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Gifford Pinchot
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Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot portrait by Pirie MacDonald, 1909
28th Governor of Pennsylvania
In office
January 20, 1931 – January 15, 1935
Lieutenant
Edward Shannon
Preceded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Succeeded by
George Earle
In office
January 16, 1923 – January 18, 1927
Lieutenant
David Davis
Preceded by
William Sproul
Succeeded by
John Stuchell Fisher
1st Chief of the United States Forest Service
In office
February 1, 1905 – January 7, 1910
President
Theodore Roosevelt
William Howard Taft
Preceded by
Office Created
Succeeded by
Henry Graves[a]
4th Chief of the Division of Forestry
In office
March 15, 1898 – February 1, 1905
President
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Preceded by
Bernhard Fernow
Succeeded by
Himself[b]
Personal details
Born
(1865-08-11)August 11, 1865
Simsbury, Connecticut
Died
October 4, 1946(1946-10-04) (aged 81)
New York City, New York
Political party
Republican
Spouse(s)
Cornelia Bryce Pinchot
Alma mater
Yale University
Signature
a.^ Albert F. Potter served as Acting Chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on a permanent basis.[1][2]
b.^ As Chief of the Forest Service.
Gifford Pinchot (August 11, 1865 – October 4, 1946) was an American forester and politician. Pinchot served as the first Chief of the United States Forest Service from 1905 until his firing in 1910, and was the 28th Governor of Pennsylvania, serving from 1923 to 1927, and again from 1931 to 1935. He was a member of the Republican Party for most of his life, though he also joined the Progressive Party for a brief period.
Pinchot is known for reforming the management and development of forests in the United States and for advocating the conservation of the nation's reserves by planned use and renewal. He called it "the art of producing from the forest whatever it can yield for the service of man." Pinchot coined the term conservation ethic as applied to natural resources. Pinchot's main contribution was his leadership in promoting scientific forestry and emphasizing the controlled, profitable use of forests and other natural resources so they would be of maximum benefit to mankind. He was the first to demonstrate the practicality and profitability of managing forests for continuous cropping. His leadership put conservation of forests high on America's priority list.[3]
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "as though it were spelled pin'cho, with slight emphasis on the first syllable."[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Education and early life
2 Forestry policy and institutions
2.1 Methods
3 Pinchot–Ballinger controversy
4 Fire storm of 1910 and the descent of the Forest Service
5 Subsequent political activity
6 First term as Governor of Pennsylvania
7 Long road to a second term
8 Second term as Governor of Pennsylvania
9 Later years
10 Death and legacy
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Education and early life[edit]
Gifford Pinchot was born August 11, 1865, to Episcopalian parents in Simsbury, Connecticut,[5] the son of James W. Pinchot, a successful New York City wallpaper merchant, and Mary Eno, daughter of one of New York City's wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno.[6] He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and in 1889, Yale University,[7] where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He had a brother Amos Pinchot and a sister Antoinette (who married the diplomat Alan Johnstone).
The Pinchots made a great fortune from lumbering and land speculation, and Pinchot's father regretted the damage his family's work had done to the land.[8] James made conservation a family affair and suggested that Gifford should become a forester. Gifford studied as a postgraduate at the French National School of Forestry, in Nancy, for a year. He returned home and plunged into the nascent forestry movement, intent on shaping a national forest policy.[6] At Gifford's urging, together James and Gifford endowed the Yale School of Forestry in 1900, and James turned Grey Towers, the family estate at Milford, Pennsylvania, into a "nursery" for the American forestry movement. Family financial affairs were managed by brother Amos Pinchot, thus freeing Gifford to do the more important work of developing forest management concepts. Unlike some others in the forestry movement, Gifford's wealth allowed him to singly pursue this goal without worry of income.
Pinchot's approach set him apart from the other leading forestry experts, especially Bernhard E. Fernow and Carl A. Schenck. Fernow had been Pinchot's predecessor in the United States Department of Agriculture's Division of Forestry before leaving in 1898 to become the first Dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell. Schenck was Pinchot's successor at the Biltmore Estate (widely recognized as the "cradle of American forestry") and founder of the Biltmore Forest School on Biltmore Estate. Their schools largely reflected their approaches to introducing forestry in the United States: Fernow advocated a regional approach and Schenck a private enterprise effort in contrast to Pinchot's national vision.[9]
Perhaps, the men who had the most influence on his development as a forester were Sir Dietrich Brandis, who had brought forestry to the British Empire, and Sir Wilhelm Schlich, Brandis' successor. Pinchot relied heavily upon Brandis' advice for introducing professional forest management in the U.S. and on how to structure the Forest Service when Pinchot established it in 1905.[10]
Forestry policy and institutions[edit]
Portrait of Gifford Pinchot by Benjamin Johnston, c. 1901
In 1896, the National Academy of Sciences formed the National Forest Commission. Pinchot was the only non-Academy member. President Grover Cleveland later asked Pinchot to develop a plan for managing the nation's Western forest reserves.[citation needed]
In 1897, Pinchot became a member of Boone and Crockett Club one of North America's first conservation organizations, which was founded by Theodore Roosevelt.[11]
In 1898, Gifford Pinchot succeeded Bernhard Fernow as chief of the Division of Forestry, later renamed the United States Forest Service in 1905. Thus, management of the federal forests changed from the United States Department of the Interior to this agency within the Department of Agriculture. Pinchot introduced better forestry methods into the operations of private owners, large and small, by using new forestry school graduates to demonstrate good practices and help make working plans.[citation needed]
In 1900, Pinchot established the Society of American Foresters. This helped bring credibility to the new profession of forestry, and was part of the broader professionalization movement underway in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. Until 1900, only two American schools trained professional foresters, the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell and the Biltmore Forest School. The Pinchot family endowed a 2-year graduate-level School of Forestry at Yale University (now the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies), and at Pinchot's urging, fellow Yale alumnus Henry S. Graves, along with James W. Toumey, left the Division in 1900 to start the school. By the fall of 1900, Cornell's forestry program had 24 students, Biltmore 9, and Yale 7.[12] One unique feature of the Pinchot/Yale approach was requiring students to first experience the forest at a camp at Grey Towers before beginning their academic studies.[13]
Pinchot sought to turn public land policy from one that dispersed resources among private holdings, to one that maintained federal ownership and management of public land. As a progressive, Pinchot strongly believed in the efficiency movement. Waste was his great enemy, and he well knew the tragedy of the commons, the destruction of resources for short-term gains. His successes, in part, were grounded in the personal networks that he started developing as a student at Yale and continued developing throughout his career. His personal involvement in the recruitment process led to high morale in the Forest Service and allowed him to avoid partisan political patronage. Pinchot capitalized on his professional expertise to gain adherents in an age when professionalism and science were greatly valued.[citation needed]
Methods[edit]
Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot on the steamer Mississippi, 1907
Pinchot used the rhetoric of the market economy to disarm critics of efforts to expand the role of government: scientific management of forests and natural resources was profitable. While most of his battles were with timber companies that he thought had too narrow a time horizon, he also battled the forest preservationists like John Muir, who were deeply opposed to commercializing nature.[14]
Pinchot was generally opposed to preservation for the sake of wilderness or scenery, a fact perhaps best illustrated by the important support he offered to the damming of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.[15]
Pinchot rose to national prominence under the patronage of President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1905, his department also gained control of the national forest reserves, thereby dramatically increasing the authority of the Forest Service. Pinchot developed a plan by which the forests could be developed by private interests, under set terms, in exchange for a fee. Pinchot embarked on many publicity campaigns to direct national discussions of natural resource management issues. In 1907 Roosevelt appointed Pinchot a member of the Inland Waterways Commission in a Progressive Era investigation and study of water resources usage from a multi-purpose approach.[16]
Central to his publicity work was his creation of news for magazines and newspapers, as well as debates with opponents such as John Muir. His effectiveness in manipulating information hostile to his boss, President William Howard Taft, led to his firing in January 1910. But his successes became a model for other bureaucrats on how to influence public opinion.[17]
Pinchot's policies encountered some opposition. Preservationists were opposed to massive timber cutting while Congress was increasingly hostile to conservation of the forests, bowing to local commercial pressures for quicker exploitation. In 1907, Congress forbade the creation of more forest reserves in the Western states. Roosevelt designated 16 million acres (65,000 km²) of new National Forests just minutes before his power to do so was stripped by a congressionally mandated amendment to the Agriculture Bill. These were called the Midnight forests. For his contributions to conservation, Pinchot was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences in 1916.[18]
Pinchot–Ballinger controversy[edit]
Main article: Pinchot–Ballinger controversy
Pinchot's authority was substantially undermined by the election of President William Howard Taft in 1908. Taft later dismissed Pinchot[19] for speaking out against his policies and those of Richard Ballinger, Secretary of the Interior.[20]
Pinchot launched a series of public attacks to discredit Ballinger and force him from office in what became known as the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy. That episode hastened the split in the Republican Party that led to the formation of the Progressive Party, of which Pinchot and his brother were top leaders.
Fire storm of 1910 and the descent of the Forest Service[edit]
Pinchot visiting summer campers attending the School of Forestry camp at Grey Towers (Pinchot is with the dog), 1910
Pinchot hand-picked William Greeley, the son of a Congregational minister, who finished at the top of that first Yale forestry graduating class of 1904, to be the Forest Service's Region 1 forester, with responsibility over 41 million acres (170,000 km2) in 22 National Forests in four western states (all of Montana, much of Idaho, Washington, and a corner of South Dakota).
One year after the 1910 forest fire inferno, Great Fire of 1910, the religious Greeley succeeded in receiving a promotion to a high administration job in Washington. In 1920, he became Chief of the Forest Service. The fire of 1910 convinced him that Satan was at work, the fire converted him into a fire extinguishing partisan who elevated firefighting to the raison d'être — the overriding mission — of the Forest Service. Under Greeley, the Service became the fire engine company, protecting trees so the timber industry could cut them down later at government expense. Pinchot was appalled. The timber industry successfully oriented the Forestry Service toward policies favorable to large-scale harvesting via regulatory capture, and metaphorically, the timber industry was now the fox in the chicken coop.[21] Pinchot and Roosevelt had envisioned, at the least, that public timber should be sold only to small, family-run logging outfits, not to big syndicates. Pinchot had always preached of a "working forest" for working people and small-scale logging at the edge, preservation at the core. In 1928 Bill Greeley left the Forest Service for a position in the timber industry, becoming an executive with the West Coast Lumberman's Association.[22]
When Pinchot traveled west in 1937, to view those forests with Henry S. Graves, what they saw "tore his heart out." Greeley's legacy, combining modern chain saws and government-built forest roads, had allowed industrial-scale clear-cuts to become the norm in the western national forests of Montana and Oregon. Entire mountainsides, mountain after mountain, were treeless. "So this is what saving the trees was all about." "Absolute devastation", Pinchot wrote in his diary. "The Forest Service should absolutely declare against clear- cutting in Washington and Oregon as a defensive measure", Pinchot wrote.[23]
Subsequent political activity[edit]
Pinchot founded the National Conservation Commission, of which he was president from 1910 to 1925.[24] Pinchot ran for Senate in 1914, for the state of Pennsylvania on the Progressive Party ticket. He finished second, behind incumbent Senator Boies Penrose, a State Republican powerhouse, and ahead of Democratic nominee and Congressman A. Mitchell Palmer. Pinchot would later express interest in seeking the presidency, and promoted American involvement in World War I, in opposition to President Woodrow Wilson's neutrality.[citation needed]
First term as Governor of Pennsylvania[edit]
Following the disbandment of the Progressive Party, Pinchot returned to the Republican Party, and focused on Pennsylvania state politics. Governor William Sproul appointed him state Commissioner of Forestry in 1920. Pinchot's aim, however, was to become governor. His 1922 campaign for the office concentrated on popular reforms: government economy, enforcement of Prohibition and regulation of public utilities. He won by a wide margin. In 1924, Pinchot considered challenging President Calvin Coolidge for the Republican nomination, but ultimately declined to run for the presidency.
In 1926, Governor Pinchot proposed his quasi-public "Giant Power" scheme for the state of Pennsylvania – which was very similar to Charles Steinmetz's plan to transmit electricity by high-voltage lines from power plants located adjacent to Pennsylvania coal mines – but critics dismissed it as "socialism".[25] Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt a similar scheme, albeit for a different region, was enacted by Congress and signed into law as the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Pinchot temporarily retired from public office at the end of his term on January 18, 1927, as Pennsylvania Governors were prohibited from seeking a second consecutive term in office at that time.
Long road to a second term[edit]
Following the completion of his term as governor, Pinchot and his wife took a seven-month cruise to the South Seas. In 1926, Pinchot had competed in a combative Republican Senate primary for the seat which he had also sought a dozen years earlier as a Progressive. Boies Penrose, who had defeated Pinchot in the general election of 1914, died at the end of 1921, and Governor Sproul had appointed lecturer and Republican National Committeeman George Pepper to the seat. Pepper won a special election held in 1922, but was challenged by both Pinchot and Congressman William Scott Vare, the head of Philadelphia's powerful political machine. Pinchot took a strongly supportive stance on the issue of Prohibition, while Vare vowed to repeal the Eighteenth Amendment within two years, and Pepper sought to straddle the issue. In the end, Pinchot finished a distant third, behind Pepper and Vare,[26][27][28] who went on to defeat former Labor Secretary William Wilson in the general election. However, while Vare's election victory was recognized by the Senate, he was never officially seated, as allegations of impropriety were eventually brought before a special Senate committee. In January 1927, Pinchot testified before the committee, producing several thousand illegal paper ballots, and in 1929, Vare's election credentials were rejected by Senate, and the seat was declared vacant.
In 1930, Pinchot sought a second term as governor, battling for regulation of public utilities, the continuance of Prohibition, relief for the unemployed, and construction of paved roads to "get the farmers out of the mud." He was worried about mounting a political comeback that year. "I don't want to make a fool of myself," he said a month before announcing his candidacy.[29]
Pitted against Francis Shunk Brown, the candidate of Vare's Philadelphia machine, and Thomas Phillips, a former two-term congressman from western Pennsylvania, who was enthusiastically supported by the state's "wet" forces, Pinchot overcame a deficit of nearly 200,000 votes in traditionally Republican Philadelphia to pull into a 12,000-vote lead on election night.[29] The 281,000 votes cast for former congressman Phillips, most of which came at Brown's expense, appeared to have given Pinchot a narrow victory in the primary. Brown's attorneys immediately challenged the results, contending that some 60,000 ballots in Luzerne County should be tossed out because they had been perforated beforehand by county election officials in an attempt to prevent fraud. The legal battle ensued throughout the summer and nobody knew for sure who the Republican candidate for governor would be, especially since both men periodically claimed to be the nominee. Ending four months of litigation and political turmoil on August 20, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, while castigating the Luzerne Common Pleas Court for marking (perforating) the ballots in the first place, upheld an earlier lower court ruling and declared that all 60,000 perforated ballots were valid, thereby certifying Pinchot as the winner of the May 20 Republican primary.
As expected, a number of key Republicans abandoned the former governor during the autumn campaign, one of the most significant defections being that of the wealthy W. W. Atterbury, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who resigned his seat on the Republican National Committee to actively support John Hemphill, Pinchot's Democratic opponent. Despite the opposition of many in his own party, including not only Vare's powerful Philadelphia machine, but also many "wets" who revolted and created a separate Liberal Party that autumn — thereby giving the Democratic candidate two lines on the November ballot — Pinchot narrowly prevailed, defeating Hemphill by a margin of 1,068,874 to 1,010,204.[29]
Second term as Governor of Pennsylvania[edit]
During his second term in office, January 20, 1931 to January 15, 1935, Pinchot cooperated with President Franklin Roosevelt, despite his being a Democrat and Prohibition opponent. Under Governor Pinchot's leadership, Pennsylvania welcomed the Civilian Conservation Corps, which established 113 camps to work on public lands in Pennsylvania (second only to California). Working with the Works Progress Administration and National Park Service, Pinchot helped expand Pennsylvania's state parks, and also helped Pennsylvania's struggling farmers and unemployed workers by paving rural roads, which became known as Pinchot Roads.[30] Governor Pinchot also abolished the thuggish Coal and Iron Police, established by his predecessor, Governor John Fisher.
When Prohibition was nationally repealed in 1933, and four days before the sale of alcohol became legal in Pennsylvania again, Pinchot called the Pennsylvania General Assembly into special session to debate regulations regarding the manufacture and sale of alcohol. This session led to the establishment of the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board and its system of state-run liquor stores, reflecting Pinchot's desire to "discourage the purchase of alcoholic beverages by making it as inconvenient and expensive as possible."[31][32] Pinchot argued that under the new system of state controlled liquor stores "[w]hisky will be sold by civil service employees with exactly the same amount of salesmanship as is displayed by an automatic postage stamp vending machine."[33]
Later years[edit]
In 1934, Pinchot ran unsuccessfully for the Senate a third time, and lost the Republican nomination to incumbent Senator David Reed.[34] Pinchot's final campaign, a bid for the GOP nomination for governor in 1938, was also unsuccessful, as he came in second to former Lieutenant Governor Arthur James.
In his remaining years, the ex-governor gave advice to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, wrote a book about his life as a forester,[35] and devised a fishing kit to be used in lifeboats during World War II.[36] He even instructed the U.S. Navy on how to extract fresh water from fish.[citation needed]
Death and legacy[edit]
Grey Towers near Milford, Pennsylvania, a National Historic Site
Gifford Pinchot died on October 4, 1946, aged 81, from leukemia. He had a wife, Cornelia Bryce,[37] and a son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. He is interred at Milford Cemetery, Pike County, Pennsylvania.[38] Gifford Pinchot was named for Hudson River School artist Sanford Robinson Gifford.[39] Proud of the first Gifford Pinchot's legacy, the family has continued to name their sons Gifford, down to Gifford Pinchot IV.[40]
Gifford Senior and his then thirteen-year-old son co-wrote a scientific travel-adventure book, entitled Giff and Stiff in the South Seas, copyright 1933, by the John C. Winston Co. of Philadelphia. Junior Gifford narrates the adventure, relating in a young boy's language the scientific studies, observations, and adventures encountered by a family sailing on the Mary Pinchot—from New York City to Key West and on to the Galapagos, Marquesas and Society Islands. Photos also document the Darwin-like odyssey. Although the book is currently out of print, it can be found.[citation needed]
Gifford Pinchot National Forest in Washington and Gifford Pinchot State Park in Lewisberry, Pennsylvania, are named in his honor, as is Pinchot Hall at Penn State University. A large Coast Redwood in Muir Woods, California, is also named in his honor, as is Pinchot Pass on the John Muir Trail in the Kings Canyon National Park in California.
The Pinchot Sycamore, the largest tree in his native state of Connecticut and second-largest sycamore on the Atlantic coast, still stands in Simsbury. The house where Pinchot was born belonged to his grandfather, Captain Elisha Phelps, and is also on the National Register of Historic Places.[41]
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy accepted the family's summer retreat house, Grey Towers National Historic Site, which his son Dr. Gifford Bryce Pinchot and the Pinchot family donated to the U.S. Forest Service. It remains the only National Historic Landmark operated by that federal agency. Despite budget cuts and damage due to Hurricane Sandy, and with the assistance of a Heritage Association, tours are offered in the summer months.[42][43] The Pinchot family also dedicated The Pinchot Institute for Conservation, which maintains offices both at Grey Towers and headquarters in Washington, D.C.. The Institute continues Pinchot's legacy of conservation leadership and sustainable forestry.
Gifford Pinchot III, grandson of the first Gifford Pinchot, is co-founder and president of the Bainbridge Graduate Institute, which offers a Master of Business Administration degree integrating environmental sustainability and social responsibility with innovation and profit.
Gifford Pinchot is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Caribbean lizard, Anolis pinchoti.[44]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Mount Pinchot (Montana)
List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s (Nov 23, 1925)
Gifford Pinchot State Park a Pennsylvania state park in York County, Pennsylvania
Gifford Pinchot National Forest, a United States National Forest in Washington
National Irrigation Congress
Pinchot South Sea Expedition
Grey Towers Heritage Association
Grey Towers National Historic Site
References[edit]
The standard author abbreviation Pinchot is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[45]
Notes
Jump up ^ "Taft Fears No Harm From Pinchot Row". The New York Times. January 9, 1910. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "America's Chief Forester". The Mansfield Daily Shield. January 21, 1910. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ Robert Muccigrosso, ed., Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 3:1238
Jump up ^ (Charles Earle Funk, What's the Name, Please?, Funk & Wagnalls, 1936.)
Jump up ^ "Patuxent Wildlife Research Center". Retrieved December 4, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gifford Pinchot 1865-1946" (PDF). www.worldforestry.org.
Jump up ^ Noble, Jr., Ransom E. (1976). "Pinchot, Gifford". In William D. Halsey. Collier's Encyclopedia. 19. New York: Macmillan Educational Corporation. pp. 50–51.
Jump up ^ From a Woodland Elegy, A Rhapsody in Green; Hunter Mountain Paintings Spurred Recovery. New York Times. June 7, 2001
Jump up ^ Lewis, James G. (1999). "The Pinchot Family and the Battle to Establish American Forestry". Pennsylvania History. 66 (2): 143–165. ISSN 0031-4528.
Jump up ^ America has been the context for both the origins of conservation history and its modern form, environmental history Archived March 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.. Asiaticsociety.org.bd. Retrieved on September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Boone and Crockett Club Archives".
Jump up ^ "The History of Forestry in America", page710, by W.N. Sparhawk in Trees: Yearbook of Agriculture,1949. Washington, D.C.
Jump up ^ "Seeking the Greatest Good" Film aired on PBS affiliates produced by WVIA and Pinchot Institute, see http://www.pinchot.org/seeking_the_greatest_good
Jump up ^ Balogh 2002
Jump up ^ The National Parks: America's Best Idea: Historical Figures. PBS. Retrieved on September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Donald J. Pisani, Water Planning in the Progressive Era: The Inland Waterways Commission Reconsidered, Journal of Policy History 18.4 (2006) pp.389–418
Jump up ^ Ponder, Stephen (1987). "Gifford Pinchot, Press Agent for Forestry". Journal of Forest History. 31 (1): 26–35. doi:10.2307/4004839. ISSN 0094-5080.
Jump up ^ "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pinchot Removed". The Boston Globe. January 7, 1910. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Taft: In Firing TR's Friend Pinchot He was Defending the Presidency Itself | The Raab Collection". The Raab Collection. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
Jump up ^ Egan, Timothy, 2009, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt & the Fire That Saved America, p.270-271. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ISBN 978-0-618-96841-1
Jump up ^ Egan, Timothy, 2009, The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt & the Fire That Saved America, p.281. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-96841-1
Jump up ^ Egan, The Big Burn at p.272.
Jump up ^ "Gifford Pinchot | eHISTORY". ehistory.osu.edu. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
Jump up ^ Steinmetz; Engineer and Socialist, by Ronald R. Kline,1992, p. 299. The Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 0-8018-4298-0
Jump up ^ "Vare, Ringing "Wet", Rolls Up Gigantic Vote". The Telegraph-Herald. May 19, 1926. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Vare Is Nominated In Pennsylvania". The New York Times. May 19, 1926. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Beer and Wine Platform Of Vare Is Endorsed By Voters Of Pennsylvania". The Beaver Falls Tribune. May 19, 1926. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gifford Pinchot and Pennsylvania's Longest Primary Archived April 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. Uncovered Politics (May 21, 2010). Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
Jump up ^ http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-344
Jump up ^ Mark A. Noon, Yuengling: A History of America's Oldest Brewery, p 131. ISBN 0-7864-1972-5. McFarland & Company, Inc., 2005
Jump up ^ Blum, Deborah. (February 19, 2010) The little-told story of how the U.S. government poisoned alcohol during Prohibition. – By Deborah Blum – Slate Magazine. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
Jump up ^ Char Miller, ed. 2017. Gifford Pinchot: Selected Writings. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 173.
Jump up ^ "PA US Senate: Republican Primary". Election Results. Our Campaigns. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Breaking New Ground by Gifford Pinchot.ISBN 978-1-55963-670-4. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print, 1998, by Island Press and in paperback
Jump up ^ Grey Towers National Historic Landmark – Local Links – Historical Information – Gifford Pinchot. Fs.fed.us. Retrieved on September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Grey Towers National Historic Landmark – Local Links – Historical Information – Cornelia. Fs.fed.us (April 7, 2011). Retrieved on 2011-09-01.
Jump up ^ http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/governors/1876-1951/gifford-pinchot.html
Jump up ^ Johnson, Kirk (June 7, 2001). "From a Woodland Elegy, A Rhapsody in Green; Hunter Mountain Paintings Spurred Recovery". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Tristan Baurick, "Pinchot embraces his family name, its calling," Kitsap Sun, October 22, 2011, available at "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved June 2, 2012. . Last accessed June 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.simsbury-ct.gov/sites/simsburyct/files/file/file/simsbury_hri_final_doc.pdf at p. 55
Jump up ^ http://www.fs.fed.us/gt/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 20, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Pinchot", pp. 207–208).
Jump up ^ IPNI. Pinchot.
Bibliography
(1912: Competing Visions for America, Gifford Pinchot, Ohio State University)
Gifford Pinchot (1865–1948) Conservation Hall of Fame, National Wildlife Federation
Gifford Pinchot Brief Bio
Further reading[edit]
Primary sources
"Breaking New Ground" by Gifford Pinchot.ISBN 978-1-55963-670-4. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,1947. In print, 1998, by Island Press and in paperback..
Gifford Pinchot, The Conservation Diaries of Gifford Pinchot ed by Harold K. Steen (2001)
Gifford Pinchot, The Fight for Conservation. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company, 1910.
Secondary sources
Balogh, Brian. "Scientific Forestry and the Roots of the Modern American State: Gifford Pinchot's Path to Progressive Reform" Environmental History 2002 7(2): 198–225. ISSN 1084-5453
Egan, Timothy. The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire that Saved America (2009)
John McCormick, The Global Environmental Movement, London: John Wiley (1995).
McGeary, M. Nelson, Gifford Pinchot: Forester-Politician (1960)
Meyer, John M. "Gifford Pinchot, John Muir, and the Boundaries of Politics in American Thought" Polity 1997 30(2): 267–284. ISSN 0032-3497
Miller, Char., Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism (2001)
Nash, Roderick. "Wilderness and the American Mind," Univ. of Wisc. Press, (1967), and later editions
Page, Walter H. (March 1910). "Gifford Pinchot, The Awakener Of A Nation". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XIX: 12662–12668. Retrieved July 10, 2009.
Smith, Michael B. "The Value of a Tree: Public Debates of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot" Historian 1998 60(4): 757–778. ISSN 0018-2370
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gifford Pinchot.
Wikisource has original works written by or about:
Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot at the Forest History Society
Works by Gifford Pinchot at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Gifford Pinchot at Internet Archive
Works by Gifford Pinchot at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The short film "Visions of the wild (1985)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Grey Towers National Historical Site, Milford, Pennsylvania
Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, D.C.
Political offices
Preceded by
Bernhard Fernow Chief of the Division of Forestry
Served under: William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt
1898–1905 Succeeded by
Himself2
Preceded by
Himself Chief of the United States Forest Service
Served under: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft
1905–1910 Succeeded by
Henry Graves1
Preceded by
William Sproul Governor of Pennsylvania
1923–1927 Succeeded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Preceded by
John Stuchell Fisher Governor of Pennsylvania
1931–1935 Succeeded by
George Earle
Party political offices
Preceded by
William Sproul Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania
1922 Succeeded by
John Stuchell Fisher
Preceded by
John Stuchell Fisher Republican nominee for Governor of Pennsylvania
1930 Succeeded by
William Schnader
Notes and references
1. Albert F. Potter served as Acting Chief of the Forest Service until Graves was selected for appointment to the position on a permanent basis.
2. As Chief of the Forest Service.
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Confessions of an Economic Hit Man
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This article is about the book. For the song by Anti-Flag, see For Blood and Empire.
Confessions of an Economic Hit Man
Author
John Perkins
Language
English
Publisher
Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Publication date
2004
Pages
250p
ISBN
0-452-28708-1
OCLC
55138900
Confessions of an Economic Hit Man is a partly autobiographical book written by John Perkins published in 2004. It provides Perkins' account of his career with engineering consulting firm Chas. T. Main in Boston. According to Perkins, his role at Main was to convince leaders of underdeveloped countries to accept substantial development loans for large construction and engineering projects that would primarily help the richest families and local elites, rather than the poor, while making sure that these projects were contracted to U.S. companies. Later these loans would give the U.S. political influence and access to natural resources for U.S. companies.[1] He refers to this as an "economic hit man." Although he states that throughout his career he has always worked for private companies, and suggests a system of corporatocracy and greed, rather than a single conspiracy, he claims the involvement of the National Security Agency (NSA), with whom he had interviewed for a job before joining Main. According to the author, this interview effectively constituted an independent screening which led to his subsequent hiring as an economic hit man by Einar Greve,[2] a vice president of the firm (and alleged NSA liaison).
Contents
1 Content
2 Reception and criticism
3 Follow up
4 Documentary film
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Content[edit]
The book heavily criticizes U.S. foreign policy and the widely accepted idea that "all economic growth benefits humankind, and that the greater the growth, the more widespread the benefits.",[3] suggesting that in many cases only a small portion of the population benefits at the expense of the rest, with the example including increasing income inequality where large U.S. companies exploit cheap labor and oil companies destroy local environment.[3] Perkins describes what he calls a system of corporatocracy and greed as the driving force behind establishing the USA as a global empire, in which he took a role as an "economic hit man" to expand its influence.
According to his book, Perkins' function was to convince the political and financial leadership of underdeveloped countries to accept enormous development loans from institutions like the World Bank and USAID. Saddled with debts they could not hope to pay, those countries were forced to acquiesce to political pressure from the United States on a variety of issues. Perkins argues in his book that developing nations were effectively neutralized politically, had their wealth gaps driven wider and economies crippled in the long run. In this capacity, Perkins recounts his meetings with some prominent individuals, including Graham Greene and Omar Torrijos. Perkins describes the role of an economic hit man as follows:
Economic hit men (EHMs) are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillions of dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other foreign "aid" organizations into the coffers of huge corporations and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet's natural resources. Their tools included fraudulent financial reports, rigged elections, payoffs, extortion, sex, and murder. They play a game as old as empire, but one that has taken on new and terrifying dimensions during this time of globalization.
According to Perkins, he began writing Confessions of an Economic Hit Man in the 1980s, but "threats or bribes always convinced [him] to stop."
In the book, Perkins repeatedly denies the existence of a "conspiracy".[4]
I was initially recruited while I was in business school back in the late sixties by the National Security Agency, the nation’s largest and least understood spy organization; but ultimately I worked for private corporations. The first real economic hit man was back in the early 1950s, Kermit Roosevelt, Jr., the grandson of Teddy, who overthrew the government of Iran, a democratically elected government, Mossadegh’s government who was Time‘s magazine person of the year; and he was so successful at doing this without any bloodshed—well, there was a little bloodshed, but no military intervention, just spending millions of dollars and replaced Mossadegh with the Shah of Iran. At that point, we understood that this idea of economic hit man was an extremely good one. We didn’t have to worry about the threat of war with Russia when we did it this way. The problem with that was that Roosevelt was a C.I.A. agent. He was a government employee. Had he been caught, we would have been in a lot of trouble. It would have been very embarrassing. So, at that point, the decision was made to use organizations like the C.I.A. and the N.S.A. to recruit potential economic hit men like me and then send us to work for private consulting companies, engineering firms, construction companies, so that if we were caught, there would be no connection with the government.
— November 4, 2004 interview
Reception and criticism[edit]
Although the accuracy of the content has been questioned, the book did well in terms of sales, having a placement on both the New York Times' and Amazon.com's best-seller-lists.[5]
Columnist Sebastian Mallaby of The Washington Post reacted sharply to Perkins' book:[6] "This man is a frothing conspiracy theorist, a vainglorious peddler of nonsense, and yet his book, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, is a runaway bestseller." Mallaby, who spent 13 years writing for the London Economist and wrote a critically well-received biography of World Bank chief James Wolfensohn,[7] holds that Perkins' conception of international finance is "largely a dream" and that his "basic contentions are flat wrong".[6] For instance, he points out that Indonesia reduced its infant mortality and illiteracy rates by two-thirds after economists persuaded its leaders to borrow money in 1970. He also disputes Perkins' claim that 51 of the top 100 world economies belong to companies.[8] A value-added comparison done by the UN, he says, shows the number to be 29.[9]
Other sources, including articles in The New York Times and Boston Magazine as well as a press release issued by the United States Department of State, have referred to a lack of documentary or testimonial evidence to corroborate the claim that the NSA was involved in his hiring to Chas T. Main. In addition, the author of the State Department release states that the NSA "is a cryptological (codemaking and codebreaking) organization, not an economic organization" and that its missions do not involve "anything remotely resembling placing economists at private companies in order to increase the debt of foreign countries".[10] Economic historian Niall Ferguson writes in his book The Ascent of Money that Perkins's contention that the leaders of Ecuador (President Jaime Roldós Aguilera) and Panama (General Omar Torrijos) were assassinated by US agents for opposing the interests of the owners of their countries' foreign debt "seems a little odd" in light of the fact that in the 1970s the amount of money that the US had lent to Ecuador and Panama accounted for less than 0.4% of the total US grants and loans, while in 1990 the exports from the US to those countries accounted for approximately 0.4% of the total US exports (approximately $8 billion). According to Ferguson, those "do not seem like figures worth killing for".[11] Einar Greve, the former vice president at Chas. T. Main who first offered Perkins a job there, at first affirmed the overall validity of the book, saying "basically his story is true... What John's book says is, there was a conspiracy to put all these countries on the hook, and that happened. Whether or not it was some sinister plot or not is up to interpretation, but many of these countries are still over the barrel and have never been able to repay the loans."[12][13] However, on being asked by another reporter about the book, Greve re-read the book and denied the validity of some of the claims, such as the claim that the NSA had any links to Main, or that Perkins was seduced by Claudine.[14]
Follow up[edit]
After publishing Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, Perkins continued with writing three other books on the topic, focusing on other aspects. A Game as Old as Empire: the Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption (2007), The Secret History of the American Empire (2007) and Hoodwinked: An Economic Hit Man Reveals Why the World Financial Markets Imploded – and What We Need to Do to Remake Them (2009).
The epilogue to the 2006 edition provides a rebuttal to the current move by the G8 nations to forgive Third World debt. Perkins charges that the proposed conditions for this debt forgiveness require countries to privatise their health, education, electric, water and other public services. Those countries would also have to discontinue subsidies and trade restrictions that support local business, but accept the continued subsidization of certain G8 businesses by the US and other G8 countries, and the erection of trade barriers on imports that threaten G8 industries.
Documentary film[edit]
In 2009, the documentary film Confessions of an Economic Hit Man featuring interviews with Perkins, was shown at film festivals around the U.S. The film is a Greek–U.S. co-production directed by Stelios Kouloglou, and was filmed in 2007 and 2008. Numerous interview-style statements by John Perkins also appear in the 2008 Internet-based documentary, Zeitgeist: Addendum, and in the 2012 documentary, Four Horsemen.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
American Century
War Is a Racket
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Perkins, John (2005). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. Ebury Press. p. 15, 239. ISBN 9780091909109.
Jump up ^ Piersanti, President and Publisher, Steven (March 7, 2005). "Veracity of John Perkins' Accounts" (PDF). Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Perkins, John (2005). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. Ebury Press. p. xii. ISBN 9780091909109.
Jump up ^ "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man: How the U.S. Uses Globalization to Cheat Poor Countries Out of Trillions". Democracy Now: The war and peace report. 9 November 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ Landon, Thomas Jr (2006-02-19). "Confessing to the Converted". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved 2015-11-03.
^ Jump up to: a b Mallaby, Sebastian. "The Facts Behind the 'Confessions'". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mallaby Sebastian". The Washington Post (column).
Jump up ^ Anderson, Sarah; Cavanagh, John. "Top 200: The Rise of Global Corporate Power". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Chowla, Peter. "Comparing Corporate and Sovereign Power" (PDF). Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Confessions – or Fantasies – of an Economic Hit Man?". US Department of State. 2006-05-10. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Niall (2008), The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, Penguin Books, ISBN 978-0-14-311617-2 , pp. 294-295
Jump up ^ Perkins, John (2006). Confessions of an Economic Hit Man. Plume. p. 10–13, 271. ISBN 0452287081.
Jump up ^ C.T. Revere. Author: Tsunami aid may line US pockets. Tucson Citizen. January 17, 2005. Retrieved September 18, 2016. http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue2/2005/01/17/160183-author-tsunami-aid-may-line-u-s-pockets/
Jump up ^ Tkacik, Maureen (2005), Economic Hit Man, Boston Magazine
External links[edit]
Official website
Official site at Berrett-Koehler Publishers
Confessions of an Economic Hit Man on IMDb
Confessions of an Economic Hit Man by John Perkins on Open Library at the Internet Archive
Summary of the book
Authority control
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LCCN: n2015066136
VIAF: 309386783
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confessions_of_an_Economic_Hit_Man&oldid=864546296"
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values: اعترافات قاتل اقتصادي – Arabic

values: Bekenntnisse eines Economic Hit Man – German

values: Confessions of an economic hit man – Spanish

values: اعترافات یک جنایتکار اقتصادی – Persian

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values: Les Confessions d'un assassin financier – French

values: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man – Indonesian

values: Confessioni di un sicario dell'economia – Italian

values:
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values: וידויו של מחסל כלכלי – Hebrew

values:
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values: Эдийн засгийн хөлсний алуурчны наминчлал – Mongolian

values:
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values: Bekentenissen van een economische huurmoordenaar – Dutch

values:
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values: Confissões de um Assassino Econômico – Portuguese

values: Исповедь экономического убийцы – Russian

values: ஒரு பொருளாதார அடியாளின் ஒப்புதல் வாக்குமூலம் – Tamil

values: Сповідь економічного вбивці – Ukrainian

values:
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values: معاشی قاتل کے اعترافات – Urdu

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