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Ablative (Latin)
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Latin grammar
Declension
Uses of the ablative
Uses of the dative
Conjugation
Numerals
Syntax
Word order
Subjunctive by attraction
Clausula (rhetoric)
Hyperbaton
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In Latin grammar, the ablative case (in Latin, cāsus ablātīvus) is one of the six cases of nouns. Traditionally, it is the sixth case (Latin: cāsus sextus, cāsus latīnus). It has forms and functions derived from the Proto-Indo-European ablative, instrumental, and locative. It expresses concepts similar to those of the English prepositions from; with, by; and in, at.[1] It is sometimes called the adverbial case, since phrases in the ablative can be translated as adverbs: incrēdibilī celeritāte, "with incredible speed", or "very quickly"
Contents
1 Uses
1.1 Ablative proper
1.2 Instrumental ablative
1.3 Locative ablative
1.4 Prepositions
2 References
3 Bibliography
Uses[edit]
Ablative proper[edit]
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European ablative case.
Ablative of separation implies that some person or thing is separated from another. No active movement from one location to the next occurs; furthermore, ablatives of separation sometimes lack a preposition, particularly with certain verbs like careō or līberō. For example, Cicerō hostēs ab urbe prohibuit, "Cicero kept the enemy away from the city"; eōs timōre līberāvit, "he freed them from fear".[2]
Ablative of place from which describes active motion away from a place. Nouns, either proper or common, are almost always used in this sense with accompanying prepositions ab/ā/abs, "from"; ex/ē, "out of"; or dē, "down from". For example, ex agrīs, "from the fields"; ex Graeciā in Italiam nāvigāvērunt, "They sailed from Greece to Italy."
It can also be used for the whole to which a certain number belongs or is a part. Example: ex eīs ūnus "one of them".
Cities and small islands, as well as the word domus, use this ablative even without a preposition: Athēnīs discessit "he departed from Athens".
Ablative of personal agent marks the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed. The agent is always preceded by ab/ā/abs. Example: Caesar ā deīs admonētur, "Caesar is warned by the gods".[3]
Ablative of comparison is used with comparative adjectives, where English would use the conjunction "than". Example: aere perennius "longer-lasting than bronze".[4]
Ablative of cause marks the reason why the subject performs an action: exsiluī gaudiō "I jumped with joy".[5]
Instrumental ablative[edit]
Some uses of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European instrumental case.
Ablative of instrument or of means marks the means by which an action is carried out: oculīs vidēre, "to see with the eyes". This is equivalent to the instrumental case found in some other languages. Deponent verbs in Latin sometimes use the ablative of means idiomatically: ūtitur stilō literally means "he is benefiting himself by means of a stylus (writing instrument)"; however, the phrase is more aptly translated "he is using a stylus".[6]
Ablative of agent is a more generalized version of the ablative of personal agent, used when the agent is an inanimate object. When the agent is a person, the preposition ā/ab is used, for example rēx ā mīlitibus interfectus est "The king was killed by the soldiers"; but when the agent is a thing, the preposition is omitted and the ablative case is sufficient, for example: rēx armīs mīlitum interfectus est "the king was killed by the weapons of the soldiers".
Ablative of manner describes the manner in which an action was carried out. The preposition cum (meaning "with") is used
when no adjective describes the noun (cum cūrā, "with care"), or
optionally after the adjective(s) and before the noun: magnā (cum) cūrā, "with great care".[7]
Ablative of attendant circumstances is similar: magnō cum clāmōre cīvium ad urbem perveniunt ("They reach the city to the great clamour of the citizens")
Ablative of accompaniment describes with whom something was done. Nouns and pronouns in this construction are always accompanied by the preposition cum: cum eīs, "with them"; cum amīcīs vēnērunt, "They came with friends."[8]
Ablative of degree of difference is used with comparative adjectives and words implying comparison: aliquot ante annīs "a few years earlier" (lit. "earlier by a few years").[9]
Ablative of specification denotes the thing in respect to which something is specified: maior nātū "older by birth".[10]
Ablative of description or of quality is an ablative modified by an adjective or genitive that expresses a quality that something has: vir summā virtūte "a gentleman of highest virtue".[11]
Locative ablative[edit]
Some meanings of the ablative descend from the Proto-Indo-European locative case.
Ablative of place where marks a location where an action occurred. It usually appears with a preposition, such as in, but not always; e.g., hōc locō "in this place"[12]
Ablative of time when and within which marks the time when or within which an action occurred. E.g., aestāte, "in summer"; eō tempore, "at that time"; paucīs hōrīs id faciet, "within a few hours he will do it."[13] Compare with the accusative of time, which was used for duration of time and—in classical Latin, following Greek—for dates of the form ante diem N. Kal./Non./Id. (In early Latin, such dates were given in the ablative instead.)
Ablative absolute describes the circumstances surrounding an action; e.g., urbe captā, cīvēs fūgērunt, "with the city having been captured, the citizens fled."
Prepositions[edit]
Some Latin prepositions, like ex "from" or dē "about", take a noun in the ablative. Four prepositions (in "in/into", sub "under/to the foot of", subter "under", super "over") may take either an accusative or an ablative. In the case of the first two, the accusative indicates motion, and the ablative indicates no motion. For instance, in urbe means "in the city"; in urbem, "into the city".[14] In the case of super, the accusative means "above" or "over", and the ablative means "concerning".[15]
"SIDSPACE" and any of its anagrams, including "IS SPACED" and "PASS DICE",[16] may be used as a mnemonic to remember the most common prepositions which use the ablative case:
sub, in, dē, sine, prō, ab, cum, ex
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §398, 399: origin and overview of functions; common translations
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §401
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §405
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §406
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §404
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §409
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §412
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §413
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §414
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §418
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §415
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §421
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §423
Jump up ^ Wheelock, Frederic M. Wheelock's Latin, HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-078371-0
Jump up ^ Allen & Greenough 2001, §221.24
Jump up ^ Garg, Anu, "Anagram Generator", Wordsmith .
Bibliography[edit]
Allen, Joseph A.; et al. (2001) [1903]. New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Newburyport, Massachusetts: R. Pullins Company. ISBN 1-58510-042-0.
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Hyaline cartilage
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Hyaline cartilage
Light micrograph of hyaline cartilage showing microanatomy of chondrocytes and organelles, lacunae and matrix.
Identifiers
MeSH
D051457
TH
H2.00.03.5.00015
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Hyaline cartilage is glass-like (hyaline) but translucent cartilage. It is found on many joint surfaces. It is pearl-grey in color with firm consistency and has a considerable amount of collagen. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Microanatomy
1.2 Articular cartilage
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Structure[edit]
Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane known as the, perichondrium or, when it's along articulating surfaces, the synovial membrane. This membrane contains vessels which provide the cartilage with nutrition through diffusion.
Hyaline cartilage matrix is primarily made of type II collagen and chondroitin sulphate, both of which are also found in elastic cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage exists on the ventral ends of ribs, in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and on the articulating surfaces of bones. It gives the structures a definite but pliable form. Presence of collagen fibres makes such structures and joints strong, but with limited mobility and flexibility.
Hyaline cartilage is the most prevalent type of cartilage. It also forms the temporary embryonic skeleton which is gradually replaced by bone, and the skeleton of elasmobranch fish.
Microanatomy[edit]
When a thin slice of hyaline cartilage is examined under the microscope, it is shown to consist of cells (chondrocytes) of a rounded or bluntly angular form, lying in groups of two or more in a granular, or almost homogeneous matrix.
The matrix, itself, is produced by chondrocytes are cartilage cells that produce the matrix. When arranged in groups of two or more, chondrocytes have rounded, but generally straight outlines, where they are in contact with each other, and in the rest of their circumference are rounded.
They consist of translucent protoplasm with fine interlacing filaments and minute granules are sometimes present. Embedded in this are one or two round nuclei, having the usual intranuclear network.
The cells are contained in cavities in the matrix, called cartilage lacunæ. These cavities are actually arteficial gaps formed from the shrinking of the cells during the staining and setting of the tissue for examination. The inter-territorial space between the isogenous cell groups contains relatively more collagen fibres, allowing it to maintain its shape while the actual cells shrink, creating the lacunae. This constitutes the so-called 'capsule' of the space. Each lacuna is usually occupied by a single cell, but during mitosis, it may contain two, four, or even eight cells.
Articular cartilage[edit]
Articular cartilage is hyaline cartilage on the articular surfaces of bones,[1] and lies inside the joint cavity of synovial joints, bathed in synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane which lines the walls of the cavity.
Though it is often found in close contact with menisci and articular disks, articular cartilage is not considered a part of either of these structures, which are made entirely of fibrocartilage.
The biochemical breakdown of the articular cartilage results in osteoarthritis - the most common type of joint disease.[2] Osteoarthritis affects over 30 million individuals in the United States alone, and is the leading cause of chronic disability amongst the elderly.[3]
Additional images[edit]
A synovial joint with bone, articular cartilage, and articular disc shown.
Elbow joint. Deep dissection. Anterior view.
See also[edit]
Cartilage
Hyaline
Articular cartilage injuries
Articular cartilage damage
Articular cartilage repair
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/articular_cartilage[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Brown, Angelina. "Coping with Osteoarthritis". Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Osteoarthritis Fact Sheet". Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to hyaline cartilage..
UIUC Histology Subject 331
Histology image: 03301lba – Histology Learning System at Boston University
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Meet the Robinsons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the film. For the video game, see Meet the Robinsons (video game).
Meet the Robinsons
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Steve Anderson
Produced by
Dorothy McKim
John Lasseter
Screenplay by
Jon A. Bernstein
Michelle Spritz
Nathan Greno
Based on
A Day with Wilbur Robinson
by William Joyce
Starring
Jordan Fry
Wesley Singerman
Harland Williams
Tom Kenny
Steve Anderson
Angela Bassett
Laurie Metcalf
Adam West
Tom Selleck
Nicole Sullivan
Music by
Danny Elfman
Edited by
Ellen Keneshea
Production
company
Walt Disney Pictures
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
March 23, 2007 (2007-03-23) (UK)
March 30, 2007 (2007-03-30) (US)
Running time
94 minutes[1][2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$150 million (estimated)[3]
Box office
$169.3 million[4]
Meet the Robinsons is a 2007 American computer-animated science fiction comedy film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures on March 30, 2007. The 47th Disney animated feature film, it was released in standard and Disney Digital 3-D versions. The film is loosely based on characters from the children's book A Day with Wilbur Robinson, by William Joyce. The voice cast includes Jordan Fry, Wesley Singerman, Harland Williams, Tom Kenny, Steve Anderson, Laurie Metcalf, Adam West, Tom Selleck, and Angela Bassett. It was the first film released after then-Pixar executive John Lasseter became chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Home video
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Box office
6 Soundtrack
7 Video games
8 Cancelled sequel
9 References
10 External links
Plot
Lewis is an aspiring 12-year-old inventor at an orphanage whose inventions have been scaring off potential parents. He works all night on a machine to scan his memory to locate his mother, who abandoned him at the orphanage when he was a baby. While taking the scanner to his school's science fair, Lewis meets 13-year-old Wilbur Robinson, a mysterious boy claiming to be a time cop from the future. Wilbur needs to recover a time machine that a man wearing a bowler hat has stolen. Lewis tries to demonstrate the scanner, but it has been sabotaged and falls apart, throwing the science fair into chaos. Lewis leaves while the Bowler Hat Guy, with the help of a robotic bowler hat named Doris, repairs and steals the scanner.
Wilbur meets Lewis at the orphanage and asks him to repair the scanner. Lewis agrees to do so only if Wilbur can prove he is telling the truth, which Wilbur does by taking them to the year 2037 in a second time machine. When they arrive, he and Wilbur get into an argument and crash. Wilbur asks Lewis to fix the time machine, but Lewis has another condition: Wilbur has to take him to visit his mother afterwards. Reluctantly, Wilbur agrees and hides Lewis in the garage. Lewis does not stay there for long, however, and ends up meeting the rest of the Robinson family except for Cornelius, Wilbur's father, who is away on a business trip. Having followed Lewis, the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris try to kidnap him, but the Robinsons beat them back. The Robinsons offer to adopt Lewis, but change their mind when they learn that he is from the past. Wilbur admits to lying to Lewis about taking him back to see his mom, causing Lewis to run off in disgust.
Lewis then discovers that Cornelius Robinson is, in fact, a future version of himself, and Wilbur is his future son. Lewis also finds out that the Bowler Hat Guy is a grown-up version of Lewis' roommate, Michael "Goob" Yagoobian. Because he was kept awake by Lewis' work on the scanner, Goob fell asleep during an important Little League game and failed to make an important catch that cost the game. Goob became so bitter as a result that he was never adopted and remained in the orphanage long after it closed. Doris is "DOR-15", one of Lewis' failed and abandoned inventions. They both blamed Lewis for their misfortunes and decided to ruin his career by stealing the memory scanner and claiming credit for it. Leaving Lewis behind, they take off with the scanner, drastically altering the future to a world where Doris' clones have enslaved humanity. Lewis repairs the second time machine, confronts Doris and destroys her by promising to never invent her, restoring the future to its Utopian self. After persuasion from Lewis, Wilbur tries to ask the adult Goob to join the family, but he has disappeared, apparently ashamed at what he has done.
Back in Wilbur's time, Lewis finally meets Cornelius face to face. Cornelius explains how the memory scanner started their successful career, and persuades Lewis to return to the science fair. Wilbur takes Lewis back, but makes one stop first: as he promised, he takes Lewis back to the moment when his mother abandoned him.
Wilbur drops Lewis off in his own time and leaves. Lewis heads to the fair, but en route wakes up Goob just in time for him to make the winning catch. Back at the fair, Lewis asks for one more chance to demonstrate his scanner, which this time succeeds. He is adopted by Lucille, one of the science fair judges, and her husband Bud, who nicknames him "Cornelius" and takes him home.
Cast
Daniel Hansen and Jordan Fry as Lewis
Tom Selleck as Cornelius, Lewis' older self
Wesley Singerman as Wilbur Robinson
Harland Williams as Carl
Tom Kenny as Mr. Willerstein
Steve Anderson as Bowler Hat Guy
Matthew Josten as Michael "Goob" Yagoobian, Bowler Hat Guy's younger self
Anderson also provided the voices of Grandpa Bud and Cousin Tallulah
Angela Bassett as Mildred
Laurie Metcalf as Lucille Krunklehorn
Adam West as Uncle Art
Nicole Sullivan as Franny Robinson
Jessie Flower as young Franny
Ethan Sandler as:
DOR-15 (Doris)
Uncle Fritz (and Aunt Petunia)
Spike and Dimitri
Cousin Laszlo
The CEO of InventCo
Don Hall as Uncle Gaston
Hall also provided the voice of the Gym Coach
Kelly Hoover as Aunt Billie
Tracey Miller-Zarneke as Lizzy
Joe Mateo as Tiny the T-Rex
Aurian Redson as Frankie the Frog
Jamie Cullum as the singing voice of Frankie the Frog
Paul Butcher as Stanley
Dara McGarry as InventCo Receptionist, Mrs. Harrington
John H. H. Ford as Mr. Harrington
Nathan Greno as Lefty
Production
Director Stephen J. Anderson at the film's premiere
Originally titled A Day with Wilbur Robinson, production began in June 2004, and was scheduled for a 2006 release.[5][6] While the film was in production, Disney announced on January 24, 2006 that it would be acquiring Pixar, and as a result, John Lasseter became the chief creative officer of both Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios. When he saw an early screening for the movie, he told the director Stephen Anderson that he did not find the villain scary or threatening enough, and suggested that he make some changes. Ten months later, almost 60% of the film had been scrapped and redone. The villain had improved and was given a new sidekick, a dinosaur chase had been added, and the ending was changed.[7]
Release
Over 600 REAL D Cinema digital 3D-equipped theaters presented Disney Digital 3-D version of the film.[8] The 3D version was preceded by the 1953 Chip 'n Dale 3D short Working for Peanuts.[9] The final credits of the 3D version were left two-dimensional, except for the names of those who converted the film to 3D.
Home video
The DVD and Blu-ray versions were both released on October 23, 2007.[10] Both versions feature 1.78 widescreen aspect ratio and Dolby Digital 5.1 surround sound, plus music videos, the "Family Function 5000" game, deleted scenes, and other bonus features. The DVD's audio commentary contains Anderson's narration, occasionally interrupted by himself as the Bowler Hat Guy. The Blu-ray also includes uncompressed 5.1 audio and a BD-J game, Bowler Hat Barrage!. A 3D Blu-ray was released on November 8, 2011.[11]
As of January 2008, the DVD had sold approximately 4 million copies.[12]
Reception
Critical reception
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 66% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 138 reviews with an average score of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus states "Meet the Robinsons is a visually impressive children's animated film marked by a story of considerable depth."[13] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 61 out of 100, based on 27 reviews.[14]
Realmovienews stated that it has "a snappy plot that demands close attention as it whizzes back and forth in the space-time continuum, touching on serious ideas and proposing some rather disturbing alternate realities. And the witty story twists are handled with rare subtlety and intelligence. In the end it may get a little weepy and inspirational. But it's so charming that we don't mind at all".[15] Danny Minton of the Beaumont Journal said that "The Robinsons might not be a family you want to hang out with, but they sure were fun to meet in this imaginative and beautiful 3-D experience".[16] Andrew L. Urban of Australian Urban Cinefile said that "Walt Disney stood for fantasy on screen and this is a loving tribute to his legacy".[17] Kyle Smith of the New York Post named it the 10th best film of 2007.[18]
Conversely, A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote: "Meet the Robinsons is surely one of the worst theatrically released animated features issued under the Disney label in quite some time",[19] while Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C" and said "This is one bumpy ride".[20]
Box office
The film grossed $25,123,781 on its opening weekend, falling behind Blades of Glory. Over its theatrical run, it grossed $97,822,171 in the United States and Canada and $71,510,863 in other territories, totaling $169,333,034 worldwide.[4]
Soundtrack
Meet the Robinsons
Soundtrack album by Various artists
Released
March 27, 2007
Length
52:46
Label
Walt Disney
Producer
Danny Elfman
Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology
Chicken Little
(2005)Chicken Little2005 Meet the Robinsons
(2007) Bolt
(2008)Bolt2008
Singles from Meet the Robinsons
"Little Wonders"
Released: March 13, 2007
The soundtrack album was released by Walt Disney Records on March 27, 2007. Contributors to the album beyond the Danny Elfman score include the Jonas Brothers, Rufus Wainwright, Rob Thomas, Jamie Cullum, The All-American Rejects, and They Might Be Giants. The track "Little Wonders", recorded by Rob Thomas, reached number 5 on the Billboard AC chart and the top 20 in Australia and Canada.
All music composed by Danny Elfman, except as noted.
No.
Title
Artist
Length
1. "Another Believer" Rufus Wainwright 4:39
2. "Little Wonders" Rob Thomas 3:45
3. "The Future Has Arrived" The All-American Rejects 3:05
4. "Where Is Your Heart At?" (written by Rufus Wainwright) Jamie Cullum 2:23
5. "The Motion Waltz (Emotional Commotion)" Rufus Wainwright 2:35
6. "Give Me the Simple Life" Jamie Cullum 2:04
7. "The Prologue" 1:24
8. "To the Future!" 1:16
9. "Meeting the Robinsons" 1:56
10. "The Science Fair" 2:47
11. "Goob's Story" 1:01
12. "A Family United" 1:37
13. "Pop Quiz and the Time Machine Montage" 3:45
14. "The Evil Plan" 4:13
15. "Doris Has Her Day" 4:58
16. "Setting Things Right" 6:00
17. "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" They Might Be Giants 2:00
18. "Kids of the Future" Jonas Brothers 3:18
Total length: 52:46
The song "This Much Fun" by Cowboy Mouth, which was featured in the trailer, was not featured in the film or on the soundtrack. The song "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow" was originally from the Disneyland attraction General Electric's Carousel of Progress.
Video games
Main article: Meet the Robinsons (video game)
Disney's Meet the Robinsons video game is available from Buena Vista Games for PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo GameCube, Nintendo DS, and PC. The independent England-based company Climax Group developed their own adaption for the Game Boy Advance.
Cancelled sequel
DisneyToon Studios originally planned to make a sequel to the film, tentatively titled Meet the Robinsons 2: First Date.[21] However, when John Lasseter became Walt Disney Animation Studios' new chief creative officer, he called off all future sequels DisneyToon originally planned, including sequels to Chicken Little (2005) and The Aristocats (1970), and refocused on spin-off films and original productions.[21]
References
Jump up ^ "Meet the Robinsons". Australian Classification. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Simon, Ben (October 24, 2007). "Meet The Robinsons". Animated Views. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://bombreport.com/yearly-breakdowns/2007-2/meet-the-robinsons/
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet the Robinsons". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Walt Disney Feature Animation Set To Spend 'A Day With Wilbur Robinson' With New Animated Feature Slated For 2006". PR Newswire. January 11, 2004. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dunkley, Cathy (January 11, 2004). "Mouse re-tooning animation strategy". Variety. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ M. Holson, Laura (March 5, 2007). "John Lasseter: Disney's new boss re-imagines the Magic Kingdom". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina (March 7, 2007). "New dimension at Real D". HollywoodReporter.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta (March 23, 2007). "3D Meet the Robinsons Advertisement, Featurette, and Fun Facts". /Film. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Meet The Robinsons (English/French/Spanish DVD)". Archived from the original on July 12, 2007.
Jump up ^ McCutcheon, David (August 5, 2011). "Disney's Blu-ray 3D Line-up". IGN. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Robinsons - Video Sales". The Numbers. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Robinsons - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Meet the Robinsons (2007): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Meet The Robinsons (2007) Movie Review". Real Movie News. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Minton, Danny (March 29, 2007). "Meet the Robinsons - Critic Review". Beaumont Journal. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Louise Keller, Andrew L. Urban. "Meet the Robinsons". Australian Urban Cinefile.
Jump up ^ "Metacritic: 2007 Film Critic Top Ten Lists". Metacritic. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ A. O. Scott (March 30, 2007). "FILM REVIEW; A Nerdy Orphan Plows Ahead With a Lot of Familiar Novelties". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lisa Schwarzbaum (March 28, 2007). "Meet the Robinsons (2007)". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Hill, Jim (June 20, 2007). "Say "So Long !" to direct-to-video sequels : DisneyToon Studios tunes out Sharon Morrill". Jim Hill Media. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
External links
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Meet the Robinsons at Metacritic
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v
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Disney theatrical animated features
Walt Disney
Animation Studios
films
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Live-action films
with animation
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1948)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
DisneyToon Studios
films
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Return to Never Land (2002)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)
Bambi II (2006)
Planes (2013)
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Other Disney units films
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)
Recess: School's Out (2001)
Teacher's Pet (2004)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Mars Needs Moms (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Strange Magic (2015)
Related lists
Unproduced films
Book
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
show
List of feature films
Released
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Pinocchio (1940)
Fantasia (1940)
Dumbo (1941)
Bambi (1942)
Saludos Amigos (1942)
The Three Caballeros (1944)
Make Mine Music (1946)
Fun and Fancy Free (1947)
Melody Time (1948)
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949)
Cinderella (1950)
Alice in Wonderland (1951)
Peter Pan (1953)
Lady and the Tramp (1955)
Sleeping Beauty (1959)
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Aristocats (1970)
Robin Hood (1973)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977)
The Rescuers (1977)
The Fox and the Hound (1981)
The Black Cauldron (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Oliver & Company (1988)
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Lion King (1994)
Pocahontas (1995)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Hercules (1997)
Mulan (1998)
Tarzan (1999)
Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Dinosaur (2000)
The Emperor's New Groove (2000)
Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)
Lilo & Stitch (2002)
Treasure Planet (2002)
Brother Bear (2003)
Home on the Range (2004)
Chicken Little (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Bolt (2008)
The Princess and the Frog (2009)
Tangled (2010)
Winnie the Pooh (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Frozen (2013)
Big Hero 6 (2014)
Zootopia (2016)
Moana (2016)
Upcoming films
Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 (2018)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Associated
productions
The Reluctant Dragon (1941)
Victory Through Air Power (1943)
Song of the South (1946)
So Dear to My Heart (1949)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Pete's Dragon (1977)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Enchanted (2007)
show
People
Executives
Edwin Catmull
Roy Conli
Roy E. Disney
Walt Disney
Don Hahn
Jeffrey Katzenberg
John Lasseter
Peter Schneider
Thomas Schumacher
David Stainton
Disney's Nine Old Men
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Related topics
History
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Methods and
technologies
12 basic principles of animation
Computer Animation Production System
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
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Documentaries
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The Sweatbox (2001)
Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005)
Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009)
Other Disney
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Disney Television Animation
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Miscellaneous
Alice Comedies
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Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
Mickey Mouse (film series)
Silly Symphonies
Once Upon a Time
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Works of William Joyce
Books
A Day with Wilbur Robinson (1990)
Films
Produced
Robots (2005)
Meet the Robinsons (2007)
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
Epic (2013)
Directed
The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2012)
TV series
Rolie Polie Olie (1998-2006)
George Shrinks (2000-2001)
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Transatlantic telegraph cable
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Map of the 1858 trans-Atlantic cable route
A transatlantic telegraph cable is an undersea cable running under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications. The first was laid across the floor of the Atlantic from Telegraph Field, Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island in western Ireland to Heart's Content in eastern Newfoundland. The first communications occurred August 16, 1858, reducing the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days – the time it took to deliver a message by ship – to a matter of minutes. Transatlantic telegraph cables have been replaced by transatlantic telecommunications cables.
Landing of the Atlantic Cable of 1866, Heart's Content, Newfoundland, by Robert Charles Dudley, 1866.
Contents
1 Early history
2 Origins of the idea
3 St. John's to Nova Scotia
4 Transatlantic
5 First contact
6 Failure of the first cable
7 Repairing the cable
8 Great Eastern
9 Communication speeds
9.1 Repeaters
10 In fiction
11 Impact
12 See also
13 Notes
14 References and further reading
15 External links
Early history[edit]
In the 1840s and 1850s several individuals proposed or advocated construction of a telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean, including Edward Thornton and Alonzo Jackman.[1] Cyrus West Field and the Atlantic Telegraph Company were behind the construction of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.[2] The project began in 1854 and was completed in 1858. The cable functioned for only three weeks, but it was the first such project to yield practical results. The first official telegram to pass between two continents was a letter of congratulations from Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom to then President of the United States, James Buchanan on August 16. Signal quality declined rapidly, slowing transmission to an almost unusable speed. The cable was destroyed the following month when Wildman Whitehouse applied excessive voltage to it while trying to achieve faster operation. It has been argued that the faulty manufacture, storage and handling of the 1858 cable would have led to premature failure in any case.[3] The cable's rapid failure undermined public and investor confidence and delayed efforts to restore a connection. A second attempt was undertaken in 1865 with much-improved material and, following some setbacks, a connection was completed and put into service on July 28, 1866. This cable proved more durable.
Before the first transatlantic cable, communications between Europe and the Americas took place only by ship. Sometimes, however, severe winter storms delayed ships for weeks. The transatlantic cable reduced communication time considerably, allowing a message and a response in the same day. Five attempts to lay a cable were made over a nine-year period – one in 1857, two in 1858, one in 1865, and one in 1866. Lasting connections were finally achieved with the 1866 cable and the 1865 cable, which was repaired by Isambard Kingdom Brunel's ship SS Great Eastern, captained by Sir James Anderson.[4] In the 1870s duplex and quadruplex transmission and receiving systems were set up that could relay multiple messages over the cable.[citation needed]
Additional cables were laid between Foilhommerum and Heart's Content in 1873, 1874, 1880, and 1894. By the end of the 19th century, British-, French-, German-, and American-owned cables linked Europe and North America in a sophisticated web of telegraphic communications.[citation needed]
Origins of the idea[edit]
Main article: Submarine communications cable
William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone introduced their working telegraph in 1839. As early as 1840 Samuel F. B. Morse proclaimed his faith in the idea of a submarine line across the Atlantic Ocean. By 1850 a cable was run between England and France. That same year Bishop John T. Mullock, head of the Roman Catholic Church in Newfoundland, proposed a telegraph line through the forest from St. John's to Cape Ray, and cables across the Gulf of St. Lawrence from Cape Ray to Nova Scotia across the Cabot Strait.
At about the same time a similar plan occurred to Frederick Newton Gisborne, a telegraph engineer in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1851, Gisborne procured a grant from the legislature of Newfoundland and, having formed a company, began the construction of the landline. In 1853 his company collapsed, he was arrested for debt and he lost everything. The following year he was introduced to Cyrus West Field. Field invited Gisborne to his house to discuss the project. From his visitor, Field considered the idea that the cable to Newfoundland might be extended across the Atlantic Ocean.
Field was ignorant of submarine cables and the deep sea. He consulted Morse as well as Lieutenant Matthew Maury, an authority on oceanography. Field adopted Gisborne's scheme as a preliminary step to the bigger undertaking, and promoted the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company to establish a telegraph line between America and Europe.
St. John's to Nova Scotia[edit]
The first step was to finish the line between St. John's and Nova Scotia, and in 1855 an attempt was made to lay a cable across the Cabot Strait in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was laid out from a barque in tow of a steamer. When half the cable was laid, a gale rose, and the line was cut to keep the barque from sinking. In 1856 a steamboat was fitted out for the purpose, and the link from Cape Ray, Newfoundland to Aspy Bay, Nova Scotia was successfully laid.[5]
Transatlantic[edit]
A U.S. postage stamp issued to commemorate the Atlantic cable centenary
With Charles Tilston Bright as chief engineer, Field then directed the transoceanic cable effort. A survey was made of the proposed route and showed that the cable was feasible. Funds were raised from both American and British sources by selling shares in the Atlantic Telegraph Company. Field himself supplied a quarter of the needed capital.
The cable consisted of seven copper wires, each weighing 26 kg/km (107 pounds per nautical mile), covered with three coats of gutta-percha (as suggested by Jonathan Nash Hearder[6]), weighing 64 kg/km (261 pounds per nautical mile), and wound with tarred hemp, over which a sheath of 18 strands, each of seven iron wires, was laid in a close helix. It weighed nearly 550 kg/km (1.1 tons per nautical mile), was relatively flexible and was able to withstand a pull of several tens of kilonewtons (several tons). It was made jointly by two English firms – Glass, Elliot & Co., of Greenwich, and R. S. Newall & Co., of Birkenhead. Late in manufacturing it was discovered that the respective sections had been made with strands twisted in opposite directions. While the two sections proved a simple matter to join, this mistake subsequently became magnified in the public mind.[7]
The British government gave Field a subsidy of £1,400 a year and loaned the ships needed. Field also solicited aid from the U.S. government. A bill authorizing a subsidy was submitted in Congress. The subsidy bill passed the Senate by a single vote, due to opposition from protectionist senators. In the House of Representatives, the bill encountered similar resistance, but passed, and was signed by President Franklin Pierce.
The first attempt, in 1857, was a failure. The cable-laying vessels were the converted warships HMS Agamemnon and USS Niagara. The cable was started at the white strand near Ballycarbery Castle in County Kerry, on the southwest coast of Ireland, on August 5, 1857.[8] The cable broke on the first day, but was grappled and repaired; it broke again over the "telegraph plateau", nearly 3,200 m (2 statute miles) deep, and the operation was abandoned for the year.
The following summer, after experiments in the Bay of Biscay, Agamemnon and Niagara tried again. The vessels were to meet in the middle of the Atlantic, where the two halves of the cable were to be spliced together, and while Agamemnon paid out eastwards to Valentia Island, Niagara was to pay out westward to Newfoundland. On June 26, the middle splice was made and the cable was dropped. Again the cable broke, the first time after less than 5.5 km (three nautical miles), again after some 100 km (54 nautical miles) and for a third time when about 370 km (200 nautical miles) of cable had run out of each vessel.
The expedition returned to Queenstown, and set out again on July 17, with little enthusiasm among the crews. The middle splice was finished on July 29, 1858. The cable ran easily this time. Niagara arrived in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland on August 4 and the next morning the shore end was landed. Agamemnon made an equally successful run. On August 5, she arrived at Valentia Island, and the shore end was landed at Knightstown and then laid to the nearby cable house.[9]
First contact[edit]
The Telegraph Field,[10] Valentia Island, Ireland, the site of the earliest message sent from Ireland to North America. In October 2002, a memorial to mark the laying of the transatlantic cable to Newfoundland was unveiled on top of Foilhomerrum Cliff. Made of Valentia slate and designed by local sculptor Alan Hall,[11] the memorial marks the history of the telegraph industry to the island from 1857 forward.
Test messages were sent from Newfoundland beginning August 10, 1858; the first successfully read at Valentia was on August 12, and the first successfully read at Newfoundland on August 13; further test and configuration messages followed until August 16, when the first official message was sent via the cable: "Directors of Atlantic Telegraph Company, Great Britain, to Directors in America:—Europe and America are united by telegraph. Glory to God in the highest; on earth peace, good will towards men."[12][13][14] Next was the text of a telegram of congratulation from Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan at his summer residence in the Bedford Springs Hotel in Pennsylvania and expressed a hope that it would prove "an additional link between the nations whose friendship is founded on their common interest and reciprocal esteem." The President responded that, "it is a triumph more glorious, because far more useful to mankind, than was ever won by conqueror on the field of battle. May the Atlantic telegraph, under the blessing of Heaven, prove to be a bond of perpetual peace and friendship between the kindred nations, and an instrument destined by Divine Providence to diffuse religion, civilization, liberty, and law throughout the world."[15] The messages were hard to decipher – Queen Victoria's message of 98 words took sixteen hours to send.[12][16]
These messages engendered an outburst of enthusiasm. The next morning a grand salute of 100 guns resounded in New York City, the streets were decorated with flags, the bells of the churches were rung, and at night the city was illuminated.[17]. On September 1 there was a parade, followed by a evening torchlight procession and fireworks display, which caused a fire in the Town Hall.[18]
Failure of the first cable[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The operation of the new cable was plagued by the fact that the two senior electrical engineers of the company had very different ideas on how the cable should be worked.[19] Lord Kelvin and Dr Wildman Whitehouse were located at opposite ends of the cable, communicating only by the cable itself.[2]
Kelvin, located at the western end, believed that it was necessary to employ only a low voltage and to detect the rising edge of the current flowing out of the cable and, once this had been done, nothing would be gained by further monitoring (Morse code used a positive current for a 'dot' and a negative current for a 'dash'). Kelvin invented his mirror galvanometer precisely for this task of observing the current change quickly.
At the eastern end of the cable was Whitehouse. He was the company's chief electrician and a doctor of medicine – any electrical knowledge that he possessed was self-taught. Whitehouse believed that, in order to have the current at the receiving end change as rapidly as possible, the cable should be driven from a high-voltage source (several thousand volts from induction coils). The position was made worse because every time intelligible Morse code was seen on the mirror galvanometer at the eastern end, Whitehouse insisted that the galvanometer be disconnected and replaced with his own patented telegraph recorder, which was far less sensitive.
The effects of the poor handling and design of the cable, coupled with Whitehouse's repeated attempts to drive the cable with high voltages, resulted in the insulation of the cable being compromised. All the while, it was taking longer and longer to send messages. Towards the end, sending half a page of message text was taking as long as a day.
In September 1858, after several days of progressive deterioration of the insulation, the cable failed. The reaction to this news was tremendous. Some writers even hinted that the line was a mere hoax, and others pronounced it a stock exchange speculation. In the enquiry that followed, Dr Whitehouse was deemed responsible for the failure, and the company did not escape criticism for employing an electrical engineer with no recognised qualifications.
Field was undaunted by the failure. He was eager to renew the work, but the public had lost confidence in the scheme and his efforts to revive the company were futile. It was not until 1864 that, with the assistance of Thomas Brassey and John Pender, he succeeded in raising the necessary capital. The Glass, Elliot, and Gutta-Percha Companies were united to form the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company (Telcon, later part of BICC), which undertook to manufacture and lay the new cable. C.F. Varley replaced Whitehouse as chief electrician.[2]
In the meantime, long cables had been submerged in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. With this experience, an improved cable was designed. The core consisted of seven twisted strands of very pure copper weighing 300 pounds per nautical mile (73 kg/km), coated with Chatterton's compound, then covered with four layers of gutta-percha, alternating with four thin layers of the compound cementing the whole, and bringing the weight of the insulator to 400 lb/nmi (98 kg/km). This core was covered with hemp saturated in a preservative solution, and on the hemp were helically wound eighteen single strands of high tensile steel wire produced by Webster & Horsfall Ltd of Hay Mills Birmingham, each covered with fine strands of manila yarn steeped in the preservative. The weight of the new cable was 35.75 long hundredweight (4000 lb) per nautical mile (980 kg/km), or nearly twice the weight of the old. The Haymills site successfully manufactured 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of wire (1,600 tons), made by 250 workers over eleven months.
Repairing the cable[edit]
Broken cables required an elaborate repair procedure. The approximate distance to the break is determined by measuring the resistance of the broken cable. The repair ship navigated to the location. The cable was hooked with a grapple and brought on board to test for electrical continuity. Buoys were deployed to mark the ends of good cable and a splice was made between the two ends.[20][21]
Great Eastern[edit]
Great Eastern at Heart's Content
The new cable was laid by the ship Great Eastern captained by Sir James Anderson.[22] Her immense hull was fitted with three iron tanks for the reception of 2,300 nautical miles (4,300 km) of cable, and her decks furnished with the paying-out gear. At noon on July 15, 1865, Great Eastern left the Nore for Foilhommerum Bay, Valentia Island, where the shore end was laid by Caroline. This attempt failed on July 31 when, after 1,062 miles (1968 km) had been paid out, the cable snapped near the stern of the ship, and the end was lost.[23]
Great Eastern steamed back to England, where Field issued another prospectus, and formed the Anglo-American Telegraph Company,[24] to lay a new cable and complete the broken one. On July 13, 1866, Great Eastern started paying out once more. Despite problems with the weather on the evening of Friday, July 27, the expedition reached the port of Heart's Content in a thick fog. The next morning at 9 a.m. a message from England cited these words from the leader in The Times: "It is a great work, a glory to our age and nation, and the men who have achieved it deserve to be honoured among the benefactors of their race." "Treaty of peace signed between Prussia and Austria." The shore end was landed during the day by Medway. Congratulations poured in, and friendly telegrams were again exchanged between Queen Victoria and the United States.
Grappling hook used for lifting the cable
On August 9 Great Eastern put to sea again, in order to grapple the lost cable of 1865, and complete it to Newfoundland.[25] They were determined to find it. There were some who thought it hopeless to try, declaring that to locate a cable two-and-a-half miles down would be like looking for a small needle in a large haystack. Robert Halpin navigated the ship to the correct location.[26] For days, Great Eastern moved slowly here and there, "fishing" for the lost cable with a grappling hook at the end of a stout rope. Suddenly, the cable was "caught" and brought to the surface, but while the men cheered it slipped from the hook and vanished again. It was not until a fortnight later that it was once more fished up; it took 26 hours to get it safely on board Great Eastern again. The cable was carried to the electrician's room, where it was determined that the cable was connected. All on the ship cheered or wept as rockets were sent up into the sky to light the sea. The recovered cable was then spliced to a fresh cable in her hold, and paid out to Heart's Content, Newfoundland, where she arrived on Saturday, September 7. There were now two working telegraph lines.
Communication speeds[edit]
Initially messages were sent by an operator sending Morse code. The reception was very bad on the 1858 cable, and it took two minutes to transmit just one character (a single letter or a single number), a rate of about 0.1 words per minute. This is despite the use of a highly sensitive mirror galvanometer, a new invention at the time.
The first message on the 1858 cable took over 17 hours to transmit.[27] For the 1866 cable, the methods of cable manufacture, as well as sending messages, had been vastly improved. The 1866 cable could transmit eight words a minute[28] – 80 times faster than the 1858 cable. Heaviside and Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin in later decades understood that the bandwidth of a cable is hindered by an imbalance between capacitive and inductive reactance, which causes a severe dispersion and hence a signal distortion; see Telegrapher's equations. This has to be solved by iron tape or by load coils. It was not until the 20th century that message transmission speeds over transatlantic cables would reach even 120 words per minute. Despite this, London had become the world center in telecommunications. Eventually, no fewer than eleven cables radiated from Porthcurno Cable Station near Land's End and formed with their Commonwealth links a "live" girdle around the world.
Repeaters[edit]
The original cables were not fitted with repeaters, which would have amplified the signal along the way, because there was no practical way to power the relays. As technology advanced, intermediate relays became possible and the first transatlantic cable with repeaters was TAT-1 in 1956.
In fiction[edit]
The cable is one of the many underwater landmarks observed by the Nautilus in Jules Verne’s Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870).
Hans Christian Andersen's story "The Great Sea-Serpent" (1872) describes the havoc and confusion among the sea-dwellers caused by the laying of the cable.
In the novel Open the Door! (1918) by Catherine Carswell, the Bannermans visit the Great Eastern, which lay in Liverpool harbor as a show ship before being broken up; Linnet Bannerman's imagination has been captured by the cable.
The 2003 novel Signal & Noise by John Griesemer (ISBN 0-312-42334-9) tells a fictionalized story of the project, including many incidents from real life. (ISBN 0-312-42334-9)
Impact[edit]
A 2018 study in the American Economic Review found that the transatlantic telegraph substantially increased trade over the Atlantic and reduced prices.[29] The study estimates that "the efficiency gains of the telegraph to be equivalent to 8 percent of export value".[29]
See also[edit]
Robert Halpin – Captain of the Great Eastern
Transatlantic telephone cable
Western Union Telegraph Expedition – overland alternative via Russia
1929 Grand Banks earthquake
Commercial Cable Company
Enderby's Wharf
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Moll, Marita; Shade, Leslie Regan (2004). Seeking Convergence in Policy and Practice: Communications in the Public Interest. Volume 2. Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives. p. 27. ISBN 0-88627-386-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Guarnieri, M. (2014). "The Conquest of the Atlantic". IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine. 8 (1): 53–56/67. doi:10.1109/MIE.2014.2299492.
Jump up ^ de Cogan, D. "Dr E.O.W. Whitehouse and the 1858 trans-Atlantic Cable". History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. p. 203. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85573-301-5.
Jump up ^ Henry Youle Hind; Thomas C. Keefer; John George Hodgins; Charles Robb (1864). Eighty Years' Progress of British North America: Showing the Wonderful Development of Its Natural Resources, Giving, in a Historical Form, the Vast Improvements Made in Agriculture, Commerce, and Trade, Modes of Travel and Transportation, Mining, and Educational Interests, Etc., Etc., with a Large Amount of Statistical Information, from the Best and Latest Authorities. L. Stebbins. pp. 759–.
Jump up ^ Hearder, Ian G. (September 2004). "Hearder, Jonathan Nash (1809–1876)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Cookson, Gillian (2006). The Cable (2 ed.). Tempus Publishing. p. 73. ISBN 0-7524-3903-0.
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy – 1857 – Laying the Atlantic Telegraph From Ship To Shore". Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy – Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1858 Cable News". Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "ザテレグラフフィールド". thetelegraphfield.com.
Jump up ^ "Alan Hall".
^ Jump up to: a b "Manipulation of the Atlantic Telegraph Line. From August 10th to the 1st of September inclusive". Report of the Joint Committee Appointed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade and the Atlantic Telegraph Company, to Inquire Into the Construction of Submarine Telegraph Cables: Together with the Minutes of Evidence and Appendix. Eyre and Spottiswoode: Eyre. 1861. pp. 230–232. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Harry Granick, Underneath New York, p. 115, Fordham University Press, 1991 ISBN 0823213129.
Jump up ^ http://www.atlantic-cable.com/Article/Lanello/ The Curious Story of the Tiffany Cables. see 'The Great Transatlantic Cable – 1858." Bill Burns. Atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jesse Ames Spencer (1866). 'THE QUEEN'S MESSAGE' and 'THE PRESIDENT'S REPLY' (full wording) (Digitised eBook). History of the United States: from the earliest period to the administration of President Johnson. Vol. 3. Johnson, Fry. p. 542, chap. 10. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Jim Al-Khalili. "Shock and Awe: The Story of Electricity", Ep, 2 "The Age of Invention" October 13, 2011, BBC TV, Using Chief Engineer Bright's original notebook. Retrieved June 12, 2014
Jump up ^ "1858 NY Celebration". History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications. Atlantic-cable.com. January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Mercer, David (2006). The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. ISBN 9780313332074. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Voice Across the Sea – Arthur C Clarke
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh (March 18, 2018). "The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information". Encyclopaedia britannica Company – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - 1915: How submarine cables are made and laid". atlantic-cable.com.
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Great Eastern". www.atlantic-cable.com.
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy – Daniel Gooch". Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ http://atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/AngloAmerican/index.htm Anglo-American Telegraph Company
Jump up ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable – Submarine Telegraphy-Recovery of the Lost Cable". Retrieved August 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Laying the French Atlantic Cable". Nautical Magazine. Brown, Son and Ferguson. 38: 460. 1869. Retrieved September 10, 2011. To have navigated the ship in a fog so exactly to her proper position was certainly a most wonderful testimony to Captain Halpin's judgment and skill, ...
Jump up ^ "1858 August 16 Queen Victoria Sends Telegram to President Buchanan". Famous Messages Received and Sent. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Narrative History Of Submarine Cables". International Cable Protection Committee. February 26, 2014. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Steinwender, Claudia (2018). "Real Effects of Information Frictions: When the States and the Kingdom Became United". American Economic Review. 108 (3): 657–696. doi:10.1257/aer.20150681. ISSN 0002-8282.
References and further reading[edit]
Clarke, Arthur C. Voice Across the Sea (1958) and How the World was One (1992); the two books include some of the same material.
Gordon, John Steele. A Thread across the Ocean: The Heroic Story of the Transatlantic Cable. New York: Walker & Co, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8027-1364-3.
Murray, Donald (June 1902). "How Cables Unite the World". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. II: 2298–2309. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
Rozwadowski, Helen. Fathoming the Ocean (2005). Devotes a good deal of space to the description of cable-laying.
Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet (1998). ISBN 0-7538-0703-3. The story of the men and women who were the earliest pioneers of the on-line frontier, and the global network they created – a network that was, in effect, the Victorian Internet.
Cookson, Gillian. The Cable. 2nd Ed (2006), Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-3903-0.
Fleming, John Ambrose (1911). "Telegraph". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 513–541.

External links[edit]
The Atlantic Cable by Bern Dibner (1959) – Complete free electronic version of The Atlantic Cable by Bern Dibner (1959), hosted by the Smithsonian Institution Libraries
History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications – Comprehensive history of submarine telegraphy with much original material, including photographs of cable manufacturers samples
PBS, American Experience: The Great Transatlantic Cable
The History Channel: Modern Marvels: Transatlantic Cable: 2500 Miles of Copper
A collection of articles on the history of telegraphy
Cabot Strait Telegraph Cable 1856 between Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
American Heritage: The Cable Under the Sea
Alan Hall – First Transatlantic Cable and First message sent to USA 1856 Memorial
Travelogue around the world's communications cables by Neal Stephenson
IEEE History Center: County Kerry Transatlantic Cable Stations, 1866
IEEE History Center: Landing of the Transatlantic Cable, 1866
Laying Of The Atlantic Cable
The Great Eastern – Robert Dudley Lithographs 1865–66
Special Service in Commemoration of the Laying of the Atlantic Ocean Telegraph, Trinity Church, New-York, September First, 1858. Reconstructed and digitized by Cynthia McFarland and Richard Mammana, 2011
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Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
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Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
Established
2005
Location
Karad, Maharashtra, India
Website
Official website
Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences is located in Karad, Maharashtra, India. It was granted Deemed University status in 2005.[1][2][3]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Deemed University Maharashtra". University Grants Commission (India). Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Now, deemed medical varsity admissions under state control". Yogita Rao. Times of India. 12 March 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Now, 3 more deemed varsities move HC over medical admissions". Times of India. 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences&oldid=842524536"
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This page was last edited on 23 May 2018, at 01:08 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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