text:
Red wine headache
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This headache disorder article lacks information pertaining to its ICHD-2 diagnostic criteria and/or classification. You can improve the article by updating it.
Red wine headache ("RWH") is a headache often accompanied by nausea and flushing that occurs in many people after drinking even a single glass of red wine. This syndrome can sometimes develop within 15 minutes of consumption of the wine.
The condition does not occur after consumption of white wine[citation needed] or other alcoholic beverages. Some individuals report that they get a migraine headache hours later from drinking some red wines. No one knows for certain why this syndrome occurs. It probably has more than one cause.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sulfites
2 Histamine
3 Tannins
4 Prostaglandins
5 Tyramine
6 Other possibilities
7 See also
8 References
Sulfites[edit]
Many wines contain a warning label about sulfites, and some people believe that sulfites are the cause of RWH and other allergic and pseudoallergic reactions. However, this may not be the case.[1] Dried fruit and processed foods like lunchmeat have more sulfites than red wine. Reactions to sulfites are not considered a "true allergy" and reactions more commonly occur in persons with asthma and may manifest themselves in difficulty breathing or skin reactions, rather than headache.[2] It is unclear if consuming alcohol in combination with sulfites may have a different effect.
Some wines may be exempt from including a sulfite warning. Wines that have under 10mg/l of sulfites do not need to be labeled that they contain sulfites. This includes added and natural sulfites, like sulfites that come from the soil, or those produced by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation. Wines labeled "100% Organic", "Organic", "Made With Organic Grapes", "Made With Organic and Non-Organic Grapes" or without organic certification may contain sulfites, and must disclose this on the label. This also means that the so called "Natural" wine can also contain sulfites. Different rules might apply in different continents. [3]
Histamine[edit]
Histamine is present in a variety of bacterially fermented products such as wine, aged cheeses, and sauerkraut. Red wine has 20–200% more histamine than white wine, and those who are allergic to it may be deficient in the enzyme diamine oxidase.[4] Experts believe that in some individuals, alcohol consumption may lead to elevated plasma histamine levels even in the absence of histamines in the beverage consumed. A study of 16 people with an intolerance to red wine found no difference in reactions to low and high histamine wines.[5] Other biogenic amines may also have an effect. Taking an antihistamine an hour before drinking may reduce the reaction to histamine and the resulting symptoms.
Tannins[edit]
Other experts[who?] think tannins are the cause of RWH. Tannins are the flavonoids in wine that give its degree of mouth-drying bitterness. The taste is the same as when you bite into a grape skin. Tannin is a chemical substance that comes from grape skins, stems, and seeds. The skins also impart color to wine, which is why red wines typically have a lot more tannin than whites. Red wines are fermented while in contact with the skins and seeds. Modern winemakers take care to minimize undesirable tannins from seeds by crushing grapes gently when extracting their juice.
Wines can also take on tannins from the oak or other woods used in wine barrels for storage. Different woods in different countries affect the type of tannins in the wine.
Tannins help prevent oxidation, an important role in a wine's aging potential. As age-worthy red wines mature, tannin molecules gradually accumulate and precipitate out of the wine in the sediment.
Certain wine styles have much less tannin content than others, due to reduced maceration time (grape juice contact with the grape pulp, including sources of tannin such as stems, seeds). Grape varieties like Sangiovese, Gamay (Beaujolais), Tempranillo, and the Italian grapes Dolcetto and Barbera, are less tannic. Also, grapes grown in certain wine regions are less tannic, like French reds from Burgundy, and Spanish wine regions like Spanish Riojas.
French reds from Bordeaux, and Italian reds like Barolo and Barbaresco (both made from Nebbiolo grapes), are particularly tannic. Vintage port is also very tannic when young, as are wines made from the Syrah (Shiraz) and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes.
A quick way to identify these lower tannic wine bottles on a store shelf is to look for the sloped shoulder "Burgundy bottle". This is specially true for European wines, but several new world wineries have also adopted traditional bottle shapes to help consumers distinguish their wines.
There is a difference between the varieties and brands of red wine and the amount one can consume before the headache occurs, but the reports have not been consistent from person to person. Considering how the amount of tannins changes with aging, this would not be surprising.
The Harvard Health Letter notes several well-controlled experiments showing that tannins cause the release of serotonin, a neurotransmitter. High levels of serotonin can cause headaches and that may happen in people who also suffer from migraine headaches. But that does not explain why people who do not get migraines get RWH.
The tannins that are extracted from grapes found in red wine are primarily condensed tannins which are polymers of procyanidin monomers. Hydrolysable tannins are extracted from the oak wood the wine is aged in. Hydrolysable tannins are more easily oxidised than condensed tannins.
Prostaglandins[edit]
RWH could be caused by the release of prostaglandins which some people are not able to metabolize. Prostaglandins are substances that can contribute to pain and swelling. Ibuprofen (Advil), paracetamol (Tylenol) and aspirin are prostaglandin inhibitors. Aspirin and ibuprofen were shown to be effective at blocking both early and late stages of the RWH, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) was effective in blocking the early stage. However, combining paracetamol/acetaminophen and/or NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) with alcohol are not good for the liver, and can be potentially harmful. Some individuals will experience extreme nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain when combining alcohol with acetaminophen and/or NSAIDs. The combination should never be used.[6]
Tyramine[edit]
Tyramine may well be a major player in RWH syndrome. Tyramine is an amine that is produced naturally from the breakdown of protein as food ages. More specifically it is formed by the decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. It is found in aged, fermented, and spoiled foods. Everyday foods we consume including aged cheeses, overripe and dried fruit, sauerkraut, soy, and many processed foods contain high levels of tyramine. Tyramine is suspected of inducing migraine headaches in about 40% of migraine sufferers, according to F.G.Freitag of Diamond Headache Clinic in Chicago.[citation needed]
Other possibilities[edit]
It has also been postulated[who?] that RWH could be caused by a strain of yeast or bacterium found in red wine. This strain is a laboratory created malolactic strain that is used in almost all red wines. Malolactic fermentation, or known as the secondary fermenation, is creating biogenic amines (bioamines) that are getting people sick. UC Davis creates this lab culture, and now they are going back to the lab to genetically modify this strain of malolactic to prevent bioamines. The strain ML001 is a prime example of a malolactic culture that is genetically modified.
See also[edit]
Asian flush
Wine and health
References[edit]
Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 34 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1-56305-434-5
Jump up ^ "Sulphites - One of the ten priority food allergens". Health Canada. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Guidelines for Labeling Wine with Organic References". US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Marketing Service. Retrieved 2 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Maintz, Laura; Novak, N (May 2007). "Histamine and histamine intolerance". American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 85 (5): 1185–1196.
Jump up ^ Kanny, Gisele; et al. (February 2001). "No correlation between wine intolerance and histamine content of wine.". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 107 (2): 375–378. doi:10.1067/mai.2001.112122.
Jump up ^ Kaufman and D. Starr, Prevention of the Red Wine Headache (RWH); A Blind Controlled Study. In New Advances in Headache Research, 2nd edition, ed. F. Clifford Rose. Smith-Gordon, 1991.
[hide]
v
t
e
Headache (G43–G44, 339, 346)
Primary
ICHD 1
Migraine
Familial hemiplegic
Retinal migraine
ICHD 2
Tension
ICHD 3
Cluster
Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
SUNCT
ICHD 4
Hemicrania continua
Thunderclap headache
Sexual headache
New daily persistent headache
Hypnic headache
Secondary
ICHD 5
Migralepsy
ICHD 7
Ictal headache
Post-dural-puncture headache
ICHD 8
Hangover
Medication overuse headache
ICHD 13
Trigeminal neuralgia
Occipital neuralgia
External compression headache
Cold-stimulus headache
Optic neuritis
Postherpetic neuralgia
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome
Other
Vascular
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List of objects that have gone over Niagara Falls
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: consider merging this into a bigger article related to Niagara Falls and using this as a refirect, very trivial Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Numerous objects, both natural and artificial, have gone over the Niagara Falls. These events have been the result of both stunts and accidents, some of which have resulted in fatalities. The first recorded person to survive going over the falls was Annie Edson Taylor, who went over the falls in a barrel in 1901. 72 years previously, however, Sam Patch had jumped from a platform adjacent to Goat Island.[1][2]
An estimated 5,000 bodies were found at the foot of the falls between 1850 and 2011,[3] and an estimated 40 people are killed each year when they are swept over the falls—most of which are suicides.[4] Other figures suggest that the number of suicides is between 20 and 30, many of which are not publicized by officials.[5] The majority of jumps take place from the Canadian Falls, which account for between 55% and 70% of suicides.[5]
Mortality rate for the daredevil attempts over the falls is approximately 25%.[6][3]
Contents
1 People
2 Animals
3 Inanimate objects
4 Footnotes
4.1 Sources
5 External links
People[edit]
Annie Edson Taylor posing with her wooden barrel (1901)
1901 – On October 24, Annie Edson Taylor went over the falls in a barrel. She was mostly unharmed, but exited the barrel bleeding.[7]
1903 – On July 2, Ed Delahanty, a baseball player, was swept over the falls. He had fallen from the International Railway Bridge, after having been kicked off a night train for drunk and disorderly conduct and threatening passengers. Delahanty's body was later recovered near the Maid of the Mist's berth; his body was mangled and one leg was severed.[8]
Bobby Leach posing with his steel barrel (1911)
1911 – On July 25, Bobby Leach went over the falls in a barrel. He spent the following six months in hospital, recovering from two broken knee caps and a fractured jaw.[7]
1920 – On July 11, Charles Stephens from Bristol went over the falls in a barrel. Bobby Leach and William "Red" Hill, Sr. urged Stephens to test his barrel over the falls before attempting the stunt, but he refused. When the barrel was recovered at the foot of the falls, the ballast had pulled Stephen's body out of the barrel, leaving just his right arm in the safety harness.[9]
1928 – On July 4, Jean Lussier went over the falls in a large ball with a spring steel frame and a rubber covering.[10]
1930 – On July 4, George Stathakis, a Greek immigrant working as a chef in Buffalo, New York, went over the falls in a barrel. Upon impact, the barrel was stuck behind a curtain of water and could not be recovered for 18 hours. Stathakis had an air supply of up to eight hours – although he had survived the initial fall, he died of suffocation.[11] Stathakis took the plunge with his pet turtle, which was said to be around 150 years old. The turtle survived the ordeal.[12][13]
1951 – On August 5, William "Red" Hill, Jr. (son of William "Red" Hill, Sr.) went over the falls in a craft he named "The Thing". The vessel broke apart on impact and Hill was killed; his body was found the following day.[14]
1960 – On July 9, a seven-year-old American boy named Roger Woodward was swept over the falls. Woodward, his sister Deanne and boat driver James Honeycutt were in a 12-foot (3.7 m) aluminium fishing boat powered by a 7.5 horsepower (5.6 kW) motor which capsized. Roger, who was wearing a lifejacket and remained buoyant, was rescued by the Maid of the Mist at the bottom of the falls; Deanne was pulled from the river 20 feet (6.1 m) from the lip of the falls by two bystanders—John Hayes and John Quattrochi.[3][15] Honeycutt died in the accident.[15]
1961 – On July 15, Nathan Boya (also known as William Fitzgerald) went over the falls in a rubber ball nicknamed the "Plunge-O-Sphere". The ball hit rocks on impact and bounced, but Boya was uninjured.[16]
1981 – On August 29, Dunia Sayegh, a 28-year-old resident of Toronto, dropped her two-month-old son, Hesham, over the railing and into the river just up from the brink of Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side, whereupon he was quickly swept over the falls. The boy's body was never found. Sayegh was arrested and charged with second-degree murder.[17][18][19] The charges were dismissed after Sayegh claimed she accidentally dropped the child after suffering a dizzy spell.
1984 – On July 3, Karel Soucek went over the falls in a barrel. He emerged with only minor injuries to his face, caused by his wristwatch on impact with the water.[20] Soucek's descent was reported to be 75 miles per hour (121 km/h), and it took 45 minutes for the barrel to be recovered.[20]
1985 – On August 18, Steve Trotter went over the falls in a barrel. It was his second attempt – his first, in November 1984, was foiled by the police.[21] Trotter's third attempt (on June 18, 1995) was also successful, when he went over the falls with Lori Martin.[21]
1985 – On October 5, David Munday went over the falls in a barrel.[22] During his second attempt, in 1990, the barrel became lodged at the top of the falls and was removed by crane. His third attempt, in 1993, was successful.[22]
1989 – On September 28, Peter De Bernardi and Jeffery James Petkovich went over the falls in a reinforced barrel. Their stunt was to draw attention to an anti-drugs campaign.[7][23]
1990 – On June 5, Jessie Sharp went over the falls in a kayak. He intended to continue paddling downriver after the fall, and had made dinner reservations at a restaurant in Lewiston, 4 miles (6.4 km) downstream. After beginning the plunge he quickly disappeared into the falls and although his kayak was later found; his body was never recovered. Sharp decided not to wear a life jacket in case it impeded an escape should he get trapped under the falls, and refused to wear a helmet in order to keep his face recognizable to cameras.[24]
1995 – On October 1, Robert Overacker went over the falls on a Jet Ski to raise awareness for the homeless. His rocket-propelled parachute failed to open and he plunged to his death. Overacker's body was recovered the next day and he was pronounced dead at Niagara General Hospital.[25][26]
2003 – On October 22, Kirk Jones went over the falls. He became the first person to survive the drop without any aid in the fall, having swum from approximately 100 yards (91 m) before swimming over the falls. Jones and his friends had been drinking before the incident, and had planned to record the event—although his friends were not able to operate the recorder. Jones was fined $2,300 and banned for life from entering Canada.[7] Jones has said that his going over the falls was a suicide attempt rather than a stunt.[27]
2009 – On March 10, an unnamed man attempted suicide over the falls. In the attempt, his clothes were ripped from his body and he suffered shock and a laceration to the head, but survived.[3]
2011 – On May 26, an unidentified woman was killed after she was swept over Horseshoe Falls. Reports suggest that she appeared alive on approaching the brink, but was declared dead on arrival of the rescue boat.[28]
2011 – On August 14, Ayano Tokumasu—a Japanese exchange student—was swept over the falls. Niagara Parks Police surveillance cameras show Tokumasu climbing onto the railing near the water's edge and sitting on a pillar block. At about 8:30 p.m. she stood up, lost her footing, and fell over the edge into the Niagara River, approximately 20 metres (66 ft) upstream from the falls.[29][30][31] Her body was recovered on August 18.[32]
2012 – On May 21, an unidentified man in his early 40s became the fourth person[5] to survive an unprotected trip over Horseshoe Falls. Eyewitness reports indicate that he "deliberately jumped" into the Niagara River after climbing over a railing. He suffered broken ribs, a collapsed lung and lacerations.[33]
2017 – On April 19, Kirk Jones, the same man who went over the falls unprotected in 2003, attempted it again, this time inside an inflatable ball. He did not survive. The ball was picked up afterward by boat, and Jones's body was recovered on June 2.[34]
2017 - On October 15, an unnamed 10-year-old boy fell into the falls from a 25 meter drop. He survived, but was lifted to hospital via air ambulance. The paramedics said his injuries were non life-threatening when he arrived.
Animals[edit]
Fish regularly swim down the falls. The rapids upstream are rich in nutrients which draw fish in, and the currents can disorient them sufficiently to cause them to go over the falls. More fish survive the fall over Horseshoe Falls than the American Falls, due to the latter's talus.[35] At one point, a tourist was grazed at the Cave of the Winds when a salmon was swept over the falls and hit him.[36]
Instances of waterfowl being swept over the falls have been recorded, particularly when disoriented in foggy weather.[36]
In 1827, William Forsyth, a hotel owner, bought a schooner called "Michigan". He filled it with a buffalo, two small bears, two raccoons, and a dog. Some reports say two foxes, fifteen geese, and an eagle were also included. After the schooner was sent adrift, the two bears jumped free and swam to Goat Island. The rest of the animals, with the exception of the goose, perished going over the Falls.[37][38]
On October 19, 1901, a cat named Lagara was sent over the falls in a barrel and survived.[39]
On July 5, 1930, a turtle named Sonny went over the falls in a barrel with its owner, George Stathakis. The massive barrel survived the fall, but became trapped beneath the falls for hours. Stathakis suffocated and died, but the turtle, believed to be around 150 years old, survived.[12][13]
Inanimate objects[edit]
George Tattersall's The Destruction of the Caroline (c. 1837), a depiction of the Caroline aflame before going over the falls
1829 – On November 23, a schooner named the Superior went over the falls. It was a deliberate event that was originally scheduled to coincide with Sam Patch's stunt, but the ship was caught in the falls' whirlpools and rested on rocks in shallow water for a month until stronger currents took it over the falls.[37]
1837 – On December 29, the steamer Caroline was set alight and sent over the falls during the Upper Canada Rebellion. The events were part of the Caroline affair.[3]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Rosenberg-Naparsteck (1991, p. 7)
Jump up ^ Rosenberg-Naparsteck (1991, p. 9)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Conheady (2011a)
Jump up ^ Croisdale (2009)
^ Jump up to: a b c Lendon (2012)
Jump up ^ http://keyw.com/youll-be-shocked-how-many-people-get-killed-by-niagara-falls/. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |website= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d Niagara Falls Live (2011)
Jump up ^ New York Times (1903)
Jump up ^ Obringer (2011, p. 7)
Jump up ^ Obringer (2011, p. 8)
Jump up ^ Obringer (2011, p. 9)
^ Jump up to: a b Critical Past (1930)
^ Jump up to: a b Niagara Daredevils (2012)
Jump up ^ Obringer (2011, p. 10)
^ Jump up to: a b Info Niagara (2011a)
Jump up ^ Obringer (2011, p. 11)
Jump up ^ New York Times (1981)
Jump up ^ Lewiston Journal (1981a)
Jump up ^ Lewiston Journal (1981b)
^ Jump up to: a b Obringer (2011, p. 12)
^ Jump up to: a b Obringer (2011, p. 14)
^ Jump up to: a b Obringer (2011, p. 13)
Jump up ^ Info Niagara (2011b)
Jump up ^ Info Niagara (2011c)
Jump up ^ Baker (1995)
Jump up ^ Info Niagara (2011d)
Jump up ^ Niagara Frontier (2012)
Jump up ^ Lendon (2011)
Jump up ^ CBC (2011)
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2011a)
Jump up ^ BBC (2011)
Jump up ^ Associated Press (2011b)
Jump up ^ Warner (2012)
Jump up ^ Davis (2017)
Jump up ^ Conheady (2011b)
^ Jump up to: a b Berketa (2011)
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenberg-Naparsteck (1991, p. 8)
Jump up ^ Censor (1829)
Jump up ^ Adams (2009)
Sources[edit]
Adams, Guy (March 13, 2009), Man survives plunge over Niagara Falls, London: The Independent, retrieved July 29, 2011
Associated Press (2011a), Woman swept over Niagara Falls, presumed drowned, Yahoo! News, retrieved August 15, 2011
Associated Press (2011b), Body of Japanese teen found below Niagara Falls, MSNBC News, retrieved August 20, 2011
BBC (August 15, 2011), Japan student swept over Canadian Niagara Falls, BBC News, retrieved 16 August 2011
Baker, David R (1995), Californian Killed in Niagara Falls Stunt, Los Angeles Times, retrieved August 17, 2013
Berketa, Rick (2011), Frequently Asked Questions, Niagara Falls - Thunder Alley, retrieved July 29, 2011
CBC (2011), Niagara Falls victim identified as Japanese student, CBC News, retrieved August 17, 2011
Censor, Fredonia (1829), Superior (Schooner), went over falls, Buffalo Republican, retrieved July 29, 2011
Conheady, Matthew (2011a), Niagara Falls Frequently Asked Questions, NYFalls, retrieved July 29, 2011
Croisdale, Frank Thomas (2009), God Plays Joke on Suicidal Loser, Niagara Falls Reporter, retrieved August 1, 2011
Conheady, Matthew (2011b), Niagara Falls Frequently Asked Questions, NYFalls, retrieved July 29, 2011
Critical Past (1930), George L Stathakis smothers to death plunging over Niagara Falls in a barrel with his pet 150-year-old turtle. Turtle lives., Critical Past, retrieved February 18, 2013
Davis, Clint (June 16, 2017), Man dies taking Niagara Falls plunge inside inflatable ball, Buffalo, NY: WKBW News, retrieved August 5, 2017
Info Niagara (2011a), Account of Roger Woodward's Niagara Falls Incident, retrieved July 29, 2011
Info Niagara (2011b), Peter Debernardi & Geoffrey Petkovich, retrieved July 29, 2011
Info Niagara (2011c), Jesse Sharp, retrieved July 29, 2011
Info Niagara (2011d), Robert Overacker, retrieved July 29, 2011
Lendon, Brad (2011), Woman swept to death over Niagara Falls, CNN, retrieved July 29, 2011
Lendon, Brad (2012), After Niagara suicide attempts, questions about how and why, CNN, retrieved May 26, 2012
Lewiston Journal (1981a), Bail denied to mother who threw baby over falls, Lewiston Journal, retrieved April 12, 2013
Lewiston Journal (1981b), Mother drops baby into Niagara Falls, Lewiston Journal, retrieved April 12, 2013
New York Times (1903), DELEHANTY'S BODY FOUND, New York Times, retrieved August 14, 2012
New York Times (1981), AROUND THE WORLD; Mother Drops Infant Into Niagara Falls, New York Times, retrieved April 12, 2013
Niagara Daredevils (2012), George Stathakis, Niagara Daredevils, retrieved February 18, 2013
Niagara Falls Live (2011), Daredevils of Niagara Falls, Buffalo Republican, archived from the original on July 23, 2011, retrieved July 29, 2011
Niagara Frontier (2012), Kirk Jones – Interview with a Daredevil, retrieved February 1, 2016
Obringer, Lee Ann (2011), How Going Over Niagara Works, How Stuff Works, retrieved July 29, 2011
Rosenberg-Naparsteck, Ruth (1991), "The Real Simon Pure Sam Patch" (PDF), Rochester History, Rochester Public Library, LII (3), ISSN 0035-7413, retrieved July 29, 2011
Warner, Gene (2012), Woman swept to death over Niagara Falls, Buffalo News, retrieved May 26, 2012
External links[edit]
Ontario portal
New York portal
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Las Cruces International Airport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Las Cruces International Airport
IATA: LRU
ICAO: KLRU
FAA LID: LRU
Summary
Airport type
Public
Owner
City of Las Cruces
Serves
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Elevation AMSL
4,457 ft / 1,358 m
Coordinates
32°17′22″N 106°55′19″W / 32.28944°N 106.92194°W / 32.28944; -106.92194Coordinates: 32°17′22″N 106°55′19″W / 32.28944°N 106.92194°W / 32.28944; -106.92194
Website
www.las-cruces.org/...
Map
LRU
Location of airport in New Mexico
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
4/22 7,501 2,286 Asphalt
8/26 6,069 1,850 Asphalt
12/30 7,506 2,288 Concrete
Statistics (2016)
Aircraft operations
79,880
Based aircraft
134
Source: Federal Aviation Administration[1]
Las Cruces International Airport (IATA: LRU, ICAO: KLRU, FAA LID: LRU) is a city owned, public airport nine miles west of the central business district of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County, New Mexico.[1] It is in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 which categorized it as a general aviation facility.[2]
LRU is a landing rights airport and is on a mesa overlooking the Mesilla Valley.[3] The airport was the base for Zia Airlines in the 1970s and early 1980s.[4] There have been no scheduled passenger flights to this airport since Westward Airways ceased operations on July 25, 2005.[5]
The airport is used by general aviation, the United States government, New Mexico State University, private charters and the local CAP squadron. National Guard's C Company, 3rd Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment, operates and houses four UH-72 Lakota helicopters at the Las Cruces International Airport. The field retains a terminal in case scheduled flights return to the facility. The nearest commercial air travel is available at El Paso International Airport or Albuquerque International Sunport.
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical airline service
2 Facilities and aircraft
3 References
4 External links
Historical airline service[edit]
Las Cruces has been served by several airlines since the late 1940s. Pioneer Airlines first served the airport in 1948 through 1950 with Douglas DC-3 flights to El Paso and continuing on to Roswell, Clovis, and Amarillo. Continental Airlines came from about 1950 through 1955 with DC-3's and served the airport as a stop on its first mainline route between El Paso and Denver. Other stops included Truth or Consequences, Socorro, Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Las Vegas, and Raton, NM as well as Trinidad, Pueblo, and Colorado Springs, CO. Frontier Airlines served the airport in 1950-1951 also using DC-3's as a stop on its route between El Paso and Phoenix. Other stops on this route included Deming and Lordsburg, New Mexico as well as Clifton, Safford, and Globe, Arizona. Although three carriers served Las Cruces in 1950, the city then went several years without service until Bison Airlines came in 1963-64. Another ten years went by until Zia Airlines, based in Las Cruces, began service in 1974 with flights to Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and El Paso using Cessna 402 aircraft. Zia ceased operating in early 1980 and Stahmann Farms created an airline flying to Albuquerque and Santa Fe for a short time. Airways of New Mexico came for a few years in the early 1980s and JetAire briefly flew in 1985, both carriers with flights to Albuquerque as well. Mesa Airlines began serving Las Cruces in early 1986 with Beechcraft 99 and Beechcraft 1900 airliners to Albuquerque. Mesa's service lasted for 15 years until early 2001. Westward Airlines operated for a brief time in 2004-2005 with Pilatus PC-12 flights to both Albuquerque and Phoenix. Las Cruces has not seen airline service since 2005.[6]
Facilities and aircraft[edit]
Las Cruces International Airport covers 2,193 acres (887 ha) at an elevation of 4,457 feet (1,358 m) above mean sea level. It has three runways: 4/22 is 7,501 by 106 feet (2,286 x 32 m) asphalt; 8/26 is 6,069 by 100 feet (1,850 x 30 m) asphalt; 12/30 is 7,506 by 100 feet (2,288 x 30 m) concrete.[1]
In the year ending December 31, 2016 the airport had 79,880 total aircraft operations, an average of 219 per day: 67% military, 28% general aviation, and 5% air taxi. 134 aircraft were then based at this airport: 74% single-engine, 9% multi-engine, 2% jet, 3% helicopter, 2.5% glider, 7% ultralight, and 2.5% military.[1]
The airport has two fixed-base operators (FBOs), Southwest Aviation and Francis Aviation. Southwest Aviation provides flight instruction services, aircraft fuel, and facilities to handle corporate aircraft and private charters. Francis Aviation provides aircraft fuel, charters, and facilities to handle corporate aircraft and private charters.Frost Aviation Services also operates at the airport providing flight training services.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d FAA Airport Master Record for LRU (Form 5010 PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. Effective December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2011–2015 NPIAS Report, Appendix A" (PDF). National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. Federal Aviation Administration. October 4, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF, 2.03 MB) on September 27, 2012. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ CFR 122.14 - Landing rights airport
Jump up ^ "Zia Airlines". Airline Timetable Images.
Jump up ^ "Cessation of Westward Airways Operations" (DOC). U.S. Department of Transportation.
Jump up ^ Timetables from the various airlines that have served Las Cruces, NM
External links[edit]
Official website
Aerial image as of October 1996 from USGS The National Map
FAA Terminal Procedures for LRU, effective December 7, 2017
Resources for this airport:
FAA airport information for LRU
AirNav airport information for KLRU
ASN accident history for LRU
FlightAware airport information and live flight tracker
NOAA/NWS latest weather observations
SkyVector aeronautical chart, Terminal Procedures
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Cruces_International_Airport&oldid=815842163"
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Airports in New Mexico
Transportation in Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Buildings and structures in Doña Ana County, New Mexico
Las Cruces, New Mexico
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text:
Gulf of Mannar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Gulf of Mannar
Location
Tamil Nadu
Coordinates
8°28′N 79°01′E / 8.47°N 79.02°E / 8.47; 79.02Coordinates: 8°28′N 79°01′E / 8.47°N 79.02°E / 8.47; 79.02
Basin countries
India, Sri Lanka
Max. length
160 km (99 mi)
Max. width
130–275 km (81–171 mi)
Surface area
10,500 km2 (4,100 sq mi)
Average depth
1,335 m (4,380 ft)
References
[1][2]
The Gulf of Mannar is a large shallow bay forming part of the Laccadive Sea in the Indian Ocean. It lies between the southeastern tip of India and the west coast of Sri Lanka, in the Coromandel Coast region. The chain of low islands and reefs known as Ramsethu, also called Adam's Bridge, which includes Mannar Island, separates the Gulf of Mannar from Palk Bay, which lies to the north between India and Sri Lanka. The estuaries of Thamirabarani River and Vaipar River of South India and the Malvathu Oya (Malvathu River) of Sri Lanka drain into the Gulf.[3] The dugong (sea cow) is found here.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conservation
1.1 Marine sanctuary
1.2 Biosphere reserve
2 Marine activities
3 References
Conservation[edit]
Marine sanctuary[edit]
See also: Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park
Located on the southeastern tip of the subcontinent, the Gulf of Mannar is known to harbour over 3,600 species of flora and fauna, making it one of the richest coastal regions in Asia. 117 hard coral species have been recorded in the Gulf of Mannar. Sea turtles are frequent visitors to the gulf as are sharks, dugongs, and dolphins. However, the combined effects of 47 villages, with a total population of around 50,000 has meant that overharvesting of marine species has become a problem. The decline of fish populations has been accompanied with reducing numbers of pearl oyster, gorgonian coral, and acorn worm. Local fishermen rely on the reef to feed their families, but destructive fishing methods combined with the stress of pollution and coral mining have meant both nearshore and offshore catches have decreased. Endangered species include dolphins, dugongs, whales and sea cucumbers.[1]
In 1986, a group of 21 islets lying off the Tamil Nadu coast between Thoothukudi and Dhanushkodi was declared the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park. The park and its 10 km buffer zone were declared a Biosphere Reserve in 1989.
Biosphere reserve[edit]
The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 10,500 km² of ocean,21 islands and the adjoining coastline. The islets and coastal buffer zone include beaches, estuaries, and tropical dry broadleaf forests, while the marine environments include seaweed communities, sea grass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests.[4]
Marine activities[edit]
Pearl fishing in the Gulf of Mannar, ca. 1926
The Gulf of Mannar is known for its pearl banks of Pinctada radiata and Pinctada fucata for at least two thousand years. Pliny the Elder (23–79) praised the pearl fishery of the gulf as one of the most productive in the world.[5][6][7] Although extraction of natural pearls is considered too expensive in most parts of the world, it is still carried out in the gulf.[8]
The chief seaports on the Gulf of Mannar are Thoothukudi (Tuticorin) in Tamil Nadu, and Colombo in Sri Lanka. While these ports can accommodate deep-draft vessels, the shallow Palk Strait can only accommodate small shallow-draft vessels. In July 2005, the Indian Government took preliminary steps to go ahead with the Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, which would create a deep channel linking the Gulf of Mannar to the Bay of Bengal. Project boosters emphasize the benefits of a direct shipping route that connects India's east and west coasts without the long trip around Sri Lanka; environmentalists have warned against the grave damage such a project could cause to the sea life and fisheries of the Palk Strait and the Gulf.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of Mannar.
^ Jump up to: a b J. Sacratees, R. Karthigarani (2008). Environment impact assessment. APH Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 81-313-0407-8.
Jump up ^ Gulf of Mannar, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian)
Jump up ^ Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri. (1979). South India and South-East Asia: studies in their history and culture. Geetha Book House.
Jump up ^ UNDP Project brief: "Conservation and Sustainable-use of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve's Coastal Biodiversity", New York, 1994 UNDP Project Brief Archived 16 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ R. Raghu Prasad and P. V. Ramachandran Nair (1973). "India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries" (PDF). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. 15: 1–19.
Jump up ^ Arnold Wright (1999). Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries, and resources. p. 227. ISBN 81-206-1335-X.
Jump up ^ James Hornell (2009). The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay. BiblioBazaar. p. 6. ISBN 1-110-87096-5.
Jump up ^ Michael O'Donoghue (2006). Gems: their sources, descriptions and identification. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 566. ISBN 0-7506-5856-8.
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WorldCat Identities
GND: 4559252-4
VIAF: 249395458
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_Mannar&oldid=837394661"
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