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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
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A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Artist
Georges-Pierre Seurat
Year
1884–1886
Medium
Oil on canvas
Subject
People relaxing at la Grande Jatte, Paris
Dimensions
207.6 cm × 308 cm (81.7 in × 121.25 in)
Location
Art Institute of Chicago[1]
A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (French: Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte) painted in 1884, is one of Georges Seurat's most famous works. It is a leading example of pointillist technique, executed on a large canvas. Seurat's composition includes a number of Parisians at a park on the banks of the River Seine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Interpretation
3 Painting materials
4 Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago
5 In popular culture
6 Related works by Seurat
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
In 1879 Georges Seurat enlisted as a soldier in the French army and was back home by 1880. Later, he ran a small painter’s studio in Paris, and in 1883 showed his work publicly for the first time. The following year, Seurat began to work on La Grande Jatte and exhibited the painting in the spring of 1886 with the Impressionists.[2] With La Grande Jatte, Seurat was immediately acknowledged as the leader of a new and rebellious form of Impressionism called Neo-Impressionism.[3]
Seurat painted A Sunday Afternoon between May 1884 and March 1885, and from October 1885 to May 1886,[4] focusing meticulously on the landscape of the park. He reworked the original and completed numerous preliminary drawings and oil sketches. He sat in the park, creating numerous sketches of the various figures in order to perfect their form. He concentrated on issues of colour, light, and form. The painting is approximately 2 by 3 meters (7 by 10 feet) in size.
Inspired by optical effects and perception inherent in the color theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul, Ogden Rood and others, Seurat adapted this scientific research to his painting.[5] Seurat contrasted miniature dots or small brushstrokes of colors that when unified optically in the human eye were perceived as a single shade or hue. He believed that this form of painting, called divisionism at the time but now known as pointillism, would make the colors more brilliant and powerful than standard brushstrokes. The use of dots of almost uniform size came in the second year of his work on the painting, 1885–86. To make the experience of the painting even more vivid, he surrounded it with a frame of painted dots, which in turn he enclosed with a pure white, wooden frame, which is how the painting is exhibited today at the Art Institute of Chicago.
La Grande Jatte, toward Clichy, 2006
The Island of la Grande Jatte is located at the very gates of Paris, lying in the Seine between Neuilly and Levallois-Perret, a short distance from where La Défense business district currently stands. Although for many years it was an industrial site, it is today the site of a public garden and a housing development. When Seurat began the painting in 1884, the island was a bucolic retreat far from the urban center.
The painting was first exhibited at the eighth Impressionist exhibition in May 1886, then in August 1886, dominating the second Salon of the Société des Artistes Indépendants, of which Seurat had been a founder in 1884.[6] Seurat was extremely disciplined, always serious, and private to the point of secretiveness—for the most part, steering his own steady course. As a painter, he wanted to make a difference in the history of art and with La Grand Jatte, succeeded.[7]
Interpretation[edit]
The left bank of working class Bathers at Asnières mirrors the right bank of the bourgeoisie on La Grande Jatte.
Seurat's painting was a mirror impression of his own painting, Bathers at Asnières, completed shortly before, in 1884. Whereas the bathers in that earlier painting are doused in light, almost every figure on La Grande Jatte appears to be cast in shadow, either under trees or an umbrella, or from another person. For Parisians, Sunday was the day to escape the heat of the city and head for the shade of the trees and the cool breezes that came off the river. And at first glance, the viewer sees many different people relaxing in a park by the river. On the right, a fashionable couple, the woman with the sunshade and the man in his top hat, are on a stroll. On the left, another woman who is also well dressed extends her fishing pole over the water. There is a small man with the black hat and thin cane looking at the river, and a white dog with a brown head, a woman knitting, a man playing a horn, two soldiers standing at attention as the musician plays, and a woman hunched under an orange umbrella. Seurat also painted a man with a pipe, a woman under a parasol in a boat filled with rowers, and a couple admiring their infant child.[8]
Some of the characters are doing curious things. The lady on the right side has a monkey on a leash. A lady on the left near the river bank is fishing. The area was known at the time as being a place to procure prostitutes among the bourgeoisie, a likely allusion of the otherwise odd "fishing" rod. In the painting's center stands a little girl dressed in white (who is not in a shadow), who stares directly at the viewer of the painting. This may be interpreted as someone who is silently questioning the audience: "What will become of these people and their class?" Seurat paints their prospects bleakly, cloaked as they are in shadow and suspicion of sin.[9]
In the 1950s, historian and Marxist philosopher Ernst Bloch drew social and political significance from Seurat’s La Grande Jatte. The historian’s focal point was Seurat’s mechanical use of the figures and what their static nature said about French society at the time. Afterward, the work received heavy criticism by many that centered on the artist’s mathematical and robotic interpretation of modernity in Paris.[8]
According to historian of Modernism William R. Everdell, "Seurat himself told a sympathetic critic, Gustave Kahn, that his model was the Panathenaic procession in the Parthenon frieze. But Seurat didn't want to paint ancient Athenians. He wanted 'to make the moderns file past ... in their essential form.' By 'moderns' he meant nothing very complicated. He wanted ordinary people as his subject, and ordinary life. He was a bit of a democract—a "Communard," as one of his friends remarked, referring to the left-wing revolutionaries of 1871; and he was fascinated by the way things distinct and different encountered each other: the city and the country, the farm and the factory, the bourgeois and the proletarian meeting at their edges in a sort of harmony of opposites."[10]
The border of the painting is, unusually, in inverted color, as if the world around them is also slowly inverting from the way of life they have known. Seen in this context, the boy who bathes on the other side of the river bank at Asnières appears to be calling out to them, as if to say, "We are the future. Come and join us".[9]
Painting materials[edit]
Seurat painted the La Grande Jatte in three distinct stages.[11] In the first stage, which was started in 1884, Seurat mixed his paints from several individual pigments and was still using dull earth pigments such as ochre or burnt sienna. In the second stage, during 1885 and 1886, Seurat dispensed with the earth pigments and also limited the number of individual pigments in his paints. This change in Seurat's palette was due to his application of the advanced color theories of his time. His intention was to paint small dots or strokes of pure color that would then mix on the retina of the beholder to achieve the desired color impression instead of the usual practice of mixing individual pigments.
Seurat's palette consisted of the usual pigments of his time[12][13] such as cobalt blue, emerald green and vermilion. Additionally, Seurat used then new pigment zinc yellow (zinc chromate), predominantly for yellow highlights in the sunlit grass in the middle of the painting but also in mixtures with orange and blue pigments. In the century and more since the painting's completion, the zinc yellow has darkened to brown—a color degeneration that was already showing in the painting in Seurat's lifetime.[14] The discoloration of the originally bright yellow zinc yellow (zinc chromate) to brownish color is due to the chemical reaction of the chromate ions to orange-colored dichromate ions.[15] In the third stage during 1888-89 Seurat added the colored borders to his composition.
The results of investigation into the discoloration of this painting have been ingeniously combined with further research into natural aging of paints to digitally rejuvenate the painting.[16][17]
Acquisition by the Art Institute of Chicago[edit]
On display at the Art Institute of Chicago
In 1923, Frederic Bartlett was appointed trustee of the Art Institute of Chicago. He and his second wife, Helen Birch Bartlett, loaned their collection of French Post-Impressionist and Modernist art to the museum. It was Mrs. Bartlett who had an interest in French and avant-garde artists and influenced her husband's collecting tastes. Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte was purchased on the advice of the Art Institute of Chicago's curatorial staff in 1924.[18]
In conceptual artist Don Celender's 1974–5 book Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers and Collectors, it is claimed that the institute paid $24,000 for the work[18][19] (over $354,000 in 2018 Dollars[20]).
In 1958, the painting was loaned out for the only time: to the Museum of Modern Art in New York. On 15 April 1958, a fire there, which killed one person on the second floor of the museum, forced the evacuation of the painting, which had been on a floor above the fire in the Whitney Museum, which adjoined MoMA at the time.[21]
In popular culture[edit]
The May 1976 issue of Playboy magazine featured Nancy Cameron—Playmate of the Month in January 1974—on its cover, superimposed on the painting in similar style. The often hidden bunny logo was disguised as one of the millions of dots.[22]
The painting and the life of its artist were the basis for the 1984 Broadway musical Sunday in the Park with George by Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine. Subsequently, the painting is sometimes referred to by the misnomer "Sunday in the Park".
The painting is prominently featured in the 1986 comedy film Ferris Bueller's Day Off. Such use is parodied, among others, in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, Family Guy, and Muppet Babies (2018 TV series).
In the Simpsons episode "Mom and Pop Art" (10x19), Barney Gumble offers to pay for a beer with a handmade reproduction of the painting.
At the Old Deaf School Park in Columbus, Ohio, sculptor James T. Mason re-created the painting in topiary form;[23] the installation was completed in 1989.
The painting was the inspiration for a commemorative poster printed for the 1993 Detroit Belle Isle Grand Prix, with racing cars and the Detroit skyline added.
In 2011, the cast of the US version of The Office re-created the painting for a poster to promote the show's seventh-season finale.[24]
The cover photo of the June 2014 edition of San Francisco magazine, "The Oakland Issue: Special Edition", features a scene on the shore of Lake Merritt that re-creates the poses of the figures in Seurat's painting.[25]
Related works by Seurat[edit]
Study for La Grand Jatte, 1884 Zoom[permanent dead link]
Figures assises, 1884
Die Insel La Grande Jatte mit Ausflüglern, 1884
Paysage et personnages, 1884–85
Groupe de personnages, 1884–85
Esquisse d'ensemble, 1884–85
Femmes au bord de l'eau, 1885–86
Nakedness, 1888
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roch, Christine L. "From "Rube Town" to Modern Metropolis:".
Jump up ^ Janis Tomlinson, ed., Readings in Nineteenth-Century Art, 1996
Jump up ^ Petra ten-Doesschate Chu, Nineteenth-Century European Art, 2012 (3rd Edition)
Jump up ^ H. Dorra and J. Rewald, Seurat, Paris, 1960, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Robert Herbert, Neo-Impressionism, Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1968, Library of Congress Card Catalogue Number: 68-16803
Jump up ^ Exhibition History
Jump up ^ Herbert, Robert L., Neil Harris, and Georges Seurat. Seurat and the making of La Grande Jatte. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago in association with the University of California Press, 2004. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Burleigh, Robert, Seurat and La Grande Jatte: connecting the dots, New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the Art Institute of Chicago, 2004. Print
^ Jump up to: a b BBC, The Private Life of a Masterpiece (2005) Series 4, Georges Seurat: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte.
Jump up ^ William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 66-7.
Jump up ^ Inge Fiedler, La Grande Jatte: A Study of the Painting Materials, in Robert L. Herbert, Douglas W. Druick, Gloria Groom, Seurat and the Making of La Grande Jatte, University of California, 2004
Jump up ^ Inge Fiedler, A Technical Evaluation of the Grande Jatte, Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, The Grande Jatte at 100 (1989), pp. 173-179+244-245
Jump up ^ Georges Seurat, 'Sunday afternoon on La Grande Jatte', ColourLex
Jump up ^ Gage, John (1993). Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction. Boston: Little, Brown. pp. 220, 224. .
Jump up ^ Casadio, F., I. Fiedler, K. A. Gray, and R. Warta. Deterioration of zinc potassium chromate pigments: elucidating the effects of paint composition and environmental conditions on chromatic alteration. In ICOM-CC 15th Triennial Conference Preprints, New Delhi, 22–26 September 2008, ed. J. Bridgland, 572–580. Paris: International Council of Museums.
Jump up ^ Berns, Roy S. (2006). "Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat'sA Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation". Color Research & Application. 31: 278–293. doi:10.1002/col.20223.
Jump up ^ Berns, R.S. Rejuvenating Seurat’s Palette Using Color and Imaging Science: A Simulation, Website of R.S. Berns at Rochester Institute of Technology
^ Jump up to: a b The Art Institute of Chicago, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, 1884
Jump up ^ Celender, Don (1974–75). Observation and Scholarship Examination for Art Historians, Museum Directors, Artists, Dealers, and Collectors. Publication was produced for an exhibition held at the O.K. Harris Gallery, 383 West Broadway, New York, from 7 to 28 December 1974. pp. Question: Page 5, Answer: Page 23.
Jump up ^ CPI Inflation Calculator
Jump up ^ New York Times, Fire in Modern Museum; Most Art Safe; 6 Canvases Burned, Seurat's Removed, 16 April 1958
Jump up ^ Lucass Pivey, Stagerism Alert: Seurat
Jump up ^ The Topiary Park: A Unique Interpretation of a Painting Archived 20 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "First Look: NBC's amazing new 'The Office' poster". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 26 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Oakland Issue". San Francisco Magazine.
Further reading[edit]
O'Neill, J, ed. (1991). Georges Seurat, 1859-1891. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth Century Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Life magazine, article on the MOMA fire with a picture of the painting being covered by workers.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Un dimanche après-midi à l'Île de la Grande Jatte (studies).
External video
Georges Seurat, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte - 1884, 1884-86, Smarthistory[1]
Seurat and the Making of La Grande Jatte
La Grande Jatte – Inspiration, Analysis and Critical Reception
About this Artwork, Art Institute of Chicago
Georges Seurat, 1859–1891, MoMA exhibition catalog
Georges Seurat, Sunday Afternoon at La Grande Jatte, ColourLex
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Tropic of Cancer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the circle of latitude. For other uses, see Tropic of Cancer (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 23°26′14″N 0°0′0″W / 23.43722°N -0.00000°E / 23.43722; -0.00000 (Prime Meridian)
World map showing the Tropic of Cancer
Carretera 83 (Vía Corta) Zaragoza-Victoria, km 27+800. Of all crossings of the Tropic of Cancer with Mexican federal highways, this is the only place where the latitude is marked with precision and where the annual drift between the years 2005 and 2010 can be appreciated.
The Tropic of Cancer, also referred to as the Northern Tropic, is currently 23°26′12.8″ (or 23.4369°) north of the Equator. It is the most northerly circle of latitude on Earth at which the Sun can be directly overhead. This occurs on the June solstice, when the Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun to its maximum extent.[1]
Its Southern Hemisphere counterpart, marking the most southerly position at which the Sun can be directly overhead, is the Tropic of Capricorn. These tropics are two of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth; the others being the Arctic and Antarctic Circles and the Equator. The positions of these two circles of latitude (relative to the Equator) are dictated by the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation relative to the plane of its orbit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Geography
3 Climate
4 Circumnavigation
5 Gallery
6 References
7 External links
8 See also
Name[edit]
When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.
Geography[edit]
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.
North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.
Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes
23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
Algeria
23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
Niger
23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)
23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser
23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea
23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
Saudi Arabia
23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only
23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
Oman
23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea
23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal
23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions
23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
India
State of Tripura
23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
India
State of Mizoram
23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State
23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong
23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait
23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County
23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea
23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii, United States
23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
Mexico
State of Baja California Sur
23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California
23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas
23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico
23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean
23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island
23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
Mauritania
23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
Mali
23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
Algeria
Climate[edit]
Relationship between Earth's axial tilt (ε) to the tropical and polar circles
Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, while to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.
The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.
Circumnavigation[edit]
According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.
Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]
For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).
Gallery[edit]
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India
Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India
Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PHP Science Labs". Retrieved 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ Montana State University: Milankovitch Cycles & Glaciation Archived August 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ RhumbSolve online rhumb line calculator.
External links[edit]
Look up tropic of cancer in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Article on the Tropic of Cancer in Oman
Temporal Epoch Calculations
Useful constants See: Obliquity of the ecliptic
See also[edit]
Geography portal
Atlas portal
Africa portal
Arab world portal
South Asia portal
China portal
Mexico portal
Circle of latitude
Arctic Circle
24th parallel north
23rd parallel north
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Axial tilt
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text:
International rankings of India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The following are international rankings of India.
Contents
1 Geographics
2 Society
3 Economy
4 Communications
5 Sport
6 Entertainment
7 Politics
8 Military
9 Awards
10 Environment
11 Geography
12 Agriculture, Fisheries and Live Stock
13 Cities
14 Religion
15 See also
16 References
Geographics[edit]
Further information: Demographics of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Population 2/ 221 CIA World Factbook[1] Estimated Population(July 2017) 1,281,935,911
Population Density 33 / 246 Economist Intelligence Unit 2017 - 403 people per km2
Fertility rate 103 / 210 Population Reference Bureau 2016 - 2.3
Net migration (rate) 85 / 194 World Bank 2012 - 2.06 per thousand
Net migrants 2 / 194 World Bank 2012 - 2,598,218 emigrated
Health
Life expectancy 125 / 183 World Health Organization 2015 - 68.3 years
Infant Mortality 113 / 223 CIA 2016 est - 40.5 per 1000
Ethnic and cultural diversity 88 / 215 Alesina et al.[2] 2003
Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus 2 / 194 World Health Organization 2016 (69.2 of 422 million diagnosed adult diabetics, live in India)
Rate of Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus _ / 194 Percentage of Population affected by Diabetes
Cigarette consumption 7 / 185 tobaccoatlas.org 2014[3]
Cigarette consumption per capita 159 / 185 tobaccoatlas.org 2014
Alcohol consumption per capita 119 / 191 World Health Organization 2014
Global Hunger Index 103 / 119 International Food Policy Research Institute 2018 oct
Suicide rate 41 / 106 World Health Organization
Health Expenditure per capita (PPP) 140 / 190 World Health Organization 2014 - $267 (inflation-adjusted 2011 dollars)
Height
Average Height - male 90/ 101 averageheight.co 2016 - 1.647m
Average Height - female 45 / 103 averageheight.co 2016 - 1.612m
Education
Literacy rate 168 / 234 UNESCO Institute for Statistics 2015 - 72.1%
Human capital 103 / 130 WEF - The Global Human capital Report 2017[4]
Education Index 145 / 191 United Nations 2013
Programme for International Student Assessment 72 to 74 / 74 OECD 2009
Languages
Linguistic diversity index 14 / 232 SIL International 2017
Official languages 2 / 41 22 Official languages
English-speaking population 2 / 133 Census of India 10.35% (125,226,449) English speakers out of 1,210,000,000 eligible population
Society[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Happiness
World Happiness Report 133 / 155 United Nations 2018 report[5]
Happy Planet Index 50 / 140 New Economics Foundation 2016 - Score 29.2[6]
Aggregate metrics
Human Development Index 130 / 188 United Nations 2018 report - score 0.640
Inequality-adjusted HDI 97 / 151 UNDP 2016 report - score 0.454
Social Progress Index 93 / 128 Social Progress Imperative 2017 - score 58.39
Where-to-be-born Index 66 / 80 Economist Intelligence Unit 2013 - score 5.67
Legatum Prosperity Index 104 / 149 Legatum 2016[7]
Global Youth Development Index 134 / 183 Global Youth Development Index 2016
List of countries by homeless population 8 / 52 Business Standard 2011 - 1,770,000 homeless
Urbanization by country 161 / 199 CIA The World Factbook 2015 est
Gun ownership 2 / 179 total # firearms
94 / 179 per capita # Small Arms Survey 2017 - 71,101,000 civilian-held firearms or 5.3 guns per 100 residents
Gender
Global Gender Gap Report 108 / 144 World Economic Forum 2018[8]
Gender Inequality Index 125 / 188 UNDP 2015 - value: 0.530 - female Labour force participation rate: 26.8%[9]
State of the World's Mothers report 73 / 77 Save the Children 2010[10][11]
Crime
Intentional homicides 2 / 219 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2015 - 41,623 Intentional homicides
Global Slavery Index 4 / 167 Walk Free Foundation 2016 - 18,354,700 living in modern slavery[12]
Global Terrorism Index 8/130 Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) 2017
Economy[edit]
Further information: Economy of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Product
GDP growth rate 15 / 225 CIA The World Factbook[13] 2017-18 - 6.7%
Nominal GDP 6 / 181 International Monetary Fund 2017-18 - 2.611 trillion
GDP (PPP) 3 / 181 International Monetary Fund 2017-18 - 9.459 trillion
Per capita GDP 139 / 187 International Monetary Fund 2017-18 - $1,983
tax revenue to GDP ratio 109 / 180 The Heritage Foundation 2015 - 17.7% of GDP
Trade
Imports 12 / 222 CIA The World Factbook 2017 est - $426,800,000,000
Exports 21 / 222 CIA The World Factbook 2017 est - $299,300,000,000
Received FDI 31 / 115 CIA The World Factbook 2017 est - $156,100,000,000
Wealth
Number of Billionaires 3 / 71 Forbes 2018 - 131
Gold reserve 10 / 18 World Gold Council 2017 June - 557.8 tonnes
Public debt 82 / 189 CIA The World Factbook 2016 est - 52.3% GDP NET / 41.11% GDP Gross
Foreign-Exchange reserves 8 / 193 2017 Sept
Income
Minimum wages 124 / 156 2017 - $743/yr (Bihar)
GNI nominal 9 / 15 World Bank 2016 - value $2,027,964,000,000
GNI PPP 3 / 15 World Bank 2016 - value $8,594,226,000,000 international dollars
GNI (PPP) per capita 124 / 179 World Bank 2015 - $6,030 international dollars
Employment
Unemployment rate 103 / 217 CIA The World Factbook[14] 2016 - 8% unemployment
Employment rate 42 / 47 OECD 2012 - 53.3% of 15-64 year olds in employment
Business environment
Globalization Index 107 / 184 ETHZ KOF Index of Globalization [1] 2017
World Competitiveness Yearbook scoreboard 45 / 63 IMD International [2] 2017
Global Resilience Index 60 / 130 FM Global 2017[15] [3]
Index of Economic Freedom 123 / 178 The Wall Street Journal [4] 2016
Quality-of-life index 43 / 56 Economist Intelligence Unit [5] 2017
Ease of doing business index 100 / 190 World Bank Group 2017
Global Competitiveness Index 40 / 137 World Economic Forum [6] 2017-2018
Index of Economic Freedom 128 / 178 The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal 2016
Economic Freedom of the World 95 / 157 Fraser Institute 2015 - score 6.63
Financial Development Index 51 / 183 IMF 2016
Technology
IT industry competitiveness index 18 / 66 BSA Global Index [7] 2016
ICT Development Index 134 / 176 International Telecommunication Union 2017[16]
Global Innovation Index 57 / 130 Global Innovation Index 2018
Space Competitiveness Index 6 / 15 Futron Corporation, 2013
Networked Readiness Index 91 / 139 World Economic Forum 2016 - Score 3.8[17]
Passengers carried in rail transport 2 / 86 International Union of Railways 2016[18][19] - 8.224 billion passengers
Longest Railway platforms 1 / 5 The Times of India
rail transport network size 3 / 149 International Union of Railways 2015 - 68,525 km
Traffic-related deaths 2 / 180 WHO 2013 - 238,562 deaths
Vehicles per capita 84 / 163 2015 - 0.167 per capita, 55,725,543 total
Industry
Electricity production 3 / 209 BP 2016 - 1,400,800
Steel production 3 / 38 World Steel Association 2016 - 95.6 million metric tons
Communications[edit]
Following rankings involving technological advances in communication are taken from the CIA World Factbook.[20]
List
World rank
Source
Demographics (est.)
Telephone Lines in Use 12 / 218 CIA The World Factbook 2014 - 27 million est. (2017 Aug - 23.77 million[21])
Mobile Phones in Use 1 / 222 908,358,714 million lines (74.71% density) for 1.2 billion population as of August 2012[update]959825*851*8*/4
6546+5+8165466
Internet users (pct of population) 127 / 191 ITU estimate 2015 - 26%
4G LTE penetration 15 / 75 OpenSignal 2017 - 81.56%
Internet connection speeds 89 / 149 Akamai Technologies 2017 Q1 - Average 6.5Mbit/s[22]
Television broadcast stations 4 / 233 2016 - 857 licensed stations
Sport[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Cricket - men's Test 1 / 10 International Cricket Council 2018 Oct
Cricket - men's ODI 2 / 10 International Cricket Council 2018 Oct
Cricket - men's T20 2 / 10 International Cricket Council 2018 Oct
Cricket - women's 4 / 10 International Cricket Council 2018 Oct
Kabaddi - men's 1/12 IKF 2017
Field Hockey - men's 6 / 91 International Hockey Federation 2017
Field Hockey - women's 10 / 74 International Hockey Federation 2017
Football - men's 97 / 206 FIFA April 2018
Football - women's 56 / 177 FIFA 2017
Rugby Union - men's 77 / 103 World Rugby 2017
Chess - men's 5 / 173 FIDE 2017[23]
Chess - women's 7 / 142 FIDE 2017[23]
Olympic Gold Medals 48= / 151 IOC 2016 - 9 Golds from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)
Olympic Medals 60= / 151 IOC 2016 - 28 medals from 33 Games (24 - Summer, 9 - Winter)
Paralympic Gold Medals 64= / 122 IOC 2016 - 4 Golds from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)
Paralympic Medals 71 / 122 IOC 2016 - 12 medals from 11 Games (11 - Summer, 0 - Winter)
Entertainment[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Film productions 1 / 15 UNESCO 2015
Cinema box office 4 / 15 MPAA 2016 - $1.9bn
Cinema admissions 1 / 10 European Audiovisual Observatory 2013 - 9,164,000,000
Politics[edit]
Further information: Economy of India
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Corruption Perceptions Index 81 / 180 Transparency International 2016[24]
Press Freedom Index 138 / 180 Reporters Without Borders 2018[25]
Soft power 24 / 25 Monocle 2016-17[26]
Rule of Law Index 66 / 113 World Justice Project 2016
Democracy Index 42 / 167 Economist Intelligence Unit 2017 - score 7.23 - Flawed democracy
Democracy Ranking 65 / 112 democracyranking.org 2014-2015
Corporate Governance 20 / 38 GMI Ratings 2010
E-Government 107 / 192 UN 2016 - score 0.4638[27]
Global Peace Index 136/163 Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) 2018
Military[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Military expenditure 5 / 186 Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2016 - $55.9bn or 2.5% of GDP[28]
Military Strength 5 / 20 Credit Suisse 2015
Active troops 2 / 171 International Institute for Strategic Studies 1,395,100 active troops (1.1 active troops per 1000 capita)
Total troops 4 / 171 International Institute for Strategic Studies 4,941,600 total troops (3.9 troops per 1000 capita)
Composite Index of National Capability 3 / 193 National power 2003 - score 0.073444
Overseas Bases 5 / 10 4 overseas bases
Awards[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Academy Award nominations - Foreign Language Film 33 / 125 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 3 nominations, from 50 submissions
Nobel laureates 24= / 76 Nobel Prize 3 Indian Citizens, at the time they were made a Nobel laureate: Mother Teresa (Peace), Amartya Sen (Economics), Kailash Satyarthi (Peace), two British Indian subjects: Rabindranath Tagore (Literature), and C. V. Raman (Physics), along with two Indian born British subjects: Rudyard Kipling (Literature), Ronald Ross (Medicine), have received the honour.
Turing Award 6= / 13 Association for Computing Machinery Indian-American Raj Reddy, became first person of Asian origin to receive the ACM Turing Award, in 1994, for his work in the field of Artificial Intelligence.
World Heritage Sites 6 / 167 World Heritage Committee 37 Sites
Environment[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Source
Notes
Carbon dioxide emissions by country 8 / 214 United Nations Statistics Division 2010
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita 145 / 214 United Nations Statistics Division 2009
Climate Change Performance Index 31 / 61 2015
Environmental Performance Index 177 / 180 Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy 2018
Environment Democracy Index 20 / 70 World Resources Institute [29]
Air Quality - average PM 2.5 concentration 84 / 92 WHO[30] 2014 - 60.6 µg/m3[31]
Freshwater withdrawal 1 / 170 CIA World Factbook 2008 - 645.84 km³/year
Irrigated land area 2 / 221 CIA World Factbook 2012 - 667,000 km²[8]
Global Climate Risk Index 2018 6th Germanwatch 2018
Geography[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking/Total Countries
Notes
Total Area 7/233 All Over India 32,87,364 km2
(1,222,559 sq mile) including land and water
Length of coastline 18/196 7,000 km coastline with 2.00 coast/area ratio (m/km sq). According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.
Agriculture, Fisheries and Live Stock[edit]
Main article: Agriculture in India
Field
Rank
Date
Apple Production, output of 2,203,000 tons 5 2013
Bananas Production, output of 29,800,000 metric tons 1 2013
Bean Production, output of 4,870,000 tons 1 2010
Buffalo, milk output of 56,960,000 tons 1 2008
Black Pepper, 19% of world output 2 2008
Cauliflowers and Broccoli Production, output of 5,014,500 tons 2 2008
Cardamom Production, output of 15 thousand metric tons 2 2012
Cashew Apple Production, output of 613,000 metric tons 2 2010
Chicken Population, output of 648,830,000 5 2004
Chickpea Production, output of 5,970,000 tons 1 2008
Coconut Production, output of 10,824,100 3 2010
Coffee Production, output of 300,300,000 kg 6 2011
Cotton Production, output of 27.0 million bales 2 2011
Cow Numbers, 281,700,000 cows 1 2009
Fish Production, output of 6,318,887 tons (capture 3,481,136 & aquaculture 2,837,751) 3 2005
Garlic Production, output of 833,970 tons 2 2010
Ginger Production, output of 380,100 tons 1 2008
Goat Numbers, 125,700,000 goats 2 2008
Goat Milk Production, output of 4,000,000 metric tons 1 2008
Goat Meat Production, output of 480,000 metric tons 2 2008
Jute Production, output of 17,43,000 tons 1 2008
Lemon & Lime Production, output of 2,060,000 tons 1 2007
Lentil Production, 950,000 tons 2 2009
Mango Production, output of 16,340,000 tons 1 2011
Millet Production, output of 8,810,000 tons 1 2009
Milk Production, output of 110,040,000 metric tons (cow milk 50.3 million metric tons) 2 2018
Onion Production, output of 13,372,100 metric tons 2 2010
Orange Production, output of 5,000,000 tons 3 2010
Peanut Production, output of 6.25 metric tons 2 2009
Pineapple Production, output of 1,341,000 tons 7 2010
Potato Production, output of 36,600,000 metric tons 2 2010
Rice Production, output of 120,600,000 metric tons 1 2015-16
Saffron Production, output of 2,300 kg 3 2005
Sheep Stock, output of 65,000,000 3 2008
Silk Production, output of 77,000,000 kg 2 2005
Sorghum Production, output of 7,900,000 metric tons 3 2008
Soybean Production, output of 9.8 metric tons 5 2010
Sugarcane Production, output of 285,029,000 tons 2 2009
Sweet Potato Production, output of 1,100,000 tons 7 2009
Tea Production, output of 991,180 metric tons 2 2010
Tomato Production, output of 11,979,700 tons 3 2010
Wheat Production, output of 80.7 million metric tons 2 2010
Cities[edit]
UN World's Largest Morphological Cities ranking(physically contiguous urban area) ranks
City
Rank
bangalore 1
List of cities with the most high-rise buildings above 35 meters has following Indian cities: Mumbai 12th with 2480 buildings, Chennai 35th with 689 buildings, Kolkata 40th with 594 buildings, Pune 47th with 510 buildings, Bangalore 53rd with 460 buildings.
City
Rank
Buildings
Mumbai 4 7053
Chennai 35 689
Kolkata 40 594
Pune 47 510
List of cities with most skyscrapers above meters ranks Mumbai behind Dubai.
City
Rank
Buildings
Mumbai 1 2
Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), Loughborough University listed Mumbai, New Delhi & Bangalore as emerging world city[32]
List of most polluted cities by particulate matter concentration
Religion[edit]
List
INDIA Ranking
Source
Notes
Hindu 1st 2011 Census of India[33] 2011 - 966,257,353 (India: 79.80%, World: )
Muslim 3rd 2011 Census of India 2011 - 172,245,158 (India: 14.23%, World: 9.57%) [34]
Christian 22nd 2011 Census of India 2011 - 27,819,588 (India: 2.30%, World: 1.16%)
Sikh 1st 2011 Census of India 2011 - 20,833,116 (India: 1.72%, World: 90.02%)
Buddhist 9th 2011 Census of India 2011 - 8,442,972 (India: 0.70%, World: 63%)
Jain 1st 2011 Census of India 2011 - 4,451,753 (India: 0.37%, World: 64%)[35]
Zoroastrian 1st 2011 Census of India 2001 - 69,000 (India: 0.006%, World: 50%)
Bahá'í Faith - 2011 Census of India 2011 - 4,572 (India: 0.0%, World: 0.0%)
See also[edit]
List of India-related articles
Lists of countries
Lists by country
List of international rankings
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Jump up ^ A. Alesina, E. La Ferrara (2005). "Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance" (PDF). Journal of Economic Literature: 762–800. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "CIGARETTE CONSUMPTION". The tobacco atlas. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Global Human capital Report 2017". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "India ranks 122nd in World Happiness Report, behind its neighbours Pakistan and China". hindustantimes.com. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "About the HPI". happyplanetindex.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE LEGATUM PROSPERITY INDEX™". prosperity.com. LEGATUM. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ World Economic Forum 2017 Global Gender Gap Report
Jump up ^ "Gender Inequality Index". undp.org. UN. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Times News Network (2010-05-04). "India among worst places to become a mother: Survey". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Save the Children 2010 State of the World's Mothers PDF
Jump up ^ "The Global Slavery Index 2016". The Global Slavery Index. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World factbook". CIA - The World factbook. CIA. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook". CIA. CIA. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "FM GLOBAL RESILIENCE INDEX". FM GLOBAL. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Measuring the Information Society Report 2017" (PDF). Geneva, Switzerland: International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 2017. p. 31. Retrieved 2017-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Networked Readiness Index". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Railway Statistics 2016 - synopsis" (PDF). UIC. UIC. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Railway Statistics 2015 - synopsis" (PDF). UIC. UIC. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook - Pakistan". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Highlights of Telecom Subscription Data as on 31st August, 2017" (PDF). TELECOM REGULATORY AUTHORITY OF INDIA. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "India Ranked 89th Globally in Terms of Average Internet Speed: Akamai". NDTV. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Federations Ranking". World Chess Federation. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Transparency International 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index
Jump up ^ World Press Freedom Index 2018, Reporters Without Borders
Jump up ^ Serventi, Cesare. "Soft Power Survey 2016/17". Monocle. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "E-Government Development Index". UN.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016" (PDF). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.in/Breathe-free-India-ranks-24th-in-Environment-Democracy-Index/articleshow/47372898.cms
Jump up ^ "World Health Organization: 2014 Air Pollution Ranking". aqicn.org. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Oliver. "Mapped: The world's most polluted countries". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Globalization and World Cities". GaWC, Loughborough University.
Jump up ^ "Religion Census 2011". census2011.co.in. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Countries With The Largest Jain Populations". Worldatlas. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
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