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Ancient Chinese urban planning
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Ancient Chinese urban planning encompasses the diverse set of cultural beliefs, social and economic structures, and technological capacities that historically influenced urban design in the early period of Chinese civilization. Factors that have shaped the development of Chinese urbanism include: fengshui geomancy and astronomy; the well-field system; the cosmological belief that Heaven is round and the Earth is square, the concept of qi; political power shared between a ruling house and educated advisers; the holy place bo; a three-tiered economic system under state control; early writing; and the walled capital city as a diagram of political power.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early development
1.1 Neolithic Age urbanization
1.2 Bronze Age urbanization
1.3 Iron Age urbanization
2 Classical Standard
3 Imperial Era
3.1 Formation
3.2 The County
3.3 Imperial city
4 Neoclassical Standard
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Early development[edit]
Urban planning originated during the urbanization of the Yellow River valley in the Neolithic Age. The process in China, as elsewhere in the world, is related to the process of centralizing power in a political state. Although several cultures formed competing states, the direct ancestor of the Chinese state was Longshan culture. Therefore, the earliest Chinese urban planning was a synthesis of Longshan traditional cosmology, geomancy, astrology, and numerology. This synthesis generated a diagram of the cosmos, which placed man, state, nature, and heaven in harmony. The city was planned in the context of this cosmic diagram to maintain harmony and balance.
Neolithic Age urbanization[edit]
Yangshao and Longshan Culture
Urbanization begins at Banpo (4,800-3,750 BC) on the Zhongyuan plain of the Yellow River. Banpo grew from a typical Yangshao village in both size and organization until the construction of the Great Hall ca. 4000 BC. Like Eridu in Mesopotamia, Banpo in East Asia was the first instance of specialized architecture, something other than a house. Physically, Banpo was composed of 200 round pit houses and the Great Hall across 5 hectares and surrounded by a ditch. These pit houses were sited for solar gain by aligning the door to the Yingshi asterism just after the winter solstice.[1] Already, at this early stage the principle of south-facing entry was firmly established.
As in other Neolithic communities, life at Banpo was synchronized to the agricultural year, which was timed by the movement of the Big Dipper, which functioned as a celestial clock. The Classic of Poetry describes this annual cycle. Beginning in spring, adolescents swam through the flood waters at the triangular confluence of two rivers. They emerged shivering, and in this state they were infused with the souls of ancestors buried in the earth who had reemerged at the springs of the Yellow River.[2] In this energized state they procreated in a location deemed to possess magical earth energy. These locations were unsuitable for agriculture, usually a hill, and therefore were uncleared primeval forests. Consecrated procreation was essential to maintaining the cycle of life. When the flood waters receded, the triangle was divided into fields between the families. In autumn there was a large festival at the completion of the harvest. In winter, the men left their homes and retired to the Great Hall, where they were led by the village elders in drinking and singing to repel the cold.
The needs and beliefs of Banpo society created the prototype Chinese urban form. The springtime sacred procreation sites became, in time, the Holy Place called bo . Moreover, the connection between ancestors, earth, and fertility developed into a theory of qi energy and fengshui geomancy. The Book of Burial elaborates this theory. Man is considered concentrated qi, when his bones are returned to the earth they become re-energized by qi. The living descendants are affected by the qi generated from the bones of their ancestors, "as a lute string will pick of the vibration of another lute string near it."[2] In this theory, the world was an active matrix of qi into which graves, houses, and cities must be carefully inserted by fengshui principals to maintain harmony. The shape of this world was described by a parallel cosmology of a round heaven revolving around a square earth. This gaitian cosmology originated from neolithic astronomy. This cosmic diagram is depicted on jade bi and cong used to talk to sky and earth spirits, respectively. In particular, Yangshao pottery decorated with Big Dipper inscribed on a nine-in-one square (earth) surrounded by a circle (heaven) already depicts a cosmic diagram of earth divided into nine parts.[3] This nine-in-square, in time, became basis of the well-field system, which was the basic geometric and legal module of urban-regional planning. Likewise, the Great Hall became the prototype of later palaces and imperial cities.
Longshan Culture (3000-2000 BC) arrived from the east one thousand years after Banpo in the same area. This arrival is mythologized by the story of the Yellow Emperor, a man of vigorous energy who dispensed law, standardized measures, invented writing, and conquered. The Longshan tribes formed a superstratum over Yangshao culture. As they fused ideologically and socially, all the elements of a new state and civilization appeared. Culturally, protowriting in the form of the Longshan Script was used on oracle bones. Politically, a Longshan warlord ruled with the help of a Yangshao adviser. Both the use of oracle bones, and the rule of a king with adviser had continuity into the Shang Dynasty. The first capital was Chengziya in 2500 BC followed by Taosi in 2300 BC and finally by Erlitou in 2000 BC. Longshan Culture developed directly into the Xia and Shang Dynasties.
The hierarchical and militaristic aspects of Longshan culture are evident in their cities. Their shape is a walled square filled with square houses. The transition from round to square homes is always accompanied by centralizing power in history.[4] The square shaped city, itself a product of centralized power, historically arises a from a military encampment. It is the city as a diagram of political power. The new order made its mark on the Urban-Regional context. Three levels of settlement emerged in the early Longshan state, village called Jū (0-1 ha), city Yi (1-5 ha), and capital called Dū (<5 ha). These three tiers of settlements are the physical realization of central place theory. The original Yangshao Jū villages formed a matrix of production that channeled goods upward to larger Longshan Yi and ultimately to the Dū. Political power was therefore defined as the amount of the highly productive matrix of agriculture and villages under control. The greater the area, the more wealth passed upwards to the capital. Other cities were economically unnecessary as there were neither long distance trade nor markets.
The final Longshan capital, Erlitou is the physical manifestation of massive social change in China c 2000 BC. Erlitou began in the Neolithic as a Yangshao bo, with later additions of altars and temples. It was a sacred city, even when absorbed by the Longshan tribes, and thus was never walled. Erlitou was the site of transition into the Bronze Age. The legendary Xia Dynasty may have been the ruling class of Erlitou.
Bronze Age urbanization[edit]
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Erlitou is sited at the confluence of the Luo and Yi rivers, a sacred place known as the Waste of Xia. Geographically, the Waste of Xia marked the center of the nine-in-one square earth. During the transitional Erlitou Culture, diverse Neolithic traditions were woven into one coherent harmonious philosophical and political system. In this system earth was the mirror of heaven ruled by the Jade Emperor. Residing in Polaris, he sent the heavenly breath of qi down to earth through meridians. The qi concentrated in mountains and rivers, and by informed site planning a building and even a city could fit into this energized matrix. Politically, qi flowed from heaven through earth into and the through the divine emperor, through his city, and out of the gates into his realm. The emperor kept heaven and earth in harmonious balance through his absolute power. An adviser class interpreted the omens of heaven to inform his actions.
The nine zhou
Geographically, the state was believed to be square shaped and centered on the ruler. As described in the Book of Documents, China is a square of 45,000 li with five nested squares spaced at 500 li to create five zones. Beginning at the center, Royal Domain (500 x 500 li), Noble Domain, Domain of Peace-Securing, Domain of Restraint, and Wild Domain. Outside the fifth zone, the barbarian tribes lived.[5] The Xia and early Shang palace was a miniature diagram of this cosmos. It had a traditional Longshan square shape oriented strictly north-south since qi flows that direction. This square was further subdivided into nine parts based on the now ancient nine-in-one square, which had become a prosperity symbol. A rectilinear walled settlement for servants and craftsmen formed around this palace.
The nine-in-one square was transformed into the Holy Field symbol, sometime during the Shang Dynasty. In a myth the founder of the Xia Dynasty, Yu the Great, received the Holy Field symbol from a magical turtle sent by heaven. Its importance cannot be underestimated as it is the geometric basis of ancient Chinese architecture, urban planning, and geography. By the time of the Xia Dynasty, the nine-in-one square territory of earth was divided into nine states (九州; Jiǔzhōu).
Although an important stage in urbanization, Erlitou was not a true city. It was a palace complex surrounded by an oversized Neolithic village. During the Bronze Age, expensive bronze artifacts belonged exclusively to the aristocracy, and the peasants still lived at a neolithic level of development. There was a succession of these palatial du capitals during the Xia and into the Early Shang Dynasties. Each successive capital had a higher level of development until the Late Shang capital Yin. Yin was the first true city and represented the culmination of Longshan Culture. The design of the palace at Yin was copied by the Zhou Dynasty to create the palace at Zhouyuan, which consolidated all the addition and experimentation of Yin over centuries. Although a copy, Zhouyuan was innovative for its high level of planning. This feature of Zhou urbanism would later be implemented on a national scale. Politically, the Zhou tribe, a vassal of the Shang dynasty, moved through a series of three capitals, Fan, Bo, and Shen, before settling at their ancestral capital, Zhouyuan on the Weishui River.
Iron Age urbanization[edit]
As China moved into the Iron Age the control of the Zhou over their empire dissolved into multiple states. This period, called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, was a time of great urbanization in China. Chengzhou became the political capital of the Eastern Zhou in 510 BC (its fortification tripled in width). The cities lost the rank to size hierarchy imposed by Zhou authority and grew according to their economic and military functions. This period, although politically chaotic, was a great period of urbanization and experimentation with architecture and urban planning.
Along with the growth of cities there was a parallel growth of urban society; independent merchants, artisans, scholars, and the like all emerged as a new social class at this time. In addition to the growth in the Yellow River Valley, the Yangtze River Valley began to urbanize under the cultural model of the Zhou Dynasty. The cities of states such as Wu, Yue, Chu, and Shu had regional variations. By the time of the Qin Dynasty conquest there was a great diversity of wealthy cities across China, excluding the Lingnan region.
The city marketplace with tower was a new feature of this era that marked the beginning of an integrated economic function of cities. The architecture of the warring states featured high walls, large gates, and towers. The development of the tower as a symbol of power and social order especially defined this era. The tower usually projected outward at the top to create an image of strength and intimidation. The new marketplace was always overlooked by a tower.
[show]Capitals of China (3000-700 BC)[5]
rank
pinyin
Chinese
date
size
population
location
dynasty
note
1 Chéngzǐyá 城子崖 2500-256 BC 20 ha 10,000 36°44′09″N 117°21′15″E / 36.7358°N 117.35415°E / 36.7358; 117.35415 (Chéngzǐyá) PreDynastic (Longshan) none
2 Táosì 陶寺 2300-1900 BC 3 ha ? 35°53′48″N 111°29′46″E / 35.896667°N 111.496111°E / 35.896667; 111.496111 (Táosì) PreDynastic (Longshan) none
4 Yángchéng 陽城 2188-2146 BC 30 ha ? Wangchenggang site in Gaocheng township Dengfeng County, Henan 34°23′47″N 113°08′01″E / 34.396488°N 113.133596°E / 34.396488; 113.133596 (Yángchéng) Xia also: Ji
5 Dìqiū 帝丘 2146 BC ? ha ? Puyang, Henan Xia also: Shangqiu (predynastic Shang Capital)
6 Yuán 原 2079-2057 BC ? ha ? Jiyuan, Henan Xia none
7 Lǎoqiū 老丘 2057-1900 BC ? ha ? Kaifeng, Henan Xia none
8 Xīhé 西河 1900-1879 BC ? ha ? Tangyin, Henan Xia also: Bi
9 Ānyì 安邑 ? BC ? ha ? Xiaxian, Shanxi Xia also: Xiayi
10 Píngyáng 平陽 ? BC ? ha ? Linfe, Shanxi Xia none
11 Zhēnxún 斟鄩 2100-1500 BC 300 ha ? Erlitou, Henan 34°42′06″N 112°41′49″E / 34.701759°N 112.697079°E / 34.701759; 112.697079 (Zhēnxún) Xia also: Erlitou(Chinese:二里頭村; Pinyin: Èrlǐtóu)
12 Jìnyáng 晉陽 ? BC ? ha ? Taiyuan, Shanxi Xia none
13 Xībó 西亳 1766-1552 BC 20 ha ? Shixianggou Township, Yanshi County, Luoyang Prefecture, Henan 34°42′58″N 112°45′47″E / 34.716106°N 112.763191°E / 34.716106; 112.763191 (Xībó) Shang also: Bo of Tang, Yanshi, Honan
14 Áo 隞 1562-1549 BC 400 ha ? Zhengzhou, Henan 34°44′56″N 113°41′02″E / 34.748968°N 113.683774°E / 34.748968; 113.683774 (Áo) Shang also: Xiao
15 Xiāng 相 1534-1525 BC ? ha ? Neihuang, Henan Shang none
16 Geng 邢 1525-1506 BC ? ha ? Xingta, Hebei Shang also: Xiang
17 Bì 庇 1510-1420 BC ? ha ? Yuncheng, Shandong Shang none
18 Yǎn 奄 1321 BC ? ha ? Qufu, Shandong Shang none
19 Yīn 殷 1299-1050 BC 300 ha ? Anyang, Shaanxi 36°07′17″N 114°19′01″E / 36.12139°N 114.31694°E / 36.12139; 114.31694 (Yīn) Shang also: Beimeng
20 Zhōuyuán 周原 1158-771 BC ? ha ? Xian, Shanxi 34°29′51″N 107°50′34″E / 34.497520°N 107.842903°E / 34.497520; 107.842903 (Zhōuyuán) Zhou destroyed by Rong tribe
21 Fēng-Hǎo 豐鎬 1066-1036 BC ? ha ? Xian, Shanxi 34°15′01″N 108°45′05″E / 34.250241°N 108.751428°E / 34.250241; 108.751428 (Fēng-Hǎo) Zhou also: Zongzhou (宗周)
22 Chéngzhōu 成周 1036-1021 BC ? ha ? Luoyang, Henan 34°43′00″N 112°37′12″E / 34.716592°N 112.620086°E / 34.716592; 112.620086 (Chéngzhōu) Zhou post-dynastyic capitals: Zhou Ge, Bo, Gu, and Yidu
23 Wángchéng 王城 1021-771 BC ? ha ? Luoyang, Henan 34°40′03″N 112°25′04″E / 34.667484°N 112.417719°E / 34.667484; 112.417719 (Wángchéng) Zhou also:Luoyi (洛邑)
Classical Standard[edit]
The Holy Field Symbol
4 9 2
3 5 7
8 1 6
original diagram modern notation
During the Warring States and Han, the beginnings of a classical textual tradition of city planning developed. Although there is little direct evidence that any classical text exerted an important influence on urban design until the late imperial period, the texts themselves have a much longer history. While some important literary evidence concerning Zhou urban construction can be found in the Classic of Poetry and the Book of Documents, during the Han dynasty a text emerged that would later become the locus classicus of the ideal imperial capital.
Plan of Chengzhou (supergrid in red)
This text, The Artificer’s Record, is a description of craftsmen’s techniques that includes two sections on city construction. It is a late addition to the Rites of Zhou (Zhouli 周禮) one of three ritual classics canonized during the Han. The Rites of Zhou is a blueprint for governmental administration divided into six offices representing Heaven, Earth, and each of the four seasons. The section for the Offices of Winter, a bureau charged with the oversight of public works, was lost sometime before or during the Qin to Han transition. During the Western Han, The Artificer’s Record was added as a replacement.
The first section on urban construction in The Artificer’s Record describes ancient techniques for siting a city, including methods for precisely orienting the site to the cardinal directions and determining the levelness of the land. The second section describes the basic the features of the ideal capital city:
“The carpenters construct the capital city, which is a square of nine li on each side. On each side there are three gates. Within the city there are nine north-south and nine east-west roads; the north-south roads are as wide as nine carriages side by side. The ancestral temple of the ruling house is to the left of the palace, the temple to god of the soil is to the right. The palace faces the court in front and the market is behind it. The court and the market are both one fu in area.”[6]
This section goes on to describe the structure and dimensions of important buildings (as well as their historical precedents), and the heights of the towers surmounting the palace, inner city wall, and outer city wall.
There are several cosmologically significant features of this basic urban outline, including cardinal orientation, square shape, (implied) centrality of the ruler’s palace, grid structure, and the prominence of the number nine. The nine-by-nine grid has led some scholars to suggest that the plan is based on the cosmological belief that the Earth is a square divided into nine sections. This structure is reproduced by the magic square, a tool for divination.
Although the “Kaogongji” does not explicitly identify this model with any historical city, it has been traditionally associated with Chengzhou, a city built by the Duke of Zhou soon after the Zhou conquest of the Shang. The “Proclamation at Luo,” a chapter of the Book of Documents, describes how the Duke of Zhou traveled to Luo (near the site of present-day Luoyang) to establish a secondary capital for the new Zhou dynasty, further solidify the Zhou receipt of the Mandate of Heaven, and relocate the former subjects of the defeated Shang.
Imperial Era[edit]
The imperial era of urban planning was marked by an attempt to extend imperial authority uniformly across China by creating an economic and political urban hierarchy. In the Han, this integration was imagined as the resurrection of an idealized memory of the golden age of the Zhou dynasty. Each province was divided into prefectures and each prefecture into counties. The network of imperial administrative cities was overlaid on an existing network of unwalled villages and townships. One county therefore ruled over several townships and many more villages. At the apex of this administrative hierarchy was a new creation, the imperial capital.
Formation[edit]
Historically, the cities of the Seven Warring States were combined into one unified regional system under the Qin Dynasty unification of China. Also under the Qin dynasty Chengzhou lost its status and was renamed Luoyang in 236 BC. The Qin dynasty destroyed most of the Eastern Zhou urbanization to concentrate its collected wealth at the capital Xianyang. Colonization of the Lingnan and Ordos regions began at this time, using a modified version of the Zhou classical standard of urban design. The Qin created a national system of military garrisons on a three-tier administrative hierarchy as a practical measure to control the population according to strict legalistic principles. The Qin soon lost power in a revolt and were replaced by the Han dynasty, who continued many aspects the Qin system of imperial administration, including its system of laws.
At its inception the Han dynasty was immediately faced with the task of rebuilding the urban infrastructure which had been destroyed by Qin dynasty purges and the war of succession after its downfall. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Gaozu, the Han founder, initially desired to establish the new capital at Luoyang, the former site of Chengzhou, in order to associate the Han with the illustrious early Zhou. However, it was ultimately decided that the new capital, Chang'an, should be built near the old Qin capital at Xianyang.
The County[edit]
During the Han Dynasty official administration extended only to the county level. The county (县; xiàn) was the primary unit of government control which harnessed the productive power of the villages in its area of control to concentrate wealth. The county was thus a city-state in function with two parts; a walled settlement 1×1li at the geographical center of territory. The city had no name of its own, it was named by adding the suffix -cheng to the county's name. The territory of the county was divided into districts called townships (乡; xiāng) which were subdivided into villages (村; cūn). Villages generally had a population of 100. Currently the village level is the lowest level of administration in China. These local units, counties, were collected in groups of 8-10 called prefectures, and the prefectures were gathered in groups of 12-16 to form provinces. Economically, the county was a market for productive countryside, which consisted not only of agriculture, but also townships and villages of people to work the land and produce goods by cottage industry. The county extended military control over a segment of this productive matrix and was the entry point for goods to channel upward to the Imperial City. There were approximately 1500 counties in China proper. This economic structure was later modified by commercial towns in the Middle Ages.
A county was controlled by a magistrate in a walled complex in the walled county center. He was responsible for tax collection, justice, postal service, police, granaries, salt stores, social welfare, education, and religious ceremony. The magistrate's complex (yamen) was sited at the center of this the city at the point where the main east-west street crossed the main north-south street. The main entrance was in the south and axially aligned along the main north south street connecting to the south gate of the walls. Two arches on the east west street marked the entry forming a small plaza. The south side of the plaza was a dragon wall and the north was the main gate of the compound. This gate lead to a courtyard passing through this courtyard to another gate, called the gate of righteousness, lead to the main courtyard of the complex. The north side of this courtyard was the central hall where the magistrate worked the two side halls contained the six offices. Behind the central hall was another courtyard and hall where the magistrate met with higher-ranking officials. The three courtyard compound formed the center of the complex to the east west of it were other halls, offices, granaries, stables, libraries, official residences, and prisons.
Imperial city[edit]
The imperial capital was meant to exist outside of any one region, even the one it was physically located in. To achieve this it used a text based plan, a cult of heaven, forced migration, and symbolization of the city as the Emperor. The evolution of the imperial capital occurred in three stages, first the super-regional capital on Xianyang, followed by the semi-regional and semi-textual capital of Chang'an, and finally fully realized in the fully textual capital of Luoyang. The capital city of the Western Han Dynasty, Chang'an, was built to exceed its predecessor, Xianyang. Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, would in turn become the model of all future imperial cities.
As the empire was divided into counties prefectures and provinces
[hide]Summary of Regional and Urban Economic Hierarchy
Economic Rank
Urban
Rural
1. Regional City capital pinyin hanzi Nation pinyin hanzi
2. Local City provincial capital jīng 京 province zhōu 州
3. Central Market city shì 市 prefecture jùn 郡
4. Middle Market district fāng 坊 county xiān 县
5. Standard Market subdistrict pái 牌 township xiāng 乡
6. Commune neighborhood hútòng 胡同 village cūn 村
7. Household block qū 区 compound sì-hé-yuàn 四合院
Neoclassical Standard[edit]
It is uncertain to what extent the planners of early and medieval Chinese cities consciously took the "Kaogongji" as a model. Very little textual evidence preserves the motives and debates surrounding the construction of China's great pre-modern capitals. However, during the Ming (1346-1644) there was a close formal correspondence between the capital at Beijing and the "Kaogongji" model.[7]
See also[edit]
Chinese city wall
Chinese units of measurement
History of the administrative divisions of China
Paifang
Chinese urban planning
China Historical Geographic Information System
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Pankenier, 1995
^ Jump up to: a b Schinz, 1996
Jump up ^ Nelson, 2009
Jump up ^ Kostof, 2001
^ Jump up to: a b Schintz, 1996
Jump up ^ Additional translations may be found in Steinhardt (1999) and Wheatley (1971).
Jump up ^ Steinhardt (1999)
References[edit]
Bai, Yunxiang (2003-05-23). "On the Early City and the Beginning of the State in Ancient China". Bureau of International Cooperation, Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan Academic Affairs Office. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
Elman, Benjamin (2010). Statecraft and classical learning : the Rituals of Zhou in East Asian history. Leiden Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004180918.
He, Congrong (December 18, 2007). "Chapter 2 Architecture of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties and Spring and Autumn Period". CORE OCW. Archived from the original on November 10, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Kostof, Spiro (1999). The city shaped : urban patterns and meanings through history. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0821220160.
Lewis, Mark Edward (2006). The construction of space in early China; SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture. SUNY Press. p. 498. ISBN 0-7914-6607-8.
Li, Liu (2004). The Chinese neolithic: trajectories to early states. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 0-521-81184-8. [dead link]
Needham, Joseph (1959). Science and Civilisation in China; Volume 3 of Mathematics & the Sciences of the Heavens & the Earth. Cambridge University Press. p. 926. ISBN 0-521-05801-5.
Nylan, Michael (2001). The five "confucian" classics. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300081855.
Nylan, Michael; Vankeerberghen, Griet (2015). Chang'an 26 BCE : an Augustan Age in China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295994055.
Pankenier, David W (1995). "The Cosmo-Political Background of Heaven's Mandate". Early China. 20: 121–176.
Schinz, Alfred (1996). The magic square: cities in ancient China. Edition Axel Menges. p. 428. ISBN 3-930698-02-1.
Sima, Qian (1993). Records of the grand historian. Hong Kong New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231081658.
Steinhardt, Nancy (1999). Chinese Imperial City Planning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824821968.
Wheatley, Paul (1971). The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0852241745.
Wright, Arthur F. (1977). The Cosmology of the Chinese City. In Skinner, William G. The City in Late Imperial China (33-75). Taibei: SMC Publishing. ISBN 978-0804708920.
External links[edit]
The Herbert Offen Research Collection of the Phillips Library at the Peabody Essex Museum
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Territorial evolution of Canada
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The Dominion of Canada was formed on July 1, 1867, when the British colonies of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were merged to form a single Dominion within the British Empire. Canada continued to expand across North America as other British colonies and territories joined with or were ceded to Canada, eventually growing from four provinces to ten provinces and three territories. Politically, Canada gained increasing independence in the 20th century, eventually becoming a fully sovereign state in 1982.
Contents
[hide]
1 Timeline
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Timeline[edit]
Date
Event
Change
July 1, 1867 The Dominion of Canada was formed by the United Kingdom from three provinces of British North America:[1]
The United Province of Canada, which was split at the Ottawa River into the provinces of Ontario and Quebec
The Province of New Brunswick
The Province of Nova Scotia
The capital was established at Ottawa.
Canada inherited territorial disputes with the United States over Machias Seal Island and North Rock.

Disputes:
July 15, 1870 The United Kingdom transferred most of its remaining land in North America to Canada, with Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory becoming the North-West Territories. Rupert's Land was transferred to Canada in 1869,[2] but the transfer was only consummated in 1870 when £300,000 was paid to the Hudson's Bay Company.[3] Due to a lack of quality surveying, a boundary dispute with the United States existed in the far southwestern corner of the transferred region.[4] Canada disagreed with the United Kingdom over the extent of Labrador that remained with Newfoundland Colony, citing the historical use of the term "Coasts of Labrador."
An area of the newly acquired region near the city of Winnipeg, bounded by the 96th and 99th meridians west, 50°30′ north, and the United States, was made the province of Manitoba.[5]

Disputes:
July 20, 1871 The British colony of British Columbia joined Canada as the sixth province.[6] The province brought along its dispute with the United States over the San Juan Islands,[7] as well as its portion of the Alaska boundary dispute.[4]

Disputes:
October 21, 1872 The dispute with the United States over the San Juan Islands was resolved in favor of the United States claim.[7]

Disputes:
July 1, 1873 The British colony of Prince Edward Island joined Canada as the seventh province, Prince Edward Island.[8]
June 26, 1874 The borders of Ontario were provisionally expanded north and west. When the Province of Canada was formed, its borders were not entirely clear, and Ontario claimed to eventually reach all the way to the Rocky Mountains and Arctic Ocean. With Canada's acquisition of Rupert's Land, Ontario was interested in clearly defining its borders, especially since some of the new areas it was interested in were rapidly growing. After the federal government asked Ontario to pay for construction in the new disputed area, the province asked for an elaboration on its limits, and its boundary was moved north to the 51st parallel north, and west to a line running north from Hunter's Island.[9]
October 7, 1876 The District of Keewatin was created from a central strip of the North-West Territories to provide government for the growing area north of Manitoba and west of Ontario; while the North-West Territories consisted of several districts, Keewatin had an elevated status and many sources note it distinct from the rest of the North-West Territories. It was defined as the mainland area west of Ontario and Hudson Bay; east of Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Cedar Lake, and a line north from Cedar Lake; and north of the United States.[10][11]
September 1, 1880 The United Kingdom transferred its Arctic Islands to Canada, where they were made part of the North-West Territories.[12] The archipelago was still being explored and new islands discovered, but the United Kingdom and Canada had claimed the whole archipelago, so new discoveries are not noted unless disputed.
December 23, 1881 Manitoba was expanded, gaining land from the District of Keewatin and North-West Territories to the west, north, and east. Since the province's new eastern border was defined as the "western boundary of Ontario", the exact definition of which was still unclear, Ontario disputed a portion of the new region.[13][14][15]
May 7, 1886 The southwestern border of the District of Keewatin was adjusted to conform to the boundaries of the provisional districts of the North-West Territories, returning land west of the Nelson River and Lake Winnipeg, and south of a line extending east from the northern border of the District of Saskatchewan, to the North-West Territories.[16]
August 12, 1889 The dispute between Manitoba and Ontario ended as Ontario's borders were finalized, extending the province west to the Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River.[17]
October 2, 1895 The District of Keewatin was expanded to the portion of the North-West Territories north of Ontario.[18][19]
December 18, 1897 Southampton Island, Coats Island, Akimiski Island, and other islands were transferred from the North-West Territories to the District of Keewatin, and some mainland peninsulas were transferred from the District of Keewatin to the North-West Territories.[20][21]
June 13, 1898 Yukon Territory was created from the District of Yukon in the northwestern part of the North-West Territories to supply a more local government to the explosive growth in population due to the Klondike Gold Rush. Quebec was enlarged north to the Eastmain River.[22]
May 23, 1901 The eastern border of Yukon Territory was adjusted to the Peel River, so that the borders would not cross a watershed, and also to include some more islands, thus exchanging some area with the North-West Territories.[23]
October 20, 1903 The Alaska boundary dispute was resolved, generally in favor of the United States claim.[4]

Disputes:
September 1, 1905 The provinces of Alberta (act) and Saskatchewan (act) were created from the North-West Territories. The provinces consisted of the area between British Columbia, Manitoba, the 60th parallel north, and the United States, with Alberta west of the 4th meridian of the Dominion Land Survey and Saskatchewan east of it. The status of the District of Keewatin was lowered back to the other districts of the North-West Territories.[24][25][26][27][28][29]
1906 The North-West Territories were renamed the Northwest Territories.[30][31]
September 26, 1907 The Newfoundland Colony became a dominion of the United Kingdom, inheriting the Labrador boundary dispute. Disputes:
April 11, 1908 A boundary treaty redefined the maritime border with the United States.[32] Among other changes, this "de-enclaved" Horseshoe Reef in Lake Erie by making the water around it contiguous with the water on the American side of the border.[33][34] no change to map
August 20, 1910 A boundary treaty with the United States addressed a slight uncertainty in the maritime border in Passamaquoddy Bay between New Brunswick and the United States.[35][36] The border was adjusted to run east of Pope's Folly Island, which previously lay on the border line, and had been the subject of some debate for many years.[37][38]
May 15, 1912 Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec (act) were all expanded northward into land from the Northwest Territories.[30] Quebec was expanded north to fill the mainland, Manitoba extended north to the 60th parallel north, and the new border between Manitoba and Ontario ran northeast from the previous northeastern corner of Manitoba.[39]
June 1, 1925 The maritime boundaries of the Northwest Territories were extended to the North Pole.[30] no change to map
July 17, 1925 The border with the United States was adjusted in several places.[40][41] The only change to a land border redefined how the border between the Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains should be considered; previously, the border followed the curve of the parallel between each border monument, while the treaty changed this to straight lines between each monument. Through this, the United States netted a gain of between 30 and 35 acres of land. Due to the extremely small shift, the lack of specific documentation of where the changes occurred, and the lack of any human impact, this change is not mapped. There was also a change to the border in the Lake of the Woods; due to inaccurate surveying, the previous border intersected itself several times in the lake, creating enclaves of United States water surrounded by Canadian water. The treaty changed the border to use the southernmost intersection as the northwestern point of the Lake of the Woods. Finally, the maritime border in the Bay of Fundy was adjusted, netting Canada roughly 9 acres of water. too small to map
March 11, 1927 The Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council decided the Labrador boundary dispute with the Dominion of Newfoundland in favour of Newfoundland.[42] Quebec has occasionally indicated it does not recognize this border, but has not actively disputed the matter.[43]

Disputes:
November 11, 1930 Norway ceded its long-dormant claim to the Sverdrup Islands to Canada, in exchange for British recognition of Norway's sovereignty over Jan Mayen. Disputes:
December 11, 1931 The Statute of Westminster 1931 largely grants Canada independence from the United Kingdom. no change to map
March 31, 1949 The Dominion of Newfoundland joined as the tenth province, Newfoundland.[44][45][46]
March 13, 1974 The maritime border with Denmark was defined, notably "skipping" Hans Island which lies directly between Ellesmere Island and Greenland, and which is technically on neither side of the border.[47] no change to map
March 1, 1977 The United States claimed maritime borders west of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, within the Dixon Entrance, and in the Beaufort Sea that conflicted with claims of Canada.[48] no change to map
April 17, 1982 The Constitution Act, 1982, via the Canada Act 1982, makes Canada completely independent of the United Kingdom, removing the requirement to involve the British parliament in amending the Canadian constitution. no change to map
October 12, 1984 The International Court of Justice decided the maritime border with the United States in the Gulf of Maine.[49] No land changed hands, and the scope of the case did not include the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island.[48] no change to map
April 1, 1999 The territory of Nunavut was created from roughly the eastern half of the Northwest Territories.[50][51]
December 6, 2001 The province of Newfoundland was renamed Newfoundland and Labrador.[52]
April 1, 2003 Yukon Territory was renamed Yukon.[53]
See also[edit]
History of Canada portal
North America portal
Book: Canada
Former colonies and territories in Canada
List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States
List of Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
List of French forts in North America
Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
Territorial claims in the Arctic
Territorial evolution of North America since 1763
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitution Act, 1867. Wikisource. March 29, 1867.
Jump up ^ Rupert's Land Act, 1868. Wikisource. July 31, 1868.
Jump up ^ Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order. Wikisource. June 23, 1870.
^ Jump up to: a b c Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 32. OCLC 69426475.
Jump up ^ Manitoba Act, 1870. Wikisource. May 12, 1870.
Jump up ^ British Columbia Terms of Union. Wikisource. May 16, 1871.
^ Jump up to: a b Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 18. OCLC 69426475.
Jump up ^ Prince Edward Island Terms of Union. Wikisource. June 26, 1873.
Jump up ^ Mills, David (1877). Report on the Boundaries of the Province of Ontario. Toronto: Hunter, Rose & Co. p. 347.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Normal L. (1979). The Boundaries of the Canadian Confederation. Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd. p. 113.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1876". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adjacent Territories Order. Wikisource. July 31, 1880.
Jump up ^ "Manitoba's Boundaries". Association of Manitoba Land Surveyors. Archived from the original on July 22, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1881". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Canada (3 August 1881). "Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada". Brown Chamberlin, Law Printer to the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Canada; Bligh, Harris Harding (3 August 1889). "The Consolidated Orders in Council of Canada: Under the Authority and Direction of His Excellency the Governor-general in Council". B. Chamberlain – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act 1889. Wikisource. August 12, 1889.
Jump up ^ Keltie, J. Scott, ed. (1899). The Statesman's Year-Book. London: MacMillan & Co. p. 223.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1895". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1897". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Extract from Order in Council (Dominion) of the 18th December, 1897, Establishing Provisional Districts in the Unorganized Portions of Canada (PDF). The Labrador Boundary Dispute Documents (Report). Volume VIII. pp. 4012–4013. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Yukon Territory Act. Wikisource. June 13, 1898.
Jump up ^ Yukon Territory Act, S.C. 1901, c. 41, s. 14
Jump up ^ Alberta Act. Wikisource. July 20, 1905.
Jump up ^ Saskatchewan Act. Wikisource. July 20, 1905.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Malcolm M.; Tanner, Richard W. (April 1977). "Canada's Prime Meridian". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Toronto. 71: 204. Bibcode:1977JRASC..71..204T.
Jump up ^ Widdis, Randy (2006). "49th Parallel". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Lewry, Marilyn (2006). "Boundary surveys". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. Retrieved January 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1905". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History of the Name of the Northwest Territories". Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ c.62, RSC 1906
Jump up ^ Van Zandt, Franklin K. (1976). Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 18–20. OCLC 69426475.
Jump up ^ Treaty between the United States of America and the United Kingdom Concerning the Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, signed April 11, 1908; accessed June 30, 2015
Jump up ^ International Boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, Sheet No. 12 – Niagara River (Map). Buffalo, New York: International Waterways Commission. August 15, 1913. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
Jump up ^ 36 Stat. 2477
Jump up ^ Van Zandt, p. 20
Jump up ^ "Who Owns Pope's Folly Island?". The New York Times. June 20, 1893. Retrieved May 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Link to a download for the United States Geological Survey map of the Eastport Quadrangle from 1907: [1]
Jump up ^ "Ontario Boundaries Extension Act".
Jump up ^ "Treaty Between Canada and the United States of America to define more accurately and to complete the International Boundary between the two Countries" (PDF). February 24, 1925. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Van Zandt, pp. 21–22
Jump up ^ "Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary". Quebec – National Assembly – First Session, 34th Legislature. October 17, 1991. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Henri Dorion debunks the Ten Great Myths about the Labrador boundary". Quebec National Assembly, First Session, 34th Legislature. October 17, 1991. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ Newfoundland Act. Wikisource. March 23, 1949.
Jump up ^ Webb, Jeff A. (March 2008). "The Commission of Government, 1934-1949". Heritage: Newfoundland & Labrador. Memorial University of Newfoundland and the C.R.B. Foundation. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1949". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Agreement relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf between Greenland and Canada (with annexes); signed December 17, 1973; United Nations Treaty Series 13550" (PDF). Retrieved May 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gray, David H. (Autumn 1997). "Canada's Unresolved Maritime Boundaries" (PDF). IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin. pp. 61–67. Retrieved 2015-03-21.
Jump up ^ Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada v. United States), accessed June 30, 2015
Jump up ^ "Nunavut Act". Government of Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Territorial Evolution, 1999". GeoGratis. Natural Resources Canada. January 8, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Constitution Amendment, 2001 (Newfoundland and Labrador)". Government of Canada. December 6, 2001. Archived from the original on August 31, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yukon Territory name change to Yukon" (PDF). Library and Archives Canada. April 1, 2003. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Main article: Bibliography of Canada
"Territorial Evolution". The Atlas of Canada. Natural Resources Canada. June 3, 2015.
Hayes, Derek (2002). Historical Atlas of Canada. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55054-918-9.
Matthews, Geoffrey J (1987). Historical atlas of Canada, Volume 1. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-2495-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Territorial evolution of Canada.
Maps: 1667-1999 - Library and Archives Canada
Territorial Evolution, 1670-2001 - Historical Atlas of Canada
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Replay (Iyaz song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Replay"
Single by Iyaz
from the album Replay
Released
July 7, 2009[1]
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2009
Genre
Electro-R&B, reggae fusion
Length
3:01
Label
T.I.M.E., Beluga Heights, Reprise Records, Asylum, Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Sean Kingston, Theron Thomas, Timothy Thomas, Keidran Jones, Jonathan Rotem, Jason Derulo
Producer(s)
J.R. Rotem
Iyaz singles chronology
"Replay"
(2009) "Solo"
(2010)
"Replay"
(2009) "Solo"
(2010)
Audio sample
file
help
"Replay" is the debut single from British Virgin Islands recording artist Iyaz. It is the first single released from his debut album of the same name, which was released on 8 June 2009.
The single entered at the top of the UK Singles Chart, where it remained for three weeks until it was knocked off the summit by "Fireflies" by Owl City. Internationally, the single also topped the charts in Australia, Israel and Switzerland and peaked within the top ten of the charts in many countries, including Finland, France and the United States. The combined figure of the official music video and prequel video on YouTube is currently around 180 million views.
Contents
[hide]
1 Song information
2 Music video
3 Remixes
4 Cover Versions
5 Track list
6 Chart performance
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Song information[edit]
Iyaz co-wrote "Replay" with fellow singers and labelmates Sean Kingston (left) and Jason Derulo (right).
Beluga Heights label-mates Sean Kingston, Jason Derülo, and Iyaz himself all co-wrote the song together, along with label owner J.R. Rotem and songwriting duo Planet VI (known as Rock City at the time). Rotem also produced the track and credits himself at the beginning of the song via his signature "J-J-J-J-J.R." sample. The remix version with Flo Rida however, says, "BELUGA HEIGHTS" like in Jason Derülo's second single, "In My Head". Also, this is the second song that Jason Derülo, Kingston, and Rotem have co-written together, the first being Derülo's own debut single, "Whatcha Say".
Music video[edit]
The official music video features Iyaz wearing headphones and listening to music on a beach. Other various scenes feature Iyaz singing with a background of the British Virgin Islands' flag, and partying on the beach during the night. The video was directed by Rock Jacobs. A prequel video was also filmed that features the full-length beach scenes with Iyaz and his love interest.
Remixes[edit]
"Replay" (Official Remix) (featuring Flo Rida)
"Replay" (Official Remix #2) (featuring Sean Kingston, Nipsey Hussle, Bizzy Bone, & Rock City)
"Replay" (DJ Suketu's Call To Dhol Mix)(remixed by DJ Suketu featuring Sagar Dhote)
Cover Versions[edit]
In 2011, Indie Pop duo He Is We covered the song for the Destiny Worldwide Records compilation Rockin' Romance 2.
In 2017 the Norwegian producer duo Davai released an EDM-inspired cover version, with new vocals by Cire[2]. The song reached #16 on the Norwegian singles chart[3].
Track list[edit]
Replay - Promo CD
"Replay (Jason Nevins Club Mix)"
"Replay (Donni Hotwheel Club Mix)"
"Replay (Ruff Loadez Club Mix)"
"Replay (Remix featuring Flo Rida)"
"Replay (Album Version)"
Chart performance[edit]
The song debuted in the UK at number one on 10 January 2010, selling over 106,000 copies in its first week, the highest sale for any new year release since Michelle McManus sold 118,000 copies of "All This Time" in the equivalent week in January 2004.[4] It is also the first number-one single of the 2010s (not counting Lady Gaga's "Bad Romance" which also reached number-one in 2009). After two weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart and six weeks at the top of the UK R&B Chart, "Replay" was succeeded by Owl City's "Fireflies" and Rihanna's "Rude Boy", respectively. It was the first song released in 2010 in the UK to be certified Gold with sales in excess of 400,000.[5] In June 2010, it was announced that "Replay" was the third highest selling single of the year in the UK at that point.
In the US, "Replay" managed to reach the number two spot on the Hot 100 for one week, behind only Kesha's "Tik Tok". As of December 2012, Replay has sold over 4 million digital copies.[6]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2009–10)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[7] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[9] 3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[10] 6
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[11] 5
Denmark (Tracklisten)[12] 20
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[13] 2
Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[14] 6
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[15] 7
France (SNEP)[16] 7
French Digital Singles Chart[17] 3
Germany (Official German Charts)[18] 7
Ireland (IRMA)[19] 2
Israel (Media Forest)[20] 1
Italy (FIMI)[21] 4
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22] 2
Norway (VG-lista)[23] 12
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[24] 1
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[25] 24
Spanish Airplay Chart[26] 6
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[27] 23
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[28] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[29] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[30] 2
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[31] 26
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32] 1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[33] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2009)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[34] 83
Chart (2010)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[35] 15
Canadian Hot 100[36] 32
Dutch Singles Chart[37] 49
European Hot 100 Singles [38] 19
Germany (Media Control AG) 47
Italian Singles Chart[39] 24
Romanian Top 100 [40] 51
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[41] 18
US Billboard Hot 100 25
US Billboard Pop Songs 22
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[42]
3× Platinum 210,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[43]
Gold 15,000*
Belgium (BEA)[44]
Gold 15,000*
Germany (BVMI)[45]
Gold 150,000^
Italy (FIMI)[46]
Platinum 30,000*
Japan (RIAJ)[47]
Gold 100,000^
New Zealand (RMNZ)[48]
Platinum 15,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[49]
Platinum 600,000
United States (RIAA)[50]
3× Platinum 3,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of Mainstream Top 40 number-one hits of 2009 (U.S.)
List of number-one singles from the 2010s (UK)
List of number-one R&B hits of 2010 (UK)
List of number-one singles in Australia in 2010
List of number-one hits of 2010 (Switzerland)
List of Billboard Rhythmic number-one songs of the 2010s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Music - - Singles Release Diary - Digital Spy
Jump up ^ "YOUR EDM PREMIERE: DAVAÏ – REPLAY (FEAT. CIRE) [EPIC OSLO]". Your EDM.
Jump up ^ "VG-lista Week 38 2017". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Music Week". Music Week.
Jump up ^ Paul Grein (28 December 2012). "Week Ending Dec. 23, 2012. Songs: Phillips Makes Idol History". Chart Watch. Yahoo Music. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Iyaz – Replay". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Iyaz – Replay" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Iyaz – Replay" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Iyaz – Replay" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Iyaz – Replay". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Iyaz" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz – Chart history" European Hot 100 for Iyaz.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz: Replay" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Iyaz – Replay" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "French Download Single Top 50 - 20 February 2010" (in French). Lescharts. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Iyaz Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 03, 2010". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz – Replay Media Forest". Israeli Airplay Chart. Media Forest.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Iyaz – Replay". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Iyaz – Replay". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Iyaz – Replay". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Iyaz – Replay" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Promusicae (Week: January 1, 2010)" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Iyaz – Replay". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Iyaz – Replay". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Iyaz Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Year End Charts - Year-end songs - The Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – End Of Year Charts – Top 100 Singles 2010". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved 2011-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Charts Year End: Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
Jump up ^ "dutchcharts.nl - Dutch charts portal". dutchcharts.nl (in Dutch). Hung Medien / hitparade.ch. Retrieved 2011-01-03.
Jump up ^ "European Hot 100 Singles: 2010 Year-End Charts - Billboard". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "FIMI - Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana - Ricerche e dati di mercato". Fimi.it. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
Jump up ^ "Topul celor mai difuzate piese în România în 2010" (in Romanian). România Liberă. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "2010 Year-end UK Singles". BBC (BBC Online). 26 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-12-26.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2010 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Iyaz – Replay" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved November 5, 2014. Enter Iyaz in the field Interpret. Enter Replay in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2010". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Iyaz; 'Replay')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Iyaz – Replay" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Single Certification List - January 2014" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Iyaz – Replay". Recorded Music NZ.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Iyaz – Replay". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved July 22, 2013. Enter Replay in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Iyaz – Replay". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 25, 2010. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Iyaz
Studio albums
Replay
Aurora
Singles
"Replay"
"Solo"
"So Big"
"Pretty Girls"
"Da Da Da"
Featured singles
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
"Pyramid"
"Break My Bank"
"Gonna Get This"
"The Mack"
"Slow Motion"
Related articles
J.R. Rotem
Sean Kingston
Warner Bros. Records
Beluga Heights
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Replay_(Iyaz_song)&oldid=836493884"
Categories:
2009 singles
2010 singles
Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles
UK R&B Singles Chart number-one singles
Song recordings produced by J.R. Rotem
Songs written by J.R. Rotem
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Iyaz songs
Debut singles
Reggae fusion songs
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Songs written by Theron Thomas
Songs written by Timothy Thomas
Songs written by Jason Derulo
2009 songs
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values: Aurora (Iyaz album) (page does not exist)

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J. R. Rotem

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values: Category:Billboard Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) number-one singles

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