text:
Serial comma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Oxford comma" redirects here. For the song, see Oxford Comma (song).
In English language punctuation, a serial comma or series comma (also called an Oxford comma or a Harvard comma)[1] is a comma placed immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually and or or) in a series of three or more terms. For example, a list of three countries might be punctuated either as "France, Italy, and Spain" (with the serial comma), or as "France, Italy and Spain" (without the serial comma).[2][3][4]
Opinions among writers and editors differ on whether to use the serial comma, and usage also differs somewhat between regional varieties of English. In American English, not using a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, in contrast to a more academic or formal style. A majority of American style guides mandate use of the serial comma, including APA style,[5] The Chicago Manual of Style, The MLA Style Manual, Strunk and White's Elements of Style,[6] and the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual. In contrast, the Associated Press Stylebook advises against it. In Canada, the stylebook published by The Canadian Press advises against it. It is used less often in British English,[7] but a few British style guides require it, notably The Oxford Style Manual.[8] According to The Oxford Companion to the English Language, "Commas are used to separate items in a list or sequence … Usage varies as to the inclusion of a comma before and in the last item … This practice is controversial and is known as the serial comma or Oxford comma, because it is part of the house style of Oxford University Press."[9] Some use it only where necessary to avoid ambiguity,[10] in contrast to such guides as Garner's Modern American Usage, which advocate its routine use to avoid ambiguity.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Arguments for and against
2 Ambiguity
2.1 Resolving ambiguity
2.2 Creating ambiguity
2.3 Unresolved ambiguity
2.4 In general
3 Usage
4 Individual disputes
4.1 Maine labor dispute
5 Recommendations by style guides
5.1 Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use
5.2 Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use
5.3 Mainly British style guides opposing typical use
5.4 Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary
5.5 Mainly American style guides opposing typical use
5.6 Australian style guides opposing typical use
5.7 Canadian style guides opposing typical use
6 Other languages
7 See also
8 References
Arguments for and against[edit]
Common arguments for consistent use of the serial comma:
Use of the comma is consistent with conventional practice.[12]
It matches the spoken cadence of sentences better.[13]
It can resolve ambiguity (see examples below).[14]
Its use is consistent with other means of separating items in a list (for example, when semicolons are used to separate items, a semicolon is consistently included before the last item even when and or or is present).[15]
Its omission can suggest a stronger connection between the last two items in a series than actually exists.[16]
In order "to prevent any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one".[17][18]
Common arguments against consistent use of the serial comma:
Use of the comma is inconsistent with conventional practice.[19]
The comma may introduce ambiguity (see examples below).
It is redundant in a simple list because the and or the or is often meant to serve (by itself) to mark the logical separation between the final two items,[20] unless the final two items are not truly separate items but are two parts of a compound single item.
Where space is at a premium, the comma adds unnecessary bulk to the text.
Many sources are against both systematic use and systematic avoidance of the serial comma, making recommendations in a more nuanced way (see Usage and subsequent sections).
Ambiguity[edit]
Resolving ambiguity[edit]
The style that always uses the serial comma may be less likely to result in ambiguity. Consider this apocryphal book dedication:[21]
To my parents, Ayn Rand and God.
There is ambiguity about the writer's parentage, because "Ayn Rand and God" can be read as in apposition to my parents, leading the reader to believe that the writer claims Ayn Rand and God are the parents. A comma before and removes the ambiguity:
To my parents, Ayn Rand, and God.
But lists can also be written in other ways that eliminate the ambiguity without introducing the serial comma, such as by changing the word order or by using other punctuation, or none, to introduce or delimit them (though the emphasis may thereby be changed):
To God, Ayn Rand and my parents.
An example collected by Nielsen Hayden was found in a newspaper account of a documentary about Merle Haggard:
Among those interviewed were his two ex-wives, Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall.[22]
A serial comma following "Kris Kristofferson" would help prevent this being understood as Kris Kristofferson and Robert Duvall being the ex-wives in question.
Another example is:
My usual breakfast is coffee, bacon and eggs and toast.
It is unclear whether the eggs are being grouped with the bacon or the toast. Adding a serial comma removes this ambiguity.
Writers who normally avoid the serial comma often use one in these circumstances, although sometimes re-ordering the elements of such a list can help as well.
Creating ambiguity[edit]
In some circumstances using the serial comma can create ambiguity. If the book dedication above is changed to
To my mother, Ayn Rand, and God
the serial comma after Ayn Rand creates ambiguity about the writer's mother because it uses punctuation identical to that used for an appositive phrase, leaving it unclear whether this is a list of three entities (1, my mother; 2, Ayn Rand; and 3, God) or of only two entities (1, my mother, who is Ayn Rand; and 2, God).[23]
Unresolved ambiguity[edit]
The Times once published an unintentionally humorous description of a Peter Ustinov documentary, noting that "highlights of his global tour include encounters with Nelson Mandela, an 800-year-old demigod and a dildo collector". This would still be ambiguous if a serial comma were added, as Mandela could still be mistaken for a demigod, although he would be precluded from being a dildo collector.[24]
Or consider
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and a cook.
This is ambiguous because it is unclear whether "a maid" is an appositive describing Betty, or the second in a list of three people. On the other hand, removing the final comma:
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid and a cook.
leaves the possibility that Betty is both a maid and a cook (with "a maid and a cook" read as a unit, in apposition to Betty). So in this case neither the serial-comma style nor the no-serial-comma style resolves the ambiguity. A writer who intends a list of three distinct people (Betty, maid, cook) may create an ambiguous sentence, regardless of whether the serial comma is adopted. Furthermore, if the reader is unaware of which convention is being used, both versions are always ambiguous.
These forms (among others) would remove the ambiguity:
One person
They went to Oregon with Betty, who was a maid and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty, both a maid and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid and cook).
They went to Oregon with Betty, their maid and cook.
Two people
They went to Oregon with Betty (a maid) and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty – a maid – and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid, and with a cook.
They went to Oregon with the maid Betty and a cook.
They went to Oregon with a cook and Betty, a maid.
They went to Oregon with Betty, a maid; and a cook.
Three people
They went to Oregon with Betty, as well as a maid and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty and a maid and a cook.
They went to Oregon with Betty, one maid and a cook.
They went to Oregon with a maid, a cook, and Betty.
They went with Betty to Oregon with a maid and a cook.
In general[edit]
The list x, y and z is unambiguous if y and z cannot be read as in apposition to x.
Equally, x, y, and z is unambiguous if y cannot be read as in apposition to x.
If neither y nor y[,] and z can be read as in apposition to x, then both forms of the list are unambiguous; but if both y and y and z can be read as in apposition to x, then both forms of the list are ambiguous.
x and y and z is unambiguous if x and y and y and z cannot both be grouped.
Usage[edit]
In her style guide Eats, Shoots & Leaves, Lynne Truss writes: "There are people who embrace the Oxford comma, and people who don't, and I'll just say this: never get between these people when drink has been taken."[25]
The lack of usage of a serial comma is often characterized as a journalistic style of writing, as contrasted with a more academic or formal style.[26][27][28] Journalists typically do not use the serial comma, possibly for economy of space.[29] Various journalistic style guides (such as those published by The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, the Associated Press, The Times newspaper in the United Kingdom, and the Canadian Press) recommend against its use (see below).
A key consideration can be whether its usage (or lack of usage) within a document is consistent or not.[30] Inconsistent usage can seem unprofessional.[28]
The Chicago Manual of Style, Strunk and White's Elements of Style,[6] and the United States Government Printing Office[6] require the use of the serial comma. In Britain some authorities oppose its use, although others (especially the Oxford University Press) do recommend it.
In Australia, Canada, and South Africa, the serial comma tends not to be used in non-academic publications unless its absence produces ambiguity. The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (6th edition, 2002) recommends against it, except "to ensure clarity" (p. 102).
Individual disputes[edit]
Maine labor dispute[edit]
In the U.S. state of Maine, the lack of a serial comma became the deciding factor in a $13 million lawsuit filed in 2014 that was eventually settled for $5 million in 2017. As the U.S. appeals judge David J. Barron wrote, "For want of a comma, we have this case."[31][32][33]
In the case known as O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy,[34] a state appellate court was required to interpret a statute under which the "canning, processing, preserving, freezing, drying, marketing, storing, packing for shipment or distribution" of certain goods were activities exempted from the general requirement of overtime pay; the question was whether this list included the distribution of the goods, or only the packing of the goods for distribution. The lack of a comma suggested one meaning, while the omission of the conjunction or before "packing" and the fact that the Maine Legislative Drafting Manual advised against use of the serial comma suggested another. It said "Although authorities on punctuation may differ, when drafting Maine law or rules, don’t use a comma between the penultimate and the last item of a series."[35] In addition to the absence of a comma, the fact that the word chosen was "distribution" rather than "distributing" was also a consideration,[36] as was the question of whether it would be reasonable to consider the list to be an asyndetic list (a list in which the coordinating conjunction is absent). Truck drivers demanded overtime pay, and the defense conceded that the expression was ambigious, but said it should be interpreted as exempting distribution activity from overtime pay.[36] The lower court agreed with the defense and held that "distribution" was an exempt activity. On appeal, however, the Circuit Court decided that the sentence was ambiguous and "because, under Maine law, ambiguities in the state's wage and hour laws must be construed liberally in order to accomplish their remedial purpose", adopted the drivers' narrower reading of the exemption and ruled that those who distributed the goods were entitled to overtime pay. Oakhurst Dairy settled the case by paying $5 million to the drivers,[37] and the phrase in the law in question was later changed to use serial semicolons and "distributing" – resulting in "canning; processing; preserving; freezing; drying; marketing; storing; packing for shipment; or distributing".[38]
The judge in the case said that 43 of the 50 U.S. states had mandated the use of a serial comma and that both chambers of the federal congress had warned against omitting it, in the words of the U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, "to prevent[] any misreading that the last item is part of the preceding one"; only 7 states "either do not require or expressly prohibited the use of the serial comma".[17][18]
Recommendations by style guides[edit]
Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use[edit]
The United States Government Printing Office's Style Manual
"After each member within a series of three or more words, phrases, letters, or figures used with and, or, or nor." It notes that an age ("70 years 11 months 6 days") is not a series and should not take commas.[39]
Wilson Follett's Modern American Usage: A Guide (Random House, 1981), pp. 397–401
"What, then, are the arguments for omitting the last comma? Only one is cogent – the saving of space. In the narrow width of a newspaper column this saving counts for more than elsewhere, which is why the omission is so nearly universal in journalism. But here or anywhere one must question whether the advantage outweighs the confusion caused by the omission. … The recommendation here is that [writers] use the comma between all members of a series, including the last two, on the common-sense ground that to do so will preclude ambiguities and annoyances at a negligible cost."[40]
The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition (University of Chicago Press, 2010), paragraph 6.18
"When a conjunction joins the last two elements in a series of three or more, a comma … should appear before the conjunction. Chicago strongly recommends this widely practiced usage." In answer to a reader's query, The Chicago Manual of Style Online notes that their style guide has been recommending use of the serial comma ever since the first edition in 1906, but also qualifies this, saying "the serial comma is optional; some mainstream style guides (such as the Associated Press) don't use it. … there are times when using the comma (or omitting it) results in ambiguity, which is why it's best to stay flexible."[41]
The Elements of Style (Strunk and White, 4th edition 1999), Rule 2[6]
"In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last." This has been recommended in The Elements of Style since the first edition by Strunk in 1918.[41]
The American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition (1998) Chapter 6.2.1
"Use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the last term in a series."
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition (2010) Chapter 4.03
"Use a comma between elements (including before and and or) in a series of three or more items."
The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (Council of Science Editors, 7th edition, 2006), Section 5.3.3.1
"To separate the elements (words, phrases, clauses) of a simple series of more than 2 elements, including a comma before the closing 'and' or 'or' (the so-called serial comma). Routine use of the serial comma helps to prevent ambiguity."
Garner's Modern English Usage, 4th edition (Oxford University Press, 2016), "Punctuation," § D, "Comma", p. 748
"Whether to include the serial comma has sparked many arguments. But it's easily answered in favor of inclusion because omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will – e.g.: 'A and B, C and D, E and F[,] and G and H'."
MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (Modern Language Association 2008), paragraph 3.4.2.b
"Use commas to separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series."
AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription
"Medical transcriptionists use the serial comma when two medications or diagnoses must be seen as separate; i.e., for 'The patient was on Aspirin, Coversyl, and Dilaudid', the comma is used before 'and' to avoid the reader erroneously thinking that Coversyl and Dilaudid must be taken together."[42]
AIP Style Manual, American Institute of Physics, fourth edition, 1990
"A comma goes before 'and' or 'or' in a series of three or more: Sn, K, Na, and Li lines are invisible."
Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use[edit]
The Oxford Style Manual, 2002
"For a century it has been part of OUP style to retain or impose this last serial (or series) comma consistently, … but it is commonly used by many other publishers both here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English. … Given that the final comma is sometimes necessary to prevent ambiguity, it is logical to impose it uniformly, so as to obviate the need to pause and gauge each enumeration on the likelihood of its being misunderstood – especially since that likelihood is often more obvious to the reader than the writer."[43]
MHRA Style Guide (Modern Humanities Research Association), 3rd edition (2013)[44]
"In an enumeration of three or more items, the practice in MHRA journals is to insert commas after all but the last item, to give equal weight to each enumerated element. … The conjunctions and and or without a preceding comma are understood as linking the parts of a single enumerated element"
But paragraph 5.1[44] says "The comma after the penultimate item may be omitted in books published by the MHRA, as long as the sense is clear."
Mainly British style guides opposing typical use[edit]
The Times style manual[45]
"Avoid the so-called Oxford comma; say 'he ate bread, butter and jam' rather than 'he ate bread, butter, and jam'."
The Economist Style Guide[46]
"Do not put a comma before and at the end of a sequence of items unless one of the items includes another and. Thus 'The doctor suggested an aspirin, half a grapefruit and a cup of broth. But he ordered scrambled eggs, whisky and soda, and a selection from the trolley.'"
"Sometimes it is essential: compare 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis, and JK Rowling' with 'I dedicate this book to my parents, Martin Amis and JK Rowling'."
University of Oxford Public Affairs Directorate Writing and Style Guide[47]
"Note that there is generally no comma between the penultimate item and 'and'/'or' – this is sometimes referred to as the 'Oxford comma'. However, it is essential to use an Oxford comma if required to prevent ambiguity."
Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary[edit]
The Guardian Style Guide[48]
"A comma before the final 'and' in lists: straightforward ones (he ate ham, eggs and chips) do not need one, but sometimes it can help the reader (he ate cereal, kippers, bacon, eggs, toast and marmalade, and tea)."
The Cambridge Guide to English Usage[49]
"In British practice there's an Oxford/Cambridge divide … In Canada and Australia the serial comma is recommended only to prevent ambiguity or misreading."
Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage, 4th edition, 2015[30]
"The so-called 'Oxford comma' is an optional comma that follows the penultimate item in a list of three or more items and precedes the word 'and'.... The general rule is that it should be used consistently or not at all. ... However, the Oxford comma can help to avoid ambiguity, ... and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification, even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."
New Hart's Rules, 2014[50]
"The general rule is that one style or the other should be used consistently. However, the last comma can serve to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction, and it is sometimes helpful to the reader to use an isolated serial comma for clarification even when the convention has not been adopted in the rest of the text."
Mainly American style guides opposing typical use[edit]
The New York Times stylebook[51]
"In general, do not use a comma before and or or in a series."
The AP Stylebook[52]
"Use commas to separate elements in a series, but do not put a comma before the conjunction in a simple series. […] Put a comma before the concluding conjunction in a series, however, if an integral element of the series requires a conjunction: I had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast. Use a comma also before the concluding conjunction in a complex series of phrases: The main points to consider are whether the athletes are skillful enough to compete, whether they have the stamina to endure the training, and whether they have the proper mental attitude. In the United States, the choice is between journalistic style (no serial comma) and "literary" style (with serial comma); consistent use of the serial comma is usually recommended for college writing."[26]
Australian style guides opposing typical use[edit]
The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers[53]
"A comma is used before and, or, or etc. in a list when its omission might either give rise to ambiguity or cause the last word or phrase to be construed with a preposition in the preceding phrase. … Generally, however, a comma is not used before and, or or etc. in a list."
Canadian style guides opposing typical use[edit]
Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau's The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing[54]
"Items in a series may be separated by commas:
Complacency, urbanity, sentimentality, whimsicality
They may also be linked by co-ordinating conjunctions such as and or or:
economists, sociologists or political scientists
the good, the bad and the ugly
Opinions differ on whether and when a comma should be inserted before the final and or or in a sequence. In keeping with the general trend toward less punctuation, the final comma is best omitted where clarity permits, unless there is a need to emphasize the last element in a series."
Other languages[edit]
In the following languages, the serial comma is not the norm and may go against punctuation rules:
Bosnian / Croatian[55] / Serbian / Montenegrin (though it can be allowed for the purpose of emphasis, except in Croatian).
Danish[56]
Dutch[57]
Finnish[58]
French[59]
German[60]
Greek[61]
Hebrew[62]
Hungarian (unless it is used with a conjunction other than "és", "s", "meg", or "vagy")[63]
Icelandic[64]
Italian[65]
Norwegian[66]
Polish[67][68] (unless conjunction is repeated in enumeration)[69][70][71][72][73][74]
Portuguese
Romanian (unless it is used as an adversative conjunction)[75]
Russian[76]
Spanish[77] (There is a rule against the serial comma.)
Swedish[78][79]
Turkish
See also[edit]
Syndeton, the conjunctive phrasing that may or may not contain a serial comma
Roger Casement, "hanged on a comma" due to contested non-punctuation in a law
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bryan A. Garner (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 748. ISBN 978-0-19-049148-2.
Jump up ^ The terms Oxford comma and Harvard comma come from Oxford University Press and Harvard University Press, where serial-comma use is the house style.
Jump up ^ Sometimes, the term also denotes the comma that might come before etc. at the end of a list (see the Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors, and Printers, below). Such an extension is reasonable, since etc. is the abbreviation of the Latin phrase et cetera (lit. and other things).
Jump up ^ The serial comma sometimes refers to any of the separator commas in a list, but this is a rare, old-fashioned usage. Herein, the term is used only as defined above.
Jump up ^ David Becker. "Using Serial Commas". APA. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Strunk, Jr., William; White, E. B. (2005). The Elements of Style. Illustrated by Maira Kalman (Illustrated ed.). Penguin Press. p. 3. ISBN 9-7815-9420-069-4. Retrieved February 15, 2013. In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.
Jump up ^ Truss, Lynn (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. New York: Gotham Books. p. 84. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002: "The presence or lack of a comma before and or or … has become the subject of much spirited debate. For a century it has been part of OUP style …, to the extent that the convention has come to be called the 'Oxford comma'. But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121).
Jump up ^ McArthur, Tom, "Comma." Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. 1998. Encyclopedia.com.
Jump up ^ The Economist Style Guide (10th ed.). Profile Books. 2012. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-1-84668-606-1.
Jump up ^ Garner, Bryan A. (2009). Garner's Modern American Usage (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 676. ISBN 978-0-19-538275-4. … omitting the final comma may cause ambiguities, whereas including it never will …
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002: "But it is commonly used by many other publishers here and abroad, and forms a routine part of style in US and Canadian English" (p. 121).
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; from discussion of the serial comma: "If the last item in a list has emphasis equal to the previous ones, it needs a comma to create a pause of equal weight to those that came before" (p. 121). The University of Oxford itself is quite distinct from Oxford University Press, and gives different advice. See University of Oxford Writing and Style Guide, below in this article.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; from discussion of the serial comma: "The last comma serves also to resolve ambiguity, particularly when any of the items are compound terms joined by a conjunction" (p. 122).
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002; in discussion of the semicolon, examples are given in which complex listed items are separated by semicolons, with the same structure and on the same principles as are consistently recommended for use of the comma as a list separator in the preceding section (pp. 124–5)
Jump up ^ "Rhetorical Grammar: Grammatical Choices, Rhetorical Effects. 4th Ed.", 2003; This punctuation style, however, does have a drawback: It may imply a closer connection than actually exists between the last two elements of the series (p. 89)
^ Jump up to: a b Petelin, Roslyn (March 21, 2017), "The case of the $13 million comma and why grammarians are rejoicing", ABC News Australia, retrieved March 3, 2018
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. House Legislative Counsel's Manual on Drafting Style, No. HLC 104-1, § 351 at 58 (1995)
Jump up ^ Ridout, R., and Witting, C., The Facts of English, Pan, 1973, p. 79: "Usually in such lists 'and' is not preceded by a comma, […]".
Jump up ^ Implicit in the treatment given in The Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, 6th edition, Wiley, 2002, on p. 102. The exception discussed (see Usage, below) makes sense only on the assumption of this argument.
Jump up ^ Based on example quoted in Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). "Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Making Light". Nielsenhayden.com. October 21, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ Adams, Kenneth A. (2013). A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting (3rd ed.). American Bar Association. 12.61. ISBN 978-161438803-6.
Jump up ^ "The Best Shots Fired in the Oxford Comma Wars". Retrieved May 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lynne Truss (2004). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Gotham. ISBN 1-59240-087-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Gramlich, Andy (2005). "Commas: the biggest little quirks in the English language" (pdf). Hohonu. 3 (3): 71. Retrieved December 17, 2013. It's just a matter of STYLE, and in this case, newspaper or literary (book) style. . . . Choose one style or the other the authorities say, but be consistent. Most writers recommend the literary style in college writing to avoid possible confusion . . .
Jump up ^ Reimink, Troy (February 16, 2018). "The Oxford comma is an abomination, but it's now the law". The Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Lubin, Gus (September 20, 2013). "The Oxford Comma Is Extremely Overrated". Business Insider. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Bryan A. Garner (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 654. ISBN 0-19-516191-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Fowler, Henry Watson (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy, ed. Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966135-0.
Jump up ^ Volokh, Eugene (March 15, 2017). "'A, B or C' vs. 'A, B, or C' – the serial comma and the law". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clauss, Kyle Scott (March 15, 2017). "Oxford Comma Decides Court Case in Maine Labor Dispute". Boston Magazine.
Jump up ^ Victor, Daniel (March 16, 2017). "Lack of Oxford Comma Could Cost Maine Company Millions in Overtime Dispute". New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Connor v. Oakhurst Dairy
Jump up ^ "Maine Legislative Drafting Manual 113 (Legislative Council, Maine State Legislature 2009)" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Norris, Mary (March 17, 2017). "A Few Words About That Ten-Million-Dollar Serial Comma". The New Yorker. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Victor, Daniel (9 February 2018). "Oxford Comma Dispute Is Settled as Maine Drivers Get $5 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Title 26: Labor and Industry, Chapter 7: Employment Practices, Subchapter 3: Minimum wages, §664. Minimum wage; overtime rate". Maine Legislature official website. March 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ "8. Punctuation" (PDF). GPO Style Manual (30th ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4. Retrieved June 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Case of the Serial Comma-Solved!". Swcp.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Browse Q & A: Commas". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. University of Chicago Press. 6 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Jump up ^ The AAMT Book of Style for Medical Transcription, Claudia Tessier, ISBN 0-935229-22-1, Modesto, California, USA. Page 309.
Jump up ^ The Oxford Style Manual, 2002, section 5.3, pp. 121–122
^ Jump up to: a b MHRA Style Guide: a handbook for authors, editors, and writers of theses (3rd ed.). London: Modern Humanities Research Association. 2013. pp. 33–4. ISBN 978-1-78188-009-8.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Jeremy (December 16, 2005). "Online Style Guide – P". London: The Times. pp. (see punctuation/commas). Retrieved March 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Style Guide". The Economist. October 18, 2011. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Punctuation – University of Oxford". Public Affairs, University of Oxford. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Guardian and Observer style guide: O". The Guardian. London. December 19, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62181-X.
Jump up ^ New Hart's Rules: The Oxford Style Guide. Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780191649141.
Jump up ^ Perlman, Merrill (March 6, 2007). "Talk to the Newsroom: Director of Copy Desks Merrill Perlman". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Norman Goldstein, ed. (2002). The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Perseus. pp. 329–330. ISBN 0-7382-0740-3.
Jump up ^ Agency, Digital Transformation. "Style manual - australia.gov.au".
Jump up ^ The Canadian style : a guide to writing and editing. Canada. Translation Bureau. (Rev and expanded ed.). Toronto [Ont.]: Published by Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada, Translation Bureau. 1997. ISBN 9781550022766. OCLC 244771093.
Jump up ^ "Hrvatski pravopis: §8.7. Zarez" [Croatian Orthography: §8.7 Comma] (in Croatian). Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. June 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dansk Sprognævn (2004). "Kommaregler" (PDF) (in Danish). pp. 8–10. Retrieved December 16, 2011. | The rule described in §1.1 opposes the use of the serial comma.
Jump up ^ Nederlandse Taalunie. "Komma voor en" (in Dutch). Retrieved March 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Korpela, Jukka. "Pilkku: Pilkku luettelon osien erottimena". Nykyajan kielenopas (in Finnish). Retrieved August 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Grevisse, Maurice (1988). "Ponctuation: la virgule dans la coordination". Le bon usage: grammaire française (in French). Revised by André Goosse (12th ed.). Paris-Gembloux: Duculot. pp. §124 (c) Remarque 1. ISBN 2-8011-0588-0.
Jump up ^ Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung (2017). "Deutsche Rechtschreibung. Regeln und Wörterverzeichnis – Aktualisierte Fassung des amtlichen Regelwerks entsprechend den Empfehlungen des Rats für deutsche Rechtschreibung 2016" [German Orthography. Rules and Word List – Updated version of the official rules in accordance with the 2016 recommendations of the Council for German Orthography] (PDF) (in German). Mannheim. § 72. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
This rule was documented as early as 1903. Duden, Konrad (1903). Rechtschreibung der Buchdruckereien deutscher Sprache: Auf Anregung und unter Mitwirkung des Deutschen Buchdruckervereins, des Reichsverbandes Österreichischer Buchdruckereibesitzer und des Vereins Schweizerischer Buchdruckereibesitzer [Orthography of German-language book printers: On the initiative and with the cooperation of the German-language book printers of the German Society of Book Printers, the Imperial Association of Austrian Printing Press Owners and the Society of Swiss Printing Press Owners] (in German). Bibliographisches Institut. p. 35.
Jump up ^ "EUROPA – Δικτυακή Πύλη της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης – Υπηρεσία Εκδόσεων – Εγχειρίδιο σύνταξης – IV. Συμβατικοί κανόνες για την ελληνική γλώσσα – 10. Οδηγίες για την παρουσίαση των κειμένων – 10.1.2 Κόμμα" (in Greek). Retrieved 2012-10-18.
Jump up ^ יסודות כללי הפיסוק (in Hebrew). Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. "A Magyar helyesírás szabályai (AkH) - AZ ÍRÁSJELEK – A mondatrészek közötti írásjelek - 247" (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson. "Auglýsing um greinarmerkjasetningu". Retrieved 2018-04-05.
Jump up ^ Accademia della Crusca. "Uso della virgola prima della congiunzione e" (in Italian). Retrieved December 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Kommaregler" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet. Retrieved October 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Polański, E. (editor) (2006). Wielki słownik ortograficzny PWN z zasadami pisowni i interpunkcji, 2nd ed., Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. ISBN 978-83-01-14571-2.
Jump up ^ PWN. "Przecinek a spójniki: i, a (= i), oraz, tudzież, lub, albo, bądź, czy, ani, ni" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN. "Przecinek przed spójnikami powtórzonymi, pełniącymi identyczną funkcję" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN. "Spójnik łączny, rozłączny, wyłączający (oraz partykuła czy) powtórzone na początku dwóch zdań współrzędnych" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (May 5, 2011). "Czy nie stawia się przecinka przed i?" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN: Mirosław Bańko (May 10, 2006). "przecinki między jednorodnymi częściami zdania" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (October 11, 2011). "przecinek a powtórzone spójniki" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ PWN: Mirosław Bańko, Uniwersytet Warszawski (May 13, 2011). "interpunkcja a powtórzone spójniki" (in Polish). Retrieved May 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Virgulă şi. Adversativ". diacritica. Retrieved September 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Справочно-информационный портал ГРАМОТА.РУ. Учебник ГРАМОТЫ: пунктуация (in Russian). Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Real Academia Española (October 2005). "Diccionario panhispánico de dudas: coma² §1.2.1" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Regeringskansliet, Statsrådsberedningen (2009). "Myndigheternas skrivregler" (PDF) (in Swedish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Språkrådet. "Språkrådet" (in Swedish). Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved September 19, 2013.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serial_comma&oldid=845284493"
Categories:
Punctuation
American and British English differences
Hidden categories:
CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
CS1 Danish-language sources (da)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)
CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)
CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)
CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Use mdy dates from February 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 19:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Regional_varieties_of_English
mw-redirect
Regional varieties of English

values:
/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual
mw-redirect
The MLA Style Manual

values:
/wiki/William_Strunk,_Jr.
mw-redirect
William Strunk, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Elements_of_Style
mw-redirect
Elements of Style

values: United States Government Printing Office

values:
/wiki/The_Oxford_Style_Manual
mw-redirect
The Oxford Style Manual

values:
/wiki/Garner%27s_Modern_American_Usage
mw-redirect
Garner's Modern American Usage

values:
/wiki/Appositive_phrase
mw-redirect
Appositive phrase

values:
/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times
mw-redirect
The Los Angeles Times

values:
/wiki/Canadian_Press
mw-redirect
Canadian Press

values: United States District Court for the District of Maine

values: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

values:
/wiki/U.S._Congress
mw-redirect
U.S. Congress

values: Edit section: Recommendations by style guides

values: Edit section: Mainly American style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

values: Edit section: Mainly British style guides supporting mandatory or typical use

values: Edit section: Mainly British style guides opposing typical use

values: Edit section: Mainly British style guides that consider it generally unnecessary but discretionary

values: Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage

values:
/wiki/New_Hart%27s_Rules
mw-redirect
New Hart's Rules

values: Edit section: Mainly American style guides opposing typical use

values: Edit section: Australian style guides opposing typical use

values: Australian Government Publishing Service

values: Edit section: Canadian style guides opposing typical use

values:
/wiki/Danish_Language
mw-redirect
Danish Language

values:
/wiki/Finnish_Language
mw-redirect
Finnish Language

values:
/wiki/French_Language
mw-redirect
French Language

values:
/wiki/German_Language
mw-redirect
German Language

values:
/wiki/Greek_Language
mw-redirect
Greek Language

values:
/wiki/Italian_Language
mw-redirect
Italian Language

values:
/wiki/Norwegian_Language
mw-redirect
Norwegian Language

values:
/wiki/Polish_Language
mw-redirect
Polish Language

values:
/wiki/Portuguese_Language
mw-redirect
Portuguese Language

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Language
mw-redirect
Spanish Language

values:
/wiki/Swedish_Language
mw-redirect
Swedish Language

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Language
mw-redirect
Turkish Language

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/244771093

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/244771093

values:
nofollow
http://pravopis.hr/pravilo/zarez/60/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://phaidra.univie.ac.at/o:456363

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ant.co.il/pisuk.html

values:
/wiki/Uniwersytet_Warszawski
mw-redirect
Uniwersytet Warszawski

values:
/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola
mw-redirect
Real Academia Española

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sprakradet.se/2113

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:American and British English differences

values: Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)

values: Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)

values: Category:CS1 uses Hebrew-language script (he)

values: Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)

values: Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)

values: Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)

values: Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)

values: Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)

values: Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Use mdy dates from February 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Serial_comma
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: Серийная запятая – Russian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Serial_comma rootpage-Serial_comma skin-vector action-view


text:
Peter Ostrum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Peter Ostrum
D.V.M.
Peter Ostrum in 2011
Born
Peter Gardner Ostrum
November 1957 (age 60)
Dallas, Texas, U.S.[1][2]
Residence
Lowville, New York, U.S.
Education
Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine
Alma mater
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine (1984)
Occupation
Actor (1971)
Veterinarian (1984–present)
Employer
Countryside Veterinary Clinic
Lowville, New York, U.S.
Known for
Acting in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Home town
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Spouse(s)
Loretta Lepkowski[3]
Children
2
Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum (/ˈoʊstrəm/;[5] born November 1957)[4] is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.
A native of Cleveland,[1] Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka. Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over. After eschewing a career in film and theatre, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role. In 1990, he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters.
Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka, and was particularly influenced by the veterinarian that tended to them. Receiving his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1984, as of 2005[update] Ostrum practiced and lived in Lowville, New York[1] with his wife Loretta (née Lepkowski), and two children: his son, Leif, and daughter, Helenka.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Acting career
1.1 Lasting effect
2 Veterinary career
3 Personal life
4 References
5 External links
Acting career[edit]
Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children's theatre, when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York. Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang "My Country, 'Tis of Thee",[4] and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming.[6]
In 2000, Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was "sort of like being an exchange student for five months". Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark, Munich, for the 1972 Summer Olympics, and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson.[5][6] Ostrum was tutored on-set for three hours a day, though sometimes only for 30–60 minutes at a time.[7] Though in his audition he had been assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed, it was Ostrum's own singing voice that made it to the screen—albeit significantly cut.[5] In a 2011 interview, Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film, and later on asked him how he got it because he had forgotten that he had done so; it is Ostrum's only souvenir from the set.[8] After he finished shooting Willy Wonka, the then 13-year-old Ostrum declined the offer of a three-film contract, later recalling that "[e]verybody thinks that acting is such a glamorous profession, but it's a difficult profession."[6] In January 2018, Ostrum said he sometimes misses acting—though not its hurry-up-and-wait nature—but feels he dodged having to make the transition from child- to adult-actor.[7]
As of January 2018[update], Ostrum still received US$8–9 in royalty payments about every three months.[7]
Lasting effect[edit]
In his senior year, Ostrum was involved in film class and, at the interest of one of his instructors, looked back into theatre and acting. After auditioning for, but not landing, several roles (including Equus on Broadway), Ostrum decided not to pursue it further.[9] After putting his short film career behind him, Ostrum declined reporters and interviews, preferring not to speak on the subject;[6] "I wanted people to judge me on who I was, not what I’d done".[10] For some time, Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother, and not he, had starred in the film.[1] It took Ostrum years after moving to Lowville before he told anybody there about his one-time stardom; even his wife Loretta did not know about his role until he warned her about it just before she met his mother.[5]
Ostrum in November 2017
Since 1990, Ostrum has since spoken to students at Lowville Academy once a year—on the last day of school, as a special treat—about his experience in Willy Wonka as well as his work in veterinary medicine.[1] The students chiefly ask about the film's special effects, and Ostrum describes to them "what happened to Veruca, how did Violet blow up like a blueberry, how did Charlie fly with Grandpa Joe, all those types of questions."[5] Ostrum also accepted an invitation to appear at the 2018 Snowtown Film Festival in Watertown, New York, answering audience questions after a screening of the film; "it’s in my backyard — it's become a popular event in January and I like to support local events." Ostrum said of the 2018 event that he enjoyed re-watching the film, and that people ask him "great questions."[7] Ostrum has been called "the most famous man in Lowville", where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.[1]
In the run-up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005, Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1's list of "100 Greatest Kid Stars" (placing 78th).[1] On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that "It's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it's been redecorated." Ultimately, the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone, and requested "please, no more interviews."[5]
In January 2009, Ostrum teamed up with Dunkin' Donuts to hand out free rides on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) at South Station in Boston, Massachusetts; Ostrum's participation connected the MBTA's CharlieCards he was handing out with his portrayal of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka. The promotion also gave out one "golden ticket", worth unlimited rides on MBTA and unlimited Dunkin' Donuts coffee for 2009.[11]
In October 2000, Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record an audio commentary for a special edition DVD.[6] In a 2010 interview, Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson (Violet Beauregarde) revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen (Wonka's Mike Teevee) for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the film's release in 2011.[12]
Veterinary career[edit]
I can remember the veterinarian coming out and taking care of the horses, and it made a huge impression on me, [...] This person really enjoyed what he did for a living. My father was a lawyer, and I really didn't have a clue what he did all day. But I knew exactly what the veterinarian did. Someone making a living from something he enjoyed so much really sparked my interest.
2000 interview with Peter Ostrum[6]
Soon after Ostrum returned home from filming Willy Wonka, his family acquired a horse; while the teenaged Ostrum was interested in the horse, it was the animal's veterinarian that left a lasting impression on him. Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college, Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania. Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood, and even visited California for a week to "test the waters" there. He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in veterinary medicine instead, feeling that he would forever berate himself if he didn't. In 1984, Peter Ostrum received his Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine from Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine.[6]
As of February 2018[update], Ostrum worked out of the Countryside Veterinary Clinic in Lowville, New York, where he works mainly with horses and cows.[13][14] He has taken part in the video series Veterinarians on Call, funded by Pfizer, highlighting the work of large animal veterinarians.[13]
Personal life[edit]
Ostrum married Loretta M. Lepkowski in 1987 or 1988. The couple has two children, Helenka and Leif, with the latter following his father onto stage as the leading actor in several South Lewis Central School musicals.[7]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Original Charlie Bucket keeps low profile". Lowville, New York, U.S.: msnbc.com. Associated Press. 2005-07-18. Archived from the original on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-10-11. Peter Ostrum turned down three-picture deal after original ‘Wonka’
Jump up ^ Cavazos, Norma (2006-01-03). "Television Q&A". The Dallas Morning News. Dallas, Texas, U.S.: A. H. Belo.
Jump up ^ "South Lewis Central School class leaders". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown New York, U.S. 2010-04-23. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2010-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cole, Julie Dawn; Michael Esslinger (2011). "Munich". I Want It Now! (First ed.). Duncan, Oklahoma, U.S.: BearManor Media. pp. 52–54. ISBN 978-1-59393-074-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Baker, Jesse (2005-07-17). "Original Charlie Revisits 'The Chocolate Factory'". New York City, U.S.: NPR. Archived from the original (streaming audio) on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Dr. Ostrum and the chocolate factory". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Schaumburg, Illinois, U.S.: American Veterinary Medical Association. 2000-11-01. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Avallone, Elaine M. (2018-01-28). "Dr. Ostrum relates to being Charlie Bucket following showing of film". Watertown Daily Times. Watertown, New York. Archived from the original on 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-03-10.
Jump up ^ Ostrum, Peter; Cole, Julie Dawn (2011-10-18). "Peter Ostrum and Julie Dawn Cole interview Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Chuck the Movieguy's Celebrity Interviews (Interview). Interview with Chuck Thomas. Retrieved 2011-10-30 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Ostrum, Peter. "'Never Wanted to Be an Actor'". New York City, U.S.: NPR. Retrieved 2009-10-11.
Jump up ^ Grant, Bridgit. "Whatever Happened to Willy Wonka's Children?". Daily Express. London, UK: Northern & Shell. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ Ostrum, Peter; McCall Gosselin (2009-01-23). Wonka's Charlie Bucket says to Boston commuters, "You Kin' Do It!". Canton, Massachusetts, U.S.: Dunkin' Donuts. Archived from the original (YouTube) on 2010-10-30. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
Jump up ^ Potempa, Phil (2010-09-28). "'Willy Wonka' child actress feeling better-than-blue about future film reunion". The Times of Northwest Indiana. Munster, Indiana, U.S.: Lee Enterprises. Archived from the original on 2011-01-14. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Stephanie Fellenstein (1 Jan 2012). "Vets take the stage in new reality series". veterinarynews.dvm360.com. DVM360 Magazine. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Our Doctors". Lowville, New York: Countryside Veterinary Clinic, LLP. Archived from the original on 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
External links[edit]
Peter Ostrum on IMDb
Countryside Veterinary Clinic, LLP
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
MusicBrainz: 9f0e84d6-6394-4e87-90cf-2696b7a5445c
VIAF: 48910887
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Ostrum&oldid=841325635"
Categories:
1957 births
Living people
American veterinarians
American male child actors
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni
Male actors from Cleveland
People from Lowville, New York
People from Dallas
American male film actors
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018
Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018
Good articles
Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
日本語
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 15 May 2018, at 04:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

attrs: href title

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

attrs: class style

values:
honorific-suffix
font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

values: A middle-aged caucasoid man looking at the photographer; he is presented as a bust, wearing a yellow-plaid collared shirt under a cardigan sweater.

attrs: href class title

value: td

values: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
/wiki/Children%27s_theatre
mw-redirect
Children's theatre

values:
/wiki/Olympiapark,_Munich
mw-redirect
Olympiapark, Munich

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Snowtown Film Festival (page does not exist)

values: float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:30%; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;

values:
/wiki/High_school
mw-redirect
High school

values: South Lewis Central School (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
http://today.msnbc.msn.com/id/8545067/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cvcpets.com/our-doctors.pml

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0652578/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.cvcpets.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/48910887

values: Category:Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine alumni

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Peter_Ostrum
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Питър Оустръм – Bulgarian

values: ピーター・オストラム – Japanese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Peter_Ostrum rootpage-Peter_Ostrum skin-vector action-view