text:
Techno
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the genre of music. For the fictional character, see Fixer (comics). For the prefix, see wikt:techno-. For electronic music in general, see Electronic music and Electronic dance music.
Techno
Stylistic origins
House
electro
synth-pop
Italo disco
hi-NRG
Chicago house
EBM
New Beat
Detroit techno
Cultural origins
Mid-1980s, Detroit, United States
Derivative forms
Alternative dance
Subgenres
Acid techno
ambient techno
minimal techno
tech house
dub techno
Fusion genres
Electroclash[1]
Eurodance
ghettotech
hardcore techno
hardvapour
industrial techno
IDM
techstep
techstyle
trance
Regional scenes
Detroit techno
Other topics
Electronic musical instrument
computer music
record labels
raves
free party
teknival
Techno is a form of electronic dance music that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, in the United States during the mid-to-late 1980s.[2][3][4][5] The first recorded use of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music was in 1988.[6][7] Many styles of techno now exist, but Detroit techno is seen as the foundation upon which a number of subgenres have been built.[8]
In Detroit, techno resulted from the melding of African American music including Chicago house, funk, electro, and electric jazz with electronic music by artists such as Kraftwerk, Giorgio Moroder, and Yellow Magic Orchestra.[9] Added to this is the influence of futuristic and fictional themes[10] relevant to life in American late capitalist society, with Alvin Toffler's book The Third Wave being a notable point of reference.[11][12] Pioneering producer Juan Atkins cites Toffler's phrase "techno rebels" as inspiring him to use the word techno to describe the musical style he helped to create. This unique blend of influences aligns techno with the aesthetic referred to as afrofuturism. To producers such as Derrick May, the transference of spirit from the body to the machine is often a central preoccupation; essentially an expression of technological spirituality.[13][14] In this manner: "techno dance music defeats what Adorno saw as the alienating effect of mechanisation on the modern consciousness".[15]
Stylistically, techno is generally repetitive instrumental music, often produced for use in a continuous DJ set. The central rhythmic component is most often in common time (4/4), where time is marked with a bass drum on each quarter note pulse, a backbeat played by snare or clap on the second and fourth pulses of the bar, and an open hi-hat sounding every second eighth note. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 to 150 beats per minute (bpm), depending on the style of techno. The creative use of music production technology, such as drum machines, synthesizers, and digital audio workstations, is viewed as an important aspect of the music's aesthetic. Many producers use retro electronic musical devices to create what they consider to be an authentic techno sound. Drum machines from the 1980s such as Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 are highly prized, and software emulations of such retro technology are popular among techno producers.
Music journalists and fans of techno are generally selective in their use of the term; so a clear distinction can be made between sometimes related but often qualitatively different styles, such as tech house and trance.[16][17][18][19]
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
1.1 Notable influences
1.2 School days
1.3 Juan Atkins
1.4 Detroit sound
1.5 Chicago
1.5.1 Acid house
1.6 The New Dance Sound of Detroit
1.7 Music Institute
2 Developments
2.1 Exodus
2.2 German techno scene
2.2.1 Tekkno versus techno
2.2.2 A Techno Alliance
2.3 Minimal techno
2.4 Jazz influences
2.5 Intelligent techno
2.6 Free techno
2.7 Divergence
2.8 Commercial exposure
3 Antecedents
3.1 Proto-techno
3.2 Prehistory
4 Music production practice
4.1 Stylistic considerations
4.2 Compositional techniques
4.3 Retro technology
4.3.1 Emulation
4.4 Technological advances
5 Other notable artists
6 Notable contemporary techno venues
7 See also
8 Bibliography
9 Filmography
10 References
11 External links
Origins[edit]
See also: Detroit techno
The initial blueprint for techno developed during the mid-1980s in Belleville, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit by Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson and Derrick May (the so-called Belleville Three), all of whom attended school together at Belleville High,[20][21][22][23] with the addition of Eddie Fowlkes, Blake Baxter and James Pennington. By the close of the 1980s, the pioneers had recorded and released material under various guises: Atkins as Model 500, Flintstones, and Magic Juan; Fowlkes simply as Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes; Saunderson as Reeses, Keynotes, and Kaos; with May as Mayday, R-Tyme, and Rhythim Is Rhythim. There were also a number of joint ventures, including Kevin Saunderson's group Inner City, which saw collaborations with Atkins, May, vocalist Paris Grey, and fellow DJs James Pennington and [Arthur Forest].[24] The Electrifying Mojo was the first radio DJ to play music by Atkins, May, and Saunderson. Mojo refused to follow pre-established radio formats or playlists, and he promoted social and cultural awareness of the African American community. [25]
Notable influences[edit]
See also: Electro (music), House music, Italo disco, Kraftwerk, and Synthpop
Kraftwerk's Computer World (1981), first popularized in the U.S. by radio station WLBS-FM,[26] "Detroit's version of New York's disco WBLS".[27]
External video
High Tech Soul - The Creation of Techno Music (documentary), YouTube video
Universal Techno (1996) (documentary), YouTube video
In exploring techno's origins writer Kodwo Eshun maintains that "Kraftwerk are to Techno what Muddy Waters is to the Rolling Stones: the authentic, the origin, the real."[28] Juan Atkins has acknowledged that he had an early enthusiasm for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, particularly Moroder's work with Donna Summer and the producer's own album E=MC2. Atkins also mentions that "around 1980 I had a tape of nothing but Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder and Gary Numan, and I'd ride around in my car playing it."[29] Atkins has also claimed he was unaware of Kraftwerk's music prior to his collaboration with Richard "3070" Davis as Cybotron, which was two years after he had first started experimenting with electronic instruments.[30] Regarding his initial impression of Kraftwerk, Atkins notes that they were "clean and precise" relative to the "weird UFO sounds" featured in his seemingly "psychedelic" music.[31]
Derrick May identified the influence of Kraftwerk and other European synthesizer music in commenting that "it was just classy and clean, and to us it was beautiful, like outer space. Living around Detroit, there was so little beauty... everything is an ugly mess in Detroit, and so we were attracted to this music. It, like, ignited our imagination!".[32] May has commented that he considered his music a direct continuation of the European synthesizer tradition.[33] He also identified Japanese synthpop act Yellow Magic Orchestra, particularly member Ryuichi Sakamoto, and British band Ultravox, as influences, along with Kraftwerk.[34] YMO's song "Technopolis" (1979), a tribute to Tokyo as an electronic mecca, is considered an "interesting contribution" to the development of Detroit techno, foreshadowing concepts that Atkins and Davis would later explore with Cybotron.[35]
Kevin Saunderson has also acknowledged the influence of Europe but he claims to have been more inspired by the idea of making music with electronic equipment: "I was more infatuated with the idea that I can do this all myself."[33]
School days[edit]
Prior to achieving notoriety, Atkins, Saunderson, May, and Fowlkes shared common interests as budding musicians, "mix" tape traders, and aspiring DJs.[36] They also found musical inspiration via the Midnight Funk Association, an eclectic five-hour late-night radio program hosted on various Detroit radio stations, including WCHB, WGPR, and WJLB-FM from 1977 through the mid-1980s by DJ Charles "The Electrifying Mojo" Johnson.[37] Mojo's show featured electronic music by artists such as Giorgio Moroder, Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra and Tangerine Dream, alongside the funk sounds of acts such as Parliament Funkadelic and dance oriented new wave music by bands like Devo and the B-52's.[38] Atkins has noted:
“ He [Mojo] played all the Parliament and Funkadelic that anybody ever wanted to hear. Those two groups were really big in Detroit at the time. In fact, they were one of the main reasons why disco didn't really grab hold in Detroit in '79. Mojo used to play a lot of funk just to be different from all the other stations that had gone over to disco. When 'Knee Deep'[39] came out, that just put the last nail in the coffin of disco music.[29] ”
Despite the short-lived disco boom in Detroit, it had the effect of inspiring many individuals to take up mixing, Juan Atkins among them. Subsequently, Atkins taught May how to mix records, and in 1981, "Magic Juan", Derrick "Mayday", in conjunction with three other DJ's, one of whom was Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes, launched themselves as a party crew called Deep Space Soundworks[40][41] (also referred to as Deep Space).[42] In 1980 or 1981 they met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for his show, which they did end up doing the following year.[29]
During the late 1970s-early 1980s high school clubs such as Brats, Charivari, Ciabattino, Comrades, Gables, Hardwear, Rafael, Rumours, Snobs, and Weekends[43] created the incubator in which techno was grown. These young promoters developed and nurtured the local dance music scene by both catering to the tastes of the local audience of young people and by marketing parties with new DJs and their music. As these local clubs grew in popularity, groups of DJs began to band together to market their mixing skills and sound systems to the clubs in order to cater to the growing audiences of listeners. Locations like local church activity centers, vacant warehouses, offices, and YMCA auditoriums were the early locations where underage crowds gathered and the musical form was nurtured and defined.[44]
"Clear" (1983)
the Cybotron release "Clear" from 1983.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Juan Atkins[edit]
Main articles: Juan Atkins and Cybotron (American band)
Of the four individuals responsible for establishing techno as a genre in its own right, Juan Atkins is widely cited as "The Originator".[45] Atkins' role was likewise acknowledged in 1995 by the American music technology publication Keyboard Magazine, which honoured Atkins as one of 12 Who Count in the history of keyboard music.[46]
In the early 1980s, Atkins began recording with musical partner Richard Davis (and later with a third member, Jon-5) as Cybotron. This trio released a number of rock and electro-inspired tunes,[47] the most successful of which were Clear (1983) and its moodier followup, "Techno City" (1984).[48][49]
According to a recent bio on MySpace, Atkins claims to have "coined the term techno to describe their music, taking as one inspiration the works of Futurist and author Alvin Toffler, from whom he borrowed the terms 'cybotron' and 'metroplex.' Atkins has used the term to describe earlier bands that made heavy use of synthesizers, such as Kraftwerk, although many people would consider Kraftwerk's music and Juan's early music in Cybotron as electro."[50] Atkins viewed Cybotron's "Cosmic Cars" (1982) as unique, Germanic, synthesized funk, but he later heard Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" (1982) and considered it to be a superior example of the music he envisioned. Inspired, he resolved to continue experimenting, and he encouraged Saunderson and May to do likewise.[51]
Eventually, Atkins started producing his own music under the pseudonym Model 500, and in 1985 he established the record label Metroplex.[52] The same year saw an important turning point for the Detroit scene with the release of Model 500's "No UFOs," a seminal work that is generally considered the first techno production.[53][54][55][56][57] Of this time, Atkins has said:
“ When I started Metroplex around February or March of '85 and released "No UFOs," I thought I was just going to make my money back on it, but I wound up selling between 10,000 and 15,000 copies. I had no idea that my record would happen in Chicago. Derrick's parents had moved there, and he was making regular trips between Detroit and Chicago. So when I came out with 'No UFOs,' he took copies out to Chicago and gave them to some DJs, and it just happened.[29] ”
Detroit sound[edit]
Main article: Detroit techno
The Belleville Three performing at the Detroit Masonic Temple in 2017. From left to right: Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, and Derrick May
The early producers, enabled by the increasing affordability of sequencers and synthesizers, merged a European synthpop aesthetic with aspects of soul, funk, disco, and electro, pushing electronic dance music into uncharted terrain. They deliberately rejected the Motown legacy and traditional formulas of R&B and soul, and instead embraced technological experimentation.[58][59][60][61]
“ Within the last 5 years or so, the Detroit underground has been experimenting with technology, stretching it rather than simply using it. As the price of sequencers and synthesizers has dropped, so the experimentation has become more intense. Basically, we're tired of hearing about being in love or falling out, tired of the R&B system, so a new progressive sound has emerged. We call it techno! ”
— Juan Atkins, 1988[58]
The resulting Detroit sound was interpreted by Derrick May and one journalist in 1988 as a "post-soul" sound with no debt to Motown,[59][60] but by another journalist a decade later as "soulful grooves" melding the beat-centric styles of Motown with the music technology of the time.[62] May famously described the sound of techno as something that is "...like Detroit...a complete mistake. It's like George Clinton and Kraftwerk are stuck in an elevator with only a sequencer to keep them company."[59][60] Juan Atkins has stated that it is "music that sounds like technology, and not technology that sounds like music, meaning that most of the music you listen to is made with technology, whether you know it or not. But with techno music, you know it."[63]
Rhythim is Rhythim - "Strings of Life" (1987)
"Strings of Life" (1987) by Rhythim is Rhythim (Derrick May) was a seminal Detroit techno track.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
One of the first Detroit productions to receive wider attention was Derrick May's "Strings of Life" (1987), which, together with May's previous release, "Nude Photo" (1987), helped raise techno's profile in Europe, especially the UK and Germany, during the 1987–1988 house music boom (see Second Summer of Love).[64] It became May's best known track, which, according to Frankie Knuckles, "just exploded. It was like something you can't imagine, the kind of power and energy people got off that record when it was first heard. Mike Dunn says he has no idea how people can accept a record that doesn't have a bassline."[65]
The Detroit sound exerted an influence on widely differing styles of electronic music, yet it also maintained an identity as a genre in its own right, one now commonly referred to as "Detroit techno".
Chicago[edit]
See also: Chicago house and House music
The music's producers, especially May and Saunderson, admit to having been fascinated by the Chicago club scene and influenced by house in particular.[66][67] May's 1987/1989 hit "Strings of Life" (released under the alias Rhythim Is Rhythim) is considered a classic in both the house and techno genres.[67][68][69]
Juan Atkins also believes that the first acid house producers, seeking to distance house music from disco, emulated the techno sound.[70] Atkins also suggests that the Chicago house sound developed as a result of Frankie Knuckles' using a drum machine he bought from Derrick May.[71] He claims:
“ Derrick sold Chicago DJ Frankie Knuckles a TR909 drum machine. This was back when the Powerplant was open in Chicago, but before any of the Chicago DJs were making records. They were all into playing Italian imports; 'No UFOs' was the only U.S.-based independent record that they played. So Frankie Knuckles started using the 909 at his shows at the Powerplant. Boss had just brought out their little sampling footpedal, and somebody took one along there. Somebody was on the mic, and they sampled that and played it over the drumtrack pattern. Having got the drum machine and the sampler, they could make their own tunes to play at parties. One thing just led to another, and Chip E used the 909 to make his own record, and from then on, all these DJs in Chicago borrowed that 909 to come out with their own records.[29] ”
In the UK, a club following for house music grew steadily from 1985, with interest sustained by scenes in London, Manchester, Nottingham, and later Sheffield and Leeds. The DJs thought to be responsible for house's early UK success include Mike Pickering, Mark Moore, Colin Faver, and Graeme Park.[72]
Acid house[edit]
See also: Acid house, Rave, and Second Summer of Love
Roland TB-303: The bass line synthesizer that was used prominently in acid house.
By 1988, house music had exploded in the UK, and acid house was increasingly popular.[72] There was also a long-established warehouse party subculture based around the sound system scene. In 1988, the music played at warehouse parties was predominantly house. That same year, the Balearic party vibe associated with Ibiza-based DJ Alfredo Fiorito was transported to London, when Danny Rampling and Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs Shoom and Spectrum, respectively. Both night spots quickly became synonymous with acid house, and it was during this period that the use of MDMA, as a party drug, started to gain prominence. Other important UK clubs at this time included Back to Basics in Leeds, Sheffield's Leadmill and Music Factory, and in Manchester The Haçienda, where Mike Pickering and Graeme Park's Friday night spot, Nude, was an important proving ground for American underground [73] dance music. Acid house party fever escalated in London and Manchester, and it quickly became a cultural phenomenon. MDMA-fueled club goers, faced with 2 A.M. closing hours, sought refuge in the warehouse party scene that ran all night. To escape the attention of the press and the authorities, this after-hours activity quickly went underground. Within a year, however, up to 10,000 people at a time were attending the first commercially organized mass parties, called raves, and a media storm ensued.[74]
The success of house and acid house paved the way for wider acceptance of the Detroit sound, and vice versa: techno was initially supported by a handful of house music clubs in Chicago, New York, and Northern England, with London clubs catching up later;[75] but in 1987, it was "Strings of Life" which eased London club-goers into acceptance of house, according to DJ Mark Moore.[76][77]
The New Dance Sound of Detroit[edit]
Cover art for the 1988 compilation album, Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit
The explosion of interest in underground dance music during the late 1980s provided a context for the development of techno as an identifiable genre. The mid-1988 UK release of Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit,[78][79] an album compiled by ex-Northern Soul DJ and Kool Kat Records boss Neil Rushton (at the time an A&R scout for Virgin's "10 Records" imprint) and Derrick May, was an important milestone and marked the introduction of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music.[6][7] Although the compilation put techno into the lexicon of music journalism, the music was, for a time, sometimes characterized as Detroit's high-tech interpretation of Chicago house rather than a relatively pure genre unto itself.[7][80] In fact, the compilation's working title had been The House Sound of Detroit until the addition of Atkins' song "Techno Music" prompted reconsideration.[78][81] Rushton was later quoted as saying he, Atkins, May, and Saunderson came up with the compilation's final name together, and that the Belleville Three voted down calling the music some kind of regional brand of house; they instead favored a term they were already using, techno.[7][81][82]
Juan Atkins - "Techno Music" (1988)
"Techno Music" by Juan Atkins was the title track of Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit (1988).
Inner City - "Big Fun" (1988)
The album also included "Big Fun" (1988) by Inner City (Kevin Saunderson and Paris Grey), a track that achieved significant commercial success as a single release in fall 1988.[83]
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Derrick May views this as one of his busiest times and recalls that it was a period where he
“ was working with Carl Craig, helping Kevin, helping Juan, trying to put Neil Rushton in the right position to meet everybody, trying to get Blake Baxter endorsed so that everyone liked him, trying to convince Shake (Anthony Shakir) that he should be more assertive...and keep making music as well as do the Mayday mix (for the show Street Beat on Detroit's WJLB radio station) and run Transmat records.[78] ”
Commercially, the release did not fare as well as expected, and it failed to recoup, however Inner City's production "Big Fun" (1988), a track that was almost not included on the compilation, became a massive crossover hit in fall 1988.[84] The record was also responsible for bringing industry attention to May, Atkins and Saunderson, which led to discussions with ZTT records about forming a techno supergroup called Intellex. But, when the group were on the verge of finalising their contract, May allegedly refused to agree to Top of the Pops appearances and negotiations collapsed.[85] According to May, ZTT label boss Trevor Horn had envisaged that the trio would be marketed as a "black Petshop Boys." [86]
Despite Virgin Records' disappointment with the poor sales of Rushton's compilation,[87] the record was successful in establishing an identity for techno and was instrumental in creating a platform in Europe for both the music and its producers.[88] Ultimately, the release served to distinguish the Detroit sound from Chicago house and other forms of underground dance music that were emerging during the rave era of the late 1980s and early 1990s, a period during which techno became more adventurous and distinct.[89][90]
Music Institute[edit]
In mid-1988, developments in the Detroit scene led to the opening of a nightclub called the Music Institute (MI), located at 1315 Broadway in downtown Detroit. The venue was secured by George Baker and Alton Miller with Darryl Wynn and Derrick May participating as Friday night DJs, and Baker and Chez Damier playing to a mostly gay crowd on Saturday nights.
The club closed on November 24, 1989, with Derrick May playing "Strings of Life" along with a recording of clock tower bells.[91] May explains:
“ It all happened at the right time by mistake, and it didn't last because it wasn't supposed to last. Our careers took off right around the time we [the MI] had to close, and maybe it was the best thing. I think we were peaking – we were so full of energy and we didn't know who we were or [how to] realize our potential. We had no inhibitions, no standards, we just did it. That's why it came off so fresh and innovative, and that's why...we got the best of the best.[91] ”
Though short-lived, MI was known internationally for its all-night sets, its sparse white rooms, and its juice bar stocked with "smart drinks" (the Institute never served liquor). The MI, notes Dan Sicko, along with Detroit's early techno pioneers, "helped give life to one of the city's important musical subcultures – one that was slowly growing into an international scene."[91]
Developments[edit]
UR Featured on the cover of The Wire, November 2007
As the original sound evolved in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it also diverged to such an extent that a wide spectrum of stylistically distinct music was being referred to as techno. This ranged from relatively pop oriented acts such as Moby[92] to the distinctly anti-commercial sentiments[93] of Underground Resistance. Derrick May's experimentation on works such as Beyond the Dance (1989) and The Beginning (1990) were credited with taking techno "in dozens of new directions at once and having the kind of expansive impact John Coltrane had on Jazz".[94] The Birmingham-based label Network Records label was instrumental in introducing Detroit techno to British audiences.[95] By the early 1990s, the original techno sound had garnered a large underground following in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. The growth of techno's popularity in Europe between 1988 and 1992 was largely due to the emergence of the rave scene and a thriving club culture.[89]
Exodus[edit]
In America, apart from regional scenes in Detroit, New York City, Chicago, and Orlando interest was limited. Producers from Detroit, frustrated by the lack of opportunity in their home country, looked to Europe for their future livelihood.[96] This first wave of Detroit expatriates was soon joined by a number of up-and-coming artists, the so-called "second wave", including Carl Craig, Octave One, Jay Denham, Kenny Larkin, and Stacey Pullen, with UR's Jeff Mills, Mike Banks, and Robert Hood pushing their own unique sound. A number of New York producers were also making an impression at this time, notably Frankie Bones, Lenny Dee, and Joey Beltram. In the same period, close to Detroit (Windsor, Ontario), Richie Hawtin, with business partner John Acquaviva, launched the influential imprint Plus 8 Records.[97]
Developments in American-produced techno between 1990 and 1992 fueled the expansion and eventual divergence of techno in Europe, particularly in Germany.[98][99] In Berlin, following the closure of a free party venue called Ufo, the club Tresor opened in 1991. The venue was for a time the standard bearer for techno and played host to many of the leading Detroit producers, some of whom relocated to Berlin.[100] By 1993, as interest in techno in the UK club scene started to wane, Berlin was considered the unofficial techno capital of Europe.[101]
Although eclipsed by Germany, Belgium was another focus of second-wave techno in this time period. The Ghent-based label R&S Records embraced harder-edged techno by "teenage prodigies" like Beltram and C.J. Bolland, releasing "tough, metallic tracks...with harsh, discordant synth lines that sounded like distressed Hoovers," according to one music journalist.[102]
In the United Kingdom, Sub Club opening in Glasgow in 1987 and Trade which opened its doors to Londoners in 1990 were pioneering venues which helped bring techno into the country. Both clubs were praised for their late opening hours and party-focused clientele. Trade has often been referred to as the 'original all night bender'.[103][104][105]
German techno scene[edit]
See also: Tresor (club), Love Parade, Hardcore techno, Gabber, Electronic body music, and Trance music
Bigod 20 - Acid to Body (1988)
Early example of German Techno House music, released in 1988 on Techno Drome International by Markus Nikolai & Andreas Tomalla (also known as Talla 2XLC).
Absurd - Brian (Techno Bassdrum Mxxx)
Often described as "Sound of Frankfurt": Early Techno from Germany, released in 1988 on BOY Records by Arno Müller & Sascha Dürk (aka "Bassface Sascha").
Problems playing these files? See media help.
Germany's engagement with American underground dance music during the 1980s paralleled that in the UK. By 1987 a German party scene based around the Chicago sound was well established. The following year (1988) saw acid house making as significant an impact on popular consciousness in Germany as it had in England.[106] In 1989 German DJs Westbam and Dr. Motte established the Ufo club, an illegal party venue, and co-founded the Love Parade.[107] After the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November 1989, free underground techno parties mushroomed in East Berlin, and a rave scene comparable to that in the UK was established.[107]
Paul van Dyk
East German DJ Paul van Dyk has remarked that techno was a major force in reestablishing social connections between East and West Germany during the unification period.[108]
Doorway to Dorian Gray, the Frankfurt am Main venue famed for the Talla 2XLC run Technoclub.
In 1991 a number of party venues closed, including Ufo, and the Berlin Techno scene centered itself around three locations close to the foundations of the Berlin Wall: Planet (later renamed E-Werk by Paul van Dyk),[109] Der Bunker, and the relatively long-lived Tresor.[110] It was in Tresor at this time that a trend in paramilitary clothing was established (amongst the techno fraternity) by a DJ called Tanith;[111] possibly as an expression of a commitment to the underground aesthetic of the music, or perhaps influenced by UR's paramilitary posturing.[112] In the same period, German DJs began intensifying the speed and abrasiveness of the sound, as an acid infused techno began transmuting into hardcore.[113] DJ Tanith commented at the time that "Berlin was always hardcore, hardcore hippie, hardcore punk, and now we have a very hardcore house sound."[109] This emerging sound is thought to have been influenced by Dutch gabber and Belgian hardcore; styles that were in their own perverse way paying homage to Underground Resistance and Richie Hawtin's Plus 8 Records. Other influences on the development of this style were European Electronic Body Music (EBM) groups of the mid-1980s such as DAF, Front 242, and Nitzer Ebb.[114]
Changes were also taking place in Frankfurt during the same period but it did not share the egalitarian approach found in the Berlin party scene. It was instead very much centred around discothèques and existing arrangements with various club owners. In 1988, after the Omen opened, the Frankfurt dance music scene was allegedly dominated by the club's management and they made it difficult for other promoters to get a start. By the early 1990s Sven Väth had become perhaps the first DJ in Germany to be worshipped like a rock star. He performed centre stage with his fans facing him, and as co-owner of Omen, he is believed to have been the first techno DJ to run his own club. One of the few real alternatives then was The Bruckenkopf in Mainz, underneath a Rhine bridge, a venue that offered a non-commercial alternative to Frankfurt's discothèque-based clubs. Other notable underground parties were those run by Force Inc. Music Works and Ata & Heiko from Playhouse records (Ongaku Musik). By 1992 DJ Dag & Torsten Fenslau were running a Sunday morning session at Dorian Gray, a plush discothèque near the Frankfurt airport. They initially played a mix of different styles including Belgian new beat, Deep House, Chicago House, and synthpop such as Kraftwerk and Yello and it was out of this blend of styles that the Frankfurt trance scene is believed to have emerged.[115]
In 1993-94 rave became a mainstream music phenomenon in Germany, seeing with it a return to "melody, New Age elements, insistently kitsch harmonies and timbres". This undermining of the German underground sound lead to the consolidation of a German "rave establishment," spearheaded by the party organisation Mayday, with its record label Low Spirit, DJ Westbam, Marusha, and a music channel called VIVA. At this time the German popular music charts were riddled with Low Spirit "pop-Tekno" German folk music reinterpretations of tunes such as "Somewhere Over The Rainbow" and "Tears Don't Lie", many of which became hits. At the same time, in Frankfurt, a supposed alternative was a music characterised by Simon Reynolds as "moribund, middlebrow Electro-Trance music, as represented by Frankfurt's own Sven Väth and his Harthouse label." [116]
Tekkno versus techno[edit]
Flyer for a Tekknozid Tekkno rave held in December 1990.
In Germany, fans started to refer to the harder techno sound emerging in the early 1990s as Tekkno (or Bretter).[107] This alternative spelling, with varying numbers of ks, began as a tongue-in-cheek attempt to emphasize the music's hardness, but by the mid-1990s it came to be associated with a controversial point of view that the music was and perhaps always had been wholly separate from Detroit's techno, deriving instead from a 1980s EBM-oriented club scene cultivated in part by DJ/musician Talla 2XLC in Frankfurt.[84] Talla, in the early to mid-1980s, worked in City Music at Frankfurt Station and began to categorize artists such as New Order, Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Heaven 17 and Front 242 under the heading techno, to sum up all technologically created dance music. In 1984 Talla started an event called Technoclub on Sunday afternoons at Frankfurts Disco No name, which then moved to the Dorian Gray club in 1987. Talla's club spot served as the hub for the regional EBM and electronic music scene, and according to Jürgen Laarmann, of Frontpage magazine, it had historical merit in being the first club in Germany to play almost exclusively electronic dance music. Technoclub was "more or less an underground thing for suburban kids," it was, according to Laarmann, "never really hip to go there."[115]
At some point tension over "who defines techno" arose between scenes in Frankfurt and Berlin. DJ Tanith has expressed that Techno as a term already existed in Germany but was to a large extent undefined. Dimitri Hegemann has stated that the Frankfurt definition of techno associated with Talla's Technoclub differed from that used in Berlin. Frankfurt's Armin Johnert viewed techno as having its roots in acts such DAF, Cabaret Voltaire, and Suicide, but a younger generation of club goers had a perception of the older EBM and Industrial as handed down and outdated. The Berlin scene offered an alternative and many began embracing an imported sound that was being referred to as Techno-House. The move away from EBM had started in Berlin when acid house became popular, thanks to Monika Dietl's radio show on SFB 4. Tanith distinguished acid-based dance music from the earlier approaches, whether it be DAF or Nitzer Ebb, because the latter was aggressive, he felt that it epitomised "being against something," but of acid house he said, "it's electronic, it's fun it's nice." By Spring 1990, Tanith, along with Wolle XDP, an East-Berlin party organizer responsible for the X-tasy Dance Project, were organizing the first large scale rave events in Germany. This development would lead to a permanent move away from the sound associated with Techno-House and toward a hard edged mix of music that came to define Tanith and Wolle's Tekknozid parties. According to Wolle it was an "out and out rejection of disco values," instead they created a "sound storm" and encouraged a form of "dance floor socialism," where the DJ was not placed in the middle and you "lose yourself in light and sound."[84]
A Techno Alliance[edit]
In 1993, the German techno label Tresor Records released the compilation album Tresor II: Berlin & Detroit – A Techno Alliance,[117] a testament to the influence of the Detroit sound upon the German techno scene and a celebration of a "mutual admiration pact" between the two cities.[99] As the mid-1990s approached, Berlin was becoming a haven for Detroit producers; Jeff Mills and Blake Baxter even resided there for a time. In the same period, with the assistance of Tresor, Underground Resistance released their X-101/X-102/X103 album series, Juan Atkins collaborated with 3MB's Thomas Fehlmann and Moritz Von Oswald[99] and Tresor-affiliated label Basic Channel had its releases mastered by Detroit's National Sound Corporation, the main mastering house for the entire Detroit dance music scene. In a sense, popular electronic music had come full circle, returning to Germany, home of a primary influence on the electronic dance music of the 1980s: Düsseldorf's Kraftwerk. Even the dance sounds of Chicago also had a German connection, as it was in Munich that Giorgio Moroder and Pete Bellotte first produced the 1970s Eurodisco synthpop sound.[107]
Robert Hood: notable techno minimalist.
Minimal techno[edit]
Main article: Minimal techno
As techno continued to transmute a number of Detroit producers began to question the trajectory the music was taking. One response came in the form of so-called minimal techno (a term producer Daniel Bell found difficult to accept, finding the term minimalism, in the artistic sense of the word, too "arty").[118] It is thought that Robert Hood, a Detroit-based producer and one time member of UR, is largely responsible for ushering in the minimal strain of techno.[119] Hood describes the situation in the early 1990s as one where techno had become too "ravey", with increasing tempos, the emergence of gabber, and related trends straying far from the social commentary and soul-infused sound of original Detroit techno. In response, Hood and others sought to emphasize a single element of the Detroit aesthetic, interpreting techno with "a basic stripped down, raw sound. Just drums, basslines and funky grooves and only what's essential. Only what is essential to make people move".[120] Hood explains:
“ I think Dan [Bell] and I both realized that something was missing – an element...in what we both know as techno. It sounded great from a production point of standpoint, but there was a 'jack' element in the [old] structure. People would complain that there's no funk, no feeling in techno anymore, and the easy escape is to put a vocalist and some piano on top to fill the emotional gap. I thought it was time for a return to the original underground.[22] ”
Jazz influences[edit]
See also: Jazz, Jazz fusion, and Musical improvisation
Some techno has also been influenced by or directly infused with elements of jazz.[121] This led to increased sophistication in the use of both rhythm and harmony in a number of techno productions.[122] Manchester (UK)-based techno act 808 State helped fuel this development with tracks such as "Pacific State"[123] and "Cobra Bora" in 1989.[124] Detroit producer Mike Banks was heavily influenced by jazz, as demonstrated on the influential Underground Resistance release Nation 2 Nation (1991).[125] By 1993, Detroit acts such as Model 500 and UR had made explicit references to the genre, with the tracks "Jazz Is The Teacher" (1993)[102] and "Hi-Tech Jazz" (1993), the latter being part of a larger body of work and group called Galaxy 2 Galaxy, a self-described jazz project based on Kraftwerk's "man machine" doctrine.[125][126] This lead was followed by a number of techno producers in the UK who were influenced by both jazz and UR, Dave Angel's "Seas of Tranquility" EP (1994) being a case in point,[127][128] Other notable artists who set about expanding upon the structure of "classic techno" include Dan Curtin, Morgan Geist, Titonton Duvante and Ian O'Brien.[129]
Intelligent techno[edit]
See also: Intelligent dance music and ambient techno
The Warp Records compilation Artificial Intelligence popularised the notion of intelligent techno.
In 1991 UK music journalist Matthew Collin wrote that "Europe may have the scene and the energy, but it's America which supplies the ideological direction...if Belgian techno gives us riffs, German techno the noise, British techno the breakbeats, then Detroit supplies the sheer cerebral depth."[130] By 1992 a number of European producers and labels began to associate rave culture with the corruption and commercialization of the original techno ideal.[131] Following this the notion of an intelligent or Detroit inspired pure techno aesthetic began to take hold. Detroit techno had maintained its integrity throughout the rave era and was pushing a new generation of so-called intelligent techno producers forward. Simon Reynolds suggests that this progression "involved a full-scale retreat from the most radically posthuman and hedonistically functional aspects of rave music toward more traditional ideas about creativity, namely the auteur theory of the solitary genius who humanizes technology."[132]
The term intelligent techno was used to differentiate more sophisticated versions of underground techno [133] from rave-oriented styles such as breakbeat hardcore, Schranz, Dutch Gabber. Warp Records was among the first to capitalize upon this development with the release of the compilation album Artificial Intelligence[134] Of this time, Warp founder and managing director Steve Beckett said
“ the dance scene was changing and we were hearing B-sides that weren't dance but were interesting and fitted into experimental, progressive rock, so we decided to make the compilation Artificial Intelligence, which became a milestone... it felt like we were leading the market rather than it leading us, the music was aimed at home listening rather than clubs and dance floors: people coming home, off their nuts, and having the most interesting part of the night listening to totally tripped out music. The sound fed the scene.[135] ”
Warp had originally marketed Artificial Intelligence using the description electronic listening music but this was quickly replaced by intelligent techno. In the same period (1992–93) other names were also bandied about such as armchair techno, ambient techno, and electronica,[136] but all were used to describe an emerging form of post-rave dance music for the "sedentary and stay at home".[137] Following the commercial success of the compilation in the United States, Intelligent Dance Music eventually became the phrase most commonly used to describe much of the experimental dance music emerging during the mid-to-late 1990s.
Although it is primarily Warp that has been credited with ushering the commercial growth of IDM and electronica, in the early 1990s there were many notable labels associated with the initial intelligence trend that received little, if any, wider attention. Amongst others they include: Black Dog Productions (1989), Carl Craig's Planet E (1991), Kirk Degiorgio's Applied Rhythmic Technology (1991), Eevo Lute Muzique (1991), General Production Recordings (1991), New Electronica (1993), Mille Plateaux (1993), 100% Pure (1993), and Ferox Records (1993).
Free techno[edit]
See also: Free tekno, Freetekno, Teknival, Free Party, Acid techno, and DIY culture
A sound system at Czechtek 2004
In the early 1990s a post-rave, DIY, free party scene had established itself in the UK. It was largely based around an alliance between warehouse party goers from various urban squat scenes and politically inspired new age travellers. The new agers offered a readymade network of countryside festivals that were hastily adopted by squatters and ravers alike.[138] Prominent among the sound systems operating at this time were Exodus in Luton, Tonka in Brighton, Smokescreen in Sheffield, DiY in Nottingham, Bedlam, Circus Warp, LSDiesel and London's Spiral Tribe. The high point of this free party period came in May 1992 when with less than 24 hours notice and little publicity more than 35,000 gathered at the Castlemorton Common Festival for 5 days of partying.[139]
This one event was largely responsible for the introduction in 1994 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act;[140] effectively leaving the British free party scene for dead. Following this many of the traveller artists moved away from Britain to Europe, the US, Goa in India, Koh Phangan in Thailand and Australia's East Coast.[139] In the rest of Europe, due in some part to the inspiration of traveling sound systems from the UK,[139] rave enjoyed a prolonged existence as it continued to expand across the continent.[98]
Spiral Tribe, Bedlam and other English sound systems took their cooperative techno ideas to Europe, particularly Eastern Europe where it was cheaper to live, and audiences were quick to appropriate the free party ideology. It was European Teknival free parties, such as the annual Czechtek event in the Czech Republic that gave rise to several French, German and Dutch sound systems. Many of these groups found audiences easily and were often centered around squats in cities such as Amsterdam and Berlin.[139]
Divergence[edit]
See also: List of electronic music genres
By 1994 there were a number of techno producers in the UK and Europe building on the Detroit sound, but a number of other underground dance music styles were by then vying for attention. Some drew upon the Detroit techno aesthetic, while others fused components of preceding dance music forms. This led to the appearance (in the UK initially) of inventive new music that sounded far-removed from techno. For instance jungle (drum and bass) demonstrated influences ranging from hip-hop, soul, and reggae to techno and house.
With an increasing diversification (and commercialization) of dance music, the collectivist sentiment prominent in the early rave scene diminished, each new faction having its own particular attitude and vision of how dance music (or in certain cases, non-dance music) should evolve. Some examples not already mentioned are trance, industrial techno, breakbeat hardcore, acid techno, and happy hardcore. Less well-known styles related to techno or its subgenres include the primarily Sheffield (UK)-based bleep techno, a regional variant that had some success between 1989 and 1991.
According to Muzik magazine, by 1995 the UK techno scene was in decline and dedicated club nights were dwindling. The music had become "too hard, too fast, too male, too drug-oriented, too anally retentive." Despite this, weekly night at clubs such as Final Frontier (London), House of God (Birmingham), Pure (Edinburgh, whose resident DJ Twitch later founded the more eclectic Optimo), and Bugged Out (Manchester) were still popular. With techno reaching a state of "creative palsy," and with a disproportionate number of underground dance music enthusiasts more interested in the sounds of rave and jungle, in 1995 the future of the UK techno scene looked uncertain as the market for "pure techno" waned. Muzik described the sound of UK techno at this time as "dutiful grovelling at the altar of American techno with a total unwillingness to compromise." [141]
By the end of the 1990s, a number of post-techno [142] underground styles had emerged, including ghettotech (a style that combines some of the aesthetics of techno with hip-hop and house music), nortec, glitch, digital hardcore, the so-called no-beat techno,[143] and electroclash.[1]
In attempting to sum up the changes since the heyday of Detroit techno, Derrick May has since revised his famous quote in stating that "Kraftwerk got off on the third floor and now George Clinton's got Napalm Death in there with him. The elevator's stalled between the pharmacy and the athletic wear store."[86]
Commercial exposure[edit]
Underworld during a live performance
While techno and its derivatives only occasionally produce commercially successful mainstream acts—Underworld and Orbital being two better-known examples—the genre has significantly affected many other areas of music. In an effort to appear relevant, many established artists, for example Madonna and U2, have dabbled with dance music, yet such endeavors have rarely evidenced a genuine understanding or appreciation of techno's origins with the former proclaiming in January 1996 that "Techno=Death".[144][145][146]
The R&B artist, Missy Elliott, exposed the popular music audience to the Detroit techno sound when she featured material from Cybotron's Clear on her 2006 release "Lose Control"; this resulted in Juan Atkins' receiving a Grammy Award nomination for his writing credit. Elliott's 2001 album Miss E... So Addictive also clearly demonstrated the influence of techno inspired club culture.[147]
In recent years, the publication of relatively accurate histories by authors Simon Reynolds (Generation Ecstasy, also known as Energy Flash) and Dan Sicko (Techno Rebels), plus mainstream press coverage of the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, have helped to diffuse the genre's more dubious mythology.[148] Even the Detroit-based company Ford Motors eventually became savvy to the mass appeal of techno, noting that "this music was created partly by the pounding clangor of the Motor City's auto factories. It became natural for us to incorporate Detroit techno into our commercials after we discovered that young people are embracing techno." With a marketing campaign targeting under-35s, Ford used "Detroit Techno" as a print ad slogan and chose Model 500's "No UFO's" to underpin its November 2000 MTV television advertisement for the Ford Focus.[149][150][151][152]
Antecedents[edit]
Proto-techno[edit]
The popularity of Euro disco and Italo disco—referred to as progressive in Detroit—and new romantic synthpop in the Detroit high school party scene from which techno emerged[153] has prompted a number of commentators to try to redefine the origins of techno by incorporating musical precursors to the Detroit sound as part of a wider historical survey of the genre's development.[28][154][155] The search for a mythical "first techno record" leads such commentators to consider music from long before the 1988 naming of the genre. Aside from the artists whose music was popular in the Detroit high school scene ("progressive" disco acts such as Giorgio Moroder, Alexander Robotnick, and Claudio Simonetti and synthpop artists such as Visage, New Order, Depeche Mode, The Human League, and Heaven 17), they point to examples such as "Sharevari" (1981) by A Number of Names,[156] danceable selections from Kraftwerk (1977–83), the earliest compositions by Cybotron (1981), Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder's "I Feel Love" (1977), Moroder's "From Here to Eternity" (1977), and Manuel Göttsching's "proto-techno masterpiece"[155] E2-E4 (1981). Another example is a record entitled Love in C minor, released in 1976 by Parisian Euro disco producer Jean-Marc Cerrone; cited as the first so called "conceptual disco" production and the record from which house, techno, and other underground dance music styles flowed.[157] Yet another example is Yellow Magic Orchestra's work which has been described as "proto-techno"[158][159] YMO had also used the prefix "techno" in a number of titles including the song "Technopolis" (1979), the album Technodelic (1981), and a rare flexi disc EP, "The Spirit of Techno" (1983).
Prehistory[edit]
Certain electro-disco and European synthpop productions share with techno a dependence on machine-generated dance rhythms, but such comparisons are not without contention. Efforts to regress further into the past, in search of earlier antecedents, entails a further regression, to the sequenced electronic music of Raymond Scott, whose "The Rhythm Modulator," "The Bass-Line Generator," and "IBM Probe" are considered early examples of techno-like music. In a review of Scott's Manhattan Research Inc. compilation album the English newspaper The Independent suggested that "Scott's importance lies mainly in his realization of the rhythmic possibilities of electronic music, which laid the foundation for all electro-pop from disco to techno."[160] In 2008, a tape from the mid-to-late 1960s by the original composer of the Doctor Who theme Delia Derbyshire, was found to contain music that sounded remarkably like contemporary electronic dance music. Commenting on the tape, Paul Hartnoll, of the dance group Orbital, described the example as "quite amazing," noting that it sounded not unlike something that "could be coming out next week on Warp Records."[161]
Music production practice[edit]
Stylistic considerations[edit]
In general, techno is very DJ-friendly, being mainly instrumental (commercial varieties being an exception) and is produced with the intention of its being heard in the context of a continuous DJ set, wherein the DJ progresses from one record to the next via a synchronized segue or "mix."[162] Much of the instrumentation in techno emphasizes the role of rhythm over other musical parameters, but the design of synthetic timbres, and the creative use of music production technology in general, are important aspects of the overall aesthetic practice.
Unlike other forms of electronic dance music that tend to be produced with synthesizer keyboards, techno does not always strictly adhere to the harmonic practice of Western music and such strictures are often ignored in favor of timbral manipulation alone.[163] Thus techno inherits from the modernist tradition of the so-called Klangfarbenmelodie, or timbral serialism. The use of motivic development (though relatively limited) and the employment of conventional musical frameworks is more widely found in commercial techno styles, for example euro-trance, where the template is often an AABA song structure.[164]
The main drum part is almost universally in common time (4/4); meaning 4 quarter note pulses per bar.[165] In its simplest form, time is marked with kicks (bass drum beats) on each quarter-note pulse, a snare or clap on the second and fourth pulse of the bar, with an open hi-hat sound every second eighth note. This is essentially a disco (or even polka) drum pattern and is common throughout house and trance music as well. The tempo tends to vary between approximately 120 bpm (quarter note equals 120 pulses per minute) and 150 bpm, depending on the style of techno.
Some of the drum programming employed in the original Detroit-based techno made use of syncopation and polyrhythm, yet in many cases the basic disco-type pattern was used as a foundation, with polyrhythmic elaborations added using other drum machine voices. This syncopated-feel (funkiness) distinguishes the Detroit strain of techno from other variants. It is a feature that many DJs and producers still use to differentiate their music from commercial forms of techno, the majority of which tend to be devoid of syncopation. Derrick May has summed up the sound as 'Hi-tech Tribalism': something "very spiritual, very bass oriented, and very drum oriented, very percussive. The original techno music was very hi-tech with a very percussive feel... it was extremely, extremely Tribal. It feels like you're in some sort of hi-tech village."[151]
Compositional techniques[edit]
Example of a professional production environment
There are many ways to create techno, but the majority will depend upon the use of loop-based step sequencing as a compositional method. Techno musicians, or producers, rather than employing traditional compositional techniques, may work in an improvisatory fashion,[166] often treating the electronic music studio as one large instrument. The collection of devices found in a typical studio will include units that are capable of producing many different sounds and effects. Studio production equipment is generally synchronized using a hardware- or computer-based MIDI sequencer, enabling the producer to combine in one arrangement the sequenced output of many devices. A typical approach to using this type of technology compositionally is to overdub successive layers of material while continuously looping a single measure or sequence of measures. This process will usually continue until a suitable multi-track arrangement has been produced.[167]
Once a single loop-based arrangement has been generated, a producer may then focus on developing how the summing of the overdubbed parts will unfold in time, and what the final structure of the piece will be. Some producers achieve this by adding or removing layers of material at appropriate points in the mix. Quite often, this is achieved by physically manipulating a mixer, sequencer, effects, dynamic processing, equalization, and filtering while recording to a multi-track device. Other producers achieve similar results by using the automation features of computer-based digital audio workstations. Techno can consist of little more than cleverly programmed rhythmic sequences and looped motifs combined with signal processing of one variety or another, frequency filtering being a commonly used process. A more idiosyncratic approach to production is evident in the music of artists such as Twerk and Autechre, where aspects of algorithmic composition are employed in the generation of material.
Retro technology[edit]
The Roland TR-808 was, according to Derrick May, the preferred drum machine during the early years of techno.[168]
Instruments used by the original techno producers based in Detroit, many of which are now highly sought after on the retro music technology market, include classic drum machines like the Roland TR-808 and TR-909, devices such as the Roland TB-303 bass line generator, and synthesizers such as the Roland SH-101, Kawai KC10, Yamaha DX7, and Yamaha DX100 (as heard on Derrick May's seminal 1987 techno release Nude Photo).[94] Much of the early music sequencing was executed via MIDI (but neither the TR-808 nor the TB-303 had MIDI, only DIN sync) using hardware sequencers such as the Korg SQD1 and Roland MC-50, and the limited amount of sampling that was featured in this early style was accomplished using an Akai S900.[169]
The TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines have since achieved legendary status, a fact that is now reflected in the prices sought for used devices. During the 1980s, the 808 became the staple beat machine in Hip hop production while the 909 found its home in House music and techno. It was "the pioneers of Detroit techno [who] were making the 909 the rhythmic basis of their sound, and setting the stage for the rise of Roland's vintage Rhythm Composer." In November 1995 the UK music technology magazine Sound on Sound noted:[170]
“ There can be few hi-tech instruments which still command a second-hand price only slightly lower than their original selling price 10 years after their launch. Roland's now near-legendary TR-909 is such an example—released in 1984 with a retail price of £999, they now fetch up to £900 on the second-hand market! The irony of the situation is that barely a year after its launch, the 909 was being 'chopped out' by hi-tech dealers for around £375, to make way for the then-new TR-707 and TR-727. Prices hit a new low around 1988, when you could often pick up a second-user 909 for under £200—and occasionally even under £100. Musicians all over the country are now garrotting themselves with MIDI leads as they remember that 909 they sneered at for £100—or worse, the one they sold for £50 (did you ever hear the one about the guy who gave away his TB-303 Bassline—now worth anything up to £900 from true loony collectors—because he couldn't sell it?) ”
Reason: a popular software-based music production environment
By May 1996, Sound on Sound was reporting that the popularity of the 808 had started to decline, with the rarer TR-909 taking its place as "the dance floor drum machine to use." This is thought to have arisen for a number of reasons: the 909 gives more control over the drum sounds, has better programming and includes MIDI as standard. Sound on Sound reported that the 909 was selling for between £900 and £1100 and noted that the 808 was still collectible, but maximum prices had peaked at about £700 to £800.[171] Such prices have held in the 12 years since the article was published, this can be evidenced by a quick search on eBay. Despite this fascination with retro music technology, according to Derrick May "there is no recipe, there is no keyboard or drum machine which makes the best techno, or whatever you want to call it. There never has been. It was down to the preferences of a few guys. The 808 was our preference. We were using Yamaha drum machines, different percussion machines, whatever."[168]
Emulation[edit]
In the latter half of the 1990s the demand for vintage drum machines and synthesizers motivated a number of software companies to produce computer-based emulators. One of the most notable was the ReBirth RB-338, produced by the Swedish company Propellerhead and originally released in May 1997.[172] Version one of the software featured two TB-303s and a TR-808 only, but the release of version two saw the inclusion of a TR-909. A Sound on Sound review of the RB-338 V2 in November 1998 noted that Rebirth had been called "the ultimate techno software package" and mentions that it was "a considerable software success story of 1997".[173] In America Keyboard Magazine asserted that ReBirth had "opened up a whole new paradigm: modeled analog synthesizer tones, percussion synthesis, pattern-based sequencing, all integrated in one piece of software".[174] Despite the success of ReBirth RB-338, it was officially taken out of production in September 2005. Propellerhead then made it freely available for download from a website called the "ReBirth Museum". The site also features extensive information about the software's history and development.[175]
In March 2001, with the release of Reason V1, Propellerhead upped the ante in providing a £300 software-based electronic music studio, comprising a 14-input automated digital mixer, 99-note polyphonic 'analogue' synth, classic Roland-style drum machine, sample-playback unit, analogue-style step sequencer, loop player, multitrack sequencer, eight effects processors, and over 500 MB of synthesizer patches and samples. With this release Propellerhead were credited with "creating a buzz that only happens when a product has really tapped into the zeitgeist, and may just be the one that many [were] waiting for."[176] Reason has since achieved popular appeal and is as of 2016 at version 9.[177]
Technological advances[edit]
As computer technology became more accessible and music software advanced, interacting with music production technology was possible using means that bore little relationship to traditional musical performance practices:[178] for instance, laptop performance (laptronica)[179] and live coding.[180][181] By the mid 2000s a number of software-based virtual studio environments had emerged, with products such as Propellerhead's Reason and Ableton Live finding popular appeal.[182] These software-based music production tools offer viable and cost-effective alternatives to typical hardware-based production studios, and thanks to advances in microprocessor technology, can create high quality music using little more than a single laptop computer. Such advances democratized music creation,[183] and lead to a massive increase in the amount of home-produced music available to the general public via the internet. Artists can now also individuate their sound by creating personalized software synthesizers, effects modules, and various composition environments. Devices that once existed exclusively in the hardware domain can easily have virtual counterparts. Some of the more popular software tools for achieving such ends are commercial releases such as Max/Msp and Reaktor and freeware packages such as Pure Data, SuperCollider, and ChucK. In some sense, as a result of technological innovation, the DIY mentality that was once a core part of dance music culture[184][185] is seeing a resurgence.[186][187]
Other notable artists[edit]
The Advent (UK)
Aphex Twin (UK)
Autechre (UK)
Bandulu (UK)
Si Begg (UK)
Adam Beyer (Sweden)
Bizarre Inc. (UK)
Thomas Brinkmann (Germany)
Marco Carola (Italy)
Dave Clarke (UK)
Carl Cox (UK)
Vladislav Delay (Finland)
Drexciya (USA)
Darren Emerson (UK)
Fluke (UK)
The Future Sound of London (UK)
Laurent Garnier (France)
A Guy Called Gerald (UK)
Hardfloor (Germany)
DJ Hell (Germany)
Ken Ishii (Japan)
Chris Liebing (Germany)
LSG (Germany)
Jeff Mills (USA)
Pacou (Germany)
Pan Sonic (Finland)
Plastikman (Canada)
The Prodigy (UK)
Regis (UK)
Slam (UK)
Luke Slater (UK)
Speedy J (Netherlands)
Surgeon (UK)
Keith Tucker (USA)
Umek (Slovenia)
Ricardo Villalobos (Chile)
Cristian Vogel (UK)
Richie Hawtin (Canada)
Notable contemporary techno venues[edit]
The world-famous Berghain techno club
Berghain night club in Berlin, famed for its no-holds-barred revelry and 24 hour opening policy, is considered by many to be the "world capital" of techno.[188] Other notable Berlin venues include Tresor and Watergate. In the United Kingdom Glasgow's Sub Club has been associated with techno since the early 1990s and clubs such as London's Fabric and Egg London have gained notoriety for supporting techno.[189][190]
See also[edit]
Electronic music portal
Detroit Electronic Music Archive
Bibliography[edit]
Anz, P. & Walder, P. (eds.), Techno, Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1999 (ISBN 3908010144).
Barr, T., Techno: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides, 2000 (ISBN 978-1858284347).
Brewster B. & Broughton F., Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2006, (ISBN 978-0802136886).
Butler, M.J., Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, and Musical Design in Electronic Dance Music, Indiana University Press, 2006 (ISBN 978-0253218049).
Cannon, S. & Dauncey, H., Popular Music in France from Chanson to Techno: Culture, Identity and Society, Ashgate, 2003 (ISBN 978-0754608493).
Collin, M., Altered State: The Story of Ecstasy Culture and Acid House, Serpent's Tail, 1998 (ISBN 978-1852426040).
Cosgrove, S. (a), "Seventh City Techno", The Face (97), p.88, May 1988 (ISSN 0263-1210).
Cosgrove, S. (b), Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit liner notes, 10 Records Ltd. (UK), 1988 (LP: DIXG 75; CD: DIXCD 75).
Cox, C.(Author), Warner D (Editor), Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 2004 (ISBN 978-0826416155).
Fritz, J., Rave Culture: An Insider's Overview, Smallfry Press, 2000 (ISBN 978-0968572108).
Kodwo, E., More Brilliant Than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction, Quartet Books, 1998 (ISBN 978-0704380257).
Nelson, A., Tu, L.T.N., Headlam Hines, A. (eds.), TechniColor: Race, Technology and Everyday Life, New York University Press, 2001 (ISBN 978-0814736043).
Pesch, M. (Author), Weisbeck, M. (Editor), Techno Style: The Album Cover Art, Edition Olms; 5Rev Ed edition, 1998 (ISBN 978-3283002909).
Rietveld, H.C., This is Our House: House Music, Cultural Spaces and Technologies, Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 1998 (ISBN 978-1857422429).
Reynolds, S., Energy Flash: a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, Pan Macmillan, 1998 (ISBN 978-0330350563).
Reynolds, S., Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture, Routledge, New York 1999 (ISBN 978-0415923736); Soft Skull Press, 2012 (ISBN 978-1593764074). [191]
Reynolds, S., Energy Flash: a Journey Through Rave Music and Dance Culture, Faber and Faber, 2013 (ISBN 978-0571289134). [192]
Savage, J., The Hacienda Must Be Built, International Music Publications, 1992 (ISBN 978-0863598579).
Sicko, D., Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk, Billboard Books, 1999 (ISBN 978-0823084289).
Sicko, D., Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk, 2nd ed., Wayne State University Press, 2010 (ISBN 978-0814334386).
St. John, G.(ed.). Rave Culture and Religion, New York: Routledge, 2004. (ISBN 978-0415314497).
St. John, G.(ed.), FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001 (ISBN 978-1863350846).
St John, G. Technomad: Global Raving Countercultures. London: Equinox. 2009. ISBN 978-1-84553-626-8.
Toop, D., Ocean of Sound, Serpent's Tail, 2001 [new edition] (ISBN 978-1852427436).
Watten, B., The Constructivist Moment: From Material Text to Cultural Poetics, Wesleyan University Press, 2003 (ISBN 978-0819566102).
Filmography[edit]
High Tech Soul – Catalog No.: PLX-029; Label: Plexifilm; Released: September 19, 2006; Director: Gary Bredow; Length: 64 minutes.
Paris/Berlin: 20 Years Of Underground Techno – Label: Les Films du Garage; Released: 2012; Director: Amélie Ravalec; Length: 52 minutes.
We Call It Techno! – A documentary about Germany's early Techno scene and culture – Label: Sense Music & Media, Berlin, DE; Released: June 2008; Directors: Maren Sextro & Holger Wick.
Tresor Berlin: The Vault and the Electronic Frontier – Label: Pyramids of London Films; Released 2004; Director: Michael Andrawis; Length: 62 minutes
Technomania – Released: 1996 (screened at NowHere, an exhibition held at Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark, between May 15 and September 8, 1996); Director: Franz A. Pandal; Length: 52 minutes.
Universal Techno on YouTube – Label: Les Films à Lou; Released: 1996; Director: Dominique Deluze; Length: 63 minutes.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Susan (August 6, 2002). "Electro-clash builds on '80s techno beat". The Spectator. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Dummy Guide to Detroit techno part I: origins to explosion | Dummy Mag". dummymag.com. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Get Familiar With Detroit Techno: 10 Essential Songs : NPR". npr.org. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Sicko, D.; Brewster, B. (2010). Techno Rebels: The Renegades of Electronic Funk. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 9780814337127. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ According to Butler (2006:33) use of the term EDM "has become increasingly common among fans in recent years. During the 1980s, the most common catchall term for EDM was house music, while techno became more prevalent during the first half of the 1990s. As EDM has become more diverse, however, these terms have come to refer to specific genres. Another word, electronica, has been widely used in mainstream journalism since 1996, but most fans view this term with suspicion as a marketing label devised by the music industry".
^ Jump up to: a b Brewster 2006:354
^ Jump up to: a b c d Reynolds 1999:71. Detroit's music had hitherto reached British ears as a subset of Chicago house; [Neil] Rushton and the Belleville Three decided to fasten on the word techno – a term that had been bandied about but never stressed – in order to define Detroit as a distinct genre.
Jump up ^ "Detroit techno". Keyboard Magazine (231). July 1995.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir (2001). All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music (4 ed.). Backbeat Books. p. 582. ISBN 0-87930-628-9. Retrieved May 26, 2011. Typically, that birth is traced to the early '80s and the emaciated inner-city of Detroit, where figures such as Juan Atkins, Derrick May, and Kevin Saunderson, among others, fused the quirky machine music of Kraftwerk and Yellow Magic Orchestra with the space-race electric funk of George Clinton, the optimistic futurism of Alvin Toffler's The Third Wave (from which the music derived its name), and the emerging electro sound elsewhere being explored by Soul Sonic Force, the Jonzun Crew, Man Parrish, "Pretty" Tony Butler, and LA's Wrecking Cru.
Jump up ^ Rietveld 1998:125
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:28
Jump up ^ Having grown up with the latter-day effects of Fordism, the Detroit techno musicians read futurologist Alvin Toffler's soundbite predictions for change – 'blip culture', 'the intelligent environment', 'the infosphere', 'de-massification of the media de-massifies our minds', 'the techno rebels', 'appropriated technologies' – accorded with some, though not all, of their own intuitions, Toop, D. (1995), Ocean of Sound, Serpent's Tail, (p. 215).
Jump up ^ Kodwo 1998
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:51. ...techno artists often talk about what they do in the seemingly inappropriate language of traditional humanist art – 'expression', 'soul', 'authenticity', 'depth'.
Jump up ^ Mc Leod, K.,"Space oddities: aliens, futurism and meaning in popular music", Popular Music (2003) Volume 22/3. Copyright 2003 Cambridge University Press, pp. 337–355.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Critzon, Michael (September 17, 2001). "Eat Static is bad stuff". Central Michigan Life. Archived from the original on May 24, 2016. Retrieved August 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hamersly, Michael (March 23, 2001). "Electronic Energy". The Miami Herald: 6G.
Jump up ^ Schoemer, Karen (February 10, 1997). "Electronic Eden". Newsweek. p. 60. Every Monday night, Natania goes to Koncrete Jungle, a dance party on new York's lower East Side that plays a hip, relatively new offshoot of dance music known as drum & bass—or, in a more general way, techno, a blanket term that describes music made on computers and electronic gadgets instead of conventional instruments, and performed by deejays instead of old-fashioned bands.
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:340–359
Jump up ^ Cosgrove 1988a.
^ Jump up to: a b Sicko 1999
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:12–40
Jump up ^ "Release info & credits for Inner City's "Big Fun" original 12" single". Discogs.com. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Techno music". Oxford Music. Oxford English Dictionary. (Registration required (help)).
Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (July 4, 1981). "7 tons of sound: German Kraftwerk". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gholz, Carlton (July 14, 2004). "The search for Heaven – How Ken Collier, a gay black DJ, influenced a generation". Metro Times (Detroit). Retrieved October 29, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Kodwo 1998:100
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Trask, Simon (December 1988). "Future Shock". Music Technology Magazine. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:79
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:71
Jump up ^ Silcott, M. (1999). Rave America: New school dancescapes. Toronto, ON: ECW Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Brewster 2006:349
Jump up ^ "Derrick May on the roots of techno at RBMA Bass Camp Japan 2010". Red Bull Music Academy. YouTube. September 20, 2010. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:49
Jump up ^ "Techno music pulses in Detroit". CNN. February 13, 2003. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Jacob (October 17, 1999). "A Brief History of Techno". Gridface.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Peter (2000). Modulations: A History of Electronic Music, Throbbing Words on Sound. Caipirinha Productions, Inc. pp. 108–121. ISBN 189102406X.
Jump up ^ Funkadelic's, 1979 release, (Not Just) Knee Deep
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:350
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:16–17.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:56–58
Jump up ^ Snobs, Brats, Ciabattino, Rafael, and Charivari are mentioned in Generation Ecstasy (Reynolds 1999:15); Gables and Charivari are mentioned in Techno Rebels (Sicko 1999:35,51–52). Citations still needed for Comrades, Hardwear, Rumours, and Weekends.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:33–42,54–59
Jump up ^ Dr. Rebekah Farrugia paraphrasing Derrick May in a review of High Tech Soul: The Creation of Techno Music (Directed by Gary Bredow. Plexifilm DVD PLX-029, 2006). Published in Journal of the Society for American Music (2008) Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 291–293.
Jump up ^ Keyboard Magazine Vol. 21, No.7 (issue #231, July 1995).
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:74
Jump up ^ Cosgrove 1988b. Juan's first group Cybotron released several records at the height of the electro-funk boom in the early '80s, the most successful being a progressive homage to the city of Detroit, simply entitled 'Techno City'.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:75. Adding to the impact of Enter, the single "Clear" made a huge splash and became Cybotron's biggest hit, especially after it was remixed by Jose "Animal" Diaz. "Clear" climbed the charts in Dallas, Houston, and Miami, and spent nine weeks on the Billboard Top Black Singles chart (as it was called then) in fall 1983, peaking at No. 52. "Clear" was a success.
Jump up ^ Unknown author. "Juan Atkins official Myspace page". Retrieved April 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Cosgrove 1988b. At the time, [Atkins] believed ["Techno City"] was a unique and adventurous piece of synthesizer funk, more in tune with Germany than the rest of black America, but on a dispiriting visit to New York, Juan heard Afrika Bambaataa's 'Planet Rock' and realized that his vision of a spartan electronic dance sound had been upstaged. He returned to Detroit and renewed his friendship with two younger students from Belleville High, Kevin Saunderson and Derrick May, and quietly over the next few years the three of them became the creative backbone of Detroit Techno. "Techno City" was released in 1984. Sicko 1999:73 clarifies Atkins was in New York in 1982, trying to get Cybotron's "Cosmic Cars" into the hands of radio DJs, when he first heard "Planet Rock"; so "Cosmic Cars", not "Techno City", is the unique and adventurous piece of synthesizer funk.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:76
Jump up ^ Sicko 2010:48-49
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:43
Jump up ^ Nelson 2001:154
Jump up ^ "In 1985 Juan Atkins released the first record on his fledgling label Metroplex, 'No UFO's', now widely regarded as Year Zero of the techno movement." Cox, T. (2008), Model 500:Remake/remodel, interview with Atkins and Mike Banks hosted on www.residentadvisor.net
Jump up ^ Interview with Detroit producer Alan Oldham hosted at Spannered.org. Oldham answers "The release of Model 500 No UFOs" when asked "what do you consider to be the most important turning points in the history of Detroit techno?"
^ Jump up to: a b Cosgrove 1988a. [Says Juan Atkins, ] "Within the last 5 years or so, the Detroit underground has been experimenting with technology, stretching it rather than simply using it. As the price of sequencers and synthesizers has dropped, so the experimentation has become more intense. Basically, we're tired of hearing about being in love or falling out, tired of the R&B system, so a new progressive sound has emerged. We call it techno!"
^ Jump up to: a b c Cosgrove 1988a. Although the Detroit dance music has been casually lumped in with the jack virus of Chicago house, the young techno producers of the Seventh City claim to have their own sound, music that goes 'beyond the beat', creating a hybrid of post-punk, funkadelia and electro-disco...a mesmerizing underground of new dance which blends European industrial pop with black American garage funk...If the techno scene worships any gods, they are a pretty deranged deity, according to Derrick May. "The music is just like like Detroit, a complete mistake. It's like George Clinton and Kraftwerk stuck in an elevator." ...And strange as it may seem, the techno scene looked to Europe, to Heaven 17, Depeche Mode and the Human League for its inspiration. ...[Says an Underground Resistance-related group] "Techno is all about simplicity. We don't want to compete with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Modern R&B has too many rules: big snare sounds, big bass and even bigger studio bills." Techno is probably the first form of contemporary black music which categorically breaks with the old heritage of soul music. Unlike Chicago House, which has a lingering obsession with seventies Philly, and unlike New York Hip Hop with its deconstructive attack on James Brown's back catalogue, Detroit Techno refutes the past. It may have a special place for Parliament and Pete Shelley, but it prefers tomorrow's technology to yesterday's heroes. Techno is a post-soul sound...For the young black underground in Detroit, emotion crumbles at the feet of technology. ...Despite Detroit's rich musical history, the young techno stars have little time for the golden era of Motown. Juan Atkins of Model 500 is convinced there is little to be gained from the motor-city legacy... "Say what you like about our music," says Blake Baxter, "but don't call us the new Motown...we're the second coming."
^ Jump up to: a b c Cosgrove 1988b. [Derrick May] sees the music as post-soul and believes it marks a deliberate break with previous traditions of black American music. "The music is just like Detroit" he claims, "a complete mistake, it's like George Clinton and Kraftwerk are stuck in an elevator with only a sequencer to keep them company."
Jump up ^ Rietveld 1998:124–127
Jump up ^ Rietveld 1998:127
Jump up ^ Atkins, Juan (May 22, 1992). "Juan Atkins". Dance Music Report. 15 (9): 19. ISSN 0883-1122.
Jump up ^ Unterberger R., Hicks S., Dempsey J, (1999). Music USA: The Rough Guide, Rough Guides Ltd; illustrated edition.(ISBN 9781858284217)
Jump up ^ "Interview: Derrick May - The Secret of Techno". Mixmag. 1997. Archived from the original on February 14, 2004. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:77–78
^ Jump up to: a b McCollum, Brian (May 22, 2002). Detroit Electronic Music Festival salutes Chicago connection. Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Andrew (July 1992). "Derrick May". Select. London. pp. 80–83. "RIR singles like 'Strings of Life'...are among the few classics in the debased world of techno"
Jump up ^ "Strings of Life" appears on compilations titled The Real Classics of Chicago House 2 (2003), Techno Muzik Classics (1999), House Classics Vol. One (1997), 100% House Classics Vol. 1 (1995), Classic House 2 (1994), Best of House Music Vol. 3 (1990), Best of Techno Vol. 4 (1994), House Nation – Classic House Anthems Vol. 1 (1994), and numerous other compilations with the words "techno" or "house" in their titles.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Tim (June 14, 2005). "Acid? Can You Jack? (Soul Jazz liner notes)". Archived from the original on March 21, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2008.
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:353
^ Jump up to: a b Rietveld 1998:40–50
Jump up ^ Fikentscher (2000:5), in discussing the definition of underground dance music as it relates to post-disco music in America, states that: "The prefix 'underground' does not merely serve to explain that the associated type of music - and its cultural context - are familiar only to a small number of informed persons. Underground also points to the sociological function of the music, framing it as one type of music that in order to have meaning and continuity is kept away, to large degree, from mainstream society, mass media, and those empowered to enforce prevalent moral and aesthetic codes and values." Fikentscher, K. (2000), You Better Work!: Underground Dance Music in New York, Wesleyan University Press, Hanover, NH.
Jump up ^ Rietveld 1998:54–59
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:398–443
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:419. I was on a mission because most people hated house music and it was all rare groove and hip hop...I'd play Strings of Life at the Mud Club and clear the floor. Three weeks later you could see pockets of people come onto the floor, dancing to it and going crazy – and this was without ecstasy – Mark Moore commenting on the initially slow response to House music in 1987.
Jump up ^ Cosgrove 1988a. Although it can now be heard in Detroit's leading clubs, the local area has shown a marked reluctance to get behind the music. It has been in clubs like the Powerplant (Chicago), The World (New York), The Hacienda (Manchester), Rock City (Nottingham) and Downbeat (Leeds) where the techno sound has found most support. Ironically, the only Detroit club which really championed the sound was a peripatetic party night called Visage, which unromantically shared its name with one of Britain's oldest new romantic groups.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sicko 1999:98
Jump up ^ "Various - Techno! The New Dance Sound Of Detroit (Vinyl, LP) at Discogs". discogs.com. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chin, Brian (March 1990). House Music All Night Long – Best of House Music Vol. 3 (liner notes). Profile Records, Inc. Detroit's "techno" ... and many more stylistic outgrowths have occurred since the word "house" gained national currency in 1985.
^ Jump up to: a b Bishop, Marlon; Glasspiegel, Wills (June 14, 2011). "Juan Atkins [interview for Afropop Worldwide]". World Music Productions. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
Jump up ^ Savage, Jon (1993). "Machine Soul: A History Of Techno". The Village Voice. "The U.K. likes discovering trends," Rushton says. "Because of the way that the media works, dance culture happens very quickly. It's not hard to hype something up. ...When the first techno records came in, the early Model 500, Reese, and Derrick May material, I wanted to follow up the Detroit connection. I took a flyer and called up Transmat; I got Derrick May and we started to release his records in England. ...Derrick came over with a bag of tapes, some of which didn't have any name: tracks which are now classics, like 'Sinister' and 'Strings of Life.' Derrick then introduced us to Kevin Saunderson, and we quickly realized that there was a cohesive sound of these records, and that we could do a really good compilation album. We got backing from Virgin Records and flew to Detroit. We met Derrick, Kevin, and Juan and went out to dinner, trying to think of a name. At the time, everything was house, house house. We thought of Motor City House Music, that kind of thing, but Derrick, Kevin, and Juan kept on using the word techno. They had it in their heads without articulating it; it was already part of their language."
Jump up ^ Sicko 2010:68
^ Jump up to: a b c Sicko 2010:118–120
Jump up ^ Sicko 2010:71
^ Jump up to: a b "DJ Derek May Profile". Fantazia Rave Archive. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:98,101
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:100,102
^ Jump up to: a b Sicko 1999:95–120
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:102. Once Rushton and Atkins set techno apart with the Techno! compilation, the music took off on its own course, no longer parallel to the Windy City's progeny. And as the 1980s came to a close, the difference between techno and house music became increasingly pronounced, with techno's instrumentation growing more and more adventurous.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sicko 1999:92–94
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:131. Moby's track "Go!", a work featuring a sample from the Twin Peaks opening theme, entered the top 20 of UK Charts in late 1991.
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:219–222. Presenting themselves as a sort of techno Public Enemy, Underground Resistance were dedicated to 'fighting the power' not just through rhetoric but through fostering their own autonomy.
^ Jump up to: a b Sicko 1999:80
Jump up ^ Price, Emmett George, ed. (2010), "Techno", Encyclopedia of African American Music, 3, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, p. 942, ISBN 0313341990, retrieved July 6, 2013
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:219
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:121–160
^ Jump up to: a b Sicko 1999:161–184
^ Jump up to: a b c Reynolds 2006:228–229
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:215
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:181
^ Jump up to: a b Shallcross, Mike (July 1997). "From Detroit To Deep Space". The Wire (161). p. 21.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, Simon (2013). Generation Ecstasy: Into the World of Techno and Rave Culture. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 9781136783166.
Jump up ^ Resident Advisor.net (2018-03-02). "Resident Advisor: Sub Club". tntmagazine.com.
Jump up ^ dmcworld.net (2018-03-02). "DMC World - Laurence Malice". tntmagazine.com.
Jump up ^ Short excerpt from special on German "Tele 5" from Dec. 8, 1988 on YouTube. The show is called "Tanzhouse" hosted by a young Fred Kogel. It includes footage from Hamburg's "Front" with Boris Dlugosch, Kemal Kurum's "Opera House" and the "Prinzenbar".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Robb, D. (2002), Techno in Germany: Its Musical Origins and Cultural Relevance, German as a Foreign Language Journal, No.2, 2002, (p. 132–135).
Jump up ^ Messmer, S. (1998), Eierkuchensozialismus, TAZ, 10.7.1998, (p. 26).
^ Jump up to: a b Brewster 2006:361
Jump up ^ Henkel, O.; Wolff, K. (1996) Berlin Underground: Techno und Hiphop; Zwischen Mythos und Ausverkauf, Berlin: FAB Verlag, (pp. 81–83).
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:112
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:145
Jump up ^ Schuler, M.(1995),Gabber + Hardcore, (p. 123), in Anz, P.; Walder, P. (Eds) (1999 rev. edn, 1st publ. 1995, Zurich: Verlag Ricco Bilger)Techno. Reinbek: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag.
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:110
^ Jump up to: a b Sextro, M. & Wick H. (2008), We Call It Techno!, Sense Music & Media, Berlin, DE.
Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds, in an interview with former Mille Plateaux label boss Achim Szepanski, for Wire Magazine. Reynolds, S. (1996), Low end theory, The Wire, No. 146, 4/96.
Jump up ^ Tresor II: Berlin & Detroit – A Techno Alliance album details at Discogs
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:199–200
Jump up ^ Mike Banks interview, The Wire, Issue #285 (November '07)
Jump up ^ Osselaer, John (February 1, 2001). "Robert Hood interview". Overload Media/Spannered. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Mike (September 30, 2001). "Techno Dances With Jazz". New York Times. Retrieved December 2, 2011. "Electronic producers of all stripes are now inspired by a broader jazz palette, whether as fodder for samples, as part of the search for rhythmic diversity, or as a reference point for their own artistic aspirations toward a cerebral sophistication removed from the sweat of the dance floor." The article provides, as examples, the music of Kirk Degiorgio, Matthew Herbert, Spring Heel Jack, Tom Jenkinson (Squarepusher), Jason Swinscoe (Cinematic Orchestra) and Innerzone Orchestra (Carl Craig with ex-Sun Ra/James Carter group members, et al.).
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:198
Jump up ^ Gerald Simpson (A Guy Called Gerald) maintains that "Pacific State" was intended for a John Peel session exclusively, but 808 State's Graham Massey and Martin Price added additional elements by drawing upon Massey's collection of exotic jazz records for inspiration. This led to the inclusion of a distinctive saxophone solo. Massey recalls that: We were trying to do something in the vein of Marshall Jefferson's 'Open Your Eyes'...That track was happening everywhere. The production was released as a white label in May 1989 and later issued on the mini-album Quadrastate at the end of July that year, just as the second Summer of Love was flowering. Massey remembers taking the white label to Mike Pickering, Graeme Park, and Jon Da Silva, and notes that it rose through the ranks to become the last tune of the night. Lawrence, T (2006), Discotheque: Haçienda, sleeve notes for album release of the same name, retrieved from the authors website Archived 2006-06-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:114. Graham Massey has discussed the use of unusual meters in 808 State's music commenting online on June 18, 2004, that: I always thought Cobra Bora could have stood a chance. It was sometimes played at Hot Night at the Hacienda despite its funny time signature (the feel of the track was created by combining parts in 6/8 time with others in 4/4).
^ Jump up to: a b Kodwo 1998:127
Jump up ^ "Galaxy 2 Galaxy – A Hi Tech Jazz Compilation". Submerge. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008. "Galaxy 2 Galaxy is a band that was conceptualized with the first hitech Jazz record produced by UR in 1986/87 and later released in 1990 which was Nation 2 Nation (UR-005). Jeff Mills and Mike Banks had visions of Jazz music and musicians operating on the same "man machine" doctrine dropped on them from Kraftwerk. Early experiments with synthesizers and jazz by artists like Herbie Hancock, Stevie Wonder, Weather Report, Return to Forever, Larry Heard and Lenny White's Astral Pirates also pointed them in this direction. UR went on to produce and further innovate this form of music which was coined 'Hitech Jazz' by fans after the historic 1993 release of UR's Galaxy 2 Galaxy (UR-025) album which included the underground UR smash titled 'Hitech Jazz'."
Jump up ^ "Dave Angel: Background Overview at Discogs". February 13, 2003. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ Angelic Upstart: Mixmag interview with Dave Angel detailing his interest in jazz. Retrieved from Techno.de
Jump up ^ Sicko 2010:138-139
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:364
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:183
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:182
Jump up ^ Anker M., Herrington T., Young R. (1995), New Complexity Techno, The Wire, Issue #131 (January '95)
Jump up ^ Track listing for the Warp Records 1992 compilation Artificial Intelligence
Jump up ^ Birke S. (2007), "Label Profile: Warp Records", The Independent (UK), Music Magazine (supplement), newspaper article published February 11, 2007
Jump up ^ "Of all the terms devised for contemporary non-academic electronic music (the sense intended here), 'electronica' is one of the most loaded and controversial. While on the one hand it does seem the most convenient catch-all phrase, under any sort of scrutiny it begins to implode. In its original 1992–93 sense it was largely coterminous with the more explicitly elitist 'intelligent techno', a term used to establish distance from and imply distaste for, all other more dancefloor-oriented types of techno, ignoring the fact that many of its practitioners such as Richard James (Aphex Twin) were as adept at brutal dancefloor tracks as what its detractors present as self-indulgent ambient 'noodling'". Blake, Andrew, Living Through Pop, Routledge, 1999. p 155.
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:181
Jump up ^ Reynolds 1999:163. The traveling lifestyle began in the early seventies, as convoys of hippies spent the summer wandering from site to site on the free festival circuit. Gradually, these proto-crusty remnants of the original counterculture built up a neomedieval economy based on crafts, alternative medicine, and entertainment...In the mid-eighties, as squatting became a less viable option and the government mounted a clampdown on welfare claimants, many urban crusties tired of the squalor of settled life and took to the roving lifestyle.
^ Jump up to: a b c d St. John 2001:100–101
Jump up ^ "Public Order: Collective Trespass or Nuisance on Land – Powers in relation to raves". Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1994. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
Jump up ^ Bush, Calvin, Techno - The Final Frontier?, Muzik, Issue No.4, September 1995, p.48-50
Jump up ^ Cox 2004:414. Any form of electronica genealogically related to Techno but departing from it in one way or another.
Jump up ^ Loubet E.& Couroux M., Laptop Performers, Compact Disc Designers, and No-Beat Techno Artists in Japan: Music from Nowhere, Computer Music Journal, Vol. 24, No. 4. (Winter, 2000), pp. 19–32.
Jump up ^ Ross, Andrew; Lysloff, René; Gay, Leslie (2003). Music and Technoculture. Wesleyan University Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 0-8195-6514-8.
Jump up ^ Chaplin, Julia & Michel, Sia. Fire Starters, Spin Magazine, page 40, March 1997, Spin Media LLC.
Jump up ^ Guiccione, Bob Jr., Live to Tell, Spin Magazine, page 95, January 1996, Spin Media LLC.
Jump up ^ Cinquemani, Sal. "Miss E...So Addictive". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gorell, Robert. "Permanent record: Jeff Mills talks Detroit techno and the exhibit that hopes to explain it". Metro Times. Retrieved August 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ford Unveils New Limited Street Edition Focus" (Press release). Ford Motors. October 6, 2000. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2009. "Detroit Techno is a music style that is recognized by young people around the world. We know that music is one of the biggest passions for our young car buyers, so it made sense for us to incorporate a unique music element in our campaign." Focus and Street Edition will feature an image exclaiming "Detroit Techno" on posters and in print ads.
Jump up ^ "New Ford Focus Commercial Features Ground Breaking Juan Atkins' Techno Hit" (Press release). August 11, 2000.
^ Jump up to: a b McGarvey, Sterling. "Derrick May". Lunar Magazine.
Jump up ^ Baishya, Kopinjol (October 17, 2005). "Techno as it should be: Juan Atkins and minimal techno". Chicago Flame. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:45–49
Jump up ^ Brewster 2006:343–346
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds 1999:190
Jump up ^ Gillen, Brendan (November 21, 2001). "Name that number: The history of Detroit's first techno record". Metro Times Detroit. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sicko 1999:48
Jump up ^ Keyboard, Volume 19, Issues 7-12. GPI Publications. 1993. p. 28. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Peter Stenshoel (May 18, 2011). "Peter Stenshoel's Album of the Week: What, Me Worry? by Yukihiro Takahashi". KPCC. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Raymond Scott's Manhattan Research". February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2007. Extensive collection of review excerpts hosted on the Raymond Scott website.
Jump up ^ Wrench, Nigel (July 18, 2008). "Lost tapes of the Dr Who composer". BBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:12–13,94
Jump up ^ Fikentscher, K. (1991), The Decline of Functional Harmony in Contemporary Dance Music, Paper presented at the 6th International Conference On Popular Music Studies, Berlin, Germany, July 15–20, 1991.
Jump up ^ Pope, R. (2011), Hooked on an Affect: Detroit Techno and Dystopian Digital Culture, Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture 2 (1): p. 38
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:8
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:208–209,214
Jump up ^ Butler 2006:94
^ Jump up to: a b System 7 interview with Mark Roland in: Muzik, Issue No.4, September 1995, p.97
Jump up ^ Keyboard Magazine Vol. 21, No.7 (issue #231), July 1995, 12 Who Count: Juan Atkins.
Jump up ^ 909 LIVES!: Overview of the Roland TR-909 drum machine published by Sound on Sound magazine in November 1995.
Jump up ^ 808 Statement: Overview of the Roland TR-808 drum machine published by Sound on Sound magazine in May 1997.
Jump up ^ BORN WIBBLY Steinberg/Propellerheads Rebirth RB-338 v2.0 Techno Microcomposer Software For Mac & PC. Overview of the original ReBirth RB-338 published by Sound on Sound magazine in August 1997
Jump up ^ THE COOL OF REBIRTH Steinberg/Propellerheads Rebirth RB-338 v2.0 Techno Microcomposer Software For Mac & PC. Overview of the ReBirth RB-338 V2 published by Sound on Sound magazine in November 1998
Jump up ^ Jim Aikin, Keyboard Magazine, reprinted in Software Synthesizers: The Definitive Guide to Virtual Musical Instruments. Backbeat Books, 2003.
Jump up ^ "ReBirth: virtual synthesizer and drum machine iPad app - Propellerhead". Rebirthmuseum.com.
Jump up ^ REASONS TO BE CHEERFUL Propellerhead Software Reason Virtual Music Studio. Published by Sound on Sound magazine in March 2001
Jump up ^ Overview of Reason 9 hosted at the Propellerhead website.
Jump up ^ Emmerson, S. (2007), Living Electronic Music, Ashgate, Adlershot, pp. 111–113.
Jump up ^ Emmerson, S. (2007), pp. 80–81.
Jump up ^ Emmerson, S. (2007), pp. 115.
Jump up ^ Collins, N.(2003a), Generative Music and Laptop Performance, Contemporary Music Review: Vol. 22, Issue 4. London: Routledge: 67–79.
Jump up ^ "23rd Annual International Dance Music Awards Nominees & Winners". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved January 14, 2009. Best Audio Editing Software of the Year – 1st Ableton Live, 4th Reason. Best Audio DJ Software of the Year – Ableton Live.
Jump up ^ Chadabe, J., Electronic music and life, Organised Sound, 9(1): 3–6, 2004 Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Jump up ^ St. John, G.(ed.), FreeNRG: Notes From the Edge of the Dance Floor, Common Ground, Melbourne, 2001, (pp. 93–102).
Jump up ^ Rietveld, H (1998), Repetitive Beats: Free Parties and the Politics of Contemporary DIY Dance Culture in Britain, in George McKay (ed.), DIY Culture: Party and Protest in Nineties Britain, pp.243–67. London: Verso.
Jump up ^ Indy Media item mentioning DIY resurgence: One year of DIY Culture
Jump up ^ Gillmor, D., Technology feeds grassroots media, BBC news report, published Thursday, March 9, 2006, 17:30 GMT.
Jump up ^ Sherburne, Philip (2007-05-09). "The Month In: Techno". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
Jump up ^ Timeout Magazine (2012-06-20). "Egg London". Timeout.com.
Jump up ^ DJ Mag (2017-12-20). "Egg London". djmag.com.
Jump up ^ Generation Ecstasy is based on Energy Flash, but is a unique edition significantly rewritten for the North American market. Its copyright date is 1998, but it was first published July 1999.
Jump up ^ This 2013 edition is expanded to include coverage of dubstep and the EDM boom in North America.
External links[edit]
Techno Live Sets - The #1 resource for Techno sets
"From the Autobahn to I-94: The Origins of Detroit Techno and Chicago House" – reminiscences in 2005 by techno and house innovators
Techno record labels - at LabelsBase
Sounds Like Techno – online historical documentary produced by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
Techno from past years – Oldie but goldie classic techno sets
[hide]
v
t
e
Techno
Acid
Ambient
Bouncy
Detroit
Free tekno
Ghettotech
Minimal
Nortec
Rotterdam
Tech house
Tech trance
Techstep
Tecno brega
Authority control
GND: 4373273-2
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Techno&oldid=842648972"
Categories:
Techno
Culture of Detroit
Electronic dance music genres
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2018
Pages with login required references or sources
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles with attributed pull quotes
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gàidhlig
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
43 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 May 2018, at 19:30.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: href class title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0.3em; background-color: silver; color:blac-negro;

value: li

values: text-align:center;background-color: silver; color: blac-negro;

values:
/wiki/Hardcore_techno
mw-redirect
Hardcore techno

values:
/wiki/African_American_music
mw-redirect
African American music

values:
/wiki/Futurism_(art)
mw-redirect
Futurism (art)

values:
/wiki/Instrumental_music
mw-redirect
Instrumental music

values:
/wiki/Common_time
mw-redirect
Common time

values:
/wiki/Hi-hat_(instrument)
mw-redirect
Hi-hat (instrument)

values:
/wiki/Beats_per_minute
mw-redirect
Beats per minute

values:
/wiki/Drum_machines
mw-redirect
Drum machines

values:
/wiki/Digital_audio_workstations
mw-redirect
Digital audio workstations

values:
/wiki/Belleville_Three
mw-redirect
Belleville Three

values: Belleville High School (Belleville, Michigan)

values:
/wiki/Eddie_%22Flashin%22_Fowlkes
mw-redirect
Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes

values:
/wiki/Rhythim_Is_Rhythim
mw-redirect
Rhythim Is Rhythim

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: width:22em;width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em

values:
/wiki/Rolling_Stones
mw-redirect
Rolling Stones

values:
/wiki/Midnight_Funk_Association
mw-redirect
Midnight Funk Association

values:
/wiki/Parliament_Funkadelic
mw-redirect
Parliament Funkadelic

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values: position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 110px; right: 0px; bottom: 0px; height: 0px; width: 0px;

values: left: 50%; top: 50%; margin-left: -35px; margin-top: -27.5px;

values: width:220px width: 220px; position: relative;

values:
/wiki/Clear_(song)
mw-redirect
Clear (song)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Media help

values:
/wiki/Keyboard_Magazine
mw-redirect
Keyboard Magazine

values:
/wiki/Disco_music
mw-redirect
Disco music

values:
/wiki/Electro_music
mw-redirect
Electro music

values:
/wiki/Motown_Records
mw-redirect
Motown Records

values: border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;

values:
/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)
mw-redirect
George Clinton (funk musician)

values:
/wiki/Bass_synthesizer
mw-redirect
Bass synthesizer

values: Edit section: The New Dance Sound of Detroit

values:
/wiki/Petshop_Boys
mw-redirect
Petshop Boys

values:
/wiki/Smart_drinks
mw-redirect
Smart drinks

values:
/wiki/C.J._Bolland
mw-redirect
C.J. Bolland

values: File:Absurd - Brian (The Pure Techno Bassdrum Mxxx 1988).ogg

values:
/wiki/Plus_8_Records
mw-redirect
Plus 8 Records

values:
/wiki/Electronic_Body_Music
mw-redirect
Electronic Body Music

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_(DJ)
extiw
de:Ata (DJ)

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Dag
extiw
de:DJ Dag

values:
/wiki/Frankfurt_airport
mw-redirect
Frankfurt airport

values:
/wiki/VIVA_(TV_station)
mw-redirect
VIVA (TV station)

values:
/wiki/Industrial_(music)
mw-redirect
Industrial (music)

values:
/wiki/Tresor_Records
mw-redirect
Tresor Records

values:
/wiki/Moritz_Von_Oswald
mw-redirect
Moritz Von Oswald

values:
/wiki/Intelligent_techno
mw-redirect
Intelligent techno

values:
/wiki/Warp_Records
mw-redirect
Warp Records

values: Artificial Intelligence (compilation album)

values:
/wiki/Intelligent_Dance_Music
mw-redirect
Intelligent Dance Music

values:
/wiki/Black_Dog_Productions
mw-redirect
Black Dog Productions

values:
/wiki/Mille_Plateaux
mw-redirect
Mille Plateaux

values:
/wiki/DIY_culture
mw-redirect
DIY culture

values:
/wiki/New_age_travellers
mw-redirect
New age travellers

values: Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

values:
/wiki/Koh_Phangan
mw-redirect
Koh Phangan

values:
/wiki/Oldschool_jungle
mw-redirect
Oldschool jungle

values:
/wiki/Hip-hop_music
mw-redirect
Hip-hop music

values:
/wiki/Ford_Motors
mw-redirect
Ford Motors

values:
/wiki/Ford_Focus_(North_America)
mw-redirect
Ford Focus (North America)

values:
/wiki/New_romantic
mw-redirect
New romantic

values:
/wiki/Jean-Marc_Cerrone
mw-redirect
Jean-Marc Cerrone

values: Manhattan Research Inc. (Raymond Scott album)

values:
/wiki/Music_studio
mw-redirect
Music studio

values:
/wiki/MIDI_sequencer
mw-redirect
MIDI sequencer

values:
/wiki/Laptop_computer
mw-redirect
Laptop computer

values:
/wiki/Bizarre_Inc.
mw-redirect
Bizarre Inc.

values:
/wiki/Dave_Clarke_(techno_DJ)
mw-redirect
Dave Clarke (techno DJ)

values:
/wiki/Slam_(band)
mw-redirect
Slam (band)

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:70%;

values: Edit section: Notable contemporary techno venues

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
http://worldcat.org/issn/0263-1210

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.edgecentral.net/rcr.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.paris-berlin-20years.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/39861

values: The site requires registration to access this page.

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/653957

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.myspace.com/68657561

values:
nofollow
http://www.spannered.org/music/722/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0883-1122

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/788003

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/6413

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/483465

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/48064

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/64669

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/13123

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/30645

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/146494

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/57919

values:
/wiki/Wire_Magazine
mw-redirect
Wire Magazine

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/48297

values:
nofollow
http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/271/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.spannered.org/music/802/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.techno.de/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.thewire.co.uk/articles/220/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.discogs.com/release/29372

values:
/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office
mw-redirect
Her Majesty's Stationery Office

values:
/wiki/Spin_Magazine
mw-redirect
Spin Magazine

values:
nofollow
external text
http://raymondscott.com/mripr.html

values:
nofollow
http://www.rebirthmuseum.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.propellerheads.se/reason

values:
nofollow
http://www.indymedia.org.uk/
external text

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.techno-livesets.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://labelsbase.net/?g=Techno

values:
nofollow
http://beatsmine.com/oldie-but-goldie/
external text

values: col navbox-title 2 background-color:silver;

values:
/wiki/Rotterdam_techno
mw-redirect
Rotterdam techno

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4373273-2

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2018

values: Category:Pages with login required references or sources

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles with attributed pull quotes

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Techno
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Techno&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Тэхна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno
Tekno – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno
Tekno – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacno
Teacno – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehno
Tehno – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Техно музика – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: テクノ (ダンスミュージック) – Japanese

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehno
Tehno – Serbian
sr
sr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekno
Tekno – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: เทคโน – Thai

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno
Techno – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Techno rootpage-Techno skin-vector action-view