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Those Were the Days (song)
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For other songs, see Those Were the Days (disambiguation).
"Those Were the Days"
Single by Mary Hopkin
B-side
"Turn! Turn! Turn!"
Released
26 August 1968 (US)
30 August 1968 (UK)
Format
7" single
Recorded
mid-July 1968
Genre
Folk[1][2]
Length
5:05
Label
Apple
Songwriter(s)
Boris Fomin
Gene Raskin
Producer(s)
Paul McCartney
Mary Hopkin singles chronology
"Those Were the Days"
(1968) "Goodbye"
(1969)
"Those Were the Days"
(1968) "Goodbye"
(1969)
"Those Were The Days"
Single by Sandie Shaw
B-side
"Make It Go"
Released
1968
Label
Pye
Songwriter(s)
Boris Fomin
Gene Raskin
Sandie Shaw singles chronology
"Together"
(1968) "Those Were The Days"
(1968) "Monsieur Dupont"
(1969)
"Together"
(1968) "Those Were the Days"
(1968) "Monsieur Dupont"
(1969)
"Those Were the Days" is a song credited to Gene Raskin, who put a new English lyric to the Russian romance song "Dorogoi dlinnoyu" ("Дорогой длинною", literally "By the long road"), composed by Boris Fomin (1900–1948) with words by the poet Konstantin Podrevsky. It deals with reminiscence upon youth and romantic idealism.
Mary Hopkin's 1968 version of the song, produced by Paul McCartney, became a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song also reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100, behind McCartney's own band The Beatles' hit "Hey Jude". In France the song was at no. 1 in the very first edition of the singles sales chart launched by the Centre d'Information et de Documentation du Disque in October 1968.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
2 Later history
3 Recordings
4 Chart performance (Mary Hopkin version)
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Early history[edit]
Georgian singer Tamara Tsereteli (1900–1968) and Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky made what were probably the earliest recordings of the song, in 1925[4] and in 1926[5] respectively.
The song appears in the 1953 British/French movie Innocents in Paris, in which it was sung with its original Russian lyrics by the Russian Tzigane chanteuse Ludmila Lopato. Mary Hopkin's 1968 recording of it with Gene Raskin's lyric was a chart-topping hit in much of the Northern Hemisphere. On most recordings of the song, Raskin is credited as the sole writer, even though he wrote only the later English lyrics (which are not an English translation of the Russian lyrics) and not the music.
Later history[edit]
In the early 1960s Raskin, with his wife Francesca, played folk music around Greenwich Village in New York, including White Horse Tavern. Raskin, who had grown up hearing the song, wrote with his wife [6] new English lyrics to the old Russian music and then copyrighted both music and lyrics in his own name.[7] The Limeliters subsequently released a recording of the song on their 1962 LP Folk Matinee.[8] The Raskins were international performers and had played London's "Blue Angel" every year, always closing their show with the song. Paul McCartney frequented the club and being quite taken with the song he attempted to get several singers or groups (including the early Moody Blues) to record it.[9] Failing at that, after the formation of the Beatles' own Apple Records label, McCartney immediately recorded Mary Hopkin performing the song. The song was eventually recorded in over twenty languages and by many different artists, including Gene and Francesca, and Raskin was able to live very well on the royalties, buying a home in Pollensa, Mallorca, a Porsche Spyder and a sail boat.
Hopkin's recording was produced by Paul McCartney with an arrangement by Richard Hewson (per the label of the record) and became a number-one hit on the UK Singles Chart. In the United States, Hopkin's recording reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 (held out of the top spot for three weeks by "Hey Jude" by the Beatles) and topped the Billboard Easy Listening charts for six weeks.[10] In the Netherlands, it topped the charts for two consecutive weeks.[11] The Russian origin of the melody was accentuated by an instrumentation that was unusual for a top-ten pop record, including balalaika, clarinet, hammered dulcimer, tenor banjo and children's chorus, giving a klezmer feel to the song. Mary Hopkin played acoustic guitar on the recording, and Paul McCartney also played acoustic guitar and possibly percussion. The hammered dulcimer, or cimbalom, was played by Gilbert Webster.[12] It is unknown who played the banjo though McCartney is known to be a banjoist.
McCartney also recorded Hopkin singing "Those Were The Days" in five other languages for release in their respective countries:
In Spain, Qué tiempo tan feliz, by Rosa Morena (instead of Aquellos Fueron Los Días or En Aquellos Días)
In West Germany, An jenem Tag
In Italy, Quelli erano giorni
In France, Le temps des fleurs
In Afghanistan, Farsi, "Deegar Ashkam Mariz" by legendary singer Ahmad Zahir (1972).
All five non-English sets of lyrics were also recorded by Dalida and Sandie Shaw, with Shaw recording the English lyrics as well.
The UK and United States recording's B-side was Pete Seeger's "Turn! Turn! Turn!", which had been a United States number-one hit for The Byrds in 1965.
"Those Were the Days" was catalogue number APPLE 2 (the APPLE 1 number had been given to an unreleased version of "The Lady Is a Tramp" by Frank Sinatra, recorded specially in 1968, for Maureen Starkey's 22nd birthday, as a gift from Ringo Starr, under the name of "The Lady is a Champ"). It was the second single to be released on the Apple label, the first — "Hey Jude" by the Beatles —had retained the sequential catalogue numbers used by Parlophone (in the UK) and Capitol (in the US).
Hopkin's version was released on the back of her success on the television talent show Opportunity Knocks, and around the time of its release popular singer Sandie Shaw was also asked to record the song by her management, feeling that it should be done by a "real" singer. Shaw's version was released as a single, but did not match the success of Hopkin's version.
At the peak of the song's success, a New York company used the melody in a commercial for Rokeach gefilte fish, arguing that the tune was an old Russian folk-tune and thus in the public domain. (The commercial included the line "The perfect dish, Rokeach Gefilte Fish" where the English-language song would go "Those were the days, oh yes, those were the days.") Raskin successfully sued and won a settlement, since he had slightly altered the tune to fit his lyrics and had taken out the valid new copyright.[citation needed]
In the mid-1970s, after Hopkin's contract with Apple ended, "Those Were the Days" and "Goodbye" were re-recorded with producer Tony Visconti, whom she had married in 1971. These re-recorded versions can be found on music compilations.
On 25 October 2010, Apple Records released Come and Get It: The Best of Apple Records, which included the original recordings of "Those Were the Days" and "Goodbye". The greatest hits compilation album contained songs by artists signed to the Beatles' Apple record label between 1968 and 1973, the first such multi-artist Apple compilation.
On Christmas 1975, the President of Equatorial Guinea, Francisco Macías Nguema, had 150 alleged coup plotters executed in the national stadium while a band played "Those Were the Days".[13]
Recordings[edit]
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1959 (1959): Theodore Bikel recorded this song, in the original Russian language.[14]
1962 (1962): American folk group The Limeliters released the song on a 1962 LP called Folk Matinee. This recording was later reissued on a 1968 album.[15]
1968 (1968): The French version of the song, "Le temps des fleurs", was popularized by the international recording star Dalida. She also recorded the song in Italian and German.
1968 (1968): The Hungarian recording star Teri Harangozó recorded the Hungarian version "Azok a szép napok"[16] and had a huge hit in Hungary, and Hungarian minorities in the neighbourhood countries of Hungary with this song.[citation needed]
1968 (1968): The international recording star Vicky Leandros recorded the French version "Le temps des fleurs"[16] and had a huge hit in Japan, Canada, and Greece with this song. Mary Hopkin's version was released as "Kanashiki Tenshi" (悲しき天使, literally "Sad Angel") in Japan.
1969 (1969): Gene & Francesca recorded the song on their album Hello Love on Tetragrammaton.[17]
1969 (1969): Chris Connor recorded the song for her album Softly and Swingin' which was released only in Japan. The track was left off the final album release. Connor's estate preserved an original master tape of this album on cassette which includes this track and the track "Didn't We?"
1969 (1969): Bing Crosby recorded the song for his album Hey Jude / Hey Bing![18]
1969 (1969): Roger Whittaker recorded the song for his album This Is Roger Whittaker[19]
In the 1960s: Mary Hopkin and Sandie Shaw also sang the song in French, as well as in Italian, Spanish and German. Both Shaw's and Hopkin's versions were released roughly around the same time, as a sort of competition between the two, to see whose single would fare better with the public. When Hopkin's album, Postcard, was re-released on CD, the Spanish and Italian versions of the songs appeared as bonus tracks. Sandie Shaw has had all of her versions re-released on separate CDs, split up by language.
1995 (1995): Cynthia Lennon
2005 (2005): Il Folklorista recorded "Those Were the Days"; Il Folklorista is a project by Gigi D'Agostino and Luca Noise. The remix was included in the compilation albums Disco Tanz and 2006s Some Experiments.[20]
2005 (2005): American country singer-songwriter Dolly Parton recorded an album including folk and pop songs from the 1960s and 1970s. This was the opening song and title track to her album Those Were The Days. Mary Hopkin provided backing vocals to this recording.
2007 (2007): Jamaican dancehall artist Shaggy put the refrain of "Those Were the Days" in his album Intoxication.
2007 (2007): Latvian instrumental cello rock trio Melo-M included a version in their 2007 album Singalongs.[21]
2008 (2008): Bad Boys Blue covered the song on their album Heart & Soul.
2010 (2010): Wilfredo, the comic alter ego of the British comedian Matt Roper, performed the song at the Salento Festival, Italy.[22]
2011 (2011): The Iranian rock band Kiosk recorded this song on their 2011 album Outcome of Negotiations.[23]
2013 (2013): Australian country artist Nia Robertson recorded the song on her album The Woman I Am.[24]
Chart performance (Mary Hopkin version)[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1968–69)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[25] 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[26] 2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[27] 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[28] 1
Denmark[29] 1
Finland[30] 1
France (CIDD)[3] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[31] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[32] 1
Italy (FIMI)[33] 15
Japan (Oricon Singles Chart)[34] 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[35] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[11] 1
New Zealand[36] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[37] 1
Poland[38] 1
South Africa (Springbok Radio)[30] 2
Spain (AFE)[39] 1
Sweden[40] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[41] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[42] 1
US Billboard Easy Listening[43] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[43] 2
US Cash Box[44] 1
US Record World[45] 1
Chart (2009)
Peak
position
Belgium (Back Catalogue Singles Flanders)[46] 25
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1968)
Rank
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[47] 8
Canada (RPM 100 Top Singles)[48] 16
Italy (FIMI)[33] 73
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[49] 5
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[50] 9
US Billboard Hot 100[51] 30
US Cash Box[52] 22
[show]
Chart successions
Preceded by
"Fire" by Arthur Brown Canadian RPM number-one single
28 October 1968 – 2 November 1968 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Hold Me Tight" by Johnny Nash
Preceded by
"Monia" by Peter Holm French number-one single
21 September 1968 – 5 October 1968 (3 weeks)
19 October 1968 (1 week) Succeeded by
"Monia" by Peter Holm
Preceded by
"Hey Jude" by The Beatles Belgian Ultratop 50 Flanders number-one single
19 October 1968 – 16 November 1968 (5 weeks) Succeeded by
"My Little Lady" by The Tremeloes
Irish Singles Chart number-one single
12 October 1968 – 2 November 1968 (4 weeks)
Single Top 100 number-one single
19 October 1968 – 26 October 1968 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Hey Jude" by The Beatles
Spain number-one single
9 December 1968 – 13 January 1969 (6 weeks) Succeeded by
"Eloise" by Barry Ryan
Norwegian number-one single
45/1968 – 46/1968 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Langs hver en vei" by Gluntan
Swiss number-one single
22 October 1968 – 26 November 1968 (6 weeks) Succeeded by
"With a Little Help from My Friends" by Joe Cocker
UK Singles Chart number-one single
28 September 1968 – 2 November 1968 (6 weeks)
Canadian CHUM number-one single (tie with "Hey Jude")
19 October 1968 – 26 October 1968 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Love Child" by Diana Ross & the Supremes
US Cash Box number-one single
9 November 1968 – 16 November 1968 (2 weeks)
Preceded by
"My Special Angel" by The Vogues US Billboard Easy Listening number-one single
2 November 1968 – 7 December 1968 (6 weeks) Succeeded by
"Wichita Lineman" by Glen Campbell
Preceded by
"Heidschi Bumbeidschi" by Heintje German number-one single
25 November 1982 – 2 December 1982 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"Heidschi Bumbeidschi" by Heintje
Preceded by
"Koi no Kisetsu" by Pinky & Killers Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number-one single
27 January 1969 Succeeded by
"Namida no Kisetsu" by Pinky & Killers
See also[edit]
Apple Records discography
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kay, Hilary (1992). Rock & Roll Memorabilia: A History of Rock Momentos With over 600 Illustrations. Prentice Hall. p. 174. ISBN 978-0671-77931-3. The Hopkin single, a McCartney-produced traditional Russian folk song, knocked Apple 1 ("Hey Jude") off the U.K. top slot.
Jump up ^ Spizer, Bruce. "An Apple a Day: Mary Hopkin – Post Card". Beatlesnews.com. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Mary Hopkin's debut single paired "Those Were The Days," a Lithuanian folk song adapted by American Gene Raskin
^ Jump up to: a b "An Industry Report on France". Billboard. 14 July 1973. p. 42. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Topic: Дорогой длинною". SecondHandSongs. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Recording: Дорогой длинною - Alexander Vertinsky". SecondHandSongs. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Paul McCartney - Many Years From Now, p. 455
Jump up ^ Perrone, Pierre (18 June 2004). "Gene Raskin – Singer, songwriter and architectural scholar". Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. . The Independent.
Jump up ^ "Those Were The Days (original) – The Limeliters 1962.wmv". YouTube. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt, Kristofer (2010). Beatles Deeper Undercover. Collector's Guide Publishing, Incorporated. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-926-59209-1.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 118.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dutchcharts.nl – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt, Kristofer (2010). Beatles Deeper Undercover. Collector's Guide Publishing, Incorporated. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-926-59209-1.
Jump up ^ Farah, Douglas (13 May 2001). "Oil Gives African Nation a Chance for Change". The Washington Post. Hartford Web Publishing. Retrieved 9 January 2011. ...a far cry from the days of Macias, who on Christmas 1975 executed 150 alleged coup plotters in the national stadium while a band played "Those Were the Days."
Jump up ^ Edwards, David; Eyries, Patrice; Callahan, Mike (27 December 2005). "Elektra Album Discography, Part 2 – EKL-100/EKS-7100 Series (1956-1967)". Elektra. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Limeliters". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. . Akh.se.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vicky Leandros -Le temps des fleurs". YouTube. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gene And Francesca – Hello Love". Discogs. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Nathan, Dave. "Bing Crosby – Hey Jude/Hey Bing!". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Is... by Roger Whittaker". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gigi D'Agostino – Some Experiments (CD)". Discogs. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Melo-M – Singalongs". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "wilfredo in italy – salento festival". YouTube. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Click on the album covers to order the CD / MP3 Download on iTunes". Kiosktheband.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "NiaRobertsonMusic.com". Retrieved 31 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Forum – ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts – CHART POSITIONS Pre 1989 Part 4". Australian-charts.com. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5815." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 80 (49): 68. 7 December 1968. ISSN 0006-2510.
^ Jump up to: a b "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 80 (47): 78. 23 November 1968. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Those Were the Days". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "I singoli più venduti del 1968" (in Italian). Hit Parade Italia. Creative Commons. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Japan #1 DISKS by Oricon Hot Singles" (in Japanese). Oricon. 18.ocn.ne.jp. Archived from the original on 26 December 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Mary Hopkin - Those Were The Days search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 80 (50): 68. 14 December 1968. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days". VG-lista. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 60 (48): 88. 30 November 1968. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Billboard – Hits Of The World". Billboard. 80 (46): 71. 30 November 1968. ISSN 0006-2510.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Mary Hopkin – Those Were The Days". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Post Card – Awards". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles – Week ending NOVEMBER 9, 1968". Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
Jump up ^ "100 Top Pops" (PDF). Record World. 2 November 1981. p. 25. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "50 Back Catalogue Singles – 21/11/2009". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1968" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Singles – Volume 10, No. 19, January 06 1969". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1968" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968" (in German). Hitparade.ch. Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits for 1968". The Longbored Surfer. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1968". Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. . Cash Box magazine.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Several Russian songs, including Дорогой длинною
Those were the days on song facts
Discography of "Дорогой длинною" song on Russian-Records.com
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Those_Were_the_Days_(song)&oldid=815401116"
Categories:
1968 singles
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Flying ace
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Flying Ace (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The "first French ace", Frenchman Adolphe Pégoud being awarded the Croix de guerre.
A flying ace, fighter ace or air ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down several enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The actual number of aerial victories required to officially qualify as an "ace" has varied, but is usually considered to be five or more. The few aces among combat aviators have historically accounted for the majority of air-to-air victories in military history.[1]
The concept of the "ace" emerged in 1915 during World War I, at the same time as aerial dogfighting. It was a propaganda term intended to provide the home front with a cult of the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era.[2] For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 World War I
1.2 Between the world wars
1.3 World War II
1.4 Post World War II aces
1.4.1 Korean War
1.4.2 India-Pakistan 1965 War
1.4.3 Vietnam War
1.4.4 Middle East conflicts
1.4.5 Iran–Iraq war
2 Accuracy
3 Non-pilot aces
4 Ace in a day
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
6.2 Citations
6.3 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
See also: List of World War I flying aces, Aerial victory standards of World War I, and Balloon buster
Manfred von Richthofen, better known as the "Red Baron". He scored the most officially accepted kills in World War I and is arguably the most famous flying ace of all time.
World War I introduced the systematic use of true single-seat fighter aircraft, with enough speed and agility to catch and maintain contact with targets in the air, coupled with armament sufficiently powerful to destroy the targets. Aerial combat became a prominent feature with the Fokker Scourge, in the last half of 1915. This was also the beginning of a long-standing trend in warfare, showing statistically that approximately five percent of combat pilots account for the majority of air-to-air victories.[1]
Use of the term "ace" to describe these pilots began in World War I, when French newspapers described Adolphe Pégoud, as l'As (French for "Ace") after he became the first pilot to down five German aircraft. The British initially used the term "star-turns" (a show business term), while the Germans described their elite fighter pilots as Überkanonen (which roughly translates to "top guns").
The successes of such German ace pilots as Max Immelmann and Oswald Boelcke were much publicised for the benefit of civilian morale, and the Pour le Mérite, Prussia’s highest award for gallantry, became part of the uniform of a leading German ace. In the Luftstreitkräfte the Pour le Mérite was nicknamed Der blaue Max/The Blue Max, after Max Immelmann, who was the first fighter pilot to receive this award. Initially, German aviators had to destroy eight Allied aircraft to receive this medal.[4] As the war progressed, the qualifications for Pour le Mérite were raised,[4] but successful German fighter pilots continued to be hailed as national heroes for the remainder of the war.
As the German fighter squadrons usually fought well within German lines, it was practicable to establish and maintain very strict guidelines for the official recognition of victory claims by German pilots. Shared victories were either credited to one of the pilots concerned or to the unit as a whole – the destruction of the aircraft had to be physically confirmed by locating its wreckage, or an independent witness to the destruction had to be found. Victories were also counted for aircraft forced down within German lines, as this usually resulted in the death or capture of the enemy aircrew.
Allied fighter pilots fought mostly in German-held airspace[5][6] and were often not in a position to confirm that an apparently destroyed enemy aircraft had in fact crashed, so these victories were frequently claimed as "driven down", "forced to land", or "out of control" (called "probables" in later wars). These victories were usually included in a pilot's totals and in citations for decorations.[7]
Eddie Rickenbacker was an American fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor recipient, with 26 aerial victories.
The British high command considered praise of fighter pilots to be detrimental to equally brave bomber and reconnaissance aircrew – so that the British air services did not publish official statistics on the successes of individuals. Nonetheless some pilots did become famous through press coverage,[4] making the British system for the recognition of successful fighter pilots much more informal and somewhat inconsistent. One pilot, Arthur Gould Lee, described his own score in a letter to his wife as "Eleven, five by me solo — the rest shared", adding that he was "miles from being an ace".[8] This shows that his No. 46 Squadron RAF counted shared kills, but separately from "solo" ones—one of a number of factors that seems to have varied from unit to unit. Also evident is that Lee considered a higher figure than five kills to be necessary for "ace" status. Aviation historians credit him as an ace with two enemy aircraft destroyed and five driven down out of control, for a total of seven victories.[9]
Albert Ball, Britain's first famous flying ace. He was killed in 1917, aged 20.
Other Allied countries, such as France and Italy, fell somewhere in between the very strict German approach and the relatively casual British one. They usually demanded independent witnessing of the destruction of an aircraft, making confirmation of victories scored in enemy territory very difficult.[10] The Belgian crediting system sometimes included "out of control" to be counted as a victory.[11]
The United States Army Air Service adopted French standards for evaluating victories, with two exceptions – during the summer of 1918, while flying under operational control of the British, the 17th Aero Squadron and the 148th Aero Squadron used British standards.[10] American newsmen, in their correspondence to their papers, decided that five victories were the minimum needed to become an ace.[12]
While "ace" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories.[13]
Between the world wars[edit]
Main articles: List of Spanish Civil War flying aces and List of Flying Tigers pilots
There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war was the supply of "volunteer" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians.
The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces.[14] The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa to aid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941.
World War II[edit]
Main article: List of World War II flying aces
In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional shares of aerial victories, resulting in fractions or decimal scores, such as 11½ or 26.83. Some U.S. commands also credited aircraft destroyed on the ground as equal to aerial victories. The Soviets distinguished between solo and group kills, as did the Japanese, though the Imperial Japanese Navy stopped crediting individual victories (in favor of squadron tallies) in 1943.[citation needed]
Russian Lydia Litvyak of the Soviet Air Force, one of only two female flying aces in history.
The Soviet Air Forces has the top Allied pilots in terms of aerial victories, Ivan Kozhedub credited with 66 victories and Alexander Pokryshkin scored 65 victories. It also claimed the only female aces of the war: Lydia Litvyak scored 12 victories and Yekaterina Budanova achieved 11.[15] Fighting on different sides, the French pilot Pierre Le Gloan had the unusual distinction of shooting down four German, seven Italian and seven British aircraft, the latter while he was flying for Vichy France in Syria.[citation needed]
The Luftwaffe continued the tradition of "one pilot, one kill", and now referred to top scorers as Experten.[N 1] During the war, and for some years after, the very high victory totals of some Experten were considered by many historians to be coloured by grandiose Nazi propaganda. In spite of this, there are 107 German pilots with more than 100 kills.
A number of factors probably contributed to the very high totals of the top German aces. For a limited period (especially during Operation Barbarossa), many Axis victories were over obsolescent aircraft and either poorly trained or inexperienced Allied pilots.[17] In addition, Luftwaffe pilots generally flew many more individual sorties (sometimes well over 1000) than their Allied counterparts. Moreover, they often kept flying combat missions until they were captured, incapacitated, or killed, while successful Allied pilots were usually either promoted to positions involving less combat flying or routinely rotated back to training bases to pass their valuable combat knowledge to younger pilots.[citation needed] An imbalance in the number of targets available also contributed to the apparently lower numbers on the Allied side, since the number of operational Luftwaffe fighters was normally well below 1,500, with the total aircraft number never exceeding 5,000, and the total aircraft production of the Allies being nearly triple that of the other side. A difference in tactics might have been a factor as well; Erich Hartmann, for example, stated "See if there is a straggler or an uncertain pilot among the enemy... Shoot him down.",[18] which would have been an efficient and relatively low-risk way of increasing the number of kills. At the same time, the Soviet 1943 "Instruction For Air Combat" stated that the first priority must be the enemy commander, which was a much riskier task, but one giving the highest return in case of a success.
Similarly, in the Pacific theater, one of the factors leading to the superiority of Japanese aces such as the legendary Hiroyoshi Nishizawa (about 87 kills) could be the early technical dominance of the Mitsubishi A6M "Zero" fighter.[citation needed]
Post World War II aces[edit]
Main article: Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses
Korean War[edit]
Main article: List of Korean War flying aces
The Korean War of 1950–53 marked the transition from piston-engined propeller driven aircraft to more modern jet aircraft. As such, it saw the world's first jet-vs-jet aces.
India-Pakistan 1965 War[edit]
The air war of 1965 between India and Pakistan marked the first ever "ace in a day" in the jet age when PAF pilot M.M. Alam shot down five IAF Hunters in a single sortie. Overall he had 9 kills.
Vietnam War[edit]
Main article: List of Vietnam War flying aces
The South Vietnam Air Force was the world’s sixth largest air force at the height of its power in 1974 but armed with mostly obsolescent aircraft. This allowed many North Vietnamese pilots to claim "ace" status.[citation needed] American air-to-air combat during the Vietnam War generally matched intruding United States fighter-bombers against radar-directed integrated North Vietnamese air defense systems. American McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, Vought F-8 Crusader and Republic F-105 Thunderchief fighter crews usually had to contend with surface-to-air missiles, anti-aircraft artillery, and machine gun fire before opposing fighters attacked them.[citation needed] The long-running conflict produced 22 aces: 17 North Vietnamese pilots, two American pilots, three American weapon systems officers or WSOs (WSO is the USAF designation, one of the three was actually a US Naval aviator, with an equivalent job, but using the USN designation of Radar Intercept Officer or RIO).[19]
Middle East conflicts[edit]
Colonel Giora "Hawkeye" Epstein, Israeli Air Force (IAF) fighter ace credited with 17 kills, "ace of aces" of modern, supersonic fighter jets.
Brig. General Jalil Zandi, an ace fighter pilot in the Iranian Air Force. The most successful F-14 Tomcat pilot ever with eight confirmed and three probable kills during the Iran-Iraq war.
Main article: List of flying aces in Arab–Israeli wars
The series of wars and conflicts between Israel and its neighbors began with Israeli independence in 1948 and continued for over three decades. Of the 50 known aces during these battles, one was Egyptian, three Syrian, and the rest Israeli.[citation needed]
Iran–Iraq war[edit]
Brig. General Jalil Zandi (1951–2001) was an ace fighter pilot in the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force, serving for the full duration of the Iran–Iraq War. His record of eight confirmed and three probable victories against Iraqi combat aircraft qualifies him as an ace and the most successful pilot of that conflict and the most successful Grumman F-14 Tomcat pilot worldwide.[20][21]
Brig. General Shahram Rostami was another Iranian ace. He was also an F-14 pilot. He had six confirmed kills. His victories include: one MiG-21, two MiG-25s and three Mirage F1s.[22]
The Iran-Iraq conflict also saw the only known helicopter dogfights in history.[citation needed]
Accuracy[edit]
See also: Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II
Realistic assessment of enemy casualties is important for intelligence purposes, so most air forces expend considerable effort to ensure accuracy in victory claims. In World War II, the aircraft gun camera came into general usage, partly in hope of alleviating inaccurate victory claims.[N 2]
And yet, to quote an extreme example, in the Korean War, both the U.S. and Communist air arms claimed a 10-to-1 victory/loss ratio.[24][25] Without delving too deeply into these claims, they are obviously mutually incompatible. Arguably, few recognized aces actually shot down as many aircraft as credited to them. The primary reason for inaccurate victory claims is the inherent confusion of three-dimensional, high speed combat between large numbers of aircraft, but competitiveness and the desire for recognition (not to mention optimistic enthusiasm) also figure into inflation, especially when the attainment of a specific total is required for a particular decoration or promotion.[26] Adolf Galland stated: "Hermann Göring actually goes much further, and claims that scores were deliberately falsified for the purpose of fabricating grounds for decorations—but this seems unlikely to be the case, nor Goering's real opinion."[23]
The most accurate figures usually belong to the air arm fighting over its own territory, where many wrecks can be located, and even identified, and where shot down enemy are either killed or captured. It is for this reason that at least 76 of the 80 aircraft credited to Manfred von Richthofen can be tied to known British losses[27]—the German Jagdstaffeln flew defensively, on their own side of the lines, in part due to General Hugh Trenchard's policy of offensive patrol.
On the other hand, losses (especially in aircraft as opposed to personnel) are sometimes recorded inaccurately, for various reasons. Nearly 50% of RAF victories in the Battle of Britain, for instance, do not tally statistically with recorded German losses—but some at least of this apparent over-claiming can be tallied with known wrecks, and aircrew known to have been in British PoW camps.[28] There are a number of reasons why reported losses may be understated—including poor reporting procedures and loss of records due to enemy action or wartime confusion.
Non-pilot aces[edit]
Charles B. DeBellevue, the first USAF weapon systems officer to become a flying ace.
While aces are generally thought of exclusively as fighter pilots, some have accorded this status to gunners on bombers or reconnaissance aircraft, observers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the early Bristol F.2b, and airborne weapons officers in aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, who tallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in World War I.[29]
In World War II, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunner S/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17 victories.[30][31] The Royal Air Force's leading bomber gunner, Wallace McIntosh, was credited with eight kills, including three on one mission. Flight Sergeant F. J. Barker scored 13 victories while flying as a gunner in a Boulton Paul Defiant turret fighter, piloted by Flight Sergeant E. R. Thorne.[32][33]
With the advent of more advanced technology, a third category of ace appeared. Charles B. DeBellevue became not only the first U.S. Air Force weapon systems officer (WSO) to become an ace but also the top American ace of the Vietnam War, with six victories.[34] Close behind with five were fellow WSO Jeffrey Feinstein[35] and Radar Intercept Officer William P. Driscoll.[36]
Ace in a day[edit]
Main article: Aviators who became ace in a day
The first military aviators to score five or more victories on the same date, thus each becoming an "ace in a day", were pilot Julius Arigi and observer/gunner Johann Lasi of the Austro-Hungarian air force, on August 22, 1916, when they downed five Italian aircraft.[37] The feat was repeated five more times during World War I.[38][39][40]
Becoming an ace in a day became relatively common during World War II. A total of 68 U.S. pilots (43 Army Air Forces, 18 Navy, and seven Marine Corps pilots) were credited with the feat.[citation needed]
In the Soviet offensive of 1944 in the Karelian Isthmus, Finnish pilot Hans Wind shot down 30 enemy aircraft in 12 days. In doing so, he obtained "ace in a day" status three times.[41]
Air Cdr Rtd Muhammad Mehmood Alam
On September 6, 1965, during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Muhammad Mahmood Alam of the Pakistan Air Force has nine confirmed kills (and two probables).
On September 7, 1965, he battled defending the city of Lahore where he shot down five Indian Air Force Hawker Hunter fighters in less than a minute, four of them within 30 seconds. He was awarded the Sitara-e-Jurat ("The star of courage") and bar for his actions.[42] He observed: "Before we had completed more than of about 270 degrees of the turn, at around 12 degrees per second, all four Hunters had been shot down."[43] After the war, PAF confirmed his kills and listed on the top of the hall of fame list at the PAF Museum in Karachi. The Pakistan Air Force figures have been disputed by Indian sources which claim that Alam made four kills, attributing one of the losses of Sqn Ldr Onkar Nath Kacker's aircraft to technical failure or some other cause, including the possibility of ground fire.[44][45]
See also[edit]
Book: World War I flying aces
Book: World War II flying aces
List of World War I flying aces
List of World War II flying aces
List of World War II aces by country
List of German World War II jet aces
List of Spanish Civil War flying aces
List of Korean War flying aces
List of Vietnam War flying aces
List of flying aces in Arab–Israeli wars
List of Egyptian flying aces
List of Israeli flying aces
List of Syrian flying aces
List of aces of aces
Iranian aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war
Iraqi aerial victories during the Iran–Iraq war
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For the award of decorations, the Germans initiated a points system to equal up achievements between the aces flying on the Eastern front with those on other, more demanding, fronts: one for a fighter, two for a twin-engine bomber, three for a four-engine bomber; night victories counted double; Mosquitoes counted double, due to the difficulty of bringing them down.[16]
Jump up ^ The classic instance of this is the catastrophic failure of German intelligence to accurately assess RAF losses during the Battle of Britain, due (in large part anyway) to wild over-claiming by German fighter pilots.[23]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Dunnigan 2003, p. 149.
Jump up ^ Robertson, pp. 100—103.
Jump up ^ Belich 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c Payne, Dr. David. "Major 'Mick' Mannock, VC: Top Scoring British Flying Ace in the Great War." Western Front Association, May 21, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shores et al. 1990, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Guttman 2009, p. 39.
Jump up ^ Shores, Franks and Guest, 1990, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Lee 1968, p. 208.
Jump up ^ Shores et al. 1990, pp. 236–237.
^ Jump up to: a b Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 6.
Jump up ^ Pieters 1998, pp. 34, 85.
Jump up ^ Farr 1979, p. 55.
Jump up ^ Franks et al. 1997, pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ "Allied aces of War in China and Mongol-Manchurian border" Wio.ru Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bergström 2007, p. 83.
Jump up ^ Johnson 1967, p. 264.
Jump up ^ Shores 1983, pp. 94–95.
Jump up ^ Toliver, Raymond F.; Constable, Trevor J. (1986). The Blond Knight of Germany. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-8306-8189-1.
Jump up ^ "Aces." Safari Kovi. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Imperial Iranian Air Force: Samurai in the skies." IIAF, August 22, 1980. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Tom and Farzad Bishop. "Fire in the Hills: Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982." ACIG, September 9, 2003. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ John Sadler, Rosie Serdville (2017), Fighter Aces: Knights of the Skies, Casemate Publishers, p. 21, ISBN 9781612004839 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Galland 1956, p. 279.
Jump up ^ "Korean Air War: Korean air war statistics from sources of USA and USSR." Wio (RU). Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Shores 1983, pp. 161–167.
Jump up ^ Shores, Christopher. "Re: Flying Tigers VS Christopher Shores?" 12 O'clock high, 2007.
Jump up ^ Robinson 1958, pp. 150–155.
Jump up ^ Lake 2000, p. 122.
Jump up ^ Franks et al. 1997, p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Hall of Valor: Michael Arooth." Military Times. Retrieved: October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Phaneuf, Wayne. "Springfield's 375th: City monuments honor those who answered the call of duty." The Republican , May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Airmen's Stories: Sgt. F J Barker." Archived 2014-04-19 at the Wayback Machine. Battle of Britain London Monument. Retrieved: April 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Thomas 2012, p. 55.
Jump up ^ "Col. Charles DeBellevue." Archived 2009-09-12 at the Wayback Machine. U.S. Air Force official web site. Retrieved: May 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "USAF Southeast Asia War Aces." Archived 2013-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. National Museum of the United States Air Force, March 30, 2011. Retrieved: June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ "USS Constellation (CV 64)." United States Navy. Retrieved: June 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Connor 1986, pp. 190–91, 272, 324.
Jump up ^ Franks et al. 1993, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Shores et al. 1990, pp. 368, 390.
Jump up ^ Franks and Bailey 1992, p. 161.
Jump up ^ Juntunen,Ossi. "Hans 'Hasse' Wind: René Fonck of WW2." Archived 2012-01-06 at the Wayback Machine. WWII Ace Stories. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tufail, Air Cdre M Kaiser. "Alam’s Speed-shooting Classic." Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Defence journal. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Fricker 1979, p. 99.
Jump up ^ Pakistan's Sabre Ace by Jon Guttman, Aviation History, Sept 1998.
Jump up ^ Singh, Pushpindar (1991). Fiza ya, Psyche of the Pakistan Air Force. Himalayan Books. p. 30. ISBN 81-7002-038-7.
Bibliography[edit]
Belich, Jamie. "Ace, air combat". Richard Holmes, Charles Singleton and Spencer Jones, eds. The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press, 2001 [online 2004].
Bergström, Christer. Barbarossa: The Air Battle, July–December 1941. Birmingham, UK: Classic Publications, 2007. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.
Dunnigan, James F. How to Make War: A Comprehensive Guide to Modern Warfare in the Twenty-first Century. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. ISBN 978-0-06009-012-8.
Farr, Finis. Rickenbacker's Luck: An American Life. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1979. ISBN 978-0-395-27102-5.
Franks, Norman and Frank W. Bailey. Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. London: Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
Franks, Norman, Frank W. Bailey and Russell Guest. Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918. London: Grub Street, 1993. ISBN 978-0-94881-773-1.
———; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory (1997), Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918, Fighting Airmen of WWI, 4, London: Grub Street, ISBN 978-1-898697-56-5 .
Fricker, John. Battle for Pakistan: The Air War of 1965. London: Ian Allan, 1979. ISBN 978-0-7110-0929-5.
Galland, Adolf The First and the Last London, Methuen, 1955 (Die Ersten und die Letzten Germany, Franz Schneekluth, 1953).
Goll, Nicole-Melanie (2011). "Godwin von Brumowski (1889–1936): The Construction of an Austro-Hungarian War Hero during World War I". In Marija Wakounig; Karlo Ruzicic-Kessler. From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe. LIT Verlag. pp. 139–56. ISBN 978-3643901293.
Guttman, Jon. Pusher Aces of World War 1. London: Osprey, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84603-417-6.
Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, USN, USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-115-6.
Johnson, J. E. Wing Leader. London: Ballantine, 1967.
Lake, John. The Battle of Britain. London: Amber Books, 2000. ISBN 1-85605-535-3.
Lee, Arthur Gould. No Parachute. London: Jarrolds, 1968.
O'Connor, Martin. Air Aces of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1914–1918. Boulder, Colorado: Flying Machine Press, 1986. ISBN 978-1-89126-806-9.
Pieters, Walter M. Above Flanders' Fields: A Complete Record of the Belgian Fighter Pilots and Their Units During the Great War, 1914–1918. London: Grub Street, 1998. ISBN 978-1-898697-83-1.
Robertson, Linda R. (2005). The Dream of Civilized Warfare: World War I Flying Aces and the American Imagination . University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816642710, ISBN 978-0816642717
Robinson, Bruce (ed.) von Richthofen and the Flying Circus. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1958.
Shores, Christopher. Air Aces. Greenwich Connecticut: Bison Books, 1983. ISBN 0-86124-104-5
———; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (1990), Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces 1915–1920, London: Grub Street, ISBN 978-0-948817-19-9 .
Stenman, Kari and Kalevi Keskinen. Finnish Aces of World War 2 (Osprey Aircraft of the Aces, number 23). London: Osprey Publishing. 1998. ISBN 952-5186-24-5.
Thomas, Andrew. Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces. London: Osprey Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-666-0.
Toliver, Raymond J. and Trevor J. Constable. Horrido!: Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe. London: Bantam Books, 1979. ISBN 978-0-55312-663-1.
Toperczer, Istvan. MIG-17 and MIG-19 Units of the Vietnam War (Osprey Combat Aircraft, number 25). London: Osprey, 2001. ISBN 978-1-84176-162-6.
——— (2001), MIG-21 Units of the Vietnam War, Combat Aircraft (29), London: Osprey, ISBN 978-1-84176-263-0 .
External links[edit]
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Air Aces Homepage (A.Magnus)
Air Aces Website (Jan Šafařík)
Air Combat Information Group Website
All aces of Korean air war
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Flyver-es – Danish
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