text:
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!
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Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Luketic
Produced by
Lucy Fisher
Douglas Wick
Written by
Victor Levin
Starring
Kate Bosworth
Topher Grace
Josh Duhamel
Gary Cole
Ginnifer Goodwin
Sean Hayes
Nathan Lane
Music by
Edward Shearmur
Cinematography
Peter Collister
Edited by
Scott Hill
Production
company
Lucy Fisher/Douglas Wick Productions
Distributed by
DreamWorks Pictures
Release date
January 23, 2004 (2004-01-23)
Running time
96 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$22 million[2]
Box office
$21.3 million[2]
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Robert Luketic, written by Victor Levin, and starring Kate Bosworth, Topher Grace, Josh Duhamel, Gary Cole, Ginnifer Goodwin, Sean Hayes, and Nathan Lane. Heavily inspired by Ram Gopal Varma's 1995 Indian film Rangeela,[3][4] the film follows a small-town girl (Bosworth) who wins a contest for a date with a male celebrity (Duhamel), and a love triangle forms between the girl, the star, and the girl's best friend (Grace).
The name of "Tad Hamilton" has been seen as a cross between the names of screen idols Tab Hunter and George Hamilton.[5][6][7]
The film received mixed reviews from critics and earned $17.1 million in the United States and $4.2 million overseas for a worldwide total of $21.3 million, making it a commercial failure against a $22 million budget.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Box office
3.2 Critical response
4 Home media
5 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The film opens with a soldier and nurse getting out of two 1940-style cars in the middle of night. The nurse runs up to the soldier and the camera switches to reveal this to be a scene from a film. Three Piggly Wiggly store workers in Fraziers Bottom, West Virginia—Rosalee, Cathy, and Pete—are watching and as the nurse on screen asks for forgiveness and the soldier agrees, the women in the audience are moved to tears as Pete is clearly unimpressed. As the ladies wonder what Tad Hamilton—the star of the film—is doing at that moment, their prediction of praying is proven false as the scene cuts to Tad—described in the next scene by his agent—"drinking, driving, smoking, leering, and groping all at the same time".
Tad's agent tells him that his hedonistic lifestyle is damaging his reputation and career opportunities. In order to improve his image and convince a director to cast him in an upcoming film, his agents establish a competition to win a date with Tad with proceeds going towards the charity Save the Children. An online advertisement for the competition is found by Rosalee. With the help of the Piggly Wiggly customers and the reluctant agreement of Pete, Cathy and Rosalee raise the $100 entrance money as Pete reveals to his superior that he will leave for Richmond to go to college after he has a discussion "with someone about going to Richmond with me".
A news crew arrives outside Rosalee's house, signalling her success at winning a date with Tad Hamilton. Subsequently, a despondent Pete sees her off at the airport. Rosalee is awed by Los Angeles and becomes tongue-tied in Tad's presence; the date does not go well as Rosalee vomits in the limousine and Tad mentioning his love of animals—which Pete had warned was a signal of sexual intentions—rouses her suspicions. After seeing Tad's house, Rosalee requests to go back to the hotel and soon returns home, leaving Tad thoughtful.
As Pete is about to tell Rosalee about moving to Richmond she is surprised—as much as Pete is disappointed—by Tad's sudden arrival to rekindle their relationship. Though Rosalee is still cynical of him as he uses a line from one of his films, his admission of not having "his priorities straight" seems to convince her of his good intentions. During a phone call with his agent, Tad insists that he wants to turn over a new leaf, and will not return to Los Angeles for a while. When he picks Rosalee up for a date he leaves a good impression on Rosalee's father, who had studied hard for the encounter. Pete tries to stop their date by reporting the pair for illegally parking. He tries to convince Rosalee that Tad is just using her. Despite all his efforts, Rosalee and Tad grow close over the next few days.
In the bar, Pete corners Tad in a men's room stall. After conceding that Rosalee is in love with Tad, Pete tells Tad that Rosalee is more than a "wholesome small town girl", Rosalee is a wonderful person with "the kind of beauty a guy only sees once". He explains about her six smiles: one smile when something makes her laugh, one for polite laughter, one for when she makes plans, one when she makes fun of herself, one when she's uncomfortable, and one when she's talking about her friends. Pete makes Tad swear not to break her heart or he will tear Tad to pieces with his bare hands or "vicious rhetoric". When the pair is in Tad's hotel room, his agents appear and inform him that the director has decided to cast him in the film after all. Tad is overjoyed and convinces Rosalee to come to Los Angeles with him by using Pete's "six smiles" speech.
After a rousing speech about great love from Angelica, a barmaid with a crush on him, Pete rushes to Rosalee's house and confesses his love for her but she is confused and resolves to still go to LA with Tad. On the plane when Tad fails to identify one of Rosalee's smiles, he confesses his lie and she asks to go home. She runs to Piggly Wiggly and Pete's house, then drives furiously towards Richmond to overtake her heartbroken friend. Similar to the opening scene, Rosalee and Pete get out of their cars and Pete, surrendering to a romantic song on the car radio, asks her to dance.
Cast[edit]
Kate Bosworth as Rosalee Futch[8]
Topher Grace as Pete Monash[8]
Josh Duhamel as Tad Hamilton[8]
Gary Cole as Henry Futch[8]
Ginnifer Goodwin as Cathy Feely[8]
Sean Hayes as Richard Levy the Shameless[8]
Nathan Lane as Richard Levy the Driven[8]
Kathryn Hahn as Angelica[8]
Octavia Spencer as Janine[8]
Amy Smart (cameo) as Nurse Betty[8]
Ren Torstle as Porsche Woman[8]
Wendy Worthington as Customer[8]
Stephen Tobolowsky as George Ruddy[9]
Moon Bloodgood as Gorgeous Woman[10]
Mary Jo Smith as Sonja[10]
Joseph Convery as Mickey (Tad's driver)[10]
Deena Dill as Reporter[10]
Bob Glouberman as Rosalee's limo driver[10]
Jay Underwood as Policeman Tom[10]
Sam Pancake as Hotel Clerk[10]
Patrick O'Brien as Father Newell[10]
Larry Agney as 90 Year Old Man[10]
Willow Bay as Herself[10]
Todd Eckert as Maitre D'[10]
David Wolrod as Roger Bodger[10]
Jessy Moss as Herself[10]
Marshall Goodman as Himself[10]
Danny Weissfeld as Himself[10]
Caleb Speir as Himself[10]
Peter Iovino as Paparazzi[10]
Alex Kvassay as Pilot[10]
Jordana Brewster (uncredited) as Actress (deleted scene)
Paris Hilton (uncredited) as Heather (deleted scene)[11]
Bonnie McKee (uncredited) as herself
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in 2,711 venues on January 23, 2004 and earned $7,320,066 in its opening weekend, ranking third in the North American box office and second among the week's new releases.[12] The film ultimately grossed $17,071,962 in North America and $4,206,494 internationally for a worldwide total of $21,278,456. Based on a $22 million budget, the film was a box office bomb.[2]
Critical response[edit]
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 52% approval rating based on 145 reviews, with an average of 5.6/10. The site's consensus states: "Formulaic romantic comedy works better than it should thanks to a charming cast."[13] Metacritic reports a score of 52 out of 100 based on 35 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[14]
Roger Ebert criticized the film, noting that Duhamel's character always seems more likeable than Grace's, and that the film spends more time building up a romance between Rosalee and Tad, rather than Rosalee and Pete. Bosworth's acting was praised for holding the film together.[15] Carla Meyer regarded the film as being tonally inconsistent, from being a retro romantic comedy to a modern (albeit gentle) satire, pointing out in particular the character played by Goodwin as going from wondering if Hamilton is at church to propositioning Hamilton.[16] Stephen Holden regards the film as having a plot from the 1950s, "dressed up just enough to seem contemporary". Holden regards Bosworth as having the toughest part, showing Rosalee's "feet-on-the-ground optimism and innate wisdom" easily.[17]
Home media[edit]
The film was released on VHS and DVD on April 20, 2004. The DVD features 16 deleted scenes.[11]
Soundtrack[edit]
"Superfabulous" - BT feat. Rose McGowan
"Special" - Wilshire
"Some Days" - Wheat
"More Bounce in California" - Soul Kid #1
"Why Can't I?" - Liz Phair
"Back to You" - John Mayer
"Something About You" - Five for Fighting
"Days Go By" - Jason Wade
"Leading with My Heart" - Alice Peacock
"Blue" - The Thorns
"Waiting" - Kyle Riabko
"I Won't Go Hollywood" - Bleu
"Somebody" - Bonnie McKee
"Shining" - Kristian Leontiou
"Once Again" - Frankie Jordan
"Can't Get Enough of Your Love" - Barry White
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. January 22, 2004. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. April 2, 2004. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Take Pride in These 10 Bollywood Movies Which Were Copied By Hollywood".
Jump up ^ "10 Hollywood Movies Which Are Copied From Bollywood".
Jump up ^ dvdfuture.com :: Review - Win A Date With Tad Hamilton
Jump up ^ Win a Date With Tad Hamilton | Chron.com - Houston Chronicle
Jump up ^ Movie Tad Hamilton Archived April 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Credits". BBC. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aldridge, Dave. "Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!". Radio Times. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Win a Date With Tad Hamilton!". TV Guide. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Papamichael, Stella. "Win A Date With Tad Hamilton DVD". BBC. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for January 23-25, 2004". Box Office Mojo. Amazon.com. January 26, 2004. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Win a Date With Tad Hamilton! (2004)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004)". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! Movie Review (2004) | Roger Ebert
Jump up ^ Josh Duhamel is cuter than the rest of 'Tad Hamilton' - SFGate
Jump up ^ Hollywood Star vs. Local Hunk - What&#146 - s a Girl to Do? - NYTimes.com
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! on IMDb
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! at Box Office Mojo
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! at Rotten Tomatoes
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! at Metacritic
[hide]
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Films directed by Robert Luketic
Titsiana Booberini (1997)
Legally Blonde (2001)
Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! (2004)
Monster-in-Law (2005)
21 (2008)
The Ugly Truth (2009)
Killers (2010)
Paranoia (2013)
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text:
The Claws of Axos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
057 – The Claws of Axos
Doctor Who serial
The Doctor is held prisoner by Axon Claws.
Cast
Doctor
Jon Pertwee (Third Doctor)
Companion
Katy Manning (Jo Grant)
Others
Nicholas Courtney — Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart
Richard Franklin — Captain Mike Yates
John Levene — Sergeant Benton
Roger Delgado — The Master
Fernanda Marlowe — Corporal Bell
Peter Bathurst — Chinn
Paul Grist — Bill Filer
Donald Hewlett — George Hardiman
David Savile — Winser
Tim Pigott-Smith — Captain Harker
Kenneth Benda — The Minister
Derek Ware — Pigbin Josh
Michael Walker, David G. March — Radar Operators
Royston Farrell — Technician
Bernard Holley, Patricia Gordino, John Hicks, Debbie Lee London — Axons
Production
Directed by
Michael Ferguson
Written by
Bob Baker
Dave Martin
Script editor
Terrance Dicks
Produced by
Barry Letts
Executive producer(s)
None
Incidental music composer
Dudley Simpson
Production code
GGG
Series
Season 8
Length
4 episodes, 25 minutes each
Originally broadcast
13 March – 3 April 1971
Chronology
← Preceded by Followed by →
The Mind of Evil Colony in Space
List of Doctor Who serials
The Claws of Axos is the third serial of the eighth season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in four weekly parts from 13 March to 3 April 1971.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Writing
2.2 Shooting
2.3 Cast notes
3 Broadcast and reception
4 Commercial releases
4.1 In print
4.2 Home media
5 References
6 External links
6.1 Reviews
6.2 Target novelisation
Plot[edit]
The Axons land on Earth, desperately in need of fuel. They propose to exchange the miracle substance they call Axonite for some much needed energy. Axonite is a "thinking" molecule that can replicate any substance... or so they claim. As it turns out, the ship is a single organism called Axos whose purpose is to feed itself by draining all energy through the Axonite (which is just a part of itself), including the energy of every life form on Earth. The deception about the Axonite's beneficial properties was to facilitate the distribution of Axonite across the globe.
Meanwhile, the Master, who was captured by Axos and used his knowledge of Earth as a bargaining chip for his life and freedom, escapes Axos and makes his way to the Doctor's TARDIS — his own having been seized by Axos. He plans to repair it to escape from Earth.
Axos itself becomes interested in the Doctor's knowledge of time travel. It now plans to broaden its feeding base by travelling through time as well as space. The Doctor, realising this, plans to trick Axos into linking up its drive unit to his TARDIS so that he can send Axos into a perpetual time loop. After tricking the Master into completing the repairs on his TARDIS, the Doctor does just that. This results in every part of Axos dematerialising from Earth, including the Axon automatons and the Axonite.
At the end, with the Master having escaped in his own TARDIS during the confusion aboard Axos, the Doctor returns to Earth, but not of his own volition. The Time Lords have programmed the TARDIS to always return to Earth, making the Doctor, as he notes, "some kind of a galactic yo-yo!".
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
In late 1969, script editor Terrance Dicks contacted new writing duo Bob Baker and Dave Martin after reading a draft script they had sent around the BBC for another production, A Man's Life. After offering the duo a seven-part story in November 1969 for Doctor Who's eighth season, Baker and Martin submitted some various storylines they had. Despite the storylines not being suitable for a serial, Dicks commissioned an opening episode from them on 1 December,[1] but as part of a six-parter, rather than a seven-parter.
The original storyline for the serial was set in central London, with Battersea Power Station taking the place of Nuton Power Complex. However, the serial would have been too expensive to make on the budget available, and Dicks promptly told the writing pair to scale down the story.[1] After going back to the storyline stage, they decided to set the story just outside London, and excluded the large action scenes set in space and around major landmarks in London.
Working titles for this story included Doctor Who and the Gift, The Friendly Invasion, The Axons, and The Vampire from Space. The last title was used through the production of the first two episodes, and was only changed by the time filming began on the third. The DVD release contains unused footage and cuts from the story that are packaged with the original title sequence – naming the story as The Vampire from Space. The serial was envisaged to be a six-parter, but the concept of the storyline changed as development progressed.[2]
Shooting[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Location shooting was planned to take place over five days in early 1971, starting on 4 January. Filming would take place in various locations around Kent, mainly Dungeness.[3]
During the location shooting of the scenes with the tramp, an overnight snow storm necessitated the creation of a line of dialogue in the programme to explain that the variations of weather from shot to shot in these scenes (filmed on various days but supposedly taking place within minutes of each other) are "freak weather conditions" as a result of Axos' arrival.[4]
A common myth about this story is that the colour-separation overlay (CSO) backgrounds were accidentally omitted in some of the car interior scenes, leaving the blue screen behind the characters.[5] In reality, the blue is supposed to represent the sky.[citation needed] The differing shades of blue compared to the location exterior footage is the result of the shots' separate origins. This is contradicted by Paul Vanezis in an interview,[6] in which he states "I wouldn't put a background in and I'll tell you why they didn't put a background in there - it wasn't lit properly. There wasn't enough blue in it to key it, or yellow or green or whatever it was. It was shot wrong. It shouldn't have been shot in the studio and it shouldn't have been shot on xchrome. These days with modern technology you could easily key it... easily, but it wouldn't look right."
For reasons unexplained, the opening titles for this serial use the Second Doctor's version of the Doctor Who theme music as opposed to the Third Doctor's, as do The Mind of Evil and Terror of the Autons. After this serial however, the theme reverts to the Jon Pertwee standard.
The story includes interior scenes inside the TARDIS for the first time in the Pertwee (and colour) era of the show. The configuration of the TARDIS set-up is unique for this adventure. The TARDIS monitor appears to be a circular screen embedded in one of the 'roundels' in the console room wall, rather than the traditional rectangular screen (this feature is seen again once, a year later, on the unique set built for The Time Monster). The doors of the console room do not open directly into the exterior as in all other adventures; instead they open into a corridor that features the 'roundel' motif. When the TARDIS interior reappears, in the next production (Colony in Space), both these features have been eliminated.
Cast notes[edit]
Bernard Holley had been last seen in The Tomb of the Cybermen. He reprised his role of Axos in the 2011 audio play The Feast of Axos.[7] Peter Bathurst had previously played Hensell in The Power of the Daleks.[8] Tim Pigott-Smith would later play Marco in The Masque of Mandragora.[8] John Hicks who played the Axon Boy, also played one of the Quarks in The Dominators.
Broadcast and reception[edit]
Episode
Title
Run time
Original air date
UK viewers
(millions) [9]
Archive [10]
1
"Episode One" 23:51 13 March 1971 (1971-03-13) 7.3 PAL 2" colour videotape
2
"Episode Two" 24:00 20 March 1971 (1971-03-20) 8.0 PAL D3 colour restoration
3
"Episode Three" 24:05 27 March 1971 (1971-03-27) 6.4 PAL D3 colour restoration
4
"Episode Four" 25:16 3 April 1971 (1971-04-03) 7.8 PAL 2" colour videotape
David J Howe and Stephen James Walker, in their 1998 book Doctor Who: The Television Companion, described The Claws of Axos as "a story that manages to combine an effective alien menace with some excellent location work to present a seamless tale of invasion by stealth". Despite noting that some aspects were unoriginal, they felt that the story was overall "highly imaginative and inventive", with the Axons well-realised in production.[11] In 2009, Mark Braxton of Radio Times praised the action, production values, and Delgado's Master, though he noted that there were some "lapses of judgement and quality", and that he was not a fan of Dudley Simpson's electronic score.[12] The A.V. Club reviewer Christopher Bahn wrote that the serial was "entertaining and far from terrible" and the Axons worked in terms of "conceptual horror", but the story suffered from "the badly mishandled subplot about Chinn" and Filer was a "superfluous" character who would have been better if a character who was already established was used in his place.[13] DVD Talk's John Sinnott gave the serial four out of five stars, highlighting the "tight" four-part structure and the rapport between Pertwee and Delgado. He noted that the choice to make the villains "more subtle and devious" was a good departure and the Axons looked "great".[14] Russell Lewin of SFX gave The Claws of Axos three out of five stars, describing the script as "choppy" and with production that struggled to realise its ideas. However, he noted that it would have looked modern when first broadcast and the last episode went in "some interesting directions".[15] In 2010, the magazine named the comedic tramp stumbling upon the Axons as one of the silliest moments in Doctor Who's history.[16]
Commercial releases[edit]
In print[edit]
Doctor Who and the Claws of Axos
Author
Terrance Dicks
Cover artist
Chris Achilleos
Series
Doctor Who book:
Target novelisations
Release number
10
Publisher
Target Books
Publication date
21 April 1977
ISBN
0-426-11703-4
A novelisation of this serial, written by Terrance Dicks, was published by Target Books in April 1977. The novel restored material deleted from the TV version, including a "meet-cute" for Jo and Bill Filer, and a suggestion that the Doctor may be attempting to steal Axonite to repair the TARDIS. Pigbin Josh's distinctive dialogue has gone.
Home media[edit]
The original 625-line PAL videotapes of episodes two and three were wiped/destroyed, although some scenes from episode two were found to have survived on an unedited studio-recording block. In 1982, 525-line NTSC copies were returned from Canada.
The story was released on VHS in May 1992. It was later released on Region 2 DVD in April 2005, followed by Region 1 in November. For remastering purposes, the NTSC material was converted back to PAL using Reverse Standards Conversion. In episode two, PAL footage from the studio recording was inserted where possible, although this does result in some noticeable shifts in picture sharpness between scenes. The serial has been included for sale on iTunes since October 2008, and was also released as part of the Doctor Who DVD Files (issue 97) in September 2012.
A Special Edition DVD was released in October 2012,[17] featuring much improved picture restoration, especially of episodes two and three. The quality of the NTSC material was improved by combining colour from the Reverse Standards Conversion with geometrically-corrected picture information from the remastered black and white film recordings, and then applying VidFIRE to restore the smooth 'video look'. The Special Edition adds various new 'extras', including the complete, unedited version of the surviving studio recording.[18]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Production Subtitles", The Claws of Axos DVD release, 25 April 2005
Jump up ^ Pixley, Andrew, "In Production, Season 7: Instant Karma," pp. 13-14, "In Production, Season 8: Something Old, Something New," pp. 23-24, & "The Claws of Axos Archive Update," p. 29, Doctor Who Magazine Special Edition, #2 [The Complete Third Doctor], 5 September 2002, Panini Comics.
Jump up ^ Kent Film Office. "Kent Film Office The Claws of Axos Film Focus".
Jump up ^ Briggs, Nick, "The Nick of Time," Doctor Who Magazine, #227, 5 July 1995, Marvel Comics UK Ltd., p. 40 (interview with Nicholas Courtney)
Jump up ^ "The Claws of Axos". BBC. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
Jump up ^ Restoration commentary, part 2 on the Shockeye's Griller website. Retrieved 2010-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Evelyn and Brewster return!". Big Finish Productions. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Fourth Dimension: The Claws of Axos". BBC. Retrieved 16 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ratings Guide". Doctor Who News. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Shaun Lyon; et al. (2007-03-31). "The Claws of Axos". Outpost Gallifrey. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
Jump up ^ Howe, David J & Walker, Stephen James (1998). Doctor Who: The Television Companion (1st ed.). London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-40588-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Braxton, Mark (28 October 2009). "Doctor Who: The Claws of Axos". Radio Times. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Bahn, Christopher (27 May 2012). "The Claws of Axos". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Sinnott, John (4 December 2012). "Doctor Who: The Claws of Axos". DVD Talk. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewin, Russell (19 October 2012). "Doctor Who: The Claws Of Axos – Special Edition Review". SFX. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ O'Brian, Steve (November 2010). "Doctor Who's 25 Silliest Moments". SFX. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Doctor Who: The Claws Of Axos". Play.com. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Steve (16 August 2012). "The Claws of Axos - DVD". Doctor Who Restoration Team. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Third Doctor
The Claws of Axos at BBC Online
The Claws of Axos at Doctor Who: A Brief History of Time (Travel)
The Claws of Axos at the Doctor Who Reference Guide
The Restoration of The Claws of Axos
Reviews[edit]
The Claws of Axos reviews at Outpost Gallifrey
The Claws of Axos reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
Target novelisation[edit]
Doctor Who and the Claws of Axos reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
Doctor Who and the Claws of Axos title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
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Barnstar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the use of barnstars within the Wikipedia community, see Wikipedia:Barnstars.
A barnstar
A barnstar (or barn star, primitive star, or Pennsylvania star) is a painted object or image, often in the shape of a five-pointed star but occasionally in a circular "wagon wheel" style, used to decorate a barn in some parts of the United States, and many rural homes[vague] in Canada. They have no structural purpose but may be considered lucky, akin to a horseshoe mounted over a doorway.[1] They are especially common in Pennsylvania and frequently seen in German-American farming communities.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Other star-shaped plates
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Barnstars were meant to represent the mark of the builder but became more frequently used for aesthetic purposes and were added to the building after construction was complete.[2][3] Enthusiasts have traced a number of wooden barnstars to individual builders in the Pennsylvania area, where numerous examples can still be seen.[4]
Barnstars were used in the United States during the 18th century and as late as 1870 in Pennsylvania, where their popularity increased greatly following the Civil War. Their regular use preceded that time, however, and stars were commonplace on large buildings, particularly factories, in pre-war Richmond, Virginia.[1]
Barnstars remain a popular form of decoration, and modern houses are sometimes decorated with simple, metal, five-pointed stars which the makers describe as "barn-stars".[5] They are often deliberately distressed or rusted, alluding to the traditional decoration.
Other star-shaped plates[edit]
On older buildings in the Pennsylvania Dutch area of the United States, it is still possible to find barnstar-like building adornments that are painted, rather than wooden or metal, known as hex signs. Strictly speaking, they are defined apart from barnstars and visually bear only passing resemblance, but the two are often confused and their names are even regarded as interchangeable.[1] Some hex signs incorporate star shapes, while others may take the form of a rosette or contain pictures of birds and other animals.[6]
The term barnstar has been incorrectly applied to star-shaped anchor plates that are used for structural reinforcement, particularly on masonry buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries. These are made of cast iron and are used as tie plates serving as the washers for tie rods. The tie-rod-and-plate assembly serves to brace the masonry wall against tilting or lateral bowing.
Some Wiki-based communities give their users an award called a "barnstar", as a continuation of the "barn raising" metaphor. The practice originated on MeatballWiki and was adapted by Wikipedia in 2003.[7] The image that is frequently used for this purpose is actually a photo of one of the structural tie plates described above, not of a proper barnstar.
Barnstars
House with a barnstar in Strasburg, Pennsylvania
House with star anchor plates
"Barnstar" anchor plate
See also[edit]
Pentagram
Hex sign
Pow-wow, Pennsylvania Dutch folk magic
Star (polygon)
Wikipedia:Barnstars
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c History of the Barn Star in North America | Amish Barn Stars Archived November 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barn Stars in Bedford and Somerset Counties, Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Barn Dons Old Fashioned Stars". Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2007-03-08.
Jump up ^ Barn Stars in Bedford and Somerset Counties, Pennsylvania
Jump up ^ Jackson, Kate M. (August 17, 2006). "Stargazing". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Dutch Hex Signs | Hex Sign Symbolism & Their Meanings Archived November 11, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Zhu, Haiyi; Kraut, Robert E.; Kittur, Aniket (2016). "A Contingency View of Transferring and Adapting Best Practices Within Online Communities". Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. CSCW '16. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 729–743. ISBN 9781450335928. doi:10.1145/2818048.2819976. Author's copy
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barnstars.
The dictionary definition of barnstar at Wiktionary
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnstar&oldid=796362539"
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Night sky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Night sky (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Moon is the most often viewed major object in the night sky, while sometimes visible during daytime.
Flammarion engraving, Paris 1888
The term night sky refers to the sky as seen at night. The term is usually associated with astronomy, with reference to views of celestial bodies such as stars, the Moon, and planets that become visible on a clear night after the Sun has set. Natural light sources in a night sky include moonlight, starlight, and airglow, depending on location and timing. The aurora borealis and aurora australis light up the skies of the Arctic and Antarctic circles respectively. Occasionally, a large coronal mass ejection from the Sun or simply high levels of solar wind extend the phenomenon toward the equator.[1]
The night sky and studies of it have a historical place in both ancient and modern cultures. In the past, for instance, farmers have used the state of the night sky as a calendar to determine when to plant crops. Many cultures have drawn constellations between stars in the sky, using them in association with legends and mythology about their deities.
The anciently developed belief of astrology is generally based on the belief that relationships between heavenly bodies influence or convey information about events on Earth. The scientific study of the night sky and bodies observed within it, meanwhile, takes place in the science of astronomy.
The visibility of celestial objects in the night sky is affected by light pollution. The presence of the Moon in the night sky has historically hindered astronomical observation by increasing the amount of ambient lighting. With the advent of artificial light sources, however, light pollution has been a growing problem for viewing the night sky. Special filters and modifications to light fixtures can help to alleviate this problem, but for the best seeing both professional and amateur optical astronomers seek viewing sites located far from major urban areas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Brightness
2 Visual presentation
2.1 Constellations
2.2 Planets
2.3 The Moon
2.4 Comets
2.5 Clouds
2.6 Other objects
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Brightness[edit]
Main article: Sky brightness
The Milky Way is brighter in the Southern Hemisphere than in the North. (Photo taken at La Silla Observatory)[2]
The fact that the sky is not completely dark at night, even in the absence of moonlight and city lights, can be easily observed, since if the sky were absolutely dark, one would not be able to see the silhouette of an object against the sky.
The intensity of the sky varies greatly over the day and the primary cause differs as well. During daytime when the sun is above the horizon direct scattering of sunlight (Rayleigh scattering) is the overwhelmingly dominant source of light. In twilight, the period of time between sunset and sunrise, the situation is more complicated and a further differentiation is required. Twilight is divided in three segments according to how far the sun is below the horizon in segments of 6°.
After sunset the civil twilight sets in, and ends when the sun drops more than 6° below the horizon. This is followed by the nautical twilight, when the sun reaches heights of -6° and -12°, after which comes the astronomical twilight defined as the period from -12° to -18°. When the sun drops more than 18° below the horizon the sky generally attains its minimum brightness.
Several sources can be identified as the source of the intrinsic brightness of the sky, namely airglow, indirect scattering of sunlight, scattering of starlight, and artificial light pollution.
Visual presentation[edit]
Paranal Observatory nights.[3] The concept of noctcaelador tackles the aesthetic perception of the night sky.[4]
Depending on local sky cloud cover, pollution, humidity, and light pollution levels, the stars visible to the unaided naked eye appear as hundreds, thousands or tens of thousands of white pinpoints of light in an otherwise near black sky together with some feint nebulae or clouds of light .[5] In ancient times the stars were often assumed to be equidistant on a dome above the earth because they are much too far away for stereopsis to offer any depth cues. Visible stars range in color from blue (hot) to red (cold), but with such small points of feint light, most look white because they stimulate the rod cells without triggering the cone cells. If it is particularly dark and a particularly faint celestial object is of interest, averted vision may be helpful.
The stars of the night sky cannot be counted unaided because they are so numerous and there is no way to track which have been counted and which have not. Further complicating the count, fainter stars may appear and disappear depending on exactly where the observer is looking. The result is an impression of an extraordinarily vast star field.
Because stargazing is best done from a dark place away from city lights, dark adaptation is important to achieve and maintain. It takes several minutes for eyes to adjust to the darkness necessary for seeing the most stars, and surroundings on the ground are hard to discern. A red flashlight (torch) can be used to illuminate star charts, telescope parts, and the like without undoing the dark adaptation. (See Purkinje effect).
Play media
Video of the night sky taken with DSLR cameras in Japan.
Constellations[edit]
There are no markings on the night sky, though there exist many sky maps to aid stargazers in identifying constellations and other celestial objects. Constellations are prominent because their stars tend to be brighter than other nearby stars in the sky. Different cultures have created different groupings of constellations based on differing interpretations of the more-or-less random patterns of dots in the sky. Constellations were identified without regard to distance to each star, but instead as if they were all dots on a dome.
Orion is among the most prominent and recognizable constellations.[6] The Big Dipper (which has a wide variety of other names) is helpful for navigation in the northern hemisphere because it points to Polaris, the north star.
The pole stars are special because they are approximately in line with the Earth's axis of rotation so they appear to stay in one place while the other stars rotate around them through the course of a night (or a year).
Planets[edit]
Planets, named for the Greek word for "wanderer," process through the star field a little each day, executing loops with time scales dependent on the length of the planets year or orbital period around solar system. Planets, to the naked eye, appear as points of light in the sky with variable brightness. Planets shine due to sunlight reflecting or scattering from the planets surface or atmosphere. Thus the relative sun planet earth positions determine the planets brightness. With telescope or good binoculars the planets appear as discs demonstrating finite size and also show phases like Earth's moon and also may possess their own orbiting moons which occasionally cast shadow onto the host planet surface . Venus is the most prominent planet, often called the "morning star" or "evening star" because it is brighter than the stars and often the only "star" visible near sunrise or sunset depending on its location in its orbit. Mercury, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are also visible to the naked eye.
The Moon[edit]
Earth's Moon is a gray disc in the sky with cratering visible to the naked eye. It spans, depending on its exact location, 29-33 arcminutes - which is about the size of a thumbnail at arm's length, and is readily identified. Over 28 days, the moon goes through a full cycle of lunar phases. People can generally identify phases within a few days by looking at the moon. Unlike stars and most planets, the light reflected from the moon is bright enough to be seen during the day. (Venus can sometimes be seen even after sunrise.)
Some of the most spectacular moons come during the full moon phase near sunset or sunrise. The moon on the horizon benefits from the moon illusion which makes it appear larger. The light reflected from the moon traveling through the atmosphere also colors the moon orange and/or red.
Comets[edit]
Comets come to the night sky only rarely. Comets are illuminated by the sun, and their tails extend away from the sun. A comet with visible tail is quite unusual - a great comet appears about once a decade. They tend to be visible only shortly before sunrise or after sunset because those are the times they are close enough to the sun to show a tail.
Clouds[edit]
Clouds obscure the view of other objects in the sky, though varying thicknesses of cloudcover have differing effects. A very thin cirrus cloud in front of the moon might produce a rainbow-colored ring around the moon. Stars and planets are too small or dim to take on this effect, and are instead only dimmed (often to the point of invisibility). Thicker cloudcover obscures celestial objects entirely, making the sky black or reflecting city lights back down. Clouds are often close enough to afford some depth perception, though they are hard to see without moonlight or light pollution.
Other objects[edit]
The Milky Way can be seen as a very large streak or arc across the night sky if the visibility conditions are good enough. This panoramic photo was taken at Death Valley.
The Milky Way contains billions of stars, arranged in two strikingly different structures: halo and disc.[7]
On clear dark nights in unpolluted areas, when the moon is thin or below the horizon, a band of what looks like white dust, the Milky Way, can be seen.
Shortly after sunset and before sunrise, artificial satellites often look like stars—similar in brightness and size—but move relatively quickly. Those that fly in low Earth orbit cross the sky in a couple of minutes. Some satellites, including space debris, appear to blink or have a periodic fluctuation in brightness because they are rotating.
Meteors (commonly known as shooting stars) streak across the sky very infrequently. During a meteor shower, they may average one a minute at irregular intervals, but otherwise their appearance is a random surprise. The occasional meteor will make a bright, fleeting streak across the sky, and they can be very bright in comparison to the night sky.
Aircraft are also visible at night, distinguishable at a distance from other objects because their lights blink.
See also[edit]
Amateur astronomy
Asterism (astronomy)
Astrology
Astronomical object
Constellation
Earth's shadow
Planetarium
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Yukon, Northwestel. "Aurora Borealis Explained". Retrieved 2015-02-28.
Jump up ^ "Starry Night at La Silla". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Paranal Nights". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Kelly, William E.; Daughtry, Don. "Academic Orientation, Academic Achievement, and Noctcaelador: Does Interest in Night-Sky Watching Correlate with Students' Approach to the Academic Environment?". Questia. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Hawley. "Number of Stars in the Sky". NEWTON Ask A Scientist. US Department of Energy. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dolan, Chris. "Orion". Retrieved 2007-10-05.
Jump up ^ "Where Heaven and Earth Collide". www.eso.org. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
External links[edit]
A virtual panorama of winter night. Pokljuka, Slovenia. Burger.si. Accessed 28 February 2011.
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Factor market
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A supply and demand diagram, illustrating
the effects of an increase in demand.
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In economics, a factor market refers to markets where services of the factors of production are bought and sold, such as the labor markets, the capital market, the market for raw materials, and the market for management or entrepreneurial resources.
Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars.
Production is the transformation of inputs into final products.[1] Firms obtain the inputs or factors of production in the factors markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets are the same. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold.
Markets price and can "purchase" as many inputs as they need at the market rate. Because labor is the most important factor of production, this article will focus on the competitive labor market, although the analysis applies to all competitive factor markets.
The existence of factor markets for the allocation of the factors of production, particularly for capital goods, is one of the defining characteristics of a market economy. Traditional models of socialism were characterized by the substitution of factor markets for some kind of economic planning, under the assumption that market exchanges would be made redundant within the production process if capital goods were owned by a single entity representing society.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Competitive factors markets
1.1 Resource demand
1.2 Determinants of resource demand
1.3 Price elasticity of resource demand (PERD)
1.3.1 Determinants of PERD
1.4 Resource supply
1.5 Price elasticity of resource supply
1.6 Monopolist factor demand
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
Competitive factors markets[edit]
Assume the structure of both the product and factor markets are perfectly competitive. In both markets firms are price takers. The price is set at the market level through the interaction of supply and demand. The firms can sell as much of the product as they want at the set price since they are price takers.
Resource demand[edit]
The buyers in the factors markets are the firms that produce the final goods for the products markets. Each firm must decide how much labor to hire to maximize its profits. The decision is made through marginal analysis. The firm will hire a worker if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs.[3] The marginal benefit is the marginal revenue product of labor or MRPL. The MRPL is the MPL times marginal revenue or, in a perfectly competitive market structure, simply the MPL times price.[4] The marginal revenue product of labor is the "amount of which [the manager] can sell the extra output [from adding another worker]".[5] The marginal costs are the wage rate.[6] The firm will continue to hire additional units of labor as long as MRPL > wage rate and will stop at the point that MRPL = the wage rate.[7] Following this rule the firm is maximizing profits since MRPL = MCL is equivalent to the profit maximization rule of MR = MC.[8]
Determinants of resource demand[edit]
The demand for inputs is a derived demand.[9] That is, the demand is determined by or originates from the demand for the product the inputs are used to produce.[10][11]
The labor market demand curve is the MRPL curve. The curve shows the relationship between the quantity demanded and the wage rate holding the marginal product of labor and the output price constant. The units of labor are on the horizontal axis and the price of labor, w (the wage rate) on the vertical axis. The price of labor and the quantity of labor demanded are inversely related. If the price of labor goes up the quantity of labor demanded goes down.[12] This change is reflected in a movement along the demand curve.[note 1] The curve will shift if either of its components MPL or MR change. Factors that can affect a shift of the curve are changes in (1) the price of the final product or output price (2) the productivity of the resource (3) the number of buyers of the resource and (4) the price of related resources.
Changes in the output price - The MRPL is the MPL × the output price thus if the price of the output increases due to an increase in demand for the product the value of the marginal product of labor increases at every price and the resource demand curve shifts out.[13] For example, if the price of the output increases firms will react by producing more to meet the demand and that will cause the demand for the inputs to increase.
Changes in productivity - Productivity changes affect the resource demand in several ways.[14] Technological changes increase the marginal product of labor which makes labor more valuable and causes the demand curve to shift out. The quantity of other resources can affect productivity. The more machines labor has to work with the greater the marginal product of labor which will cause the resource demand curve to shift out. The quality of the resource is an important factor in determining the value of labor as a resource. For example, a highly educated and experienced labor force is generally more productive.
Changes in the number of buyers of the resource - As with any market, additional buyers will cause the demand curve to shift out.[15]
Changes in the price of related resources - Related resources include complementary and substitute resources. A change in the price of a related resource will affect the demand for labor. For example, automobiles can be assembled with varying combinations of labor and machinery. If the price of machinery falls firms will tend to substitute machines for labor and the demand for labor will fall. If labor and machinery are used as complementary resources and the price of machinery falls then more machinery will be bought and more workers will be needed to run the new machines, causing the labor demand curve to shift out.
Price elasticity of resource demand (PERD)[edit]
As with the product market, a manager must not only know the direction of a change in demand but the magnitude of the change. That is, the manager must know how much to alter a resource’s use if its price changes.
Determinants of PERD[edit]
The price elasticity of resource demand is the percentage change in the demand for a resource in response to a 1% change in the price of the resource. PERD for a resource depends on:
The PED of the product that the input is used to produce - The higher the PED for the product, the higher the PERD for the resource.[16] Coca Cola has a relatively high PED. If the price of Coca Cola rises, this will induce a substantial decline in the quantity of Coca Cola demanded. The decline in quantity demanded for Coca Cola will reduce the demand for all inputs used in the production of Coke.
The importance of factor in production process[17] - The more important the factor, the less elastic is the PERD.[18]
The number of substitutes for the resource - The more substitutes, the higher the PERD.[19]
The time period - Time to discover other resources. The more time to adjust the higher the PERD.[20]
The rate of decline of the MPP of the factor = The more rapidly the MPP declines, the more elastic the demand for the factor.[21]
Resource supply[edit]
Resources are supplied to the market by resource owners. The market supply curve is the summation of individual supply curves. The resource supply curve is similar to the products supply curve. The market supply curve is the summation of individual supply curves and is upward sloping. It shows the relationship between the resource price and the quantity of the resource that resource providers are willing to sell and able to sell.
Factors that will cause a shift in the factor supply curve include changes in tastes, number of suppliers and the prices of related resources.
Price elasticity of resource supply[edit]
The price elasticity of resource supply (PERS) equals the percentage change in the quantity of resource supplied induced by a percent change in price of the resource.
Monopolist factor demand[edit]
If the producer of a good is a monopoly, the factor demand curve is also the MRPL curve. The curve is downward sloping because both the marginal product of labor and marginal revenue fall as output increases. With a competitive firm, marginal revenue is constant and the downward slope is due to the decreasing marginal product of labor. Therefore, the MRPL curve for a monopoly lies below the MRPL for a competitive firm. The implications are that a monopoly or any firm operating under imperfect market conditions will produce less and hire less labor than a perfectly competitive firm at a given price.
See also[edit]
Business and economics portal
Product markets
Capital markets
Market economy
Financial markets
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Note that if the wage rate falls and all the firms in the industry hire more labor then output will increase which will cause the product market supply curve to shift out reducing the price of the product. Because the price of the product is a component of the MRPL then the factor demand curve will shift in. Therefore a simple summation of individual firm's demand curves to obtain a market demand curve works only if we assume that prices remain unchanged.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p.
Jump up ^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 337.
Jump up ^ Perloff (2009) p. 512.
Jump up ^ Frank p. 460.
Jump up ^ Frank (2008) p. 460.
Jump up ^ Frank (2008) p. 460.
Jump up ^ Perloff p. 514.
Jump up ^ Negbenebor p.365.
Jump up ^ Mankiw (2007) p. 379.
Jump up ^ Colander (2005) p.376.
Jump up ^ Colander p. 373.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 333.
Jump up ^ Mankiw (2007) p. 399-400.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 333.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 331.
Jump up ^ Colander (2005) p. 376.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Boyes and Melvin (2002) p. 332.
Jump up ^ Willis p. 366.
Boyes, W. and Melvin. M. (2002) Microeconomics 5th ed. Houghton.
Colander, David C. 2005 Microeconomics 7th ed. McGraw-Hill
Frank, R., Microeconomics and Behavior 7th ed. (Mc-Graw-Hill) ISBN 978-0-07-126349-8.
Mankiw, G. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics 4th ed. Thomson.
Negbennebor, A: Microeconomics, The Freedom to Choose CAT 2001 ISBN 1-56226-485-0
Perloff, J. (2009) Microeconomics 5th ed. Pearson.
Pindyck, R & Rubinfeld, D: (2001) Microeconomics 5th ed. Page Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-019673-8
Samuelson, P. & Nordhaus, W.: Microeconomics, 17th ed. 2001 McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-231490-7
Willis,J. Explorations in Microeconomics, 5th rd. 2002 North West.
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