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Death by natural causes
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"Natural death" redirects here. For Horse the Band's album, see A Natural Death.
"Natural causes" redirects here. For other uses, see Natural causes (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A death by natural causes, as recorded by coroners and on death certificates and associated documents, is the end result of an illness or an internal malfunction of the body not directly caused by external forces, typically due to old age. This is especially true when an elderly person has several different conditions or diseases, but where it appears that none of them alone or together may clearly lead to the death, and it is uncertain which condition was the final factor causing death. Contrary to the statement before, everything is natural at some point. For example, a person dying from complications from influenza (an infection) or a heart attack (an internal body malfunction) or sudden heart failure would be listed as having died from natural causes. Health departments discourage listing old age as the cause of death because doing so does not benefit public health or medical research.[1] Old age is not a scientifically recognized cause of death; there is always a more direct cause, although it may be unknown in certain cases and could be one of a number of aging-associated diseases.
By contrast, death caused by active intervention is called unnatural death. The "unnatural" causes are usually given as accident (implying no unreasonable voluntary risk), misadventure (accident following a willful and dangerous risk, which can include drug or alcohol overdose), suicide, or homicide.[2] In some settings, other categories may be added. For example, a prison may track the deaths of inmates caused by acute intoxication separately.[3] Additionally, a cause of death can be recorded as "undetermined".[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Reporting Causes of Death for the Elderly" (PDF). Oregon Health Authority. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Bryant, Clifton D. (2003). Handbook of death & dying. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 968. ISBN 0-7619-2514-7.
Jump up ^ Stark, Martha (2000). A physician's guide to clinical forensic medicine. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-89603-742-8.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Brian (21 December 2009). "What, Exactly, Are "Natural Causes"?". Slate.com.
External links[edit]
Death by Natural Causes
Bristol Royal Infirmary Inquiry, Annex A: 'Unnatural death' and 'death by natural causes'
Actual Causes of Death in the US, 2000
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Deposit (politics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In an electoral system, a deposit is the sum of money that a candidate for an elected office, such as a seat in a legislature, is required to pay to an electoral authority before he or she is permitted to stand for election.
In the typical case, the deposit collected is repaid to the candidate after the poll if the candidate obtains a specified proportion of the votes cast. The purpose of the deposit is to reduce the prevalence of 'fringe' candidates or parties with no realistic chance of winning a seat. If the candidate does not achieve the refund threshold, the deposit is forfeited.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Canada
3 Hong Kong
4 India
5 Republic of Ireland
6 Japan
7 Korea
8 Malaysia
9 New Zealand
10 Singapore
11 United Kingdom
12 References
Australia[edit]
In Australia, a candidate for the Australian House of Representatives is required to pay a deposit of $1000, and a candidate for the Australian Senate is required to pay a deposit of $2000. The deposit is refunded if the candidate or group gains at least 4% of first preference votes in the relevant electoral division. The states have other deposit requirements and repayment thresholds.
Canada[edit]
In Canada, a candidate for Member of Parliament must place a $1,000 deposit. Formerly, failure to reach a set percentage of the vote, either 10% or 15% depending on the era, would have their deposits forfeited.
At present, all candidates receive their deposit back if they turn in their properly completed financial paperwork on time, and a portion of election expenses are reimbursed if 10% is reached. Nevertheless, the phrases "lose one's deposit" and "get one's deposit back" are still commonly heard in political circles.
Hong Kong[edit]
Each list of candidates for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong is subject to a deposit of HK$50,000 for a geographical constituency, and HK$25,000 for a "functional constituency". The deposit is forfeited should the list (or candidate) fails to secure at least 3% of the valid votes cast in the constituency.[1] For District Council elections, the deposit amount is HK$3000.
India[edit]
In the Republic of India, candidates for election to the lower house of the parliament – Lok Sabha – must pay a security deposit of ₹ 25000. For state assembly elections the amount is ₹ 10000. For Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes candidates the amounts are 5000 and 5000 respectively. A defeated candidate who fails to secure more than one-sixth of the total valid votes cast in a first-past-the-post voting system would both forfeit his or her deposit and bail rights.[2][3][4][5]
Republic of Ireland[edit]
In the Republic of Ireland, candidates for election to Dáil Éireann who have been nominated by political parties registered to contest Dáil elections, as well as non-party candidates who are able to provide detailed information of 30 electors in the constituency who have assented to their nomination, are not required to pay a deposit. Candidates who fail to meet either of these criteria, however, must pay a deposit of €500.[6] This follows a High Court ruling; the court found that the obligatory payment of deposits by all candidates was repugnant to the Constitution of Ireland.[7]
Candidates who paid the deposit are returned if their final vote total, under the single transferable vote electoral system, exceeds one-quarter of the Droop quota for their constituency; i.e. in a four-seat constituency, the quota is 20% therefore the deposit threshold is 5%. This is also the threshold that candidates' votes must exceed in order for them to claim an election expenses allowance from the State.
Japan[edit]
Japan’s electoral deposit is the most expensive by far among the countries having such a system.
Currently, a candidate for a constituency seat of the lower house or the upper house must place a ¥3 million deposit. It is refunded provided that the lower house candidate gains one-tenth (10%) or more of the total valid votes cast in the constituency, or provided that the upper house candidate gains one-eighth (12.5%) or more of the total valid votes divided by the number of the seats for the constituency. The deposit for a proportional seat of both houses is ¥6 million and the refund would depend on the number of seats that the party won. It is refunded in full amount if half or more of its candidates won seats.
Local elections including gubernatorial and mayoral elections also have the deposit system with the amounts ranging from ¥300,000 to ¥3 million. For town and village council elections, candidates are not required to pay deposit.
The deposit system in Japan, modelled on that of the UK, was introduced as part of the General Election Law of 1925 to prevent frivolous candidates from running simply for publicity or to disrupt election campaigns. However, it is sometimes claimed that its real purpose is to limit the number of candidates and make sure that those with financial power also hold political power.[8] Hiroshi Kamiwaki (上脇博之), a professor specializing in the Constitution at Kobe Gakuin University, has argued that it is against Article 44 of the Constitution, which prohibits discrimination concerning the eligibility of lawmakers based on property and income.
Korea[edit]
In South Korea, candidates for election to a constituency seat of the National Assembly must pay a deposit of 15 million won, which is reimbursed in full if they obtain at least 15% of the valid votes cast. Half of the amount is reimbursed if they receive over 10% but less than 15% of the votes. Candidates running for proportional seats are also required to pay the same amount, which can be reimbursed if the party represented wins at least one seat.[9]
Malaysia[edit]
In Malaysia, the deposit is RM 10,000 to contest a parliamentary seat and RM 5,000 to contest a state assembly seat (increased from RM 5,000 and RM 3,000, respectively, in 2004). Since 2004, it was required that each candidate provide an additional RM 5,000 deposit for cleaning up banners and posters after the election. This increase is seen by some as having led to the government winning a record number of seats without contest in 2004 (17 parliamentary seats were won without contest). The deposit is used to pay for infringements of election laws and is returned after polling day unless the candidate loses and fails to garner more than one-eighth of the votes cast.[10]
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand Parliament elections, registered parties may submit a party list on payment of a $1000 deposit. This deposit is refunded if the party reaches 0.5% of the party votes. The deposit for an electorate candidate is $300 which is refunded if the candidate reaches 5%.
Singapore[edit]
In Singapore, the election deposit per candidate for the Parliament is 8 per cent of the total allowances paid to a Member of Parliament in the preceding year, rounded to the nearest $500. The deposit varies in each case:
In the previous general election on 2015, and in the recent by-election in 2016, the figures were S$14,500 and S$13,500, respectively.
For Group Representative Constituencies, the deposit amount is multiplied by the number of MPs in that GRC.
For Presidential Elections, the deposit amount is tripled. For instance, in 2011, the figure was S$48,000 (which is a triple of S$16,000, the same deposit allocated for GE2011 held on the same year). In the 2017 elections (elected by uncontested walkover) [11], the figure was S$43,500 (which is a triple of S$14,500).[12]
In all cases, candidates who fail to secure at least one-eighth (12.5%) of the valid votes in their constituencies will have their deposit forfeited.
United Kingdom[edit]
Since 1985 the deposit in elections to the House of Commons has been £500, which must be handed in, in cash, banker's draft, or other forms of legal tender, when the candidate submits nomination papers. It is refunded if the candidate gains 5% or more of the valid votes cast.[13][14]
Between 1918 and 1985, the cost was £150 — in 1918 this equates to £6,600 in 2015, when adjusted for inflation. By 1985, inflation had eroded the value to equate to £400 in 2015 (real terms). The threshold for refunding the candidate's money was higher: winning ⅛ (12.5%) of valid votes cast.[15]
Deposits must be paid by candidates for election to:
the Scottish Parliament,[16]
the National Assembly for Wales,[17]
the London Assembly,[18]
the Northern Ireland Assembly,[19]
A deposit of £500 is also required for mayoral elections in those English or Welsh local authorities led by an executive mayor,[20][21]
A £5000 deposit must be paid by candidates for election to:
Police and Crime Commissioner of the police areas of England and Wales
Mayor of a combined authority.[22]
the Mayoralty of London
To run a party list to the European Parliament.[23]
Loss of major parties' candidate's deposit is regarded as an embarrassment.[24] The deposit has been criticised for making it difficult for smaller parties to engage in politics and the Electoral Commission has suggested scrapping them for general elections.[22][25]
Deposits are not required to pay for candidates standing in council elections.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paggie Leung, "Deposit forfeitures nearly double", South China Morning Post, Page A4, 9 September 2008
Jump up ^ "FAQs – Contesting for Elections". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Electoral system in India" (PDF). National Institute of Open schooling. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Forfeited deposits fill EC coffers". Times of India. 24 April 2004. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission of India".
Jump up ^ (eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book. "electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)".
Jump up ^ Collins, Geraldine (22 March 2002). "Law to abolish election deposit". Irish Independent. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Candidate deposit requirement guarantees same faces on the ballot Yen for Living (The Japan Times blog) October 26th, 2012
Jump up ^ Union, Inter-Parliamentary. "IPU PARLINE database: REPUBLIC OF KOREA (Kuk Hoe), Electoral system".
Jump up ^ Rahman, Rashid A. (1994). The Conduct of Elections in Malaysia, p. 133. Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing. ISBN 967-969-331-7.
Jump up ^ Halimah Yacob to be sworn in as Singapore's 8th President on Thursday: PMO (Strait Times Newspaper) Retrieved September 13th, 2017.
Jump up ^ Presidential Election: Polling day set for Sept 23 (Today Newspaper) Retrieved August 28th, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Electoral Commission Factsheet, August 2009" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Who can stand as an MP?". 18 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Election Resources on the Internet: Parliamentary Elections in the U.K. - Elections to the House of Commons". Electionresources.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ "81877-COI-EC-Part C-Scots" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ "naw-report-booklet-eng.qxp" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Guidance for candidates and agents, Northern Ireland Assembly elections, March 2007" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Mayoral Election 2009". Bedford.gov.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/146870/MAY-2a-Standing-as-an-independent-candidate.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Greater Manchester mayor: Communist League candidate Peter Clifford pulls out of race". 8 March 2017 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/148744/PCC-Part-2a-Standing-as-an-independent-candidate.pdf
Jump up ^ UK’s Tory-LibDem coalition avert by-election embarrassment, can forge ahead shrinking government, Washington Examiner, 14 January 2011
Jump up ^ "Scrap general election deposits, says watchdog". 13 January 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Surrey County Council, http://new.surreycc.gov.uk/your-council/councillors-and-committees/how-to-become-a-councillor
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FBC (Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Fana Broadcasting Corporate (FBC)
Launched
1994
Owned by
Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C.
Country
Ethiopia
Language
Afaan Oromo, Amharic and English
Broadcast area
Ethiopia
Headquarters
Addis Ababa
Sister channel(s)
Fana TV
Website
http://www.fanabc.com/
Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. (FBC) is a private news media company operating in Ethiopia. Launched in 1994 it focuses mostly political, social and economical reports about Ethiopia. It operates both radio and television stations within Ethiopia.
Fana TV[edit]
In 2014 it was announced that FBC would be building its own studio in the hopes of starting its own channel.[1] In 2016, FBC formally signed an agreement with the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority (EBA) to become a licensed broadcaster in the country.[2] Fana TV started test transmission of its satellite TV channel on Nilsat in July 2017.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Fana Broadcasting Corporate to Build a Studio with 150m Br". Addis Fortune. March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority Gives Satellite Television Licenses". Ezega. October 29, 2016.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FBC_(Fana_Broadcasting_Corporate_S.C.)&oldid=844556846"
Categories:
Media companies established in 1994
Media in Ethiopia
Television in Ethiopia
1994 establishments in Ethiopia
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