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List of One-Punch Man chapters
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One-Punch Man is a Japanese manga series written by One and illustrated by Yusuke Murata. One began publishing One-Punch Man as a webcomic in 2009.[1] As of January 2017[update], the webcomic has released 109 chapters.[2][needs update] When the series became popular, receiving 7.9 million hits by June 2012, Yusuke Murata contacted One and proposed to redraw the comic for digital publication in Weekly Young Jump's spin-off manga website Young Jump Web Comics (となりのヤングジャンプ, Tonari no Yangu Janpu), published by Shueisha.[1][3][4] The first chapter was published on June 14, 2012.[3]
The series began publication in Viz Media's Weekly Shonen Jump (Shonen Jump Alpha at the time) in North America on January 21, 2013.[5] The first digital volume in February 2014.[6] One-Punch Man was one of a number of series that Viz made available on ComiXology in June 2014.[7] The manga was released in print in the United States starting in September 2015.[8]
The series has been collected into seventeen tankōbon volumes, which have been republished in English.
Contents
1 Volume list
2 Chapters not yet in tankōbon format
3 References
4 External links
Volume list[edit]
Individual chapters of the series are called punches, for example, chapter 37 is "Punch 37". Bonus manga that are 1-2 page(s) long are not listed in index, all hidden bonuses are listed after chapter.
No.
Title
Japanese release
English release
01
One Punch
Ichigeki (一撃) December 12, 2012[9]
ISBN 978-4-08-870701-3 September 1, 2015[10]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8564-2
One Punch (一撃, Ichigeki)
Crab and Job Hunting (蟹と就活, Kani to Shūkatsu)
Walking Disaster (災害存在, Saigai Sonzai)
Subterraneans of Darkness (闇の地底人, Yami no Chisokojin)
Itch Explosion (かゆさ爆発, Kayusa Bakuhatsu)
Saitama (サイタマ, Saitama)
A Mysterious Attack (謎の襲撃, Nazo no Shūgeki)
This Guy? (それコイツ, Sore Koitsu)
Bonus Manga: 200 Yen (２００円, 200 En)
A villain named Vaccine Man destroys a city and is about to kill a girl, but Saitama, a bald superhero, rescues her and destroys Vaccine Man. Saitama has grown bored of life, as he can defeat any nemesis with a single punch. He recalls three years ago, he was returning from a job interview when he rescues a kid from a crab villain called Crablante and decides he is going to be a superhero afterwards. Saitama defeats a pair of brothers, one of whom has become really big. Saitama has a dream about facing some subterranean monster invaders that finally give him a challenge, but he wakes and finds the monsters are really weak. A villain named Mosquito Girl devastates a city with her swarms of mosquitos but a cyborg superhero named Genos stands up against her. Mosquito Girl powers up and rips Genos apart but Saitama swats Mosquito Girl easily. Genos asks Saitama to disciple him. A group of ground-based villains from the House of Evolution attacks. The bonus manga chapter has a story about 12-year-old Saitama in middle school and how he had to deal with some bullies and a piggy bank monster that took his 200 yen.
02
The Secret To His Strength
Tsuyosa no Hiketsu (強さの秘訣) December 12, 2012[11]
ISBN 978-4-08-870702-0 September 1, 2015[12]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8565-9
House of Evolution (進化の家, Shinka no Ie)
Modern Art (近代アート, Kindai Āto)
The Secret to Strength (強さの秘訣, Tsuyosa no Hiketsu)
The Paradisers (桃源団, Tōgen-dan)
Speed (スピード, Supīdo)
I Don't Know You (お前など知らん, Omae Nado Shiran)
Fun and Work (趣味と仕事, Shumi to Shigoto)
Bonus Manga: Brushing Up (じぶんみがき, Jibun Migaki)
Armored Gorilla tells Saitama and Genos about the creation of the House of Evolution by Doctor Genus, and reveals the whereabouts of their headquarters. Saitama and Genos face Genus's ultimate House of Evolution member Carnage Kabuto. Carnage beats Genos down soundly. Carnage asks for Saitama's secret to his power, but Saitama replies with his daily training regimen of sit-ups, push-ups, squats, running, eating right, and not using heaters/air conditioning. Carnage does not believe Saitama and tries to kill him, but is easily killed. Later, Hammerhead and his gang of Paradisers destroy parts of town looking for rich man Zeniru's manor hoping to create a society where one isn't criminalized for not working. Saitama at first does not care, but he takes offense when the news lumps him in with the Paradisers because he is bald. Zeniru's bodyguard Speed-o'-Sound Sonic kills off the entire Paradiser gang except for Hammerhead, who survives and tries to recruit Saitama, only to get his battle suit destroyed. Sonic thinks Saitama is a Paradiser and attacks him but is defeated when Saitama inadvertently hits his groin. Saitama realizes he has no visibility as a hero, so he is advised by Genos to join the Hero Registry as a professional hero in the Hero Association. In the bonus chapter, Saitama puts his 300 days of training to work with some superheroic deeds.
03
The Rumor
Uwasa (噂) April 4, 2013[13]
ISBN 978-4-08-870724-2 November 3, 2015[14]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6461-6
I Passed (合格しました, Gōkaku Shimashita)
Sparring (手合せ, Teawase)
Pounding the Pavement (宮業活動, Miyagyō Katsudō)
No Time for This (それどころじゃない, Sore Dokoro Janai)
The Rumor (噂, Uwasa)
Bonus Manga 1: Summer (夏, Natsu)
Bonus Manga 2: A New Wind Blows (吹き込む新風, Fukikomu Shinpū)
Saitama and Genos pass the entrance exam for the Heroes Association, but while Genos is placed in S-Class for getting a perfect score, Saitama is placed in C-Class because of his dismal results in his written test and essay. Snakebite Snek briefs them on their responsibilities. Genos and Saitama spar. As Genos moves into Saitama's apartment, Saitama discovers that C-Class members must do at least one heroic deed a week or they are dropped. He runs around the city looking for a villain but has no luck. He attracts the attention of Tank-Top Tiger, who thinks Saitama is a villain, until Sonic beats Tiger and then attacks Saitama, after which Saitama just knocks Sonic down as his "good deed". The Association's A-Class headquarters review reports from the cities, and finds that City Z is attracting a lot of villains. A seaweed monster called Kombu Infinity attacks City Z, defeating A-Class members Spring Mustachio and Golden Ball, but Saitama defeats him easily. In the bonus chapter, a monster called Cicada Nymph attacks three heroes who retreat to a shelter which has a younger Saitama (with hair) who needs to use the restroom. In the other bonus chapter, a member of the B-Class heroes' subgroup Blizzard Bunch takes on a formidable opponent.
04
Giant Meteor
Kyodai Inseki (巨大隕石) August 2, 2013[15]
ISBN 978-4-08-870871-3 January 5, 2016[16]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6920-8
Giant Meteor (巨大隕石, Kyodai Inseki)
Voices (声, Koe)
Threat from the Sea (海からの脅威, Umi Kara no Kyōi)
Deep Sea King (深海王, Shinkaiō)
Bonus Manga: Purison (ぷりズン, Purizon)
Genos and S-Class hero Bang are summoned to stop a giant meteor. They are joined by Metal Knight, who wanted to try out some new weapons. As none of them are able to stop it, Saitama comes in and shatters it into a bunch of fragments which damage the city but prevents a worldwide catastrophe. Tank-top Tiger and Tank-Top Black Hole incite the townsfolk to blame Saitama for the destruction of the city, but Saitama responds that he destroyed the meteor, and that's that. A group of sea monsters called the Clan of the Seafolk attack City J. Stinger is able to fend off the Clan until its leader, the Sea King, arrives and defeats him. The Sea King also defeats Lightning Max but then must face Puri-Puri Prisoner. The bonus chapter follows Sonic's imprisonment where he fends against some other prisoner thugs and then Puri-Puri Prisoner.
05
Shining in Tatters
Zutaboro ni Kagayaku (ズタボロに輝く) December 4, 2013[17]
ISBN 978-4-08-880083-7 March 1, 2016[18]
ISBN 978-1-4215-6954-3
Deep Sea King 2 (深海王・２, Shinkaiō 2)
Unstable Hope (不安定な希望, Fuanteina Kibō)
Shining in Tatters (ズタボロに輝く, Zutaboro ni Kagayaku)
It's Raining, So... (雨降ってるから, Ame Futteru Kara)
Class B (B級, Bī-Kyū)
Bonus Manga: What Can't Be Bought (賈えないモノ, Kaenai Mono)
Puri-Puri Prisoner tries to fight Deep Sea King but is defeated. Sonic also gives a try but realizes he needs a weapon and retreats. Deep Sea King attacks an evacuation shelter of civilians and finds less than a handful of minor superheroes including Snakebite Snek, who stall the monster until help arrives. Genos fights Deep Sea King, but is defeated when he protects a girl from Deep Sea King's corrosive spit. Mumen Rider also tries to fight Deep Sea King, but is defeated. Saitama arrives to save Mumen from being killed, and defeats Deep Sea King in one punch. However, he quickly defers the credit to all the other heroes who he said weakened the monster. He is placed in rank 1 and applies to advance to B-Class. In the bonus chapter, D-Pad and Funeral Suspenders have to fight a bank robber named Bull-Bull Man but when he escapes with a hostage, Saitama is there to stop him.
06
The Big Prediction
Daiyogen (大予言) May 2, 2014[19]
ISBN 978-4-08-880128-5 May 3, 2016[20]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8527-7
Class S (S級, Esu-Kyū) + Bonus
The Big Prediction (大予言, Daiyogen) + Bonus
From Outer Space (宇宙(そら)からの..., Sora kara no...) + Bonus
Men Who Don't Listen (話を聞かない男たち, Hanashi o Kikanai Otokotachi)
Are You Stupid? (馬鹿かお前, Bakaka Omae) + Bonus
Bonus Manga: Salmon (鮭, Shake)
The S-class superheroes and Saitama are gathered at City A where it is revealed that Madame Shibabawa has died but has predicted that their world would face a great danger. A gigantic alien spacecraft arrives, destroying most of City A except for the headquarters. As heroes Atomic Samurai, Bang, Puri-Puri Prisoner, and Metal Bat try to fight Melzargard, a shape-shifting alien with five heads, the others try to figure out how to get to the spaceship, while Saitama has already punched his way in, defeating Groribas. Melzargard continues to regenerate and pose a problem to the heroes until they find his weakness is that he hides a marble essence in each of his heads. Saitama faces Lord Boros, the leader of the Dark Matter Thieves. In the bonus chapter, Saitama encounters a suicidal worker while he's eating lunch.
07
The Fight
Tatakai (戦い) December 4, 2014[21]
ISBN 978-4-08-880262-6 July 5, 2016[22]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8528-4
The Fight (戦い, Tatakai)
Boros's True Strength (ボロスの本領, Borosu no Honryō)
Crash (堕落, Daraku)
Bonus Manga 1: Big Construction (大工事, Daikouji)
Bonus Manga 2: A Top Pupil's Reminiscence (一番弟子の回想, Ichibandeshi no Kaisou)
Bonus Manga 3: Pork Cutlet Bowl (カツ丼, Katsudon)
Tornado stops the shells and redirects them back to damage the alien ship. Melzargard is down to two heads. Although Melzargard hits Bang, Atomic Samurai chops up Melzargard, and Bang crushes Melzargard's last marble essence. Boros brags about how he can heal up, landing a blow that sends Saitama to the moon. Saitama counters with some consecutive normal punches, but when Boros uses his other ultimate move, Saitama defeats him with a single "serious strike" punch. The ship crashes into the mostly destroyed A-City. Amai Mask criticizes the S-Class heroes for trashing the city. Metal Knight arrives to salvage ship parts to make weapons. Tornado blames Saitama for running around uncontrolled, but Bang tells them to stop. The headquarters which survived the attack, is reconstructed into a fortress. In the bonus chapters, a large robot approaches the headquarters, and some heroes are deployed to stop it, but it turns out to be Metal Knight's reconstruction robots. Charanko recalls how he became the number-one disciple for Bang. The police bring in Saitama for questioning, but after offering him a pork cutlet bowl, Saitama defeats a monster that attacked the police station.
08
That Man
Ano Hito (あの人) April 3, 2015[23]
ISBN 978-4-08-880382-1 September 6, 2016[24]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8656-4
King (キング, Kingu)
That Man (あの人, Ano Hito)
Outlaws (アウトロー, Autorō)
Bonus Manga 1: Lost Cat (迷い猫, Mayoi Neko)
Bonus Manga 2: Lobster (海老, Ebi)
S-Class superhero King walks into a city, causing a monster to give up attacking a woman, but he is actually there to buy a romance simulation video game. A robot named G4 challenges King, who excuses himself to go to the restroom. It is revealed he is not really a superhero but a video game otaku who had survived numerous monster attacks because others have always intervened and gave him credit. King escapes to his apartment, but Saitama surprises him there, and he reveals his secret to him, as well as learning that Saitama had saved him the first time when he got his face clawed. A bird attacks King's apartment, but Saitama punches it away. Meanwhile, Genos fights and defeats G4, and takes its parts to Dr. Kuseno to upgrade his abilities. Sitch gathers a bunch of criminals in order to recruit from potential superheroes to fight the upcoming monsters. While Sonic refuses and leaves, Garo uses the group to establish himself as the strongest villain. In the bonus chapters, Saitama helps a little girl find her lost cat while Genos and other superheroes go after the Grizz-Meow. In another bonus chapter, Bang invites Saitama and Genos for hot pot but a gang tries to challenge the dojo and loses. The losing gang encounter Garo afterwards.
09
Don't Dis Heroes!
Namen Na! (なめんな！) August 9, 2015[25]
ISBN 978-4-08-880530-6 November 1, 2016[26]
ISBN 978-1-4215-8657-1
The Man Who Wanted to Be a Villain (怪人になりたい男, Kaijin ni Naritai Otoko)
The Blizzard Bunch (フブキ組, Fubuki-Gumi)
Don't Dis Heroes! (なめんな！, Namen Na!)
Accelerate (加速, Kasoku)
Hero Name (ヒーローネーム, Hīrō Nēmu)
Hero Hunting (ヒーロー狩り, Hiro Kari)
Technique (技, Waza)
Bonus Manga: The Blizzard Bunch in Hard Times (フブキ組の奮闘, Fubuki-Gumi no Funtō)
Garo is reminded of his past when he was watching television and the heroes would always win, so he sided with the villains. Back in the present time, he defeats Sitch's bodyguards and a number of villains before leaving. While Sonic finds Saitama's apartment but has to deal with Genos, Blizzard, with her two subordinates Eyelashes and Wild Monkey, try to recruit Saitama, but he refuses. Blizzard tries to fight Saitama, but Saitama stops her, telling her that such newbie-crushing activity is pointless. Their fight is interrupted by Sonic and Genos, who impress both with their speed, but Genos is defeated. Sonic challenges Saitama and uses his speed to make afterimages of himself, but Saitama counters with even more, knocking Sonic down with his side stepping. Saitama explains to Blizzard that he believes individual effort works better than team work, and that there will be times when the teammates may not be able to help. Meanwhile, Sitch is disappointed that the executives in the Hero Association would rather focus on giving hero names to Genos and Saitama and place minimal effort in going after Garo. Bang, on the other hand, takes the task of going after Garo seriously, and seeks his brother Bomb. Garo defeats Mumen Rider, Tank-Top Master, the entire Tank Top gang, and Charanko. In the bonus chapter, the Blizzard Bunch take on extra work in order to save money to buy a car.
10
Pumped Up
Kiai (気合い) December 4, 2015[27]
ISBN 978-4-08-880577-1 January 3, 2017[28]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9015-8
Bananas (バナナ, Banana)
I've Got Free Time, So... (どうせ服だから, Dōse Fukudakara)
Getting Cocky (調子に乗る！, Chōshininoru!)
Headgear (被り物, Kaburimono)
No Putting Back (戻すな！, Modosu Na!)
Waiting Room (控え室, Hikaeshitsu)
Centipede (百足, Mukade)
Pumped Up (気合い, Kiai)
Bonus Manga 1: Tornado's Day Off (タツマキの休日, Tatsumaki no Kyūjitsu)
Bonus Manga 2: Sense (センス, Sensu)
Bonus Manga 3: Numbers (数字, Sūji)
Mumen Rider tells Saitama about Garo and his hero hunt. Tank-Top Master also briefs Saitama on Garo's tactics, saying they are based on martial arts and are different from those of monsters. Bang's disciple Charanko gives Saitama his contestant entry for a martial arts tournament. Garo continues his rampage over the different heroes, defeating Golden Ball and Spring Mustachio, but he is casually knocked out by Saitama as the latter was shopping for a wig to disguise himself as Charanko for the tournament. Saitama meets Charanko's old acquaintance Sour Face and learns the format of the tournament. Metal Bat is called to bodyguard a prominent Hero Association patron and his son when a centipede monster attacks them. He defeats the centipede, but then the Centisenpai attacks, and then Centichoro.
Bonus chapters: Tornado gets upset that she has been dealing with so many monsters. The association gives her a day off, but she gets bored. Saitama enters a hero costume contest, but lets a boy use his costume, and finds the contest judge to be very harsh on all the contestants. The Blizzard Bunch challenge Saitama and his friends to a match involving fighting video games. Chlld Emperor develops a mask that assesses the power levels of heroes and monsters, but it is still a work in progress.
11
Giant Insect
Daikaichū (大怪蟲) June 3, 2016[29]
ISBN 978-4-08-880646-4 March 7, 2017[30]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9226-8
Head-On (真正面, Masshōmen)
Interruption (横槍, Yokoyari)
Giant Insect (大怪蟲, Daikaichū)
Only You (お前だけ, Omaedake)
Entering the Stadium (入場, Nyūjō)
Dark Horse (ダークホース, Dāku Hōsu)
Bonus Manga: Rangers (戦隊, Sentai)
Metal Bat is fighting Centichoro when the former is flung away and then attacked by Garo. Minor heroes Pineapple and Mohican try to escort Narinki and his son away as S-Class hero Metal Knight tries to fight off Centichoro. Garo and Metal Bat's fight comes to a draw when Metal Bat's little sister Zenko arrives. Rhino defeats Pineapple and Mohican to abduct Narinki's son. More high-level monsters surface, causing havoc in all the cities. One of them offers Garo membership to their new Monsters Association. At the 22nd Super Fight martial arts tournament, the contestants are introduced and the first round of matches are underway. Bang and Bomb look for Garo. In the bonus chapter, Saitama is placed among a group of heroes resembling the super sentai (power rangers), but he proves not to be a good team player.
12
The Strong Ones
Tsuyoi Yatsura (強い奴ら) December 2, 2016[31]
ISBN 978-4-08-880785-0 September 5, 2017[32]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9620-4
A Reason for Seeking (求める理由, Motomeru Riyū)
Games and Combat (武合と戦闘, Takegō to Sentō)
Limit (限界, Genkai)
Sisters (姉妹, Shimai)
The Strong Ones (強い奴ら, Tsuyoi Yatsura)
Extraordinary (規範外, Kihangai)
Bonus Manga: King's Weekday Off (キングの休日のようで平日, Kingu no Kyūjitsu no Yōde Heijitsu)
Suiryu, a fan favorite and runner-up in the previous Super Fight tournament, defeats Lightning Max. Snek beats his opponent. Genos goes outside to fight the Demon-level monsters nearby and receives support from the association as to their locations. Sour Face beats Jakumen, while Saitama beats Bakuzan. Monster Princess Super S enslaves the Blizzard Bunch men to make them attack Blizzard. Blizzard defends against being mind-controlled herself, and is saved by her sister Tornado. Snek loses to Suiryu in the next round. Monsters continue to invade the cities including the hospital and the prison, with many of the S-Class heroes fighting them off as much as they can. A subordinate reports to Monster King Orochi about how Gouketsu has defeated Genos and is heading to the arena. In the bonus chapter, King is targeted by a number of hitmen at a restaurant, but his actions lead them to think twice about attacking him.
13
Monster Cells
Kaijin Saibō (怪人細胞) April 4, 2017[33]
ISBN 978-4-08-881103-1 March 6, 2018[34]
ISBN 978-1-4215-9806-2
A Great Force (大戦力, Daisenryoku)
Monster Cells (怪人細胞, Kaijin Saibō)
Strength Is Fun (強いよ楽しい, Tsuyoi yo Tanoshī)
Martial Arts Is...! (武術とは…!!, Bujutsu to wa...!!)
Bonus Manga: Star (スター, Sutā)
A group of A-Class superheroes gather to fight a large octopus monster, but Flashy Flash arrives and pokes out all of the octopus's suckers where there are eyes. The octopus is angered, but then Tornado arrives and crushes it with her psychic powers into a single octopus ball. Atomic Samurai meets with a council of swordmasters on what to do about Garo. One of its members, Haragiri, tells everyone to ingest monster cells in order to become strong like the monsters. Seeing that Haragiri has already become such a monster, Atomic Samurai immediately destroys Haragiri by slashing him into pieces. Saitama advances to the finals and faces Suiryu, who tells him he would like the match to be fun. After some near-miss shots, he starts fighting for real until he knocks off Saitama's wig. Saitama is disqualified for wearing a disguise. Suiryu still wants to fight, but Saitama doesn't budge and hip checks him out of the arena. The monsters arrive, rounding up all the injured participants. A fierce-looking lead monster Gouketsu announces his plan to convert the fighters into monsters. The bonus chapter focuses on Amai Mask being attacked by monsters during one of his concerts.
14
The Depths of Despair
Zetsubō no Hate (絶望の果て) August 4, 2017[35]
ISBN 978-4-08-881231-1 July 3, 2018[36]
ISBN 978-1-9747-0043-1
Monsterization (怪人化, Kaijinka)
Strong Guys Fight Back (強い奴の抵抗, Tsuyoi Yatsu no Teikō)
The Depths of Despair (絶望の果て, Zetsubō no Hate)
Against the Rules (反則, Hansoku)
Gouketsu shares his story of how he was a former champion and was defeated by a monster and captured. He was then offered monster powers and became what he is today. He offers the fighters that same opportunity, and half a dozen of the contestants take him up on that offer, ingesting the cells and becoming monsters and fighting Suiryu. Snek and Max try to help Suiryu but they are no match against the newly-powered monsters. Suiryu is beaten down and realizes he needs a hero after all, and cries for help. Saitama answers the call and defeats both monsters.
15
The Ones Who Dare in the Shadows
Anyaku suru Monotachi (暗躍する者たち) December 4, 2017[37]
ISBN 978-4-08-881431-5 January 1, 2019[38]
ISBN 978-1-9747-0223-7
Stagnation and Growth (停滞と成長, Teitai to Seichō)
Usual Boredom (いつも通りの退屈, Itsumodōri no Taikutsu)
The Ones Who Dare in the Shadows (暗躍する者たち, Anyaku suru Monotachi)
Infinite Combo (八メ技, Hame-Waza)
Encirclement (包囲, Hōi)
Bonus Manga 1: Disaster Level (災害レベル, Saigai Reberu)
Bonus Manga 2: Witness (目撃, Mokugeki)
16
All Out
Dashitukusu (出し尽くす) April 4, 2018[39]
ISBN 978-4-08-881451-3 -
Obstinacy (意地, Iji)
All Out (出し尽くす, Dashitukusu)
The Hard Road Uphill (過酷な階段, Kakokuna Kaidan)
Escalation (エスカレーション, Esukarēshon)
Bonus Manga: Growth Process (成長過程, Seichō Katei)
17
Is it Because I'm The Caped Baldy?
Hagemanto dakara ka? (ハゲマントだからか?) August 3, 2018[40]
ISBN 978-4-08-881556-5 -
Power (パワー, Pawā)
Is it Because I'm The Caped Baldy? (ハゲマントだからか?, Hagemanto dakara ka?)
Hideout (アジト, Ajito)
Bonus Manga: Confidence (自信, Jishin)
Chapters not yet in tankōbon format[edit]
These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume.
Monster Side (怪人性, Kaijinsei)
Limiter (リミッター, Rimitta)
Hot Pot (鍋, Nabe)
Because I'm a Monster (怪人だから, Kaijin dakara)
Rover (ポチ, Pochi)
Manhole (マンホール, Manhōru)
Let's Go! (行くぞ！, Ikuzo!)
I See (なるほど, Naruhodo)
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 6". Viz.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 7 [One Punch Man Vol. 7] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 7". Viz.com. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 8 [One Punch Man Vol. 8] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 8". Viz.com. Retrieved December 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 9 [One Punch Man Vol. 9] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved August 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 9". Viz.com. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 10 [One Punch Man Vol. 10] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 10". Viz.com. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 11 [One Punch Man Vol. 11] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 11". Viz.com. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 12 [One Punch Man Vol. 12] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 12". Viz.com. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 13 [One Punch Man Vol. 13] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 13". Viz.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 14 [One Punch Man Vol. 13] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 14". Viz.com. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 15 [One Punch Man Vol. 15] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "One-Punch Man, Vol. 15". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 16 [One Punch Man Vol. 16] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ ワンパンマン / 17 [One Punch Man Vol. 17] (in Japanese). Shueisha. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
External links[edit]
Original One-Punch Man webcomic (in Japanese)
One-Punch Man remake on Young Jump Web Comics (in Japanese)
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Outhouse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a type of building that houses a toilet. For other uses, see Outhouse (disambiguation).
Historical community sanitation poster promoting sanitary outhouse designs (Illinois, US, 1940)
Outhouse in the mountains in northern Norway
An outhouse in Le Palais, Brittany
An outhouse, also known by many other names, is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers one or more toilets. This is typically either a pit latrine (long drop) or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the superstructure.
Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries. Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution.
In some localities and varieties of English, particularly outside North America, the term "outhouse" refers not to a toilet, but to outbuildings in a general sense: sheds, barns, workshops, etc.
Contents
1 Design aspects
1.1 Common features
1.2 Toilet types covered by outhouse shelters
1.2.1 Pit latrines
1.2.2 Bucket toilet
1.2.3 Drums and barrels in national parks
1.2.4 Composting toilets
1.2.5 Others
2 Public health issues
2.1 Insect control
2.2 Parasites
3 Uses
3.1 Outhouses on mountain peaks
4 History
4.1 Australia and New Zealand
4.2 Denmark
4.3 United States
5 Names
6 Society and culture
6.1 Mythology
6.2 Regulations
6.2.1 United States
6.3 Songs and stories
6.4 Races and pranks
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Bibliography
Design aspects[edit]
Common features[edit]
Outhouse used by sharecroppers on display, Louisiana State Cotton Museum, Lake Providence
Outhouses vary in design and construction. They are by definition outside the dwelling, and are not connected to plumbing, sewer, or septic system. The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell.[1]
The superstructure exists to shelter the user, and also to protect the toilet itself. The primary purpose of the building is for privacy and human comfort, and the walls and roof provide a visual screen and some protection from the elements. The outhouse also has the secondary role of protecting the toilet hole from sudden influxes of rainwater, which would flood the hole and flush untreated wastes into the underlying soils before they can decompose.[citation needed]
Outhouses are commonly humble and utilitarian, made of lumber or plywood. This is especially so they can easily be moved when the earthen pit fills up. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of use, this can be fairly frequent, sometimes yearly. As pundit "Jackpine" Bob Cary wrote: "Anyone can build an outhouse, but not everyone can build a good outhouse."[2] Floor plans typically are rectangular or square, but hexagonal outhouses have been built.[3]
The arrangements inside the outhouse vary by culture. In Western societies, many, though not all, have at least one seat with a hole in it, above a small pit. Others, often in more rural, older areas in European countries, simply have a hole with two indents on either side for your feet. In Eastern societies, there is a hole in the floor, over which the user crouches. A roll of toilet paper is usually available. Old corn cobs, leaves, or other types of paper may instead be used.
The decoration on the outhouse door has no standard. The well-known crescent moon on American outhouses was popularized by cartoonists and had a questionable basis in fact. There are authors who claim the practice began during the colonial period as an early "mens"/"ladies" designation for an illiterate populace (the sun and moon being popular symbols for the sexes during those times).[4] Others dismiss the claim as an urban legend.[A] What is certain is that the purpose of the hole is for venting and light and there were a wide variety of shapes and placements employed.
Toilet types covered by outhouse shelters[edit]
The shelter may cover very different sorts of toilets.
Pit latrines[edit]
Outhouse with squat toilet inside
An outhouse often provides the shelter for a pit latrine, which collects human feces in a hole in the ground. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation.[6] When the pit fills to the top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location.[7] The management of the fecal sludge removed from the pit is complicated. There are both environment and health risks if not done properly. As of 2013 pit latrines are used by an estimated 1.77 billion people.[8] This is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas.
Bucket toilet[edit]
Another system is the bucket toilet, consisting of a seat and a portable receptacle (bucket or pail). These may be emptied by their owners into composting piles in the garden (a low-tech composting toilet), or collected by contractors for larger-scale disposal. Historically, this was known as the pail closet; the municipality employed workers, often known as "nightmen" (from night soil), to empty and replace the buckets. This system was associated in particular with the English town of Rochdale, to the extent that it was described as the "Rochdale System" of sanitation.[9][10] 20th century books report that similar systems were in operation in parts of France and elsewhere in continental Europe.[9]
The system of municipal collection was widespread in Australia; "dunny cans" persisted well into the second half of the twentieth century,[11] see below. In Scandinavia and some other countries, outhouses are built over removable containers that enable easy removal of the waste and enable much more rapid composting in separate piles.[citation needed] A similar system operates in India, where hundreds of thousands of workers engage in manual scavenging, i.e. emptying pit latrines and bucket toilets without any personal protective equipment.[12][13][14]
Drums and barrels in national parks[edit]
Log outhouse at a public-use cabin, Chena River State Recreation Area, Alaska
A variety of systems are used in some national parks and popular wilderness areas, to cope with the increased volume of people engaged in activities such as mountaineering and kayaking. The growing popularity of paddling, hiking, and climbing has created special waste disposal issues throughout the world. It is a dominant topic for outdoor organizations and their members.[15] For example, in some places the human waste is collected in drums which need to be helicoptered in and out at considerable expense.
Alternatively, some parks mandate a "pack it in, pack it out" rule. Many reports document the use of containers for the removal of excrement, which must be packed in and packed out on Mount Everest. Also known as "expedition barrels"[16] or "bog barrels",[17] the cans are weighed to make sure that groups do not dump them along the way.[18] "Toilet tents" are erected.[19][20] There has been an increasing awareness that the mountain needs to be kept clean, for the health of the climbers at least.[16]
Composting toilets[edit]
Worm hold privies, another variant of the composting toilet, are being used by Vermont's Green Mountain Club. These simple outhouses are stocked with red worms (a staple used by home composters).[15] Despite their environmental benefits, composting toilets are likewise subject to regulations.[21]
The "Clivus Multrum" is another type of composting toilet which can be inside of an outhouse.
Others[edit]
There are other types of toilet that may be covered by an outhouse superstructure, or a toilet tent (e.g. in humanitarian relief operations), or even be installed inside a house that is beyond the reach of sewers. The Swedish Pacto toilet uses a continuous roll of plastic to collect and dispose of waste.[22] Incinerating toilets are installed in several thousand cabins in Norway.[23] These toilets incinerate waste into ashes, using only propane and 12 volt electricity.
Public health issues[edit]
Outhouse design, placement, and maintenance has long been recognized as being important to the public health. See posters created by the Works Progress Administration.[24]
Insect control[edit]
Some types of flying insects such as the housefly are attracted to the odor of decaying material, and will use it for food for their offspring, laying eggs in the decaying material. Other insects such as mosquitoes seek out standing water that may be present in the pit for the breeding of their offspring.[citation needed]
Both of these are undesirable pests to humans, but can be easily controlled without chemicals by enclosing the top of the pit with tight-fitting boards or concrete, using a sufficiently sealed toilet hole cover that is closed after every use, and by using fine-grid insect screen to cover the inlet and outlet vent holes. This prevents flying insect entry by all potential routes.[citation needed]
It is common (at least in the United States) for outhouses to have a bucket or a bag of powdered lime with a scoop of some kind in it. Either before or after using the outhouse (usually after but sometimes both) a scoop or two of lime was sprinkled into the lid holes to cover the waste as to suppress the odor which also can help with the insect issues. This method of using powdered lime was also used (and for the same reasons) in common/mass graves.
Parasites[edit]
One of the purposes of outhouses is to avoid spreading parasites such as intestinal worms, notably hookworms, which might otherwise be spread via open defecation.
Uses[edit]
Outhouses on mountain peaks[edit]
On August 29, 2007, the highest outhouse (actually, not a building at all, but a pit toilet surrounded by a low rock wall) in the continental United States, which sat atop Mount Whitney at about 14,494 feet (4,418 m) above sea level, offering a magnificent panorama to the user, was removed. Two other outhouses, in the Inyo National Forest, were closed due to the expense and danger involved in transporting out large sewage drums via helicopter. The annual 19,000 or so hikers of the Mount Whitney Trail, who must pick up National Forest Service permits, are now given Wagbags (a double-sealed sanitation kit) and told how to use them. "Pack it in; pack it out" is the new watchword.[25] Solar-powered toilets did not sufficiently compact the excrement, and the systems were judged failures at that location. Additionally, by relieving park rangers of latrine duty, they were better able to concentrate on primary ranger duties such as talking to hikers.[26] The use of Wagbags and the removal of outhouses is part of a larger trend in US parks.[25] The US National Park Service once built an outhouse that cost above $333,000.[27]
In 2007, Europe's two highest outhouses were helicoptered to the top of France's Mont Blanc at a height of 4,260 metres (13,980 ft). The containers from these outhouses are emptied by helicopter. The facilities will serve 30,000 skiers and hikers annually, thus helping to alleviate the deposit of urine and feces that spread down the mountain face with the spring thaw, and turned it into 'Mont Noir'.[28] More technically, the 2002 book Le versant noir du mont Blanc ("The black hillside of Mont Blanc") exposes problems in conserving the site.[29]
Upon the 5,642-metre (18,510 ft) Mount Elbrus—Russia's highest peak, the highest mountain in all of Europe and topographically dividing Europe from Asia—sits the world's "nastiest outhouse" at 4,206 metres (13,799 ft). It is in the Caucasus Mountains, near the frontier between Georgia and Russia. As one writer opined, "...it does not much feel like Europe when you're there. It feels more like Central Asia or the Middle East."[30][31] The outhouse is surrounded by and covered in ice, perched off the end of a rock, and with a pipe pouring effluvia onto the mountain. It consistently receives low marks for sanitation and convenience, but is considered to be a unique experience.[32]
Australia's highest outhouse — located at Rawson's Pass in the Main Range in Kosciuszko National Park, which each year receives more than 100,000 walkers outside of winter and has a serious human waste management issue, was completed in 2008.[33]
A stone outhouse in Colca Canyon, Peru, has been claimed to be "the world's highest".[34]
History[edit]
See also: History of water supply and sanitation
Old outhouse pits are seen as excellent places for archeological and anthropological excavations, offering up a trove of common objects from the past—a veritable inadvertent time capsule—which yields historical insight into the lives of the bygone occupants. This is also called privy digging. It is especially common to find old bottles, which seemingly were secretly stashed or trashed, so their content could be privately imbibed.[35][36][37] Fossilised feces (coprolites) yield much information about diet and health.
Australia and New Zealand[edit]
Norman Park, Queensland, around 1950; like many areas of Brisbane this area was unsewered until the late 1960s, with each house having an outhouse or "dunny" in the back yard. The little sheds in each back yard are outhouses.
"Dunny" or "dunny can" are Australian and New Zealand words for a toilet, particularly an outhouse. For other uses of the word, see Dunny (disambiguation).
In suburban areas not connected to the sewerage, outhouses were not always built over pits. Instead, these areas utilized a pail closet, where waste was collected into large cans positioned under the toilet seat, to be collected by contractors (or night soil collectors) hired by property owners or the local council. The used cans were replaced with empty, cleaned cans. Brisbane relied on "dunny carts" until the 1950s (one source says until the 1970s[11][38]); because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage.[39] Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down.[40] Academic George Seddon claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against the back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door"[41] The person who appeared weekly to empty the buckets beneath the seats was known as the "dunnyman", see gong farmer.
The "dunny lanes" provided access to collectors. These access lanes can now be worth considerable sums[42] see Ransom strip.
The Great Australian Dunny Race has become an icon during the Weerama Festival at Werribee.[43]
Denmark[edit]
The remains of a thousand year old Viking outhouse were discovered in 2017. This is the oldest known outhouse in the country, even though evidence cannot establish it to be "the first." This discovery was considered to be culturally significant.[B]
United States[edit]
Eight-seat stone outhouse at the Thomas Leiper Estate near Wallingford, Pennsylvania
A brick outhouse at Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest estate near Lynchburg, Virginia
Outhouses are typically built on one level, but two-story models are to be found in unusual circumstances. One double-decker was built to serve a two-story building in Cedar Lake, Michigan. The outhouse was connected by walkways. It still stands (but not the building).[C] The waste from "upstairs" is directed down a chute separate from the "downstairs" facility in these instances, so contrary to various jokes about two-story outhouses, the user of the lower level has nothing to fear if the upper level is in use at the same time. The Boston Exchange Coffee House (1809–1818) was equipped with a four-story outhouse[46] with windows on each floor[47]
Some outhouses were built surprisingly ornately, considering the time and the place.[48] For example, an opulent 19th century antebellum example (a three-holer) is at the plantation area at the state park in Stone Mountain, Georgia.[49] The outhouses of Colonial Williamsburg varied widely, from simple expendable temporary wood structures to high-style brick.[50] Thomas Jefferson designed and had built two brick octagons at his vacation home.[50] Such outhouses are sometimes considered to be overbuilt, impractical and ostentatious, giving rise to the simile "built like a brick shithouse." That phrase's meaning and application is subject to some debate; but (depending upon the country) it has been applied to men, women, or inanimate objects.
With regards to anal cleansing, old newspapers and mail order catalogs, such as those from Montgomery Ward or Sears Roebuck, were common before toilet paper was widely available. Paper was often kept in a can or other container to protect it from mice, etc. The catalogs served a dual purpose, also giving one something to read.[51]
Names[edit]
These outdoor toilets are referred to by many terms throughout the English-speaking world.[D] It is not always easy to determine whether a given term was restricted to an outdoor toilet, or whether the meaning had extended, over time and with the development of indoor plumbing, to any toilet. The term "outhouse" is used in North American English for the structure over a toilet, usually a pit latrine ("long drop"). However, in British English "outhouse" means any outbuilding, such as a shed or barn.
"Privy", an archaic variant of "private", is used in North America, Scotland, and northern England. "Bog" is common throughout Britain (used to coin the neologism "tree bog"). In Australia and New Zealand, an outdoor toilet is known as a "dunny". The name "little house"[52] (as ty bach) continues as a euphemism for any toilet in both the Welsh language and the Welsh English dialect. Other terms include "back house", "house of ease", and "house of office". The last was common in 17th-century England and appeared in Samuel Pepys's Diary on numerous occasions.[54]
In the Scouting Movement in North America, a widespread term for outhouse is "kybo". This appears to have originated from camps which used Kybo brand coffee cans to hold lye or lime which was sprinkled down the hole to reduce odor. "Keep Your Bowels Open" may be a backronym.[55][56] Temporary encampments may use a tent or tarpaulin over a shallow pit; one name for this is a "hudo".
Society and culture[edit]
Mythology[edit]
Tsi-Ku, also known as Tsi Ku Niang, is described as the Chinese goddess of the outhouse and divination. It is said that a woman could uncover the future by going to the outhouse to ask Tsi-Ku.[57][58] See toilet god.
Regulations[edit]
United States[edit]
Construction and maintenance of outhouses in the US is subject to state and local governmental restriction, regulation and prohibition.[59] It is potentially both a public health issue, which has been addressed both by law and by education of the public as to good methods and practices (e.g., separation from drinking water sources). This also becomes a more prevalent issue as urban and suburban development encroaches on rural areas,[60] and is an external manifestation of a deeper cultural conflict.[61] See also urban sprawl, urban planning, regional planning, suburbanization, urbanization and counterurbanization.
Songs and stories[edit]
The double-decker outhouse has been used as an unflattering metaphor for the "Trickle-down theory" of politics, economics, command, management, labor relations, responsibility, etc.[62][63] Depending on who is depicted on top and below, it is an easy and familiar cartoon.[64]
On November 10, 2003, a drawing of an outhouse was used by B.C. cartoonist Johnny Hart as a motif in a controversial and allegedly religiously-themed piece.[65] The cartoonist denied the allegations and the convoluted analysis of the alleged iconography of the cartoon.[citation needed]
Charles "Chic" Sale was a famous comedian in vaudeville and the movies. In 1929 he published a small book, The Specialist,[66] which was a hugely popular "underground" success. Its entire premise centered on sales of outhouses, touting the advantages of one kind or another, and labeling them in "technical" terms such as "one-holers", "two-holers", etc. Over a million copies were sold. In 1931 his monologue "I'm a Specialist"[67] was made into a hit record (Victor 22859) by popular recording artist Frank Crumit (music by Nels Bitterman). As memorialized in the "Outhouse Wall of Fame",[68] the term "Chic Sale" became a rural slang synonym for privies, an appropriation of Mr. Sale's name that he personally considered unfortunate. (See Outhouse humor.)
Folk singer Billy Edd Wheeler wrote and performed a song titled "The Little Brown Shack Out Back", a sentimental look at the outhouse.[69]
In Newfoundland, a well-known song entitled "Good Old Newfie Outhouse" sings the praises of using the outhouse when it is -25 degrees out, mentioning pleasures like pants being frozen in position at the knees. A version by singer Bobby Evans is available on an album called Silly Songs on iTunes.[70]
Races and pranks[edit]
In Michigan, the Upper Peninsula's Trenary has the largest outhouse race,[71][72] but Mackinaw City is home to an annual and largest "outhouse race south of the Mackinac Bridge".[73] Other famous outhouse races are during the Yale Bologna Festival and in Dawson City, Yukon.
As a college student, Richard Nixon achieved renown by providing a three-hole outhouse to be tossed onto the traditional campus bonfire.[74]
Gallery[edit]
An outhouse display in an Old West setting on a Colorado ranch
Outhouse used in the 19th century: Manistee Ranch in Glendale, Arizona, US
Outhouse used in the 19th century: Sahuaro Ranch in Glendale, Arizona, US
Triple-seated outhouse, Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia
Outhouse at Walcha, New South Wales, Australia
See also[edit]
Open defecation
Sanitation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Discussion of outhouses as vernacular architecture (including crescent moon folklore), from the Missouri Folklore Society.[5]
Jump up ^ "Toilets were important enough to the Vikings that there are references to them in Viking literature. Medieval scholar Sarah Künzler, of Trinity College, Dublin, notes that Old Norse has several words for outhouse, including garðhús (yard house), náð-/náða-hús (house of rest), and annat hús (the other house). Künzler writes that these words '[confirm] the notion that a separate house was built as a privy.'"[44]
Jump up ^ 7620 N. Academy Rd, Cedar Lake, Michigan.[45]
Jump up ^ For a full list of synonyms, see "bathroom" at Wikisaurus.
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Simple pit latrines". WHO. 1996. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Cary, "Jackpine" Bob (2003). The All-American Outhouse–Stories, Design & Construction (print). Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications. ISBN 978-1-59193-011-2.
Jump up ^ "Sewer History: Photos and Graphics".
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil (January 9, 1987). "The Straight Dope: Why do outhouse doors have half-moons on them?".
Jump up ^ "Missouri Outhouses". Missouri Folklore Society. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Call to action on sanitation" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
Jump up ^ François Brikké (2003). Linking technology choice with operation and maintenance in the context of community water supply and sanitation (PDF). World Health Organization. p. 108. ISBN 9241562153.
Jump up ^ Graham, JP; Polizzotto, ML (May 2013). "Pit latrines and their impacts on groundwater quality: a systematic review". Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 (5): 521–30. doi:10.1289/ehp.1206028. PMC 3673197  . PMID 23518813.
^ Jump up to: a b Prescott Folwell, A (1901). The designing, Construction, and Maintenance of Sewerage Systems. John Wiley & Sons.
Jump up ^ Dr Leslie Rosenthal (28 April 2014). The River Pollution Dilemma in Victorian England: Nuisance Law versus Economic Efficiency. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-1-4724-0420-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul, Rhyll (2012). Pebbles in the Road. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Human rights and manual scavenging" (PDF). Know Your Rights Series. National Human Rights Commission. Retrieved September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Swachh Bharat Abhiyan should aim to stamp out manual scavenging".
Jump up ^ Umesh IsalkarUmesh Isalkar, TNN (30 April 2013). "Census raises stink over manual scavenging". The Times of India. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Motavalli, Jim (1998). "Flushed with success: new waste-reducing design in modern toiletry". E: The Environmental Magazine.
^ Jump up to: a b "MountainZone.com".
Jump up ^ "Mt. Everest 2005: The British Everest expedition reports 7 Summits from the North!".
Jump up ^ "BBC | Horizon on Everest".
Jump up ^ "Paul & Fi's Mount Everest Climb". Archived from the original on 2007-11-13.
Jump up ^ "Adventure Peaks Mt Everest 2004 Expedition".
Jump up ^ 'See Composting toilets bring the outhouse indoors — JSCMS Archived August 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Pacto Toilet".
Jump up ^ "Cinderella Gas". Archived from the original on 2013-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Library of Congress, American Memory Historical Collections for the National Digital Library, Reproduction Number LC-USZC2-1592 DLC".
^ Jump up to: a b Barringer, Felicity (September 5, 2007). "No More Privies, So Hikers Add a Carry-Along". The New York Times. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FresnoBee.com: Outdoors: A new approach to Whitney's waste". Fresno Bee. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Greve, Frank (October 8, 1997). "The Opulent Outhouse". The Seattle Times. Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania: Knight-Ridder Newspapers. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Europe's highest toilet". Ananova. 1989-04-15. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ proMONT-BLANC Le versant noir du Mont-Blanc. Archived December 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Outside Magazine 1993 search and article)
Jump up ^ Flinn, John (August 28, 2010). "The pinnacle of success - and disgust - for climbers". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ See "Getting to the Top in the Caucasus" - New York Times
Jump up ^ "Kosciuszko National Park Plan of Management: 2006-2007 Implementation Report" (PDF). National Parks and Wildlife Service. 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ideotrope | Peru07: Colca Canyon". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
Jump up ^ Martin, Douglas (August 29, 1996). "An Outhouse in SoHo Yields Artifacts of 19th century Life - New York Times". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Golgowski, Nina (July 2, 2016). "SCIENCE: Teams Excavating Toilets Flush Out Thousands of 18th Century Artifacts". The Huffington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2016. The remarkable collection spans nearly 300 years of people at the site near Independence Hall.
Jump up ^ Compare "What are Outhouse Diggers?". Outhouse Tour of America Tour. January 18, 1998. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Observations « Carry the Bags".
Jump up ^ Essays in the Political Economy of Australian Capitalism. 2. Australia and New Zealand Book Company. 1978. p. 115. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Graham (2011). Shadows of War on the Brisbane Line. Boolarong Press. pp. 183–184. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Craven, Ian; George Seddon (1994). "The Australian Back Yard". Australian Popular Culture.
Jump up ^ Minus, Jodie. "The judge turning a $1 'dunny lane' into a $1m-plus property windfall". The Australian. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Jump up ^ The Great Australian Dunny Race Archived April 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 14 March 2009
Jump up ^ "Science: Unexpected Viking toilet discovery leads to controversy". Ars Technica. June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017. Museum of Southeastern Denmark archaeology researcher Anna Beck was digging up what she thought was a semi-subterranean workshop, only to find that she was knee-deep in... yeah, you guessed it. She'd found a layer of medieval poop. Carbon dating pegs the toilet at more than 1,000 years old, making it possibly the oldest crapper in Denmark.
Jump up ^ "Cedar Lake, MI - Two-Story Outhouse".
Jump up ^ Bahne, Charles (2012). Chronicles of Old Boston: Exploring New England's Historic Capital (print). New York: Museyon, Signature Book Services distributor. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-9846334-0-1.
Jump up ^ Kamensky, Jane (2008). The Exchange Artist: A Tale of High-Flying Speculation and America's First Banking Collapse (print). New York: Viking Press/Penguin Books. p. 184. ISBN 978-0670018413.
Jump up ^ "Sewer History: Photos and Graphics".
Jump up ^ Nichols, A. (February 28, 1998). "Georgia's Stone Mountain Brick Outhouse". Retrieved November 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Olmert, Michael. "Necessary and Sufficient". Colonial Williamsburg Journal. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "PortalWisconsin.org – Chat". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12.
Jump up ^ Ward Bucher (1996) Dictionary of Building Preservation, ISBN 0-471-14413-4
Jump up ^ Bright, Mynors; et al., eds. (1892), The Diary of Samuel Pepys, p. 245 .
Jump up ^ As "October 23, 1660: ...going down into my cellar..., I put my foot into a great heap of turds, by which I find Mr Turner's house of office is full and comes into my cellar."[53]
Jump up ^ Green, Clarke. "Lore of the Kybo". Scoutmastercg.com. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "KYBO". Scoutorama.com. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ FireyOn. "The Gods and Goddesses of China". Gods and Goddesses of the World. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Monaghan, Patricia; Mullane Literary Agency (editor) (December 2009). Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines. Santa Barbara, California: Heinemann Educational Books. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-313-34989-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Reilly, Mike (December 18, 2005) [February 19, 1997]. "The World & Milwaukee Early Sanitation History - Outhouses, Privies, Scavengers & Sewers or Privileged Privy Prattle". Privy Vaults: Early Milwaukee Sanitation History. Sussex-Lisbon Historical Society, Inc.
Jump up ^ "Among the Outhouses, the Prospect of Plumbing; Change, Not Sought by All, May Be in the Pipeline for a Rustic Westchester Niche - New York Times". The New York Times. December 1, 1997. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky Amish-Mennonite schools accused of violating health regulations". U.S. Water & News. January 1, 2003. Archived from the original on August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "American Chronicle: A Well Deserved Death for Trickle-Down" Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hyde, Kevin. "Dr. Phil Is Leaving the Building". U of L Journal. Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Two Story Outhouse!".
Jump up ^ Weingarten, Gene (November 21, 2003). "Cartoon Raises a Stink". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-04-09.
Jump up ^ ISBN 0-285-63226-4
Jump up ^ Sale, Charles (Chic); Kermode, William (illustrator) (1994) [1929]. "The Specialist" (print). London: Souvenir Press. ISBN 978-0-285-63226-4. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Specialist". Outhouse Wall of Fame. Outhouse Museum. Archived from the original on May 2, 2003.
Jump up ^ Wheeler, Billy Edd. "That Little Old Shack Out Back" (audio). Retrieved November 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Nolan, Dick. "Song Titles by Album". Dick Nolan. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Packard, Mary (September 2004). Ripley's Believe It or Not! (hardcover print). New York: Scholastic. ISBN 0-439-46553-2.
Jump up ^ "The Annual Outhouse Races in Northern Michigan".
Jump up ^ "Google Image, Mackinaw Outhouse race". Mackinawouthouserace.com. 2012-01-21. Retrieved 2012-04-16.
Jump up ^ People's Almanac, Wallechinsky & Wallace.
Bibliography[edit]
Barlow, Ronald S. (1992). The Vanishing American Outhouse: A History of Country Plumbing (print). El Cajon, California: Windmill Publishing. ISBN 0-933846-02-9.
Booth, Dottie (1998). Nature Calls: The History, Lore, and Charm of Outhouses (print). Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-990-5.
Cary, "Jackpine" Bob (2003). The All-American Outhouse–Stories, Design & Construction (print). Cambridge, MN: Adventure Publications. ISBN 978-1-59193-011-2.
Harrison, Peter Joel (2002). Garden Houses and Privies, Authentic Details for Design and Restoration (print). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-20332-7.
Morna E., Gregory; Sian, James (2006). Toilets of the World (paperback). London: Merrell Publishers Ltd. ISBN 1-85894-337-X.
Roberts, J. Aelwyn (2002). Privies of Wales (paperback). Llandegai, Bangor: Tegai Publications. ISBN 0-9539494-0-0.
Safron, Helena (2009). Memorializing the Backhouse: Sanitizing and Satirizing Outhouses in the American South (MA thesis). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. p. 219.
Sale, Charles (Chic); Kermode, William (Illustrator) (1994) [1929]. "The Specialist" (print). London: Souvenir Press. ISBN 978-0-285-63226-4. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
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