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Women in the United States Senate
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Rebecca Latimer Felton, the first female member of the United States Senate, who served for one day in 1922.
There have been 50 total women in the United States Senate since its establishment in 1789.[1] The first woman senator, Rebecca Felton, served in 1922 (for a single day), but the first woman elected to the Senate was Hattie Caraway in 1932. Fourteen of the women who have served were appointed; seven of those were appointed to succeed their deceased husbands. Currently (as of 2017), the 115th Congress has 21 female senators out of 100 (21%), one more than both the 113th and 114th congresses, and an all-time high.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Currently serving women senators
3 Election, selection and family
4 Firsts and onlies
4.1 Houses served
4.2 Defeated incumbents
4.3 Senators from the same state
5 List of states represented by women
6 List of female senators
7 Graphs
7.1 Histograph
7.2 Time series
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
One woman re-elected and four women elected to the Senate in 1992 "Year of the Woman"
Eight women senators meet in 1997
By the 111th Congress (2009–11), the number of women senators had increased to 17, including four Republicans and 13 Democrats.
Throughout most of the Senate's history, that legislative chamber has been almost entirely male. Until 1920, few women ran for the Senate. Until the 1990s, very few were elected. This paucity of women was due to many factors, including the lack of women's suffrage in many states until ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, women's limited access to higher education until the mid-1900s, public perceptions of gender roles, and barriers to women's advancement such as sex discrimination, which still plays a factor in their limited numbers today.
The first woman in the Senate was Rebecca Latimer Felton who served for only one day in 1922. Hattie Caraway of Arkansas became the first woman to win election to the Senate, in 1932. No women served from 1922 to 1931, 1945 to 1947, and 1973 to 1978. Since 1978, there has always been at least one woman in the Senate.
There were still few women in the Senate near the end of the 20th century, long after women began to make up a significant portion of the membership of the House. In fact, the first time there were three women in the Senate simultaneously was in 1992, when Jocelyn Burdick of North Dakota joined Nancy Kassebaum of Kansas and Barbara Mikulski of Maryland. The number increased to four in November, when Dianne Feinstein won a special election in California.
This trend began to change in the wake of the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings, and the subsequent election of the 103rd Congress in 1992, which was dubbed the "Year of the Woman."[2] In addition to Mikulski, who was reelected that year, four women were elected to the Senate, all Democrats. They were Patty Murray of Washington, Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois, and Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer, both of California. In June 1993, Kay Bailey Hutchison won a special election in Texas, and joined Kassebaum as a fellow female Republican senator. These additions significantly diminished the popular perception of the Senate as an exclusive "boys' club." Since 1992, there has been at least one woman elected to the Senate every two years with one exception, the 2004 elections. Since 2004, at least two woman have been elected to the Senate every two years except 2010, when only one woman was elected.
In 2012, there was a second "Year of the Woman" with the election of five women and the re-election of six women. This beat the record of four new female senators from 1992 and set the record of five new women and eleven female senators in one Senate class. The five new women were Democrat Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, Republican Deb Fischer of Nebraska, Democrat Heidi Heitkamp of North Dakota, Democrat Mazie Hirono of Hawaii, and Democrat Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts. The driving force behind the addition of four of the senators elected was one of the original senators from 1992, Patty Murray, who led the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, which recruited Baldwin, Heitkamp, Hirono, and Warren, along with several other candidates who did not win.
Since then, many more women in both the Democratic and Republican parties have campaigned for the Senate, and several have been elected. In 2016, a record 15 women were their party's nominee for Senate, 12 of whom were truly competitive. Louisiana also had a female senatorial candidate, but she did not make the run-off.
Cumulatively, 34 female senators have been Democrats, while 17 have been Republicans. Of the 21 female senators serving in the 115th Congress starting in January 2017, 16 are Democrats and 5 are Republicans.
As of 2017, no female senator has ever died in office.
Currently serving women senators[edit]
In January 2017, the number of serving women senators reached a record of 21, 16 of whom were Democrats, and the other 5 being Republicans. Democratic Senators Barbara Mikulski and Barbara Boxer did not seek re-election in 2016, while four new Democratic senators were elected: Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada), Tammy Duckworth (Illinois), Kamala Harris (California), and Maggie Hassan (New Hampshire). Republican Senator Kelly Ayotte (New Hampshire) lost to Maggie Hassan.
Of the two seats that changed hands from Republican to Democrat both were won by women, Duckworth and Hassan.
For three states, California, Washington, and New Hampshire, both senators are women. Seven female senators had previously served in the U.S. House of Representatives – a distinction long held by only Margaret Chase Smith – Sens. Stabenow, Cantwell, Gillibrand, Baldwin, Hirono, Capito, and Duckworth.
Class
State
Name
Party
Prior Experience
First took
office
Born
3 Alaska Lisa Murkowski Republican Alaska House of Representatives 2002 1957
1 California Dianne Feinstein Democratic President of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Mayor of San Francisco, gubernatorial nominee 1992 1933
3 California Kamala Harris Democratic State of California Attorney General, District Attorney of San Francisco 2017 1964
1 Hawaii Mazie Hirono Democratic Hawaii House of Representatives, Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii, gubernatorial nominee, U.S. House of Representatives 2013 1947
3 Illinois Tammy Duckworth Democratic U.S. House of Representatives 2017 1968
2 Iowa Joni Ernst Republican Montgomery County Auditor; Iowa Senate 2015 1970
2 Maine Susan Collins Republican Deputy Maine Treasurer; gubernatorial nominee 1997 1952
1 Massachusetts Elizabeth Warren Democratic Special Adviser to the President for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 2013 1949
1 Michigan Debbie Stabenow Democratic Michigan House of Representatives, Michigan Senate, U.S. House of Representatives 2001 1950
1 Minnesota Amy Klobuchar Democratic-Farmer-Labor Hennepin County Attorney 2007 1960
1 Missouri Claire McCaskill Democratic Missouri House of Representatives, State Auditor of Missouri, gubernatorial nominee 2007 1953
1 Nebraska Deb Fischer Republican Nebraska Legislature 2013 1951
3 Nevada Catherine Cortez Masto Democratic State of Nevada Attorney General 2017 1964
2 New Hampshire Jeanne Shaheen Democratic New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire 2009 1947
3 New Hampshire Maggie Hassan Democratic New Hampshire Senate, Governor of New Hampshire 2017 1958
1 New York Kirsten Gillibrand Democratic U.S. House of Representatives 2009 1966
1 North Dakota Heidi Heitkamp Democratic North Dakota Attorney General, North Dakota Tax Commissioner, gubernatorial nominee 2013 1955
3 Washington Patty Murray Democratic Washington Senate 1993 1950
1 Washington Maria Cantwell Democratic Washington House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives 2001 1958
2 West Virginia Shelley Moore Capito Republican West Virginia House of Delegates, U.S. House of Representatives 2015 1953
1 Wisconsin Tammy Baldwin Democratic Wisconsin State Assembly, U.S. House of Representatives 2013 1962
Election, selection and family[edit]
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Before 2001, numerically speaking, the most common way for a woman to ascend to the U.S. Senate was to have been appointed there following the death or resignation of a husband or father who previously held the seat. An example is Muriel Humphrey (D-MN), the widow of former senator and Vice President Hubert Humphrey; she was appointed to fill his seat until a special election was held (in which she did not run). However, with the election of three women in 2000, the balance shifted: More women have now entered service as a senator by winning their seats outright than by being appointed to the body.[citation needed]
Recent examples of selection include Jean Carnahan and Lisa Murkowski. In 2000, Jean Carnahan (D-MO) was appointed to fill the Senate seat won by her recently deceased husband, Mel Carnahan. Carnahan—even though dead—defeated the incumbent senator, John Ashcroft. Carnahan's widow was named to fill his seat by Missouri Governor Roger Wilson until a special election was held. However, she lost the subsequent 2002 election to fill out the rest of the six-year term. In 2002, Lisa Murkowski (R-AK) was appointed by her father Alaska Governor Frank Murkowski, who had resigned from the Senate to become governor, to serve the remaining two years of his term. Lisa Murkowski defeated former governor Tony Knowles in her reelection bid in 2004.
Two recent members of the Senate brought with them a combination of name recognition resulting from the political careers of their famous husbands and their own substantial experience in public affairs. The first, former Senator Elizabeth Dole (R-NC), is married to former Senate Majority Leader and 1996 Republican presidential candidate Bob Dole and served as Secretary of Transportation under President Ronald Reagan and Secretary of Labor under President George H. W. Bush; she later ran a losing bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000. The other, former Senator Hillary Clinton (D-NY), wife of former President Bill Clinton, was First Lady of the United States and First Lady of Arkansas before taking her seat in 2000. She too ran an unsuccessful campaign for her party's presidential nomination in 2008; she resigned in 2009 to become the secretary of state for the eventual victor of that election, Barack Obama. In 2016, she ran a successful campaign for her party's presidential nomination, and, although gaining a plurality in the popular vote, failed to obtain a majority in the electoral college, losing to Republican nominee Donald Trump.
Another famous name is Nancy Landon Kassebaum, the daughter of former Kansas governor and one-time presidential candidate Alf Landon. After retiring from the Senate, she married former Senator Howard Baker (R-TN). Kassebaum has the distinction of being the first female elected senator who did not succeed her husband in Congress (Margaret Chase Smith was only elected to the Senate after succeeding her husband to his House seat). At the time of her retirement in 1997, Kassebaum was the second longest serving female senator, after Smith (though now that five other women senators have since served longer tenures, she is now seventh).
Firsts and onlies[edit]
Senator Margaret Chase Smith (R-ME) holds several distinctions for women in the U.S. Congress: She served in the Senate for 24 years, longer than any other female senator until Barbara Mikulski eclipsed her record in 2011; she was the first woman ever elected to both the U.S. House and Senate (she was first elected to the House in 1940 after the unexpected death of her husband, who himself was a member of the House of Representatives, and she served there for eight years before winning the Senate seat by a landslide); she was the first woman to hold a Senate Leadership position; and she also won her 1960 race for Senate in the nation's first ever race pitting two women against each other for a Senate seat.
As of 2017, Dianne Feinstein and Patty Murray have also surpassed Smith's longevity record. Mikulski, who as the longest-serving sitting senator was considered the "dean" of the women in the Senate,[3] relinquished that title to Feinstein when the former retired in January 2017.
Joni Ernst (R-IA) is the first female veteran to serve in the Senate. Two years later Tammy Duckworth (D-IL) joined Ernst as a fellow veteran and also as the first female Double Amputee in the Senate.
Jeanne Shaheen of New Hampshire and Maggie Hassan of New Hampshire hold the distinction of being the first and second women elected both governor and senator of a state, both served as Governor of New Hampshire and served together starting in 2017.
Hillary Clinton (D-NY) was the first and only First Lady to run and win for a United States Senate seat. She is also the only female senator (and only woman) to be the nominee of a major party for President of the United States.
Houses served[edit]
Senator Olympia Snowe (R-ME) arrived in the Senate in 1995, having previously served in the House of Representatives and both houses of the Maine state legislature. She and Debbie Stabenow of Michigan are the only women to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the federal legislature.
Defeated incumbents[edit]
In 1992, Carol Moseley Braun (D-IL) became the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator when she toppled Senator Alan Dixon in the Democratic primary. Later that year, Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) was the first woman to defeat an incumbent senator from a different party when she defeated appointed Senator John Seymour in a special election. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-TX) duplicated Feinstein's feat in 1993, toppling appointed Senator Bob Krueger in a special election. In 2000, Stabenow (D-MI) and Maria Cantwell (D-WA) became the first women to defeat incumbent elected senators in a general election, unseating Senators Spencer Abraham and Slade Gorton respectively. In 2008, Kay Hagan became the first woman to unseat a female incumbent, Elizabeth Dole. In 2016, Maggie Hassan repeated Hagan's feat and unseated Kelly Ayotte. In 2016, Kamala Harris was the first woman to defeat another woman from the same party, Rep. Loretta Sanchez, in a General Election.
Senators from the same state[edit]
The first time two female senators from the same state served concurrently were Dianne Feinstein and Barbara Boxer (both D-CA), both elected in 1992, with Feinstein taking office that same year (as the result of a special election) and Boxer taking office in 1993 until 2016 when Boxer retired and Feinstein was joined by Kamala Harris. For a brief time, there were two female senators from Kansas serving concurrently, when Nancy Kassebaum and Sheila Frahm briefly served together after Frahm's appointment in 1996; Frahm did not win election to the seat and left office later the same year. Maine Senators Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins served concurrently from 1997, when Collins entered office, to 2013, when Snowe retired. In Washington Senators Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell have also served concurrently since 2001, when Cantwell entered office. Upon the opening of the 112th Congress, New Hampshire Democrat Jeanne Shaheen was joined by newly elected Republican Kelly Ayotte, making the first female tandem senators that do not belong to the same party. In 2016 Maggie Hassan defeated Kelly Ayotte to make the sixth pair of female senators with Jeanne Shaheen in two pairs.
List of states represented by women[edit]
This is a map of states that have been represented by women in the United States Senate.
Democrat(s)
Republican(s)
Both a Democrat and a Republican
Eight Democratic women senators appear at the 2008 Democratic Convention in Denver. It has become a tradition at Democratic conventions for incumbent women senators to appear on opening night.
Twenty-nine states have been represented by female senators, and 18 are currently represented. In 2009, North Carolina became the first state to have been represented by female senators of both parties, and the first to have a female senator succeeded by a female senator from the other party. In 2011, New Hampshire became the second state to be represented by female senators from both parties, and the first to have female senators of both parties serving concurrently.
State
Current
Previous
Total
Alabama 0 2 2
Alaska 1 0 1
Arkansas 0 2 2
California 2 1 3
Florida 0 1 1
Georgia 0 1 1
Hawaii 1 0 1
Illinois 1 1 2
Iowa 1 0 1
Kansas 0 2 2
Louisiana 0 3 3
Maine 1 2 3
Maryland 0 1 1
Massachusetts 1 0 1
Michigan 1 0 1
Minnesota 1 1 2
Missouri 1 1 2
Nebraska 1 2 3
Nevada 1 0 1
New Hampshire 2 1 3
New York 1 1 2
North Carolina 0 2 2
North Dakota 1 1 2
Oregon 0 1 1
South Dakota 0 2 2
Texas 0 1 1
Washington 2 0 2
West Virginia 1 0 1
Wisconsin 1 0 1
List of female senators[edit]
Image
Name
(lifespan)
State
Term start
Term end
Length of
service (days)
Entered by
Left for
Party
Felton, RebeccaRebecca Felton
(1835–1930) Georgia 000000001922-11-21-0000November 21, 1922 000000001922-11-22-0000November 22, 1922 7000100000000000000♠1 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Caraway, HattieHattie Caraway
(1878–1950) Arkansas 000000001931-12-09-0000December 9, 1931 000000001945-01-03-0000January 3, 1945 7003477400000000000♠4,774 Appointment Lost renomination Democratic
Long, RoseRose Long
(1892–1970) Louisiana 000000001936-01-31-0000January 31, 1936 000000001937-01-03-0000January 3, 1937 7002337000000000000♠337 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Graves, DixieDixie Graves
(1882–1965) Alabama 000000001937-08-20-0000August 20, 1937 000000001938-01-10-0000January 10, 1938 7002143000000000000♠143 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Pyle, GladysGladys Pyle
(1890–1989) South Dakota 000000001938-11-09-0000November 9, 1938 000000001939-01-03-0000January 3, 1939 7001550000000000000♠55 Special election Retired Republican
Bushfield, Vera C.Vera C. Bushfield
(1889–1976) South Dakota 000000001948-10-06-0000October 6, 1948 000000001948-12-26-0000December 26, 1948 7001810000000000000♠81 Appointment Appointment ended Republican
Smith, Margaret C.Margaret C. Smith
(1897–1995) Maine 000000001949-01-03-0000January 3, 1949 000000001973-01-03-0000January 3, 1973 7003876600000000000♠8,766 Election Lost reelection Republican
Bowring, EvaEva Bowring
(1892–1985) Nebraska 000000001954-04-16-0000April 16, 1954 000000001954-11-07-0000November 7, 1954 7002205000000000000♠205 Appointment Appointment ended Republican
Abel, HazelHazel Abel
(1888–1966) Nebraska 000000001954-11-08-0000November 8, 1954 000000001954-12-31-0000December 31, 1954 7001530000000000000♠53 Special election Retired and resigned early[n 1] Republican
Neuberger, MaurineMaurine Neuberger
(1907–2000) Oregon 000000001960-11-09-0000November 9, 1960 000000001967-01-03-0000January 3, 1967 7003224600000000000♠2,246 Special election Retired Democratic
Edwards, ElaineElaine Edwards
(born 1929) Louisiana 000000001972-08-01-0000August 1, 1972 000000001972-11-13-0000November 13, 1972 7002104000000000000♠104 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Humphrey, MurielMuriel Humphrey
(1912–1998) Minnesota 000000001978-01-25-0000January 25, 1978 000000001978-11-07-0000November 7, 1978 7002286000000000000♠286 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Allen, MaryonMaryon Allen
(born 1925) Alabama 000000001978-06-08-0000June 8, 1978 000000001978-11-07-0000November 7, 1978 7002152000000000000♠152 Appointment Lost nomination to finish term Democratic
Kassebaum, NancyNancy Kassebaum
(born 1932) Kansas 000000001978-12-23-0000December 23, 1978 000000001997-01-03-0000January 3, 1997 7003658600000000000♠6,586 Election[n 2] Retired Republican
Hawkins, PaulaPaula Hawkins
(1927–2009) Florida 000000001981-01-01-0000January 1, 1981 000000001987-01-03-0000January 3, 1987 7003219300000000000♠2,193 Election[n 2] Lost reelection Republican
Mikulski, BarbaraBarbara Mikulski
(born 1936) Maryland 000000001987-01-03-0000January 3, 1987 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 7004109590000000000♠10,959 Election Retired Democratic
Burdick, JocelynJocelyn Burdick
(born 1922) North Dakota 000000001992-09-16-0000September 16, 1992 000000001992-12-14-0000December 14, 1992 7001890000000000000♠89 Appointment Appointment ended Democratic
Feinstein, DianneDianne Feinstein
(born 1933) California 000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992 present 7003909400000000000♠9,094 Special election Incumbent Democratic
Boxer, BarbaraBarbara Boxer
(born 1940) California 000000001993-01-03-0000January 3, 1993 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 7003876700000000000♠8,767 Election Retired Democratic
Moseley-Braun, CarolCarol Moseley-Braun
(born 1947) Illinois 000000001993-01-03-0000January 3, 1993 000000001999-01-03-0000January 3, 1999 7003219100000000000♠2,191 Election Lost reelection Democratic
Murray, PattyPatty Murray
(born 1950) Washington 000000001993-01-03-0000January 3, 1993 present 7003904000000000000♠9,040 Election Incumbent Democratic
Hutchison, KayKay Hutchison
(born 1943) Texas 000000001993-06-14-0000June 14, 1993 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 7003714300000000000♠7,143 Special election Retired Republican
Snowe, OlympiaOlympia Snowe
(born 1947) Maine 000000001995-01-03-0000January 3, 1995 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 7003657600000000000♠6,576 Election Retired Republican
Frahm, SheilaSheila Frahm
(born 1945) Kansas 000000001996-06-11-0000June 11, 1996 000000001996-11-06-0000November 6, 1996 7002148000000000000♠148 Appointment Lost nomination to finish term Republican
Collins, SusanSusan Collins
(born 1952) Maine 000000001997-01-03-0000January 3, 1997 present 7003757900000000000♠7,579 Election Incumbent Republican
Landrieu, MaryMary Landrieu
(born 1955) Louisiana 000000001997-01-03-0000January 3, 1997 January 3, 2015 7003657500000000000♠6,575 Election Lost reelection Democratic
Lincoln, BlancheBlanche Lincoln
(born 1960) Arkansas 000000001999-01-03-0000January 3, 1999 000000002011-01-03-0000January 3, 2011 7003438300000000000♠4,383 Election Lost reelection Democratic
Cantwell, MariaMaria Cantwell
(born 1958) Washington 000000002001-01-03-0000January 3, 2001 present 7003611800000000000♠6,118 Election Incumbent Democratic
Carnahan, JeanJean Carnahan
(born 1933) Missouri 000000002001-01-03-0000January 3, 2001 000000002002-11-25-0000November 25, 2002 7002691000000000000♠691 Appointment Lost election to finish term Democratic
Clinton, HillaryHillary Clinton
(born 1947) New York 000000002001-01-03-0000January 3, 2001 000000002009-01-21-0000January 21, 2009 7003294000000000000♠2,940 Election Resigned to become United States Secretary of State Democratic
Stabenow, DebbieDebbie Stabenow
(born 1950) Michigan 000000002001-01-03-0000January 3, 2001 present 7003611800000000000♠6,118 Election Incumbent Democratic
Murkowski, LisaLisa Murkowski
(born 1957) Alaska 000000002002-12-20-0000December 20, 2002 present 7003540200000000000♠5,402 Appointment Incumbent Republican
Dole, ElizabethElizabeth Dole
(born 1936) North Carolina 000000002003-01-03-0000January 3, 2003 000000002009-01-03-0000January 3, 2009 7003219200000000000♠2,192 Election Lost reelection[n 3] Republican
Klobuchar, AmyAmy Klobuchar
(born 1960) Minnesota 000000002007-01-03-0000January 3, 2007 present 7003392700000000000♠3,927 Election Incumbent Democratic
McCaskill, ClaireClaire McCaskill
(born 1953) Missouri 000000002007-01-03-0000January 3, 2007 present 7003392700000000000♠3,927 Election Incumbent Democratic
Shaheen, JeanneJeanne Shaheen
(born 1947) New Hampshire 000000002009-01-03-0000January 3, 2009 present 7003319600000000000♠3,196 Election Incumbent Democratic
Hagan, KayKay Hagan
(born 1953) North Carolina 000000002009-01-03-0000January 3, 2009 January 3, 2015 7003219100000000000♠2,191 Election[n 3] Lost reelection Democratic
Gillibrand, KirstenKirsten Gillibrand
(born 1966) New York 000000002009-01-26-0000January 26, 2009 present 7003317300000000000♠3,173 Appointment Incumbent Democratic
Ayotte, KellyKelly Ayotte
(born 1968) New Hampshire 000000002011-01-03-0000January 3, 2011 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 7003219200000000000♠2,192 Election Lost reelection Republican
Baldwin, TammyTammy Baldwin
(born 1962) Wisconsin 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 present 7003173500000000000♠1,735 Election Incumbent Democratic
Fischer, DebDeb Fischer
(born 1951) Nebraska 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 present 7003173500000000000♠1,735 Election Incumbent Republican
Heitkamp, HeidiHeidi Heitkamp
(born 1955) North Dakota 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 present 7003173500000000000♠1,735 Election Incumbent Democratic
Hirono, MazieMazie Hirono
(born 1947) Hawaii 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 present 7003173500000000000♠1,735 Election Incumbent Democratic
Warren, ElizabethElizabeth Warren
(born 1949) Massachusetts 000000002013-01-03-0000January 3, 2013 present 7003173500000000000♠1,735 Election Incumbent Democratic
Ernst, JoniJoni Ernst
(born 1970) Iowa 000000002015-01-03-0000January 3, 2015 present 7003100500000000000♠1,005 Election Incumbent Republican
Moore Capito, ShelleyShelley Moore Capito
(born 1953) West Virginia 000000002015-01-03-0000January 3, 2015 present 7003100500000000000♠1,005 Election Incumbent Republican
Cortez Masto, CatherineCatherine Cortez Masto
(born 1964) Nevada 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 present 7002274000000000000♠274 Election Incumbent Democratic
Duckworth, TammyTammy Duckworth
(born 1968) Illinois 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 present 7002274000000000000♠274 Election Incumbent Democratic
Harris, KamalaKamala Harris
(born 1964) California 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 present 7002274000000000000♠274 Election Incumbent Democratic
Hassan, MaggieMaggie Hassan
(born 1958) New Hampshire 000000002017-01-03-0000January 3, 2017 present 7002274000000000000♠274 Election Incumbent Democratic
Graphs[edit]
Histograph[edit]
Starting
Total
Graph
March 4, 1789 0
November 21, 1922 1 *
November 23, 1922 0
December 9, 1931 1 *
January 31, 1936 2 **
January 3, 1937 1 *
August 20, 1937 2 **
January 11, 1938 1 *
November 9, 1938 2 **
January 3, 1939 1 *
January 3, 1945 0
October 6, 1948 1 *
December 27, 1948 0
January 3, 1949 1 *
April 16, 1954 2 **
January 1, 1955 1 *
November 9, 1960 2 **
January 3, 1967 1 *
August 1, 1972 2 **
November 14, 1972 1 *
January 3, 1973 0
January 25, 1978 1 *
June 8, 1978 2 **
November 8, 1978 0
December 23, 1978 1 *
January 1, 1981 2 **
September 16, 1992 3 ***
November 10, 1992 4 ****
December 15, 1992 3 ***
January 3, 1993 6 ******
June 14, 1993 7 *******
January 3, 1995 8 ********
June 11, 1996 9 *********
November 7, 1996 8 ********
January 3, 1997 9 *********
January 3, 2001 13 *************
November 26, 2002 12 ************
December 20, 2002 13 *************
January 3, 2003 14 **************
January 3, 2007 16 ****************
January 3, 2009 17 *****************
January 22, 2009 16 ****************
January 26, 2009 17 *****************
January 3, 2013 20 ********************
January 3, 2017 21 *********************
Time series[edit]
See also[edit]
Women in the United States House of Representatives
Widow's succession
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Abel resigned 3 days before the end of her term, a common practice to give her successor seniority advantage.
^ Jump up to: a b Predecessor resigned early to give successor seniority advantage, so the senator was appointed for the few days prior to the commencement of the elected term
^ Jump up to: a b When Kay Hagan defeated Elizabeth Dole, it was the first time in history a woman candidate defeated an incumbent woman.
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ "Women in the U.S. Senate 1922–2015" (PDF). Center for American Women and Politics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-07-03.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Historical Minutes > 1964 – Present > "Year of the Woman"".
Jump up ^ Mundy, Liza. "Who Will Be the Next Dean of the Senate Women?" Politico. 2015-03-04. Retrieved 2016-12-12.
External links[edit]
U.S. Senate History: Women in the Senate
"Women in the U.S. Senate 1922–2010" Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 21, 2013). "Once Few, Women Hold More Power in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
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Fender Jazz Bass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Fender model of bass guitar. For the use of the double bass or electric bass as a jazz instrument, see Jazz Bass.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jazz Bass
Manufacturer
Fender
Period
1960–present
Construction
Body type
Solid
Neck joint
Bolt-on
Woods
Body
Ash
Alder
Neck
Maple
Fretboard
Rosewood
Maple
Hardware
Bridge
Fixed
Pickup(s)
Usually two Single-coils
Colors available
Various 2- or 3-color sunbursts
Various shades of white, blue, red, green, etc.
The Jazz Bass (or J Bass) is the second model of electric bass created by Leo Fender. It is distinct from the Precision Bass in that its tone is brighter and richer in the midrange and treble with less emphasis on the fundamental frequency. It has a more focused tone than the Precision Bass, with less low end and low midrange. Because of these tonal characteristics, the Jazz Bass is often preferred by bass players who seek a more noticeable sound, rather than serving as a background instrument. The sound of the Jazz Bass has been fundamental in the development of signature sounds in certain musical genres, such as funk, disco, reggae, blues, progressive rock, heavy metal and jazz fusion.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design features
3 Models
3.1 Discontinued models
4 Signature models
5 24-fret Jazz Bass
6 Fender Jaguar Bass
7 See also
8 References
9 Literature
10 External links
History[edit]
First introduced in 1960 as the Deluxe Model, it was marketed as a stablemate to the Jazzmaster guitar which was also marketed as a Deluxe Model in its own right. It was renamed the Jazz Bass as Fender felt that its redesigned neck—narrower and more rounded than that of the Precision Bass—would appeal more to jazz musicians.
The Jazz Bass has two single coil pickups with two pole pieces per string. This gave the bass a stronger treble sound to compete with the Rickenbacker bass, which had been introduced in 1957 and was famously "bright". As well as having a slightly different, less symmetrical and more contoured body shape (known in Fender advertising as the "Offset Waist Contour" body), the Jazz Bass neck is noticeably narrower at the nut than that of the Fender Precision Bass. While the Precision Bass was originally styled similarly to the Telecaster guitar, the Jazz Bass' styling was inspired by the Jazzmaster guitar, with which the Jazz shared its offset body and sculpted edges that differentiate it from other slab-style bass bodies.
The original intention of the instrument was to appeal to upright bass players. The original Jazz Bass had two stacked knob pots with volume and tone control for each pickup. Original instruments with this stacked configuration are highly valued in the vintage guitar market. In late 1961 it received three control knobs:[1] two controlling the volume of each pickup and one the overall tone. Despite this new feature, many stacked knob models were made until about 1962. Another feature the initial models had were the "Spring Felt Mutes", which were present on basses from 1960 until 1962. The purpose of those mutes was to dampen the overtones and the sustain, and were screwed in place between the bridge and aft pickup. Those felt mutes were not a tremendous success, and were replaced by a cheaper, more simple foam mute glued underneath the bridge cover as was used by the Precision Bass from 1963 onwards. Over the following years as the use of mutes gradually declined both the Precision and Jazz Bass models eventually began to be produced without bridge/tailpiece covers.
A number of cosmetic changes were made to the instrument when CBS purchased the Fender companies in 1965. During 1965/66 the Jazz Bass received bound rosewood fingerboards with pearloid dot position inlays (which replaced the older "clay"-style of the early 1960s) and oval-shaped tuning machines. Block-shaped fingerboard inlays and an optional maple fingerboard were introduced after 1966/67. At first necks with rosewood fretboards received pearloid blocks/binding and maple fretboard necks received black. Fender switched to pearloid blocks/binding on all necks in mid-to-late 1973. Fender also switched to the three-bolt neck "micro-tilt adjustable" neck and the "bullet" truss rod in mid-to-late 1974 before reverting to the more standard four-bolt neck fixing and dot-shaped fretboard markers in 1983. White pickup covers and a pickguard/control plate were introduced the same year. In 1986 Fender introduced the Japanese-made Fender Performer Bass, also with micro-tilt neck, designed by John Page and intended to be an Elite version of the Jazz Bass, however the radical styling was not popular and production ceased the same year.[2][self-published source]
American Standard Jazz Basses produced between 1989 and 19941⁄2 featured a larger body shape, a 'curved' neck plate set into a chambered pocket for greater sustain and a 22-fret neck, similar to that of a Precision Bass Plus, with a standard vintage-style top-load bridge, two separate volumes and a master TBX tone circuit.
Usually known as "Boner" Jazz Basses, these early American Standard models (designed by George Blanda, who was Fender's senior R&D engineer during that period) were discontinued in 1994 and shouldn't be confused with the Fender Jazz Bass Plus, which has the same 22-fret neck design, but utilizes a different (downsized) body styling, Lace Sensor pickups, Schaller "Elite" fine-tuner bridge on the four-string model or Gotoh high-mass bridge on the 5-string model, and Phil Kubicki-designed active electronics. Unlike the Fender Precision Bass Plus, which had an optional maple neck, the Boner Jazz Bass was offered only with a rosewood fingerboard.
The Jazz Plus Bass was available with an alder body and the option of a natural-finish ash body on the four-string model for a $100 upcharge, either a maple or rosewood fretboard on the four-string and pau ferro (an exotic hardwood whose tone is brighter than rosewood yet warmer than ebony) on the five-string. The Jazz Plus debuted in 1989 (the five-string model was released in 1990), discontinued in 1994 and replaced by the USA Deluxe Series Jazz Bass the following year.
A fourth push button control is available on American-made Jazz Basses produced between mid-2003 until 2008. Known as the "S-1 Switch", this feature allows the pickups to operate in standard, parallel wiring, or alternatively in series wiring when the switch is depressed. While in series, both pickups function as a single unit with one volume control, giving the Jazz Bass a sound more similar to the Precision Bass.
The two pickups are built to be opposite from each other in both magnetic polarity and electrical phase, so that when heard together, hum is cancelled—the humbucking effect. The Highway One Jazz Bass is a moderately priced American-made bass introduced in 2003, featuring a Leo Quan BadAss II bridge with grooved saddles, Posiflex graphite neck support rods, 1970s styling and a Greasebucket tone circuit since 2006.
In 2008, the American Series models were replaced by a new American Standard line, which greatly differs from the first-generation American Standard Series basses introduced in 1994. The 2008 American Standard Jazz Bass retained the "American Series" rolled-edge neck with highly detailed nut and fret work, as well as the familiar rounded body shape with the vintage body radius, but deleted the S-1 switching system and incorporated a new high-mass vintage bridge, Hipshot lightweight vintage-style tuning machines, a richer and deeper neck tint, gloss maple or rosewood fingerboard and satin back for smooth playability. It also has a thinner finish undercoat that lets the body breathe and improves resonance. In March 2012 Fender updated the American Standard Jazz Bass (except the five-string version) with Custom Shop 1960s Jazz Bass pickups.
To celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Jazz Bass, first introduced in 1960, Fender released in 2010 the 50th Anniversary Limited Edition Jazz Bass. This bass sports a selected alder body finished in a Candy Apple Red nitrocellulose lacquer and incorporates design elements from several periods in the instrument's history, including 1960s-era lacquer finish, headstock logo, chrome bridge and pickup covers, 1970s-era thumb rest and bridge pickup positioning, modern-era high-mass bridge and Posiflex graphite neck support rods.
Design features[edit]
A typical Fender Jazz Bass headstock.
The Jazz Bass has a bright sound, with more high end than the Precision Bass. This makes it ideal for slap playing as well as finger-style players. This bright sound is due to the fact that there are two pickups at different points in the string's length. The bridge pickup gives a tone with more treble, while the neck pickup will yield a rounder sound. The ability to blend the volume of both pickups allows for a wider variety of tones than the Precision Bass can produce. Pickups are RWRP (reverse wound, reverse polarity) from one another, so all hum will be canceled when both pickups are at full volume.
Having both pickups cranked up at full volume produces the classic scooped, "growling" sound which many players—such as Marcus Miller and Will Lee—use for slap bass playing. This sound is the product of certain frequencies from both pickups being out of phase and cancelling each other, leaving a "scoop" on the midrange. This is similar to what happens on some guitars when you blend the sounds from two different pickups, such as the Fender Stratocaster.
Some "Deluxe" Jazz Bass models feature an active pre-amp (usually with three bands of equalization) in place of a single passive tone control, these basses have three separate equalizer controls: bass and treble responses are controlled by the base and top of a stacked double pot, while midrange is controlled by a second knob. They came with 22 frets, abalone dot position inlays and an 18-volt power supply on some models. Known as Jazz Bass Deluxe since introduced as part of a major reworking of Fender's Electric Bass lineup in 1995, they have been renamed the American Deluxe Jazz Bass to the public as of August 2000 in a Bass Player magazine review of the new "Fender American Deluxe Precision V" five-string counterpart model to the American Deluxe Jazz Bass.
The American Deluxe Jazz Bass (available in four-string fretted and fretless, five-string fretted and left-hand versions) featured two Samarium Cobalt Noiseless Jazz Bass pickups, designed by pickup designer Bill Lawrence. Fender used downsized bodies to accommodate the 22-fret neck and reshaped the pickguard with nine screw holes.
American Deluxes produced between 1995 and 1999 were initially available with "single-pole" pickups designed by John Suhr. These were soon changed to the Bill Turner-designed dual-coil Ceramic Noiseless units with nickel-plated (gold-plated on certain models) polepieces until the advent of the Bill Lawrence-designed Samarium Cobalt series in 2004.
Other refinements include a strings-through-body/top-load bridge, Posiflex graphite neck support rods, rolled fingerboard edges, highly detailed nut and fret work. Five-string versions are presented with a 4+1 tuner arrangement and two Hipshot string trees since 2002. The asymmetrical five-bolt neck plate, along with the smooth contoured heel allow much easier access to the upper registers. Bound fingerboards with pearloid block inlays were added with the introduction of the American Deluxe Jazz Bass FMT & QMT in late 2001, featuring flamed or quilted maple tops and gold-plated hardware. Fender discontinued these models in 2007.
In 2010 the American Deluxe Jazz Bass has been updated with a pair of N3 stacked-coil Noiseless Jazz Bass pickups, an active/passive toggle switch, CBS styling and a 21-fret bound compound radius maple neck featuring rosewood or maple fingerboards with rectangular block inlays. Other features include Hipshot vintage lightweight tuners, "Strong Arm" string retainer bar for the A and low B strings, and Fender's High Mass Vintage (HMV) bridge. The American Deluxe series was discontinued in 2016.
The American Elite Jazz Bass, introduced in 2016, sports a compound modern C-to-D neck shape, fourth-generation noiseless pickups, a "spoke-wheel" truss rod system for easier neck relief adjustments and a new asymmetrical neck heel. It is offered with a compound radius rosewood or maple fingerboard, in 4 and 5-string versions.
The Mexican Deluxe Active Jazz Bass combines many of the features of the American Deluxe models with a traditional Standard Jazz Bass body, vintage-style hardware, a contoured neck heel and a 12"-radius 20-fret rosewood or maple fingerboard. It comes in 4 and 5-string versions and sports a three-band active circuit powered by two dual-coil ceramic Noiseless Jazz Bass pickups and an 18V power supply with an active/passive switch (as of 2016).
The Custom Classic model was made at the Fender Custom Shop. This Custom Shop Jazz Bass was a cross between the American Vintage and the American Deluxe series. Features include an oversized select alder or premium ash body, a modern 34"-scale C-shape maple neck with an unbound rosewood, pau ferro or maple fingerboard featuring triangular pearloid block inlays and 21 medium-jumbo frets. Available in four- and five-string versions, all Custom Classic Jazz Basses came with a pair of custom-wound dual-coil Noiseless Jazz Bass pickups, a three-band active preamp, five-bolt neck plate, 18V power supply and a Deluxe string-through-body/top-load bridge with milled nickel-plated brass saddles. Models manufactured prior to 2003 (formerly known as American Classics) were identical to the mid-1990s American Deluxe basses in appearance, excepting the 22-fret bound maple neck featuring a rosewood fretboard and white block inlays. Fender discontinued the five-string version in 2009. The Custom Classic four-string Jazz Bass has been renamed Custom Active Jazz Bass as of 2010, featuring Fender's high-mass vintage (HMV) bridge and a 1960s Jazz Bass "U" shape neck.
The Standard Jazz Bass model is sanded, painted and assembled in Ensenada, Baja California along with the other Standard Series guitars. As of December 5, 2008, the Standard J-Bass has been updated with CBS era-style decals, a three-ply parchment pickguard and a tinted maple neck with rosewood or maple fingerboard (also available in a fretless version with a rosewood fingerboard and 20 inlaid white fretline markers). Other features include two staggered bi-pole single-coil pickups and a return to the black bakelite control knobs. Models produced before 2003 came for a period with black Stratocaster control knobs. The five-string version (introduced in 1992), available with pau ferro or rosewood fingerboard and a five-in-line tuner configuration with Gotoh Mini machineheads (c. 2006), has been updated with a tinted maple neck featuring a dark rosewood fingerboard and a 4+1 tuner configuration with Fender/Ping tuning machines as of 2009.
All five-string Jazz basses came with pau ferro fretboard since 1990 (some US Deluxe models were also available with a plain maple neck option). Fender offers its 5-string basses with rosewood or maple fretboard as of 2006 after discontinuing the pau ferro fingerboard option in late 2005. In 2008, Fender introduced the fretted and fretless Steve Bailey signature models, its first six-string Jazz Basses to feature a 9.5" to 14" compound-radius ebony fingerboard.
Models[edit]
Standard Jazz Bass
Standard Jazz Bass Fretless
Standard Jazz Bass V
American Professional Jazz Bass
American Professional Jazz Bass Fretless
American Professional Jazz Bass Left-Handed
American Professional Jazz Bass V
American Elite Jazz Bass
American Elite Jazz Bass V
Deluxe Active Jazz Bass
Deluxe Active Jazz Bass V
American Vintage '64 Jazz Bass
American Vintage '74 Jazz Bass
'60s Jazz Bass
'70s Jazz Bass
Road Worn '60s Jazz Bass
Blacktop Jazz Bass
Modern Player Jazz Bass
Modern Player Jazz Bass V
A line of Fender Squier models
Discontinued models[edit]
American Deluxe Jazz Bass
American Deluxe Jazz Bass V
American Deluxe Jazz Bass Fretless
American Deluxe Jazz Bass Left-Handed
American Vintage '62 Jazz Bass
American Vintage '75 Jazz Bass
American Special Jazz Bass
American Jazz Bass Plus
American Jazz Bass Plus V
Highway One Jazz Bass
Jazz Bass 24
Jazz Bass 24 V
Power Jazz Bass Special – same specs as the Jazz Bass Special except for the addition of a reversed split P-Bass pickup, active electronics and a 22-fret neck.
Jazz Bass Special – featured black hardware, P/J pickup configuration with 3-way switching, two volume and one TBX tone control (reissued as the Duff McKagan Precision Bass in 2007).
American Standard Jazz Bass
American Standard Jazz Bass Fretless
American Standard Jazz Bass Left-Handed
American Standard Jazz Bass V
Signature models[edit]
Fender has designed signature Jazz Bass models for notable players including: Mark Hoppus[3] Geddy Lee,[4][non-primary source needed] Jaco Pastorius,[5][non-primary source needed] Adam Clayton,[6][non-primary source needed] Noel Redding,[7], Flea and Marcus Miller.
24-fret Jazz Bass[edit]
In July 2005, Fender introduced its first 24-fret bass since the Fender Performer Bass, the Fender Jazz Bass 24.[citation needed] The Jazz Bass 24 featured a sleek alder body, a 34"-scale length, modern "C" shaped maple neck with a two-octave rosewood fingerboard, abalone dot inlays, 24 medium-jumbo frets, Hipshot-licensed tuners, Fender/Gotoh High Mass top-loading bridge, two custom-wound Seymour Duncan SJB-3 Quarter Pound pickups, a passive/active push/pull volume knob and a 3-band active EQ with a "slap" mid-scoop switch. It was available in the Fender price list as part of the Deluxe Series line, with Cherry Sunburst (discontinued as of 2007) and Tobacco Sunburst finishes over a quilted maple top and chrome-plated hardware. The 5-string version was introduced in 2007.[citation needed]
In 2008, Fender offered both the four- and five-string versions of the 24-fret Jazz Bass in a stealthy Flat Black finish (with matching headstocks and hardware). These two-octave Jazz Basses were gone from the Fender pricelist as of 2009.
Fender Jazz Bass 24 were made in Korea.
Fender Jaguar Bass[edit]
Main article: Fender Jaguar Bass
In 2005, Fender introduced the Fender Jaguar Bass, as of 2008 available in Hot Rod Red, Olympic White, Sunburst and Black finishes, with a three-ply white or tortoise pickguard. This is a variation on the traditional Jazz Bass design—differences being that it has only one master volume and tone, but additional on/off switches for pickup selection, series/parallel switching, and a two-band active preamp with bypass switch.
The Jaguar bass retains the slim Jazz neck, bi-pole pickups, Jazzmaster/Jaguar body design and the trademark Jazz Bass growl.
As of 2008, the Jaguar Bass comes in Olympic White and three-colour Sunburst finishes, together with a four-ply brown tortoise shell pickguard. These colours were previously available only for the Japanese domestic market.
In 2012, Fender also introduced the Reverse Jaguar Bass in its line of Pawn Shop Series guitars. This special issue features a reversed body stock orientation, and also reverses the humbucking pickups for a unique tone.
Fender also offers several models of the Jaguar Bass in the Squier line (and an American Standard version since 2014), most with a Precision/Jazz "P-J" pickup configuration.
See also[edit]
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation
Fender Precision Bass
Fender Aerodyne Jazz Bass
References[edit]
Bacon, Tony (2000). 50 Years of Fender: Half a Century of the Greatest Electric Guitars. London: Backbeat Books. ISBN 0-87930-621-1.
Specific
Jump up ^ "VINTAGE BASS WORLD". Retrieved 2016-12-17.
Jump up ^ Roman, Ed. "fender performer Bass, ed roman guitars". Retrieved 2013-12-18.
Jump up ^ "Mark Hoppus Talks About Touring, Basses and Success". Guitar Center. 2002. Archived from the original on April 27, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "USA Geddy Lee Jazz Bass". Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Jaco Pastorius Jazz Bass". Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Jump up ^ "Adam Clayton Jazz Bass". Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Jump up ^ The Bass Book: A Complete Illustrated History of Bass Guitars p. 153[dead link]
Literature[edit]
Peter Bertges. The Fender Reference. Bomots, Saarbrücken. 2007. ISBN 978-3-939316-38-1.
External links[edit]
Fender Jazz Bass Products Page
[hide]
v
t
e
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation basses
Electric bass guitars
Major models
Precision Bass
Jazz Bass
Minor models
Telecaster Bass
Jaguar Bass
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Bass V
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See also
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Fender Japan
American Deluxe Series
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Starcaster by Fender
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