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Diving suit
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Diving suit
Two divers, one wearing a 1 atmosphere diving suit and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the RMS Lusitania, 1935
Uses
Protection of the diver from the environment
A diving suit is a garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment. A diving suit may also incorporate a breathing gas supply (i.e. Standard diving dress or atmospheric diving suit).[1] but in most cases applies only to the environmental protective covering worn by the diver. The breathing gas supply is usually referred to separately. There is no generic term for the combination of suit and breathing apparatus alone. It is generally referred to as diving equipment or dive gear along with any other equipment necessary for the dive.
Diving suits can be divided into two classes: "soft" or ambient pressure diving suits - examples are wetsuits, dry suits, semi-dry suits and dive skins, and "hard" or atmospheric pressure diving suits - armored suits that keep the diver at atmospheric pressure at any depth within the operating range of the suit.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Ambient pressure suits
2.1 Dive skins
2.2 Wetsuits
2.2.1 Semi-dry suits
2.2.2 Hot water suits
2.3 Dry suits
2.4 Diving suit combinations
3 Atmospheric diving suits
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
See also: Underwater diving § History, and Dry suit § History
John Lethbridge's diving dress, the first enclosed diving suit, built in the 1710s.
The first diving suit designs appeared in the early 18th century. Two English inventors developed the first pressure-proof diving suits in the 1710s. John Lethbridge built a completely enclosed suit to aid in salvage work. It consisted of a pressure-proof air-filled barrel with a glass viewing hole and two watertight enclosed sleeves.[2] This suit gave the diver more maneouverability to accomplish useful underwater salvage work.
Siebe's improved design in 1873.
After testing this machine in his garden pond (specially built for the purpose) Lethbridge dived on a number of wrecks: four English men-of-war, one East Indiaman (both English and Dutch), two Spanish galleons and a number of galleys. He became very wealthy as a result of his salvages. One of his better-known recoveries was on the Dutch Slot ter Hooge, which had sunk off Madeira with over three tons of silver on board.[3]
At the same time, Andrew Becker created a leather-covered diving suit with a helmet featuring a window. Becker used a system of tubes for inhaling and exhaling, and demonstrated his suit in the River Thames, London, during which he remained submerged for an hour.
Early diving suit on display at the Naval History Museum in Mexico City.
German-born British engineer Augustus Siebe developed the standard diving dress in the 1830s. Expanding on improvements already made by another engineer, George Edwards, Siebe produced his own design - a helmet fitted to a full length watertight canvas diving suit. Later suits were made from waterproofed canvas invented by Charles Mackintosh. From the late 1800s and throughout most of the 20th century, most standard dress was made from a sheet of solid rubber laminated between layers of tan twill.[4]
Dry suits made of latex rubber were used in World War II by Italian frogmen who found them indispensable. They were made by Pirelli and patented in 1951.[5]
Ambient pressure suits[edit]
Diver of the Estonian Home Guard, 1941
Ambient pressure suits are a form of exposure protection protecting the wearer from the cold. They also provide some defence from abrasive and sharp objects as well as potentially harmful underwater life. They do not protect divers from the pressure of the surrounding water or resulting barotrauma and decompression sickness.
There are five main types of ambient pressure diving suits; dive skins, wetsuits and their derivative semi-dry suit and hot-water suits, and dry suits. Apart from hot water suits, these types of suit are not exclusively used by divers but are often used for thermal protection by people engaged in other water sports activities such as surfing, sailing, powerboating, windsurfing, kite surfing, waterskiing, caving and swimming.
Added buoyancy due to the volume of the suit is a side effect of most diving suits. A diving weighting system can be worn to counteract this buoyancy.
Dive skins[edit]
Dive skins are used when diving in water temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F). They are made from spandex or Lycra and provide little thermal protection, but do protect the skin from jellyfish stings, abrasion and sunburn. This kind of suit is also known as a 'Stinger Suit'. Some divers wear a dive skin under a wetsuit, which allows easier donning and (for those who experience skin problems from neoprene) provides additional comfort.[6]
The "Dive Skin" was originally invented to protect scuba divers in Queensland Australia against the "Box" jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri)[citation needed]
In 1978, Tony Farmer was a swimsuit designer and manufacturer who owned a business called "Daring Designs". Besides swimwear he also did underwear and aerobic wear which included a full suit in Lycra/Spandex. He became a scuba diver and that was the catalyst to the invention of the "dive skin" as we know it today.[citation needed]
Wetsuits[edit]
Spearfisher in wet suit
Main article: Wetsuit
Wetsuits are relatively inexpensive, simple, expanded neoprene suits that are typically used where the water temperature is between 10 and 25 °C (50 and 77 °F). The foamed neoprene of the suit thermally insulates the wearer.[7][8] Although water can enter the suit, a close fitting suit prevents excessive heat loss because little of the water warmed inside the suit escapes from the suit to be replaced by cold water, a process referred to as "flushing".
Proper fit is critical for warmth. A suit that is too loose will allow a large amount of water to circulate over the diver's skin, taking up body heat. A suit that is too tight is very uncomfortable and can impair circulation at the neck, a very dangerous condition which can cause blackouts. For this reason, many divers choose to have wetsuits custom-tailored instead of buying them "off the rack". Many companies offer this service and the cost is often comparable to an off-the-rack suit.
Wetsuits are limited in their ability to preserve warmth by three factors: the wearer is still exposed to some water, the suit is compressed by the ambient pressure, reducing effectiveness at depth, and the insulating neoprene can only be made to a certain thickness before it becomes impractical to don and wear. The thickest commercially available wetsuits are usually 10 mm thick. Other common thicknesses are 7 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm, and 1 mm. A 1 mm suit provides very little warmth and is usually considered a dive skin, rather than a wetsuit. Wetsuits can be made using more than one thickness of neoprene, to put the most thickness where it will be most effective in keeping the diver warm. A similar effect can be achieved by layering wetsuits of different coverage. Some makes of neoprene are softer, lighter and more compressible than others for the same thickness, and are more suitable for wetsuits for non-diving purposes as they will compress and lose their insulating value more quickly under pressure, though they are more comfortable for surface sports because they are more flexible and allow more freedom of movement.[9]
Semi-dry suits[edit]
Semi-dry suits are effectively a thick wetsuit with nearly watertight seals at wrist, neck and ankles and zip. They are typically used where the water temperature is between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The seals limit the volume of water entering and leaving the suit, and a close fit minimises pumping action caused by limb motion. The wearer gets wet in a semi-dry suit but the water that enters is soon warmed up and does not readily leave the suit, so the wearer remains warm. The trapped layer of water does not add to the suit's insulating ability, and any water circulation past the seals still causes heat loss, but semi-dry suits are cheap and simple compared to dry suits, and do not fail catastrophically. They are made from thick Neoprene, which provides good thermal protection, but lose buoyancy and thermal protection as the trapped gas bubbles in the neoprene foam compress at depth. Semi-dry suits are usually made as a one piece full suit with slick inside surface neoprene wrist, cuff and neck seals Two-piece sets tend to be a one piece full length suit, sometimes described as "long johns", plus accessories to be worn over, under or with the one-piece suit, such as a shortie tunic, which may be worn separately in warm water, but has no flush-limiting seals at the openings. Semi dry suits do not usually include hoods, boots or gloves, so separate insulating hoods, boots and gloves are worn.[10][11]
Hot water suits[edit]
Hot water suits are used in cold water commercial surface supplied diving.[12] A hose in the umbilical line, which links the diver to the surface support, carries the hot water from a heater on the surface down to the suit. The diver controls the flow rate of the water from a valve near his waist, allowing him to vary the warmth of the suit in response to changes in environmental conditions and workload. Tubes inside the suit distribute the water to the limbs, chest, and back. Special boots, gloves, and hood are worn. These suits are normally made of foamed neoprene and are similar to wetsuits in construction and appearance, but they do not fit as closely by design. The wrists and ankles of the suit are open, allowing water to flush out of the suit as it is replenished with fresh hot water from the surface.[13]
Hot water suits are often employed for extremely deep dives when breathing mixes containing helium are used. Helium conducts heat much more efficiently than air, which means that the diver will lose large quantities of body heat through the lungs when breathing it. This fact compounds the risk of hypothermia already present in the cold temperatures found at these depths. Under these conditions a hot water suit is a matter of survival, not comfort. Just as an emergency backup source of breathing gas is required, a backup water heater is also an essential precaution whenever dive conditions warrant a hot water suit. If the heater fails and a backup unit cannot be immediately brought online, a diver in the coldest conditions can die within minutes; depending on decompression obligations, bringing the diver directly to the surface could prove equally deadly.[13]
Heated water in the suit forms an active insulation barrier to heat loss, but the temperature must be regulated within fairly close limits. If the temperature falls below about 32 °C, hypothermia can result, and temperatures above 45 °C can cause burn injury to the diver. The diver may not notice a gradual change in inlet temperature, and in the early stages of hypo- or hyperthermia, may not notice the deteriorating condition.[13] The suit is loose fitting to allow unimpeded water flow. This causes a large volume of water (13 to 22 litres) to be held in the suit, which can impede swimming due to the added inertia.[13] When controlled correctly, the hot water suit is safe, comfortable and effective, and allows the diver adequate control of thermal protection, however hot water supply failure can be life-threatening.[13]
Dry suits[edit]
Main article: Dry suit
Dry suit in icy water
U.S. Navy divers prepare to dive in dry suits
Dry suits[14][15][16] are used typically where the water temperature is between −2 and 15 °C (28 and 59 °F). Water is prevented from entering the suit by seals at the neck and wrists; also, the means of getting the suit on and off (typically a zipper) is waterproof. The suit insulates the wearer in one of two main ways: by maintaining an insulating layer of air in the undersuit between the body and the suit shell, (in exactly the way that thermal insulation garments work above water) or by using a watertight expanded neoprene suit shell, which is inherently insulating in the same way as a wet suit, and which can usually be worn with additional insulating undergarments.
Both fabric and neoprene drysuits have advantages and disadvantages: a fabric drysuit is more adaptable to varying water temperatures because different garments can be layered underneath. However, they are quite bulky and this causes increased drag and swimming effort. Additionally, if a fabric drysuit malfunctions and floods, it loses nearly all of its insulating properties. Neoprene drysuits are comparatively streamlined like wetsuits, but in some cases do not allow garments to be layered underneath and are thus less adaptable to varying temperatures. An advantage of this construction is that even it if floods completely, it essentially becomes a wetsuit and will still provide a degree of insulation.
Special dry suits (typically made of strong rubberised fabric) are worn by commercial divers who work in contaminated environments such as sewage or hazardous chemicals. The hazmat dry suit has integral boots and is sealed to a diving helmet and dry gloves to prevent any contact with the hazardous material.
Constant volume dry suits have a system allowing the suit to be inflated to prevent "suit squeeze" caused by increasing pressure and to prevent excessive compression of the insulating undergarments. They also have vents allowing the excess air to escape from the suit during ascent.[17]
For additional warmth, some dry suit users inflate their suits with argon, an inert gas which has superior thermal insulating properties compared to air.[18] The argon is carried in a small cylinder, separate from the diver's breathing gas. This arrangement is frequently used when the breathing gas contains helium, which is a very poor insulator in comparison with other breathing gases.
Diving suit combinations[edit]
A "shortie" wetsuit may be worn over a full wetsuit for added warmth. Some vendors sell a very similar item and refer to it as a 'core warmer' when worn over another wetsuit. A "skin" may also be worn under a wetsuit. This practice started with divers (of both sexes) wearing body tights under a wetsuit for extra warmth and to make donning and removing the wetsuit easier. A "skin" may also be as an undersuit beneath a drysuit in temperatures where a full undersuit is not necessary.[citation needed]
Atmospheric diving suits[edit]
Main article: Atmospheric diving suit
A JIM suit at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum.
An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-man articulated submersible of anthropomorphic form which resembles a suit of armour, with elaborate pressure joints to allow articulation while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere.
These can be used for very deep dives for long periods without the need for decompression, and eliminate the majority of physiological dangers associated with deep diving. Divers do not even need to be skilled swimmers. Mobility and dexterity are usually restricted by mechanical constraints, and the ergonomics of movement are problematic.
See also[edit]
Timeline of underwater technology
Space suit
Standard diving dress
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diving suit term: may include air supply system
Jump up ^ John Lethbridge, inventor from Newton Abbot, BBC website
Jump up ^ Acott, C. (1999). "A brief history of diving and decompression illness.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (2). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
Jump up ^ Acott, C. (1999). "JS Haldane, JBS Haldane, L Hill, and A Siebe: A brief resume of their lives.". South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal. 29 (3). ISSN 0813-1988. OCLC 16986801. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Diving suits of rubber". 7-Q 9-54 Instruction manual for Pirelli dry suit. Milan, Italy: Pirelli. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff (19 August 2014). "What Is The Difference Between Stinger Suit, Dive Skin, Wetsuit, Drysuit and Dive Suit". Ecostinger blog. EcoStinger. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
Jump up ^ US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision. United States: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
Jump up ^ Fulton, HT; Welham, W; Dwyer, JV; Dobbins, RF (1952). "Preliminary Report on Protection Against Cold Water". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-RR-5-52. Retrieved 2008-04-25.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Dive / Surface Neoprene – The difference and why you should be concerned.". Products: Wetsuit range. O'Three. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Product description". Delta Flex Semi Tech Wetsuit. Wigan, UK: Northern Diver International. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff. "Technical Information". Wet Suits>Nova Scotia Semi-Dry 6 mm. Johnson Outdoors. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Mekjavić B, Golden FS, Eglin M, Tipton MJ (2001). "Thermal status of saturation divers during operational dives in the North Sea". Undersea Hyperb Med. 28 (3): 149–55. PMID 12067151. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bevan, John, ed. (2005). "Section 5.4". The Professional Divers's Handbook (second ed.). Alverstoke, GOSPORT, Hampshire, UK: Submex Ltd. p. 242. ISBN 978-0950824260.
Jump up ^ Piantadosi, C. A.; Ball D. J.; Nuckols M. L.; Thalmann E. D. (1979). "Manned Evaluation of the NCSC Diver Thermal Protection (DTP) Passive System Prototype". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-13-79. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ Brewster, D. F.; Sterba J. A. (1988). "Market Survey of Commercially Available Dry Suits". US Naval Experimental Diving Unit Technical Report. NEDU-3-88. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ Nishi, R. Y. (1989). "Proceedings of the DCIEM Diver Thermal Protection Workshop". Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toronto, CA. DCIEM 92-10. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
Jump up ^ Barsky, Steven M.; Long, Dick; Stinton, Bob (2006). Dry Suit Diving: A Guide to Diving Dry. Ventura, Calif.: Hammerhead Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780967430560. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
Jump up ^ Nuckols ML, Giblo J, Wood-Putnam JL (September 15–18, 2008). "Thermal Characteristics of Diving Garments When Using Argon as a Suit Inflation Gas.". Proceedings of the Oceans 08 MTS/IEEE Quebec, Canada Meeting. MTS/IEEE. Retrieved 2009-03-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atmospheric diving suits, Standard diving dress, Dry suits and Wetsuits.
Experimental Dive Suit Flies Navy Divers Where None Have Gone Before - Development of a 1-atmosphere diving suit.
Scuba America Historical Center - The development of the first wetsuit.
LA Times: Surfing whodunit - The history of the wetsuit.
Wetsuit Guide
Diving Equipment Guide
ADS database
History of Diving Museum
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Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lark Rise to Candleford
Genre
Period Drama
Created by
Bill Gallagher
Based on
Lark Rise to Candleford trilogy by Flora Thompson
Narrated by
Sarah Lancashire
Composer(s)
Julian Nott
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
4
No. of episodes
40 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Bill Gallagher
Susan Hogg
Producer(s)
Grainne Marmion (Series 1)
Ann Tricklebank (Series 2–4)
Production location(s)
Box, Corsham and Lockeridge, Wiltshire
Running time
60 minutes
Release
Original network
BBC One
BBC HD
Picture format
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
13 January 2008 (2008-01-13) – 13 February 2011 (2011-02-13)
External links
Website
Lark Rise to Candleford is a British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside, published between 1939 and 1943. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD in the UK. In the U.S., the series began airing on select PBS stations in the spring of 2009. A third series began airing in the UK on 10 January 2010.[1] The fourth and final series began on 9 January 2011 on BBC One and BBC One HD,[2] and was filmed during August 2010.[3]
It was announced on 22 January 2011 that the show would not be returning for a fifth series.[4] The final series concluded on 13 February 2011.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Casting notes
2.3 Guest stars
3 Filming
4 Episodes
4.1 Series 1 (2008)
4.2 Series 2 (2008–2009)
4.3 Series 3 (2010)
4.4 Series 4 (2011)
5 Cancellation
6 DVD and Blu-ray releases
7 References
8 External links
Premise[edit]
The series is set in the small Oxfordshire hamlet of Lark Rise and the wealthier neighbouring market town of Candleford towards the end of the 19th century. The series chronicles the daily lives of farm workers, craftsmen, and gentry, observing the characters in loving, boisterous, and competing communities of families, rivals, friends, and neighbours.
The story is seen through the eyes of a teenage girl, Laura Timmins (Olivia Hallinan), as she leaves Lark Rise to start a new life under the wing of her mother's cousin, the independent and effervescent Dorcas Lane (Julia Sawalha), who is Post Mistress at the local Post Office in Candleford. Through these two characters, viewers experience the force of friendship as Laura and Dorcas see each other through the best and worst of times.
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Character
Portrayed by
Seasons
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
Dorcas Lane Julia Sawalha Main
Laura Timmins Olivia Hallinan Main
Emma Timmins Claudie Blakley Main
Robert Timmins Brendan Coyle Main N/A
Victoria May 'Queenie' Warrener Turrill Linda Bassett Main
Thomas 'Twister' Turrill Karl Johnson Main
Thomas Brown Mark Heap Main
Margaret Ellison Brown Sandy McDade Recurring Main
Caroline Arless Dawn French Main N/A Main
Alf Arless John Dagleish Main
Winifred 'Minnie' Mude Ruby Bentall N/A Main
Zillah Liz Smith Main N/A
Prudence 'Pearl' Pratt Matilda Ziegler Main
Ruth 'Ruby' Pratt Victoria Hamilton Main
Sir Timothy Midwinter Ben Miles Main N/A
Lady Adelaide Midwinter Olivia Grant Main N/A Guest N/A
Phillip White Oliver Jackson-Cohen Main N/A
Mr. Paxton Gerard Horan Main N/A
Matthew Welby Stephen Marcus Main N/A
James Dowland Jason Merrells N/A Main N/A
Nan Carter Rebecca Night N/A Main N/A
Daniel Parish Ben Aldridge N/A Main
Gabriel Cochrane Richard Harrington N/A Main
Narrator (Adult Laura Timmins) Sarah Lancashire Recurring
Edmund Timmins Thomas Rhys Jones Recurring
Frank Timmins Fergus Drysdale Recurring
Ethel Timmins Martha Murdoch Recurring
Sally Arless Sophie Miles Recurring
Lizzie Arless Hope Yeomans Recurring
Archie Arless Harry Miles Recurring N/A
Sydney Dowland Edward Darnell-Hayes (Oscar Lloyd in 1 episode in Series 2) N/A Guest Recurring
Fisher Bloom Matthew McNulty N/A Recurring N/A
Casting notes[edit]
From Series 1 to 3, the cast were credited alphabetically. Series 4 cast members were billed in the order of prominence within each episode.
Dawn French is credited as a main cast member in every episode in which she appears; in series 2 and series 4 she appears in one episode.
Although they appear in almost every episode, the actors playing the Timmins (Edmund, Frank and Ethel) and Arless (Lizzie, Archie and Sally) children as well as Sydney Dowland are not credited as main cast members.
Guest stars[edit]
Lorraine Ashbourne as Lil Spicer (Series 2, 1 episode)
Samantha Bond as Celestia Brice-Coulson (Series 2, 1 episode)
Rosie Cavaliero as Mrs Mullins (Series 3, 1 episode)
Camille Coduri as Patty (Series 1, 1 episode)
Tom Conti as Mr. Reppington (Series 3, 1 episode)
Ben Daniels as Mr. Rushton (Series 1, 1 episode)
Phil Davis as Arthur Ashlow (Series 1, 1 episode)
Oliver Dimsdale as George Ellison (Series 2, 4 episode)
Michelle Fairley as Elizabeth Patterson (Series 2, 10 episode)
Burn Gorman as Benedict Marley (Series 4, 1 episode)
Nigel Harman as Samuel Braby (Series 1, 1 episode)
Matthew McNulty as Fisher Bloom (Series 2, 3 episodes; Series 3, 2 episodes)
Stephen Campbell Moore as James Delafield (Series 1, 1 episode)
Hattie Morahan as Miss Enid (Series 3, 1 episode)
Ronald Pickup as Old Peg Leg (Series 3, 1 episode)
Robert Pugh as Walter Arless (Series 2, 1 episode; mentioned throughout Series 1)
Paul Ritter as Mr Steerforth (Series 4, 1 episode)
Claire Skinner as Mrs Macey (Series 1, 2 episodes)
Sheridan Smith as Cinderella Doe (Series 2, 1 episode)
Maggie Steed as Mrs Herring (Series 2, 1 episode)
Peter Vaughan as Reverend Ellison (Series 1, 2 episodes)
Danny Webb as Mr Macey (Series 1, 1 episode)
Filming[edit]
Interior scenes were shot in a warehouse on Beeches Industrial Estate, in Yate, South Gloucestershire. The villages of Lark Rise and Candleford were both created from scratch on farms in Box and Neston Park, near Corsham in Wiltshire.[5] According to the BBC planning application, Hatt Farm in Box was used because of its proximity to existing cornfields and farm buildings, and Park Farm in Neston Park was chosen for its unspoilt character and attractive traditional buildings.[6]
The outdoor filming at these locations for the first series took 25 days, spread over a 5-month period.[6] The country scenes, including all the comings and goings of the lord of the manor, were shot at Chavenage House north of Tetbury, Gloucestershire.[7][8]
Episodes[edit]
Series 1 (2008)[edit]
#
Episode
Writer
Director
Original air date
Viewing figure[9]
1
"Episode 1" Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 13 January 2008 (2008-01-13) 7.27 million
Young country girl Laura Timmins leaves her friends and family in the hamlet of Lark Rise to start her first job at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford. Postmistress Dorcas Lane gives Laura a warm welcome, but other residents of Candleford aren't so generous. When Lark Rise residents challenge the post office's 'eight-mile rule' that forces them to pay for delivery of telegrams, Laura finds herself torn between communities. By the quiet intervention of Dorcas, a way is found for the hamlet to be included within the limit. The episode ends with the inhabitants celebrating their victory.
2
"Episode 2" Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 20 January 2008 (2008-01-20) 7.01 million
Postwoman Mrs Macey receives news that her husband Dan has escaped from prison. Before long the whole town is abuzz with gossip, and Mrs Macey fears that the damage to her reputation will force her to leave Candleford. Meanwhile, her son Freddy has been secretly meeting a mysterious stranger in the woods. The stranger turns out to be Dan, but he is persuaded to turn himself in to the local squire and magistrate.
3
"Episode 3" Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 27 January 2008 (2008-01-27) 6.66 million
When local widower Old Amos buys lace gloves for his maid Patty, Dorcas and Laura become suspicious that she may be after just his money. Robert refuses to let his children sing a song in praise of the Tories at the local church concert, which results in their being banned from the concert altogether. Robert's stubbornness incurs the wrath of his children, family and even the village.
4
"Episode 4" Paul Rutman John Greening 3 February 2008 (2008-02-03) 6.72 million
A strange old man arrives in Candleford looking for his estranged daughters — who turn out to be Ruby and Pearl Pratt. Horrified to see him out in public, playing scams on the local residents, the girls must decide whether they can forgive him for deserting them when they needed him most. Meanwhile, Caroline is being pursued by a bailiff collecting debts for the brewery.
5
"Episode 5" Bill Gallagher Charles Palmer 10 February 2008 (2008-02-10) 6.85 million
Dorcas is thrown by the surprise arrival of a new Post Office inspector, Mr Rushton, who starts to unearth anomalies in the way Dorcas runs the Post Office. Robert has been carving a decorative angel on the schoolhouse for which he is not getting paid.
6
"Episode 6" Bill Gallagher John Greening 17 February 2008 (2008-02-17) 6.68 million
Robert takes pity on a homeless family and brings them to stay at his house for the night. In the morning the family have departed, leaving their little daughter Polly behind. Lady Adelaide meets the girl and falls in love with her, wanting to adopt her, but Sir Tim thinks that adopting Polly would be inappropriate. Tim takes Polly to the Post Office where everyone struggles to think of a solution to the problem. Twister's delusions grow worse as he sees visions of his dead sister, and Queenie worries about his health.
7
"Episode 7" Carolyn Bonnyman Marc Jobst 24 February 2008 (2008-02-24) 6.70 million
The residents rally around Susan Braby when they realise her husband Sam has hit her. Meanwhile, Timothy commissions Matthew to make new gates for the manor, Adelaide becomes frustrated with how much time Tim is spending with Dorcas and decides to cancel the order for the gates, and Laura brings Phillip home for tea.
8
"Episode 8" Gaby Chiappe Marc Jobst 2 March 2008 (2008-03-02) 6.48 million
A violent storm hits Lark Rise and Candleford, and the arrival of a new teacher, Mr Delafield, causes divisions in the two communities. Mr Delafield's radical views raise plenty of eyebrows in Candleford, while in Lark Rise he endears himself to the residents. When Dorcas delivers some books to Mr Delafield they initially rub each other up the wrong way, but this tension soon turns to chemistry.
9
"Episode 9" Bill Gallagher John Greening 9 March 2008 (2008-03-09) 6.21 million
Queenie finds a beautiful embroidered panel on a grave that has the residents of Lark Rise and Candleford intrigued. Twister starts dreaming of everything he could buy if they sold the panel, while Dorcas and Sir Tim set about getting to the bottom of the mystery of who created it. Alf and Phillip's rivalry continues.
10
"Episode 10" Bill Gallagher John Greening 23 March 2008 (2008-03-23) 6.25 million
It is Zillah's birthday and all her friends and locals visit the post office for a party. Tensions mount between Dorcas and Sir Tim as painful truths about the past begin to surface and Dorcas decides to sell the post office. Phillip becomes increasingly possessive of Laura and she expresses doubts about their relationship.
Series 2 (2008–2009)[edit]
#
Episode
Writer
Director
Original air date
Viewing figure
11
"Episode 1" (75-minute Christmas special) Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 21 December 2008 (2008-12-21) 6.58 million
Lark Rise and Candleford are transformed as the inhabitants prepare for the Christmas festivities. However, loyalties are tested as the arrival of the ghost of a ragged, bare-footed young woman drives residents to speak difficult truths amid the gift giving and carol singing.
12
"Episode 2" Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 4 January 2009 (2009-01-04) 6.53 million
James Dowland is the new man in town who takes the woes of the Lark Rise tenants under his wing. He also takes the heart of Dorcas Lane into his keeping, while putting Candleford on the map with the opening of a new hotel. Robert Timmins is suspicious of Dowland's motives, and is less than accepting of his financial help. Emma Timmins and the other Lark Rise tenants are, however, more than happy to see the return of a once Lark Rise boy. Meanwhile, Dorcas has her own heart strings pulled with her new maid, Minnie. Minnie can do no right; she means well, but with her troubled past she struggles to contain her excitement, testing Dorcas and those around her to the end.
13
"Episode 3" Bill Gallagher Alan Grint 11 January 2009 (2009-01-11) 6.13 million
Battling with conflicting emotions towards new arrival James Dowland, Dorcas Lane sets out to defeat the dashing property developer in the parish council elections. Meanwhile, the grind of making ends meet in Lark Rise proves too much for Robert and Emma Timmins, and Robert's reluctance to change grows stronger.
14
"Episode 4" Carolyn Bonnyman Maurice Phillips 18 January 2009 (2009-01-18) 6.49 million
The death of Miss Ellison's father unites the communities of Lark Rise and Candleford, but amid the sadness Miss Ellison is confronted by her brother George, whom she blames for her father's death. Overwhelmed with grief, Miss Ellison is oblivious to Thomas Brown's affections for her and his desire for her hand in marriage. Eventually Thomas assists in effecting a reconciliation between brother and sister.
15
"Episode 5" Bill Gallagher Julian Holmes 25 January 2009 (2009-01-25) 6.31 million
Time rests heavy on the residents of Lark Rise and Candleford, as baby Annie Timmins stirs up emotions of days gone by and loves yet to be found. And with Emma Timmins feeling the strains of family life, Dorcas Lane offers to lend a helping hand, unaware of the consequences that her generosity will bring. Meanwhile, newcomer Fisher Bloom arrives to build the candleford clock on Mr Dowland's orders, and stirs up mixed feelings in Laura.
16
"Episode 6" Gaby Chiappe Moira Armstrong 1 February 2009 (2009-02-01) 6.54 million
Lark Rise and Candleford rally round to show support for Laura's new role in the post office when Dorcas Lane is taken ill, but Laura feels pressure mounting when anonymous letters begin to arrive. Minnie sees the delivery of one of the letters, and fears that her past is catching up with her. Dorcas and Laura help Minnie to escape the threat presented by her brutal father.
17
"Episode 7" Gaby Chiappe Sue Tully 8 February 2009 (2009-02-08) 6.14 million
Lark Rise and Candleford anticipate with the inauguration of a clock, paid for by James Dowland. But when Robert Timmins loses his stonemason's tools, his means to work is lost, and there is a possibility that Fisher Bloom may leave Candleford unless Laura can find a way to stop him.
18
"Episode 8" Kate Gartside Alan Grint 15 February 2009 (2009-02-15) 6.20 million
The hot summer brings a surprise visitor to Candleford in the form of Celestia Brice Coulson, who stays at the Golden Lion Hotel and becomes acquainted with Dorcas Lane. Dorcas has other things on her mind, however, when she begins 'walking out' with James Dowland. And in Lark Rise, Emma's father, Old Edmund, arrives for his birthday. But problems arise when Emma asks him to live with them permanently.
19
"Episode 9" Kate Gartside David Tucker 22 February 2009 (2009-02-22) 6.32 million
A feud between Lark Rise and the neighbouring village of Fordlow has been simmering for three generations, but it takes young love to bring the two communities together and save the day. In Candleford, the path of true love runs less smoothly for Thomas and Miss Ellison; will they ever set the date for the wedding?
20
"Episode 10" Carolyn Bonnyman Patrick Lau 1 March 2009 (2009-03-01) 6.34 million
Every autumn, Constable Patterson is used to his wife taking to her bed with a mysterious illness. But this year is different, as she gives him permission to seek a new wife. The constable has no intention of doing any such thing, until a Pratt sister in distress sets his heart soaring; however, the other sister grows jealous and angry, especially when her sister is presented with a very unusual present.
21
"Episode 11" Gaby Chiappe Paul Marcus 8 March 2009 (2009-03-08) 6.78 million
A sudden storm reveals a secret romance, but also makes the address on a letter indecipherable. When Dorcas pursues the identity of the letter's recipient, she reveals another secret: a child, kept hidden even from his own father.
22
"Episode 12" Bill Gallagher Moira Armstrong 15 March 2009 (2009-03-15) 6.47 million
James Dowland is confined to his hospital bed when his son arrives in Candleford, and Dorcas welcomes the boy into the post office, doing everything she can to make him feel at home. But this causes a great deal of turmoil when James is released from hospital to be reunited with his son.
Series 3 (2010)[edit]
#
Episode
Writer
Director
Original air date
Viewing figure
23
"Episode 1" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 10 January 2010 (2010-01-10) 7.49 million
A young journalist, Daniel Parish, arrives in Lark Rise with exciting news for the Timmins family: Emma is set to inherit a fortune, enough to move the family to a big house in Candleford. Daniel plans to write their rags to riches story for his newspaper, but Dorcas is suspicious of his motives, and when the article is published, it sends shockwaves through the community.
24
"Episode 2" Bill Gallagher David Tucker 17 January 2010 (2010-01-17) 7.07 million
The Bishop is coming to consecrate the church font and Thomas cannot contain his excitement. But when a Lark Rise tree starts to 'bleed', the hamlet becomes rife with talk of witchcraft, and Thomas is horrified. Dorcas loses her composure and makes a blunder with terrible consequences for Pearl and Ruby. Also, Laura is thrown off balance when Daniel returns to try to win back her affections — but first he has to get around an angry Robert and Emma.
25
"Episode 3" Gaby Chiappe Patrick Lau 24 January 2010 (2010-01-24) 6.94 million
Alf throws a party to celebrate moving into a cottage of his own. He entertains his guests with a new song, and its haunting words have a profound effect on all of them. Edmund rebels against his parents; Thomas and Margaret have their first marital tiff; and Dorcas's plans to prepare Minnie for marriage and motherhood backfire terribly.
26
"Episode 4" Gaby Chiappe Patrick Lau 31 January 2010 (2010-01-31) 6.82 million
It's harvest time — the most important time of the year in Lark Rise, when everyone helps to bring in the wheat that will feed them through winter. So when an epidemic hits, it couldn't come at a worse time — with so many sick, how will they gather the wheat and prevent a winter of starvation? For Lark Rise, help comes from an unlikely source. But just when it looks as though their problems are solved, they discover the worst is yet to come.
27
"Episode 5" Bill Gallagher Moira Armstrong 7 February 2010 (2010-02-07) 6.98 million
There's a mystery in town as Mr. Reppington takes residence in the Golden Lion but remains firmly isolated from the world, and Dorcas Lane is determined to find out why. Emma Timmins fears that the romance has gone out of her marriage and worries over a possible secret admirer, whilst Daniel Parish believes there may be more to Mr. Reppington than meets the eye, not least a story that could make his career. Meanwhile, Ruby Pratt agonizes over whether she should at last leave Candleford to meet her suitor in Pontefract, but cannot face telling her sister Pearl.
28
"Episode 6" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 14 February 2010 (2010-02-14) 7.02 million
Daniel has opened a newspaper in Candleford and is on the lookout for a big story. So when old Peg Leg, a Crimean War veteran, arrives for his annual visit to the Timmins', and Daniel learns he has received no war pension, he starts a newspaper campaign against this injustice. But just as Peg Leg's plight looks set to become a national cause celebre, Emma learns that he is not all he seems, a discovery that threatens to break hearts and destroy Daniel's new venture.
29
"Episode 7" Bill Gallagher Paul Seed 21 February 2010 (2010-02-21) 6.83 million
The locals are rehearsing for their annual production of St. George and the Dragon when they hear rumours that Sir Timothy has returned. They are thrilled at the prospect of performing it for the squire himself, but with the play fast approaching and no sign of Sir Timothy, Dorcas decides to pay him a visit. She finds only Lady Adelaide. As the two women come face to face they are forced to confront their shared history, learning more about each other than they could have imagined.
30
"Episode 8" Rachel Bennette David Innes Edwards 28 February 2010 (2010-02-28) 6.88 million
Pearl is in a state of panic. She has received a dressmaking commission which could save her ailing business, but without Ruby, there is no way she can do the work in time. So when Enid, a talented seamstress, arrives in Candleford looking for a job, it seems Pearl's prayers have been answered. Pearl and Enid form an instant bond, based on mutual admiration and respect. But when Pearl discovers the seamstress is not who she says she is, she is forced to choose between their friendship and her deepest prejudices.
31
"Episode 9" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 7 March 2010 (2010-03-07) 6.61 million
When the Lark Rise school loses its teacher, Emma steps in and discovers a talent she never knew she had. But Margaret also covets the role of schoolteacher, and the two women become rivals for the job. Over in Candleford, Thomas and Dorcas are at odds. The postman is agitating for better working conditions, and Dorcas isn't taking it well.
32
"Episode 10" Bill Gallagher Patrick Lau 14 March 2010 (2010-03-14) 6.33 million
When the local Lark Rise gossip Mrs. Mullins discovers her daughter Emily is pregnant, she leaps to the conclusion that Daniel is the father. Everyone, including Laura, rallies round to defend him. But when Daniel's behaviour starts to arouse suspicion, and people begin to doubt him, Dorcas is determined to uncover the truth.
33
"Episode 11" Bill Gallagher Patrick Lau 21 March 2010 (2010-03-21) 6.39 million
Mischief Night is approaching and the folks of Lark Rise and Candleford are excitedly planning tricks to play on their neighbours. But Laura is in no mood for silly pranks — Fisher Bloom has returned, intent on winning her back, and it has thrown her feelings for Daniel into turmoil.
34
"Episode 12" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 28 March 2010 (2010-03-28) 6.51 million
When the postmaster at Inglestone, with an old score to settle, tries to force Dorcas into selling up, she is faced with the heartbreaking prospect of losing her home and denying Sydney his dream of running the post office one day.
Series 4 (2011)[edit]
#
Episode
Writer
Director
Original air date
Viewing figure
35
"Episode 1" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 9 January 2011 (2011-01-09) 7.68 million
Gabriel Cochrane, the once-wealthy owner of a large iron foundry arrives in Candleford. The bank has repossessed his home and business, his young wife has died, and Gabriel finds himself looking for a new start. The people of Candleford take him to their hearts, and Dorcas offers him a job and a home. But will their kindness be enough to save him, or will he let his vendetta against the bank, and his grief over his dead wife, prevent him rebuilding his fortunes and finding happiness again?
36
"Episode 2" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 16 January 2011 (2011-01-16) 7.31 million
When Daniel announces that his newspaper is launching a poetry competition, it sends the inhabitants of Candleford into a frenzy of creative excitement. Laura has high hopes of taking home the trophy and begins writing feverishly; Pearl indulges in plagiarism after her own efforts are found wanting; and even Margaret embarks upon an epic poem based on her husband’s postal rounds.
37
"Episode 3" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 23 January 2011 (2011-01-23) 7.02 million
Thomas is euphoric when he lands the job of organising the church bazaar. But his joy soon evaporates when the vicar falls ill, and the controversial and free-thinking curate Reverend Marley takes charge. Thomas is convinced that Marley is evil incarnate, and when he comes across a snake on his postal rounds, he sees it as a sign that the devil is indeed amongst them.
38
"Episode 4" Rachel Bennette Patrick Lau 30 January 2011 (2011-01-30) 6.90 million
The Fair has come to town, and the locals are celebrating - Alf has been crowned King of the Fair, while Queenie has won a whole Berkshire pig! The Lark Risers start fattening up the pig in preparation for a sumptuous pig feast, but Twister cannot resist the temptation of selling off-cuts of the animal to the people of Candleford. At the post office, Gabriel is proving to be a less than perfect house guest; can Dorcas adapt to having a man under her roof? And will Twister survive the wrath of Queenie when she discovers he has sold her pig from under her?
39
"Episode 5" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 6 February 2011 (2011-02-06) 6.96 million
Daniel is planning a cricket match against a neighbouring village team, who he is convinced cheated in their last match. He is determined to restore Candleford's honour, but most of Daniel's regular players are away, and the men of Lark Rise are cricketing novices. A humiliating defeat looks certain, until Daniel discovers that the finest batsman in the county is right under his nose. The only problem is, his batsman is a batswoman, and the rules state women cannot play.
40
"Episode 6" Bill Gallagher Sue Tully 13 February 2011 (2011-02-13) 7.01 million
Gabriel has finally completed the machine which he hopes will restore his fortunes, and farmers are soon clamouring to buy his ingenious invention. Dorcas is delighted for him, until she realises it could mean his departure from Candleford. Meanwhile, Caroline has returned to Lark Rise, and Minnie assumes it's only a matter of time before Alf comes to propose, now that his ma is back to look after her children. But will Caroline settle this time, and allow Alf his freedom? And how will Gabriel react to a surprising admission from Dorcas?
Cancellation[edit]
It was announced on 22 January 2011 that the show would not be returning for a fifth series.[4] The decision caused viewer complaints, prompting BBC One controller Danny Cohen to say, "Lark Rise to Candleford has been a truly wonderful part of the BBC One schedule and we are incredibly grateful to writer Bill Gallagher and the team. But we feel the time is right to make room for new dramas which we hope will be taken to the nation's hearts in the same way."[10]
Following that announcement, many viewers took to setting up and signing online campaigns to see the show recommissioned.[11] In response, Ben Stephenson of the BBC finally announced the decision was based on the departure of writer and executive producer Bill Gallagher, whose "creative energy" was considered essential to the series.[12]
DVD and Blu-ray releases[edit]
DVD release
Release date
Blu-ray release
Release date
No of discs
No of episodes
The Complete First Series 7 April 2008 The Complete First Series 20 April 2009 4 10
The Complete Second Series 20 April 2009 The Complete Second Series 26 April 2010 4 12
The Complete Series 1–2 11 January 2010 N/A N/A 1 22
The Complete Third Series 26 April 2010 The Complete Third Series 26 April 2010 4 12
The Complete Series 1–3 26 April 2010 N/A N/A 1 34
The Complete Fourth Series 7 March 2011 The Complete Fourth Series TBA 1 6
The Complete Series 1–4 7 March 2011 The Complete Series 1–4 TBA 14 40
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BBC Press Office - Week 2 - Lark Rise To Candleford" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-20.
Jump up ^ "BBC Press Office - Network TV BBC Week 2: New this week" (Press release). BBC Press Office. 15 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Flora Thompson Home Page" (Press release). 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Lark Rise To Candleford axed at the end of current series as bosses decide to 'quit while we're ahead' Mail Online, 22 January 2011
Jump up ^ Anon (20 December 2008). "Interview with Julia Sawalha". this is bristol.co.uk. Evening Post. Archived from the original on 3 March 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Anon (January 2008). "Planning application: Neston Park Film sets, Corsham" (PDF). BBC Television Drama Dept. Retrieved 24 January 2010. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Hardman, Robert (30 January 2008). "Candleford through the keyhole: the real star of TV's new drama is the haunted house where it was filmed". The Daily Mail. Box, Wiltshire. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
Jump up ^ 'Lark Rise TV Locations' at Gloucestershire On Screen
Jump up ^ Weekly Top 30 Programmes. See relevant week Archived 29 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ BBC One boss defends 'Lark Rise' axe Digital Spy, 31 January 2011
Jump up ^ Lark Rise fans launch campaigns to save show ATV News, 16 February 2011
Jump up ^ [1] The Bath Chronicle, 28 February 2011
External links[edit]
Lark Rise to Candleford at BBC Programmes
Lark Rise to Candleford on IMDb
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values: Lark Rise to Candleford (Fernsehserie) – German

values: Od Lark Risea do Candleforda (televizijska serija) – Croatian

values: הדרך לקנדלפורד – Hebrew

values: Чуть свет — в Кэндлфорд (телесериал) – Russian

values: Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series) – Simple English

values: Från Lark Rise till Candleford – Swedish

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