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List of NBA champions
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[hide]National Basketball Association awards and honors
Championship
O'Brien Trophy
Brown Trophy (defunct)
Individual awards
All-Star Game MVP
Bill Russell Finals MVP
Coach of the Year
Defensive Player of the Year
Executive of the Year
J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship
Community Assist Award
Most Improved Player
Most Valuable Player
Rookie of the Year
Sixth Man of the Year
Sportsmanship Award
Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year
Lifetime Achievement Award
Honors
All-NBA Team
All-Rookie Team
All-Defensive Team
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The National Basketball Association (NBA) (formerly Basketball Association of America (BAA) from 1946–49) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA's postseason. All Finals have been played in a best-of-seven format, and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference (formerly Divisions before 1970), except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions. Prior to 1949, the playoffs were instituted a three-stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals.[1][2][3] The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
The home-and-away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2–2–1–1–1 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 5 and 7) during 1947–1948, 1950–1952, 1957–1970, 1972–1974, 1976–1977, 1979–1984, 2014–present. It was previously in a 2–3–2 format (the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1, 2, 6 and 7) during 1949, 1953–1955, and 1985–2013,[4][5][6][7][8][9] in a 1–1–1–1–1–1–1 format during 1956 and 1971[10][11] and in a 1–2–2–1–1 format during 1975 and 1978.[12][13]
The Eastern Conference/Division leads the Western Conference/Division in series won (38–32). The defunct Central Division won one championship. The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles, having won a combined 33 of 70 championships.
Contents
[hide]
1 Trophies
1.1 Walter A. Brown Trophy
1.2 Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
2 Champions
2.1 BAA champions
2.2 NBA champions
3 Results by teams
4 Notes
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Trophies[edit]
The original Walter A. Brown Trophy displayed at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Walter A. Brown Trophy[edit]
The trophy was originally referred to as the NBA Finals trophy,[14] but was renamed in 1964 after Walter A. Brown, the original owner of the Boston Celtics who was instrumental in merging the BAA and the National Basketball League into the NBA in 1949.[15][16]
The original trophy was awarded to the BAA/NBA champions from 1947 to 1976. The trophy was kept by the winning team for one year and given to the winning team of the following year's finals, unless the previous team won again, much like the NHL's Stanley Cup, which continues that tradition to this day.
A new trophy design was created for the 1977 NBA Finals, although it retained the Walter A. Brown title. Unlike the original championship trophy, the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year.
The inaugural winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia Warriors, who defeated the Chicago Stags.[17] From 1957 to 1969, the Celtics won the NBA Finals 11 out of 13 times, including eight consecutive wins. The final winners of the trophy were the Philadelphia 76ers, who defeated the Los Angeles Lakers in the 1983 NBA Finals. In 1984, the trophy was renamed the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy.
Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy[edit]
Main article: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy
In 1984, the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, in honor of Larry O'Brien, who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984.[18]
The current trophy is made out of 14.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay and stands 2 feet (0.61 m) tall. It is designed to look like a basketball about to enter a net. The year and team names are engraved on the trophies, which are often prominently displayed in the winning team's arena.[19][20][21]
The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games (4–3) in the 1984 NBA Finals.[22]
Champions[edit]
Legend
Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals
Had or tied for the best regular season record for that season
(#) Playoff seed
BAA champions[edit]
Year
Western champions
Result
Eastern champions
Reference
1947 Chicago Stags 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors [23]
1948 Baltimore Bullets 4–2 Philadelphia Warriors [24]
1949 Minneapolis Lakers 4–2 Washington Capitols [25]
NBA champions[edit]
Year
Western champions
Result
Eastern champions
Reference
1950 Minneapolis Lakers[a] 4–2 Syracuse Nationals [26][27]
1951 Rochester Royals (2) 4–3 New York Knicks (3) [28]
1952 Minneapolis Lakers (2) 4–3 New York Knicks (3) [29]
1953 Minneapolis Lakers (1) 4–1 New York Knicks (1) [30]
1954 Minneapolis Lakers (1) 4–3 Syracuse Nationals (1) [31]
1955 Fort Wayne Pistons (1) 3–4 Syracuse Nationals (1) [32]
1956 Fort Wayne Pistons (1) 1–4 Philadelphia Warriors (1) [33]
1957 St. Louis Hawks (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) [34]
1958 St. Louis Hawks (1) 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) [35]
1959 Minneapolis Lakers (2) 0–4 Boston Celtics (1) [36]
1960 St. Louis Hawks (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) [37]
1961 St. Louis Hawks (1) 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) [38]
1962 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) [39]
1963 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) [40]
1964[b] San Francisco Warriors (1) 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) [41]
1965 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 1–4 Boston Celtics (1) [42]
1966 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (2) [43]
1967 San Francisco Warriors (1) 2–4 Philadelphia 76ers (1) [44]
1968 Los Angeles Lakers (2) 2–4 Boston Celtics (2) [45]
1969 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (4) [46]
1970 Los Angeles Lakers (2) 3–4 New York Knicks (1) [47]
1971 Milwaukee Bucks (1) 4–0 Baltimore Bullets (1) [48]
1972 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–1 New York Knicks (2) [49]
1973 Los Angeles Lakers (2) 1–4 New York Knicks (2) [50]
1974 Milwaukee Bucks (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) [51]
1975 Golden State Warriors (1) 4–0 Washington Bullets (2) [52]
1976 Phoenix Suns (3) 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) [53]
1977[c] Portland Trail Blazers (3) 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (1) [54]
1978 Seattle SuperSonics (4) 3–4 Washington Bullets (3) [55]
1979 Seattle SuperSonics (1) 4–1 Washington Bullets (1) [56]
1980 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (3) [57]
1981 Houston Rockets (6) 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) [58]
1982 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–2 Philadelphia 76ers (3) [59]
1983 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 0–4 Philadelphia 76ers (1) [60]
1984[d] Los Angeles Lakers (1) 3–4 Boston Celtics (1) [22]
1985 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) [61]
1986 Houston Rockets (2) 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) [62]
1987 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–2 Boston Celtics (1) [63]
1988 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–3 Detroit Pistons (2) [64]
1989 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 0–4 Detroit Pistons (1) [65]
1990 Portland Trail Blazers (3) 1–4 Detroit Pistons (1) [66]
1991 Los Angeles Lakers (3) 1–4 Chicago Bulls (1) [67]
1992 Portland Trail Blazers (1) 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) [68]
1993 Phoenix Suns (1) 2–4 Chicago Bulls (2) [69]
1994 Houston Rockets (2) 4–3 New York Knicks (2) [70]
1995 Houston Rockets (6) 4–0 Orlando Magic (1) [71]
1996 Seattle SuperSonics (1) 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) [72]
1997 Utah Jazz (1) 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) [73]
1998 Utah Jazz (1) 2–4 Chicago Bulls (1) [74]
1999[e] San Antonio Spurs (1) 4–1 New York Knicks (8) [76]
2000 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–2 Indiana Pacers (1) [77]
2001 Los Angeles Lakers (2) 4–1 Philadelphia 76ers (1) [78]
2002 Los Angeles Lakers (3) 4–0 New Jersey Nets (1) [79]
2003 San Antonio Spurs (1) 4–2 New Jersey Nets (2) [80]
2004 Los Angeles Lakers (2) 1–4 Detroit Pistons (3) [81]
2005 San Antonio Spurs (2) 4–3 Detroit Pistons (2) [82]
2006 Dallas Mavericks (4) 2–4 Miami Heat (2) [83]
2007 San Antonio Spurs (3) 4–0 Cleveland Cavaliers (2) [84]
2008 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 2–4 Boston Celtics (1) [85]
2009 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–1 Orlando Magic (3) [86]
2010 Los Angeles Lakers (1) 4–3 Boston Celtics (4) [87]
2011 Dallas Mavericks (3) 4–2 Miami Heat (2) [88]
2012[f] Oklahoma City Thunder (2) 1–4 Miami Heat (2) [91]
2013 San Antonio Spurs (2) 3–4 Miami Heat (1) [92]
2014 San Antonio Spurs (1) 4–1 Miami Heat (2) [93]
2015 Golden State Warriors (1) 4–2 Cleveland Cavaliers (2) [94]
2016 Golden State Warriors (1) 3–4 Cleveland Cavaliers (1) [95]
2017 Golden State Warriors (1) 4–1 Cleveland Cavaliers (2)
Results by teams[edit]
Teams
Win
Loss
Total
Year(s) won
Year(s) lost
Boston Celtics 17 4 21 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008 1958, 1985, 1987, 2010
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1972, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, 1988, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, 2010 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1983, 1984, 1989, 1991, 2004, 2008
Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998 —
Philadelphia/San Francisco/Golden State Warriors 5 4 9 1947, 1956, 1975, 2015, 2017 1948, 1964, 1967, 2016
San Antonio Spurs 5 1 6 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014 2013
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers 3 6 9 1955, 1967, 1983 1950, 1954, 1977, 1980, 1982, 2001
Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons 3 4 7 1989, 1990, 2004 1955, 1956, 1988, 2005
Miami Heat 3 2 5 2006, 2012, 2013 2011, 2014
New York Knicks 2 6 8 1970, 1973 1951, 1952, 1953, 1972, 1994, 1999
Houston Rockets 2 2 4 1994, 1995 1981, 1986
St. Louis/Atlanta Hawks 1 3 4 1958 1957, 1960, 1961
Baltimore/Washington Bullets/Washington Wizards 1 3 4 1978 1971, 1975, 1979
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder 1 3 4 1979 1978, 1996, 2012
Cleveland Cavaliers 1 3 4 2016 2007, 2015, 2017
Portland Trail Blazers 1 2 3 1977 1990, 1992
Milwaukee Bucks 1 1 2 1971 1974
Dallas Mavericks 1 1 2 2011 2006
Baltimore Bullets (original) (folded in 1954)[g] 1 0 1 1948 —
Rochester/Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City/Sacramento Kings 1 0 1 1951 —
Phoenix Suns 0 2 2 — 1976, 1993
New Orleans/Utah Jazz 0 2 2 — 1997, 1998
New Jersey/Brooklyn Nets 0 2 2 — 2002, 2003
Orlando Magic 0 2 2 — 1995, 2009
Chicago Stags (folded in 1950) 0 1 1 — 1947
Washington Capitols (folded in 1951) 0 1 1 — 1949
Indiana Pacers 0 1 1 — 2000
Buffalo Braves/San Diego/Los Angeles Clippers — — —
Charlotte Bobcats/Hornets — — —
Denver Nuggets — — —
Minnesota Timberwolves — — —
New Orleans Hornets/Pelicans — — —
Toronto Raptors — — —
Vancouver/Memphis Grizzlies — — —
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Due to the NBA's realignment into three divisions, the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist. Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions, causing Central Division (no relation to the current Central Division) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals.[26]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown.
Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design.[19][20]
Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien.
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.[75]
Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.[89][90]
Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present-day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997.
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA Playoffs
Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award
List of NBA Development League champions
List of NBA championship head coaches
List of NBA players with most championships
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "1953–54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
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Jump up ^ Shimberg, Jason (June 9, 2005). "NBA Finals Trophy: Can You Name It?". docsports.com. Docsports. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 14, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "Cousy Retires as Six-Time Champion". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boston 'D' at Center of Title Defense". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boston is Alive and Well". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "West's Heroics Can't Deprive Russell of 11th Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Big O' Completes Bucks' Championship Run". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Knicks Win One for the 'Aged'". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Barry's Warriors Produce Epic Upset". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Triple-OT Classic Highlights Boston's 13th Title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Walton, Lucas Ignite 'Blazermania'". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "'Fat Lady' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "DJ Leads the Way for Sonics". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Celtics Return to Glory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers' Arduous Season Ends in Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Moses Helps Dr. J, Sixers Reach Promised Land". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kareem, Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bad Boys Still the Best". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Paxson's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Houston's Championship: Dream Come True". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bulls' Record-Setting Season Ends in Victory". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
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Jump up ^ Donovan, John (February 4, 1999). "Let the semi-season begin: Expect injuries, intensity and a new champion in '99". CNN Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 4, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "L.A. Finishes Off Magic, Claims 15th Championship". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Revenge! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian (June 20, 2013). "LeBron leads Heat to second straight title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mahoney, Brian (June 15, 2014). "Spurs beat Heat 104-87 in Game 5 to win NBA title". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Withers, Tom (June 16, 2015). "Warriors win NBA title, down LeBron, Cavs 105-97 in Game 6". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ziegler, P. J. (19 June 2016). "Curse broken: Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship". Fox News. Retrieved 20 June 2016. The Cleveland Cavaliers have broken the Cleveland curse and won the NBA Championship; they beat the Warriors, 93-89. The Cavs are the first NBA team ever to win an NBA title after being down 3-1.
External links[edit]
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NBA.com: List of champions
[show]
v
t
e
NBA Finals
Champions
O'Brien Trophy
Most Valuable Player Award
Brown Trophy
Championship ring
Broadcasters
Game sevens
Droughts
Streaks
TV ratings
1940s
1947 1948 1949
1950s
1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
[show]
v
t
e
NBA champions
1947: Philadelphia Warriors
1948: Baltimore Bullets
1949: Minneapolis Lakers
1950: Minneapolis Lakers
1951: Rochester Royals
1952: Minneapolis Lakers
1953: Minneapolis Lakers
1954: Minneapolis Lakers
1955: Syracuse Nationals
1956: Philadelphia Warriors
1957: Boston Celtics
1958: St. Louis Hawks
1959: Boston Celtics
1960: Boston Celtics
1961: Boston Celtics
1962: Boston Celtics
1963: Boston Celtics
1964: Boston Celtics
1965: Boston Celtics
1966: Boston Celtics
1967: Philadelphia 76ers
1968: Boston Celtics
1969: Boston Celtics
1970: New York Knicks
1971: Milwaukee Bucks
1972: Los Angeles Lakers
1973: New York Knicks
1974: Boston Celtics
1975: Golden State Warriors
1976: Boston Celtics
1977: Portland Trail Blazers
1978: Washington Bullets
1979: Seattle SuperSonics
1980: Los Angeles Lakers
1981: Boston Celtics
1982: Los Angeles Lakers
1983: Philadelphia 76ers
1984: Boston Celtics
1985: Los Angeles Lakers
1986: Boston Celtics
1987: Los Angeles Lakers
1988: Los Angeles Lakers
1989: Detroit Pistons
1990: Detroit Pistons
1991: Chicago Bulls
1992: Chicago Bulls
1993: Chicago Bulls
1994: Houston Rockets
1995: Houston Rockets
1996: Chicago Bulls
1997: Chicago Bulls
1998: Chicago Bulls
1999: San Antonio Spurs
2000: Los Angeles Lakers
2001: Los Angeles Lakers
2002: Los Angeles Lakers
2003: San Antonio Spurs
2004: Detroit Pistons
2005: San Antonio Spurs
2006: Miami Heat
2007: San Antonio Spurs
2008: Boston Celtics
2009: Los Angeles Lakers
2010: Los Angeles Lakers
2011: Dallas Mavericks
2012: Miami Heat
2013: Miami Heat
2014: San Antonio Spurs
2015: Golden State Warriors
2016: Cleveland Cavaliers
2017: Golden State Warriors
[show]
v
t
e
National Basketball Association
Eastern
Conference
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Boston Celtics
Brooklyn Nets
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Philadelphia 76ers
Toronto Raptors
Central
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Cleveland Cavaliers
Detroit Pistons
Indiana Pacers
Milwaukee Bucks
Southeast
Atlanta Hawks
Charlotte Hornets
Miami Heat
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
Western
Conference
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Denver Nuggets
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text:
It Is Well with My Soul
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"It Is Well" redirects here. For the Kutless album, see It Is Well (album).
It has been suggested that It Is Well With My Soul (Hillsong song) be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since March 2017.
(Original lyrics)[1]
When peace like a river, attendeth my way,
When sorrows like sea billows roll;
Whatever my lot, Thou hast taught me to knowa
It is well, it is well, with my soul.
Refrain:
It is well, (it is well),
With my soul, (with my soul)
It is well, it is well, with my soul.
Though Satan should buffet, though trials should come,
Let this blest assurance control,
That Christ has regarded my helpless estate,
And hath shed His own blood for my soul.
My sin, oh, the bliss of this glorious thought!
My sin, not in part but the whole,
Is nailed to the cross, and I bear it no more,
Praise the Lord, praise the Lord, O my soul!
For me, be it Christ, be it Christ hence to live:
If Jordan above me shall roll,
No pang shall be mine, for in death as in life,
Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul.
But Lord, 'tis for Thee, for Thy coming we wait,
The sky, not the grave, is our goal;
Oh, trump of the angel! Oh, voice of the Lord!
Blessed hope, blessed rest of my soul.
And Lord, haste the day when my faith shall be sight,
The clouds be rolled back as a scroll;
The trump shall resound, and the Lord shall descend,
A song in the night, oh my soul! b
a "know" (at the end of the third line) was changed to "say".
b "A song in the night, oh my soul" (last line)
was changed to "Even so, it is well with my soul".
"It Is Well With My Soul" is a hymn penned by hymnist Horatio Spafford and composed by Philip Bliss. First published in Gospel Songs No. 2 by Sankey and Bliss (1876), it is possibly the most influential and enduring in the Bliss repertoire and is often taken as a choral model, appearing in hymnals of a wide variety of Christian fellowships.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Notable performances
3 References
4 External links
Background[edit]
This hymn was written after traumatic events in Spafford's life. The first was the death of his son at the age of 2 and the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, which ruined him financially (he had been a successful lawyer and had invested significantly in property in the area of Chicago that was extensively damaged by the great fire). His business interests were further hit by the economic downturn of 1873, at which time he had planned to travel to Europe with his family on the SS Ville du Havre. In a late change of plan, he sent the family ahead while he was delayed on business concerning zoning problems following the Great Chicago Fire. While crossing the Atlantic, the ship sank rapidly after a collision with a sea vessel, the Loch Earn, and all four of Spafford's daughters died. His wife Anna survived and sent him the now famous telegram, "Saved alone …". Shortly afterwards, as Spafford traveled to meet his grieving wife, he was inspired to write these words as his ship passed near where his daughters had died.[3]
Bliss called his tune Ville du Havre, from the name of the stricken vessel.[4]
The Spaffords later had three more children. On February 11, 1880, their son, Horatio Goertner Spafford, died at the age of four, of scarlet fever. Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford (born March 24, 1878) and Grace Spafford (born January 18, 1881). Their Presbyterian church regarded their tragedy as divine punishment. In response, the Spaffords formed their own Messianic sect, dubbed "the Overcomers" by American press. In 1881, the Spaffords, including baby Bertha and newborn Grace, set sail for Ottoman-Turkish Palestine. The Spaffords settled in Jerusalem and helped found a group called the American Colony. Colony members, later joined by Swedish Christians, engaged in philanthropic work among the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives—thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim, Jewish, and Christian communities. During and immediately after World War I, the American Colony played a critical role in supporting these communities through the great suffering and deprivations by running soup kitchens, hospitals, orphanages and other charitable ventures. The colony later became the subject of Jerusalem by the Nobel prize-winning author, Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlöf.[3]
Notable performances[edit]
The Georgia Southern University marching band Southern Pride plays the song at the end of each win.[5]
1961: Tennessee Ernie Ford; Hymns at Home
1963: Doris Akers; Forever Faithful
1968: Mahalia Jackson; A Mighty Fortress
1991: Don Moen; Eternal God
1995: Jennifer Holliday; On & On
1995: Crystal Lewis; (Hymns) My Life
1999: Audio Adrenaline; Underdog
1999: Selah; Be Still My Soul
2000: 4Him; Hymns: A Place of Worship
2001: Dwight Yoakam; South of Heaven, West of Hell
2002: Rebecca St. James; Worship God
2002: Amy Grant, with a portion of the song along with "The River's Gonna Keep On Rolling" (written by Vince Gill) on her album Legacy... Hymns and Faith
2003: The Three Tenors; Bath 2003
2005: Jars of Clay; Redemption Songs
2006: Chris Rice; Peace Like a River: The Hymns Project
2008: Kristyn Getty (YouTube)[6]
2009: Kutless; It Is Well
2011: Hillsong Music (Darlene Zschech) single (new bridge added by Reuben Morgan & Ben Fielding); all proceeds from the recording go to help the Queensland Flood Relief Effort[7]
2011: Josh Wilson; See You, instrumental version, finger-style guitar
2013: Eleventyseven; Good Spells (EP)
2014: Michael W. Smith; Hymns
2014: Shane & Shane; The Worship Initiative, Vol. 4
2014: Sebastian Demrey; Heritage; Hymns of our Faith
2014: Newsboys; Hallelujah for the Cross
2014: Bro. Philemon featuring Morris Babyface[8][9]
2015: Kristian Stanfill from the Passion Conferences's album Even So Come
2016: Audrey Assad; Inheritance
2017: MercyMe sampled this song in "Even If" from their album Lifer
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History". Kosinski Studio. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Although the presence of a refrain makes the item technically a gospel song versus a hymn in the strict sense, it has a remarkably sustained and sonorous quality, which makes it comparable to the stateliest hymns in both Protestant and Roman Catholic hymnody. It has been prolifically translated and has demonstrated an appeal in various cultures.
^ Jump up to: a b "The American Colony in Jerusalem, 1870-2006". Retrieved May 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ McCann, Forrest M. (1997). Hymns and History: An Annotated Survey of Sources. Abilene, TX: ACU Press. ISBN 0-89112-058-0, pp. 154, 327-328, 359-360, 520, 597.
Jump up ^ Sandra Bennett (2012). "The Beat Goes On". Retrieved March 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gettys—It Is Well". YouTube. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Reuben Morgan (2011). "Hillsong collected blog—It Is Well". Retrieved January 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bro Philemon - It Is Well ft. Morris Babyface (Official Video with lyrics) | GhanaMusic.com Video" (partly sung in Mandarin Chinese), YouTube.
Jump up ^ Francis Doku, "Best Male Artiste in African Inspirational Music category for AFRIMA 2014", Modern Ghana, 28 September 2014.
External links[edit]
Library of Congress item mamcol.016 High resolution images of the restored original manuscript (up to 22 MB) front AND back at the Library of Congress. (Includes an extra verse on the back, as well as notes from his prayer meetings)
SpaffordHymn.com The original Hymn manuscript
The American Colony in Jerusalem (A Library of Congress Exhibition)
McCann, Forrest Mason (1997). Hymns & History: An Annotated Survey of Sources. Abilene, Texas: ACU Press, pp. 327–328, 520, 597. ISBN 0-89112-058-0
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Is_Well_with_My_Soul&oldid=793769933"
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text:
Siege of Boston
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Siege of Boston
Part of American Revolutionary War

Engraving depicting the British evacuation of Boston
Date
April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776
(10 months, 3 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Boston and surrounding area
42°21′48″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36333°N 71.05778°W / 42.36333; -71.05778Coordinates: 42°21′48″N 71°3′28″W / 42.36333°N 71.05778°W / 42.36333; -71.05778
Result
Strategic American victory
British forces evacuate Boston
Belligerents
United Colonies Great Britain
Commanders and leaders
George Washington
Artemas Ward
Henry Knox
Thomas Gage
Sir William Howe
Sir Henry Clinton
Strength
6,000–16,000[1] 4,000–11,000[2]
Casualties and losses
Battle of Bunker Hill
Over 400 killed or wounded,
30 captured[3]
Rest of siege
19 killed or wounded[4] Bunker Hill
1,150 killed or wounded[3]
Rest of siege
60 killed or wounded,
35 captured[4]
[show]
v
t
e
Boston campaign
1774–1776
Powder Alarm
Suffolk Resolves
Lexington and Concord
Boston
Thompson's War
Chelsea Creek
Machias
Bunker Hill
Gloucester
Falmouth
Knox artillery train
Dorchester Heights
The Siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War.[5] New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army garrisoned in what was then the peninsular city of Boston, Massachusetts. Both sides had to deal with resource supply and personnel issues over the course of the siege. British resupply and reinforcement activities were limited to sea access. After eleven months of the siege, the British abandoned Boston by sailing to Nova Scotia.
The siege began on April 19 after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, when the militia from surrounding Massachusetts communities blocked land access to Boston. The Continental Congress formed the Continental Army from the militia, with George Washington as its Commander in Chief. In June 1775, the British seized Bunker and Breed's Hills, from which the Continentals were preparing to bombard the city, but their casualties were heavy and their gains were insufficient to break the Continental Army's hold on land access to Boston. The Americans laid siege to the British-occupied city. Military actions during the remainder of the siege were limited to occasional raids, minor skirmishes, and sniper fire.
In November 1775, Washington sent the 25-year-old bookseller-turned-soldier Henry Knox to bring to Boston the heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga. In a technically complex and demanding operation, Knox brought many cannons to the Boston area by January 1776. In March 1776, these artillery fortified Dorchester Heights (which overlooked Boston and its harbor), thereby threatening the British supply lifeline. The British commander William Howe saw the British position as indefensible and withdrew the British forces in Boston to the British stronghold at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on March 17 (celebrated today as Evacuation Day).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Siege
2.1 Digging in
2.2 Early skirmishes
2.3 Breed's Hill
2.4 Stalemate
3 End of the siege
3.1 Fortification of Dorchester Heights
3.2 Evacuation
4 Aftermath
4.1 Americans clean up
4.2 Fate of the British generals
4.3 Fate of the Loyalists
4.4 Fate of Boston
5 See also
6 Footnotes
7 References
8 Further reading
Background[edit]
Main articles: American Revolution and Boston campaign
The Grand Union flag flown by George Washington during the Siege of Boston[6]
Prior to 1775, the British had imposed taxes and import duties on the American colonies, to which the inhabitants objected since they lacked British Parliamentary representation. In response to the Boston Tea Party and other acts of protest, 4,000 British troops under the command of General Thomas Gage were sent to occupy Boston and to pacify the restive Province of Massachusetts Bay.[7] Parliament authorized Gage, among other actions, to disband the local provincial government (led by John Hancock and Samuel Adams). It was reformed into the Provincial Congress, and continued to meet. The Provincial Congress called for the organization of local militias and coordinated the accumulation of weapons and other military supplies.[8] Under the terms of the Boston Port Act, Gage closed the Boston port, which caused much unemployment and discontent.[9]
1775 map of the Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Siege of Boston
When British forces were sent to seize military supplies from the town of Concord on April 19, 1775, militia companies from surrounding towns opposed them in the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[10] At Concord, some of the British forces were routed in a confrontation at the North Bridge. The British troops, on their march back to Boston, were then engaged in a running battle, suffering heavy casualties.[11] All of the New England colonies (and later colonies further south) raised militias in response to this alarm, and sent them to Boston.[12]
Siege[edit]
Digging in[edit]
The Siege of Boston 1775–1776.
Immediately after the battles of April 19, the Massachusetts militia, under the loose leadership of William Heath, who was superseded by General Artemas Ward late on the 20th,[13] formed a siege line extending from Chelsea, around the peninsulas of Boston and Charlestown, to Roxbury, effectively surrounding Boston on three sides. They particularly blocked the Charlestown Neck (the only land access to Charlestown), and the Boston Neck (the only land access to Boston, which was then a peninsula), leaving only the harbor and sea access under British control.[12]
In the days immediately following the creation of the siege line, the size of the colonial forces grew, as militias from New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut arrived on the scene.[12] General Gage wrote of his surprise of the number of rebels surrounding the city: "The rebels are not the despicable rabble too many have supposed them to be....In all their wars against the French they never showed such conduct, attention, and perseverance as they do now."[14]
General Gage turned his attention to fortifying easily defensible positions. In the south, at Roxbury, Gage ordered lines of defenses with 10 twenty-four pound guns. In Boston proper, four hills were quickly fortified. They were to be the main defense of the city.[15] Over time, each of these hills were strengthened.[16] Gage also decided to abandon Charlestown, removing the beleaguered forces (that had retreated from Concord) to Boston. The town of Charlestown itself was entirely vacant, and the high lands of Charlestown (Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill) were left undefended, as were the heights of Dorchester, which had a commanding view of the harbor and the city.[17]
The British at first greatly restricted movement in and out of the city, fearing infiltration of weapons. Besieged and besiegers eventually reached an informal agreement allowing traffic on the Boston Neck, provided no firearms were carried. Residents of Boston turned in almost 2,000 muskets, and most of the Patriot residents left the city.[18] Many Loyalists who lived outside the city of Boston left their homes and fled into the city. Most of them felt that it was not safe to live outside of the city, because the Patriots were now in control of the countryside.[19] Some of the men, after arriving in Boston, joined Loyalist regiments attached to the British army.[20]
Because the siege did not blockade the harbor, the city remained open for the Royal Navy, under Vice Admiral Samuel Graves, to bring in supplies from Nova Scotia and other places. Colonial forces could do little to stop these shipments due to the naval supremacy of the British fleet. Nevertheless, American privateers were able to harass supply ships, and food prices rose quickly. Soon the shortages meant the British forces were on short rations. Generally, the American forces were able to gather information about what was happening in the city from people escaping the privations of Boston, but General Gage had no effective intelligence of rebel activities.[21]
Early skirmishes[edit]
On May 3, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized Benedict Arnold to raise forces for taking Fort Ticonderoga near the southern end of Lake Champlain in the Province of New York, which was known to have heavy weapons, but to be only lightly defended. Arnold arrived in Castleton (in what is now Vermont, but was then disputed territory between New York and New Hampshire) on the 9th, where he joined with Ethan Allen and a militia company from Connecticut, all of whom had independently arrived at the idea of taking Ticonderoga. This company, under the joint leadership of Arnold and Allen, captured Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point. They also captured the one large military vessel on Lake Champlain in a raid on Fort Saint-Jean.[22] They recovered over 180 cannons, as well as other weaponry and supplies that the nascent Continental Army would find useful in tightening their grip on Boston.[23]
An engraving depicting Ethan Allen demanding the surrender of Fort Ticonderoga.
Boston lacked a regular supply of fresh meat, and many horses needed hay. On May 21, Gage ordered a party to go to Grape Island, in the outer harbor, and bring hay to Boston.[24] When the Continentals on the mainland noticed this, they took alarm, and the militia were called out. As the British party arrived, they came under fire from the militia. The militia set fire to a barn on the island, destroying 80 tons of hay, and prevented the British from taking more than 3 tons.[24]
Continental forces, partly in response to the Grape Island incident, worked to clear the harbor islands of livestock and supplies useful to the British. On May 27, in the Battle of Chelsea Creek, the British Marines attempted to stop removal of livestock from some of the islands. The Americans resisted, and, in the course of the action, the British schooner Diana ran aground and was destroyed, but not before the Continentals recovered its weaponry.[25] In an attempt to help quell the rebellion, Gage issued a proclamation on June 12 offering to pardon all of those who would lay down their arms, with the exception of John Hancock and Samuel Adams.[26] Instead of quelling the rebellion, it ignited anger among the Patriots, and more people began to take up arms.[26]
Breed's Hill[edit]
Main article: Battle of Bunker Hill
The Battle of Bunker Hill, Howard Pyle, 1897
Throughout May, the British had been receiving reinforcements, until they reached a strength of about 6,000 men. On May 25, three Generals arrived on HMS Cerberus: William Howe, John Burgoyne, and Henry Clinton. Gage began planning to break out of the city.[25]
The plan decided on by the British command was to fortify both Bunker Hill and Dorchester Heights. They fixed the date for taking Dorchester Heights at June 18. On June 15, the colonists' Committee of Safety learned of the British plans. In response, they sent instructions to General Ward to fortify Bunker Hill and the heights of Charlestown; he ordered Colonel William Prescott to do so. On the night of June 16, Prescott led 1,200 men over the Charlestown Neck, and constructed fortifications on Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill.[27]
On June 17, in the Battle of Bunker Hill, British forces under General Howe took the Charlestown peninsula.[28] The British succeeded in their tactical objective of taking the high ground on the Charlestown peninsula, but they suffered significant losses. With some 1,000 men killed or wounded, including 92 officers killed, the British losses were so heavy that there were no further direct attacks on American forces.[29] The Americans, while losing the battle, had again stood against the British regulars with some success, as they had successfully repelled two assaults on Breed's Hill during the engagement.[30] From this point, the siege essentially became a stalemate.
Stalemate[edit]
General George Washington arrived at Cambridge on July 2. He set up his headquarters at the Benjamin Wadsworth House at Harvard College.[31] He took command of the newly formed Continental Army the following day. By this time forces and supplies were arriving, including companies of riflemen from as far away as Maryland and Virginia.[32] Washington began the work of molding the militias into something more closely resembling an army, appointing senior officers (where the militias had typically elected their leaders), and introducing more organization and disciplinary measures to the encamped militias.[33]
Washington required officers of different ranks to wear differentiating apparel, so that they might be distinguished from their underlings and superiors.[34] On July 16, he moved his headquarters to the John Vassall House, also in Cambridge, that would later become well known as the home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Toward the end of July, about 2,000 riflemen arrived in units raised in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. The accuracy of the rifle was previously unknown in New England, and these forces were used to harass the besieged forces.[35]
George Washington taking command of the Army, 1775
Washington also ordered the defenses to be improved. Trenches were dug on the Boston Neck, and then extended toward Boston. However, these activities had little effect on the British occupation.[36] The working parties were fired on from time to time, as were sentries guarding the works. On July 30, in retaliation for an American attack, the British pushed back an American advanced guard, and burned a few houses in Roxbury.[37] Four days later, on August 2, an American rifleman was killed, and his body hung up by the neck. In retaliation, other American riflemen marched to the lines and began to attack the British troops. They continued their sharp shooting all day, killing or wounding many of the British, and losing only one man.[38]
On August 30, the British made a surprise breakout from the Boston Neck, set fire to a tavern, and withdrew to their defenses.[38] On the same night, 300 Americans attacked Lighthouse Island and burned the lighthouse, killing several British soldiers and capturing 23 at the loss of one life.[38] On another August night, Washington sent 1,200 men to dig entrenchments on a hill near the Charlestown Neck. Despite a British bombardment, the Americans successfully dug the trenches.[39]
In early September, Washington began drawing up plans for two moves: first, to dispatch 1,000 men from Boston and invade Quebec, and second, to launch an attack on Boston.[40] Washington felt that he could afford to send some troops to Quebec, as he had received intelligence from British deserters and American spies that the British had no intention of launching an attack from Boston until they were reinforced.[41] On September 11, about 1,100 troops under the command of Benedict Arnold left for Quebec.[42] Washington summoned a council of war, and made a case for an all out amphibious assault on Boston, by sending troops across Back Bay in flat-bottomed boats which could hold 50 men each.[43] Washington believed it would be extremely difficult to keep the men together when winter came. In a war council, the plan was unanimously rejected, and the decision was not to attack "for the present at least."[43]
The British defenses in Boston, 1775
In early September Washington authorized the appropriation and outfitting of local fishing vessels for intelligence-gathering and interdiction of supplies to the British. This activity was a precursor to the Continental Navy, which was established in the aftermath of the British Burning of Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine). The provincial assemblies of Connecticut and Rhode Island had by then also begun arming ships and authorized privateering.[44]
In early November, 400 British soldiers went to Lechmere's Point on a raiding expedition to acquire some livestock. They made off with 10 head of cattle, but lost two lives in the skirmish with colonial troops sent to defend the point.[45][46] On November 29, colonial Captain John Manley, commanding the schooner Lee, captured one of the most valuable prizes of the siege, the British brigantine Nancy, just outside Boston Harbor. She was carrying a large supply of ordnance and military stores intended for the British troops in Boston.[47]
As winter approached, both sides faced their own problems. The Americans were so short on gunpowder that soldiers were given spears to fight with in the event of a British attack.[48] Many of the American troops remained unpaid and many of their enlistments would be up at the end of the year. On the British side Howe, who had replaced Gage as commander in October, was faced with different problems. Wood was so scarce that they began cutting down trees and tearing down wooden buildings, including the Old North Meeting House.[49]
To add to this, supplying the city had become increasingly difficult because of winter storms and the rise in rebel privateers.[48] The British troops were so hungry that many were ready to desert as soon as they could. Worse, scurvy and smallpox had broken out in the city.[50] Washington's army faced similar problems with smallpox, as soldiers from rural communities were exposed to the disease. Washington moved infected troops to a separate hospital, the only option then available given the public stigma against inoculation.[51]
Washington again proposed to assault Boston in October, but his officers thought it best to wait until the harbor had frozen over.[52] In February, when the water had frozen between Roxbury and Boston Common, Washington thought that in spite of his shortage in powder he would try an assault by rushing across the ice; but his officers again advised against it. Washington's desire to launch an attack on Boston arose from his fear that his army would desert in the winter, and how easily he knew that Howe could break the lines of his army in its present condition. He had not yet learned how completely he could trust in Howe's inactivity; he abandoned an attack across the ice with great reluctance in exchange for a more cautious plan, to fortify Dorchester Heights using cannon arrived from Fort Ticonderoga.[53][54]
In mid-January, on orders from London, British Major General Henry Clinton and a small fleet set sail for the Carolinas with 1,500 men. Their objective was to join forces with additional troops arriving from Europe, and to take a port in the southern colonies for further military operations.[55] In early February a British raiding party crossed the ice and burned several farmhouses in Dorchester.[56]
End of the siege[edit]
Henry Knox bringing his "noble train" of artillery to Cambridge
Main article: Noble train of artillery
Between November 1775 and February 1776, Colonel Henry Knox and a team of engineers used sledges to retrieve 60 tons of heavy artillery that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga. Bringing them across the frozen Hudson and Connecticut rivers in a difficult, complex operation, they arrived back at Cambridge on January 24, 1776.[57]
Fortification of Dorchester Heights[edit]
Main article: Fortification of Dorchester Heights
Some of the Ticonderoga cannons, which were of a size and range not previously available to the Americans, were emplaced in fortifications around the city, and on the night of March 2, the Americans began to bombard the city with those cannon, to which the British responded with cannonades of their own.[58] The American guns, under the direction of Colonel Knox, continued to exchange fire with the British until March 4. The exchange of fire did little damage to either side, although it did damage houses and kill some British soldiers in Boston.[59]
On March 5, Washington moved more of the Ticonderoga cannon and several thousand men overnight to occupy Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston. Since it was winter the ground was frozen, making the digging of trenches impractical. Rufus Putnam, who had been a millwright, developed a plan to fortify the heights using defenses made of heavy timbers and fascines. These were prefabricated out of sight of the British, and brought in overnight.[60][61][62] General Howe is said to have exclaimed, "My God, these fellows have done more work in one night than I could make my army do in three months."[63] The British fleet was within range of the American guns on Dorchester Heights, putting it and the troops in the city at risk.[64]
The immediate response of the British was a two-hour cannon barrage at the heights, which had no effect because the British guns could not reach the American guns at such height.[65] After the failure of the barrage, Howe and his officers agreed that the colonists must be removed from the heights if they were to hold Boston. They planned an assault on the heights; however, due to a storm the attack never took place, and the British elected instead to withdraw.[66]
On March 8, some prominent Bostonians sent a letter to Washington, stating that the British would not destroy the town if they were allowed to depart unmolested. Washington was given the letter, but formally rejected it, as it was not addressed to him by either name or title.[67] However, the letter had the intended effect: when the evacuation began, there was no American fire to hinder the British departure. On March 9, after seeing movement on Nook's Hill on Dorchester, the British opened a massive fire barrage that lasted all night. It killed four men with one cannonball, but that was all the damage that was done.[68] The next day, the colonists went out and collected the 700 cannonballs that had been fired at them.[68]
A map showing Boston and vicinity, including Bunker Hill, Dorchester Heights, and the troop disposition of Gen. Artemas Ward during the Siege of Boston. From "Marshall's Life of Washington" (1806).
Evacuation[edit]
On March 10, General Howe issued a proclamation ordering the inhabitants to give up all linen and woolen goods that could be used by the colonists to continue the war. A Loyalist, Crean Brush, was authorized to receive these goods, in return for which he gave certificates that were effectively worthless.[69] Over the next week, the British fleet sat in Boston harbor waiting for favorable winds, while Loyalists and British soldiers were loaded onto the ships. During this time, American naval activities outside the harbor successfully captured and diverted to ports under colonial control several British supply ships.[70]
On March 15, the wind became favorable, but before they could leave, it turned against them. On March 17 the wind once again turned favorable. The troops, who were authorized to burn the town if there were any disturbances while they were marching to their ships,[69] began to move out at 4:00 a.m. By 9:00 a.m., all ships were underway.[71] The fleet departing from Boston included 120 ships, with more than 11,000 people aboard. Of those, 9,906 were British troops, 667 were women, and 553 were children.[72]
Aftermath[edit]
Americans clean up[edit]
Once the British fleet sailed away, the Americans moved to reclaim Boston and Charlestown. At first, they thought that the British were still on Bunker Hill, but it turned out that the British had left dummies in place.[72] Due to the risk of smallpox, at first only men picked for their prior exposure to the disease entered Boston under the command of Artemas Ward. More of the colonial army entered on March 20, once the risk of disease was judged low.[73] While Washington had essentially acceded to the British threat to burn Boston, and had not hindered their departure from the city, he did not make their escape from the outer harbor entirely easy. He directed Captain Manley to harass the departing British fleet, in which he had some success, capturing among other prizes the ship carrying Crean Brush and his plunder.[74]
General Howe, when his fleet finally left the outer harbor, left in his wake a small contingent of vessels whose primary purpose was to intercept any arriving British vessels. While they successfully redirected to Halifax numerous ships carrying British troops originally destined for Boston, some unsuspecting British troop ships landed in Boston, only to fall into American hands.[75]
The British departure ended major military activities in the New England colonies. Washington, fearing that the British were going to attack New York City, departed on April 4 with his army for Manhattan, beginning the New York and New Jersey campaign.[76]
There are six units of the Army National Guard (101st Eng Bn,[77] 125th MP Co,[78] 181st Inf,[79] 182nd Inf,[80] 197th FA,[81] and 201st FA[82]) derived from American units that participated in the Siege of Boston. There are thirty currently existing units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era.
Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga, by John Trumbull
Fate of the British generals[edit]
General Howe would be severely criticized in the British press and Parliament for his failures in the Boston campaign, but would remain in command for another two years: for the New York and New Jersey campaign and the Philadelphia campaign. General Gage never received another combat command. General Burgoyne would see action in the Saratoga campaign, a disaster that saw his capture, as well as that of 7,500 troops under his command. General Clinton would command the British forces in America for four years (1778–1782).[83]
Fate of the Loyalists[edit]
Many Massachusetts Loyalists left with the British when they evacuated Boston. Some went to England to rebuild lives there, and some returned to America after the war. Many stayed in Nova Scotia, settling in places like Saint John, and many became active in the future development of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.[84]
Fate of Boston[edit]
Following the siege, Boston effectively ceased to be a military target, but continued to be a focal point for revolutionary activities, with its port acting as an important point for fitting ships of war and privateers. Its leading citizens would have important roles in the development of the future United States.[85] Boston and other area communities mark the March 17 end of the siege as Evacuation Day.
See also[edit]
Battle of Gloucester, capture of British seamen attempting to enforce blockade in Gloucester Harbor
Battle of Machias, Boston-based ship captured in Machias Bay
Fort Washington, Massachusetts, surviving colonial position used during the siege
List of conflicts in the United States#18th century
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 25
Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 311 puts the military strength that evacuated Boston at 11,000. Chidsey, p. 5 puts the initial strength at 4,000.
^ Jump up to: a b See Battle of Bunker Hill infobox for casualty details.
^ Jump up to: a b Boatner, p. 10
Jump up ^ "Siege of Boston - American Revolution - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ Ryan P. Randolph, Betsy Ross: The American Flag, and Life in a Young America, p. 38
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 5
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 35, 54
Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 7
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 7
Jump up ^ See Battles of Lexington and Concord for the full story.
^ Jump up to: a b c Frothingham, pp. 100–101
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 35
Jump up ^ Harvey, p. 1
Jump up ^ French, p. 236
Jump up ^ French, p. 237
Jump up ^ French, pp. 126–128,220
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 53
Jump up ^ French, p. 228
Jump up ^ French, p. 234
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 118
Jump up ^ Fisher, pp. 318–321
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 60
^ Jump up to: a b French, p. 248
^ Jump up to: a b French, p. 249
^ Jump up to: a b French, p. 251
Jump up ^ French, pp. 255–258
Jump up ^ French, p. 288
Jump up ^ French, p. 284
Jump up ^ French, pp. 272–273
Jump up ^ Benjamin Wadsworth House from Historic Buildings of Massachusetts.
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 117
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 113
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 112
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 227–228
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 10
Jump up ^ French, p. 337
^ Jump up to: a b c McCullough, p. 39
Jump up ^ French, p. 311
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 50
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 51
Jump up ^ Smith, pp. 57–58
^ Jump up to: a b McCullough, p. 53
Jump up ^ French, pp. 319–320
Jump up ^ French, p. 338
Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 267
Jump up ^ Chidsey, p. 133
^ Jump up to: a b McCullough, p. 60
Jump up ^ p.78
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 61
Jump up ^ Ann M. Becker, "Smallpox in Washington's Army: Strategic Implications of the Disease During the American Revolutionary War, The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68 No. 2 (April 2004) 388
Jump up ^ French, p. 330
Jump up ^ Fisher, p. 1
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 295–296
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 78
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 86
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 84
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 91
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 92
Jump up ^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General Israel Putnam: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 158, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. ISBN 978-1-4766-6453-8.
Jump up ^ Philbrick, Nathaniel. Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution, pp. 274-7, Viking Penguin, New York, New York, 2013 (ISBN 978-0-670-02544-2).
Jump up ^ Livingston, William Farrand. Israel Putnam: Pioneer, Ranger and Major General, 1718-1790, pp. 269-70, G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1901.
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 93
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 298–299
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 94
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 95
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 303–304
^ Jump up to: a b McCullough, p. 99
^ Jump up to: a b McCullough, p. 104
Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 308
Jump up ^ Frothingham, p. 309
^ Jump up to: a b McCullough, p. 105
Jump up ^ Frothingham, pp. 310–311
Jump up ^ French, p. 429
Jump up ^ French, p. 436
Jump up ^ McCullough, p. 112
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 101st Engineer Battalion
Jump up ^ "Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 125th Quartermaster Company". Massachusetts National Guard. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 181st Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 354–355.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 182nd Infantry. Reproduced in Sawicki 1981, pp. 355–357.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 172nd Field Artillery and 197th Field Artillery. See also "Unit Histories: From Portsmouth Harbor to the Persian Gulf," New Hampshire Army National Guard Pamphlet 600-82-3.
Jump up ^ Department of the Army, Lineage and Honors, 201st Field Artillery.
Jump up ^ French, pp. 437–438
Jump up ^ French, pp. 438–439
Jump up ^ French, pp. 441–443
References[edit]
Boatner, Mark (1966). The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. McKay. ISBN 0-8117-0578-1.
Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston. New York: Crown Publishers.
Fisher, Sydney George (1908). The Struggle for American Independence. J.B. Lippincott Company.
French, Allen (1911). The Siege of Boston. McMillan.
Frothingham, Jr, Richard (1851). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown.
Goldfeld, Alex R. (2009). The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood. History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-518-6.
Harvey, Robert (2002). A Few Bloody Noses: The Realities and Mythologies of the American Revolution. Overlook Press. p. 160. ISBN 1-58567-273-4.
McCullough, David (2005). 1776. Simon and Schuster Paperback. ISBN 0-7432-2672-0.
Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
Smith, Justin H (1903). Arnold's March from Cambridge to Quebec. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons.
Further reading[edit]
Timothy Newell (1852). "A journal kept during the time yt Boston was shut up in 1775-6". Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 1.
"Centennial Reading: The Siege of Boston", Bulletin of the Boston Public Library, 5, July 1883, pp. 388–389
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Augustine Washington Jr. (half-brother)
Betty Washington Lewis (sister)
Samuel Washington (brother)
John A. Washington (brother)
Charles Washington (brother)
Lawrence Washington (grandfather)
John Washington (great-grandfather)
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Boston&oldid=835744854"
Categories:
History of Boston
Sieges of the American Revolutionary War
Massachusetts in the American Revolution
18th century in Boston
Conflicts in 1775
Conflicts in 1776
1775 in the Thirteen Colonies
1775 in Massachusetts
1776 in Massachusetts
Military history of New England
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