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2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final
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2017 Australian Open Men's Final
Roger Federer (17) vs. Rafael Nadal (9)
Set
1
2
3
4
5
Roger Federer 6 3 6 3 6
Rafael Nadal 4 6 1 6 3
Date
Sunday January 29, 2017
Tournament
Australian Open
Location
Melbourne, Australia
Main articles: 2017 Australian Open and 2017 Australian Open – Men's Singles
The 2017 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open. It was contested between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, ranked 17th and 9th in the world respectively. It was their record ninth meeting in a Grand Slam final in their rivalry, and their 1st meeting in a Grand Slam final since the 2011 French Open. In a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in 5 sets, Roger Federer won the duel in 5 sets, beating Nadal for the first time in a Grand Slam since the 2007 Wimbledon final. He also trailed Nadal 3–1 in the final set but won 5 games in a row to win the title. This ended a 6-match losing streak against Nadal in Grand Slam events. Having lost all of their previous three encounters, this was the first time Federer defeated Nadal at the Australian Open and also marked Federer's first Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon. Federer extended his record of Grand Slam men's singles titles to 18 exceeding the previous record of 14 held by Pete Sampras.
Due to their storied rivalry, the advancing age of both players in their respective careers, critical speculation of this being their last Grand Slam finals contest against one another, the potential tennis history made from either victory and subsequent implications for their respective legacies, and the match's relevance towards popular and critical discussions on either Federer or Nadal being 'the greatest tennis player of all time', the 2017 Australian Open men's singles finals match between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, referred by the moniker 'Fedal XXXV', was a 'dream final' and the most highly anticipated final in the history of tennis, and was dubbed one of the most important sporting events ever played.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Build-up
3 Match
4 Statistics
5 Significance
6 Viewership
7 Reactions
8 See also
9 References
Background[edit]
Federer and Nadal's participation in the 2017 Australian Open marked their major returns from their 2016 seasons that saw sidelining injuries. Federer in particular had not played a tournament since the 2016 Wimbledon semi-final, having aggravated his surgically repaired knee to the extent that he called off the rest of his 2016 season, including missing out the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio that he was keen to compete in for the men's singles Olympic Gold Medal that eluded him and also playing the highly anticipated mixed doubles pairing with compatriot and fellow tennis great, Martina Hingis.[7][8] Unable to defend his Cincinnati Open and Swiss Basel Indoors titles and his runner up position at the 2016 US Open, Federer fell from No. 3 to No. 16 at the end of the 2016, dropping out of the top 5 for the first time since March 2014 and dropping out of the top 10 rankings for the first time since 2002. Contrasting Federer's consistent semi-finals and finals appearances in Grand Slams from 2015 Wimbledon onwards, Nadal failed to make a Grand Slam quarterfinal since the 2015 French Open. His last Grand Slam title win was the 2014 French Open and his last appearance in the Australian Open men's singles final was against Stan Wawrinka in 2014, which Wawrinka won in four sets. Nadal, however, won the Monte-Carlo Masters title in 2016, while Federer, for the first time since 2000, did not win a tournament title. Prior to the 2017 Australian Open, Nadal had reached the quarterfinals of the 2017 Brisbane International losing to Milos Raonic, while Federer had played in the 2017 Hopman Cup in singles and mixed round robins with Belinda Bencic, winning two and losing one match in both singles and mixed doubles (the Swiss team did not qualify for the final).
En route to the final both Federer and Nadal made exceptional campaigns: Federer scored 3 top-10 wins, including a 5-set win over Kei Nishikori in the 4th round, which became Federer's 200th win over top-10 players in his career and becoming the first man ever to achieve this feat, and culminated by a 5-set win in the semifinals over compatriot Stan Wawrinka after surviving a few breaks points in the 5th; Nadal scored 2 top-10 wins, as well as ending Grigor Dimitrov's unbeaten 2017 win streak of 10 matches in the semifinals in 4 hours and 56 minutes, after being down 3–4, 15–40 in the 5th set. When top seeds Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic were knocked out early in the draw and both Federer and Nadal made quarter-finals on opposite sides of the draw, the men's singles final between Federer and Nadal was anticipated early and, when secured, drew immediate attention for being another confrontation between the two perennial archrivals and, more importantly, the potential tennis history made from either victory and the subsequent implications upon both players' respective legacies. Both men made note of the passage of time of their respective careers since their last Grand Slam final meeting and respective struggles, simultaneously acknowledging and embracing the present significance and the magnitude of their upcoming match.[citation needed]
Build-up[edit]
Main article: Federer–Nadal rivalry
Federer's entry in the 2017 Australian Open already drew substantial and critical media attention due to his 6-month layoff from his knee injury, his continued years-long quest for his 18th singles major, and his consistent form and reflected appearances in two semi-finals and two finals in four previous Grand Slam tournaments despite his advancing age. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final between perennial archrivals Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal further developed from that attention and the match was immediately regarded by fans, fellow tennis contemporaries, pundits and analysts, and the media as a 'dream final' and, more importantly, a match of historical significance for both players, as agreed by many past legends such as Andy Roddick and Pam Shriver as well as renowned tennis analyst Mary Carillo.[9] Due to their respective ages of 35 and 30, the increasing number of years since their last respective Grand Slam title wins, and the perceived declines from their prime sporting years which saw some critics voicing opinions that neither player would ever win a singles major again, it was critically speculated that the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final may mark the last time that Federer and Nadal would meet and contest each other in a Grand Slam final. Furthermore, many other pundits and analysts also agreed that this match could very well prove who between Federer and Nadal would be popularly and critically viewed as the "greatest tennis player of all time". Federer held the all-time count of men's singles of Grand Slam titles at 17, while Nadal held the second all-time count of 14 tied with Pete Sampras and a dominant head-to-head 23–11 record against Federer. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final would either see Federer breaking his historic all-time record of 17 men's Grand Slam singles titles, or, Nadal with 15 Grand Slam singles titles that would break the tie between himself and Sampras' Grand Slam title count and subsequently narrow the Grand Slam title count gap between himself and Federer. Furthermore, should Nadal win, he would become the first man in the Open Era to achieve a double career Grand Slam, winning each of the Grand Slams at least twice in men's singles.
Numerous tennis players and legends fielded their opinions on the match and who would win, including Australian Open promotional interviews with Roy Emerson, Fred Stolle, John McEnroe, Lindsay Davenport, and Rod Laver, in addition to other media interviews with John Newcombe, Martina Navratilova, Lleyton Hewitt, Pat Rafter, Michael Chang, Mary Joe Fernández, and Andy Roddick. Federer's age, his last two disappointing four-set losses in Grand Slam tournament finals, and first tournament return from his six-month layoff due to his injured and surgically repaired knee were all collectively cited against Federer's chances for winning the final, all in addition to the popularly cited Nadal's dominant head-to-head record (including 3-0 against Federer in their previous Australian Open matches), and particular game match-up against Federer's game. Players remarked that the court speed would favor Federer's game over Nadal's, and the media noted that Federer's game may be further helped by the courts being comparatively faster than the previous year's Australian Open,[10] but this remains disputed.[11] Further adding to Federer's chances to winning were their last encounter ending in Federer's favor at the 2015 Swiss Basel Indoors, an additional day of rest for Federer, a comparatively improved backhand that might hold up better against Nadal's lefty forehand, and Nadal's intensely contested five-set semi-final match against Grigor Dimitrov which lasted almost five hours.
Match[edit]
The men's final, 2017.
James Keothavong of the UK was the chair umpire.
The match lasted 3:38 minutes, including a medical time-out for Federer after the 4th set. Federer won the first set 6–4 after breaking Nadal in the 7th game. Nadal won the second set 6–3 where he broke Federer twice and Federer broke back once. The start of the third set saw a crucial momentum swing, where Federer saved 3 break points in his opening service game, all of which were saved by aces. After holding on to his serve, Federer subsequently broke Nadal twice to take the set 6–1. The fourth set was won by Nadal 6–3, and it came down to a fifth set.
Federer took an off-court medical time-out at the start of the fifth set. Upon resumption of play, Nadal broke Federer in the first game, and was leading the final set 3–1. However, Federer would prove out to be too strong for Nadal after that. He broke back to level the set at 3–3. After holding his serve to take the lead 4–3, Federer went on to break Nadal's next service game, which included a 26 shot rally (longest in the match) at deuce. Whilst serving for the championship at 5–3, Federer had to overcome a 15–40 deficit to reach championship point. On his second championship point, Federer hit a forehand winner that landed on the line of the alley on the deuce side. Nadal challenged the call, but, upon Hawk-Eye review, the call was upheld and Federer won the match.[12]
Statistics[edit]
The match statistics followed a similar pattern to those at the 2009 Australian Open final, with a few exceptions: Federer had a higher break point conversion rate than Nadal, while Nadal won a higher percentage of points at the net.
The most striking difference between this match and past Fedal Slam finals is that Federer hit more than double the number of winning shots than Nadal, 73 to 35.
Category
Federer
Nadal
1st serve % 85 of 138 = 62% 110 of 151 = 73%
Winning % on 1st serve 65 of 85 = 76% 69 of 110 = 63%
Winning % on 2nd serve 26 of 53 = 49% 23 of 41 = 56%
Aces 20 4
Double faults 3 3
Winners 73 35
Unforced errors 57 28
Winners-UFE +16 +7
Forehand winners 28 20
Backhand winners 14 9
Receiving points won 59 of 151 = 39% 47 of 138 = 34%
Break point conversions 6 of 20 = 30% 4 of 17 = 24%
Net approaches 29 of 40 = 73% 10 of 12 = 83%
Fastest serve 207 km/h 200 km/h
Average 1st serve speed 185 km/h 177 km/h
Average 2nd serve speed 147 km/h 150 km/h
Total points won 150 of 289 = 52% 139 of 289 = 48%
Source
Significance[edit]
Winning his 5th Australian Open men's singles title, Roger Federer extended his all-time record of Grand Slam titles to 18, pulling four ahead of the second all-time count of 14 held by Rafael Nadal and Pete Sampras. Federer also became the first man ever to win at least 5 singles majors at 3 different Grand Slams each (Australian Open, Wimbledon, and US Open). In addition to being denied his third effort to win the Australian Open title, Nadal was also denied, for the second time after the 2014 Australian Open men's singles final, from becoming the first man to achieve a double career Grand Slam in the Open Era. Furthermore, Federer's victory over Nadal in the Australian Open 2017 final was his first Grand Slam match win over Nadal since the 2007 Wimbledon final nearly a decade earlier, and also marked Federer's first ever win over Nadal in a Grand Slam match outside of the grass courts of Wimbledon. Most importantly, Federer's 2017 Australian Open title victory marked the culmination of his years-long quest since his 2012 Wimbledon title win for his 18th Grand Slam singles title, which previously saw three finals appearances and losses all to then-reigning No. 1 Novak Djokovic at the 2014 Wimbledon, 2015 Wimbledon and the 2015 US Open. At 35 years and 174 days of age, Federer became the second-oldest winner of a Grand Slam after Ken Rosewall since 1972. Considered altogether along with his return from his six-month injury layoff, his 2017 Australian Open run seeing three 5-set match wins over top 10 players, and his Grand Slam match history of losses against Nadal, Federer's victory from being down 1–3 in the final set against Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open men's singles final is considered by some to be the biggest win in his career.
Federer's 5th Australian Open title win marked a tournament record 7 year-long gap between a player's successive Australian Open titles[13] and also established an Open-era Slam record of a 13+ year-long span of winning men's singles Grand Slam titles since his maiden 2003 Wimbledon title win. Winning another Australian Open title also saw Federer increase his all-time record count of hard court singles majors to 10, two ahead of the second all-time count of 8 held by Novak Djokovic. In addition, the match was also Federer's career 7th five-set Grand Slam final match, subsequently breaking the all-time career record tie held with Björn Borg of 6 Grand Slam five-set finals.
Federer's winning campaign at the 2017 Australian Open defeated four top 10 players, three of which whose matches went to a full five sets and two of them were back-to-back: 5th seed Kei Nishikori in the 4th round; 4th seed Stan Wawrinka in the semi-final; and 9th seed Rafael Nadal in the final. The previous winning campaign in a men's singles Grand Slam defeating four top 10 players for the title was 35 years ago, accomplished by the unseeded 17 year-old Mats Wilander at the 1982 French Open - Men's Singles. The 2017 Australian Open men's singles final also marked Federer's 100th Australian Open match. Winning the 2017 Australian Open catapulted Federer back into the top 10 rankings at No. 10. Nadal's runner-up position advanced his rank from No. 9 to No. 6.
Nadal and Federer would continue their resurgent form throughout the season, each winning two of the four majors (Federer winning a record eighth Wimbledon title, Nadal a record 10th French Open and a third US Open) and finishing as world number 1 and 2 respectively. Federer, however, won all four matches between the two during the season, including a fourth-round encounter at Indian Wells and two further finals at the Masters 1000 series events in Miami and Shanghai.
Viewership[edit]
The match was one of the most watched tennis matches in history. Eurosport's coverage of the event reached 9.7 million viewers across Europe, becoming its most-watched tennis match of all-time and the second most watched sport event in Eurosport’s history, averaging 7.2 million viewers through the match's duration and peaking at 8 million viewers during the final set.[14] Eurosport's coverage of the final also broke local records receiving the highest ever amount of average viewers for a Eurosport programme in the Netherlands with 503,000 viewers and in Spain with 610,000 viewers.[15]
In Australia, the free-to-air television broadcast on the Seven Network was the highest-rating Australian Open Men's Singles Final in more than a decade, with a combined 2.668 million viewers in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide & Perth. Including regional viewers (965,000), the figure rose to 3.615 million viewers across Australia. A one-minute period peaked at 4.4 million viewers across Australia. Across the final day of the tournament, 6.5 million Australians watched at least 5 consecutive minutes of the broadcast. In addition, the match was streamed online in Australia by nearly 190,000 people. The Seven Network had a free-to-air audience share of 54.5% between 6:00pm and 12:00am.[16]
In the United States, ESPN said the men’s final drew a record audience since it moved to an overnight time slot in 2005. Starting at 3:30 AM ET Sunday, the five-set match posted a 0.9 overnight rating (~1.05 million households), up 80% from the 2016 final between Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray. The network said it likely will be the most-watched program at that hour in ESPN history.[17]
Reactions[edit]
Joining the social media congratulations and praise from fans, commentators, fellow contemporaries and tennis legends such as Billie Jean King who praised Federer as the greatest of all time,[18] were other sport stars and legends outside of tennis such as Mesut Özil, Ian Thorpe, Alex Morgan, Sachin Tendulkar, Pau Gasol, Luís Figo, Franco Baresi, Karrie Webb, Lin Dan, and Usain Bolt.[19] [20][21][22][23] Golf legend 'Golden Bear' Jack Nicklaus, who holds the all-time record of golf majors at the same number of 18, also offered his congratulations to Federer for winning his 18th major tennis singles win.[24][25]
Commentators contributed their post-match thoughts. Brad Gilbert said to his fellow commentators Chris McKendry and Darren Cahill that he could easily make a case that Federer, being 1-3 down to his archrival Nadal in the final deciding set, would go on to play the best five games in his career, coming up the most clutch that he has ever been, especially in the face of Nadal and everything that was on line in losing this match to him. Patrick McEnroe of ESPN said that Federer 'out-Rafa'd Rafa', noting that, instead of being emotionally and physically depleted from being grounded down by Nadal's persistence and tenacity, Federer this time around was 'the fighter. . . that was defending, that was scrapping, was coming up with shots on the run' that, coupled with his serve, saw him close the gap between himself and Nadal and then go on to win the deciding set of the match. John McEnroe remarked that Nadal's long semi-final and the one day of difference of rest between him and Federer perhaps made themselves felt in the latter stages of the match. But John McEnroe, who himself in the past was one of the critics who judged that Federer would never again win another major after his 2012 Wimbledon title win,[26] remarked that during the match's final set Federer 'showed more heart and will than he ever has in a singles match in his life,' which led to Federer's victory that in John McEnroe's eyes cemented Federer as being the best player of all time unless Nadal can win additional majors to once again close the gap between their respective Grand Slam singles title count. Due to the form shown by both players, both McEnroe brothers say that Federer and Nadal could very well win at their respective most successful Slams of Wimbledon and the French Open ahead. This prediction proved out to be correct, as later in the year Nadal and Federer, won French Open and Wimbledon respectively, both without dropping a set. Nadal also won the US Open later the same year. In 2018, Federer successfully defended his Australian Open title, defeating finalist Marin Čilić in 5 sets.
Pat Cash criticized Federer's 'lengthy break' after the 4th set due to a medical time-out, accusing him of "legal" cheating and criticized the tournament for allowing Federer to do so. In response, Federer said that Cash was unfair and exaggerating in his criticism, elaborating that his quad and groin began to hurt through the second and third sets respectively and finally warranted a medical time-out after the end of the fourth set. Further defending his integrity, Federer said that he was the last guy to take a medical time-out, much less abuse it, citing his 20-year career of having not called a medical time-out prior to the 2017 Australian Open.[27] When asked in the post-match conference for his thoughts, Nadal was indifferent, "[having] no opinion and didn't know what was going on". Nadal himself had taken a brief break in which he went to the dressing room and returned to court in fresh clothes.[28] As precedence, Nadal also took a timeout in the 2014 final against Stan Wawrinka when he was behind, and came back to play better and win the third set in that final following the break. Nadal's uncle and coach, Toni Nadal, also believed that Federer's medical time out was not called to secure an advantage from stopping the match's rhythm and pace.[29] In fact, Nadal broke Federer's serve immediately after the timeout.
See also[edit]
2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final
2009 Australian Open – Men's singles final
2009 French Open – Men's singles final
2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final
2012 Australian Open – Men's singles final
2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles final
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The match that transcends tennis". Australian Open. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Fedal XXXV: What the world is saying". Australian Open. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Australian Open 2017: Roddick says Nadal-Federer final would be greatest ever". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Fedal final the 'most important ever,' says Wilander". TenniSmash. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Australian Open: Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal tipped as 'biggest' final ever". ABC.net.au. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Rafael Nadal to play Roger Federer in Australian Open final". edition.CNN.com. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Roger Federer, Martina Hingis lead Switzerland Olympic tennis team". NBCSports.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Roger Federer and Martina Hingis to team up at Rio 2016 Olympics". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Far more on the line than an Aussie Open trophy for Federer, Nadal". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
Jump up ^ "Talking points from day nine of the Australian Open". News.com.au. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Roger Federer not getting favours with faster courts – Australian Open boss". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey (2017). "Roger Federer, Defying Age, Tops Rafael Nadal in Australian Open Final," New York Times, January 29.
Jump up ^ "7 years Longest Gap Between #AusOpen Titles in the Open Era". Australian Open. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "Dream Final Serves Up Biggest Ever Audience on Eurosport". Eurosport. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
Jump up ^ "TV ratings go higher than ever for the Federer-Nadal final". Tennis World Magazine. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "TV ratings for 2017 Australian Open Men's Final in Australia. Copyright OzTam, RegTAM, Seven Network and Twitter Australia (Mediaweek Australia)". Mediaweek Australia. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ "ESPN Hits A Ratings Winner With Historic Australian Open". Deadline. Retrieved 2017-04-08.
Jump up ^ "'There is a reason @rogerfederer is the [G.O.A.T.]. He showed us again tonight at @AustralianOpen that true champions always find a way to win." Twitter. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "ICYMI: Usain Bolt, Russell Crowe among those reacting to riveting Aussie Open final". ESPN.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "As Roger Federer wins 18th Grand Slam Titles, Lin Dan looks for his 20th". BadmintonPlanet.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Twitter goes wild after Roger Federer wins 2017 Australian Open". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sporting stars react to Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal's epic Australian Open final". GiveMeSport.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Federer-Nadal met the expectations of the world". Baseline.Tennis.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nicklaus welcomes Federer to 'Club 18'". Golf Channel. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jack Nicklaus Welcomes Federer To 'Club 18'". ATP.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "McEnroe cannot see another grand slam win for Federer". Reuters Sports News. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pat Cash accuses Roger Federer of cheating during Australian Open 2017 final". International Business Times. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Roger Federer returns serve at 'legalised cheating' claim by Pat Cash". Stuff.co.nz/sport. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toni Nadal: "Federer fue mejor y no hay nada que decir". Puntodebreak.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
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Plymouth Rock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the disembarkation site of the Mayflower Pilgrims in 1620. For other uses, see Plymouth Rock (disambiguation).
Plymouth Rock
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Plymouth Rock, inscribed with 1620, the year of the Pilgrims' landing in the Mayflower
Show map of Massachusetts Show map of the US Show all
Location
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Coordinates
41°57′30″N 70°39′43″W / 41.95833°N 70.66194°W / 41.95833; -70.66194Coordinates: 41°57′30″N 70°39′43″W / 41.95833°N 70.66194°W / 41.95833; -70.66194
NRHP reference #
70000680[1]
Added to NRHP
1970
Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. The Pilgrims did not refer to Plymouth Rock in any of their writings; the first known written reference to the rock dates to 1715 when it was described in the town boundary records as "a great rock."[2] The first documented claim that Plymouth Rock was the landing place of the Pilgrims was made by Elder Thomas Faunce in 1741, 121 years after the Pilgrims arrived in Plymouth.[3] From that time to the present, Plymouth Rock has occupied a prominent spot in American tradition and has been interpreted by later generations as a symbol both of the virtues and flaws of the first English people who colonized New England. In 1774, the rock broke in half during an attempt to haul it to Town Square in Plymouth. The top portion (the fragment now visible) sat in Town Square, was moved to Pilgrim Hall Museum in 1834, and was returned to its original site on the shore of Plymouth Harbor in 1880. Today it is ensconced beneath a granite canopy designed by McKim, Mead & White.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of Plymouth Rock
1.1 Early history and identification
1.2 Movements
1.3 20th century
1.4 Current status
2 Panorama
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History of Plymouth Rock[edit]
Early history and identification[edit]
Plymouth Rock is geologically classified as a Dedham Granite boulder and a glacial erratic.[4] The two most significant primary sources on the founding of Plymouth Colony are Edward Winslow's Mourt's Relation and Bradford's history Of Plymouth Plantation, and neither refers to Plymouth Rock.[5] The rock first attracted public attention in 1741 when the residents of Plymouth began plans to build a wharf which would bury it. Before construction began, a 94-year-old elder of the church named Thomas Faunce, then living three miles from the spot, declared that the boulder was the landing place of the Mayflower Pilgrims.[6][7] He asked to be brought to the rock to say a farewell. According to Plymouth historian James Thacher:
A chair was procured, and the venerable [Faunce] conveyed to the shore, where a number of the inhabitants were assembled to witness the patriarch's benediction. Having pointed out the rock directly under the bank of Cole's Hill, which his father had assured him was that which had received the footsteps of our fathers on their first arrival, and which should be perpetuated to posterity, he bedewed it with his tears and bid to it an everlasting adieu.[6]
The Landing of the Pilgrims, by Henry A. Bacon, 1877.
Faunce's father had arrived in the colony aboard the ship Anne in 1623, just two years after the Mayflower landing, and Elder Faunce was born in 1647 when many of the Mayflower Pilgrims were still living, so his assertion made a strong impression on the people of Plymouth. The wharf was built but the rock left intact, the top portion protruding from the dirt so as to be visible to curious visitors.[6]
More recent generations have called Faunce's assertion into question, alleging that he invented the story or did not have the correct facts, given that he was not an eyewitness to the event. Journalist Bill Bryson, for example, wrote, "The one thing the Pilgrims certainly did not do was step ashore on Plymouth Rock," arguing that the boulder would have made an impractical landing spot.[8] Others have taken issue with the significance of the rock based on the fact that the Pilgrims first disembarked from the Mayflower at Provincetown to explore Cape Cod, more than a month prior to arriving in Plymouth harbor. In 1851, a group of Cape Cod residents formed the Cape Cod Association for the purpose of promoting Provincetown as the site of the original Pilgrim landing.[9] Such efforts eventually led to the construction of the Pilgrim Monument in Provincetown, which was completed in 1910.
Movements[edit]
Col. Theophilus Cotton (son of Josiah Cotton, a Plymouth magistrate) and the townspeople of Plymouth decided to move the rock in 1774. It was split into two parts, with the bottom portion left behind at the wharf and the top portion relocated to the town's meeting house.
Captain William Coit wrote in the Pennsylvania Journal of November 29, 1775 that he brought captive British sailors ashore "upon the same rock our ancestors first trod."
The 1867 monumental canopy that housed Plymouth Rock until 1920
The upper portion of the rock was relocated from Plymouth's meetinghouse to Pilgrim Hall in 1834. In 1859, the Pilgrim Society began building a Victorian canopy designed by Hammett Billings at the wharf over the lower portion of the rock, which was completed in 1867. The top of the rock was moved from Pilgrim Hall back to its original wharf location in 1880 and rejoined to the lower portion, and the date "1620" was carved into it.[7]
In 1920, the rock was temporarily relocated so that the old wharves could be removed and the waterfront re-landscaped[5] to a design by noted landscape architect Arthur Shurcliff, with a waterfront promenade behind a low seawall in such a way that, when the rock was returned to its original site, it would be at water level. The care of the rock was turned over to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and a new very sober Roman Doric portico was constructed, designed by McKim, Mead and White for viewing the tide-washed rock protected by gratings.[7]
During the rock's many journeys throughout the town of Plymouth, numerous pieces were taken, bought, and sold. Today approximately 1⁄3 of the top portion remains.[10] It is estimated that the original Rock weighed 20,000 lb (9,100 kg). Some documents indicate that tourists or souvenir hunters chipped it down, although no pieces have been noticeably removed since 1880. Today there are pieces in Pilgrim Hall Museum, as well as in the Patent Building in the Smithsonian.[7] In 1835, French author Alexis De Tocqueville wrote:
This Rock has become an object of veneration in the United States. I have seen bits of it carefully preserved in several towns in the Union. Does this sufficiently show that all human power and greatness is in the soul of man? Here is a stone which the feet of a few outcasts pressed for an instant; and the stone becomes famous; it is treasured by a great nation; its very dust is shared as a relic.[11]
A 40-pound (18 kg) piece of the Rock is set on a pedestal in the cloister of historic Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights, New York. The church was formed by a merger of Plymouth Church and Church of the Pilgrims and was originally pastored by Henry Ward Beecher,[12] father of author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
20th century[edit]
Plymouth Rock now rests at sea level
Cole Porter makes a comic allusion to Plymouth Rock in the title song of the 1934 musical Anything Goes, imagining that, if Puritans were to object to "shocking" modern mores, instead "of landing on Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Rock would land on them." Malcolm X repeated the imagery in a speech on black nationalism: "We didn't land on Plymouth Rock. The rock was landed on us."[13]
Plymouth Rock has figured prominently in American Indian politics in the United States, particularly as a symbol of wars starting with King Philip's War (1675–78), known as the First Indian War. It has been ceremoniously buried twice by Indian rights activists, once in 1970 and again in 1995, as part of National Day of Mourning protests.[14]
Current status[edit]
Today, Plymouth Rock is managed by the Department of Conservation and Recreation for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts as part of Pilgrim Memorial State Park. From the end of May to Thanksgiving Day, Pilgrim Memorial is staffed by park interpreters who inform visitors of the history of Plymouth Rock and answer questions.
Panorama[edit]
The present (1920) superstructure designed by McKim, Mead, and White for the Tercentenary of Plymouth Rock with the replica Mayflower II (left, behind trees) and Cole's Hill (right) with the Statue of Massasoit
See also[edit]
National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
Jump up ^ Russell, 1.
Jump up ^ Thacher, 30.
Jump up ^ Some believe that the rock was transported from the vicinity of Boston to the shore of Plymouth by a glacier about 20,000 years ago during the last Ice Age. (Nothrup, 189)
^ Jump up to: a b Pilgrim Hall Museum, "Plymouth Rock."
^ Jump up to: a b c Thacher, 29-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Seelye, 616-617.
Jump up ^ Bryson, 4.
Jump up ^ Seelye, 94.
Jump up ^ Monroe, James; Wicander, Reed (19 July 2011). The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution. Cengage Learning. p. 100. ISBN 1-133-71551-6.
Jump up ^ Alexis De Tocqueville, Democracy in America: in relation to political institutions, (E. Walker, 1850) pg.31 [1]
Jump up ^ Bell, Charles W. (July 25, 1998). "Rock-Solid Church's 12M". New York Daily News.
Jump up ^ "OAAU Founding Rally – Malcolm X". Panafricanperspective.com. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
Jump up ^ "Native People bury racist rock". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
References[edit]
Arner, Robert, “Plymouth Rock Revisited: The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers”, Journal of American Culture 6, no. 4, Winter 1983, pp. 25–35.
Bill Bryson (1998). Made In America. Black Swan. ISBN 9780552998055.
Davis, Samuel, “Notes on Plymouth”, Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, vol. 3, 2nd ser., 1815.
McPhee, John, “Travels of the Rock”, The New Yorker, February 26, 1990, pp. 108–117.
Northrup, Dale (1996). Frommer's New England 1996. Macmillan USA. OCLC 34328103.
Francis Russell (October 1962). "The Pilgrims and The Rock". American Heritage. 13 (6).
Seelye, John (1998). Memory’s Nation: The Place of Plymouth Rock. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807865934.
Thacher, James (1832). History of the town of Plymouth: from its first settlement in 1620 to the year 1832. Boston: Marsh, Capen & Lyon. OCLC 317695485.
U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Plymouth Rock
"Plymouth Rock". Pilgrim Hall Museum. 2005-05-18. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plymouth Rock.
Pilgrim Memorial State Park
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Eero Mäntyranta
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Eero Mäntyranta
Mäntyranta at the 1964 Olympics
Full name
Eero Antero Mäntyranta
Born
(1937-11-20)20 November 1937
Turtola, Lapland, Finland
Died
29 December 2013(2013-12-29) (aged 76)
Oulu, Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland
Height
170 cm (5 ft 7 in)
Ski club
Pellon Ponsi
Medal record[hide]
Cross-country skiing
Representing Finland
Olympic Games
1960 Squaw Valley 4×10 km
1964 Innsbruck 15 km
1964 Innsbruck 30 km
1964 Innsbruck 4×10 km
1968 Grenoble 15 km
1968 Grenoble 30 km
1968 Grenoble 4×10 km
World Championships
1962 Zakopane 30 km
1966 Oslo 30 km
1962 Zakopane 4×10 km
1966 Oslo 4×10 km
1966 Oslo 50 km
Updated on 22 February 2014.
Eero Antero Mäntyranta (20 November 1937 – 29 December 2013[1]) was one of the most successful Finnish skiers. He competed in four Winter Olympics (1960–1972) winning seven medals at three of them. His performance at the 1964 Winter Olympics earned him the nickname "Mister Seefeld", referring to the venue where the cross-country skiing and biathlon competitions took place.[2] The Finnish Ministry of Education endowed him with the Pro Urheilu letter of recognition in 2000. There is also a museum centered on Mäntyranta in his birthplace of Pello.
Contents
[hide]
1 Genetics and doping
2 Accomplishments
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Genetics and doping[edit]
Mäntyranta had primary familial and congenital polycythemia (PFCP) causing an increase in red blood cell mass and hemoglobin due to a mutation in the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene, which was identified following a DNA study done on over 200 members of his family, as reported in 1993.[3] This condition results in an increase of up to 50% in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood, a large advantage when participating in endurance events.[2][4]
In 1972 Mäntyranta was the first Finnish sportsman who tested positive for doping. He later admitted taking hormones, which was not prohibited in those years.[2]
Accomplishments[edit]
three Olympic gold medals: Squaw Valley 1960 (4×10 km relay) and Innsbruck 1964 (15 km and 30 km)
two Olympic silver medals: Innsbruck 1964 (relay) and Grenoble 1968 (15 km)
two Olympic bronze medals: Grenoble 1968 (30 km and relay)
two World Championships gold medals: Zakopane 1962 (30 km) and Oslo 1966 (30 km), two silver: 1962 (relay) and 1966 (relay), one bronze: 1966 (50 km)
National domestic championships: five gold, two silver and two bronze
Holmenkollen ski festival championships first place 1962, 1964 and 1968 (15 km)
Holmenkollen medal in 1964 (Shared with Veikko Kankkonen, Georg Thoma, and Halvor Næs.).
Salpausselkä games win 1964 and 1972.
Mäntyranta also finished 19th in the 30 km event at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo.[2]
See also[edit]
Athletes of Finland
Olympic Athletes of Finland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Skiing legend Eero Mäntyranta dead at 76. yle.fi. 30 December 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d Eero Mäntyranta Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.. sports-reference.com
Jump up ^ de la Chapelle. A; Traskelin AL; Juvonen E. (1993). "Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (10): 4495–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4495. PMC 46538  . PMID 8506290.
Jump up ^ Interview with Malcolm Gladwell. The Guardian. 29 September 2013
External links[edit]
Media related to Eero Mäntyranta at Wikimedia Commons
Eero Mäntyranta at the International Ski Federation
Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file (in Norwegian)
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic champions in men's 18 km/15 km cross-country
18 km
1924: Thorleif Haug (NOR)
1928: Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
1932: Sven Utterström (SWE)
1936: Erik August Larsson (SWE)
1948: Martin Lundström (SWE)
1952: Hallgeir Brenden (NOR)
15 km
1956: Hallgeir Brenden (NOR)
1960: Håkon Brusveen (NOR)
1964: Eero Mäntyranta (FIN)
1968: Harald Grønningen (NOR)
1972: Sven-Åke Lundbäck (SWE)
1976: Nikolay Bazhukov (URS)
1980: Thomas Wassberg (SWE)
1984: Gunde Svan (SWE)
1988: Mikhail Devyatyarov (URS)
2002: Andrus Veerpalu (EST)
2006: Andrus Veerpalu (EST)
2010: Dario Cologna (SUI)
2014: Dario Cologna (SUI)
2018: Dario Cologna (SUI)
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic champions in men's 30 km cross-country skiing
1956: Veikko Hakulinen (FIN)
1960: Sixten Jernberg (SWE)
1964: Eero Mäntyranta (FIN)
1968: Franco Nones (ITA)
1972: Vyacheslav Vedenin (URS)
1976: Sergey Savelyev (URS)
1980: Nikolay Zimyatov (URS)
1984: Nikolay Zimyatov (URS)
1988: Alexey Prokurorov (URS)
1992: Vegard Ulvang (NOR)
1994: Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
1998: Mika Myllylä (FIN)
2002: Christian Hoffmann (AUT)
[show]
v
t
e
Olympic champions in men's 4 × 10 km cross-country relay
1936: Sulo Nurmela, Klaes Karppinen, Matti Lähde, Kalle Jalkanen (FIN)
1948: Nils Östensson, Nils Täpp, Gunnar Eriksson, Martin Lundström (SWE)
1952: Heikki Hasu, Paavo Lonkila, Urpo Korhonen, Tapio Mäkelä (FIN)
1956: Fyodor Terentyev, Pavel Kolchin, Nikolay Anikin, Vladimir Kuzin (URS)
1960: Toimi Alatalo, Eero Mäntyranta, Väinö Huhtala, Veikko Hakulinen (FIN)
1964: Karl-Åke Asph, Sixten Jernberg, Janne Stefansson, Assar Rönnlund (SWE)
1968: Odd Martinsen, Pål Tyldum, Harald Grønningen, Ole Ellefsæter (NOR)
1972: Vladimir Voronkov, Yuri Skobov, Fyodor Simashev, Vyacheslav Vedenin (URS)
1976: Matti Pitkänen, Juha Mieto, Pertti Teurajärvi, Arto Koivisto (FIN)
1980: Vasily Rochev, Nikolay Bazhukov, Yevgeny Belyayev, Nikolay Zimyatov (URS)
1984: Thomas Wassberg, Benny Kohlberg, Jan Ottosson, Gunde Svan (SWE)
1988: Jan Ottosson, Thomas Wassberg, Gunde Svan, Torgny Mogren (SWE)
1992: Terje Langli, Vegard Ulvang, Kristen Skjeldal, Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR)
1994: Maurilio De Zolt, Marco Albarello, Giorgio Vanzetta, Silvio Fauner (ITA)
1998: Sture Sivertsen, Erling Jevne, Bjørn Dæhlie, Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2002: Anders Aukland, Frode Estil, Kristen Skjeldal, Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2006: Fulvio Valbusa, Giorgio Di Centa, Pietro Piller Cottrer, Cristian Zorzi (ITA)
2010: Daniel Rickardsson, Johan Olsson, Anders Södergren, Marcus Hellner (SWE)
2014: Lars Nelson, Daniel Rickardsson, Johan Olsson, Marcus Hellner (SWE)
2018: Didrik Tønseth, Martin Johnsrud Sundby, Simen Hegstad Krüger, Johannes Høsflot Klæbo (NOR)
[show]
v
t
e
World champions in men's 30 km cross-country skiing
1926: Matti Raivio (FIN)
1954: Vladimir Kuzin (URS)
1958: Kalevi Hämäläinen (FIN)
1962: Eero Mäntyranta (FIN)
1966: Eero Mäntyranta (FIN)
1970: Vyacheslav Vedenin (URS)
1974: Thomas Magnuson (SWE)
1978: Sergey Savelyev (URS)
1982: Thomas Eriksson (SWE)
1985: Gunde Svan (SWE)
1987: Thomas Wassberg (SWE)
1989: Vladimir Smirnov (URS)
1991: Gunde Svan (SWE)
1993: Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR)
1995: Vladimir Smirnov (KAZ)
1997: Alexey Prokurorov (RUS)
1999: Mika Myllylä (FIN)
2001: Andrus Veerpalu (EST)
2003: Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
[show]
Awards
[show]
v
t
e
Finnish Sports Personality of the Year
1947: Mikko Hietanen & Lassi Parkkinen
1948: Heikki Hasu
1949: Viljo Heino
1950: Heikki Hasu
1951: Veikko Karvonen
1952–1954: Veikko Hakulinen
1955: Voitto Hellstén
1956: Antti Hyvärinen
1957: Olavi Vuorisalo
1958: Vilho Ylönen
1959: Juhani Järvinen
1960: Veikko Hakulinen
1961: Kalevi Huuskonen
1962: Pentti Nikula
1963: Pentti Eskola
1964: Eero Mäntyranta
1965: Jouko Launonen
1966: Eero Mäntyranta
1967: Eero Tapio
1968–1969: Kaarlo Kangasniemi
1970: Kalevi Oikarainen
1971: Juha Väätäinen
1972: Lasse Virén
1973: Mona-Lisa Pursiainen
1974: Riitta Salin
1975: Heikki Ikola
1976: Lasse Virén
1977: Pertti Ukkola
1978: Helena Takalo
1979–1980: Pertti Karppinen
1981: Heikki Ikola
1982: Keke Rosberg
1983: Tiina Lillak
1984: Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
1985: Matti Nykänen
1986–1987: Marjo Matikainen
1988: Matti Nykänen
1989: Marjo Matikainen
1990: Päivi Alafrantti
1991: Kimmo Kinnunen
1992: Toni Nieminen
1993: Juha Kankkunen
1994: Jani Sievinen
1995: Jari Litmanen
1996: Heli Rantanen
1997: Mika Myllylä
1998: Mika Häkkinen
1999: Mika Myllylä
2000: Arsi Harju
2001: Sami Hyypiä
2002: Samppa Lajunen
2003: Hanna-Maria Seppälä
2004: Marko Yli-Hannuksela
2005: Janne Ahonen
2006: Jukka Keskisalo
2007: Tero Pitkämäki
2008: Satu Mäkelä-Nummela
2009: Aino-Kaisa Saarinen
2010: Minna Kauppi
2011: Kaisa Mäkäräinen
2012: Tuuli Petäjä-Sirén
2013: Tero Pitkämäki
2014: Iivo Niskanen & Sami Jauhojärvi
2015: Tero Pitkämäki
2016: Leo-Pekka Tähti
2017: Iivo Niskanen
[show]
v
t
e
Holmenkollen Medal
Until 1900
1895: Viktor Thorn (NOR)
1897: Asbjørn Nilssen (NOR)
1899: Paul Braaten (NOR), Robert Pehrson (NOR)
1900–1950
1901: Aksel Refstad (NOR)
1903: Karl Hovelsen (NOR)
1904: Harald Smith (NOR)
1905: Jonas Holmen (NOR)
1907: Per Bakken
1908: Einar Kristiansen (NOR)
1909: Thorvald Hansen
1910: Lauritz Bergendahl
1911: Otto Tangen (NOR), Knut Holst (NOR)
1912: Olav Bjaaland (NOR)
1914: Johan Kristoffersen (NOR)
1915: Sverre Østbye (NOR)
1916: Lars Høgvold (NOR)
1918: Hassa Horn (NOR), Jørgen Hansen (NOR)
1919: Thorleif Haug (NOR), Otto Aasen (NOR)
1923: Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
1924: Harald Økern (NOR), Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
1925: Einar Landvik (NOR)
1926: Jacob Tullin Thams
1927: Hagbart Haakonsen (NOR), Einar Lindboe (NOR)
1928: Torjus Hemmestveit (NOR), Mikkjel Hemmestveit (NOR)
1931: Hans Vinjarengen (NOR), Ole Stenen (NOR)
1934: Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
1935: Arne Rustadstuen (NOR)
1937: Olaf Hoffsbakken (NOR), Birger Ruud (NOR), Martin P. Vangsli (NOR)
1938: Reidar Andersen (NOR), Johan R. Henriksen (NOR)
1939: Sven Selånger (SWE), Lars Bergendahl (NOR), Trygve Brodahl (NOR)
1940: Oscar Gjøslien (NOR), Annar Ryen (NOR)
1947: Elling Rønes (NOR)
1948: Asbjørn Ruud (NOR)
1949: Sigmund Ruud (NOR)
1950: Olav Økern (NOR)
1951–2000
1951: Simon Slåttvik (NOR)
1952: Stein Eriksen (NOR), Torbjørn Falkanger (NOR), Heikki Hasu (FIN), Nils Karlsson (SWE)
1953: Magnar Estenstad (NOR)
1954: Martin Stokken (NOR)
1955: Haakon VII (NOR), Hallgeir Brenden (NOR), Veikko Hakulinen (FIN), Sverre Stenersen (NOR)
1956: Borghild Niskin (NOR), Arnfinn Bergmann (NOR), Arne Hoel (NOR)
1957: Eero Kolehmainen (FIN)
1958: Inger Bjørnbakken (NOR), Håkon Brusveen (NOR)
1959: Gunder Gundersen (NOR)
1960: Helmut Recknagel (GDR), Sixten Jernberg (SWE), Sverre Stensheim (NOR), Tormod Knutsen (NOR)
1961: Harald Grønningen (NOR)
1962: Toralf Engan (NOR)
1963: Alevtina Kolchina (URS), Pavel Kolchin (URS), Astrid Sandvik (NOR), Torbjørn Yggeseth (NOR)
1964: Veikko Kankkonen (FIN), Eero Mäntyranta (FIN), Georg Thoma (FRG), Halvor Næs (NOR)
1965: Arto Tiainen (FIN), Bengt Eriksson (SWE), Arne Larsen (NOR)
1967: Toini Gustafsson (SWE), Ole Ellefsæter (NOR)
1968: Olav V (NOR), Assar Rönnlund (SWE), Gjermund Eggen (NOR), Bjørn Wirkola (NOR)
1969: Odd Martinsen (NOR)
1970: Pål Tyldum (NOR)
1971: Marjatta Kajosmaa (FIN), Berit Mørdre (NOR), Reidar Hjermstad (NOR)
1972: Rauno Miettinen (FIN), Magne Myrmo (NOR)
1973: Einar Bergsland (NOR), Ingolf Mork (NOR), Franz Keller (FRG)
1974: Juha Mieto (FIN)
1975: Gerhard Grimmer (GDR), Oddvar Brå (NOR), Ivar Formo (NOR)
1976: Ulrich Wehling (GDR)
1977: Helena Takalo (FIN), Hilkka Kuntola (FIN), Walter Steiner (SUI)
1979: Ingemar Stenmark (SWE), Erik Håker (NOR), Raisa Smetanina (URS)
1980: Thomas Wassberg (SWE)
1981: Johan Sætre (NOR)
1983: Berit Aunli (NOR), Tom Sandberg (NOR)
1984: Lars Erik Eriksen (NOR), Jakob Vaage (NOR), Armin Kogler (AUT)
1985: Anette Bøe (NOR), Per Bergerud (NOR), Gunde Svan (SWE)
1986: Brit Pettersen (NOR)
1987: Matti Nykänen (FIN), Hermann Weinbuch (FRG)
1989: Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi (FIN)
1991: Vegard Ulvang (NOR), Trond Einar Elden (NOR), Ernst Vettori (AUT), Jens Weißflog (GER)
1992: Yelena Välbe (RUS)
1993: Emil Kvanlid (NOR)
1994: Lyubov Yegorova (RUS), Vladimir Smirnov (KAZ), Espen Bredesen (NOR)
1995: Kenji Ogiwara (JPN)
1996: Manuela Di Centa (ITA)
1997: Bjarte Engen Vik (NOR), Stefania Belmondo (ITA), Bjørn Dæhlie (NOR)
1998: Fred Børre Lundberg (NOR), Larisa Lazutina (RUS), Alexey Prokurorov (RUS), Harri Kirvesniemi (FIN)
1999: Kazuyoshi Funaki (JPN)
Since 2001
2001: Adam Małysz (POL), Bente Skari (NOR), Thomas Alsgaard (NOR)
2003: Felix Gottwald (AUT), Ronny Ackermann (GER)
2004: Yuliya Chepalova (RUS)
2005: Andrus Veerpalu (EST)
2007: Frode Estil (NOR), Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset (NOR), Harald V (NOR), Sonja (NOR), Simon Ammann (SUI)
2010: Marit Bjørgen (NOR)
2011: Ole Einar Bjørndalen (NOR), Michael Greis (GER), Andrea Henkel (GER), Janne Ahonen (FIN)
2012: Magdalena Neuner (GER), Emil Hegle Svendsen (NOR)
2013: Tora Berger (NOR), Martin Fourcade (FRA), Therese Johaug (NOR), Gregor Schlierenzauer (AUT)
2014: Magnus Moan (NOR), Eric Frenzel (GER), Thomas Morgenstern (AUT), Darya Domracheva (BLR)
2015: Eldar Rønning (NOR), Anders Bardal (NOR), Anette Sagen (NOR), Kamil Stoch (POL)
2016: Noriaki Kasai (JPN), Tarjei Bø (NOR)
2017: Marie Dorin-Habert (FRA), Sara Takanashi (JPN)
2018: Charlotte Kalla (SWE), Princess Astrid (NOR), Hannu Manninen (FIN), Kaisa Mäkäräinen (FIN)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eero_Mäntyranta&oldid=833316005"
Categories:
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Doping cases in cross-country skiing
Finnish male cross-country skiers
Finnish sportspeople in doping cases
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
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Olympic silver medalists for Finland
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Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
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Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
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values: Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics - Men's 15 km

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre (page does not exist)

values: Soviet Union at the 1976 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 km

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical (page does not exist)

values: Soviet Union at the 1988 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle

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values: Template:Footer Olympic Champions 30km Cross Country Men

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values: Cross-country skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 km

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres (page does not exist)

values: Soviet Union at the 1972 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometres (page does not exist)

values: Soviet Union at the 1980 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 km

values: Soviet Union at the 1984 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre freestyle (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre classical (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre freestyle (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre classical

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre freestyle mass start

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values: Cross-country skiing at the 1936 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 km relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1948 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 km relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1952 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 km relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1956 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Soviet Union at the 1956 Winter Olympics

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1960 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 km relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1964 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1980 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1984 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay (page does not exist)

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 1998 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

values: Cross-country skiing at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

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values: List of FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in men's cross-country skiing

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Voitto Hellstén

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Hassa Horn, Jr.

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Marie Dorin-Habert

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