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Kyle Abbott (The Young and the Restless)
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Kyle Abbott
Michael Mealor as Kyle Abbott
The Young and the Restless character
Portrayed by
Garrett Ryan (2010–12)
Blake Hood (2012–13)
Hartley Sawyer (2013–14)
Lachlan Buchanan (2015–16)
Michael Mealor (2018–)
(and child actors)
Duration
2001–04
2010–16
2018–
First appearance
January 8, 2001 (2001-01-08)
Created by
Kay Alden and Trent Jones
Introduced by
Edward J. Scott (2001)
Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2010)
Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt, Jr. (2015)
Mal Young (2018)
Classification
Present; regular
Profile
Other names
Christian Newman
Timothy Bilton
Kyle Jenkins
Occupation
Business executive
Ordained minister
Home
Genoa City, Wisconsin

Lachlan Buchanan as Kyle Abbott

Garrett Ryan as Kyle Abbott
showFamily
Family
Abbott
Parents
Jack Abbott
Diane Jenkins
Stepfather
Victor Newman (2011)
Stepmother
Phyllis Summers (2001–04, 2015–16)
Sharon Newman (2007–09)
Nikki Newman (2012)
Siblings
Keemo Volien Abbott
John Abbott III
Grandfathers
John Abbott
Kyle Jenkins
Grandmothers
Dina Mergeron
Aunts and uncles
Ashley Abbott
Traci Abbott
Billy Abbott
First cousins
Colleen Carlton
Abby Newman
Delia Abbott
Johnny Abbott
Katie Newman
Kyle Abbott is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless, an American soap opera on the CBS network. Introduced on January 8, 2001, the character is the son of businessman Jack Abbott (Peter Bergman) and Diane Jenkins (Maura West).[1] For the character's first three-year run, he was portrayed by a series of infant toddler actors. In 2010, the character returned, portrayed as slightly older by child actor Garrett Ryan. After two years, he was rapidly aged to an adult, with Blake Hood stepping into the role in April 2012. Upon his return, Kyle began dating Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap).
In March 2013, after a year in the role, Hood was let go and announced to be replaced by Hartley Sawyer. The soap opera had initially issued a casting call for a character named Connor Boyd, and due to his characteristics resembling that of Kyle, his casting was kept quiet. Hood stated that his ouster came as a shock to him. Sawyer made his debut on April 24, 2013. The character's six-year absence was criticized, and his age upon his 2010 return received unfavorable reviews. Hood was positively received in the role, and the decision to release him and replace him with Sawyer has also been criticized. Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan took claim of the role in 2015, making his first appearance on February 25 and departing on April 26, 2016. The role is presently portrayed by Michael Mealor, who made his first appearance as Kyle on March 29, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting
2 Character development
3 Storylines
3.1 2001–04
3.2 2010–present
4 Reception
5 References
Casting[edit]
Hartley Sawyer was cast in the role in 2013 before being let go nine months after his debut.
The role was originally portrayed by two sets of twins, Connor and Garret Sullivan and Marissa and Madison Poer from 2001 to 2002,[2][3] and twins Cooper and Oliver Guynes in 2002.[4] Seth Stern portrayed the role in 2004.[5] Following the character's return after a 6-year absence, the role was assumed by Garrett Ryan on February 25, 2010.[6] He initially departed after two episodes, though returned as a recurring cast member eight months later on October 12, 2010.[7][8] When asked at the 38th Daytime Emmy Awards if he was remaining with the series, Ryan replied: "Um, yes. I'm definitely sticking around on the show. I've been on a lot lately..."[9] Ryan was last seen as Kyle on January 5, 2012.[10][11]
In March 2012, the character was rapidly aged, with Blake Hood cast to portray Kyle as an adult.[12][13][14][15] He was previously known for his role of Mark Driscott on The CW's 90210.[16] Hood debuted on April 27, 2012.[17][18] Hood was surprised at how fast the process of soap operas where, and also credited Peter Bergman (who plays his on-screen father, Jack) as being very "gracious" and kind to him, lending experience.[19] In March 2013, after a year in the role, Hood was let go and replaced with Hartley Sawyer.[20] The soap opera had issued a casting call for a character named "Connor Boyd" in January and, due to the character sounding very much like Kyle, Sawyer's casting was kept quiet.[21] Casting directors used a scene previously been performed by Noah Newman to recast the character.[22] Hood stated his ouster and replacement came as a shock to him.[22] Sawyer made his debut on April 24, 2013.[21]
In December, it was announced that Sawyer had been let go from the role eight months after a debut.[23][24][25][26] He made his last appearance on January 27, 2014.[25] In January 2015, it was announced that Australian actor Lachlan Buchanan had been cast in the role, and he debuted on February 25, 2015.[27] In October, a representative for the soap opera confirmed that Buchanan had been dropped to a recurring status, but would continue to make appearances in the role.[28] In March 2016, it was revealed that after months of being on recurring, Buchanan had been dismissed from the role; he last appeared on April 26, 2016.[29][30]
In January 2018, it was announced that The Young and the Restless was "actively" underway to recast the role of Kyle.[31] On March 1, 2018, it was announced that Michael Mealor had been cast in the role of Kyle. He made his first appearance on March 29, 2018, in celebration of the soap's 45th anniversary.[32]
Character development[edit]
Ryan described as being a "little brat" but noted that it was "fun to play".[9] Following Kyle being rapidly aged and returning to town, Hood stated that his new agenda was to "be close to his dad and move on with his life". However, Hood talked about how Kyle's goal to "live a happy full life" may not happen because he just happened to have "stepped into this situation where the woman who killed his mother is still here." Kyle was "less than pleased" that his father Jack was re-developing a relationship with his ex-wife Nikki, who killed his mother in self-defense.[33] Hood further said: "What’s great is that [Kyle’s] come back and [is] so much older now. It really feels like I can do whatever I want with the character ... [Kyle] hasn’t seen these people in 15 years or so."[19]
Storylines[edit]
2001–04[edit]
Kyle was born with the name Christian Victor Newman on January 8, 2001.[34][35] His mother Diane learned that her ex-husband, Victor Newman, had his sperm frozen,[36] and when she obtained it she had herself artificially inseminated to carry Victor's child,[37] and she later gave birth and told him he was the father.[35] In reality, Diane's nemesis Nikki Newman had switched the sperm sample,[38] and she was shocked to discover it was that of Jack.[39] Soon after, she renamed the baby Kyle. Jack sued for sole custody of Kyle but lost, but once Diane burned down the Abbott poolhouse and tried to frame Jack's wife Phyllis Summers for it,[40] he and Phyllis obtained custody of Kyle. However, Jack eventually gave Kyle back to Diane,[41] and they moved to Chicago.[42]
2010–present[edit]
Six years later, as an arranged surprise for Jack from his new wife, Emily Peterson (Stacy Haiduk), Kyle, along with Diane, made a brief return to Genoa City to visit with Jack while Jack and Kyle became acquainted. Diane returned to town with Kyle again eight months later. Kyle resided in Genoa City, while both of his parents were being investigated by the SEC for plotting against Victor and making money off his stocks after making the world believe that he died. His mother sent him to boarding school in Switzerland without informing Jack because she was planning on faking her own murder and then joining her son. She also pleaded with Victor to sign the custody papers for Kyle if anything were to ever happen to her. It was unknown whether Diane was just following Adam Newman's (Michael Muhney) orders in her faked murder plot, or if she really did want Victor to have custody of Kyle over Jack. Then, Jack found out that Diane sent Kyle away the night that she was actually murdered. After Diane's death, Jack tracked Kyle down under his alias, Timothy Bilton, and went to Switzerland to bring his son home. Jack then had to tell Kyle that his mother was killed.
While his father was under investigation, Kyle stole Jack's Harvard class ring that the police were looking for as evidence. He reasoned that he already had his mother taken away from him, and he wanted to keep his dad. Later, Victor showed Jack the custody papers that Diane made him sign, and Jack was infuriated at Victor and his deceased ex-wife for trying to take his son away from him. Jack vowed to fight to keep Kyle with his biological family. Kyle and Jack revealed to everyone that Kyle would be moving to New York to attend a hockey boarding school, and he left two weeks later. Kyle returns a grown adult for his new cousin's christening in April 2012. Upon seeing Nikki, the woman who killed Diane, and Jack together, he expresses his anger and distaste towards their relationship, claiming that they were bashing his mother's memory by being together. Afterward, Kyle went to Victor to ask if he could move in with him as Victor always said he was "welcome," and takes a job at Newman Enterprises. He then began dating Eden Baldwin (Jessica Heap), and made friends with many pillars of the town.
When Victor suddenly went missing and his wife Sharon Newman (Sharon Case) took over the ranch, Kyle eventually moved out after he could no longer deal with her. As a result of him insulting her, Sharon stole Kyle's driver's license as part of her kleptomania. Afterward, Jack told Kyle he was welcome to move back to the Abbott mansion, which he did. While working at Newman Enterprises, Kyle takes a liking to Phyllis and enlist her help in keeping an eye on Jack. When Kyle realizes that his father has been abusing his pain medications, he leaks the story to the press in an attempt to get Jack to realize he needs help. When Jack resigns as CEO of Newman Enterprises, he offers Kyle a job at Jabot Cosmetics, where he attracts the attention of young model Summer Newman (Hunter King). While initially dismissing her as too young, he later takes a liking to her and they begin a relationship. Summer's parents, Phyllis and Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow), secretly know that Summer is actually Jack's daughter, and Kyle is dating his half-sister. In an attempt to lure Kyle away from Summer, Phyllis kisses him and he ends their relationship. They briefly reunite before the truth about Summer's paternity is revealed, bringing their relationship to a permanent end. Kyle then continues working at Jabot alongside his father and later Hilary Curtis (Mishael Morgan) when Jack wants to find out what Victor is doing with Newman Enterprises' merger with Chancellor Industries. In order to do so, Jack enlists Kyle to ask Victor to rehire him at his company so he can get information on Bonaventure Industries, one of the company's subsidiaries. While working there, Kyle clashes with Noah Newman (Robert Adamson), who eventually reports him to Victor and he is fired. Soon after, it is said that Kyle was sent to work for Jabot in New York. In February 2015, Kyle (Lachlan Buchanan) returns to Genoa City, when he is recused and believed to be missing resident Austin Travers (Matthew Atkinson).
Reception[edit]
In 2009, Jamey Giddens of Zap2it wrote that Zack Conroy would fit well as a teenaged version of the character, saying he "would kill to see Conroy create the role of a teenage Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless". He also criticized Kyle's absence over the years and predicted his return to the soap opera, writing: "Imagine Kyle Abbott arriving in Genoa City with a massive chip on his shoulder. Maybe he could seduce that annoying Eden away from Noah, or get involved in a steamy affair with a woman twice his age, like Lauren Fenmore (the woefully-underutilized Tracey Bregman)?"[43] Jillian Bowe (also of Zap2it) criticized Ryan's introduction and the character's return in 2010, writing: "Sound the alarm and blow the trumpets. After years of begging and pleading with the regime over at The Young and the Restless to bring back Jack Abbott's (Peter Bergman) sons, one of them finally appears—sort of. Since Diane (now played by 30-something Maura West) returned, Y&R has all but beat fans over the head in reminding us of how Kyle was conceived, all the while neglecting to explain why Abby—who was conceived at the very same time as her cousin—is now decades older than him. What gives? De-SORASing the long-anticipated character of Kyle Abbott is a huge no-no and gigantic re-write of history. Good, bad or sticky, Y&R fans will always remember that two babies came from Kay Alden's wacky, sperm caper. My vote is Y&R needs to age Kyle appropriately before fans decide to flush this story (if not Jack and Victor's swimmers) down the drain."[44] Tommy Garrett of the website Highlight Hollywood wrote that Hood's performance was "sensational" and found him "very handsome"; though was unfavorable of his successor, Sawyer, writing: "Hartley Sawyer, who with all due respect, is not attractive and actually very boring in the role."[45] Soap Opera Digest described the decision to "dump the charming Blake Hood" and recast the character with Sawyer as "puzzling".[46]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About The Young and the Restless - Kyle Abbott". Sony Pictures Television. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sullivan Twins Biography & Filmography". Star Kidz. Retrieved 14 January 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Poer Twins Biography & Filmography". Star Kidz. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guynes Twins Biography & Filmography". Star Kidz. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seth Stern Biography & Filmography". Star Kidz. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Kyle Jenkins Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kyle Abbott (Character) - Filmography by TV series". IMDb. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Monday, October 11, 2010 - on CBS.com". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Garrett Ryan Interview_ The Young and the Restless - FirstPost Topic - Page 7". June 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Thursday, January 5, 2012 - on CBS.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Garret Ryan Biography & Filmography". Star Kidz. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blake Hood Joins Y&R as Kyle Jenkins Abbott". The Hollywood Reporter. 2012-03-17. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Former 90210 Baddie, Blake Hood Cast as the New SORAS'd Kyle on Y&R!". Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Y&R: Blake Hood cast as the new Kyle Jenkins Abbott". 18 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "We Love Soaps: Blake Hood Joins the Cast of THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS". We Love Soaps. 16 March 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "About The Young and the Restless - Blake Hood". Sony Pictures Television. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Update for April 2012". Sony Pictures Television. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Friday, April 27, 2012 - on CBS.com". Retrieved 28 July 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Blake Hood Interview - The Young and the Restless - CBS.com". 24 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (March 11, 2013). "Blake Hood OUT; Hartley Sawyer IN as Kyle Abbott on The Young and The Restless!". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Y&R Recasts Kyle". Soap Opera Digest. April 8, 2013. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b "How Soap Secretly Recast Jack's Son!". CBS Soaps In Depth. April 8, 2013. p. 13.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (December 14, 2013). "Hartley Sawyer OUT at The Young and the Restless". Daytime Confidential. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (December 15, 2013). "Hartley Sawyer Confirmed OUT at The Young and the Restless!". On-Air On-Soaps. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewis, Errol (December 14, 2013). "Hartley Sawyer OUT!". Soap Opera Network. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Y&R Actor Out". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. December 15, 2013. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ SOD (January 20, 2015). "EXCLUSIVE! Y&R FINDS THEIR NEW KYLE". Soap Opera Digest. United States: soapoperadigest.com. American Media. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Y&R'S BUCHANAN BUMPED TO RECURRING". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. October 26, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ SOD (March 18, 2016). "LACHLAN BUCHANAN OFF Y&R". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media, Inc. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Is This Kyle's Kiss-Off?". CBS Soaps In Depth. United States: Bauer Publications. 20 (18): 10. May 2, 2016. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows (January 26, 2018). "Y&R Looking to Recast Kyle Abbott". Soaps.com. United States: SheKnows Media. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ SOD (March 1, 2018). "Y&R Casts New Kyle". Soap Opera Digest. United States: American Media, Inc. Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Soap News - Previews - CBS Soaps - Soaps in Depth". CBS Soaps in Depth. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Monday, 8th January 2001 - on CBS.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2001 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "ABout Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Victor Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Diane Jenkins - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Nikki Reed Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Jack Abbott - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "About Y&R: Who's Who in Genoa City - Phyllis Summers Newman - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "Y&R Daily Recaps Archives - 2004 - The Young and the Restless @ soapcentral.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Young and the Restless: Monday, 4th October 2004 - on CBS.com". Retrieved 1 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (June 12, 2009). "Wishful Casting: Zack Conroy as Y&R's Kyle Abbott". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (October 20, 2010). "The Curious Case of Kyle Abbott on The Young and the Restless". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Jump up ^ Garrett, Tommy (July 29, 2013). "On Jill Farren Phelps, Highlight Hollywood Readers Ask, Why Does She Hate Women So Much? Jealousy Perhaps?". Highlight Hollywood. Retrieved August 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Thumbs up! and down!". Soap Opera Digest. American Media, Inc. June 3, 2013. p. 36.
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Alternator (automotive)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Alternator (silver) mounted on a V8 engine
Alternators are used in modern automobiles to charge the battery and to power the electrical system when its engine is running.
Until the 1960s, automobiles used DC dynamo generators with commutators. With the availability of affordable silicon diode rectifiers, alternators were used instead. This was encouraged by the increasing electrical power required for cars in this period, with increasing loads from larger headlamps, electric wipers, heated rear windows and other accessories.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Magnetos in early automobiles
2 Advantages over dynamos
3 Operation
4 Field regulation
5 Output Current
6 Efficiency
7 Hybrid vehicles
8 Footnotes
9 References
History[edit]
The modern type of vehicle alternators were first used by the military from WWII, to power radio equipment on specialist vehicles.[i] Post-war, other vehicles with high electrical demands, such as ambulances and radio taxis, could also be fitted with optional alternators.[1]
Alternators were first introduced as standard equipment on a production car by the Chrysler Corporation on the Valiant in 1960, several years ahead of Ford and General Motors.[1][2]
Magnetos in early automobiles[edit]
Some early automobiles, like the Ford Model T, used a different sort of alternator system: an engine-driven magneto which generated low-voltage alternating current that was supplied to trembler coils, which provided the high voltage needed to generate ignition sparks. (This was different from a true ignition magneto, which generates high voltage directly.) Since such a magneto system only depended on the engine's motion to generate current, it could even be used when starting a manually cranked engine, provided the crank was pulled sharply, so that the magneto would produce enough current for the coils to make good sparks.
The Model T incorporated its magneto into the engine flywheel. The first Model Ts used the magneto solely for the trembler coil ignition. Beginning with the 1915 model year, Ford added electric headlights, also powered by the magneto.[3][4] The magneto circuit was strictly AC, with no battery included. (There was a switch on the ignition coils to use a battery instead, which could be helpful when starting in cold weather, but Ford neither provided a battery nor did it encourage the use of one before it introduced an electric starter in 1919. The owner would have to install the battery himself and charge it externally.)
Starting in the 1919 model year, Ford upgraded the Model T to include an electric starter, which was standard for some models and optional for others. This starter installation also included a battery, charged by a conventional dynamo, and the lights were now powered by the battery. However, the flywheel magneto still powered the ignition, and since models without the starter had no battery, they continued to use magneto-powered lights.[5][6]
Advantages over dynamos[edit]
Alternators have several advantages over direct-current generators (dynamos). They are lighter, cheaper, more rugged, and can provide useful charge at idle speed. They use slip rings having greatly extended brush life over a commutator. The brushes in an alternator carry only DC excitation current, a small fraction of the current carried by the brushes of a DC generator, which carry the generator's entire output. A set of rectifiers (diode bridge) is required to convert AC to DC. To provide direct current with low ripple, a polyphase winding is used and the pole-pieces of the rotor are shaped (claw-pole). Automotive alternators are usually belt-driven at 5-10 times crankshaft speed. The alternator runs at various RPM (which varies the frequency) since it is driven by the engine. This is not a problem because the alternating current is rectified to direct current.
Operation[edit]
Cut-away of an alternator, showing the claw-pole construction; two of the wedge-shaped field poles, alternating N and S, are visible in the centre and the stationary armature winding is visible at the top and bottom of the opening. The belt and pulley at the right hand end drives the alternator.
Despite their names, both 'DC generators' (or 'dynamos') and 'alternators' initially produce alternating current. In a so-called 'DC generator', this AC current is generated in the rotating armature, and then converted to DC by the commutator and brushes. In an 'alternator', the AC current is generated in the stationary stator, and then is converted to DC by the rectifiers (diodes).
Typical passenger vehicle and light truck alternators use Lundell or 'claw-pole' field construction. This uses a shaped iron core on the rotor to produce a multi-pole field from a single coil winding. The poles of the rotor look like fingers of two hands interlocked with each other. The coil is mounted axially inside this and field current is supplied by slip rings and carbon brushes. These alternators have their field and stator windings cooled by axial airflow, produced by an external fan attached to the drive belt pulley.[7]
Compact alternator
Modern vehicles now use the compact alternator layout. This is electrically and magnetically similar, but has improved air cooling. Better cooling permits more power from a smaller machine. The casing has distinctive radial vent slots at each end and now encloses the fan. Two fans are used, one at each end, and the airflow is semi-radial, entering axially and leaving radially outwards.[8] The stator windings now consist of a dense central band where the iron core and copper windings are tightly packed, and end bands where the windings are more exposed for better heat transfer. The closer core spacing from the rotor improves magnetic efficiency. The smaller, enclosed fans produce less noise, particularly at higher machine speeds.[8]
Alternators can also be water cooled in cars.
Larger vehicles may have salient pole alternators similar to larger machines.[9]
The windings of a 3 phase alternator may be connected using either the Delta or Star (Wye) connection regime set-up.[10]
Brushless versions of these type alternators are also common in larger machinery such as highway trucks and earthmoving machinery. With two oversized shaft bearings as the only wearing parts, these can provide extremely long and reliable service, even exceeding the engine overhaul intervals.
Field regulation[edit]
Automotive alternators require a voltage regulator which operates by modulating the small field current to produce a constant voltage at the battery terminals. Early designs (c.1960s–1970s) used a discrete device mounted elsewhere in the vehicle. Intermediate designs (c.1970s–1990s) incorporated the voltage regulator into the alternator housing. Modern designs do away with the voltage regulator altogether; voltage regulation is now a function of the engine control unit (ECU). The field current is much smaller than the output current of the alternator; for example, a 70 A alternator may need only 7 A of field current. The field current is supplied to the rotor windings by slip rings. The low current and relatively smooth slip rings ensure greater reliability and longer life than that obtained by a DC generator with its commutator and higher current being passed through its brushes.
The field windings are supplied with power from the battery via the ignition switch and regulator. A parallel circuit supplies the "charge" warning indicator and is earthed via the regulator (which is why the indicator is on when the ignition is on but the engine is not running). Once the engine is running and the alternator is generating power, a diode feeds the field current from the alternator main output equalizing the voltage across the warning indicator which goes off. The wire supplying the field current is often referred to as the "exciter" wire. The drawback of this arrangement is that if the warning lamp burns out or the "exciter" wire is disconnected, no current reaches the field windings and the alternator will not generate power. Some warning indicator circuits are equipped with a resistor in parallel with the lamp that permit excitation current to flow if the warning lamp burns out. The driver should check that the warning indicator is on when the engine is stopped; otherwise, there might not be any indication of a failure of the belt which may also drive the cooling water pump. Some alternators will self-excite when the engine reaches a certain speed.
In recent years,[when?] alternator regulators are linked to the vehicle's computer system and various factors including air temperature obtained from the intake air temperature sensor, battery temperature sensor and engine load are evaluated in adjusting the voltage supplied by the alternator.
Output Current[edit]
Older automobiles with minimal lighting may have had an alternator capable of producing only 30 Amps. Typical passenger car and light truck alternators are rated around 50–70 A,[citation needed] though higher ratings are becoming more common, especially as there is more load on the vehicle's electrical system with air conditioning, electric power steering and other electrical systems. Very large alternators used on buses, heavy equipment or emergency vehicles may produce 300 A. Semi-trucks usually have alternators which output 140 A. Very large alternators may be water-cooled or oil-cooled.
Efficiency[edit]
Efficiency of automotive alternators is limited by fan cooling loss, bearing loss, iron loss, copper loss, and the voltage drop in the diode bridges. Efficiency reduces dramatically at high speeds mainly due to fan resistance. At medium speeds efficiency of today's alternators is 70-80%.[11] This betters very small high-performance permanent magnet alternators, such as those used for bicycle lighting systems, which achieve an efficiency around 60%. Larger permanent magnet electric machines (that can operate as motors or alternators) can achieve today much higher efficiencies. Pellegrino et al.,[12] for instance, propose not particularly expensive designs that show ample regions in which efficiency is above 96%. Large AC generators used in power stations run at carefully controlled speeds and have no constraints on size or weight. They have very high efficiencies as high as 98%.
Hybrid vehicles[edit]
Hybrid automobiles replace the separate alternator and starter motor with one or more combined motor/generator(s) (M/Gs) that start the internal combustion engine, provide some or all of the mechanical power to the wheels, and charge a large storage battery. When more than one M/G is present, as in the Hybrid Synergy Drive used in the Toyota Prius and others, one may operate as a generator and feed the other as a motor, providing an electromechanical path for some of the engine power to flow to the wheels. These motor/generators have considerably more powerful electronic devices for their control than the automotive alternator described above.
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ See Fitted For Wireless.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile alternators.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alternators and Generators". Allpar.
Jump up ^ "Valiant by Chrysler" (PDF). Valiant promotional brochure. Chrysler Corporation (Australia). 1962. Another Chrysler "first" ... the amazing new alternator
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia: 1915". Model T Ford Club of America.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia: 1915 and 1916 [comprehensive description]". Model T Ford Club of America.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia: 1919". Model T Ford Club of America.
Jump up ^ "Encyclopedia: 1917 to 1920 [comprehensive description]". Model T Ford Club of America.
Jump up ^ "Electrical System and Power Supply". Automotive Handbook (3rd ed.). Bosch. 1993. pp. 770–771. ISBN 0-8376-0330-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Bosch & 3rd, p. 771
Jump up ^ Bosch & 3rd, pp. 771–772
Jump up ^ "Understanding 3 phase alternators..." windstuffnow.com. Retrieved 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ Horst Bauer (ed.) Automotive Handbook 8th Edition, Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart, 2011, ISBN 978-0-8376-1686-5, page 993
Jump up ^ G. Pellegrino, A. Vagati, P. Guglielmi, "Performance Comparison Between Surface-Mounted and Interior PM Motor Drives for Electric Vehicle Application" IEEE Transactions on industrial electronics, vol 59, No 2, February 2012 pag. 809
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Desert climate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Regions with desert climates
BWh
BWk
The desert climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk, sometimes also BWn), also known as an arid climate, is a climate in which precipitation is too low to sustain any vegetation at all, or at most a very scanty shrub, and does not meet the criteria to be classified as a polar climate.[citation needed]
An area that features this climate usually experiences from 25 to 200 mm (7.87 inches) per year of precipitation[1] and in some years may experience no precipitation at all. Averages may be even less such as in Arica, Chile, where precipitation normals annually stand at around 1 mm per year. In some instances, an area may experience more than 200 mm of precipitation annually, but is considered a desert climate because the region loses more water via evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation (Tucson, Arizona, and Alice Springs, Northern Territory, are examples of this).
There are usually two or three variations of a desert climate: a hot desert climate (BWh), a cold desert climate (BWk) and, sometimes, a mild desert climate (BWh/BWn). Furthermore, to delineate "hot desert climates" from "cold desert climates", there are three widely used isotherms: either a mean annual temperature of 18 °C (which is the most accurate[citation needed] and most commonly used), or a mean temperature of 0 °C or −3 °C in the coldest month, so that a location with a "BW" type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as "hot arid" (BWh), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as "cold arid"
A location has an arid climate, the precipitation threshold is determined. The precipitation threshold (in millimetres) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received. If the area's annual precipitation is less than half the threshold, it is classified as a BW (desert climate).[2]
Contents
1 Hot desert climates
2 Cold desert climates
3 Mild desert climates
4 Regions of varying classification
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Hot desert climates[edit]
Sabha
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
7
19
6
0
21
8
10
26
12
7
32
17
1
36
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0
39
25
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39
25
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39
25
0
38
24
0
29
19
1
26
12
1
20
7
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Weather Online
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.3
66
43
0
70
46
0.4
79
54
0.3
90
63
0
97
72
0
102
77
0
102
77
0
102
77
0
100
75
0
84
66
0
79
54
0
68
45
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Regions with hot desert climates
Hot desert climates (BWh) are typically found under the subtropical ridge where there is largely unbroken sunshine for the whole year due to the stable descending air and high pressure aloft. These areas are located between 30 degrees south and 30 degrees north latitude, under the subtropical latitudes called the horse latitudes. Hot desert climates are generally hot, sunny and dry year-round. They rise at a higher latitude in south-western United States in the sheltered regions warmed up in winters by the Pacific Ocean, enabling searing summer temperatures in the Death Valley basin at 36 degrees latitude. Hot desert climates also reach similar latitudes in the Middle East, North Africa and coastal south eastern areas of Spain.
Hot desert climates usually feature hot, sometimes exceptionally hot, periods of the year. In many locations featuring a hot desert climate, maximum temperatures of over 40 °C (104 °F) are not uncommon in summer and can soar to over 45 °C (113 °F) in the hottest regions. The world absolute heat records, over 50 °C (122 °F), are generally in the hot deserts, where the heat potential is the highest on the planet. Some desert locations consistently experience very high temperatures all year long, even during wintertime. These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, averages which can exceed 30 °C (86 °F). This last feature is seen in sections of Africa and Arabia. During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies. However, very rarely do temperatures drop far below freezing.
Hot desert climates can be found in the deserts of North Africa such as the wide Sahara Desert, the Libyan Desert or the Nubian Desert; deserts of the Horn of Africa such as the Danakil Desert or the Grand Bara Desert; deserts of Southern Africa such as the Namib Desert or the Kalahari Desert; deserts of the Middle East such as the Arabian Desert, the Syrian Desert or the Lut Desert; deserts of South Asia such as Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Loot, or the Thar Desert of India and Pakistan; deserts of the United States and Mexico such as the Mojave Desert, the Sonoran Desert or the Chihuahuan Desert; deserts of Australia such as the Simpson Desert or the Great Victoria Desert and many other regions. A small handful of locations in Europe has a hot desert climate; the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park in Almería and a small area in the southwest of Murcia and Alicante, Spain.[3] Additionally, part of the Canary Islands (particularly Fuerteventura and Lanzarote) have hot desert climates.[4]
Hot deserts are lands of extremes: most of them are the hottest, the driest and the sunniest places on Earth because of nearly constant high pressure; the nearly permanent removal of low pressure systems, dynamic fronts and atmospheric disturbances; sinking air motion; dry atmosphere near the surface and aloft; the exacerbated exposure to the sun where solar angles are always high.
Cold desert climates[edit]
Leh
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
9.5
−2
−14
8.1
2
−11
11
7
−6
9.1
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−1
9
16
3
3.5
22
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15
25
11
15
25
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9
22
6
7.5
15
−1
3.6
8
−7
4.6
2
−12
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [5]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.4
28
6
0.3
35
12
0.4
44
21
0.4
54
30
0.4
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0.1
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0.6
77
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0.6
78
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0.4
71
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0.3
58
30
0.1
46
20
0.2
36
11
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Regions with cold desert climates
Cold desert climates (BWk) usually feature hot (or warm in a few instances), dry summers, though summers are not typically as hot as hot desert climates. Unlike hot desert climates, cold desert climates tend to feature cold, dry winters. Snow tends to be rare in regions with this climate. The Gobi Desert in Mongolia is a classic example for cold deserts. Though hot in the summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Central Asia. Cold desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates and are usually drier than hot desert climates.
Cold desert climates are typically located in temperate zones, usually in the rain shadow of high mountains, which restrict precipitation from the westerly winds. An example of this is the Patagonian Desert in Argentina bounded by the Andes to its west. In the case of Central Asia, mountains restrict precipitation from the monsoon. The Kyzyl Kum, Taklamakan and Katpana Desert deserts of Central Asia and the drier portions of the Great Basin Desert of the western United States are other major examples of BWk climates. The Ladakh region, and Leh city in the Great Himalayas in India, also has a cold desert climate. This is also found in Europe, primarily in Bardenas Reales near Tudela, Navarre and high altitude parts of the Tabernas Desert in Almería, Spain.
Arctic and Antarctic regions also receive very little precipitation during the year, owing to the exceptionally cold dry air; however, both of them are generally classified as having polar climates because they have average summer temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F).
Mild desert climates[edit]
Swakopmund
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
22
16
3
23
16
6
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10
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11
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12
1
21
14
1
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Climate Guide
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1
72
61
0.1
73
61
0.2
72
61
0.1
70
57
0
70
54
0
68
52
0
68
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0
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
A dusting of snow in the Atacama Desert.[6]
Mild desert climates (BWn)[7] are usually found along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near tropical locations, or at high altitudes in areas that would otherwise feature hot desert climates. In South America, this climate is found adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in sections of the Atacama Desert, especially along the central and southern coast of Peru; Lima, its capital, has a mild desert climate that makes it one of the driest capital cities in the world. In North America, this type of climate can be found along the Pacific coast of the Baja California Peninsula. In Africa, this climate is found along parts of coastal Namibia, Western Sahara and Mauritania. In Asia, this type of climate can be found along the coast of the Arabian Peninsula, and in Australia, along the north-western coast coast of Western Australia.
Mild desert climates are characterised by more moderate temperatures than encountered elsewhere at comparable latitudes (usually due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents) and, in the case of coastal mild deserts, frequent fog and low clouds, despite the fact that these places can rank among the driest on Earth in terms of actual precipitation received. Temperatures are mild throughout the year, usually not subject to any of the temperature extremes typically found in desert climates. Some publications do not have a "mild desert" category; in these documents mild desert climates are sorted into either the hot desert or cold desert classifications.
Regions of varying classification[edit]
Cold deserts do get the occasional blanket of snow, such as Snake Valley, Utah and Nevada
As stated previously, there are three isotherms used to delineate between hot and cold desert climates. As a result of this, some areas can have climates that are classified as hot or cold depending on the isotherm used. However, the 18 °C isotherm is the most accurate and most used isotherm, as it reflects on all the months' temperatures, not just one month's temperature.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of deserts
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Laity, Julie J. (2009). Deserts and Desert Environments. John Wiley & Sons. p. 7. ISBN 978-1444300741.
Jump up ^ Peel, M. C.; B. L. Finlayson; T. A. McMahon (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
Jump up ^ http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/2Atlas_climatologico/Atlas_Clima_Macaronesia___Baja.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/leh2.htm
Jump up ^ "A Dusting of Snow in the Atacama Desert". ESO Picture of the Week. Retrieved 12 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Cereceda, P.; Larrain, H.; osses, P.; Farias, M.; Egaña, I. (2008). "The climate of the coast and fog zone in the Tarapacá Region, Atacama Desert, Chile". Atmospheric Research. 87 (3–4): 301–311. Bibcode:2008AtmRe..87..301C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.011. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arid region safety.
Desert climate summary
Desert report/essay
show
v
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Climate types under the Köppen climate classification
Class A
Tropical rainforest (Af)
Tropical monsoon (Am)
Tropical savanna (Aw, As)
Class B
Desert (BWh, BWk, BWn)
Semi-arid (BSh, BSk, BSn)
Class C
Humid subtropical (Cfa, Cwa)
Oceanic (Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
Mediterranean (Csa, Csb, Csc)
Class D
Humid continental (Dfa, Dwa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsa, Dsb)
Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsc, Dsd)
Class E
Tundra (ET)
Ice cap (EF)
Alpine (ET, EF)
Authority control
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Categories:
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text:
A Thousand Years (Christina Perri song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"A Thousand Years"
Single by Christina Perri
from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Released
October 18, 2011
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2011
Genre
Pop
Length
4:45
Label
Atlantic, Chop Shop
Songwriter(s)
Christina Perri, David Hodges
Christina Perri singles chronology
"Arms"
(2011) "A Thousand Years"
(2011) "Distance"
(2012)
"Arms"
(2011) "A Thousand Years"
(2011) "Distance"
(2012)
"A Thousand Years" is a song by American singer-songwriter Christina Perri and David Hodges. It is taken from the album The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. The song serves as the second single from the album. The song was released as a digital download on October 18, 2011 worldwide.[1] Perri re-recorded the song with vocals from Steve Kazee for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn — Part 2: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack titled A Thousand Years, Pt. 2.
Contents
[hide]
1 Music video
2 Track listing
3 Cover versions
4 Chart performance
5 Charts and certifications
5.1 Weekly charts
5.1.1 A Thousand Years
5.1.2 A Thousand Years, Pt. 2
5.2 Year-end charts
5.3 Certifications
5.3.1 A Thousand Years
5.3.2 A Thousand Years, Pt. 2
6 Release history
7 References
8 External links
Music video[edit]
An official lyric video of the song was premiered on October 17, 2011 via Perri's official Facebook and Twitter pages as well as her official website. On October 26, 2011, she released an official video for the song on her YouTube channel. The video begins with Perri holding a candle. It features a few clips from the movie interspersed between scenes with Perri singing in a room with a floor full of candles. The video may include the voices from Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson saying they love each other while in a wedding and also they can be heard in the background before the bridge. She ends the video singing into a sunset.
It has over 750 million views and 4.8 million likes on YouTube.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "A Thousand Years" 4:45
Cover versions[edit]
A cover by American crossover band The Piano Guys was uploaded on YouTube on May 9, 2012 and, as of December 2017, it has over 110 million views.[2]
American band Boyce Avenue released an acoustic version of "A Thousand Years". It currently has over 80 million views as of December 2017.[3]
Scottish singer Nicholas McDonald performed the song during the 10th series of the X Factor at the Arena audition.[4]
A duet cover by country singer-Nashville recorded artist Celeste Kellogg and Branden Mendoza was uploaded on YouTube on December 17, 2012 and as of December 2017, it has over 42,000 views.
Scottish-American actor, singer, presenter and writer John Barrowman covered the song on his 2014 album "You Raise Me Up." He recorded the song after he married his husband, Scott Gil, and to celebrate gay couples who married after the United States Supreme Court denied an appeal to overturning California Proposition 8.[5]
Chart performance[edit]
"A Thousand Years"
A 23-second sample of the song
Problems playing this file? See media help.
On the week of October 23, 2011, the song debuted at No. 63 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart,[6] and No. 70 on Canadian Hot 100. It has reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Perri her second top 40 hit.
By July 2013, the song has sold over 3 million digital downloads in the US.[7] As of June 2014, the song has sold 3,657,000 copies in the US.[8]
In the United Kingdom, the song reached number 32 on its original release in 2011. The following year, after the release of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, it peaked at number 13. In 2013, after it was performed on The X Factor (UK), it reached a new peak of 11.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
A Thousand Years[edit]
Chart (2011–13)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[9] 13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[10] 21
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[11] 4
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100)[12] 58
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[13] 70
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[14] 3
Denmark (Tracklisten)[15] 27
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[16] 19
Hungary (Single Top 40)[17] 32
Ireland (IRMA)[18] 7
Italy (FIMI)[19] 30
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[20] 11
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[21] 9
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[22] 26
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[23] 21
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[24] 11
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 31
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[26] 11
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[27] 7
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[28] 24
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[29] 22
A Thousand Years, Pt. 2[edit]
Chart (2012–13)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[30] 39
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay)[31] 98
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[13] 40
France (SNEP)[32] 66
Germany (Official German Charts)[33] 78
Italy (FIMI)[19] 27
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[34] 80
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[35] 31
US Billboard Hot 100[25] 53
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2012)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[36] 67
US Billboard Hot 100[37] 87
US Adult Contemporary[38] 21
US Adult Pop Songs[39] 24
Chart (2013)
Position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40] 57
Certifications[edit]
A Thousand Years[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[41]
6× Platinum 420,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[42]
Platinum 10,000^
Germany (BVMI)[43]
Gold 150,000^
Ireland (IRMA)[44]
Gold 7,500^
Italy (FIMI)[46]
Platinum 50,000
Mexico (AMPROFON)[47]
Platinum 60,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[48]
Platinum 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[49]
Platinum 600,000^
United States (RIAA)[50]
8× Platinum 5,657,000[8]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
A Thousand Years, Pt. 2[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[51]
Gold 500,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[1]
October 18, 2011 Digital download Atlantic
Canada[52]
WEA International Inc.
Australia[53]
United Kingdom
November 7, 2011 Digital download (album only) Atlantic
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "A Thousand Years - Single". iTunes USA. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ ThePianoGuys (2012-05-09), Christina Perri - A Thousand Years (Piano/Cello Cover) - The Piano Guys, retrieved 2017-07-18
Jump up ^ boyceavenue (2013-06-30), A Thousand Years - Christina Perri (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover) on Apple & Spotify, retrieved 2017-07-18
Jump up ^ "X Factor 2013: Nicholas McDonald is a little overwhelmed & pushes 'A Thousand Years' into iTunes chart!". Unreality TV. 2013-09-17. Retrieved 2017-07-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yv6kDDTUJlc&t=
Jump up ^ "Week Ending Oct. 23, 2011. Songs: Christmas In October". Yahoo Chart Watch. 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (July 24, 2013). "Week Ending July 21, 2013. Songs: Dancing With Miley". Chart Watch.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Grein (June 11, 2014). "Chart Watch: Sam Smith Zooms Into Top 10". Yahoo Music.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ BPP, ed. (February–March 2013). "Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay". Billboard Brasil (38): 84–89.
^ Jump up to: a b "Christina Perri Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201219 into search.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri: A Thousand Years" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 48, 2011". Irish Singles Chart.
^ Jump up to: a b FIMI, ed. (February–March 2013). "FIMI CHARTS". FIMI.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ Jump up to: a b "Christina Perri Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri Chart History (Adult Contemporary)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri Chart History (Latin Pop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri Chart History (Pop Songs)" Billboard. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Christina Perri feat. Steve Kazee – A Thousand Years Part 2". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ Brazil Hot 100 Airplay. Billboard. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Christina Perri feat. Steve Kazee – A Thousand Years Part 2" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Christina Perri feat. Steve Kazee – A Thousand Years Part 2". GfK Entertainment Charts.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Christina Perri feat. Steve Kazee – A Thousand Years Part 2" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Christina Perri feat. Steve Kazee – A Thousand Years Part 2". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts". Retrieved May 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2012 - Hot 100 Songs 81-90". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-12-14.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2012 - Adult Contemporary Songs 21-30". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2012 - Adult Pop Songs 21-30". Billboard.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Dan Lane (January 2, 2013). "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2013". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2015 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Christina Perri; 'A Thousand Years')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Irish single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Irish Recorded Music Association.
Jump up ^ "Christina Perri thanks Irish fans as "A Thousand Years" goes Gold". Christina Perri.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "..:Certificaciones Mensuales 2015:." Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Facebook. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". British Phonographic Industry. 2014. Enter A Thousand Years in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 13, 2017. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Christina Perri – A Thousand Years Pt 2". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 27, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "A Thousand Years - Single". iTunes Canada. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
Jump up ^ "A Thousand Years - Single". iTunes Australia. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
External links[edit]
Video on her official channel on YouTube
[show]
v
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Christina Perri
Discography
Studio albums and singles
Lovestrong
"Jar of Hearts"
"Arms"
"Distance"
Head or Heart
"Human"
"Burning Gold"
EPs
The Ocean Way Sessions
A Very Merry Perri Christmas
Other singles
"A Thousand Years"
Promotional singles
"The Lonely"
Concert tours
Lovestrong Tour
Demi World Tour (opening act)
Related articles
Nick Perri
Atlantic Records
[show]
v
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Thousand_Years_(Christina_Perri_song)&oldid=815762126"
Categories:
2011 singles
2010s ballads
Christina Perri songs
Pop ballads
Atlantic Records singles
Songs from The Twilight Saga (film series)
Songs written by David Hodges
2011 songs
Songs written by Christina Perri
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CS1 German-language sources (de)
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Certification Table Entry usages for Australia
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This page was last edited on 16 December 2017, at 23:45.
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