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A Place to Call Home (TV series)
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A Place to Call Home
Genre
Period drama
Created by
Bevan Lee
Starring
Marta Dusseldorp
Noni Hazlehurst
Brett Climo
Craig Hall
David Berry
Abby Earl
Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood
Aldo Mignone
Frankie J. Holden
Sara Wiseman
Jenni Baird
Matt Levett
Composer(s)
Michael Yezerski
Country of origin
Australia
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
5
No. of episodes
57 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Holmes
Julie McGauran
Penny Win
Producer(s)
Chris Martin-Jones
Cinematography
John Stokes
Running time
42–45 minutes
Production company(s)
Seven Productions
Distributor
Endemol
Release
Original network
Seven Network (2013–14)
SoHo (2015)
Showcase (2016–present)
Picture format
PAL (576i)
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
28 April 2013 (2013-04-28) – present
External links
Website
A Place to Call Home is an Australian television drama series created by Bevan Lee for the Seven Network. It premiered on 28 April 2013.[1] Set in rural New South Wales in the period following the Second World War, it follows Sarah Adams (Marta Dusseldorp), who has returned to Australia after twenty years abroad to start a new life and ends up clashing with wealthy matriarch Elizabeth Bligh (Noni Hazlehurst). The main cast also consists of Brett Climo (George Bligh), Craig Hall (Dr. Jack Duncan), David Berry (James Bligh), Abby Earl (Anna Poletti), Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood (Olivia Bligh), Aldo Mignone (Gino Poletti), Sara Wiseman (Carolyn Bligh), Jenni Baird as (Regina Standish) and Frankie J. Holden (Roy Briggs).
It has been described as a "compelling melodrama about love and loss set against the social change of the 1950s".[2]
The sixth and final season will premiere on 19 August 2018.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main current cast
1.2 Main departed cast
1.3 Recurring
2 Production
3 Release
3.1 Broadcast
3.1.1 International
3.2 Home media
3.2.1 Box sets
3.2.2 Notes
3.3 Soundtrack
4 Reception
4.1 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main current cast[edit]
Marta Dusseldorp as Sarah Adams, who despite a strictly religious Catholic upbringing, had moved to Paris to be with the man she loved and to adopt his Jewish faith. However, a new life awaits her when she comes to work for the local hospital near the Bligh family, whom she met while serving as a nurse on the ship taking them all back to Australia from Europe. Later, she is astonished to hear a report that her husband is still alive following World War II, and her life again spins into troubled times.[4]
Noni Hazlehurst as Elizabeth Bligh, the headstrong and stubborn matriarch of the Bligh family. She is at first rude and cruel to Sarah, but she grudgingly mellows over time. Later in the series, she leaves for Sydney to live with her daughter Carolyn, and to become a better person.[4]
Brett Climo as Elizabeth's son, George Bligh, a good-hearted man who takes Sarah under his protection and gradually falls in love with her. He is Elaine's widower; at the beginning of the series, he appears to be father to James and Anna; eventually it emerges that Anna is actually a secret child of his sister Carolyn and their friend Jack, taken in by George and Elaine to spare Carolyn any scandal. His worst flaw may be his trust in people who seek to take advantage of him.[4]
Craig Hall as Jack Duncan, the secret past lover of Carolyn, who now faces many challenges in his work as a doctor in a hospital run by the Bligh family. He is a genuine person despite his personal problems and would do anything to help others.[4]
David Berry as James Bligh (regular: seasons 1–4; recurring: season 5), the only son of George and Elaine, who grows up unaware of his "sister" Anna's true background. He marries Olivia, but is tormented by the realisation that he is gay, and tries to commit suicide. He later feels betrayed when his wife has an affair, but returns to Ash Park to live for his young son.[4]
Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood as Olivia Bligh, James' wife, a newlywed from England at the start of the series. She develops anger toward James for his indifference to her desperate need for affection, but does try to come to terms with his "condition".[4]
Abby Earl as Anna Bligh, the secret child of Carolyn and Jack, who was raised believing she was daughter of George and Elaine. Anna marries a local farmer, Gino, after rebelling against the Bligh family. However the marriage faces difficulties when Gino goes into debt, and his attempts to expand the farm fail.[4]
Frankie J. Holden as Roy Briggs, a kindly old farmer who lives alone at the series start. He is very generous toward Sarah from the time she arrives in town, eventually offering her a refuge in his small home. They develop an easy, informal, mutually-supportive friendship.[4]
Sara Wiseman as Carolyn Bligh (regular: season 2–present; recurring: season 1). Much like her secret daughter Anna, Carolyn was the rebel child of her generation. For a long time, she gave up on her relationship with the Bligh family, and has had little contact for years. Once her secret is revealed, she is reunited with her long-separated daughter Anna and they develop an even closer relationship than before. Later on Carolyn works for Sir Richard Bennett, encountering new problems.[4]
Tim Draxl as Doctor Henry Fox (regular: season 3–present), the doctor who helps to save George's life after he is shot. Henry then goes on to befriend James, and they realize their mutual attraction to each other is stronger than mere friendship. Henry falls under the devious control of Regina, when she blackmails him into supplying her with morphine for her addiction.[4]
Deborah Kennedy as Doris Collins (regular: season 4–present; recurring: seasons 1–3), the most widely-known member of the Inverness village, who seems omnipresent on her bicycle. Although she means well, her gossiping ways can sometimes make her seem rude and intrusive. Sarah dislikes her at first, but as time goes on, finds her helpful as someone who always knows who has done what in the village.
Main departed cast[edit]
Aldo Mignone as Gino Poletti (seasons 1–4), the young, handsome Italian farmer who has set Anna's heart on fire. He has a real passion for farming and trying to please everybody, but his ambitious business decisions are not very successful.[4]
Jenni Baird as Regina Standish (season 1–5), the widowed, formerly wealthy and still money-hungry sister of George's late wife, Elaine. Regina is the opposite of who Elaine had been: cold, bitter, and scheming, she despises Jews and openly displays religious intolerance toward Sarah. Regina has now set her sights on the widower George's inheritance, and would take extreme actions to achieve her goals regardless of anyone she sees as an obstacle. After being committed in an asylum for the murder of Millie Davis and a policeman, Regina was let go in 1958. She returned to the town and helped Sarah and George fight Sir Richard's cruel intentions. She committed suicide at the end of season 5, overdosing on morphine and making her death appear to be homicide.
Dominic Allburn as Harry Polson (regular: season 1; recurring: season 4), Amy's gay brother. He has a brief romantic involvement with James, but when much of the village learns of Harry's true nature, he leaves Inverness for a new life elsewhere. Later, when he returns after having been severely beaten, Sarah helps him to settle back into a more stable life at Inverness.
Matt Levett as Andrew Swanson (regular: season 2; recurring: season 1), a somewhat entitled heir apparent who tries to win the hand of Anna Bligh.
Ben Winspear as Doctor Rene Nordmann (regular: season 3; recurring: season 2), the long-lost first love and husband of Sarah Adams. First seen only in flashback, Rene had been arrested by the Nazi occupiers of Paris, and had disappeared without a trace. Later, when Sarah is amazed to learn that he is still alive, she travels to Paris to rescue him from the deep psychological damage caused by his long ordeal of imprisonment and torture. Rene has great difficulty adjusting to normal life, and still seems to carry his imprisonment within him.
Brenna Harding as Rose O'Connell (regular: season 4; recurring: season 3)
Robert Coleby as Douglas Goddard, a retiree who ran a club for Australian war veterans. He married Elizabeth Bligh but died in season 5.
Recurring[edit]
Heather Mitchell as Prudence Swanson, the wealthy friend of Elizabeth. Prudence socializes with Elizabeth whenever she comes to visit Sydney. As a member of Sydney's upper class, she is very aristocratic and looks down her nose at Sarah when she arrives for a garden party.
Judi Farr as Peg Maloney, the aunt of Sarah Adams, who writes to her frequently from her home in Sydney. She and Sarah have grown very close, and when Sarah later decides to take a difficult action, she asks Peg for help.
Dina Panozzo as Carla Poletti, the mother of Gino. She is very critical of the relationship with Anna and her son, saying that it will never work because she is not Catholic. But when George accedes, she does so as well.
Krew Boylan and then Amy Mathews as Amy Polson, the maid of the Bligh household. When Regina suspects that James is gay she manipulates Amy into spying for her, which eventually forces Elizabeth to fire Amy with great sorrow.
Angelo D'Angelo as Amo Poletti, the father of Gino
Jacinta Acevski as Alma Grey
Scott Grimley as Norman Parker (driver)
Rick Donald as Lloyd Ellis-Parker, a talented portrait artist on temporary assignment, who seems to offer Olivia the romantic affection she desperately craves.
Michael Sheasby as Bert Ford, a local yobbo who always seems to be looking for a fight. His suspicion of outsiders and religious intolerance make Sarah a natural target, as are the Italian Poletti family. Bert disappears under mysterious circumstances, but his unknown fate continues to haunt his former victims.
Mark Lee as Sir Richard Bennett, a rich and powerful, but unprincipled owner of a major city newspaper. He is used to taking whatever he wishes to possess, including the people around him.
Conrad Coleby as Matthew Goddard, Douglas' son who returns to town after his father's death. He starts dating Olivia and later asks her to marry him.
Production[edit]
Development for A Place to Call Home began after Bevan Lee completed his "domestic trilogy" (Always Greener, Packed to the Rafters and Winners & Losers).[5] He took inspiration from film director Douglas Sirk's 1950s films such as Written on the Wind (1956) and All That Heaven Allows (1955).[6] Lee told The Age that he wanted to create a romance-driven melodrama based in the 1950s because people's lives in the present are "relatively bland". He said: "At the end of the day, conflict is drama and we live in relatively conflict-free society. I had to go to a place where there was pain and damage and hurt; after the war there was."[7] The script is co-written by Lee and Trent Atkinson.[8]
Noni Hazlehurst (Elizabeth Bligh) was the first cast member to be announced for A Place to Call Home, on 18 June 2012.[9] Marta Dusseldorp (Sarah Adams), Brett Climo (George Bligh) and Frankie J. Holden (Roy Briggs) were announced a month later, with Dusseldorp leading the overall cast.[10] Newcomers David Berry (James Bligh), Arianwen Parkes-Lockwood (Olivia Bligh), Abby Earl (Anna Bligh) and Aldo Mignone (Gino Poletti), made up the rest of the main cast.[11]
A Place to Call Home is set primarily in both the fictional estate "Ash Park" and the nearby fictional town of "Inverness" in country New South Wales.[12] Inverness was also used as the country setting of Always Greener. Camden and the Southern Highlands in New South Wales serves as the backdrop for Inverness. Ash Park is actually Camelot, a heritage-listed property located at Kirkham, on the outskirts of Camden.[1][13][14] Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, is a third location where major events occur, but most city scenes are filmed indoors, aside from some establishing shots such as historic footage of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Filming for the first season began on 9 July 2012 and concluded on 12 December 2012.[15] Season one was shot on a Sony F65 camera, the first Australian television production to do so.[16]
In June 2013, Erin McWhirter of TV Week announced that A Place to Call Home had been renewed for another season. Abby Earl told McWhirter, "We're locked in pre-production in August and then we start filming in September, so there's plenty of time for me to get back in Anna's shoes."[17] The second season started on 11 May 2014 and concluded on 13 July 2014.
TV Week confirmed that a third season had been commissioned.[18] However, in June 2014, the magazine reported that Channel Seven had declined the option to renew the series, and that the cast and crew had been told that they would not be required for a third season.[19]
On 15 October 2014, it was announced that Foxtel had finalised a deal with Channel Seven that would see a third season written by Bevan Lee, produced by Seven Productions, but aired on Foxtel.[20] On 25 October 2014, The Daily Telegraph announced that A Place to Call Home was renewed for another two seasons and would return in late 2015, airing on Foxtel channel, SoHo. It was also announced that all the original cast and crew members would return.[21]
On 16 August 2015 it was announced via the official Facebook page that season 3 would premiere on 27 September 2015 on SoHo. Season 4 premiered on Foxtel's Showcase channel on 11 September 2016.
Season 5 was announced by Foxtel on 16 November 2016. The timeline of season 5 skips ahead from 1954 to the year 1958. Production of A Place to Call Home resumed in February 2017 with principal photography continuing through July 2017. Season 5 premiered on Foxtel's Showcase Channel in Australia starting on 8 October 2017.[22]
A sixth and final season was announced by Foxtel on 6 December 2017 to be aired in 2018.[23]
Release[edit]
Broadcast[edit]
Main article: List of A Place to Call Home episodes
Series overview
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
OzTAM ratings
First aired
Last aired
Network
Rank
Average viewership
1 13 28 April 2013 (2013-04-28) 21 July 2013 (2013-07-21) Seven Network 8[24] 1,480,000[24]
2 10 11 May 2014 (2014-05-11) 13 July 2014 (2014-07-13) 7[25] 1,150,000[25]
3 10 27 September 2015 (2015-09-27) 29 November 2015 (2015-11-29) SoHo 2 168,000
4 12 11 September 2016 27 November 2016 Showcase[26] 2 139,000
5 12 8 October 2017 24 December 2017 3 104,000
6 10[27] 19 August 2018[3] TBA TBA TBA
When Seven Network revealed its new television series lineup for 2012, A Place to Call Home was mentioned alongside other titles.[28] Seven Network's Angus Ross said that it would potentially premiere in late 2012, but would not be rushed to air by a certain date unless "casting and other elements" were right.[29] The first season of A Place to Call Home consisted of thirteen episodes.[7] The pilot episode was originally broadcast on 28 April 2013, in the 8:30 pm time slot (previously occupied by Downton Abbey).[1]
International[edit]
Shortly after airing in Australia A Place to Call Home started broadcasting on TV One in New Zealand.[30]
Series one and two began airing on BBC2 in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2014, series three on 25 February 2016,[31] and series four on 13 February 2017. The fifth series was promoted to a BBC1 daytime slot, and began airing daily on 13 March 2018.
The first five seasons are available for streaming in the U.S. on Acorn TV. The show is also distributed to television stations by American Public Television.[32]
Home media[edit]
Title
Set details
DVD release dates
Blu-ray release dates
Special features
Region 1[33]
Region 2[34]
Region 4[35]
Region B[35]
A Place to Call Home — Season 1
Discs: 4[A]
Episodes: 13
3 March 2015 (2015-03-03) 23 February 2015 (2015-02-23) 8 August 2013 (2013-08-08)
Photo gallery (region 2 only)
Interviews with the Cast (region 4 only)
A Place to Call Home — Season 2
Discs: 3[B]
Episodes: 10
30 June 2015 (2015-06-30) 23 February 2015 (2015-02-23) 17 July 2014 (2014-07-17)
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Character Profiles (region 1 & 2 only)
A Place to Call Home — Season 2: Revised Edition
Discs: 3
Episodes: 10
N/A N/A 29 October 2015 (2015-10-29) N/A
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Season 3 Character Profiles
Season 3 Trailer
A Place to Call Home — Season 2: Collector's Edition
Discs: 1
Episodes: 3
N/A N/A 29 October 2015 (2015-10-29) N/A
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Season 3 Character Profiles
Season 3 Trailer
A Place to Call Home — Season 3
Discs: 3[C]
Episodes: 10
5 April 2016 (2016-04-05) 14 March 2016 (2016-03-14) 7 April 2016 (2016-04-07) N/A
New season 2 finale
Picture gallery
Season 3 episode recaps (region 4 only)
A Place to Call Home — Season 4
Discs: 3[D]
Episodes: 12
28 February 2017 (2017-02-28) 6 March 2017 (2017-03-06) 26 April 2017 (2017-04-26) N/A
Region 1:
Cast and crew interviews (region 1 only)
Behind-the-scenes featurettes (region 1 only)
Photo gallery
A Place to Call Home — Season 5
Discs: 3[E]
Episodes: 12
3 April 2018 (2018-04-03) 2 April 2018 (2018-04-02) 28 March 2018 (2018-03-28) N/A
Q and A with Jenni Baird (region 1 only)
Box sets[edit]
Title
Set details
DVD release dates
Special features
Region 1[33]
Region 2[34]
Region 4[35]
A Place to Call Home — Season 1 & 2
Discs: 7
Episodes: 23
N/A N/A 29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Season 3 Character Profiles
Season 3 Trailer
A Place to Call Home — Complete Seasons One to Three
Discs: 10[F]
Episodes: 33
N/A 14 March 2016 (2016-03-14) 1 September 2016 (2016-09-01)
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Season 3 Character Profiles
Season 3 Trailer
New season 2 finale (region 2 & 4)
Picture gallery (region 2 & 4)
Season 3 episode recaps
A Place to Call Home — Complete Seasons 1–4
Discs: 13[G]
Episodes: 45
N/A 6 March 2017 (2017-03-06) 26 April 2017 (2017-04-26)
Alternative series two finale (region 2)
A Place to Call Home — Complete Seasons 1–5
Discs: 16
Episodes: 57
TBA TBA 28 March 2018 (2018-03-28) Region 4:
Interviews
Young to Old: Sarah's Transformation
Season 3 Character Profiles
Season 3 Trailer
New Season 2 Finale
Season 3 Episode Recaps
Photo Gallery
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK. Blu-ray includes 3 discs.
Jump up ^ Blu-ray and UK release includes 2 discs.
Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK.
Jump up ^ 2 discs in the UK.
Jump up ^ 4 discs in the U.S. and 2 in the UK.
Jump up ^ 6 discs in the UK.
Jump up ^ 8 discs in the UK.
Soundtrack[edit]
A Place to Call Home — Music from Seasons 1–5 was released on 20 October 2017[36][37]
showDisc 1
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "A Place to Call Home Theme" (season 2) Michael Yezerski 1:43
2. "Motherland" (season 1) Michael Yezerski 2:44
3. "Ebb Tide" (season 1) Stuie French featuring Shanley Del 2:45
4. "Music! Music! Music!" (season 1) Teresa Brewer 2:46
5. "Heart and Soul" (season 1) The Four Aces featuring Al Alberts 2:19
6. "We're Going to have a Baby" (season 1) Michael Yezerski 1:58
7. "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" (season 1) Ella Fitzgerald 7:05
8. "It's Coming" (season 2) Michael Yezerski 3:03
9. "The Anniversary Waltz" (season 1) Vera Lynn 2:46
10. "You Belong to Me" (season 1) Jo Stafford 3:15
11. "Mona Lisa" (season 1) Michael Yezerski featuring Glenn Cunningham 1:51
12. "When I Fall in Love" (season 2) Nat King Cole 3:13
13. "Mr. & Mrs. James Bligh" (season 1) Michael Yezerski 1:53
14. "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" (season 2) Louis Armstrong 3:05
15. "Lullaby of Broadway" (season 1) Doris Day with the Norman Luboff Choir and the Buddy Cole Quartet 2:30
16. "Ash Park Morning" (season 1) Michael Yezerski 1:19
17. "Rag Mop" (season 1) The Ames Brothers 2:41
18. "Botch-a-Me (Ba-Ba-Baciami Piccina)" (season 1) Rosemary Clooney 2:20
19. "Sh-Boom" (Single Version; season 2) The Crew Cuts 2:50
20. "Sway" (season 1) Stuie French featuring Paul Fisher 2:44
21. "Paris" (season 2) Michael Yezerski 2:16
22. "I Believe" (season 2) Michael Yezerski featuring Martha Marlow 1:56
23. "Are You Awake?" (season 2) Michael Yezerski 1:46
24. "No Other Love" (season 2) Michael Yezerski featuring Alex Oomens 3:41
25. "Side by Side" (season 1) Kay Starr 2:55
26. "You're Nobody till Somebody Loves You" (season 1) The Mills Brothers 2:25
27. "Undecided" (season 1) The Ames Brothers 3:01
28. "At Last" (season 1) Etta James 3:04
29. "Amazing Grace" (season 1) Michael Yezerski featuring Mahalia Barnes 1:50
Reception[edit]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Australian Cinematographers Society Awards
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Work
Result
Ref
2014 Telefeatures, TV Drama & Mini Series Award of Distinction John Stokes Season 1, Episode 9: "Cane Toad" Won [38]
Equity Ensemble Awards
Year
Category
Nominee(s)
Work
Result
Ref
2014 Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Cast Season 1 Nominated [39]
Logie Awards
Year
Category
Nominee
Work
Result
Ref
2014 Most Outstanding Drama Series N/A A Place to Call Home Nominated [40]
Most Popular Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated
Most Popular New Talent Abby Earl A Place to Call Home Nominated
2016 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated [41]
Most Outstanding Supporting Actor David Berry A Place to Call Home Nominated
Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated
Best Drama Program N/A A Place to Call Home Nominated
Most Outstanding Drama Series N/A A Place to Call Home Nominated
2017 Best Actress Marta Dusseldorp A Place to Call Home Nominated
Most Outstanding Supporting Actress Jenni Baird A Place to Call Home Nominated
Most Outstanding Drama Series N/A A Place to Call Home Won
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Blake, Elissa (21 April 2013). "A Marta for her cause". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (8 July 2012). "More cast for A Place to Call Home". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Knox, David (29 June 2018). "Logies: Foxtel red carpet stars". TV Tonight. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Characters". Yahoo!7. 4 May 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (18 April 2013). "A Place to Call Home Drama Launch". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Blundell, Graeme (20 April 2013). "Home truths revealed in Bevan Lee's new family drama". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Craven, Peter (18 April 2013). "Dressed with vintage appeal". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (25 April 2013). "A Place to Call Home". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (18 June 2012). "Noni Hazlehurst to call Seven home again". TV Tonight. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Idato, Michael (9 July 2012). "Marta finds a home at Seven". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Yeap, Sue (9 July 2012). "New Seven blockbuster cranks up". The West Australian. Seven West Media Limited (Kohlberg Kravis Roberts). Retrieved 8 May 2013.
Jump up ^ B, Alicia (10 June 2012). "New Seven Show - A Place to Call Home". Throng.com.au. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Chancellor, Jonathan (28 April 2013). "Camelot at Camden is captivating as A Place to Call Home location on Channel 7's new 1950s drama series". Property Observer. Private Media Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Leys, Nick (17 April 2013). "Seven has high hopes for Bevan Lee's A Place To Call Home". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 6 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Place to Call Home production details". Inside Film. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Swift, Brendan (11 March 2013). "First Aus TV drama shot with Sony F65: A Place to Call Home". Inside Film. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McWhirter, Erin (22–28 June 2013). "TV Insider". TV Week. Bauer Media Group (25): 25.
Jump up ^ Vnuk, Helen (10–16 May 2014). "Home comforts". TV Week. Bauer Media Group (19): 97.
Jump up ^ Williams, Glen (14–20 June 2014). "No place to call home". TV Week. Bauer Media Group (22): 11.
Jump up ^ Idato, Michael (15 October 2014). "New Place for A Place to Call Home". Sunday Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Harris, Amy (25 October 2014). "Foxtel breathes new life into A Place To Call Home after Seven signs deal to keep the show alive". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (16 August 2017). "Returning: A Place to Call Home". TV Tonight. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
Jump up ^ McWhirter, Erin (6 December 2017). "A Place To Call Home: Season 6 confirmed for 2018". Foxtel. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "TV ratings: 2013". Government of Australia. Screen Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "TV ratings: 2014". Government of Australia. Screen Australia. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Zautsen, Daniel (9 August 2016). "A Place to Call Home, filmed at Camelot in Kirkham, will return for its fourth series on Foxtel's showcase". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Knox, David (19 March 2018). "A Place to Call Home to end with 6th season". TV Tonight. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (22 September 2011). "Seven Reveals 2012 Highlights". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (6 February 2012). "Programmers Wrap 2012: Seven Network". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Place to Call Home - TV ONE". TV One (Television New Zealand, Ltd). Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC Two - A Place to Call Home - Episode guide". Archived from the original on 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Programmers’ APT Marketplace choices include Aussie romantic drama and MST3K Archived 24 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b American DVD releases:
Lambert, David (30 December 2014). "A Place to Call Home – 'Season 1' of the Australian Show Coming to These Shores". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Lambert, David (16 April 2015). "A Place to Call Home – 'Season 2' DVDs: Finalized Date, Details, Front Cover Art". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Lambert, David (16 February 2016). "A Place to Call Home – The Sexy 'Season 3' is Coming to DVD this Spring". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Lambert, David (22 February 2017). "A Place to Call Home – The 'Season 4' DVD's Press Release Arrives from RLJ/Acorn". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Lambert, David (23 January 2018). "A Place to Call Home – Front-of-the-Package Artwork is Now Available for 'Season 5'". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b
British DVD releases:
"A Place to Call Home Series One [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"A Place to Call Home Series Two [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"A Place to Call Home Series 3 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"A Place to Call Home Series 4 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
"A Place To Call Home: Series 5 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
British box set releases:
"A Place to Call Home — Series 1–3 Complete [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"A Place to Call Home — Series 1–4 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c
Australian DVD releases:
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 1". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
"A Place To Call Home; S2". Sanity. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
"A Place To Call Home — Season 2 — Revised Edition". Sanity. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
"A Place To Call Home — Season 2 | Collector's Disc — New Final Episode". Sanity. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 3". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 4". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 5". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Australian Blu-ray releases:
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 1". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
"A Place To Call Home; S2". Sanity. Archived from the original on 6 May 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
Australian box set releases:
"A Place To Call Home — Season 1–2". Sanity. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 1–3". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 1–4". JB Hi-Fi. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
"Place To Call Home, A — Season 1–5". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Place To Call Home". iTunes Store. Apple Inc. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Place To Call Home: Seasons 1–5 (Music From The Television Series) – Otv". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Congratulations to all our National Award Winners". Australian Cinematographers Society (ACS). Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "2014 Equity Ensemble Awards - Winners Announced". TV Tonight. 30 April 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (27 April 2014). "Logie Awards 2014: Winners". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Knox, David (8 May 2016). "2016 Logie Awards: Winners". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
A Place to Call Home on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Place_to_Call_Home_(TV_series)&oldid=849938471"
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HMS Ocean (R68)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other ships with the same name, see HMS Ocean.
HMS Ocean off Korea in July 1952
History
United Kingdom
Laid down: 8 November 1942
Launched: 8 July 1944
Commissioned: 8 August 1945
Decommissioned: 1960
Out of service: In reserve, 1957
Fate: Scrapped in Faslane, Scotland 1962
General characteristics
Class and type: Colossus-class aircraft carrier
Displacement: 13,190 tons
Length: 630 ft (190 m)
Beam: 80 ft (24 m)
Draught: 18 ft 6 in (5.64 m)
Propulsion:
Parson geared turbines,
4 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers
2 shafts
40,000 shp (29,800 kW)
Speed: 25 knots (46 km/h)
Range: 12,000 nm at 14 knots (22,200 km at 26 km/h)
Complement: 1,300 officers and men
Armament:
24 × 2-pounder
32 × 20 mm
Aircraft carried: 48
HMS Ocean was a Royal Navy Colossus-class light fleet aircraft carrier of 13,190 tons built in Glasgow by Alexander Stephen and Sons. Her keel was laid in November 1942, and she was commissioned on 30 June 1945.
Contents
1 Construction and design
2 Service
3 References
4 Sources
5 External links
Construction and design[edit]
The Colossus-class was a class of relatively small aircraft carriers which were designed to be built quickly to meet the Royal Navy's requirements for more carriers to allow it to fight a global war. In order to allow speedy build, they were designed to mercantile rather than navy hull standards, while armour protection and long-range anti aircraft guns were not fitted.[1][2][3] Sixteen ships were ordered by the end of 1942, but the last six were completed to a modified design as the Majestic-class.[4]
The ships were between 693 feet 2 inches (211.28 m) and 695 feet 0 inches (211.84 m) long overall, 650 feet (198.12 m) at the waterline and 630 feet (192.02 m) between perpendiculars. Beam was 80 feet (24.38 m) and draught was 23 feet 6 inches (7.16 m) at deep load. Displacement was 13,190 long tons (13,400 t) standard and 18,040 long tons (18,330 t) deep load.[3][5] Four Admiralty 3-drum boilers supplied steam to two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines which in turn drove two propeller shafts. The machinery was rated at 40,000 shaft horsepower (30,000 kW), giving a speed of 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h). The ships had a range of 12,000 nautical miles (14,000 mi; 22,000 km) at a speed of 14 knots (16 mph; 26 km/h).[5]
The flight deck was 690 feet (210.3 m) long and 80 feet (24.4 m) wide, while the hangar was 445 feet (135.6 m) long and 52 feet (15.8 m) wide with a clear overhead height of 17 feet 6 inches (5.33 m). While designed to carry 24 aircraft in 1942, by the time that they became operational, the ships were accommodating 37 aircraft.[3] Ocean was fitted with a close-in anti-aircraft armament of six quadruple and seven single 2-pounder (40 mm) pom-pom autocannon and twelve single Bofors 40 mm guns.[3] The ship had a crew of 1300 officers and ratings.[5]
Ocean was laid down at Alexander Stephen and Sons Glasgow shipyard on 8 November 1942 and was launched on 8 July 1944.[5] In March 1944, a proposal was made by the Australian government to purchase a light fleet carrier, specifically Ocean.[6] The application was rejected in early June 1945, and the carrier entered Royal Navy service.[6] The ship was commissioned on 8 August 1945.[5] In total, the ship required 20772 man-months to build.[7]
Service[edit]
The first carrier landing and take-off of a jet aircraft in 1945
On 4 December 1945, a Sea Vampire flown by Eric "Winkle" Brown made the first ever carrier landing of a purely jet-powered aircraft onto Ocean (although earlier that year a composite jet and piston engined Ryan FR-1 Fireball had made a carrier landing under jet power after its radial engine failed.)[8] The last Fairey Swordfish to make an official flight from a Royal Navy aircraft carrier did so earlier in October 1945 from the deck of Ocean.[citation needed] When British forces withdrew from Palestine in 1948, Ocean supported the withdrawal.
Ocean twice deployed to Korea, firstly from May to October 1952 and then from May to November 1953. In August 1952 a formation of Hawker Sea Fury aircraft from the carrier engaged North Korean MiG-15 jets in air combat, shooting one down.[9]
In August 1954 she joined the Home Fleet's training squadron but saw an active role in the Suez crisis. In the first ever large-scale helicopter borne assault, Westland Whirlwind and Bristol Sycamore helicopters from Ocean and HMS Theseus landed 425 men of 45 Commando and 23 tons of stores into Port Said in 90 minutes. After Suez, the ship did not see much more active service. In September 1957, the Soviet Union protested when HMS Maidstone accompanied Ocean on a visit to Helsinki. She went into extended reserve in 1958 and was scrapped in 1962 at Faslane.
In his book on the Hungarian Revolution, Peter Fryer briefly refers to the "arrest of twelve British seamen in the aircraft carrier Ocean, following unlawful meetings" in October 1956.[10]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chesneau 1998, pp. 129, 131
Jump up ^ Brown 2012, pp. 57–58
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brown 1977, pp. 50–51
Jump up ^ Brown 2012, pp. 58–59
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chesneau 1998, p. 129
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Anthony (June 1998) [1978]. Australian Carrier Decisions: the acquisition of HMA Ships Albatross, Sydney and Melbourne. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 4). Canberra: Sea Power Centre. pp. 55–109. ISBN 0-642-29503-4. ISSN 1327-5658.
Jump up ^ Brown 2012, p. 58
Jump up ^ "First Jet Landing." Naval Aviation News, United States Navy, March 1946, p. 6. The first jet aircraft to operate from an aircraft carrier was the unconventional composite propeller-jet Ryan FR Fireball, but it was designed to utilise its piston engine during takeoff and landing. On 6 November 1945, the piston engine of an FR-1 failed on final approach and the pilot started the jet engine and landed, thereby performing the first jet-powered carrier landing, albeit unintentionally.
Jump up ^ McCart 2002, pp. 100–101
Jump up ^ Fryer, Peter (December 1996) [1956]. Hungarian Tragedy. London: New Park. pp. 39–40. ISBN 0861510720.
Sources[edit]
Brown, David (1977). World War 2 Fact Files: Aircraft Carriers. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-354-01008-5.
Brown, David K. (2012). Nelson to Vanguard: Warship Design and Development 1923–1945. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-149-6.
Chesneau, Roger (1998). Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Brockhampton. ISBN 1-86019-875-9.
Fryer, Peter (December 1996) [1956]. Hungarian Tragedy. London: New Park. ISBN 0861510720.
McCart, Neil (2002). The Colossus-Class Aircraft Carriers 1944–1972. Cheltenham: Fan Publications. ISBN 1901225062.
Wright, Anthony (June 1998) [1978]. Australian Carrier Decisions: the acquisition of HMA Ships Albatross, Sydney and Melbourne. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 4). Canberra: Sea Power Centre. pp. 55–109. ISBN 0-642-29503-4. ISSN 1327-5658.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Ocean (R68).
Maritimequest HMS Ocean photo gallery
The Minister of Defence, Earl Alexander, inspects HMS Ocean off Korea in 1952.

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1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier
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Colossus-class aircraft carrier
Royal Navy
Colossus
Glory
Ocean
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Triumph
Venerable
Vengeance
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Independencia (ex-Warrior)
Veinticinco de Mayo (ex-Karel Doorman)
Royal Australian Navy
Vengeance
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Minas Gerais (ex-Vengeance)
Royal Canadian Navy
Warrior
French Navy
Arromanches (ex-Colossus)
Royal Netherlands Navy
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hide
Majestic-class aircraft carrier
Royal Navy
Ordered for, but never operated by
Hercules
Leviathan
Magnificent
Majestic
Powerful
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Royal Australian Navy
Melbourne (ex-Majestic)
Sydney (ex-Terrible)
Royal Canadian Navy
Canadian Forces
Bonaventure (ex-Powerful)
Magnificent
Indian Navy
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Preceded by: Implacable class
Followed by: Audacious class
List of aircraft carriers of the Royal Navy
show
v
t
e
Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1946
Shipwrecks
1 Jan: USS Dorsey
2 Jan: U-516, U-2502
3 Jan: Empire Tigachi, U-825, U-2336, U-2351
5 Jan: U-541, U-901, U-2506
6 Jan: U-1109, U-2356
7 Jan: U-1010, U-1023, U-2511
8 Jan: HMS Safari
14 Jan: USS Snowbell, USS Southard
28 Jan: Bluenose
January (unknown date): Akagi Maru
2 Feb: U-764
3 Feb: I-505
5 Feb: U-1228
10 Feb: U-975
12 Feb: I-501, U-3514
14 Feb: Fulham VII
15 Feb: I-502, I-506
February (unknown date): U-1197
1 Mar: Sackett's Harbor
4 Mar: USS Extricate
6 Mar: George W. Norris
11 Mar: USS Roche
16 Mar: Karl Leonhardt
26 Mar: Z34
27 Mar: LST-405
1 Apr: I-58, I-156, I-157, I-158, I-159, I-402, Charles S. Haight
4 Apr: USS S-35
5 Apr: I-202
8 Apr: USS Despatch
9 Apr: Empire Bridge
16 Apr: I-503, I-504
21 Apr: Empire Christopher
30 Apr: Georgetown Victory, RO-500, USS Solar, HMS Stubborn, HMAS Tolga
1 May: HMS Tarantula
8 May: I-153, I-154, I-155
14 May: USS Bellona
23 May: I-201
24 May: DD-224 (ex-USS Stewart)
28 May: I-14
31 May: I-401
4 Jun: I-400, Kunashiri
7 Jun: Kamikaze
8 Jun: Myōkō
9 Jun: USS Solar
1 Jul: USS Anderson, USS Carlisle, USS Gilliam, USS Lamson, Sakawa
25 Jul: USS Apogon, USS Arkansas, USS LSM-60, USS Pilotfish, USS Saratoga, USS Skipjack
30 Jul: Nagato
2 Aug: Empire Cross
19 Sep: Ohio
16 Oct: Cassius Hudson
17 Oct: HMAS Waree
19 Oct: Takao
13 Nov: U-977
20 Nov: Albany
27 Nov: Lasknes
2 Dec: HMCS Middlesex
8 Dec: Liberté, HMS Saltburn
16 Dec: Leipzig, Z29
22 Dec: Prinz Eugen
26 Dec: USAT Brigadier General M. G. Zalinski
31 Dec: Monte Pascoal, Schwabenland
Other incidents
14 Feb: Alfred Victory
8 May: HMS Orion (Corfu Channel incident), HMS Superb (Corfu Channel incident)
15 May: HMS Diomede
1 Jul: Prinz Eugen
25 Jul: Nagato ,Prinz Eugen
Jul: Patrick Henry
22 Oct: HMS Mauritius (Corfu Channel incident), HMS Leander (Corfu Channel incident);HMS Saumarez (Corfu Channel incident), HMS Volage (Corfu Channel incident)
12 Nov: HMS Ocean (Corfu Channel incident)
8 Dec: Empire Eden
6 Dec: Niels Poulson
Unknown date: Brown Bear
1945 1947
December 1945
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Ocean_(R68)&oldid=858358672"
Categories:
Colossus-class aircraft carriers
Ships built in Glasgow
1944 ships
Cold War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Korean War aircraft carriers of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1946
1944 establishments in Scotland
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Mens rea
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v
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Mens rea (/ˈmɛnz ˈriːə/; Law Latin for "guilty mind"[1][2][3]) is the mental element of a person's intention to commit a crime; or knowledge that one's action or lack of action would cause a crime to be committed. It is a necessary element of many crimes.
The standard common law test of criminal liability is expressed in the Latin phrase actus reus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea, i.e. "the act is not culpable unless the mind is guilty". In jurisdictions with due process, there must be both actus reus ("guilty act") and mens rea for a defendant to be guilty of a crime (see concurrence). As a general rule, someone who acted without mental fault is not liable in criminal law. Exceptions are known as strict liability crimes.
In civil law, it is usually not necessary to prove a subjective mental element to establish liability for breach of contract or tort, for example. But if a tort is intentionally committed or a contract is intentionally breached, such intent may increase the scope of liability and the damages payable to the plaintiff.
In some jurisdictions, the terms mens rea and actus reus have been replaced by alternative terminology. In Australia, mens rea is now called "fault elements" or "mental elements" and actus reus is now called "physical elements" or "external elements". The point of the changes was to replace Latin with plain English.[4][5]
Contents
1 Levels of mens rea
2 Modes of culpability
2.1 England and Wales
2.2 Scotland
2.3 United States
2.3.1 State criminal law
2.3.1.1 Model Penal Code
2.3.2 Federal criminal law
2.4 Canada
2.5 Australia
2.6 India
3 Ignorance of the law and mens rea
4 Subjective and objective tests
5 Relevance of motive
6 Intention
7 Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")
8 Criminal negligence
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Levels of mens rea[edit]
Under the traditional common law, the guilt or innocence of a person relied upon whether he had committed the crime (actus reus), and whether he intended to commit the crime (mens rea). However, many modern penal codes have created levels of mens rea called modes of culpability, which depend on the surrounding elements of the crime: the conduct, the circumstances, and the result, or what the Model Penal Code calls CAR (conduct, attendant circumstances, result). The definition of a crime is thus constructed using only these elements rather than the colorful language of mens rea:[6]
Murder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.
—  18 U.S.C. §1111 (traditional common law)
A person commits an offense if he:
(1) intentionally or knowingly causes the death of an individual
—  portion of Texas Penal Code §19.02 (modern offense element)
The traditional common law definitions and the modern definitions approach the crime from different angles.
In the traditional common law approach, the definition includes:
actus reus: unlawful killing of a human being;
mens rea: malice aforethought.
Modern law approaches the analysis somewhat differently. Homicide is a "results" crime in that it forbids any "intentional" or "knowing" conduct that results in the death of another human being. "Intentional" in this sense means the actor possessed a "purpose" or "desire" that his or her objective (i.e. death of another human being) be achieved. "Knowing" means that the actor was aware or practically certain that the death would result. Thus, the actus reus and mens rea of homicide in a modern criminal statute can be considered as follows:
actus reus: any conduct resulting in the death of another individual;
mens rea: intent or knowledge that the conduct would result in the death.
In the modern approach, the attendant circumstances tend to replace the traditional mens rea, indicating the level of culpability as well as other circumstances. For example, the crime of theft of government property would include as an attendant circumstance that the property belong to the government.[6]
Modes of culpability[edit]
The levels of mens rea and the distinction between them vary between jurisdictions. Although common law originated from England, the common law of each jurisdiction with regard to culpability varies as precedents and statutes vary.
England and Wales[edit]
Direct intention: the actor has a clear foresight of the consequences of his actions, and desires those consequences to occur. It's his aim or purpose to achieve this consequence (death).
Oblique intention: the result is a virtually certain consequence or a 'virtual certainty' of the defendant's actions, and that the defendant appreciates that such was the case.[7][8][9]
Knowingly: the actor knows, or should know, that the results of his conduct are reasonably certain to occur.
Recklessness: the actor foresees that particular consequences may occur and proceeds with the given conduct, not caring whether those consequences actually occur or not.[10][11][12]
Criminal negligence: the actor did not actually foresee that the particular consequences would flow from his actions, but a reasonable person, in the same circumstances, would have foreseen those consequences.
Scotland[edit]
Intention: the accused willingly committed a criminal act entirely aware of his actions and their consequences. Necessary for murder and for assault.
Recklessness: the accused was aware the criminal act could be potentially dangerous but did not give a second thought to its consequences, for example, involuntary culpable homicide.
United States[edit]
State criminal law[edit]
The vast majority of criminal prosecutions in the United States are carried out by the component states in accordance with the laws of the state in question. Historically, the states (with the partial exception of civil-law Louisiana) applied common law rules of mens rea similar to those extant in England, but over time American understandings of common law mens rea terms diverged from those of English law and from each other. By the late 1950s to early 1960s, the common law of mens rea was widely acknowledged to be a slippery, vague, and confused mess.[13] This was one of several factors that led to the development of the Model Penal Code.
Model Penal Code[edit]
Since its publication in 1957, the formulation of mens rea set forth in the Model Penal Code has been highly influential throughout the US in clarifying the discussion of the different modes of culpability.[13] The following levels of mens rea are found in the MPC:
Strict liability: the actor engaged in conduct and his mental state is irrelevant. Under Model Penal Code Section 2.05, this mens rea may only be applied where the forbidden conduct is a mere violation, i.e. a civil infraction.
Negligently: a "reasonable person" would be aware of a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is under prohibited attendant circumstances, and the actor was not so aware but should have been.
Recklessly: the actor consciously disregards a "substantial and unjustifiable risk" that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, will lead to a prohibited result, and/or is of a prohibited nature.
Knowingly: the actor is practically certain that his conduct will lead to the result, or is aware to a high probability that his conduct is of a prohibited nature, or is aware to a high probability that the attendant circumstances exist.
Purposefully: the actor has the "conscious object" of engaging in conduct and believes or hopes that the attendant circumstances exist.
Except for strict liability, these classes of mens rea are defined in Section 2.02(2) of the MPC.
Federal criminal law[edit]
Since the federal government of the United States does not have a generalized police power like that of the states, the scope of its criminal statutes is necessarily circumscribed. Ordinary prosecutions are the province of the states, and only crimes of special federal import are pursued by the federal government. Consequently, Title 18 of the United States Code does not use the aforementioned culpability scheme but relies instead on more traditional definitions of crimes taken from common law. For example, malice aforethought is used as a requirement for committing capital murder.[14]
Canada[edit]
The Supreme Court of Canada has found that the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees a minimum requirement for the mental state of various crimes. For example, the crime of murder must include a mental requirement of at least subjective foresight of death. For crimes where imprisonment is a sanction, there is a requirement of at least a defence of due diligence.
Australia[edit]
Mens rea needs to be proved by prosecution from offence to offence. If it is a common law offence, mens rea is found out by relevant precedent (DPP v Morgan [1976] AC 182). Where the offence is in legislation, the requisite mens rea is found by interpreting the intention of the legislation.[15][16] They must intend to commit the full offence.[17]
India[edit]
Mens Rea in the Indian Penal Code 1860 sets out the definition of offences, the general conditions of liability, the conditions of exemptions from liability and punishments for the respective offences. Legislatures had not used the common law doctrine of mens rea in defining these crimes. However, they preferred to import it by using different terms indicating the required evil intent or mens rea as an essence of a particular offence.[18]
Guilt in respect to almost all offences created under the IPC is fastened either on the ground of intention, knowledge or reason to believe. Almost all the offences under the IPC are qualified by one or other words such as ‘wrongful gain or loss’, ‘dishonesty’, ‘fraudulently’, ‘reason to believe’, ‘criminal knowledge or intention’, ‘intentional cooperation’, ‘voluntarily’, ‘malignantly’, ‘wantonly’, ‘maliciously’. All these words indicate the blameworthy mental condition required at the time of commission of the offence, nowhere found in the IPC, its essence is reflected in almost all the provisions of the Indian Penal Code 1860. Every offence created under the IPC virtually imports the idea of criminal intent or mens rea in some form or other.[19]
Ignorance of the law and mens rea[edit]
The general rule under common law is that "ignorance of the law or a mistake of law is no defense to criminal prosecution."[20][21] In some cases, courts have held if knowledge of a law, or the intent to break a law, is a material element of an offense a defendant may use ignorance as a defense to willfulness if his misunderstanding is in good faith:
The proliferation of statutes and regulations has sometimes made it difficult for the average citizen to know and comprehend the extent of the duties and obligations imposed by the tax laws. . . . [T]he Court almost 60 years ago interpreted the statutory term "willfully" as used in federal criminal tax statutes as carving out an exception to the traditional rule."[22]
Crimes like tax evasion are specific intent crimes and require intent to violate the law as an element of the offense.[23] In R. v. Klundert, for example, the Ontario Court of Appeal found as follows:
"[55] Section 239(1)(d) is part of an Act which is necessarily and notoriously complex. It is subject to ongoing revision. No lay person is expected to know all the complexities of the tax laws. It is accepted that people will act on the advice of professionals and that the advice will often turn on the meanings to be given to provisions in the Act that are open to various interpretations. Furthermore, it is accepted that one may legitimately structure one’s affairs so as to minimize tax liability. Considered in this legislative context, I have no difficulty in holding that a mistake or ignorance as to one’s liability to pay tax under the Act may negate the fault requirement in the provision, regardless of whether it is a factual mistake, a legal mistake, or a combination of both."
Not all offenses require specific intent, and a misreading, even in good faith, may not excuse the criminal conduct.[24] A good-faith belief that a law is unjust or unconstitutional is no excuse,[25] but "reasonable compliance upon an official statement of law, afterward determined to be invalid or erroneous" does not constitute a criminal act.[26]
However, a law must be worded as such, that it affords that a reasonable person who is not an attorney is able to comprehend the specific acts that the law prohibits. Otherwise, the statute may be struck down as unconstitutional pursuant to the Vagueness doctrine.
Subjective and objective tests[edit]
The test for the existence of mens rea may be:
(a) subjective, where the court must be satisfied that the accused actually had the requisite mental element present in his or her mind at the relevant time (for purposely, knowingly, recklessly etc) (see concurrence);
(b) objective, where the requisite mens rea element is imputed to the accused, on the basis that a reasonable person would have had the mental element in the same circumstances (for negligence); or
(c) hybrid, where the test is both subjective and objective.
The court will have little difficulty in establishing mens rea if there is actual evidence – for instance, if the accused made an admissible admission. This would satisfy a subjective test. But a significant proportion of those accused of crimes make no such admissions. Hence, some degree of objectivity must be brought to bear as the basis upon which to impute the necessary component(s). It is always reasonable to assume that people of ordinary intelligence are aware of their physical surroundings and of the ordinary laws of cause and effect (see causation). Thus, when a person plans what to do and what not to do, he will understand the range of likely outcomes from given behaviour on a sliding scale from "inevitable" to "probable" to "possible" to "improbable". The more an outcome shades towards the "inevitable" end of the scale, the more likely it is that the accused both foresaw and desired it, and, therefore, the safer it is to impute intention. If there is clear subjective evidence that the accused did not have foresight, but a reasonable person would have, the hybrid test may find criminal negligence. In terms of the burden of proof, the requirement is that a jury must have a high degree of certainty before convicting, defined as "beyond a reasonable doubt" in the United States and "sure" in the United Kingdom.[27][28][29] It is this reasoning that justifies the defenses of infancy, and of lack of mental capacity under the M'Naghten Rules, an alternate common law rule (e.g., Durham test), and one of various statutes defining mental illness as an excuse. Moreover, if there is an irrebuttable presumption of doli incapax - that is, that the accused did not have sufficient understanding of the nature and quality of his actions – then the requisite mens rea is absent no matter what degree of probability might otherwise have been present.[30] For these purposes, therefore, where the relevant statutes are silent and it is for the common law to form the basis of potential liability, the reasonable person must be endowed with the same intellectual and physical qualities as the accused, and the test must be whether an accused with these specific attributes would have had the requisite foresight and desire.
In English law, s8 Criminal Justice Act 1967 provides a statutory framework within which mens rea is assessed. It states:[31]
A court or jury, in determining whether a person has committed an offense,
(a) shall not be bound in law to infer that he intended or foresaw a result of his actions by reasons only of its being a natural and probable consequence of those actions; but
(b) shall decide whether he did intend or foresee that result by reference to all the evidence, drawing such inferences from the evidence as appear proper in the circumstances.
Under s8(b) therefore, the jury is allowed a wide latitude in applying a hybrid test to impute intention or foresight (for the purposes of recklessness) on the basis of all the evidence.
Relevance of motive[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One of the mental components often raised in issue is that of motive. If the accused admits to having a motive consistent with the elements of foresight and desire, this will add to the level of probability that the actual outcome was intended (it makes the prosecution case more credible). But if there is clear evidence that the accused had a different motive, this may decrease the probability that he or she desired the actual outcome. In such a situation, the motive may become subjective evidence that the accused did not intend, but was reckless or willfully blind.[citation needed]
Motive cannot be a defense.[32] If, for example, a person breaks into a laboratory used for the testing of pharmaceuticals on animals, the question of guilt is determined by the presence of an actus reus, i.e. entry without consent and damage to property, and a mens rea, i.e. intention to enter and cause the damage. That the person might have had a clearly articulated political motive to protest such testing does not affect liability. If motive has any relevance, this may be addressed in the sentencing part of the trial, when the court considers what punishment, if any, is appropriate.[citation needed]
Intention[edit]
Main article: Intention (criminal law)
Recklessness (United States: "willful blindness")[edit]
Main articles: Recklessness (law) and Willful blindness
In such cases, there is clear subjective evidence that the accused foresaw but did not desire the particular outcome. When the accused failed to stop the given behavior, he took the risk of causing the given loss or damage. There is always some degree of intention subsumed within recklessness. During the course of the conduct, the accused foresees that he may be putting another at risk of injury: A choice must be made at that point in time. By deciding to proceed, the accused actually intends the other to be exposed to the risk of that injury. The greater the probability of that risk maturing into the foreseen injury, the greater the degree of recklessness and, subsequently, sentence rendered. For example, at common law, an unlawful homicide committed recklessly would ordinarily constitute the crime of voluntary manslaughter. One committed with "extreme" or "gross" recklessness as to human life would constitute murder, sometimes defined as "depraved heart" or "abandoned and malignant heart" murder.[33]
Criminal negligence[edit]
Main article: Criminal negligence
Here, the test is both subjective and objective. There is credible subjective evidence that the particular accused neither foresaw nor desired the particular outcome, thus potentially excluding both intention and recklessness. But a reasonable person with the same abilities and skills as the accused would have foreseen and taken precautions to prevent the loss and damage being sustained. Only a small percentage of offences are defined with this mens rea requirement. Most legislatures prefer to base liability on either intention or recklessness and, faced with the need to establish recklessness as the default mens rea for guilt, those practising in most legal systems rely heavily on objective tests to establish the minimum requirement of foresight for recklessness.
See also[edit]
Actus reus
Animus nocendi
Command responsibility
Henry de Bracton
Morissette v. United States (1952)
Flores-Figueroa v. United States (2009)
Voluntas necandi
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Martin, ed. (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860756-3.
Jump up ^ Black's Law Dictionary, p. 889 (5th ed. 1979).
Jump up ^ Barron's Law Dictionary, p. 289 (2d ed. 1984).
Jump up ^ Brent Fisse, "Howard's Criminal Law" (1990) 12-13.
Jump up ^ Meyers v R [1997] HCA 43, High Court (Australia).
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), p. 46.
Jump up ^ R v Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025
Jump up ^ R v Woollin [1998]
Jump up ^ R v Matthews & Alleyne [2004]
Jump up ^ R v Cunningham [1957]
Jump up ^ R v G & R [2003]
Jump up ^ R v Caldwell [1982]
^ Jump up to: a b Dubber (2002), pp. 60-80.
Jump up ^ Dubber (2002), p. 55.
Jump up ^ He Kaw Teh v R [1985] HCA 43, (1985) 157 CLR 523 (11 July 1985), High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ CTM v R [2008] HCA 25, (2008) 236 CLR 440, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ Knight v R [1992] HCA 56, (1992) 175 CLR 495, High Court (Australia).
Jump up ^ "INDIAN PENAL CODE" (PDF). Human Resource Development Institute.
Jump up ^ "12_CHAPTER v" (PDF). Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET.
Jump up ^ Cheek v. United States, 498 U.S. 192 (1991)
Jump up ^ Ostrowski v Palmer [2004] HCA 30
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 199-200
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 194
Jump up ^ People v. Marrero, 507 N.E.2d 1068 (N.Y. 1987)
Jump up ^ Cheek, at 205-7
Jump up ^ State v. Godwin, 31 S.E. 221 (N.C. 1898)
Jump up ^ In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)
Jump up ^ R v Majid [2009] EWCA Crim 2563
Jump up ^ Crown Bench Book: Directing the Jury. Judicial Studies Board. 2010.
Jump up ^ In re Devon T., 584 A.2d 1287 (Md. Court App. 1991)
Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1967 (c.80)
Jump up ^ Hessick, Carrisa (2006). "Motive's Role in Criminal Punishment". Southern California Law Review. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ California Penal Code §§ 188-199
Further reading[edit]
Dubber, Markus D. (2002). Criminal Law: Model Penal Code. Foundation Press.
External links[edit]
Criminal Responsibility and Intent
Mens Rea: The Need for a Meaningful Intent Requirement in Federal Criminal Law: Hearing before the Over-Criminalization Task Force of 2013 of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, July 19, 2013.
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