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Dear Evan Hansen
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Dear Evan Hansen
Poster for Dear Evan Hansen
Music
Benj Pasek
Justin Paul
Lyrics
Benj Pasek
Justin Paul
Book
Steven Levenson
Premiere
July 10, 2015: Arena Stage, Washington, D.C.
Productions
2015 Arena Stage
2016 Off-Broadway
2016 Broadway
Awards
Obie Award for Musical Theatre
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Lyrics
Tony Award for Best Musical
Tony Award for Best Original Score
Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical
Dear Evan Hansen is a musical with music and lyrics by Pasek and Paul, and a book by Steven Levenson.[1]
The musical opened on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre in December 2016, after its world premiere at the Arena Stage in Washington, DC, in July 2015 and an Off-Broadway production in March to May 2016.
The title character, Evan Hansen, is a high school senior with a social anxiety disorder who finds himself amid the turmoil that follows a classmate's death.
The musical has received critical acclaim, particularly for Ben Platt's leading performance, the lyrics, and the book, and has served as a touchstone for discussion about pre-mature storytelling and themes explored in musical theatre, particularly that of mental illness. At the 71st Tony Awards, it was nominated for nine awards, winning six, including Best Musical, Best Score and Best Actor in a Musical for Platt.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Synopsis
2.1 Act 1
2.2 Act 2
3 Roles and principal casts
3.1 Roles and original cast
3.2 Off-Broadway cast replacements
3.3 Broadway cast replacements
3.4 Broadway understudies/alternates
3.5 Characters
4 Musical numbers
4.1 Recording
5 Productions
5.1 Washington, D.C. (2015)
5.2 Off-Broadway (2016)
5.3 Broadway (2016)
5.4 U.S. Tour
6 Critical response
7 Honors and awards
7.1 Original Washington, D.C. production
7.2 Original Off-Broadway production
7.3 Original Broadway production
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The musical has its origins in an incident that took place during Pasek's high school years. The musical "takes the notion of a teenager, ... Evan Hansen, who invents an important role for himself in a tragedy that he did not earn."[2]
Synopsis[edit]
Act 1[edit]
Evan Hansen, a teenager who struggles with severe social anxiety, writes a hopeful letter to himself as an assignment from his therapist before the first day of his senior year. His mother, Heidi, a busy nurse's aide who is studying to be a paralegal at night, attempts to connect with Evan, but struggles to find common ground with him. She tells him to make new friends by asking people to sign the cast on his arm, which he had broken by falling out of a large tree over the summer.
Across town, the wealthy Murphy family—Cynthia, Larry, and their children Zoe and Connor sit down to breakfast. Zoe and Larry berate Connor for getting high before school, while Cynthia struggles with the fact that her family is falling apart. The two mothers wonder simultaneously how to connect with their sons ("Anybody Have a Map?").
At school, Evan runs into Alana, an ambitious student obsessed with getting into a good college, and Jared, the son of a family friend and the closest thing Evan has to an actual friend. Both Alana and Jared notice his broken arm, but neither one takes Evan up on his offer to sign his cast. Evan has a physical altercation with Connor, prompting Zoe, Evan's longtime crush, to apologize on her brother's behalf. Evan wonders if this is his destiny – to never get the girl of his dreams, to be ignored, and to be an outcast for the rest of his life ("Waving Through a Window").
Evan writes himself another letter, this time about how he's given up on it being a good year and how he wonders if anyone would notice if he wasn't there. He remarks that all his hope is now pinned on Zoe, even though he doesn't know her. While printing out the letter in the school's computer lab, he once again runs into Connor, who is more subdued than he was that morning. He offers to sign Evan's cast, musing that maybe now they can both pretend they have friends. After signing the cast, he reads Evan's letter and becomes furious at the mention of Zoe, thinking Evan intended for him to see the letter in order to hurt him. He storms out, taking the letter with him.
Several days pass with no sign of Connor or Evan's letter, leaving Evan in an intense state of anxiety over what Connor might have done with it. That day, he is called to the principal's office, where Connor's parents are waiting to meet him. They tell Evan that Connor had died by suicide a few days before, with Evan's letter in his pocket. Believing it to be Connor's suicide note, addressed to Evan, they ask Evan if he and Connor were close, as Connor had never mentioned having friends before. Evan attempts to explain but becomes overwhelmed, panicking. Not wanting to further their grief and trying to find a way out of the situation, Evan agrees to go to their house to talk about Connor. He confides all this in Jared, who advises him to just "nod and confirm". Instead, Evan begins to fabricate an intricate story of his and Connor's friendship after seeing how distraught Cynthia is over the loss of her son. Evan claims that he and Connor kept up a secret email correspondence, and tells them a fictional version of the day he broke his arm in which Connor was with him the entire day ("For Forever"). Later, Heidi reminds Evan that he needs to begin applying for college scholarships, but Evan is too distracted by his fabricated friendship with Connor to take her very seriously. She mentions hearing about Connor's death, but Evan tells her not to worry, that he didn't know Connor. Heidi confronts Evan after seeing Connor's name signed on his cast, but he lies by saying that someone else named Connor signed his cast. After realizing he needs evidence of his supposed "secret email account", Evan enlists Jared's help in creating fake, backdated email conversations ("Sincerely, Me").
After Evan shows the Murphys Connor's "emails", Cynthia is ecstatic that her son had a friend and asks to see more of the emails, but Larry is more hurt that Connor took his family and his privileged life for granted. Zoe, who was never close to Connor, refuses to mourn him because she truly does not miss her brother because of his abusive behavior towards her ("Requiem"). However, after Evan shows her the "suicide note", Zoe notices that she is mentioned and asks Evan if Connor ever spoke about her. Evan, unable to tell her the truth, tells her all the reasons he loves her, but pretends that Connor said them ("If I Could Tell Her"). Overcome with emotion, he impulsively kisses Zoe, but she throws him out.
Evan notices that people are starting to forget about Connor, and wants to prevent what happened to him from happening to anyone else. Spurred on by his imaginary version of Connor, Evan enlists Alana and Jared's help in founding "The Connor Project", an organization dedicated to keeping Connor's memory alive and helping those like him. The three pitch the idea to the Murphys, who agree to support the project ("Disappear"). At the official launch of the Connor Project, Evan gives an inspiring speech about his loneliness and friendship with Connor, which goes viral after it is posted online. Zoe, overcome by the impact her brother and Evan have had on people, kisses him ("You Will Be Found").
Act 2[edit]
Evan and Alana pitch a fund-raising idea on The Connor Project's website. In memory of Connor, they want to raise $50,000 in three weeks to reopen the abandoned apple orchard that Evan and Connor supposedly spent time in. Evan, spurred on by his new relationship with Zoe, and his newfound family in the Murphys, begins to neglect his mother, Jared, and the Connor Project.
Heidi tells Evan that she saw the video of his speech on Facebook, and asks him why he didn't tell her about the Connor Project or about his and Connor's friendship. He angrily responds that he didn't have the time because she's never around. He then rushes off to the Murphys', telling her that he's going to Jared's. At the Murphys', Evan bonds with Larry, and confides in him that his father left when he was young, has remarried, and no longer keeps in touch with him or Heidi ("To Break in a Glove"). Sometime later, at Evan's house, Evan makes an offhand comment to Zoe about how he and his mother don't have much money and he needs the scholarships to pay for college. When he begins to mention Connor, Zoe tells him that she doesn't want their relationship to be about Connor, but about the two of them ("Only Us").
Evan gets in a fight with Jared who claims that Connor's death was the best thing that ever happened to Evan – he is no longer invisible, and has landed the girl of his dreams. Later on, Evan goes to the Murphys' only to discover that Zoe had invited Heidi for dinner. Heidi who had no idea that Evan had spent time at the Murphys' is mortified when Larry and Cynthia offer to use the money that they had set aside for Connor's college fund to send Evan to school instead. After returning home, Heidi and Evan fight over his secrecy. When Heidi protests that the Murphys are not Evan's family, Evan confesses that he feels not only welcomed, but accepted by the Murphys in light of Heidi's absence and expectations towards Evan's mental health. Heidi tearfully berates him for running off to his shiny new family while Alana begins to find inconsistencies in the fake emails Evan "received" from Connor and suspect that the entire story has been a lie. Beginning to panic, Evan urges Jared to help him clear up the inaccuracies, but Jared refuses due to Evan's own absence. Evan counters that Jared himself had acted as a friend to him when he needed him. Jared threatens to expose Evan, and Evan warns him he could in turn open up about Jared's role. All three converge in Evan's conscience, compounding his guilt and doubt over his decisions. ("Good for You").
Evan decides he has to come clean with what he's done. Imaginary Connor attempts to talk him out of it citing the happiness he has given the Murphys and the fate of Evan's relationship with Zoe, but Evan does not back down, angrily shouting he needs the whole thing to be over. Connor is unconvinced and asks Evan how he broke his arm: did he fall by accident or actually let go? Evan denies intent, but Connor tells him that if he tells the truth, all he has will be gone, and the only thing he will be left with is himself. He disappears leaving Evan alone.
Evan is distraught and goes to see the Murphys, who have become the targets of hateful comments from people that believe they were responsible for Connor's death. He walks in on the three of them fighting about why Connor really killed himself and finally admits that he fabricated the entire thing, hopeful that he could forge a genuine bond with the Murphys out of the tragedy. As Zoe and her mother tearfully run out, Larry turns away from Evan in disgust. Alone once more, Evan absorbs his perceived brokenness as inescapable. ("Words Fail").
Evan finds Heidi waiting for him at home, who saw the letter online, immediately knowing that it was one of Evan's therapy assignments. She apologizes to Evan for not seeing how badly he had been hurting. Evan says that it wasn't her fault, he lied to her about so much. He then vaguely admits that his fall had been a suicide attempt. Heidi sits him down and recalls the day that his father moved out: how she felt so small and alone, and didn't know how she was going to make it by herself. In the end, however, she realized that she wasn't alone – she had Evan and knew that the two of them could make it through anything as long as they were together. Tearfully, Heidi promises that she'll always be there for him when he needs her ("So Big/So Small").
A year later, Evan is still living at home and working at Pottery Barn to save enough money to go to college the next semester. He contacts Zoe, whom he has not seen since she found out the truth, asking if she will agree to meet him. She does but insists that they meet at the orchard that has been reopened in Connor's memory. He apologizes for the pain he caused her family and admits that he has been reading Connor's ten favorite books after finding a list in an old yearbook in an attempt to connect with who he really was. He also thanks her and her parents for keeping his secret and revealing that they never told anyone else that his friendship with Connor was a lie. She forgives him saying the whole ordeal brought her family closer together over the past year because "everyone needed it for something." Evan asks her why she insisted on meeting at the orchard, and she replies that she wanted to be sure he saw it, and the two share a gentle moment before they awkwardly part. Evan mentally writes himself one last letter reflecting on the impact he's had on his community and questions what is to come next ("Finale").
Roles and principal casts[edit]
Roles and original cast[edit]
Character
Washington, D.C.
(2015)
Off–Broadway
(2016)
Broadway
(2016)
Evan Hansen
Ben Platt
Heidi Hansen
Rachel Bay Jones
Zoe Murphy
Laura Dreyfuss
Connor Murphy
Mike Faist
Cynthia Murphy
Jennifer Laura Thompson
Larry Murphy
Michael Park John Dossett Michael Park
Alana Beck
Alexis Molnar Kristolyn Lloyd
Jared Kleinman
Will Roland
Off-Broadway cast replacements[edit]
Alana Beck: Kristolyn Lloyd
Broadway cast replacements[edit]
Evan Hansen: Noah Galvin;[3] Taylor Trensch[3]
Broadway understudies/alternates[edit]
Evan Hansen (on Wednesday and Saturday matinees) Michael Lee Brown[4]
Connor Murphy, Jared Kleinman and Evan Hansen: Colton Ryan, Michael Lee Brown, Ben Ross
Heidi Hansen/Cynthia Murphy: Garrett Long
Zoe Murphy/Alana Beck: Olivia Puckett
Larry Murphy: Asa Somers
Jared Kleinman: Nick Sacks
Characters[edit]
Evan Hansen – A high school senior who struggles with social anxiety disorder. He is assigned by his therapist to write letters to himself about why each day will be good, which becomes the catalyst for the plot of the story. He also has never had any friends, and has had a crush on Zoe Murphy for a very long time. After Connor's death, he begins to tell lies of him being friends with Connor to the Murphy family because they found Evan's letter to himself folded up in Connor's pocket; they thought Connor wrote it to Evan. The first act centers on his outreach propelled by Connor's death, while the second act has him unleash his yearning towards the Murphys and his anger towards Heidi and Jared, who he believes have used him for validation and ignored him when they didn't need him.
Heidi Hansen – Evan's mother, a nurse's aide who attends paralegal school at night, often leaving Evan on his own as a result. She tries to connect with Evan, but struggles because she doesn't personally understand what he goes through on a daily basis. Having been left by her ex-husband years prior to raise Evan on her own, she exhibits possessive and jealous behavior once she learns of the Murphys' interest in securing Evan's future. However, she comes to see her failings and Evan's concealed sorrow as a wake-up-call not to hide from her son.
Zoe Murphy – Connor's younger sister and Evan's longtime crush. She was never close to Connor, hated him even, but wishes she had known him better and turns to Evan after he lies and says he was friends with Connor. She doesn't get mad at Evan, but rather forgives him, after the truth is revealed.
Connor Murphy – A high school senior who is also a social outcast with no friends, just like Evan. He is a frequent drug user, and becomes verbally abusive to his family when he is high. However, he is protective of Zoe, even though he is not close with her.
Cynthia Murphy – Connor and Zoe's stay-at-home mother. She is constantly trying to keep her fragile family from falling apart, but is often unsuccessful. She clings to the memory of Connor even though she was never close with him, and her relationship with Larry and Zoe suffers because of it. The second act elaborates on her past attempts at coaxing Connor through expensive retreats, and her bitterness towards her husband's distance.
Larry Murphy – Connor and Zoe's busy father. He works hard to give his family a relatively easy life, but he is emotionally distant from all three of them. He becomes close with Evan, who never had a strong father figure, and begins to see Evan as the son Connor never was. However, as the letter becomes public, he's faced with his role in Connor's alienation and the truth behind Evan's outreach.
Alana Beck – Evan's precocious and sometimes insufferable classmate. She is constantly looking for academic and extracurricular activities to boost her collegiate chances. She never knew Connor, but is greatly affected by his death and quickly joins Evan in founding the Connor Project in order to keep Connor's memory alive.
Jared Kleinman – Another of Evan's classmates; he is the closest thing Evan has ever had to a friend. The son of a family friend of the Hansens, he initially only talks to Evan so his parents will pay for his car insurance. Evan enlists his help in crafting fake emails from Connor, and slowly becomes a true friend to him. However, as Evan becomes preoccupied with his relationship with the Murphys and fails to further Jared's prominence in the Project, he turns his snide nature against Evan...only to be confronted by his own self-centeredness.
Musical numbers[edit]
Act 1
"Anybody Have a Map?" – Heidi, Cynthia
"Waving Through a Window" – Evan
"For Forever" – Evan
"Sincerely, Me" – Connor, Evan, Jared
"Requiem" – Zoe, Cynthia, Larry
"If I Could Tell Her" – Evan, Zoe
"Disappear" – Connor, Evan, Alana, Jared, Larry, Cynthia, Zoe
"You Will Be Found" – Company
Act 2
"Sincerely, Me" (Reprise)**– Connor, Jared
"To Break in a Glove"– Larry, Evan
"Only Us" – Zoe, Evan
"Good for You" – Heidi, Alana, Jared, Evan,
"For Forever" (Reprise)"** -- Connor
"You Will Be Found" (Reprise)** – Company
"Words Fail" – Evan
"So Big/So Small" – Heidi
"Finale"– Company
**Not included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording
Recording[edit]
An original Broadway cast album was released at midnight on February 3, 2017. The second song on the album, "Waving Through a Window", was released as a special early download for those who pre-ordered the album.[5] The fifth song, "Requiem", was made available to stream for 24 hours on January 26, 2017, a week before the release of the cast recording.[6] The song was released as a second pre-order bonus the next day. The recording of the Act 1 finale "You Will Be Found" was available for a first listen online on January 30, 2017.[7] The cast album debuted at number 8 on the February 25 Billboard 200.[8][9] The cast album became available in compact disc format on February 24, 2017.
Productions[edit]
Washington, D.C. (2015)[edit]
Dear Evan Hansen premiered at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., running from July 10 to August 23, 2015.[10] Directed by Michael Greif, with orchestrations by Alex Lacamoire, the set was designed by David Korins and the projection design was by Peter Nigrini. The cast featured Ben Platt in the title role.
Off-Broadway (2016)[edit]
The musical opened Off-Broadway at the Second Stage Theatre on March 26, 2016, in previews, with the official opening on May 1. The cast featured Ben Platt, Laura Dreyfuss, Mike Faist, Rachel Bay Jones, Will Roland and Jennifer Laura Thompson repeating their roles from the Arena Stage production. New cast members were John Dossett and Kristolyn Lloyd. Michael Greif again directed, with choreography by Danny Mefford.[11][12][13][14] The Off-Broadway engagement closed on May 29, 2016.
Broadway (2016)[edit]
The show premiered on Broadway on November 14, 2016, in previews, and officially opened on December 4.[15] After originally announcing that performances would take place at the Belasco Theatre, in mid-September 2016, producers announced that the show would instead be performed at the Music Box Theatre. Michael Park, who originated the role of Larry in the Arena Stage production, returned for the Broadway production (replacing John Dossett who went on to the musical War Paint). All other cast members from the Second Stage production returned for the Broadway engagement.[16][17][18]
U.S. Tour[edit]
A U.S. Tour was announced, starting in Denver in October 2018.[19]
Critical response[edit]
Derek Mong, in his review of the musical at the Arena Stage, wrote that the "inventive set design by David Korins...that transforms a small stage into a platform for the most intimate living room where a mother and son share a heart-to-heart to the physical abyss of internet cyberspace... book by Steven Levenson... lyrics and music by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul... heartfelt lyrics with universal appeal joined by the perfect, oftentimes acoustic, accompaniment that can change the mood from somber to celebratory to sinister in a single bar of music."[20]
Barbara Mackay in reviewing the Arena Stage production for TheatreMania wrote: "Levenson, Pasek, and Paul set themselves two high, untraditional bars in Evan Hansen: exploring a community's grief and examining a lonely protagonist who desperately wants to connect with that community... Ben Platt is outstanding as Evan... Since the success of the musical depends entirely on whether Evan's solitary nature appears funny or weird, Evan's ability to laugh at himself and make the audience laugh is crucial. Platt is charming as he eternally twists his shirt tails and hangs his head... Although the themes of grief and loneliness are serious, the musical is anything but somber. It addresses challenging facts of life. But from start to finish, when Evan leaves his room and finds an authentic life outside it, Dear Evan Hansen contains far more joy than sadness."[21]
Susan Davidson, in her review of the Arena Stage production for CurtainUp, noted: "...it helps to suspend the disbelief that sullen, anti-social teenagers can change quickly. Surely that's a process requiring time-released hormonal adjustments. It is hard to accept that a long-admired-from-afar girl can change Evan's outlook on life so rapidly or that Connor's teenage disequilibrium leads him to do what he does. Coming through loud and clear, however, is the fact that what starts as deceit can be blown totally out of proportion by the Internet where lies are disseminated with lightning speed leaving plenty of victims in their wake...The music is pleasant, not terribly original but good enough to get toes tapping. Benj Pasek and Justin Paul's ballads stand out, particularly Heidi's "So Big/So Small," Evan's "Words Fail" and Zoe and Evan's young sweethearts duet "Only Us.""[22]
Charles Isherwood, in his review of the Second Stage production for The New York Times, noted: "The songs, by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul (Dogfight, A Christmas Story), strike the same complex notes, with shapely, heartfelt lyrics that expose the tensions and conflicts that Connor’s death and Evan’s involvement cause in both families. The music, played by a small but excellent band on a platform upstage, is appealingly unstrident pop-rock, with generous doses of acoustic guitar, keyboards and strings. It’s the finest, most emotionally resonant score yet from this promising young songwriting team."[23]
Dear Evan Hansen is a recipient of the Edgerton Foundation New Play Award.[24]
Honors and awards[edit]
Original Washington, D.C. production[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2016 Helen Hayes Award[25] Outstanding Musical—HAYES Production Won
Outstanding Direction of a Musical—HAYES Production Michael Greif Won
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Musical—HAYES Production Laura Dreyfuss Nominated
Jennifer Laura Thompson Nominated
Outstanding Ensemble in a Musical—HAYES Production Won
Outstanding Lighting Design—HAYES Production Japhy Weideman Nominated
Outstanding Musical Direction—HAYES Production Ben Cohn Nominated
Outstanding Set Design—HAYES Production David Kornis (Set Design) and Peter Nigrini (Projection Design) Nominated
Original Off-Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2016 The Charles MacArthur Award for Outstanding Original New Play or Musical Steven Levenson (Book) and Pasek & Paul (Lyrics & Music) Nominated
Outer Critics Circle Awards[26] Outstanding New Off-Broadway Musical Won
Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway) (The Marjorie Gunner Award) Pasek & Paul Nominated
Outstanding Book of a Musical (Broadway or Off-Broadway) Steven Levenson Won
Outstanding Director of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated
Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Nominated
Outstanding Projection Design (Play or Musical) Peter Nigrini Nominated
Off Broadway Alliance Awards[27] Best New Musical Nominated
Drama League Award[28] Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Musical Nominated
Distinguished Performance Ben Platt Nominated
Drama Desk Awards[29] Outstanding Lyrics Pasek & Paul Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Nominated
Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated
Obie Award[30] Obie Award for Musical Theatre Steven Levenson (Book) and Pasek & Paul (Lyrics & Music) Won
Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actor Ben Platt Won
2017 Lucille Lortel Awards Outstanding Musical Nominated
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Won
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Won
Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award Ceremony
Category
Nominee
Result
2017 Tony Award[31] Best Musical Won
Best Book of a Musical Steven Levenson Won
Best Original Score Pasek & Paul Won
Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Ben Platt Won
Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Mike Faist Nominated
Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Musical Rachel Bay Jones Won
Best Lighting Design of a Musical Japhy Weideman Nominated
Best Direction of a Musical Michael Greif Nominated
Best Orchestrations Alex Lacamoire Won
Drama League Award[32] Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off-Broadway Production Won
Distinguished Performance Ben Platt Won
Rachel Bay Jones Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles (May 1, 2016). "Review: 'Dear Evan Hansen' Puts a Twist on Teenage Angst". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Marks, Peter (July 10, 2015). "Dear Evan Hansen: Original story, high hopes for Benj Pasek and Justin Paul". The Washington Post.
^ Jump up to: a b Deb, Sopan (August 22, 2017). "'Dear Evan Hansen' Names Replacements for Ben Platt". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "DEAR EVAN HANSEN - Cast & Creative".
Jump up ^ "Dear Evan Hansen Announces Cast Recording | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Stream Dear Evan Hansen's "Requiem" Ahead of Album Release | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Must Listen: Check Out a Track From the Dear Evan Hansen Cast Album | Playbill". Playbill. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
Jump up ^ "Top 200 Albums".
Jump up ^ "Dear Evan Hansen Cast Recording Makes Billboard Top 10 – Playbill".
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael (July 30, 2015). "Pasek and Paul's Dear Evan Hansen, About the High School Struggle to Fit In, Premieres in D.C". Playbill.
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia (February 2, 2016). "Ben Platt to Star in NY Premiere of New Musical 'Dear Evan Hansen'". Playbill.
Jump up ^ Cox, Gordon (August 13, 2015). "Buzzy Musical 'Dear Evan Hansen' Sets New York Run".
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael (August 13, 2015). "Following Its D.C. Run, Pasek and Paul's Dear Evan Hansen Will Transfer to New York". Playbill.
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia (March 26, 2016). "Pasek and Paul's 'Dear Evan Hansen' Bows in New York". Playbill.
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia. "'Dear Evan Hansen' Opens on Broadway December 4" Playbill, December 4, 2016
Jump up ^ Viagas, Robert. " 'Dear Evan Hansen' Announces Broadway Theatre, Date and Cast" Playbill, June 7, 2016
Jump up ^ Gordon, David. "Ben Platt-Led 'Dear Evan Hansen' Finds a New Broadway Home" theatermania.com, September 12, 2016
Jump up ^ Clement, Olivia. "'Dear Evan Hansen to Premiere Music Video at Exact Same Time as Tonight’s Live Broadway Performance" Playbill, November 14, 2016
Jump up ^ Desk, BWW News. "DEAR EVAN HANSEN Will Launch National Tour from Denver Next Fall!". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ Mong, Derek (July 31, 2015). "'Dear Evan Hansen' at Arena Stage". dcmetrotheaterarts.com.
Jump up ^ Mackay, Barbara (August 4, 2015). "Reviews. 'Dear Evan Hansen'". theatermania.com.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Susan (July 30, 2015). "CurtainUP Review. Dear Evan Hansen". CurtainUp.
Jump up ^ Isherwood, Charles (May 2, 2016). "Review: 'Dear Evan Hansen' Puts a Twist on Teenage Angst". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Dear Evan Hansen". arenastage.org.
Jump up ^ "2016 Helen Hayes Awards". theatrewashington.org. 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Outer Critics Awards". outercritics.org. 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Drama Desk Awards". dramadeskawards.com. 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Drama League Awards". dramaleague.org. 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "2016 Drama Desk Awards". playbill.com. 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Winners Announced for 61st Annual Obie Awards". playbill.com. 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tony Awards 2017 Nominees" (PDF). Tony Awards.
Jump up ^ "Breaking: DEAR EVAN HANSEN, GREAT COMET & More Earn Drama League Awards Nominations; Check Out the Full List!". BroadwayWorld.com. 2017-04-19. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
External links[edit]
Off-Broadway Internet Database
Broadway Internet Database
Dear Evan Hansen Official Website
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Ural Mountains
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the land formation. For other uses, see Ural (disambiguation).
Ural Mountains
Rock formation in the Urals
Highest point
Peak
Mount Narodnaya
Elevation
1,895 m (6,217 ft)
Coordinates
60°N 60°E / 60°N 60°E / 60; 60Coordinates: 60°N 60°E / 60°N 60°E / 60; 60
Dimensions
Length
2,500 km (1,600 mi)
Width
150 km (93 mi)
Geography
Countries
Russia and Kazakhstan
Geology
Age of rock
Carboniferous
The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, tr. Uralskiye gory, IPA: [ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈgorɨ]), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.[1] The mountain range forms part of the conventional boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean.
The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and with the Ural economic region. They have rich resources, including metal ores, coal, precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the Russian economy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Geography and topography
3.1 Polar Ural
3.2 Nether-polar Ural
3.3 Northern Ural
3.4 Middle Ural
3.5 Southern Ural
4 Geology
5 Rivers and lakes
6 Climate
7 Flora
8 Fauna
9 Ecology
10 Cultural significance
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Etymology[edit]
As attested by Sigismund von Herberstein, in the 16th century Russians called the range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (Урал, Ural), first appearing in the 16th–17th century when the Russian conquest of Siberia was in its heroic phase, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might have been a borrowing from either Turkic "stone belt"[2] (Bashkir, where the same name is used for the range), or Ob-Ugric.[3] From the 13th century, in Bashkortostan there has been a legend about a hero named Ural. He sacrificed his life for the sake of his people and they poured a stone pile over his grave, which later turned into the Ural Mountains.[4][5][6] Possibilities include Bashkir үр "elevation; upland"" or Mansi ур ала "mountain peak, top of the mountain",[7] Ostyak urr (chain of mountains).[8] V.N. Tatischev believes that this oronym is set to "belt" and associates it with the Turkic verb oralu- "gird".[7] I.G. Dobrodomov suggests a transition from Aral to Ural explained on the basis of ancient Bulgar-Chuvash dialects. Geographer E.V. Hawks believes that the name goes back to the Bashkir folklore Ural-Batyr.[7] Ethnographer E.N. Shumilov suggested a Mongolian origin, Khural Uul, that is, "meeting of the mountains".[9] The Evenk geographical term era "mountain" has also been theorized.[7] Finno-Ugrist scholars consider Ural deriving from the Mansi word 'urr' meaning a mountain. Turkologists, on the other hand, have achieved majority support for their assertion that 'ural' in Tatar means a belt, and recall that an earlier name for the range was 'stone belt'.[10]
History[edit]
Main article: History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains
As Middle-Eastern merchants traded with the Bashkirs and other people living on the western slopes of the Ural as far north as Great Perm, since at least the 10th century medieval mideastern geographers had been aware of the existence of the mountain range in its entirety, stretching as far as to the Arctic Ocean in the north. The first Russian mention of the mountains to the east of the East European Plain is provided by the Primary Chronicle, when it describes the Novgorodian expedition to the upper reaches of the Pechora in 1096. During the next few centuries Novgorodians engaged in fur trading with the local population and collected tribute from Yugra and Great Perm, slowly expanding southwards. The rivers Chusovaya and Belaya were first mentioned in the chronicles of 1396 and 1468, respectively. In 1430 the town of Solikamsk (Kama Salt) was founded on the Kama at the foothills of the Ural, where salt was produced in open pans. Ivan III of Moscow captured Perm, Pechora and Yugra from the declining Novgorod Republic in 1472. With the excursions of 1483 and 1499–1500 across the Ural Moscow managed to subjugate Yugra completely.
A fragment of von Herberstein's map
Nevertheless, around that time early 16th century Polish geographer Maciej of Miechów in his influential Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis (1517) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at all, challenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquity, popular during the Renaissance. Only after Sigismund von Herberstein in his Notes on Muscovite Affairs (1549) had reported, following Russian sources, that there are mountains behind the Pechora and identified them with the Ripheans and Hyperboreans of ancient authors, did the existence of the Ural, or at least of its northern part, become firmly established in the Western geography. The Middle and Southern Ural were still largely unavailable and unknown to the Russian or Western European geographers.
Verkhoturye in 1910
In the 1550s, after the Tsardom of Russia had defeated the Khanate of Kazan and proceeded to gradually annex the lands of the Bashkirs, the Russians finally reached the southern part of the mountain chain. In 1574 they founded Ufa. The upper reaches of the Kama and Chusovaya in the Middle Ural, still unexplored, as well as parts of Transuralia still held by the hostile Siberian Khanate, were granted to the Stroganovs by several decrees of the tsar in 1558–1574. The Stroganovs' land provided the staging ground for Yermak's incursion into Siberia. Yermak crossed the Ural from the Chusovaya to the Tagil around 1581. In 1597 Babinov's road was built across the Ural from Solikamsk to the valley of the Tura, where the town of Verkhoturye (Upper Tura) was founded in 1598. Customs was established in Verkhoturye shortly thereafter and the road was made the only legal connection between European Russia and Siberia for a long time. In 1648 the town of Kungur was founded at the western foothills of the Middle Ural. During the 17th century the first deposits of iron and copper ores, mica, gemstones and other minerals were discovered in the Ural.
Iron and copper smelting works emerged. They multiplied particularly quickly during the reign of Peter I of Russia. In 1720–1722 he commissioned Vasily Tatishchev to oversee and develop the mining and smelting works in the Ural. Tatishchev proposed a new copper smelting factory in Yegoshikha, which would eventually become the core of the city of Perm and a new iron smelting factory on the Iset, which would become the largest in the world at the time of construction and give birth to the city of Yekaterinburg. Both factories were actually founded by Tatishchev's successor, Georg Wilhelm de Gennin, in 1723. Tatishchev returned to the Ural on the order of Empress Anna to succeed de Gennin in 1734–1737. Transportation of the output of the smelting works to the markets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the Siberian Route from Yekaterinburg across the Ural to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow, which was completed in 1763 and rendered Babinov's road obsolete. In 1745 gold was discovered in the Ural at Beryozovskoye and later at other deposits. It has been mined since 1747.
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural Mountains was completed in the early 18th century by the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I. Earlier, in the 17th century, rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematic extraction began in the early 18th century, eventually turning the region into the largest mineral base of Russia.[1][4]
One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770–71. Over the next century, the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries, including Russia (geologist Alexander Karpinsky, botanist Porfiry Krylov and zoologist Leonid Sabaneyev), England (geologist Sir Roderick Murchison), France (paleontologist Édouard de Verneuil), and Germany (naturalist Alexander von Humboldt, geologist Alexander Keyserling).[1][11] In 1845, Murchison, who had according to Encyclopædia Britannica "compiled the first geologic map of the Ural in 1841",[1] published The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains with de Verneuil and Keyserling.[11][12]
The first railway across the Ural had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg via Chusovoy, Kushva and Nizhny Tagil. In 1890 a railway linked Ufa and Chelyabinsk via Zlatoust. In 1896 this section became a part of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1909 yet another railway connecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route. It has eventually replaced the Ufa – Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberian railway.
The highest peak of the Ural, Mount Narodnaya, (elevation 1,895 m (6,217 ft)) was identified in 1927.[citation needed]
During the Soviet industrialization in the 1930s the city of Magnitogorsk was founded in the South-Eastern Ural as a center of iron smelting and steelmaking. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941–1942, the mountains became a key element in Nazi planning for the territories which they expected to conquer in the USSR. Faced with the threat of having a significant part of the Soviet territories occupied by the enemy, the government evacuated many of the industrial enterprises of European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Ural, considered a safe place out of reach of the German bombers and troops. Three giant tank factories were established at the Uralmash in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known), Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil, and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant in Chelyabinsk. After the war, in 1947–1948, Chum – Labytnangi railway, built with the forced labor of Gulag inmates, crossed the Polar Ural.
Mayak, 150 km southeast of Yekaterinburg, was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry[1][13][14][15] and site of the Kyshtym disaster.[14][16]
Geography and topography[edit]
The Ural Mountains extend about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the Kara Sea to the Kazakh Steppe along the northern border of Kazakhstan. Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain on the north. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between the continents of Europe and Asia. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya, approximately 1,895 m (6,217 ft) in elevation.[1]
Yugyd Va National Park
By topography and other natural features, the Urals are divided, from north to south, into the Polar (or Arctic), Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic), Northern, Central and Southern parts.
Polar Ural[edit]
The Polar Urals extend for about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga River in the south; they have an area of about 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi) and a strongly dissected relief. The maximum height is 1,499 m (4,918 ft) at Payer Mountain and the average height is 1,000 to 1,100 m (3,300 to 3,600 ft).
The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges, though flattened or rounded tops are also found.[1][4]
Nether-polar Ural[edit]
The Nether-Polar Ural are higher, and up to 150 km (93 mi) wider than the Polar Urals. They include the highest peaks of the range: Mount Narodnaya (1,895 m (6,217 ft)), Mount Karpinsky (1,878 m (6,161 ft)) and Manaraga (1,662 m (5,453 ft)). They extend for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to the Shchugor River. The many ridges are sawtooth shaped and dissected by river valleys. Both Polar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine; they bear traces of Pleistocene glaciation, along with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation, including 143 extant glaciers.[1][4]
Northern Ural[edit]
The Northern Ural consist of a series of parallel ridges up to 1,000–1,200 m (3,300–3,900 ft) in height and longitudinal hollows. They are elongated from north to south and stretch for about 560 km (350 mi) from the Usa River. Most of the tops are flattened, but those of the highest mountains, such as Telposiz, 1,617 m (5,305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone, 1,569 m (5,148 ft) have a dissected topography. Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stone on the mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas.[1][4]
Middle Ural[edit]
The Central Ural are the lowest part of the Ural, with smooth mountain tops, the highest mountain being 994 m (3,261 ft) (Basegi); they extend south from the Ufa River.[4]
Southern Ural[edit]
Main article: Southern Ural
The relief of the Southern Ural is more complex, with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directed south-west and meridionally. The range includes the Ilmensky Mountains separated from the main ridges by the Miass River. The maximum height is 1,640 m (5,380 ft) (Mount Yamantau) and the width reaches 250 km (160 mi). Other notable peaks lie along the Iremel mountain ridge (Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel). The Southern Urals extend some 550 km (340 mi) up to the sharp westward bend of the Ural River and terminate in the wide Mughalzhar Hills.[1]
Mountain formation near Saranpaul, Nether-Polar Urals Rocks in a river, Nether-Polar Urals Big Iremel Mountain Entry to Ignateva Cave, South Urals
Geology[edit]
A mine in the Ural Mountains, early colour photograph by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, 1910
The Urals are among the world's oldest extant mountain ranges. For its age of 250 to 300 million years of age, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They were formed during the Uralian orogeny due to the collision of the eastern edge of the supercontinent Laurussia with the young and rheologically weak continent of Kazakhstania, which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the Irtysh, and intervening island arcs. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late Carboniferous – early Triassic.[17][18][19][20] Unlike the other major orogens of the Paleozoic (Appalachians, Caledonides, Variscides), the Urals have not undergone post-orogenic extensional collapse and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root.[21][22] East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments.[17] The adjacent Pay-Khoy Ridge to the north and Novaya Zemlya are not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.
Many deformed and metamorphosed rocks, mostly of Paleozoic age, surface within the Urals. The sedimentary and volcanic layers are folded and faulted. The sediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed of limestone, dolomite and sandstone left from ancient shallow seas. The eastern side is dominated by basalts.[4]
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly karst topography, especially in the Sylva River basin, which is a tributary of the Chusovaya River. It is composed of severely eroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. There are many caves, sinkholes and underground streams. The karst topography is much less developed on the eastern slopes. The eastern slopes are relatively flat, with some hills and rocky outcrops and contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle Paleozoic Era.[4] Most high mountains consist of weather-resistant rocks such as quartzite, schist and gabbro that are between 570 and 395 million years old. The river valleys are underlain by limestone.[1]
The Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable ores and economically valuable minerals. Eastern regions are rich in chalcopyrite, nickel oxide, gold, platinum, chromite and magnetite ores, as well as in coal (Chelyabinsk Oblast), bauxite, talc, fireclay and abrasives. The Western Urals contain deposits of coal, oil, natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and potassium salts. Both slopes are rich in bituminous coal and lignite, and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the north (Pechora field). The specialty of the Urals is precious and semi-precious stones, such as emerald, amethyst, aquamarine, jasper, rhodonite, malachite and diamond. Some of the deposits, such as the magnetite ores at Magnitogorsk, are already nearly depleted.[1][4]
Minerals from the Ural Mountains
Andradite Beryl Platinum Quartz
Rivers and lakes[edit]
Chusovaya River
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains. The western slopes south of the border between the Komi Republic and Perm Krai and the eastern slopes south of approximately 54°30'N drain into the Caspian Sea via the Kama and Ural River basins. The tributaries of the Kama include the Vishera, Chusovaya, and Belaya and originate on both the eastern and western slopes. The rest of the Urals drain into the Arctic Ocean, mainly via the Pechora basin in the west, which includes the Ilych, Shchugor, and the Usa, and via the Ob basin in the east, which includes the Tobol, Tavda, Iset, Tura and Severnaya Sosva. The rivers are frozen for more than half the year. Generally, the western rivers have higher flow volume than the eastern ones, especially in the Northern and Nether-Polar regions. Rivers are slower in the Southern Urals. This is because of low precipitation and the relatively warm climate resulting in less snow and more evaporation.[1][4]
The mountains contain a number of deep lakes.[23] The eastern slopes of the Southern and Central Urals have most of these, among the largest of which are the Uvildy, Itkul, Turgoyak, and Tavatuy lakes.[4] The lakes found on the western slopes are less numerous and also smaller. Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, the deepest lake in the Polar Urals, is 136 meters (446 ft) deep. Other lakes, too, are found in the glacial valleys of this region. Spas and sanatoriums have been built to take advantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the mountain lakes.[1][4]
Climate[edit]
The climate of the Urals is continental. The mountain ridges, elongated from north to south, effectively absorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature. The areas west of the Ural Mountains are 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmed by Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by Siberian air masses. The average January temperatures increase in the western areas from −20 °C (−4 °F) in the Polar to −15 °C (5 °F) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 °C (50 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F). The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by 150–300 mm (5.9–11.8 in) per year. This is because the mountains trap clouds from the Atlantic Ocean. The highest precipitation, approximately 1,000 mm (39 in), is in the Northern Urals with up to 1,000 cm (390 in) snow. The eastern areas receive from 500–600 mm (20–24 in) in the north to 300–400 mm (12–16 in) in the south. Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer: the winter is dry because of the Siberian High.[1][4]
Flora[edit]
Cloudberry
The landscapes of the Urals vary with both latitude and longitude and are dominated by forests and steppes. The southern area of the Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesert. Steppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals. Meadow steppes have developed on the lower parts of mountain slopes and are covered with zigzag and mountain clovers, Serratula gmelinii, dropwort, meadow-grass and Bromus inermis, reaching the height of 60–80 cm. Much of the land is cultivated. To the south, the meadow steppes become more sparse, dry and low. The steep gravelly slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals are mostly covered with rocky steppes. River valleys contain willow, poplar and caragana shrubs.[4]
Forest landscapes of the Urals are diverse, especially in the southern part. The western areas are dominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests in the south. The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests. The Northern Urals are dominated by conifers, namely Siberian fir, Siberian pine, Scots pine, Siberian spruce, Norway spruce and Siberian larch, as well as by silver and downy birches. The forests are much sparser in the Polar Urals. Whereas in other parts of the Ural Mountains they grow up to an altitude of 1000 m, in the Polar Urals the tree line is at 250–400 m. The polar forests are low and are mixed with swamps, lichens, bogs and shrubs. Dwarf birch, mosses and berries (blueberry, cloudberry, black crowberry, etc.) are abundant. The forests of the Southern Urals are the most diverse in composition: here, together with coniferous forests are also abundant broadleaf tree species such as English oak, Norway maple and elm.[4] The Virgin Komi Forests in the northern Urals are recognized as a World Heritage site.
Fauna[edit]
The Ural forests are inhabited by animals typical of Siberia, such as elk, brown bear, fox, wolf, wolverine, lynx, squirrel, and sable (north only). Because of the easy accessibility of the mountains there are no specifically mountainous species. In the Middle Urals, one can see a rare mixture of sable and pine marten named kidus. In the Southern Urals, badger and black polecat are common. Reptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by the common viper, lizards and grass snakes. Bird species are represented by capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, spotted nutcracker, and cuckoos. In summers, the South and Middle Urals are visited by songbirds, such as nightingale and redstart.[1][4]
The steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as gophers, susliks, and jerboa. There are many birds of prey such as lesser kestrel and buzzards. The animals of the Polar Urals are few and are characteristic of the tundra; they include Arctic fox, tundra partridge, lemming, and reindeer. The birds of these areas include rough-legged buzzard, snowy owl, and rock ptarmigan.[1][4]
Wolverine Polecat
Ecology[edit]
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. During World War II, hundreds of factories were evacuated from Western Russia before the German occupation, flooding the Urals with industry. The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks.[1] There are nine strict nature reserves in the Urals: the Ilmen, the oldest one, mineralogical reserve founded in 1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Pechora-Ilych in the Komi Republic, Bashkir and its former branch Shulgan-Tash in Bashkortostan, Visim in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Southern Ural in Bashkortostan, Basegi in Perm Krai, Vishera in Perm Krai and Denezhkin Kamen in Sverdlovsk Oblast.
The area has also been severely damaged by the plutonium-producing facility Mayak opened in Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65, Ozyorsk), in the Southern Ural, after World War II.[1] Its plants went into operation in 1948 and, for the first ten years, dumped unfiltered radioactive waste into the Techa River and Lake Karachay.[1][13][14] In 1990, efforts were underway to contain the radiation in one of the lakes, which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500 millirem per day.[14] As of 2006, 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposure considered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposure over a year could exceed that by a factor of 10).[15] Over 23,000 km2 (8,900 sq mi) of land were contaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion, only one of several serious accidents that further polluted the region.[1] The 1957 accident expelled 20 million curies of radioactive material, 90% of which settled into the land immediately around the facility.[16] Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990,[14] the facility keeps producing plutonium.[24]
Cultural significance[edit]
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a "treasure box" of mineral resources, which were the basis for its extensive industrial development. In addition to iron and copper the Urals were a source of gold, malachite, alexandrite, and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller Fabergé. As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries, Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems. Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak (1852–1912) Pavel Bazhov (1879–1950), as well as Aleksey Ivanov and Olga Slavnikova, post-Soviet writers, have written of the region.[25]
The region served as a military stronghold during Peter the Great's Great Northern War with Sweden, during Stalin's rule when the Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II, and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the Cold War. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and pollution by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus resulted, and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration, particularly in the northern Urals, has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment.[25]
See also[edit]
Yugyd Va National Park
Dyatlov Pass incident
East Ural Radioactive Trace
Idel-Ural State
Pangaea
Research Range
Ural Mountains in Nazi planning
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Ural Mountains, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
Jump up ^ Ludmila Koryakova, Andrej Epimakhov. The Urals and Western Si. beria in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge University Press, 2007, page.338
Jump up ^ Фасмер, Макс. Этимологический словарь русского языка
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Ural (geographical)". Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ * Koriakova, Ludmila & Epimakhov, Andrei (2007). The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 338. ISBN 0-521-82928-3.
Jump up ^ Ural, toponym Chlyabinsk Encyclopedia (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b c d http://survinat.com/2014/10/what-is-the-urals/
Jump up ^ Volume V27, Page 787 of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
Jump up ^ Newspaper «Big Cam» for 1978, № 28
Jump up ^ Paul Dukes. A History of the Urals: Russia's Crucible from Early Empire to the Post-Soviet Era. Bloomsbury Publishing 2015, p 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Geological Society of London (1894). The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London. The Society. p. 53.
Jump up ^ cf. Murchison, Roderick Impey; de Verneuil, Edouard; Keyserling, Alexander (1845). The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains. John Murray.
^ Jump up to: a b Podvig, Pavel; Bukharin, Oleg; von Hippel, Frank (2004). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. MIT Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-262-66181-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Paine, Christopher (22 July 1989). "Military reactors go on show to American visitors". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b American Chemical Society (2006). Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom. Macmillan. p. 499. ISBN 978-0-7167-8919-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (May 1991). Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. p. 25. ISSN 0096-3402. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown, D. and Echtler, H. (2005) "The Urals". In: R. C. Selley, L. R. M. Cocks & I. R. Plimer (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology, Vol. 2. Elsevier, pp. 86–95.
Jump up ^ Cocks, L. R. M. and Torsvik, T. H. (2006) "European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic". In Gee, D. G. & Stephenson, R. A. (eds), European Lithosphere Dynamics. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 32, 83–95.
Jump up ^ Puchkov, V. N. (2009). "The evolution of the Uralian orogen". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 327: 161. doi:10.1144/SP327.9.
Jump up ^ Brown, D.; Juhlin, C.; Ayala, C.; Tryggvason, A.; Bea, F.; Alvarez-Marron, J.; Carbonell, R.; Seward, D.; Glasmacher, U.; Puchkov, V.; Perez-Estaun, sexbombA. (2008). "Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides". Earth-Science Reviews. 89 (3–4): 177. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001.
Jump up ^ Leech, M. L. (2001). "Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 185: 149. doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5.
Jump up ^ Scarrow, J. H.; Ayala, C.; Kimbell, G. S. (2002). "Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 159 (6): 659. doi:10.1144/0016-764901-147.
Jump up ^ Davis, W.M. (1898). "The Ural Mountains". In American Association for the Advancement of Science. Science. Moses King. p. 563. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет [Plutonium production will not be transferred from Mayak], obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)
^ Jump up to: a b Givental, E. (2013). "Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality". SAGE Open. 3 (2): 215824401348665. doi:10.1177/2158244013486657.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ural Mountains.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Urals.
Peakbagger.com page on the Ural Mountains
Ural Expeditions & Tours page on the five parts of the Ural Mountains
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values: Урал тоолору – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urales
Urales – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urali
Urali – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Урал (планина) – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: യൂറാൽ പർവ്വതനിര – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: उरल पर्वतरांग – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: ურალიშ გვალეფი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values: Уралын нуруу – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values: ယူရယ်တောင်တန်း – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Урал лаьмнаш – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orals
Orals – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਯੂਰਾਲ ਪਰਬਤ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural
Ural – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Уральские горы – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urali
Urali – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values: යූරල් කඳුවැටිය/tmp – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Урал (планина) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural
Ural – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: உரால் மலைகள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Урал таулары – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: เทือกเขายูรัล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Кӯҳҳои Урал – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Уральські гори – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: کوہ اورال – Urdu

values: ئۇرال تاغلىرى – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urali
Urali – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vec
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urales
Urales – Lingua Franca Nova
lfn
lfn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Ural_Mountains rootpage-Ural_Mountains skin-vector action-view