islam with 96% of the population being Muslim. Hindus constitute the second largest religious group representing 2.75% of the population. The remaining population constitutes Sikhs, Buddhist and Jains.[46]
Transport[edit]
Road[edit]
Srinagar International Airport
A passenger train at Srinagar Railway Station
The city is served by many highways, including National Highway 1A and National Highway 1D.[47]
Air[edit]
Srinagar Airport has regular domestic flights to Leh, Jammu, Chandigarh, Delhi and Mumbai and occasional international flights. An expanded terminal capable of handling both domestic and international flights was inaugurated on 14 February 2009 with Air India Express flights to Dubai. Hajj flights also operate from this airport to Saudi Arabia.[48]
Rail[edit]
Main article: Srinagar railway station
Srinagar is a station on the 119 km (74 mi) long Banihal-Baramulla line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla to Srinagar, Anantnag and Qazigund. The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR.[49] The train also runs during heavy snow.
There are proposals to develop a metro system in the city.[50] The feasibility report for the Srinagar Metro is planned to be carried out by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation.[51]
Cable car[edit]
[show]
[
v
t
e
]
Srinagar Cable Car
Legend
Makhdoom Sahib (Hari Parbat)
Malkhah cemetery
In December 2013, the 594m cable car allowing people to travel to the shrine of the Sufi saint Hamza Makhdoom on Hari Parbat was unveiled. The project is run by the Jammu and Kashmir Cable Car Corporation (JKCCC), and has been envisioned for 25 years. An investment of 300 million INR was made, and it is the second cable car in Kashmir after the Gulmarg Gondola.[52]
Boat[edit]
Whilst popular since the 7th century, water transport is now mainly confined to Dal Lake, where shikaras (wooden boats) are used for local transport and tourism. There are efforts to revive transportation on the River Jhelum.[53]
Culture[edit]
Hazratbal Shrine built in around 1700 AD
The Shankaracharya temple built in around 200 BC
Like the state of Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar too has a distinctive blend of cultural heritage. Holy places in and around the city depict the historical cultural and religious diversity of the city as well as the Kashmir valley.
A view from Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Botanical Garden
Places of worship[edit]
There are many religious holy places in Srinagar. They include:
Hazratbal Shrine, only domed mosque in the city.[54]
Jama Masjid, Srinagar, one of the oldest mosques in Kashmir
khanqah-e-Moula,first Islamic centre in Kashmir
Aali Masjid, in Eidgah Locality
Hari Parbat hill hosts shrine of Sharika Mata temple
Shankaracharya temple
Kheer Bhawani Temple
Gurdwara Chatti Patshahi, located on Hari Parbat
Pathar Masjid
All Saints Church, Srinagar
Holy Family Catholic Church (Srinagar)
Additional structures include the Dastgeer Sahib shrine, Mazar-e-Shuhada, Roza Bal shrine, Khanqah of Shah Hamadan, Pathar Masjid ("The Stone Mosque"), Hamza Makhdoom shrine, tomb of the mother of Zain-ul-abidin, tomb of Pir Haji Muhammad, Akhun Mulla Shah Mosque, cemetery of Baha-ud-din Sahib, tomb and Madin Sahib Mosque at Zadibal.[55]
Performing arts[edit]
Main article: Music of Kashmir
Education[edit]
Srinagar is home to The National Institute of Technology Srinagar, formerly known as Regional Engineering College (REC Srinagar). It is one of the oldest among the National Institutes of Technology that were established during 2nd Five year plan. Other educational institutions are:
Schools
Tyndale Biscoe School
Presentation Convent Higher Secondary School
Burn Hall School
Mallinson Girls School
Medical colleges
Government Medical College, Srinagar
Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
Government Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar
Universities
University of Kashmir
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir
Central University of Kashmir
General degree colleges
Amar Singh College
Sri Pratap College
Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar
Sports[edit]
The city is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.[56] The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international matches have been played in the stadium due to the security situation (although the situation has now improved quite considerably).[citation needed] Srinagar has an outdoor stadium namely Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches.[57] It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad. The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered as one of the best golf courses of India.[58] Football is also followed by the youth of Srinagar and Polo ground is maintained for the particular sports recently.There are certain other sports being played but those are away from the main city like in Pahalgam (Water rafting), Gulmarg (skiing).
See also[edit]
Kashmir conflict
Downtown (Srinagar)
Kashmir Shaivism
List of State Protected Monuments in Jammu and Kashmir
List of colleges in Srinagar
Lal Chowk
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Jump up ^ "Indian authorities to poison 100K stray dogs - World news - South and Central Asia - NBC News". msnbc.com.
Jump up ^ "Stray dogs maul over 3 dozen". Greater Kashmir. 12 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Jammu and Kashmir Population Census data 2011". 2011 census of India. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Literacy in India". 2011 census of India. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sex Ratio of India". 2011 census of India. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "2011 Census demographics of Srinagar".
Jump up ^ "Road Map with National Highways of India".
Jump up ^ "Srinagar International Airport". Airports Authority of India.
Jump up ^ "Kashmir rail by 2017-end, cost overrun Rs 5,500 cr". The Hindu Business Line. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Now, metro set to roll into Kashmir". Indian Express. 5 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Hassan, Ishfaq-ul (12 February 2010). "Omar Abdullah plans metro in Jammu, Srinagar". DNA. “We will soon have the feasibility of metro services in both cities analysed by experts. Ideally, we would like DMRC to send a team and prepare a project report,” minister for urban development Nasir Aslam Wani said.
Jump up ^ "Kashmir gets a dream ropeway". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 24 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Raina, Muzaffar (7 May 2012). "Boat down the Jhelum". The Telegraph. Calcutta, India.
Jump up ^ "Hazratbal Shrine". travelinos.com. 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Chapter 4 of Ancient Monuments of Kashmir by Ram Chandra Kak (1933)
Jump up ^ "Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals". ESPNCricinfo. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap". Times of India. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "India". Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
External links[edit]
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Rita Repulsa
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Rita Repulsa
Power Rangers character
First appearance
"Day of the Dumpster" (Mighty Morphin Power Rangers) (as Rita Repulsa)
Last appearance
"Mystic Fate" (Power Rangers Mystic Force) (as Mystic Mother)
Portrayed by
Barbara Goodson (voice, 1993–98)
Machiko Soga (visual, 1993–94, 2006)
Carla Perez (visual, 1994–98)
Julia Cortez (visual, 1995 movie)
Susan Brady (voice, 2006)
Elizabeth Banks (2017 reboot)
Information
Homeworld
M51 Galaxy
Status
Mystic Mother
Rita Repulsa is a fictional character from the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, and the principal nemesis and archenemy of the main superheroes in the show's first season.[1] She is portrayed in the first season by Machiko Soga and by Carla Perez in the remaining seasons, while voiced by Barbara Goodson in the series. Soga reprised her role as Rita, now the Mystic Mother, while Susan Brady provided her voice in TV series Power Rangers Mystic Force. In the films, she is portrayed by Julia Cortez in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, and by Elizabeth Banks in the 2017 reboot film. Rita Repulsa is based on the Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger villain Witch Bandora.[2][3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Character attributes
1.1 Origins
1.2 Appearance and personality
1.3 Powers
1.4 Portrayals
2 Synopsis
2.1 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers
2.1.1 Season 1
2.1.2 Season 2
2.1.3 Season 3
2.2 Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers
2.3 Power Rangers: Zeo
2.3.1 Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie
2.4 Power Rangers Turbo
2.5 Power Rangers In Space
2.6 Power Rangers Mystic Force
2.7 Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive
3 In other media
3.1 Films
3.1.1 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
3.1.2 Power Rangers (2017 film)
4 See also
5 References
Character attributes[edit]
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Origins[edit]
Rita Repulsa is an evil humanoid alien witch bent on galactic domination. Being a powerful sorceress, Rita has conquered many worlds throughout the Universe. Rita amassed a large army of monsters and Putty Patrollers to serve her. During her reign of terror, she led a group of minions to conquer Earth, a planet populated by humans.
Imprisoned in a space dumpster by the sage named Zordon, Rita was cast into space where she would float for ten thousand years before arcing back to the moon in 1993. Once freed, she and her minions reclaimed their headquarters and started a second campaign on Earth to defeat Zordon and take the planet for Lord Zedd. She is the first major villain of the Power Rangers franchise.[5]
Appearance and personality[edit]
Most discernible by her two pointed hair cones, one may also recognize her by her screeching voice, Madonna-like cone bra, and obnoxious attitude. She is sarcastic and power hungry, her character would usually become humorous whenever the Power Rangers defeated her; this would usually end with the catchphrase "I've got such a headache!" As Rita then married Lord Zedd later on in the series, her humorous personality was increased (usually arguing with Zedd or her father, Master Vile).
Rita was sometimes seen arguing with her younger brother, Rito, whose skeletal appearance was humorously revealed on her account. He knew she was picky in gifts being given to her. Rita wanted a nice little planet to take over and Rito offended her by giving her a fire-breathing dragon instead. She used the dragon to attack him and burn their parents house to prove her point.
Years after several defeats across the Universe, Rita was turned away from evil thanks to Zordon's Good energy wave. Rita then adopted a new title, Mystic Mother, and began to practice good magic. While confronted by evil, Mystic Mother proved stronger and was able to aid the Power Rangers Mystic Force in eradicating dark magic.
Powers[edit]
Being a powerful witch, Rita possessed many magical abilities.[6] By far the most common demonstration of her power was her use of her "wand" (actually an ornate staff) to make her monsters and minions grow to enormous sizes. Rita has also used magical rituals to control humans to do her bidding and even turn them evil, at least temporarily (Tommy Oliver and Katherine Hillard being the most prominent examples).[4] She can also trap people in other dimensions and, like most villains from the "Zordon era", can teleport at will, though only at relatively short range (i.e., from the moon to Earth and back, but not from Earth to another planet). Rita was also able to create her own Power Ranger, but she accomplished this by simply giving a Power Coin to an individual she had brainwashed to be evil, rather than facilitate a connection to the Morphing Grid herself.
In the 2006 series Power Rangers Mystic Force she is the ruler of all good magic and can use that magic to defend herself if and when she needs to. She is also capable of facilitating a connection to the Universal Morphing Grid to create a full team of Power Rangers if necessary, hence the Mystic Force. As the Mystic Mother, Rita takes a behind-the-scenes role, ensuring the flow of good magic throughout the world rather than using it herself, unless she has no other choice.
Portrayals[edit]
The character of Rita Repulsa was portrayed by multiple actresses. Since the character was created from footage of the Witch Bandora from the original Japanese series Zyuranger, she was portrayed by Machiko Soga and dubbed in English by Barbara Goodson.[7] Goodson continued to voice the role until Power Rangers in Space in 1998. Carla Perez took over the visual portrayal from Soga when the character was reintroduced midway through Mighty Morphin's second season in 1994, portraying her from 1994 until Power Rangers in Space in 1998, and Julia Cortez portrayed the character in the 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie. In 2006, the character was reintroduced as Mystic Mother in Power Rangers Mystic Force, again portrayed by Soga, this time with Susan Brady providing her voice. Elizabeth Banks portrayed a re-imagined Rita in the 2017 reboot film.[8][9]
Synopsis[edit]
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers[edit]
In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, Rita was born to Master Vile and an unknown woman and had a younger brother named Rito Repulso. At one point her parents got her a fire breathing dragon when she wanted a "cute little planet" instead. Rita then used the dragon to burn down their house. At some point, Rita began working for Lord Zedd in his attempts at conquering the universe. She served as his regent while he was elsewhere. However, Zordon and his army opposed her. Rita managed to steal and corrupt the Dragon Coin. However, Zordon eventually managed to seal Rita and her minions in a space dumpster, though Rita manages to trap Zordon in a time warp.
Season 1[edit]
At the beginning of season 1, Rita Repulsa had been imprisoned for over ten thousand years in the space dumpster. She, along with the other season 1 villains, were released by a pair of Earth astronauts. She exited the dumpster along with her minions Goldar, Baboo & Squatt and Finster. Rita claimed she would conquer the first planet she saw after being freed, which unsurprisingly happened to be Earth. Over the course of the show, Rita Repulsa battled the Power Rangers using everything from phobia spells, super Putty patrollers, binding magic spells, and on occasions, she would even allow the likes of Goldar and Squatt and Baboo to be "in charge" of destroying the Power Rangers. Nothing worked, and Rita would normally take her frustrations out on her henchmen by bashing them on the head with her magic wand or screaming into their faces. One of Rita's most memorable traits was that following each loss, she would either swear vengeance, or complain that she had a headache (the latter becoming one of her trademarks)
Season 2[edit]
Carla Perez played Rita in season 2 and continued to play her for the rest of the original series.
In season 2, Eventually Rita's reign of terror came to an end when Lord Zedd returned to assume control. Then it is revealed Rita was not the true empress, but actually the regent of Zedd's empire while he was off in other places. Zedd was furious that Rita had failed to defeat "children" and conquer the Earth, even when Rita warned him about Zordon. Despite Rita's begging and pleading, Lord Zedd vaporized Rita's magic wand and shrank her down to the size of a toy before again exiling her into space in a space dumpster. Locked within a space dumpster, Rita came within inches of freedom when her dumpster came to Earth, and Bulk and Skull succeeded in opening the dumpster. But the Power Rangers were successful in sending Rita back into space. Eventually her dumpster crashed into the moon, and she escaped. Down but not out, after regaining her freedom, Rita sought assistance from Finster, her still loyal henchman, to concoct a love potion that would generate libidic feelings for use on Lord Zedd. She also used a beauty cream made by Finster over her face to become younger (serving to transition the actress from Soga to Perez). The love potion worked, and the two were then married. Once married to Lord Zedd, Rita eventually gave up her magic practices and worked alongside Lord Zedd as a partner in crime. With Zedd by Rita's side, they are more powerful together and attempted to defeat the Rangers. Though they each failed, the Rangers did not claim victory so easily as the result of how efficacious their enemies have become.
Season 3[edit]
In season 3, Shortly after the wedding, Rita's brother, Rito Revolto, arrived to join his sister and brother-in-law on their quest to destroy the Power Rangers. Also, following this, monsters were now made to grow by Rita and Zedd's crossing their staves and using lightning to make monsters grow. Nevertheless, they continued to fail, even with help from Rita's spy, Katherine Hillard, who, after breaking free from Rita's control, joined the forces of the Power Rangers as the second Pink Ranger when Kimberly Hart departed for Florida. Additionally, Goldar found out about the love potion that Rita used on Lord Zedd, and had a concoction created to reverse the effects. The anti-love potion brought Zedd back to normal, however, he had apparently developed a real love for Rita of his own accord.
Later still, her father, Master Vile, made his entrance, aiding the villains greatly by leaving the Rangers as powerless children.
Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers[edit]
In Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers, After her father turned back time using the Orb of Doom, the Alien Rangers were summoned from Aquitar, working to protect Earth from Rita and Zedd's forces until the de-aged Rangers could acquire the Zeo Crystal and use it to turn time back to normal. During this story arc, the villains were successful in destroying the power coins and planting an explosive device within the catacombs of the Command Center and once the Zeo sub crystals were all reassembled set off the device believing that they had finally destroyed Zordon, Alpha and the Power Rangers. The however lost contact with Rito and Goldar whom they believed escaped the destruction of the Command Center with the Zeo Crystal.
Power Rangers: Zeo[edit]
In Power Rangers: Zeo, Despite their apparent victory, Rita and Zedd were forced to flee to live in refuge with Master Vile following the arrival of the Machine Empire. However, the couple, along with the other villains, returned to the moon in a campervan and throughout the latter part of Zeo. Rita and Zedd attempted to thwart the Machine Empire's plots and even aided the Rangers to prevent the Machine Empire from claiming Earth. In "Rangers of Two Worlds, Part 1", Finster made a new staff for Rita, which was used to create a monster that was far stronger than anything Rita had ever created, even against the Zeo Ultrazord. After King Mondo and his family are defeated by the Power Rangers, Zedd and Rita gave Prince Sprocket a present, claimed as a peace offering, which was actually a bomb, which blows the Royal House of Gadgetry to pieces. Zedd and Rita are seen driving away victoriously in their motorhome, while King Mondo swears revenge on the two.
Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie[edit]
Rita and Zedd made a small cameo appearance in Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie. Divatox calls them in the middle of the night to ask them how to destroy the Rangers. In a comical scene, Rita held the phone to a snoring Zedd, saying that if she knew how to stop the Rangers she wouldn't be listening to that, and then told Divatox her advice was to run.
Power Rangers Turbo[edit]
In the Power Rangers Turbo episode "The Millennium Message", the Blue Senturion plays a video message from the future foretelling of Dark Specter's alliance and their attack on the galaxy. Shown working together and causing destruction are Rita, Zedd, Mondo, Machina and Divatox.
Power Rangers In Space[edit]
In Power Rangers In Space, Rita and Zedd joined the alliance of villains led by Dark Specter, and assisted with Dark Specter's scheme to vanquish all good in the universe. In the first episode, it is Rita who notices the spy in their midst, later revealed to be Andros, the Red Space Ranger. During Dark Specter's final assault, Zedd and Rita were assigned to confront the Gold Ranger and conquer Triforia. During the final confrontation in "Countdown to Destruction, Part 2", when Zordon sacrificed his own life, Rita was transformed into a normal human, who swiftly expressed delight that Lord Zedd had also been transformed. They were seen dancing happily, while the bemused Gold Ranger watches on with relief.
Power Rangers Mystic Force[edit]
Machiko Soga as Rita the Mystic Mother in Power Rangers Mystic Force.
In Power Rangers Mystic Force, Rita is revealed to have become the Mystic Mother, Empress of Good Magic and leader of the Mystic Ones. She is the one who apparently gave the Power Rangers Mystic Force their link to the Morphing Grid. When she learns that the Master is about to assault the Mystic Mother's fortress, Udonna mentions that she was "known as Rita in the dark days". It is the Mystic Mother who gives Clare the powers of a full sorceress and helps the Mystic Rangers to defeat the Master of Darkness—in typical Rita fashion, she accuses the Master of giving her a headache.
Note that the characters were unrelated in the original Japanese Super Sentai series, even though they were both played by Machiko Soga (she was one of many actors in the original franchise who played unrelated characters in different seasons). The writers decided to connect the characters both as an easter egg for long-time fans and as a tribute to Soga herself, who died while Mystic Force was in production.
Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive[edit]
In the Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive 15th anniversary special episode, Once A Ranger, Zedd and Rita's previously unknown son, Thrax, confronted the Overdrive Rangers. Thrax united the current team's various enemies and severed their connection to the Morphing Grid. In response, the Sentinel Knight assembles a team of veteran Rangers to defeat Thrax. Adam, the new team's leader, mentions his previous battles with Zedd and Rita and observes that Thrax will be difficult to defeat. When he later mentions Rita's change of allegiance, Thrax mocks his mother's decision to embrace good.
In other media[edit]
Films[edit]
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie[edit]
Julia Cortez as Rita in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie
In Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, Rita, Zedd, Goldar, and Mordant arrive on earth at the constructive site and crack open a giant egg releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years, a morphological being who ruled earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors. Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd, trapping them in a snow globe. In a mid-credits scene, Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed.
Power Rangers (2017 film)[edit]
Elizabeth Banks as Rita Repulsa in the 2017 film Power Rangers.
On February 2, 2016, it was announced that Elizabeth Banks would portray Rita Repulsa in the reboot. Rita is the former Green Ranger,[10] with her character now seeking to harness the Ranger's power source.[8][9] People released a promotional photo of the actress in character on April 19, 2016.[11] An apparent former member of Zordon's Ranger team, Rita betrayed them to acquire the power of the Zeo Crystal, the source of all life on Earth, killing the rest of the team until Zordon buried the Power Coins and had Alpha hide his location with a meteor that blasted Rita into the ocean and seriously damaged her armor. She is brought up in the present day by a fishing boat captained by Sam Scott, Jason's father, and soon sets about gathering gold to replenish her power with the goal of unleashing Goldar, a massive monster who will allow her to acquire the Crystal. After the Rangers are forced to confront her directly despite not having mastered their powers, she kills Billy after she forces him to reveal the location of the Crystal, which is underneath the Krispy Kreme doughnut shop, but Zordon and the other Rangers are able to revive him, at the cost of sacrificing Zordon's chance to come back to life himself. The Rangers subsequently face Goldar in battle with the Zords, but only gain the upper hand when they form the Megazord. Despite Rita merging with Goldar to take charge of the fight, the Rangers are finally able to defeat her and destroy Goldar. They offer her the chance to surrender and hand over the green Power Coin, but she instead tries to attack them again, only to be 'slapped' into the sky by Jason. She is last shown drifting in space towards the moon, smiling in satisfaction as her body freezes.
See also[edit]
1990s portal
Witch Bandora
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Anne Haas Dyson. "Writing Superheroes: Contemporary Childhood, Popular Culture, and Classroom .." Books.google.co.uk. p. 204. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ "7 Surprising Things You Never Knew About The Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers". Etonline.com. 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ Dan Fleming. "Powerplay: Toys as Popular Culture". Books.google.co.uk. p. 21. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b Marsha Kinder. "Kids' Media Culture". Books.google.co.uk. p. 193. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ Sally Sugarman. "If Kids Could Vote: Children, Democracy, and the Media". Books.google.co.uk. p. 27. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ Kent A. Ono. "Contemporary Media Culture and the Remnants of a Colonial Past". Books.google.co.uk. p. 85. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Whatever Happened to the Original Cast of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers'?". Thefw.com. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Derschowitz, Jessica (February 2, 2016). "Elizabeth Banks cast as Rita Repulsa in Power Rangers movie". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elizabeth Banks to Play Villain in Power Rangers Movie". The Hollywood Reporter. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Umberto (December 9, 2016). "'Power Rangers:' What We Know So Far (Photos)". The Wrap.
Jump up ^ Guglielmi, Jodi (April 19, 2016). "First Look: Elizabeth Banks Morphs into Mighty Power Rangers Villain Rita Repulsa for Big-Screen Reboot". People. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
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