text:
Days of War
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Days of War
Developer(s)
Driven Arts
Publisher(s)
Driven Arts
Engine
Unreal Engine 4
Platform(s)
Microsoft Windows
PlayStation 4
Xbox One
Release
WW: January 26, 2017
Genre(s)
First-person shooter
Mode(s)
Multiplayer
Days of War is a multiplayer first-person shooter video game developed and published by Driven Arts. It was released for Microsoft Windows through Steam Early Access on January 26, 2017.[1][2] The game is set to fully release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One later in 2017.[3] The game allows up to thirty-two players in a World War II setting.[4] Days of War is powered by Unreal Engine 4.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gameplay
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Gameplay[edit]
Days of War will feature four types of gameplay: capture the flag; deathmatch; search and destroy; and domination.[3] Players will be able to select from six classes of infantry including: rifleman; machine gunner; and sniper.[3]
See also[edit]
Battalion 1944
Day of Defeat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Reilly, Luke (March 1, 2016). "Return to World War II Again in Days of War". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (January 12, 2017). "You'll be able to get your hands on WW2 shooter Days of War in two weeks". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prell, Sam (March 3, 2016). "The WW2 shooter revival continues with Days of War". GamesRadar+. Future Publishing. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Luke (December 8, 2016). "WW2 Shooter Days of War Hits Early Access in January". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Saed, Sherif (March 30, 2016). "Maps, class customisation and more revealed about WW2 shooter Days of War". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website

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Element (criminal law)
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Under United States law, an element of a crime (or element of an offense) is one of a set of facts that must all be proven to convict a defendant of a crime. Before a court finds a defendant guilty of a criminal offense, the prosecution must present evidence that, even when opposed by any evidence the defense may choose to present, is credible and sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed each element of the particular crime charged. The component parts that make up any particular crime vary depending on the crime.
The basic components of an offense are listed below;[1] generally, each element of an offense falls into one or another of these categories. At common law, conduct could not be considered criminal unless a defendant possessed some level of intention – either purpose, knowledge, or recklessness – with regard to both the nature of his alleged conduct and the existence of the factual circumstances under which the law considered that conduct criminal. However, for some legislatively enacted crimes, the most notable example being statutory rape, a defendant need not have had any degree of belief or willful disregard as to the existence of certain factual circumstances (such as the age of the accuser) that rendered his conduct criminal; such crimes are known as strict liability offenses.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mental state (Mens rea)
2 Conduct (Actus reus)
3 Concurrence
4 Causation
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Sources
7 External links
Mental state (Mens rea)[edit]
Main article: Mens rea
Mens rea refers to the crime's mental elements of the defendant's intent. This is a necessary element—that is, the criminal act must be voluntary or purposeful. Mens rea is the mental intention (mental fault), or the defendant's state of mind at the time of the offense, sometimes called the guilty mind. It stems from the ancient maxim of obscure origin, "actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit reas" that is translated as "the act is not guilty unless the mind is guilty."[3] For example, the mens rea of aggravated battery is the intention to do serious bodily harm. Mens rea is almost always a necessary component in order to prove that a criminal act has been committed.[1][2]
Mens rea varies depending on the offense. For murder, the mental element requires the defendant acted with "malice aforethought". Others may require proof the act was committed with such mental elements such as "knowingly" or "willfulness" or "recklessness". Arson requires an intent to commit a forbidden act, while others such as murder require an intent to produce a forbidden result. Motive, the reason the act was committed, is not the same as mens rea and the law is not concerned with motive.[1]
Although most legal systems recognize the importance of the guilty mind, or mens rea, exactly what is meant by this concept varies. The American Law Institute's Model Penal Code has reduced the mental states to four. In general, guilt can be attributed to an individual who acts "purposely," "knowingly," "recklessly," or "negligently." Together or in combination, these four attributes seem basically effective in dealing with most of the common mens rea issues.[4]
Conduct (Actus reus)[edit]
Main article: Actus reus
All crimes require actus reus. That is, a criminal act or an unlawful omission of an act, must have occurred. A person cannot be punished for thinking criminal thoughts. This element is based on the problem of standards of proof. How can another person's thoughts be determined and how can criminal thoughts be differentiated from idle thoughts? Further, the law's purview is not to punish criminal ideas but to punish those who act upon those ideas voluntarily. [5]
Unlike thoughts, words can be considered acts in criminal law. For example, threats, perjury, conspiracy, and solicitation are offenses in which words can constitute the element of actus reus.
The omission of an act can also constitute the basis for criminal liability.[1]
Concurrence[edit]
Main article: Concurrence
In general, mens rea and actus reus must occur at the same time—that is, the criminal intent must precede or coexist with the criminal act, or in some way activate the act. The necessary mens rea may not continually be present until the forbidden act is committed, as long as it activated the conduct that produced the criminal act. However, for criminal liability to occur, there must be either overt and voluntary action or a failure to act when physically able as required by statute or law.[5]
Causation[edit]
Main article: Causation (law)
Many crimes include an element that actual harm must occur—in other words, causation must be proved. For example, homicide requires a killing, aggravated battery requires serious bodily injury and without those respective outcomes, those respective crimes would not be committed. A causal relationship between conduct and result is demonstrated if the act would not have happened without direct participation of the offender.[5]
Causation is complex to prove. The act may be a "necessary but not sufficient" cause of the criminal harm. Intervening events may have occurred in between the act and the result. Therefore, the cause of the act and the forbidden result must be "proximate", or near in time.[1]
See also[edit]
Criminal law
Impossibility defense
Corpus delicti
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Thomas, Charles W.; Bishop, Donna M. (1987). Criminal Law: Understanding Basic Principles. Newbury Park, New York: Sage. ISBN 0-8039-2669-3.
^ Jump up to: a b "Criminal law". Encarta. Archived from the original on 2009-10-31. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
Jump up ^ Bonnie, Richard M.; et al. (1997). Criminal Law. Westbury, New York: The Foundation Press. p. 116. ISBN 1-56662-448-7.
Jump up ^ "Criminal Law - The Mental Element". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Criminal law". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-01-07.
Sources[edit]
Bonnie, Richard J.; et al. (1997). Criminal Law. Westbury, New York: The Foundation Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56662-448-7.
External links[edit]
Laws on Crime
Thomas, J., concurring Charles C. Apprendi, Jr., Petitionier v. New Jersey - On Writ of Certiorari to the Supreme Court of New Jersey
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Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
The Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
Awarded by the
Department of Defense[1]
Department of Homeland Security[2]
Type
Service medal service name number-93-2317003-6 Jermaine Thomas McCoy
Eligibility
U.S. military personnel
Awarded for
Support of operations to counter terrorism in a non-deployed status, whether stationed in the United States or overseas.
Status
Active U.S. army reserves
Description
Jermaine Thomas McCoy
Clasps
E-6 B-10 -k1
Statistics
Established
E.O. 13289, 12 March 2003; 15 years ago (2003-03-12)
First awarded
2003 (retroactive to 11 September 2001)
Precedence
Next (higher)
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal[3]
Next (lower)
Korea Defense Service Medal[3]
Related
National Defense Service Medal, Secretary of Defense Medal for the Global War on Terrorism, Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal

Service ribbon and campaign streamer
The Global War on Terrorism Service Medal (GWOT-SM) is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was created through Executive Order 13289 on 12 March 2003, by President George W. Bush. The medal recognizes those military service members who have supported operations to counter terrorism in the War on Terror from 11 September 2001, to a date yet to be determined.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Operations
3 Criteria
3.1 Support duty
3.2 Army
3.3 Navy, Marine Corps, and Military Sealift Command
3.4 Air Force
3.5 Coast Guard
4 Appearance
5 Devices (none)
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
In September 2002, the U.S. Department of Defense sent a request to the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry to provide a design for a Global War on Terrorism Service Medal. In January 2003, a design was completed, which was then approved and made official in March 2003.[4]
According to the U.S. Department of Defense, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal will cease being awarded when Presidential Proclamation 7463, "Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks", delivered on 14 September 2001, is terminated by the U.S. government.[5][6]
Operations[edit]
The following are the seven established operations for the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal recognized by the Department of Defense:[7]
Operation
From
To
Airport Security Operations (ASO) 27 September 2001 31 May 2002
Operation Noble Eagle (ONE) 11 September 2001 Present
Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) 11 September 2001 Present
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) 19 March 2003 31 August 2010
Operation New Dawn (OND) 1 September 2010 31 December 2011
Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR) 15 June 2014 Present
Operation Freedom's Sentinel (OFS) 1 January 2015 Present
The Coast Guard awards the medal for different operations (qv).[8]
Criteria[edit]
To receive the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, a military service member must have served on active duty during a designated anti-terrorism operation for a minimum 30 consecutive or 60 non-consecutive days. For those who were engaged in combat, killed, or wounded in the line of duty the time requirement is waived.[9][10][11]
The initial authorized operation for the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal was the so-called "Airport Security Operation" which occurred between 27 September 2001 and 31 May 2002. Additional operations, for which the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal is authorized, include the active military campaigns of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Noble Eagle, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.[10] Future operations are at the discretion of United States component commanders upon approval from the United States Department of Defense.[11]
Support duty[edit]
In 2004, Defense Department and military service branches began publishing directives, messages, and orders, specifying that the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal would be awarded not only for direct participation in specific operations, but also to any personnel who performed support duty of an anti-terrorism operation but did not directly participate.[10] The phrase "support" was further defined as any administrative, logistics, planning, operational, technical, or readiness activity, which provides support to an operation of the Global War on Terrorism. As a result of this blanket term, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal became an eligible award for most personnel of the United States Armed Forces who performed service after 11 September 2001 through March 2004.
With the orders granting the GWOT-SM for "support duty", the medal has essentially become almost the same type of award as the National Defense Service Medal and graduates of training schools, ROTC, and service academies are typically presented both awards at the same time. The primary difference between the NDSM and the GWOT-SM is that the NDSM is automatic as soon as a person joins the military whereas the GWOTSM may only be presented after thirty days of active duty in a unit (or three months in the case of the Reserve Component). The regulations for Reservists and National Guardsmen are also not as well defined for the GWOT-SM as they are for the NDSM, since the presentation of the NDSM to reservists and National Guardsmen was codified and clarified as far back as the Persian Gulf War.
Army[edit]
The U.S. Army's regulations state that all soldiers "on active duty, including Reserve Component Soldiers [sic] mobilized, or Army National Guard Soldiers [sic] activated on or after 11 September 2001 to a date to be determined having served 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days are authorized the GWOTSM." The GWOT-SM was awarded automatically to all service members on Active Duty between 11 September 2001 and 31 March 2004. While the award is no longer automatic, the termination "date to be determined" has not been set. The Battalion Commander is the approval authority for the GWOT-SM. Service members are still eligible for the medal provided they meet the criteria in AR 600-8-22.[12]
U.S. Army soldiers serving on active duty primarily in a training status (basic training, advanced individual training, officer training courses, etc.…) are not authorized award of the GWOT-SM for the active duty time they are in training. The criteria for the awards specifically states that a Soldier has to serve on active duty in support of a designated GWOT operation (Operation Noble Eagle ["ONE"], Operation Enduring Freedom ["OEF"], Operation Iraqi Freedom ["OIF"], Operation New Dawn ["OND"], Operation Inherent Resolve ["OIR"], and Operation Freedom's Sentinel ["OFS"]) for 30 consecutive days or 60 nonconsecutive days. Army soldiers in a training status are not considered to be supporting these designated operations.[13]
Navy, Marine Corps, and Military Sealift Command[edit]
Regulations for rating the GWOT-SM are the same in both the Navy, the Marine Corps, and Military Sealift Command for those who serve on both active duty, reserve duty, and support. Essentially, 30 days of consecutive duty or 60 days of non-consecutive duty in support of approved organizations. Personnel who are still in their initial career training are not eligible. Eligibility begins when they reach their first permanent duty station. Civilian Mariners (CIVMARs) attached to Military Sealift Command's supply ships may be eligible for the Global War on Terrorism Civilian Service Medal.[14][15]
Air Force[edit]
Air Force service members were first awarded the GWOT-SM for conducting airport security operations in the fall and winter of 2001. It was subsequently awarded for participation or support of Operations Noble Eagle, Enduring Freedom, and Iraqi Freedom. Members must be assigned, attached or mobilized to a unit participating in or serving in support of these designated operations for thirty consecutive days or sixty nonconsecutive days. Personnel who are not deployed may be eligible for service in support of the Global War on Terrorism. Examples of these duties are maintaining and loading weapons systems for combat missions, securing installations against terrorism, augmenting command posts or crisis action teams, and processing personnel for deployment.[10]
Coast Guard[edit]
Coast Guard regulations concerning the award of the GWOT-SM, "From 11 September 2001 to 30 January 2005": Awarded to all Coast Guard active duty and reserve members on active duty during the eligibility period. To qualify, members must have served on active duty for a period of not less than 30 consecutive days or 60 non-consecutive days following initial accession point training. Service while assigned to training duty as a student, cadet, officer candidate, and duty under instruction (DUINS), does not count toward eligibility. This includes both training and summer cruises for the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and Officer Candidate School. For reservists, “active duty” includes ADT and IDT service in an operational vice classroom setting.[8]
From 31 January 2005 to a date to be determined: Eligible service members must be or have been assigned, attached, or mobilized to a unit participating in or serving in direct support of specified Global War on Terrorism operations (e.g., NOBLE EAGLE, LIBERTY SHIELD, NEPTUNE SHIELD, PORT SHIELD, ENDURING FREEDOM, IRAQI FREEDOM, or Area Commander-designated GWOT operations) for 30 consecutive or 60 cumulative days, or meet one of the following criteria: (a) Be engaged in actual combat regardless of time served in the operation; or (b) While participating in the operation, regardless of time, be killed, wounded, or injured requiring medical evacuation."[8]
Appearance[edit]
The medal is a bronze color metal disc 1.25 inches in diameter. The obverse depicts an eagle with spread wings. On the breast of the eagle is a shield of thirteen vertical bars. In the eagle's right claw is an olive branch and in the left claw are three arrows. The eagle is surmounted by a terrestrial globe with the inscription above “WAR ON TERRORISM SERVICE MEDAL.” On the reverse is a laurel wreath on a plain field. The medal is suspended from an Old Glory Blue ribbon 1.375 inches wide with stripes of golden yellow, scarlet and white.[16]
Devices (none)[edit]
Only one award of this medal may be authorized for any individual, no bronze or silver 3⁄16 inch service stars are prescribed for second or subsequent awards.[9]
Battle stars
Although qualifying circumstances would be extremely rare, bronze 3⁄16 inch battle stars were applicable for personnel who were engaged in actual combat against the enemy involving grave danger of death or serious bodily injury. Only a Combatant Command could initiate a request for a GWOT-SM (or Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal) battle star. This request would have contained the specific unit(s) or individual(s) engaged in actual combat, the duration for which combat was sustained, and a detailed description of the actions against the enemy. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was the approving authority for the specific battle stars.
To date there have been no battle stars authorized for the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal. The Military Decorations and Awards Review Results released in January 2016 resolved to "eliminate authority for battle stars" in regard to the GWOT-SM.[17]
See also[edit]
Awards and decorations of the United States military
Afghanistan Campaign Medal
Iraq Campaign Medal
Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force website http://www.af.mil.
Jump up ^ http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/134833v2_dodm_2016.pdf
Jump up ^ https://media.defense.gov/2017/Mar/29/2001723556/-1/-1/0/CIM_1650_25E.PDF
^ Jump up to: a b "Army Regulation 600–8–22 Military Awards" (PDF). Army Publishing Directorate. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15313&CategoryId=4&grp=4&menu=Decorations%20and%20Medals&ps=24&p=0
Jump up ^ United States Department of Defense (26 January 2016). "Campaign, Expeditionary, and Service Medals" (PDF). Military Decorations and Awards Review Results. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017. 30. The Global War on Terrorism Service Medal will be discontinued upon termination of the President’s current Declaration of National Emergency by Reason of Certain Terrorist Attacks subsequent to September 11, 2001.
Jump up ^ "A permanent emergency: Trump becomes third president to renew extraordinary post-9/11 powers". usatoday.com.
Jump up ^ "Global War of Terrorism Service (GWOT-S) Medal – Approved Operations" (PDF). Office of the Under Secretary for Personnel and Readiness. Department of Defense. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Coast Guard Medals and Awards manual" (PDF). COMDTINST M1650.25D. United States Coast Guard. May 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2016. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Department of Defense Manual 1348.33, Volume 2" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. 21 December 2016. pp. 36–37. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Global War on Terrorism Service Medal". US Air Force Personnel Center. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "§ 578.32 Global War on Terrorism Service Medal". Code of Federal Regulations Title 32 – National Defense. US Government Printing Office. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Army Regulation 600–8–22" (PDF). Personnel-General, Military Awards. United States Army Publishing Directorate. 25 June 2015. p. 36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal GWOTEM and Global War on Terrorism Service Medal GWOTSM". US Army Human Resource Command Website. Human Resource Service Center. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "SECNAVINST 1650.1H Navy and Marine Corps Awards Manual" (PDF). manpower.usmc.mil. 22 August 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.navygirl.org/downloads/GWOTSM%20qualified%20command%20list%2028%20Jan%2005.pdf
Jump up ^ "Global War on Terrorism Service Medal". The Institute of Heraldry. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
Jump up ^ item #29, Military Decorations and Awards Review Results, Department of Defense, January 2016
Further reading[edit]
Executive Order 13289: Establishing the Global War on Terrorism Medals (PDF)
White House press release
External links[edit]
Official website
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Joint Session of Indian Parliament
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Parliament of India is bicameral. Concurrence of both houses are required to pass any bill. However, the authors of the Constitution of India visualised situations of deadlock between the upper house i.e. Rajya Sabha and the lower house i.e. Lok Sabha. Therefore, the Constitution of India provides for Joint sittings of both the Houses to break this deadlock. The joint sitting of the Parliament is called by the President and is presided over by the Speaker or, in his absence, by the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha or in his absence, the Deputy-Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. If any of the above officers are not present then any other member of the Parliament can preside by consensus of both the House.
Contents
[hide]
1 Provisions of Constitution
2 Exception to joint sittings
3 Bills referred to joint session
4 References
Provisions of Constitution[edit]
As per Article 108 of Constitution, a Joint session of Parliament can be summoned in the following situations.[1]
If after a Bill has been passed by one House and transmitted to the other House—
(a) the Bill is rejected by the other House; or (b) the Houses have finally disagreed as to the amendments to be made in the Bill; or (c) more than six months elapse from the date of the reception of the Bill by the other House without the Bill being passed by it, the President may, unless the Bill has elapsed by reason of a dissolution of the House of the People, notify to the Houses by message if they are sitting or by public notification if they are not sitting, his intention to summon them to meet in a joint sitting for the purpose of deliberating and voting on the Bill
However, in calculating period of six months, those days are not considered when house is prorogued or adjourned for more than 4 consecutive days.
If the above conditions are satisfied, the President of India may summon joint sitting of both the houses of parliament.
Exception to joint sittings[edit]
Not all bills can be refereed to a joint sitting of Parliament. There are two exception.
1. Money Bill
Under the Constitution of India, money bills require approval of the Lok Sabha only. Rajya Sabha can make recommendations to Lok Sabha, which it is not required to accept. Even if Rajya Sabha doesn't pass a money bill within 14 days, it is deemed to have been passed by both the Houses of Parliament after expiry of the above period. Therefore, a requirement to summon a joint session can never arise in the case of money bill.
2. Constitution Amendment Bill
Article 368 of Indian constitution require that constitution of India can be amended by both houses of parliament by 2/3 majority. In case of disagreement between both houses, there is no provision to summon joint session of parliament.
Bills referred to joint session[edit]
Joint session of Indian parliament has been called for only three bills i.e. dowry prohibition act, 1960, banking service commission act, 1977 and POTA, 2002.

BILLS PASSED IN JOINT SESSION: 1. Dowry Prohibition Bill , 1960 2. Banking Service Commission ( Repeal) Bill , 1978 3. Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India" (PDF). Lawmin.nic.in. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Session_of_Indian_Parliament&oldid=806444462"
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Visual communication
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the non-profit Asian Pacific American media arts organization, see Visual Communications.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Für immer und ewig, 19th century
Visual communication is communication through a visual aid and is described as the conveyance of ideas and information in forms that can be read or looked upon. Visual communication in part or whole relies on vision,[1] and is primarily presented or expressed with two-dimensional images, it includes: signs, typography, drawing, graphic design, illustration, industrial design, advertising, animation colour and electronic resources. It also explores the idea that a visual message[2] accompanying text has a greater power to inform, educate, or persuade a person or audience.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Important figures
3 Study
4 Image analysis
5 Visual aids
5.1 Types of visual aids
5.2 Visual aids media: simple to advanced
6 See also
7 References
Overview[edit]
Visual communication is carried out through visual aids. The evaluation of a good visual communication design is mainly based on measuring comprehension by the audience,[3] not on personal aesthetic and/or artistic preference as there are no universally agreed-upon principles of beauty and ugliness. Excluding two dimensional images, there are other ways to express information visually - gestures and body language, animation (digital or analogue), and film. Visual communication by e-mail, a textual medium, is commonly expressed with ASCII art, emoticons, and embedded digital images.
The Eye of Horus
The term 'visual presentation'[4] is used to refer to the actual presentation of information through a visible medium such as text or images. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically-oriented usability. Graphic designers also use methods of visual communication in their professional practice. Visual communication on the World Wide Web is perhaps the most important form of communication that takes place while users are surfing the Internet. When experiencing the web, one uses the eyes as the primary sense, and therefore the visual presentation of a website is very important for users to understand the message or of the communication taking place.The Eye of Horus is often referred to as the symbol of visual communication.[citation needed] It is said to be a representation of an eclipse, as the corona around the pupil is like the corona around the sun during a solar eclipse.[citation needed]
Important figures[edit]
Aldous Huxley is highly regarded as one of the most prominent explorers of visual communication and sight-related theories.[citation needed] Becoming near-blind in his teen years as the result of an illness set the stage for what would make him one of the most intellectual people to have ever explored visual communication. His work includes important novels on the dehumanizing aspects of scientific progress, most famously Brave New World and The Art of Seeing. He described "seeing" as being the sum of sensing, selecting, and perceiving. One of his most famous quotes is "The more you see, the more you know."
Max Wertheimer is said to be the father of Gestalt psychology. Gestalt means form or shape in German, and the study of Gestalt psychology show emphasis in simplicity, as its properties group visuals by similarity in shape or color and proximity. Looking for continuation, closure, and figure-ground principles in studied images is also intensively taught.[citation needed]
Study[edit]
Students studying visual communication[5] are taught the basic physics of light, anatomy and physiology of the eye, cognitive and perception theories, colour theories, Gestalt psychology, aesthetics, natural reading patterns, design principles, semiotics, persuasion, camera/filming actions and image-types, and so forth. Colleges for visual communications differ in their approach, but most combine theory and practice in some form.
Visual communication takes place through pictures, graphs and charts, as well as through signs, signals and symbols. It may be used either independently or as an adjunct to the other methods of communication.
Image analysis[edit]
Visual communication contains image aspects. The interpretation of images is subjective and to understand the depth of meaning, or multiple meanings, communicated in an image requires analysis. Images can be analysed though many perspectives, for example these six major perspectives presented by Paul Martin Lester:[6]
Personal perspective
When a viewer has an opinion about an image based on their personal thoughts. Personal response depends on the viewer’s thoughts and values individually. This might be sometimes in conflict with cultural values. Also when a viewer has viewed an image with a personal perspective, it is hard to change the view of the image on the viewer, and the image can even be seen in other ways.
Historical perspective
An image’s view can be arising from the history of the use media. Through times sort images have been changed, because the use of different (new) media. For example: The result of using the computer to edit images (e.g. Photoshop) is quite different when comparing images that are made and edited by craft.
Technical perspective
When the view of an image is influenced by the use of lights, position and the presentation of the image. The right use of light, position and presentation of the image can improve the view of the image. It makes the image looks better than the reality.
Ethical perspective
From this perspective, the maker of the image, the viewer and the image itself must be responsible morally and ethically to the image. This perspective is also categorized in six categories: categorical imperative, utilitarianism, hedonism, golden mean, golden rule and veil of ignorance.
Cultural perspective
Symbolization is an important definition for this perspective. Cultural perspective involves identity of symbols. The uses of words that are related with the image, the use of heroes in the image, etc. are the symbolization of the image. The cultural perspective can also be seen as the semiotic perspective.
Critical perspective
The view of images in the critical perspective is when the viewers criticise the images, but the critics have been made in interests of the society, although an individual makes the critics. This way this perspective differs from the personal perspective.
Visual aids[edit]
Visual aids are often used to help audiences of informative and persuasive speeches understand the topic being presented. Visual aids can play a large role in how the audience understands and takes in information that is presented. There are many different types of visual aids that range from handouts to PowerPoints. The type of visual aid a speaker uses depends on their preference and the information they are trying to present. Each type of visual aid has pros and cons that must be evaluated to ensure it will be beneficial to the overall presentation. Before incorporating visual aids into speeches, the speaker should understand that if used incorrectly, the visual will not be an aid, but a distraction.Planning ahead is important when using visual aids. It is necessary to choose a visual aid that is appropriate for the material and audience. The purpose of the visual aid is to enhance the presentation.[7]
Types of visual aids[edit]
Objects
The use of objects as visual aids involves bringing the actual object to demonstrate on during the speech. For example, a speech about tying knots would be more effective by bringing in a rope.
Pro: the use of the actual object is often necessary when demonstrating how to do something so that the audience can fully understand procedure.
Con: some objects are too large or unavailable for a speaker to bring with them.
Models
Models are representations of another object that serve to demonstrate that object when use of the real object is ineffective for some reason. Examples include human skeletal systems, the solar system, or architecture.
Pros: models can serve as substitutes that provide a better example of the real thing to the audience when the object being spoken about is of an awkward size or composure for use in the demonstration.
Cons: sometimes a model may take away from the reality of what is being spoken about. For example, the vast size of the solar system cannot be seen from a model, and the actual composure of a human body cannot be seen from a dummy.
Graphs
Graphs are used to visualize relationships between different quantities. Various types are used as visual aids, including bar graphs, line graphs, pie graphs, and scatter plots.
Pros: graphs help the audience to visualize statistics so that they make a greater impact than just listing them verbally would.
Cons: graphs can easily become cluttered during use in a speech by including too much detail, overwhelming the audience and making the graph ineffective.
Maps
Maps show geographic areas that are of interest to the speech. They often are used as aids when speaking of differences between geographical areas or showing the location of something.
Pros: when maps are simple and clear, they can be used to effectively make points about certain areas. For example, a map showing the building site for a new hospital could show its close location to key neighborhoods, or a map could show the differences in distribution of AIDS victims in North American and African countries.
Cons: inclusion of too much detail on a map can cause the audience to lose focus on the key point being made. Also, if the map is disproportional or unrealistic, it may prove ineffective for the point being made.
Tables
Tables are columns and rows that organize words, symbols, and/or data.
Pros: Good tables are easy to understand. They are a good way to compare facts and to gain a better overall understanding of the topic being discussed. For example, a table is a good choice to use when comparing the amount of rainfall in 3 counties each month.
Cons: Tables are not very interesting or pleasing to the eye. They can be overwhelming if too much information is in a small space or the information is not organized in a convenient way. A table is not a good choice to use if the person viewing it has to take a lot of time to be able to understand it. Tables can be visual distractions if it is hard to read because the font is too small or the writing is too close together. It can also be a visual distraction if the table is not drawn evenly.
Photographs
Pros: Photographs are good tools to make or emphasize a point or to explain a topic. For example, when explaining the shanty-towns in a third word country it would be beneficial to show a picture of one so the reader can have a better understanding of how those people live. A photograph is also good to use when the actual object cannot be viewed. For example, in a health class learning about cocaine, the teacher cannot bring in cocaine to show the class because that would be illegal, but the teacher could show a picture of cocaine to the class. Using local photos can also help emphasize how your topic is important in the audience's area.[8]
Cons: If the photograph is too small it just becomes a distraction. Enlarging photographs can be expensive if not using a power point or other viewing device.
Drawings or diagrams
Pros: Drawings or diagrams can be used when photographs do not show exactly what the speaker wants to show or explain. It could also be used when a photograph is too detailed. For example, a drawing or diagram of the circulatory system throughout the body is a lot more effective than a picture of a cadaver showing the circulatory system.
Cons:If not drawn correctly a drawing can look sloppy and be ineffective. This type of drawing will appear unprofessional.
Visual aids media: simple to advanced[edit]
Chalkboard or whiteboard
Chalkboards and whiteboards are very useful visual aids, particularly when more advanced types of media are unavailable. They are cheap and also allow for much flexibility.[9] The use of chalkboards or whiteboards is convenient, but they are not a perfect visual aid. Often, using this medium as an aid can create confusion or boredom. Particularly if a student who is not familiar with how to properly use visual aids attempts to draw on a board while they are speaking, they detract time and attention from their actual speech.[9]
Poster board
A poster is a very simple and easy visual aid. Posters can display charts, graphs, pictures, or illustrations. The biggest drawback of using a poster as a visual aid is that often a poster can appear unprofessional. Since a poster board paper is relatively flimsy, often the paper will bend or fall over. The best way to present a poster is to hang it up or tape it to a wall.[9]
Handouts
Handouts can also display charts, graphs, pictures, or illustrations. An important aspect of the use of a handout is that a person can keep a handout with them long after the presentation is over. This can help the person better remember what was discussed. Passing out handouts, however, can be extremely distracting. Once a handout is given out, it might potentially be difficult to bring back your audience’s attention. The person who receives the handout might be tempted to read what is on the paper, which will keep them from listening to what the speaker is saying. If using a handout, the speaker distributes the hand out right before you reference it.[10] Distributing handouts is acceptable in a lecture that is an hour or two, but in a short lecture of five to ten minutes, a handout should not be used.[9]
Video excerpts
A video can be a great visual aid and attention grabber, however, a video is not a replacement for an actual speech. There are several potential drawbacks to playing a video during a speech or lecture. First, if a video is playing that includes audio, the speaker will not be able to talk. Also, if the video is very exciting and interesting, it can make what the speaker is saying appear boring and uninteresting. The key to showing a video during a presentation is to make sure to transition smoothly into the video and to only show very short clips.[9]
Projection equipment
There are several types of projectors. These include slide projectors, PowerPoint presentations, overhead projectors, and computer projectors. Slide projectors are the oldest form of projector, and are no longer used. PowerPoint presentations are very popular and are used often. Overhead projectors are still used but are somewhat inconvenient to use. In order to use an overhead projector, a transparency must be made of whatever is being projected onto the screen. This takes time and costs money. Computer projectors are the most technologically advanced projectors. When using a computer projector, pictures and slides are easily taken right from a computer either online or from a saved file and are blown up and shown on a large screen. Though computer projectors are technologically advanced, they are not always completely reliable because technological breakdowns are not uncommon of the computers of today.[9]
Computer-assisted presentations
PowerPoint presentations can be an extremely useful visual aid, especially for longer presentations. For five- to ten-minute presentations, it is probably not worth the time or effort to put together a PowerPoint. For longer presentations, however, PowerPoints can be a great way to keep the audience engaged and keep the speaker on track. A potential drawback of using a PowerPoint is that it usually takes a lot of time and energy to put together. There is also the possibility of a computer malfunction, which can mess up the flow of a presentation.[9]
See also[edit]
Advertising
Art director
Film
Graphic design
Illustration
Models of communication
Photography
Sign industry
Telepresence
Typography
Videoconference
Visual Communication (journal)
Visual culture
Visual design
Visual sociology
References[edit]
Library resources about
Visual Communication
Resources in your library
Jump up ^ David Sless (1981). Learning and visual communication. p.187
Jump up ^ Kenneth Louis Smith (2005). Handbook of visual communication: theory, methods, and media. p.123. ISBN 978-0-8058-4178-7
Jump up ^ Jorge Frascara (2004). Communication design: principles, methods, and practice. p.68
Jump up ^ Jamieson, G. H. Visual Communication: More Than Meets the Eye. Bristol: Intellect Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84150-141-3. p.16.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Louis Smith (2005). Handbook of visual communication: theory, methods, and media. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-8058-4178-7
Jump up ^ Paul Martin Lester. Visual Communication: Images with Messages. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006. ISBN 978-0-534-63720-0
Jump up ^ Berengueres, Jose (2015). Sketch Thinking. Barcelona: Stokes Hamilton.
Jump up ^ "Presenting Effective Presentations with Visual Aids". U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Rothwell, J. Dan (2010). In the company of others : an introduction to communication (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533630-6.
Jump up ^ Kumu, Ka. "Using Visual Aids Effectively". University of Hawai'i Maui Community College Speech Department. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
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Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other temples dedicated to Jupiter, see Temple of Jupiter (disambiguation).
The Temple of Jupiter
Map of the Forum at Pompeii, with the Temple of Jupiter or Capitolium (H) at its north end (top centre).
Bust of Jupiter at north end of Temple.
The Temple of Jupiter, Capitolium, or Temple of the Capitoline Triad was a temple in Roman Pompeii, at the north end of its forum. Initially dedicated to Jupiter alone, it was built in the mid-2nd century BC at the same time as the temple of Apollo was being renovated - this was the area at which Roman influence over Pompeii increased and so Roman Jupiter superseded the Greek Apollo as the town's highest god. Jupiter was the ruler of the gods and the protector of Rome, where his temple was the center of Roman Religion and of the cult of state.
Plan.
As the most important divinity in Ancient Rome, many temples were built to honor Jupiter or the entire Capitoline Triad (consisting of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva) in towns newly conquered by the Romans. This held true for Pompeii, where the previously existing Temple of Jupiter was enlarged and Romanized upon conquest.
Pompeii was occupied by the Romans beginning in 310 BC. It maintained much of its autonomy, however, until the Italic Revolt against Rome at the beginning of the 1st century BC. In 89, the town was besieged by Sulla. Roman language, culture, and law would soon come to dominate the city.
The architecture of the town had been largely changed by the Greeks, but Roman rule would soon lead to alterations in this style. In contrast to the previous Samnite occupiers, the Romans very much believed in the importance of architecture in religious and civic life. Pompeii was transformed into a much more public and open place. Public buildings and spaces would come to dominate the city.
The temple structure was built in 150 BC to dominate the forum, and it became Pompeii's main temple after the Roman conquest. Pure Italic style characterized the capitolium structure, which sat atop a base measuring 121 x 56 x 10 feet. The interior of the temple contained the cella, which held the statues of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, and which only the priests were permitted to enter. There was a chamber below the main hall which was used to store sacrificial offerings and the treasury of the city.
In 62 A.D., an earthquake shook the city of Pompeii, destroying much of the Temple of Jupiter. After this, the much smaller Temple of Jupiter Meilichios became the main seat of worship to Jupiter and the Capitoline Triad. The original Temple of Jupiter was still awaiting restoration when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79, burying the town of Pompeii in volcanic dust, ash, and pumice stones. The excavated temple can still be seen in Pompeii today.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Temple of Jupiter (Pompeii).
“Jupiter.” Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire. Matthew Bunson. Facts on File, Inc., 1994. Page 221.
“Pompeii.” The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Third Edition Revised. Edited by Simon Hornblower and Anton Spawforth. Oxford University Press, 2003. Pages 1214-1215.
Temples of Pompeii, including photographs of excavated temples
Photograph and Mapped Location of Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii
External links[edit]
3D model of Temple of Jupiter
Coordinates: 40°45′00″N 14°29′04″E / 40.7499°N 14.4845°E / 40.7499; 14.4845 (Pompeii)

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