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Characters of Malcolm in the Middle
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The cast of Malcolm in the Middle as of season 5, (from behind, left to right): Christopher Kennedy Masterson as Francis, Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, Erik Per Sullivan as Dewey, and Justin Berfield as Reese. (In front, left to right) Jane Kaczmarek as Lois and Bryan Cranston as Hal.
The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.
Contents
[hide]
1 Characters
2 Character Appearances
3 The Family
3.1 Hal
3.2 Francis
3.3 Malcolm
3.4 Lois
3.5 Reese
3.6 Dewey
3.7 Jamie
4 Recurring characters
5 References
Characters[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2014)
Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.
During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode "Reese Joins the Army (1)", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of "Jetson" to lie about his age. In the series finale, "Graduation", Francis' employee ID reads "Nolastname" (or "No Last Name", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase "No last name".[1]
In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode "Block Party". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, "Wilkerson, why?" the friend replied with the punchline, "Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?"
Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 .
Character Appearances[edit]
Actor
Character
Season
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Main characters
Jane Kaczmarek Lois Main
Bryan Cranston Hal Main
Christopher Masterson Francis Main Recurring
Justin Berfield Reese Main
Erik Per Sullivan Dewey Main
Frankie Muniz Malcolm Main
James and Lukas Rodriguez Jamie Recurring Main
Catherine Lloyd Burns Caroline Miller Main Recurring
Recurring characters
Craig Lamar Traylor Stevie Kenarban Recurring
David Anthony Higgins Craig Feldspar Recurring
Gary Anthony Williams Abe Kenarban Recurring
Evan Matthew Cohen Lloyd Recurring
Kyle Sullivan Dabney Recurring
Daniel Von Bargen Edwin Spangler Recurring Flashback
Will Jennings Kyle Recurring Flashback
Drew Powell Drew Horton Recurring Flashback
Arjay Smith Ken Finley Recurring Flashback
Karim Prince Stanley Winn Recurring
Eric Nenninger Eric Hansen Guest Recurring Flashback
Merrin Dungey Kitty Kenarban Guest Recurring Guest Guest
Kasan Butcher Joe Guest Recurring Flashback
Tania Raymonde Cynthia Recurring Guest Guest
Cloris Leachman Ida Guest Recurring
Emy Coligado Piama Tananahaakna Recurring
Chris Eigeman Lionel Herkabe Recurring Guest Recurring
Victor Z. Isaac Kevin Recurring
Brenda Wehle Lavernia Recurring
Sandy Ward Pete Recurring
John Ennis Artie Recurring
Kenneth Mars Otto Mannkusser Recurring
Meagen Fay Gretchen Mannkusser Recurring
The Family[edit]
Hal[edit]
Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode "Forbidden Girlfriend" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode "Poker 2" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.
Francis[edit]
Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes "Sleepover" and "The Bots and the Bees" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in "Flashback" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.
Malcolm[edit]
Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode "Hal Grieves," when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.
Lois[edit]
Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in "Mono". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).
Reese[edit]
Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode "Flashback", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.
Dewey[edit]
Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.
Jamie[edit]
Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.
Recurring characters[edit]
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Stevie Kenarban, played by Craig Lamar Traylor (56 episodes), is Malcolm's best friend and classmate. He is wheelchair-bound and is missing a lung, requiring him to speak slowly and take deep breaths after saying a word. Though Malcolm is initially upset when Lois arranges a "playdate" for him and Stevie in the pilot episode, the boys immediately find common ground, particularly their love of comic books, and become friends. His parents are very overprotective of him, although Stevie displays in many episodes that he lives very comfortably with his disability and even has a dark sense of humor about it.
Craig Feldspar, portrayed by David Anthony Higgins (39 episodes), is Lois' co-worker at the Lucky Aide. He is a hopeless romantic, and has unrequited feelings for Lois. He is very childish and is a coward. He plays the ukulele and the banjo, and he sings in a countertenor voice. By the end of the series, Craig becomes Reese's roommate.
Piama Tananahaakna, played by Emy Coligado (29 episodes), is Francis' wife whom he met and married off-screen during his year in Alaska. Piama is about a year older than Francis, and before him, Piama had previously been married briefly. Primarily due to her being brought home under volatile circumstances, in which Francis (while still a minor, although emancipated) shocked the family with news of the marriage and thus disrupting Hal's birthday party, Lois disliked Piama from her introduction in the third season and into the fourth. However, after an embarrassing encounter with her wealthy in-law's, Lois has been much more respectful of Piama. She originally started off against having children, but by Graduation, Piama got over it after Reese's prank went awry ("We may as well go ahead and have kids now, I'm not afraid of changing diapers any more.")
Victor Welker and Ida Kenzel-Welker, played by Robert Loggia (1 episode) and Cloris Leachman (11 episodes) respectively, are Lois' parents of a Croatian background. Victor dies some time before the events of the season two episode "Christmas", in which Ida is widowed. Ida harbors a strong dislike for both Francis and Lois, evident for the way she has been treated by them. She favors Reese, which allows him to love her. Ida belittles Malcolm for being weak in not standing up against his mother and largely ignores Dewey (although she did, on one occasion, save him from being hit by a car, causing her to lose a leg). Ida harbored resentment towards Victor's secret other family for stealing what was rightfully hers, until Lois discovered that she isn't blood related to Victor (and possibly Susan as well) and abandoned Ida. Ida acknowledged that her life growing up in Croatia under the Ustaše was difficult, possibly due to the Ustaše's policies.
Abraham "Abe" Kenarban, played by Gary Anthony Williams (19 episodes), is Stevie's father and Kitty's husband, and a close family friend of both Lois and particularly Hal. Abe is initially depicted as cowardly and dependent on Kitty's guidance (which he attributes to his upbringing, having been raised by his grandmother and four spinster aunts). However he ultimately becomes more self-reliant after Kitty's departure. Despite this, Abe is more than willing to take Kitty back after her return, going as far as to harbor resentment towards Lois after she criticized Kitty's decision to leave.
Kitty Kenarban, played by Merrin Dungey (5 episodes), is Stevie's mother and Abe's wife. Because of actress Merrin Dungey's commitment to the ABC series Alias, Kitty remains unseen for much of the series before it is revealed that she abandoned her husband and son, briefly throwing Stevie into a deep depression. She returns briefly in the season six episode "Kitty's Back".
Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm, who might possibly have been her favorite student. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.
Cynthia Sanders, played by Tania Raymonde (4 episodes), is one of Malcolm's classmates. She has a very extensive vocabulary, but has a difficult time making friends. Depicted as relatively cheerful, Cynthia becomes one of Malcolm's earliest crushes on the show, although a relationship never develops. Cynthia is last seen claiming to never have sex with Malcolm again (which never happened in the first place) to snap him out of a recent funk and keep him from pulling a prank meant to get him sent away like Francis.
Lloyd Jensen, played by Evan Matthew Cohen (25 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. He frequently worries about random small things, gets hurt, and falls victim to bullies. He also has an effeminate personality.
Dabney Hooper, played by Kyle Sullivan (24 episodes) is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout the series. Often depicted as the weakest and most cowardly of the group, Dabney's life is almost completely controlled by his overbearing mother, although in his last appearance his ability to release his anger towards his mom results in him immediately developing a tougher persona.
Flora Mayesh, played by Kristin Quick (15 episodes), is one of Malcolm's other "Krelboyne" classmates. Flora was mostly just a background character and rarely had dialogue and was therefore not in the credits for 12 of her episodes.
Eraserhead, played by Will Jennings (12 episodes), is one of Malcolm's "Krelboyne" classmates who recurs throughout early episodes of the series.
Kevin, played by Victor Z. Isaac (5 episodes)
Jessica, played by Hayden Panettiere (4 episodes), is a classmate of Malcolm and Reese's. In one instance, she babysat Malcolm and Reese despite being younger than them, embarrassing the brothers.
Mr. Herkabe (first name Lionel), played by Chris Eigeman (8 episodes), is introduced in Season 3 as the Krelboynes' teacher after Caroline leaves. A Krelboyne himself in middle school, he was forced into a teaching career after losing his millions in a failed dot-com company. He is portrayed as an evil and conniving man who thrives on psychological warfare and making children suffer. He is especially threatened by Malcolm and quickly becomes his nemesis at school, even blackmailing North High's principal, Block (before Hodges took over), into hiring him as vice principal when Malcolm enrolls there. For some reason Mr. Herkabe also intensely enjoys humiliating Reese to antagonize Malcolm more. However, Herkabe's arrogance in confessing that he had failed gym and lied about not taking the course, was brought to light that led to his GPA Award being revoked by Mr. Hodges. He was last seen being humiliated by Reese during dodgeball.
Commandant Edwin Spangler, played by Daniel von Bargen (16 episodes), is the military veteran in charge of the cadets at Marlin Academy. He has a contentious relationship with the rebellious Francis throughout his entire stay at the Academy, although the two were shown at times to have a deep sympathy for the other's emotional scarring. After Spangler is fired from Marlin Academy and arrives in Alaska, Francis gets him a job at the Snow Haven Retirement Home where he has free rein to bully the elderly.
Cadet Eric Hansen, played by Eric Nenninger (28 episodes), one of Francis' friends and classmates from Marlin Academy. Francis accompanies Eric in his plan to abandon the Academy to find well-paying labor work in Alaska. At the end of season three, Eric is seen for the final time being left by Francis to hitchhike home, possibly as revenge for even suggesting to find work in Alaska.
Lavernia, played by Brenda Wehle (10 episodes), is Francis and Eric's malevolent boss who owns the logging site in Alaska. She has a debt book and presumably knows every dirty secret about her workers. Lavernia has a personal grudge towards Piama, who blackmailed her to be nice to Francis by holding her pet parakeet hostage.
Otto Mankusser, played by Kenneth Mars (13 episodes), is Francis' friendly and cheerful boss at the dude ranch, albeit a bit naïve at times.
Ed, played by Paul Wilson (5 episodes), is one of the many neighbors who despises Hal and Lois, along with Reese. He has shown some favoritism towards Malcolm for helping him set up his new computer.
Ira Prescott, played by Jonny Acker (3 episodes), is a student of North High School. He is Billy's older brother and Reese's bully. Ira made his first appearance in "Forbidden Girlfriend" in which he owns a car which Reese ruins by using Dewey in pouring cement in it and letting Billy take the blame for the prank. With Dewey's help, Ira got his revenge on Reese for his prank and using Billy by simply beating him up. He returns briefly in Season 5's "Malcolm Films Reese" who is among the students in humiliation and in Reese's Apartment when Malcolm is tutoring Ira and help get him a passing grade in his classes so he can keep his spot on the North High School sports team(which is never specified). Unlike Reese, Ira has more respect for Malcolm.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Malcolm In The Middle, Fox, "Graduation", May 14, 2006, Production #722, Episode #151
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Silent Hill (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Silent Hill
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Christophe Gans
Produced by
Samuel Hadida
Don Carmody
Written by
Roger Avary
Christophe Gans
Nicolas Boukhrief[1]
Based on
Silent Hill
by Konami
Starring
Radha Mitchell
Sean Bean
Laurie Holden
Deborah Kara Unger
Kim Coates
Tanya Allen
Alice Krige
Jodelle Ferland
Music by
Akira Yamaoka
Jeff Danna
Cinematography
Dan Laustsen
Edited by
Sébastien Prangère
Production
company
Davis Films
Konami
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
April 21, 2006 (2006-04-21) (Canada)
April 26, 2006 (2006-04-26) (France)
Running time
125 minutes[2]
Country
Canada
France[3][4]
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[5]
Box office
$97.6 million[6]
Silent Hill is a 2006 Canadian-French horror film directed by Christophe Gans and written by Roger Avary, Gans, and Nicolas Boukhrief. The film is an adaptation of Konami's video game series Silent Hill. It stars Radha Mitchell, Sean Bean, Laurie Holden, Deborah Kara Unger, Kim Coates, Tanya Allen, Alice Krige, and Jodelle Ferland.
The film follows Rose, who takes her adopted daughter Sharon to the town of Silent Hill, for which Sharon cries while sleepwalking. Arriving at Silent Hill, Rose is involved in a car accident and awakens to find Sharon missing; while searching for her daughter, she fights a local cult while uncovering Sharon's connection to the town's past.
Development of Silent Hill began in the early 2000s. After attempting to gain the film rights to Silent Hill for five years, Gans sent a video interview to them explaining his plans for adapting Silent Hill and how important the games are to him. Konami awarded him the film rights as a result. Gans and Avary began working on the script in 2004. Avary used Centralia, Pennsylvania as an inspiration for the town. Filming began in February 2005 with an estimated $50 million budget and was shot on sound sets and on location in Canada (Brantford, Ontario and Hamilton, Ontario).
Silent Hill was released on April 21, 2006, grossing nearly $100 million worldwide. Film critics praised the film's visuals, set designs, and atmosphere, but criticized the film for its dialogue, plot, and run-time. A sequel entitled Silent Hill: Revelation was released on October 26, 2012 to critical failure, but modest commercial success.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Casting
3.3 Filming
3.4 Soundtrack
4 Release
4.1 Home media
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Sequel
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Rose Da Silva and her husband Christopher are deeply disturbed by their adopted daughter Sharon’s constant sleepwalking and nightmares about Silent Hill, a town that was abandoned 30 years ago due to a massive coal seam fire. Against Christopher’s wishes, Rose takes Sharon on a trip to Silent Hill to find answers. Her erratic behaviour concerns police officer Cybil Bennett. Rose flees from Cybil, but when a girl steps out into the road, Rose crashes and blacks out. Waking up some time later, Rose finds herself in the foggy dimension of Silent Hill and realizes that Sharon is missing.
Exploring the town for Sharon, Rose pursues the same girl she encountered prior to the crash, but the town transitions into a nightmarish dimension inhabited by inhuman monsters, including the fearsome Pyramid Head. Rose learns of the existence of Alessa Gillespie, a young girl burnt by the Brethren, the town's fanatical cult. Her mother Dahlia wanders the streets as an outcast, guilty for her negligence that led to Alessa’s doom. Rose is later joined by Cybil, also trapped in the foggy dimension of the town due to a giant fracture isolating Silent Hill. Meanwhile, in the real world, Christopher searches the abandoned town with policeman Thomas Gucci, but their search is in vain. Upon finding a photo of Alessa, Christopher goes to the orphanage where Sharon was adopted. Gucci appears, revealing he lived in Silent Hill and saved Alessa from the fire. He encourages Christopher to end his search and go home.
Rose and Cybil explore a hotel the Brethren once used, accompanied by Anna, a Brethren member, where they find the burnt remains of a ceremonial chamber. Rose also encounters the girl, revealed to be Dark Alessa, who resembles a burnt Sharon. When the town transitions into a nightmarish dimension, Rose, Cybil, and Anna flee to an old church but Pyramid Head emerges and skins Anna alive. Inside, Christabella, the high priestess of the Brethren, and Alessa’s aunt, suggests a “demon” knows where Sharon is. Her followers lead Rose and Cybil to a hospital, claiming the demon is in the basement. Christabella sees a photo of Sharon from Rose's locket and brands Rose and Cybil as "witches" due to Sharon resembling Alessa. Cybil fights the Brethren members but Christabella orders them to violently beat her.
Rose enters the basement, but she is barricaded by a group of weapon-wielding nurses who appear to be almost completely blind due to their disfigured, covered faces. Although light and sound attracts them, Rose manages to sneak through them, inadvertently startling them into attacking each other. She flees and enters Alessa's room. In a flashback, it is revealed that Alessa was stigmatised by the townspeople for being a bastard. Christabella convinces Dahlia, a formerly devout Brethren member, to "purify" Alessa, after Alessa is raped whilst attempting to hide from her tormentors. Christabella immolates Alessa during a ritual but Dahlia realises this and alerts Gucci. They arrive too late as the ritual goes awry, igniting the infamous coal seam fire. Hospitalised, Alessa's rage grew, manifested as Dark Alessa, who is responsible for the shifting dimensions of Silent Hill. Her remaining innocence is later manifested as Sharon, who is taken to the real world to be adopted. Desperate to find Sharon, Rose allows Dark Alessa to grant access to the church by fusing with her body. Meanwhile, Sharon, protected by Dahlia, is captured by the Brethren.
In the church, Christabella burns Cybil to death and plans to do the same for Sharon. Rose intervenes and confronts Christabella of her crimes but Christabella stabs her in the heart in retaliation. Rose’s blood summons both the original Alessa and Dark Alessa, who bisect and kill Christabella and her followers, except for Dahlia, with razor wire. Rose rescues Sharon but Sharon unwillingly merges with Dark Alessa before blacking out. Rose leaves the town with a fully merged Alessa and return home, still in the foggy dimension of Silent Hill. Meanwhile, Christopher is alone in the real world but discovers that the front door has mysteriously opened.
Cast[edit]
Radha Mitchell as Rose Da Silva, the desperate mother who seeks a cure for her daughter Sharon's nightmarish sleepwalking by taking her to the town of Silent Hill.
Sean Bean as Christopher Da Silva, the father of Sharon and husband of Rose who opposes his wife's decision to find answers in Silent Hill.
Laurie Holden as Cybil Bennett, the motorcycle police officer from the city of Brahams who becomes suspicious of Rose and follows her into Silent Hill.
Jodelle Ferland as Alessa Gillespie, a powerful psychic born out of wedlock, which led her to be persecuted and eventually immolated by the Brethren. She also portrays Dark Alessa, the manifestation of Alessa's rage, and Sharon Da Silva, the manifestation of Alessa's innocence, who is eventually adopted by Rose and Christopher.
Deborah Kara Unger as Dahlia Gillespie, the mother of Alessa who walks the foggy dimension of Silent Hill after giving her daughter up for sacrifice.
Kim Coates as Officer Thomas Gucci, a kind-hearted police officer jaded and hardened by his experiences at Silent Hill.
Tanya Allen as Anna, a childlike and slightly mentally unstable Brethren member.
Alice Krige as Christabella, the high priestess of the Brethren, who burns those deemed as "witches" to prevent the Apocalypse and maintain a sinless existence.
Christopher Britton as Adam, a Brethren member.
Nicky Guadagni as Eleanor, Anna's mother.
Roberto Campanella as Pyramid Head, a humanoid monster wearing a triangle-shaped helmet who first appeared in Silent Hill 2, and as Colin, a school janitor implied to have raped Alessa, who now appears as a monster wrapped in barbed wire.
Emily Lineham as Lisa Garland (credited as "Red Nurse"), a nurse who was horribly scarred by Alessa just for peeking in her room, and as one of the Dark Nurses Rose encounters in the hospital.
Lorry Ayers as the adult Alessa Gillespie, who was kept alive for 30 years in the basement of a hospital and eventually returns as a scarred woman to exact her revenge upon the Brethren.
Eve Crawford as Sister Margaret, the headmistress of the orphanage where Sharon was adopted from. She is implied to have cared for orphans whose parents died in the coal seam fire in Silent Hill.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Director Christophe Gans attempted for five years to obtain the film rights to the Silent Hill series from Konami. He sent a video interview to them explaining his plans for adapting Silent Hill and how important the games are to him.[7] They were so impressed, he was rewarded with the film rights. In 2004, Gans and screenwriter Roger Avary began writing the script, which would be the first film in a series of Silent Hill films.[8]
Silent Hill's screenwriter, Roger Avary, used the town of Centralia, Pennsylvania as an inspiration for the town of Silent Hill;[9] Avary commented that as a boy, his father, who was a mining engineer, used to tell him stories about Centralia, where coal deposits from the local mine caught fire and released toxic gases into the town, as well as creating sinkholes when the abandoned mineshafts and coal seams began to collapse. This forced the town to evacuate forever. Avary was fascinated since childhood by the idea that fires underneath the town would be burning for such a long time.[10] When the script was finished, a studio memo was sent to Gans and Avary that voiced concerns about the lack of a male presence in the film, since the original story contained a nearly all female cast. Gans and Avary added Christopher's character (named after Gans) and subplot and the script was approved.[11]
Gans described the concept of the town's connection to the child Alessa and the cult: "It's a town of people trapped in dark dreams, and she inflicts onto the town what those people did to her body. That is, to me, the meaning of the darkness. The appearance of the town is corrupted in the way that her own flesh was wounded."[1] He furthers expands on Alessa's connection to the alternate reality seen in the film, saying that the alternate reality is "in [Alessa's] head".[12] "It's interesting because the town itself mirrors this fractured psychology—different dimensions, different doubles of the same person." In speaking about the creatures in Silent Hill, Gans said that "these monsters are [damned], with the poetic direction of the term: they are a little like the Japanese phantoms, i.e. residues of forgotten feelings as strong as hatred or [guilt]."[10] "The monsters in the game are not really monsters, but rather a mockery of human beings. The real monsters are the people, the cultists who tortured Alessa. When I approached the film, I knew that it was impossible to represent the monsters as simply beasts that jump on you."[1]
The film was greenlit on September 19, 2003. Principal photography commenced on April 25, 2005.[13] It was filmed in both Brantford and Hamilton[14] as well as on soundstages in Toronto in 2005 and on location in Alma College.[15] American studio Sony Pictures bought the distribution rights for $14 million for the United States and Latin America to be released under its TriStar Pictures genre film subsidiary.[16]
Casting[edit]
Gans said that casting of Mitchell as the lead for the film is "a matter of feeling. If you play Silent Hill you know that each character has a very special poetic quality. They are both twisted and sophisticated. We tried to keep that in mind when we did the casting on this film."[citation needed] Bean's role in the film was originally kept to the beginning and the end of the movie, but due to studio pressure for a male lead, his role was expanded into a subplot.[11] Gans cast Holden after seeing her in The Majestic: "in The Majestic, she was beautifully feminine and I cast her so I could show her other side, make her strong and sleek.[citation needed] Gans saw Ferland as "the ideal actress" after viewing the television show Kingdom Hospital and her screen test for Terry Gilliam's film Tideland.[10] To prepare for her role, Krige read the book The End of Days by Erna Paris, a book about tyranny during the Spanish Inquisition.[17]
Filming[edit]
The movie was filmed in the Super 35 film format, except the scenes with the darkness, which were filmed in high-definition video,[18] because of its ability to cleanly capture light and digitally manipulate it in post production. The film contains around 107 different sets[19] specifically used to represent the different versions of the town. The bipedal creatures in the film were played by professional actors or dancers covered in latex and prosthetic makeup. After filming, over 619 visual effects shots were used in the film,[20] with the most prominent uses being the fog that drenches the town, the transitions to darkness, and the insects that surround Pyramid Head. Some of the creatures were also touched up in post-production, with CGI effects such as the burning on the Grey Children, the changes in the dimensions of the Armless creature's legs, the disease that the Janitor spreads, and the barbed wire during Alessa's revenge.[citation needed]
In order to maintain the feel of the games, Gans had the sound designer of the original Silent Hill, Akira Yamaoka, flown to the set several times.[21] Additionally, Gans had a 40-inch television brought onto the set, to which he attached a PlayStation 2; Gans then played the original Silent Hill on the system so that the actors and cinematographers could see how Gans wanted to emulate various camera angles and movements.[21]
Budgetary concerns caused a few scenes in the film to be rewritten. The meeting of Anna in the film had been envisioned differently. It originally featured Anna being attacked by an injured armless creature, where she is saved by Cybil and Rose. Due to budget concerns, choreographer Roberto Campanella was sent home for the day, and without him the scene did not meet Gans's expectations. To rectify this, the scene was simplified and rewritten.[11] Gans stated that his original vision of the film's finale revolved around six Red Pyramids appearing inside the church, each carrying a different weapon, and slaughtering the cult members in reference to Dante's Inferno.[11] When budgetary and time constraints prevented this ending from being filmed, he created the new ending that revolved around the barbed wire slaying of the cult by Alessa, which was inspired by the erotic anime Legend of the Overfiend.[11]
Soundtrack[edit]
The score consists almost entirely of music from Yamaoka's soundtracks to the original four games in the series. The only other piece of music used in the film is Johnny Cash's "Ring of Fire". Yamaoka's scores were arranged by film composer Jeff Danna, with some tracks appearing in almost identical form to their in-game counterparts, while others were recreated entirely.[citation needed]
Release[edit]
Silent Hill was released to theaters on April 21, 2006 in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Ireland. France, Belgium, Hungary, and Greece also saw April releases. The film was later released in 19 other countries in 2006 which include Russia, Germany, Spain, Italy, Japan, and Mexico. The film's poster of a mouthless Alessa was the subject of some vandalism, with many malefactors drawing cartoon mouths (smiling, screaming, sporting vampire fangs, etc.) or placing stickers where her mouth would be.[22]
Home media[edit]
On August 22, 2006, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and TriStar Pictures released the DVD, Blu-ray, and UMD versions of the film in North America. The DVD and Blu-ray were released in both Anamorphic Widescreen 2.35:1 and Pan and Scan versions and both included a Dolby Digital 5.1 audio track.[23] The releases also included a number of special features, such as film previews and a six-part making-of documentary. The film was also released on UMD for Sony's PlayStation Portable on August 22, 2006; there are no special features but the disc includes a 1.78 widescreen format, Dolby Digital 2.0, and subtitles. An HD DVD was released in Germany by Concorde Home Entertainment on August 22, 2007, containing the film encoded in the VC-1 video codec and also has the main audio track in DTS-HD, and retaining the film aspect ratio of 2.35:1.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Silent Hill opened in 2,932 theaters and earned $20 million domestically on its opening weekend and opened at number one at the U.S. box office. As of January 3, 2007 the film has grossed $46 million domestically and $97 million total worldwide.[24] At the DVD domestic sales, the film sold 1,316,169 units in 4 weeks, bringing a profit of $22,149,584,[25] and making the total gross of the film jump to $119,757,037 worldwide. Silent Hill has landed in the top 10 highest-grossing film adaptations of video game properties listed on Box Office Mojo (from 1980 to present) at #9, grossing $46,982,632 domestic, just behind Resident Evil: Extinction, which grossed $50,648,679 in domestic box office receipts.[26]
Critical response[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2014)
Advance screenings of Silent Hill were not given to critics by the distributor.[27] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 29% based on 93 reviews, with an average rating of 4.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Silent Hill is visually impressive, but as with many video game adaptations, it's plagued by inane dialogue, a muddled plot, and an overlong runtime."[28] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[29]
James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a mildly positive review, awarding it two and a half stars out of four. He opined that "the film is overlong, with too many unnecessary scenes" and that "a lot of the movie seems like pointless running around", but added that the film "looks great" and that "it packs in a few scary moments and offers a nicely ambiguous conclusion."[30] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film one and a half stars (out of four), calling it "an incredibly good-looking film," but noting that he "did not understand the story" and criticizing how "all through the movie, characters are pausing in order to offer arcane back-stories and historical perspectives and metaphysical insights and occult orientations."[31] Don R. Lewis of Film Threat praised the film's visuals but wrote that "this entire film is downright confusing and not in an intriguing way," calling it "the best-looking bad film I've ever seen."[32]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a score of D+, stating that "a few of the images are startling" but "Silent Hill is mostly paralyzing in its vagueness."[33] Dennis Harvey of Variety opined that "above-average interest is generated for a time by [the] elaborate visual package," but "in the end, Silent Hill degenerates into an overblown replay of all those Twilight Zone and Stephen King stories in which outsiders stumble upon a time-warped location from which there's no escape."[3] According to Nathan Lee of The New York Times: "It begins as a quest, develops into a ghost-town mystery, devolves into a preposterous cautionary tale about witchcraft and religious fundamentalism, and wraps up like the outrageously overwrought fantasy of a movie nerd obsessed with horror who has been given obscene amounts of money to adapt a video game."[34]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Silent Hill: Revelation
A sequel, Silent Hill: Revelation, taking place six years after the first film's events, was released on October 26, 2012. Christophe Gans could not direct the sequel because he was busy directing an Onimusha film adaptation. Roger Avary was originally attached to write the screenplay and had written the first draft before he was arrested for vehicular manslaughter on November 2010. Michael J. Bassett was later hired to write and direct the sequel. The sequel was panned by critics, holding a 7% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[35]
See also[edit]
List of films based on video games
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Bettenhausen, Shane (February 23, 2006). "Silent Hill Movie Interview: The Director's Cut". 1UP. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill (15)". British Board of Film Classification. April 12, 2006. Retrieved October 15, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Barraclough, Leo (2006-04-21). "Silent Hill". Variety. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill". British Film Institute. London. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill".
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill (2006) - Box Office Mojo". www.boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ Douglas, Edward (2006-04-20). "Exclusive: Director Christophe Gans". ComingSoon.
Jump up ^ Gans, Christophe (2006-03-10). "Silent Hill – Notes from the director Christophe Gans – "On Preserving and Contributing to the Mythology of the Games, On Interpreting Silent Hill's Monsters"". Sony Pictures. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "The Real Silent Hill". UGO. Archived from the original on April 13, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ferry, IIan (April 2, 2006). "Master Class Silent Hill (French)". Ecranlarge. Archived from the original on October 7, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Prin, Kevin (2006-12-22). "INTERVIEW: CHRISTOPHE GANS (SILENT HILL) PARTIE 1 (French)". DVDRama.
Jump up ^ Gans 2009, chapter 11
Jump up ^ Franklin, Garth (April 29, 2005). "Silent Hill Begins Production". Dark Horizons. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Internet Movie Database – List of Films shot in Hamilton, Ontario". Retrieved 2008-01-29.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill filmed at Alma College". Almacollege.20m.com. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "ComingSoon.net". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill – Production Notes". Sony Pictures.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Stacy (July 17, 2005). ""Silent Hill" Interview with director Christophe Gans". About. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006.
Jump up ^ Thorpe, Valarie (2005-07-17). "Really Scary Visits the Set of Silent Hill". Really Scary.
Jump up ^ Bielik, Alain (2006-04-21). "Silent Hill: Nothing Quiet About These Horrifying VFX". VFXWorld.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Akira Yamaoka". Gamasutra.com. 2007-12-24. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Dziemianowicz, Joe (April 12, 2006). "Read my lips, a film poster inspires self-expression". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Tom (2006-06-19). "Silent Hill (US R1 DVD)". DVDActive.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill (2006)". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill DVD Sales". The Numbers.
Jump up ^ "Video Game Adaptation Movies at the Box Office". Boxofficemojo.com. 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2013-12-22.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (April 20, 2006). "Silent Hill Movie Review & Film Summary (2006)". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Review: Silent Hill". Reelviews.net. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (2006-04-20). "Silent Hill Movie Review & Film Summary (2006) | Roger Ebert". Rogerebert.suntimes.com. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill". Film Threat. 2006-04-24. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (2006-04-19). "Silent Hill Review | Movie Reviews and News". EW.com. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Nathan Lee, 'Silent Hill' Is a Free Fall Through a Nightmare World, The New York Times, April 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Silent Hill: Revelation 3D". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
External links[edit]
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text:
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
artificial ventilation using exhaled air from the rescuer
"Mouth-to-mouth" redirects here. For other uses, see Mouth to mouth.
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
Mouth-to-mouth insufflation
ICD-9-CM
93.93
MeSH
D012121
[edit on Wikidata]
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, a form of artificial ventilation, is the act of assisting or stimulating respiration, a metabolic process referring to the overall exchange of gases in the body, where a rescuer presses his or her mouth against that of the victim and blows air into the person's lungs.[1][2] Assistance takes many forms, but generally entails providing air for a person who is not breathing or is not making sufficient respiratory effort on his/her own.[3] It is used on a patient with a beating heart or as part of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to achieve the internal respiration).
Pulmonary anton ventilation (and hence external parts of respiration) is achieved through manual insufflation of the lungs either by the rescuer blowing into the patient's lungs, or by using a mechanical device to do so. This method of insufflation has been proved more effective than methods which involve mechanical manipulation of the patient's chest or arms, such as the Silvester method.[4] It is also known as expired air resuscitation (EAR), expired air ventilation (EAV), rescue breathing or colloquially the kiss of life. It was introduced as a life saving measure in 1950.[5]
Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is a part of most protocols for performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)[6][7] making it an essential skill for first aid. In some situations, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is also performed separately, for instance in near-drowning and opiate overdoses. The performance of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on its own is now limited in most protocols to health professionals, whereas lay first aiders are advised to undertake full CPR in any case where the patient is not breathing sufficiently.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Insufflations
2.1 Adjuncts to insufflation
3 Efficiency of mouth-to-patient insufflation
4 Oxygen
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
In 1773, English physician William Hawes (1736–1808) began publicising the power of artificial respiration to resuscitate people who superficially appeared to have drowned. For a year he paid a reward out of his own pocket to any one bringing him a body rescued from the water within a reasonable time of immersion. Thomas Cogan, another English physician, who had become interested in the same subject during a stay at Amsterdam, where was instituted in 1767 a society for preservation of life from accidents in water, joined Hawes in his crusade. In the summer of 1774 Hawes and Cogan each brought fifteen friends to a meeting at the Chapter Coffee-house, St Paul's Churchyard, where they founded the Royal Humane Society as a campaigning group for first aid and resuscitation.[citation needed]
Gradually, branches of the Royal Humane Society were set up in other parts of the country, mainly in ports and coastal towns where the risk of drowning was high and by the end of the 19th century the society had upwards of 280 depots throughout the UK, supplied with life-saving apparatus. The earliest of these depots was the Receiving House in Hyde Park, on the north bank of the Serpentine, which was built in 1794 on a site granted by George III. Hyde Park was chosen because tens of thousands of people swam in the Serpentine in the summer and ice-skated in the winter. Boats and boatmen were kept to render aid to bathers, and in the winter ice-men were sent round to the different skating grounds in and around London. The society distributed money-rewards, medals, clasps and testimonials, to those who saved or attempted to save drowning people. It further recognized "all cases of exceptional bravery in rescuing or attempting to rescue persons from asphyxia in mines, wells, blasting furnaces, or in sewers where foul gas may endanger life."
Insufflations[edit]
Typical view of resuscitation in progress with an Ambu bag in use ("bagging").
Insufflation, also known as 'rescue breaths' or 'ventilations', is the act of mechanically forcing air into a patient's respiratory system. This can be achieved via a number of methods, which will depend on the situation and equipment available. All methods require good airway management to perform, which ensures that the method is effective. These methods include:[citation needed]
Mouth-to-mouth - This involves the rescuer making a seal between his or her mouth and the patient's mouth and 'blowing', to pass air into the patient's body
Mouth-to-nose - In some instances, the rescuer may need or wish to form a seal with the patient's nose. Typical reasons for this include maxillofacial injuries, performing the procedure in water or the remains of vomit in the mouth
Mouth-to-mouth and nose - Used on infants (usually up to around 1 year old), as this forms the most effective seal
Mouth-to-mask – Most organisations recommend the use of some sort of barrier between rescuer and patient to reduce cross infection risk. One popular type is the 'pocket mask'. This may be able to provide higher tidal volumes than a Bag Valve Mask.[8]
Adjuncts to insufflation[edit]
A CPR pocket mask, with carrying case
Most training organisations recommend that in any of the methods involving mouth-to-patient, that a protective barrier is used, to minimise the possibility of cross infection (in either direction).[9]
Barriers available include pocket masks and keyring-sized face shields. These barriers are an example of Personal Protective Equipment to guard the face against splashing, spraying or splattering of blood or other potentially infectious materials.[citation needed]
These barriers should provide a one-way filter valve which lets the air from the rescuer deliver to the patient while any substances from the patient (e.g. vomit, blood) cannot reach the rescuer. Many adjuncts are single use, though if they are multi use, after use of the adjunct, the mask must be cleaned and autoclaved and the filter replaced. It is very important for the mask to be replaced or cleaned because it can act as a transporter of various diseases.
The CPR mask is the preferred method of ventilating a patient when only one rescuer is available. Many feature 18mm inlets to support supplemental oxygen, which increases the oxygen being delivered from the approximate 17% available in the expired air of the rescuer to around 40-50%.[citation needed][10]
Efficiency of mouth-to-patient insufflation[edit]
Normal atmospheric air contains approximately 21% oxygen when inhaled in. After gaseous exchange has taken place in the lungs, with waste products (notably carbon dioxide) moved from the bloodstream to the lungs, the air being exhaled by humans normally contains around 17% oxygen. This means that the human body utilises only around 19% of the oxygen inhaled, leaving over 80% of the oxygen available in the exhalatory breath.[11]
This means that there is more than enough residual oxygen to be used in the lungs of the patient, which then enters the blood.
Oxygen[edit]
The efficiency of artificial respiration can be greatly increased by the simultaneous use of oxygen therapy. The amount of oxygen available to the patient in mouth-to-mouth is around 16%. If this is done through a pocket mask with an oxygen flow, this increases to 40% oxygen. If either a bag valve mask or a mechanical ventilator is used with an oxygen supply, this rises to 99% oxygen. The greater the oxygen concentration, the more efficient the gaseous exchange will be in the lungs.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Mechanical ventilation - using mechanical devices to assist or replace spontaneous breathing
Medical emergency
References[edit]
Jump up ^ merriam-webster.com, mouth-to-mouth resuscitation noun
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J; Derrickson, Bryan (2006). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Jump up ^ "Artificial Respiration". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Artificial Respiration". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ Stathis Avramidis, Facts, Legends and Myths on the Evolution of Resuscitation, page 27
Jump up ^ "Decisions about cardiopulmonary resuscitation model information leafler". British Medical Association. July 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Overview of CPR". American Heart Association. 2005. Archived from the original on 27 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ Dworkin, Gerald M (Winter 1987). "Mouth-to-Mask rescue breathing and comparisons of personal resuscitation masks". Rescue Squad Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2007-06-02. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ "Emergency Cardiovascular Care Revisions for the professional rescuer" (DOC). American Red Cross. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ Handley, Anthony J.; Becker, Lance B.; Allen, Mervyn; Drenth, Ank van; Kramer, Efraim B.; Montgomery, William H. (1997-04-15). "Single-Rescuer Adult Basic Life Support". Circulation. 95 (8): 2174–2179. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.95.8.2174. ISSN 0009-7322. PMID 9133531.
Jump up ^ "Physical Intervention: Life Support (Rescue Breathing)". Archived from the original on 25 January 2006. Retrieved December 29, 2005.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: First Aid
Expired Air Resuscitation
Basic first aid advice from the Australian New South Wales ambulance service
Two page pamphlet detailing EAR
UK resuscitation council website - contains information on the latest approved guidelines
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text:
Eastern Time Zone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the Eastern Time Zone of Australia, see Time in Australia.
"Eastern Daylight Time" and "Eastern Daylight Savings Time" redirect here. For the Eastern Daylight Time Zone of Australia, see Daylight saving time in Australia.
Eastern Time Zone
Eastern Time Zone
UTC offset
EST
UTC−05:00
EDT
UTC−04:00
Current time (Refresh the clock.)
5:21 PM, June 19, 2018 EDT [refresh]
Observance of DST
DST is observed in partial of this time zone.

The Eastern Time Zone (ET) is a time zone encompassing 17 U.S. states in the eastern part of the contiguous United States, parts of eastern Canada, the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico, Panama in Central America, and the Caribbean Islands.
Places that use Eastern Standard Time (EST) when observing standard time (autumn/winter) are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−05:00).
Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), when observing daylight saving time DST (spring/summer) is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (UTC−04:00).
In the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2:00 a.m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3:00 a.m. EDT leaving a one-hour "gap". On the first Sunday in November, at 2:00 a.m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1:00 a.m. EST, thus "duplicating" one hour. Southern parts of the zone (Panama and the Caribbean) do not observe daylight saving time.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Daylight Saving Time
3 Canada
4 United States
5 Mexico
6 Caribbean Islands
7 Central and South America
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
The boundaries of the Eastern Time Zone have moved westward since the Interstate Commerce Commission took over time-zone management from railroads in 1938. For example, the easternmost and northernmost counties in Kentucky were added to the zone in the 1940s, and in 1961 most of the state went Eastern. In 2000, Wayne County, on the Tennessee border, switched from Central to Eastern.[1] In March 2018, the Florida Legislature passed a bill requesting authorization from Congress for year-round daylight savings time, which would effectively put Florida on Atlantic Standard Time year-round.[2]
Daylight Saving Time[edit]
The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States.[3] The act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987.[3] The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2:00 a.m. EST to 3:00 a.m. EDT on the second Sunday in March and return at 2:00 a.m. EDT to 1:00 a.m. EST on the first Sunday in November.[3] In Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States.[4][5]
Canada[edit]
Main article: Time in Canada
In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:
Ontario, most of
Quebec, most of
Nunavut, most of
All observe Daylight Saving Time in sync with the United States, with very localized exceptions.
United States[edit]
Main article: Time in the United States
The boundary between time zones is set forth in the Code of Federal Regulations, with the boundary between the Eastern and Central Time Zones being specifically detailed at 49 CFR 71.[6]
Seventeen states and Washington, D.C. are located entirely within the Eastern Time Zone, they are:
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Five states are partly in both the Eastern Time Zone and the Central Time Zone, they are:
Florida - peninsula and Big Bend regions east of the Apalachicola River along with portions of Gulf County south of the Intracoastal Waterway.
Indiana - all except for northwest and southwest regions
Kentucky - eastern 60%
Michigan: all, except for Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, and Menominee counties
Tennessee: East Tennessee [7]
Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States because it includes the capital city (Washington D.C.), the most populous city (New York City), and half of the country’s population. For this reason, media organizations will often report when events happened or are scheduled to happen in Eastern Time even if they occurred in another time zone, and TV schedules are also almost always posted in Eastern Time. In the United States, all nationally televised morning programs (except Good Morning America Weekend Edition which some ABC affiliates on the east coast air on a tape-delay), some daytime talk shows, evening newscasts, most talent and awards shows, and any other nationally televised event that airs live on American television during prime time and on the weekends (such as sports television) are broadcast live in the Eastern Time Zone. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, even if both teams are from the same time zone, outside of Eastern Time. For example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time (for example, one may see "Seattle at Los Angeles" with "10:00 p.m." posted as the start time for the game, often without even clarifying the time is posted in Eastern time).[citation needed]
Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time. National broadcast networks (ABC, CBS, The CW, FOX, NBC) generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8:00 p.m., with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7:00 p.m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7:00 p.m. local time.[citation needed] As Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7:00 p.m. local time.[citation needed] Cable channels with a separate western feed (such as HBO, whose western feed is called "HBOW") generally air the same programming as the eastern feed delayed by three hours. Other cable networks such as the Discovery family of networks repeat their prime time programming three hours later; this allows for the same show to be advertised as airing at "8:00 p.m. E/P" (that is, "8:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific time"). Networks specializing in the airing of sports events, such as ESPN, advertise all of their programming in Eastern and Pacific, incorporating the 3-hour time difference (as in "8:00 p.m. Eastern/5:00 p.m. Pacific") and leaving viewers in the remaining time zones to calculate start time in their own areas.[citation needed]
Mexico[edit]
Main article: Time in Mexico
Quintana Roo: this eastern state followed CST for an almost-17-year period (1982 to some time in 1998).[8] After more than two years of lobbying by a coalition of local hotel owners with the backing of the state's government, the Federal government approved the change to Quintana Roo's time zone, moving it from Central Standard Time (CST) to Eastern Standard Time (EST).[9] The time change took effect on February 1, 2015.[9]
Caribbean Islands[edit]
The Bahamas officially observe both Eastern Standard Time during the winter months and Eastern Daylight Time during the summer months. Cuba is usually the same, with Eastern Standard Time in the winter, and Eastern Daylight Time in the summer, but it often changes on different days. Cayman Islands, Haiti, and Jamaica use Eastern Standard Time year-round. The Turks and Caicos Islands used to follow eastern time with daylight saving but switched in 2015 to the Atlantic Time Zone.
Central and South America[edit]
Panama in Central America uses Eastern Standard Time UTC−05 year-round. The state of Acre and the southwest part of the state of Amazonas all in Brazil as well as Colombia, Ecuador (except for the Galápagos Islands, which uses Central Standard Time), and Peru in South America also use EST (UTC−5) all year-round.
See also[edit]
Effects of time zones on North American broadcasting
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Why Louisville?". Louisville magazine. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Klas, Mary Ellen (6 March 2018). "Legislature approves year-round daylight saving time — but it's not a done deal yet". Miami Herald. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prerau, David (2006). "Early adoption and U.S. Law". Daylight Saving Time. Web Exhibit. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
Jump up ^ Law, Gwillim (2007-09-21). "United States Time Zones".
Jump up ^ "Daylight Saving Time Starts Sunday". Government of Ontario. 2008-03-07. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
Jump up ^ The specification for the Eastern Time Zone is set forth at 49 CFR 71.4, and is listed in Text and pdf formats. The boundary between Eastern and Central is set forth at 49 CFR 71.5, and is listed in text and pdf formats.
Jump up ^ http://legacy.decaturdaily.com/decaturdaily/news/060813/zones.shtml
Jump up ^ "SIID División de Politica Social "Horario de Verano. Antecedentes y legislación comparada"" (in Spanish). Chamber of Deputies (Mexico). Retrieved 2013-11-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "On Mexican Time: Changing Time Zones To Accommodate Tourism". Forbes. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
External links[edit]
Official U.S. time in the Eastern time zone
North American Time Zone border data and images
World time zone map
U.S. time zone map
History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion
Canada time zone map
Time zones for major world cities
Official times across Canada
Federal Regulations defining time zones
hide
v
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e
Time zones in North America
Time zone
Hours from UTC: Standard time
Hours from UTC: Daylight saving time
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Hawaii) –10 –10
Hawaii–Aleutian (in Alaska) –10 –9
Alaska –9 –8
Pacific –8 –7
Mountain (Arizona and Sonora only) –7 –7
Mountain (other states/provinces) –7 –6
Central (Saskatchewan only) –6 –6
Central (other states/provinces) –6 –5
Eastern (parts of Nunavut and the Caribbean) –5 –5
Eastern (other states/provinces) –5 –4
Atlantic (Natashquan River) –4 –4
Atlantic (other states/provinces) –4 –3
Newfoundland –3:30 –2:30
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
and most of Greenland –3 –2
See also
Time in Canada
Time in Denmark
Time in Mexico
Time in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Time_Zone&oldid=846548986"
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