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Apostille Convention
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Not to be confused with Apostle (messenger, esp. Christian); or an apostil, meaning a marginal note or gloss.
Apostille Convention
Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents
State parties to the convention (members of the HCCH)
State parties to the convention (non-members of the HCCH)
State parties for which the convention has not entered into force
Signed
5 October 1961
Location
The Netherlands
Effective
14 January 1965
Condition
ratification by 3 states[1]
Parties
115
Depositary
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)
Languages
French (prevailing in case of divergence)
and English
Apostille Convention at Wikisource
The Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents, the Apostille Convention, or the Apostille Treaty, is an international treaty drafted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. It specifies the modalities through which a document issued in one of the signatory countries can be certified for legal purposes in all the other signatory states. A certification under the terms of the convention is called an apostille (from Latin post illa and then French: a marginal note) or Hague Apostille[2]. It is an international certification comparable to a notarisation in domestic law, and normally supplements a local notarisation of the document. If the convention applies between two countries, such an apostille is sufficient to certify a document's validity, and removes the need for double-certification, by the originating country and then by the receiving country.
Contents
1 Procedure
2 Information
3 Eligible documents
4 Legalization
5 States that are party to the convention
6 Abuse
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Procedure[edit]
Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the government of a state which is party to the convention.[3] A list of these authorities is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Examples of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or (local) governments. For example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of each state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In the United Kingdom all apostilles are issued by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in Milton Keynes.[4]
To be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certified by an officer recognised by the authority that will issue the apostille. For example, in the US state of Vermont, the Secretary of State maintains specimen signatures of all notaries public, so documents that have been notarised are eligible for apostilles.[5] Likewise, courts in the Netherlands are eligible to place an apostille on all municipal civil status documents directly. In some cases, intermediate certifications may be required in the country in which the document originates before it is eligible for an apostille. For example, in New York City, the Office of Vital Records (which issues, among other things, birth certificates) is not directly recognised by the New York Secretary of State.[6] As a consequence, the signature of the City Clerk must be certified by the County Clerk of New York County to make the birth certificate eligible for an apostille.[7][8] In Japan all official documents are issued in Japanese; the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA, JAPAN) can then provide an apostille for these documents.[9] In India the apostille certification can be obtained from the Ministry of External Affairs[10] in New Delhi, after authentication by the administration of the Indian state where the document was issued (for educational documents).
Information[edit]
An apostille issued by Norwegian authorities.
The apostille itself is a stamp or printed form consisting of 10 numbered standard fields. On the top is the text APOSTILLE, under which the text Convention de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 (French for “Hague Convention of 5 October 1961“) is placed. This title must be written in French for the Apostille to be valid (article 4 of the Convention). In the numbered fields, the following information is added (may be in official language of the authority which issues it or in a second language):
1. Country … [e.g. Korea, Spain]
This public document 2. has been signed by [e.g. Henry Cho] 3. acting in the capacity of [e.g. Notary Public] 4. bears the seal/stamp of [e.g. High Court of Hong Kong]
Certified 5. at [e.g. Hong Kong] 6. the … [e.g. 16 April 2014] 7. by … [e.g. the Chief Executive of the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong] 8. No … [e.g. 2536218517] 9. Seal/stamp … [of the authority giving the apostille] 10. Signature The information can be placed on the document itself, on the back of the document, or attached to the document as an allonge.
Eligible documents[edit]
Four types of documents are mentioned in the convention:[1]
court documents
administrative documents (e.g. civil status documents)
notarial acts
official certificates which are placed on documents signed by persons in their private capacity, such as official certificates recording the registration of a document or the fact that it was in existence on a certain date and official and notarial authentications of signatures.
Legalization[edit]
Main article: legalization (international law)
A state that has not signed the Convention must specify how foreign legal documents can be certified for its use. Two countries may have a special convention on the recognition of each other's public documents, but in practice this is infrequent. Otherwise, the document must be certified by the foreign ministry of the country in which the document originated, and then by the foreign ministry of the government of the state in which the document will be used; one of the certifications will often be performed at an embassy or consulate. In practice this means the document must be certified twice before it can have legal effect in the receiving country. For example, as Canada is not a signatory, Canadian documents for use abroad must be certified by the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in Ottawa or by a Canadian consular official abroad, and subsequently by the relevant government office or consulate of the receiving state.
Apostille vs. Legalization
An Apostille of the Hague issued by the State of Alabama
As Canada is a non-signatory, Canadian documents for use abroad must be certified twice: at the Canadian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and subsequently by the consulate of the receiving state (in this case, the Netherlands)
States that are party to the convention[edit]
The convention has 115 parties and is in force for all members of the European Union and all but ten members of the Hague Conference on Private International Law. As of 2017[update] The convention had not entered into force in Bolivia and Tunisia; it entered into force in Guatemala on 18 September 2017.
State
Entry into Force
Apostille not recognised in
Comment
Albania 9 May 2004 Belgium (until 2015), Germany, Greece, Italy (until 2011) and Spain (until 2017[11]).
Andorra 31 Dec 1996
Antigua and Barbuda 1 Nov 1981
Argentina 18 Feb 1988 Kosovo
Armenia 14 Oct 1994 Kosovo
Australia 16 Mar 1995
Austria 13 Jan 1968 Burundi, Dominican Republic, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Azerbaijan 2 Mar 2005 Germany, Hungary (until 2005), Kosovo, Netherlands (until 2010)
Bahamas 10 Jul 1973
Bahrain 31 Dec 2013
Barbados 30 Nov 1966
Belarus 31 May 1992 Kosovo
Belgium 9 Feb 1973 Albania (until 2015), Dominican Republic, India (until 2008), Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Ukraine (until 2004), Uzbekistan
Belize 11 Apr 1993
Bolivia 7 May 2018
Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 Mar 1992
Botswana 30 Sep 1966
Brazil 14 Aug 2016
Brunei 3 Dec 1987
Bulgaria 29 Apr 2001
Burundi 13 Feb 2015 Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland
Cape Verde 13 Feb 2010
Chile 30 Aug 2016
Colombia 30 Jan 2001
Cook Islands 30 Apr 2005
Costa Rica 14 Dec 2011
Croatia 8 Dec 1991
Cyprus 30 Apr 1973 Kosovo
Czech Republic 16 Mar 1999
Kingdom of Denmark 26 Dec 2006 Does not apply for Greenland and the Faroe Islands
Dominica 3 Nov 1978
Dominican Republic 30 Aug 2009 Austria, Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands
Ecuador 2 Apr 2005
El Salvador 31 May 1996
Estonia 30 Sep 2001
Fiji 10 Oct 1970
Finland 26 Aug 1986
France 24 Jan 1965
Georgia 14 May 2007 Germany (until 2010), Kosovo and Greece (until 2015)
Germany 13 Feb 1966 Albania, Azerbaijan, Burundi, Dominican Republic, Georgia (until 2010), India, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Paraguay, Peru (until 2014), Tajikistan, Ukraine (until 2010) and Uzbekistan
Greece 18 May 1985 Albania, Georgia (until 2015), Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Peru, Uzbekistan
Grenada 7 Apr 2002
Guatemala 18 Sep 2017
Honduras 30 Dec 2004
Hong Kong 25 Apr 1965 The convention is still applicable to Hong Kong despite the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong on 1 Jul 1997.[12]
Hungary 18 Jan 1973 Azerbaijan (until 2005),
Iceland 27 Nov 2004
India 14 Jul 2005 Belgium (until 2008), Finland (until 2009), Germany,[13] Netherlands (until 2008) and Spain (until 2008), Kosovo
Ireland 9 Mar 1999
Israel 14 Aug 1978 Kosovo
Italy 11 Feb 1978 Albania (until 2011),
Japan 27 Jul 1970
Kazakhstan 30 Jan 2001
Kosovo 14 Jul 2016 Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, China (for Hong Kong and Macao), Cyprus, Germany, Georgia, Greece, India, Israel, Mauritius, Nicaragua, Mexico, Moldova, Namibia, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Russia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela
Kyrgyzstan 31 Jul 2011 Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Greece
Latvia 30 Jan 1996
Lesotho 4 Dec 1966
Liberia 8 Feb 1996 Belgium, Germany, and the United States (until 2015)
Liechtenstein 17 Sep 1972
Lithuania 19 Jul 1997
Luxembourg 3 Jun 1979
Macau 4 Feb 1969 Kosovo The convention is still applicable to Macau despite the transfer of sovereignty over Macau on 20 Dec 1999.[12]
Macedonia 17 Nov 1991
Malawi 2 Dec 1967
Malta 3 Mar 1968
Marshall Islands 14 Aug 1992
Mauritius 12 Mar 1968 Kosovo
Mexico 14 Aug 1995 Kosovo
Moldova 16 Mar 2007 Germany and Kosovo
Monaco 31 Dec 2002
Mongolia 31 Dec 2009 Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany and Greece
Montenegro 3 Jun 2006
Morocco 14 Aug 2016 Germany
Namibia 30 Jan 2001 Kosovo
Kingdom of the Netherlands 8 Oct 1965 Azerbaijan (until 2010), Dominican Republic, India (until 2008), Aruba, Curaçao, Netherlands, and Sint Maarten
New Zealand 22 Nov 2001
Nicaragua 14 May 2013 Kosovo
Niue 2 Mar 1999
Norway 29 Jul 1983
Oman 30 Jan 2012
Panama 4 Aug 1991
Paraguay 30 Aug 2014 [14] Germany, Kosovo
Peru 30 Sep 2010 Germany (until 2014), Greece, Kosovo
Poland 14 Aug 2005 Kosovo
Portugal 4 Feb 1969
Romania 13 Mar 2001 Kosovo
Russia 31 May 1992
Saint Kitts and Nevis 14 Dec 1994
Saint Lucia 31 Jul 2002
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 Oct 1979
Samoa 13 Sep 1999
San Marino 13 Feb 1995
São Tomé and Príncipe 13 Sep 2008
Serbia 27 Apr 1992 Kosovo Ratified as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Seychelles 31 Mar 1979
Slovakia 18 Feb 2002 Kosovo
Slovenia 25 Jun 1991
South Africa 30 Apr 1995
South Korea 14 Jul 2007
Spain 25 Sep 1978 Albania, India (until 2008) and Kosovo
Suriname 25 Nov 1975
Swaziland 6 Sep 1968
Sweden 1 May 1999
Switzerland 11 Mar 1973
Tajikistan 31 Oct 2015
Tonga 4 Jun 1970
Trinidad and Tobago 14 Jul 2000
Tunisia 30 Mar 2018
Turkey 29 Sep 1985
Ukraine 22 Dec 2003 Belgium (until 2004), Greece (until 2010) and Kosovo
United Kingdom 24 Jan 1965 Includes Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
United States 15 Oct 1981 Liberia (until 2015)
Uruguay 14 Oct 2012
Uzbekistan 15 Apr 2012 Austria, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Kosovo
Vanuatu 30 Jul 1980
Venezuela 16 Mar 1999 Kosovo
Saudi Arabia is not a party to the convention.[15]
Abuse[edit]
The Apostille does not give information regarding the quality of the content in the underlying document, but certifies the signature (and the capacity of who placed it) and correctness of the seal/stamp on the document which must be certified. In 2005 The Hague Conference surveyed its members and produced a report in December 2008 which expressed serious concerns about Diplomas and Degree certificates issued by diploma mills. The possible abuse of the system was highlighted "Particularly troubling is the possible use of diploma mill qualifications to circumvent migration controls, possibly by potential terrorists." (page 5) The risk comes from the fact that the various government stamps give the document an air of authenticity without anyone having checked the underlying document. "An official looking certificate may be issued to a copy of a diploma mill qualification, and then subsequently issued with an Apostille, without anyone having ever verified the signature on, let alone the contents of, the diploma." (page 7) Further member states indicated "they would be obliged to issue an Apostille for certification of a certified copy of a diploma issued by a diploma mill". (page 15) The evaluation commission of the Hague Conference expressed concern as to whether this issue could affect the entire convention. "... the Apostille does not 'look through the certification' and does not relate to the diploma itself ... There is a clear risk that such practices may eventually undermine the effectiveness and therefore the successful operation of the Apostille Convention". (page 5)[16]
In February 2009 the Hague Conference recommended to amend the wording on the Apostille to make it clear that only the seal and the signature were authenticated. The wording to be added is: "This Apostille only certifies the signature, the capacity of the signer and the seal or stamp it bears. It does not certify the content of the document for which it was issued."[2]
See also[edit]
Legalization (international law)
Hague Conference on Private International Law
Convention on the issue of multilingual extracts from civil status records
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "12: Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents". Hague Conference on Private International Law. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Permanent Bureau (February 2009). "Conclusions and Recommendations of the Special Commission on the Practical Operation of the Hague Apostille, Service, Taking of Evidence, and Access to Justice Conventions" (PDF). Hague Conference on Private International Law. p. 13.
Jump up ^ "ABCs of Apostilles p. 13" (PDF). Hague Conference on Private International Law.
Jump up ^ "United Kingdom, Competent Authorities". Hague Conference on Private International Law. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
Jump up ^ Authentication Archived 30 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. 2009
Jump up ^ Birth certificate application Archived 4 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine. 2010
Jump up ^ Crampton 2007
Jump up ^ Apostiles Archived 24 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. n.d.
Jump up ^ Apostille, MOFA Japan (website in Japanese)
Jump up ^ MEA, India Legalisation of Documents.
Jump up ^ "BOE.es - Documento BOE-A-2017-2061". www.boe.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2018-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Information on the application of the convention to Hong Kong and Macau
Jump up ^ "Status Table - 12: Convention of 5 October 1961 Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents". Hague Conference on Private International Law. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. Retrieved 18 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Strong and Herd Import/Export Services, A customer in Saudi has asked for our contract to be legalised, what does this mean?, accessed 23 February 2018
Jump up ^ Permanent Bureau (December 2008). "The application of the Apostille Convention to diplomas including those issued by diploma mills" (PDF). Hague Conference on Private International Law.
External links[edit]
Treaty text (HCCH)
Status (HCCH)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostille_Convention&oldid=856132480"
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List of Major League Baseball home run records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of some of the records relating to home runs hit in baseball games played in the Major Leagues. Some Major League records are sufficiently notable to have their own page, for example the single-season home run record, the progression of the lifetime home run record, and the members of the 500 home run club. A few other records are kept on separate pages, they are listed below.
In the tables below, players denoted in boldface are still actively contributing to the record noted, while (r) denotes a player's rookie season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career records
1.1 Most seasons with 40 home runs
1.2 Most consecutive seasons with 40 home runs
1.3 Most seasons with 30 home runs
1.4 Most consecutive seasons with 30 home runs
1.5 Most seasons with 20 home runs
1.6 Most consecutive seasons with 20 home runs
1.7 Most seasons as league leader in home runs
1.8 Most consecutive seasons as league leader in home runs
1.9 League leader in home runs, both leagues
1.10 League leader in home runs, three different teams
1.11 Players who have hit at least one home run in 40 stadiums
1.12 Most career grand slams
1.13 Most career walk-off home runs
2 Season records
2.1 Most home runs by a team in one season
2.2 Most grand slams in one season
3 Game records
3.1 Four home runs by an individual in one game
3.2 Four consecutive home runs by a team in one game
3.3 Two grand slams by one hitter in one game
3.4 Three grand slams by a team in one game
4 Other
4.1 Most homeruns on a single day (all teams combined)
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Career records[edit]
Most seasons with 40 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Babe Ruth[1] 11 1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–32 (New York Yankees)
Harmon Killebrew[2] 8 1959, 1961–64, 1967, 1969–70 (Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins)
Hank Aaron[3] 8 1957, 1960, 1962–63, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1973 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)
Barry Bonds[4] 8 1993, 1996–97, 2000–04 (San Francisco Giants)
Alex Rodriguez[5] 8 1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2005, 2007 (New York Yankees)
Ken Griffey Jr.[6] 7 1993–94, 1996–99 (Seattle Mariners), 2000 (Cincinnati Reds)
Sammy Sosa[7] 7 1996, 1998–2003 (Chicago Cubs)
Albert Pujols[8] 7 2003–06, 2009–10, 2015 (St. Louis Cardinals, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim)
Mark McGwire[9] 6 1987, 1992, 1996 (Oakland Athletics), 1997 (Oakland Athletics/St. Louis Cardinals), 1998–99 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Jim Thome[10] 6 1997, 2001–02 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies) 2006 (Chicago White Sox)
Adam Dunn[11] 6 2004–08 (Cincinnati Reds), 2008 (Arizona Diamondbacks), 2012 (Chicago White Sox)
Most consecutive seasons with 40 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Teams and seasons
Babe Ruth 7 1926–32 (New York Yankees)
Alex Rodriguez 6 1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers)
Sammy Sosa 6 1998–2003 (Chicago Cubs)
Ralph Kiner[12] 5 1947–51 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Duke Snider[13] 5 1953-57 (Brooklyn Dodgers)
Most seasons with 30 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Hank Aaron 15 1957–63, 1965–67, 1969–73 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)
Alex Rodriguez 15 1996, 1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10, 15 (New York Yankees)
Barry Bonds 14 1990, 1992 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)
Albert Pujols 14 2001–11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012, 2015–16 (Los Angeles Angels)
Babe Ruth 13 1920–24, 1926–33 (New York Yankees)
Mike Schmidt[14] 13 1974–77, 1979–87 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Jimmie Foxx[15] 12 1929–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–40 (Boston Red Sox)
Manny Ramírez[16] 12 1995–96, 1998–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–06 (Boston Red Sox), 08 (Boston-Los Angeles Dodgers)
Jim Thome 12 1996–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies), 2006–08 (Chicago White Sox)
Frank Robinson[17] 11 1956, 1958–62, 1965 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–67, 1969 (Baltimore Orioles), 1973 (California Angels)
Willie Mays[18] 11 1954–57, 1959, 1961–66 (New York/San Francisco Giants)
Mark McGwire 11 1987–90, 1992, 1995–96 (Oakland Athletics), 1997 (Oakland Athletics/St. Louis Cardinals), 1998–2000 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Sammy Sosa 11 1993, 1995–2004 (Chicago Cubs)
Carlos Delgado[19] 11 1997–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006, 2008 (New York Mets)
Most consecutive seasons with 30 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams
Alex Rodriguez 13 1998–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10 (New York Yankees)
Barry Bonds 13 1992 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)
Albert Pujols 12 2001–11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012 (|Los Angeles Angels)
Jimmie Foxx 12 1929–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–40 (Boston Red Sox)
Sammy Sosa 10 1995–2004 (Chicago Cubs)
Carlos Delgado 10 1997–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006 (New York Mets)
Lou Gehrig[20] 9 1929–37 (New York Yankees)
Eddie Mathews[21] 9 1953–61 (Milwaukee Braves)
Mike Schmidt 9 1979–87 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Rafael Palmeiro[22] 9 1995–98 (Baltimore Orioles), 1999–2003 (Texas Rangers)
Jim Thome 9 1996–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–04 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Manny Ramírez 9 1998–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–06 (Boston Red Sox)
Babe Ruth 8 1926–33 (New York Yankees)
Albert Belle 8 1992–96 Cleveland Indians; 1997–98 Chicago White Sox; 1999 Baltimore Orioles
Mike Piazza[23] 8 1995–97 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1998 (Los Angeles Dodgers/Florida Marlins/New York Mets), 1999–2002 (New York Mets)
Jeff Bagwell[24] 8 1996–2003 (Houston Astros)
Mark Teixeira 8 2004–07 (Texas Rangers); 2007–08 (Atlanta Braves); 2008 (|Los Angeles Angels); 2009–11 (New York Yankees)
Mickey Mantle 8 1955-62 (New York Yankees)
Most seasons with 20 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Years and teams
Hank Aaron 20 1955–74 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)
Barry Bonds 19 1987–88, 90–92 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004, 2006–07 (San Francisco Giants)
Willie Mays 17 1951, 1954–68, 1970 (New York/San Francisco Giants)
Frank Robinson 17 1956–65 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–67, 1969–71 (Baltimore Orioles), 1973 (California Angels), 1974 (California Angels/Cleveland Indians)
Babe Ruth 16 1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees)
Ted Williams[25] 16 1939–42, 1946–51, 1954–58, 1960 (Boston Red Sox)
Jim Thome 16 1994–2002 (Cleveland Indians), 2003-04 (Philadelphia Phillies), 2006-09 (Chicago White Sox), 2010 (Minnesota Twins)
Reggie Jackson[26] 16 1968–75 (Oakland Athletics), 1976 (Baltimore Orioles), 1977–80 (New York Yankees), 1982, 1984–85 (California Angels)
Eddie Murray[27] 16 1977–85, 1987–88 (Baltimore Orioles), 1989–90 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1993 (New York Mets), 1995 (Cleveland Indians), 1996 (Cleveland Indians/Baltimore Orioles)
Alex Rodriguez 16 1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10, 2015 (New York Yankees)
Albert Pujols 16 2001-11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012, 2014-17 (Los Angeles Angels)
Fred McGriff 15 1987–90 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1991–92 (San Diego Padres), 1993 (San Diego Padres/Atlanta Braves), 1994–97 (Atlanta Braves), 1999–2000 (Tampa Bay Devil Rays), 2001 (Tampa Bay Devil Rays/Chicago Cubs), 2002 (Chicago Cubs)
Mel Ott[28] 15 1929–39, 1941–42, 1944–45 (New York Giants)
Willie Stargell[29] 15 1964–76, 1978–79 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Dave Winfield[30] 15 1974, 1977–80 (San Diego Padres), 1982–83, 1985–88 (New York Yankees), 1990 (New York Yankees/California Angels), 1991 (California Angels), 1992 (Toronto Blue Jays), 1993 (Minnesota Twins)
Ken Griffey, Jr. 15 1990–94, 1996–99 (Seattle Mariners), 2000–01, 2004–07 (Cincinnati Reds)
David Ortiz 15 2002 (Minnesota Twins), 2003–2016 (Boston Red Sox)
Most consecutive seasons with 20 home runs[edit]
Player
Seasons
Years and teams
Hank Aaron 20 1955–74 (Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves)
Babe Ruth 16 1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees)
Willie Mays 15 1954–68 (New York/San Francisco Giants)
Barry Bonds 15 1990–92 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 1993–2004 (San Francisco Giants)
Alex Rodriguez 15 1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–10 (New York (AL))
David Ortiz 15 2002 (Minnesota Twins), 2003–2016 (Boston Red Sox)
Eddie Mathews 14 1952–65 (Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves)
Rafael Palmeiro 14 1991–93, 1999–2004 (Texas Rangers), 1994–98 (Baltimore Orioles)
Manny Ramírez 14 1995–2000 (Cleveland Indians), 2001–07 (Boston Red Sox), 08 (Boston Red Sox/Los Angeles Dodgers)
Mike Schmidt 14 1974–1987 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Chipper Jones[31] 14 1995–2008 (Atlanta Braves)
Billy Williams[32] 13 1961–73 (Chicago Cubs)
Willie Stargell 13 1964–76 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Reggie Jackson 13 1968–75 (Oakland Athletics), 1976 (Baltimore Orioles), 1977–80 (New York Yankees)
Carlos Delgado 13 1996–2004 (Toronto Blue Jays), 2005 (Florida Marlins), 2006–08 (New York Mets)
Most seasons as league leader in home runs[edit]
Player
Titles[33]
Years and teams
Babe Ruth 12 1918–19 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–31 (New York Yankees)
Mike Schmidt 8 1974–76, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1986 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Ralph Kiner 7 1946–52 (Pittsburgh Pirates)
Gavvy Cravath 6 1913–15, 1917–19 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Mel Ott 6 1932, 1934, 1936–38, 1942 (New York Giants)
Harmon Killebrew 6 1959, 1962–64, 1967, 1969 (Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins)
see note1
Most consecutive seasons as league leader in home runs[edit]
Player
Titles
Seasons & Teams
Ralph Kiner 7 1946–52 Pittsburgh
Babe Ruth 6 1926–31 New York (AL)
Harry Davis 4 1904–07 Philadelphia (AL)
Frank Baker 4 1911–14 Philadelphia (AL)
Babe Ruth 4 1918–19 Boston (AL); 1920–21 New York (AL)
Gavvy Cravath 3 1913–15 Philadelphia (NL)
Gavvy Cravath 3 1917–19 Philadelphia (NL)
Hack Wilson 3 1926–28 Chicago (NL)
Chuck Klein 3 1931–33 Philadelphia (NL)
Harmon Killebrew 3 1962–64 Minnesota
Mike Schmidt 3 1974–76 Philadelphia (NL)
Ken Griffey, Jr. 3 1997–99 Seattle
Alex Rodriguez 3 2001–03 Texas
see note1
League leader in home runs, both leagues[edit]
Player
League, team and year
Sam Crawford NL: Cincinnati Reds (1901), AL: Detroit Tigers (1908)
Fred McGriff AL: Toronto Blue Jays (1989), NL: San Diego Padres (1992)
Mark McGwire AL: Oakland Athletics (1987, 1996), NL: St. Louis Cardinals (1998–99)
League leader in home runs, three different teams[edit]
Player
Teams and years
Reggie Jackson Oakland Athletics (1973, 1975), New York Yankees (1980), California Angels (1982)
Players who have hit at least one home run in 40 stadiums[edit]
Player
# of MLB Stadiums[34]
Years
Sammy Sosa 45 1989–2005, 07
Ken Griffey, Jr. 44 1989–2009
Fred McGriff 43 1986–2004
Ellis Burks 41 1987–2004
Mike Piazza 40 1992–2007
Gary Sheffield 40 1988–2007
Adrián Beltré 40 1998–Present
Most career grand slams[edit]
Player
Grand slams[35]
Teams and years
Alex Rodriguez 25 Seattle Mariners (1994–2000), Texas Rangers (2001–03), New York Yankees (2004–2016)
Lou Gehrig 23 New York Yankees (1923–39)
Manny Ramírez 21 Cleveland Indians (1993–2000), Boston Red Sox (2001–2008), Los Angeles Dodgers (2008–2010), Chicago White Sox (2010), Tampa Bay Rays (2011)
Eddie Murray 19 Baltimore Orioles (1977–88, 1996), Los Angeles Dodgers (1989–91, 1997), New York Mets (1992–93), Cleveland Indians (1994–96), Anaheim Angels (1997)
Willie McCovey 18 San Francisco Giants (1959–73, 1977–80), San Diego Padres (1974–76), Oakland Athletics (1976)
Robin Ventura 18 Chicago White Sox (1989–98), New York Mets (1999–2001), New York Yankees (2002–03), Los Angeles Dodgers (2003–04)
Jimmie Foxx 17 Philadelphia Athletics (1925–35), Boston Red Sox (1936–42), Chicago Cubs (1942, 1944), Philadelphia Phillies (1945)
Ted Williams 17 Boston Red Sox (1939–42, 1946–60)
Babe Ruth 16 Boston Red Sox (1914–19), New York Yankees (1920–34), Boston Braves (1935)
Hank Aaron 16 Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1954–74), Milwaukee Brewers (1975–76)
Dave Kingman 16 San Francisco Giants (1971–74), New York Mets (1975–77, 1981–83), San Diego Padres (1977), California Angels (1977), New York Yankees (1977), Chicago Cubs (1978–80), Oakland Athletics (1984–86)
Most career walk-off home runs[edit]
Player
Walk-off HR[36][37]
Teams and years
Jim Thome 13 1991–02, 2011 (Cleveland Indians), 2003–05, 2012 (Philadelphia Phillies) 2006–09 (Chicago White Sox), 2009 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 2010-11 (Minnesota Twins), 2012 (Baltimore Orioles)
Albert Pujols 12 2001-11 (St. Louis Cardinals), 2012-Present (Los Angeles Angels Of Anaheim)
Jimmie Foxx 12 1925–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936–42 (Boston Red Sox), 1942, 1944 (Chicago Cubs), 1945 (Philadelphia Phillies)
Mickey Mantle 12 1951–68 (New York Yankees)
Stan Musial 12 1941–44, 1946–63 (St. Louis Cardinals)
Frank Robinson 12 1956–65 (Cincinnati Reds), 1966–71 (Baltimore Orioles), 1972 (Los Angeles Dodgers), 1973–74 (California Angels), 1974–76 (Cleveland Indians)
Babe Ruth 12 1914–19 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–34 (New York Yankees), 1935 (Boston Braves)
Season records[edit]
Most home runs by a team in one season[edit]
HR
[38] Team
Season
264 Seattle Mariners 1997
260 Texas Rangers 2005
257 Baltimore Orioles 1996
257 Toronto Blue Jays 2010
253 Baltimore Orioles 2016
249 Houston Astros 2000
246 Texas Rangers 2001
245 Seattle Mariners 1996
245 New York Yankees 2012
244 Seattle Mariners 1999
244 Toronto Blue Jays 2000
244 New York Yankees 2009
243 Oakland Athletics 1996
242 Chicago White Sox 2004
242 New York Yankees 2004
241 New York Yankees 2017
240 New York Yankees 1961
Most grand slams in one season[edit]
Player
GS
[39] Team
Season
Don Mattingly 6 New York Yankees 1987
Travis Hafner 6 Cleveland Indians 2006
Ernie Banks 5 Chicago Cubs 1955
Jim Gentile 5 Baltimore Orioles 1961
Richie Sexson 5 Seattle Mariners 2006
Albert Pujols 5 St. Louis Cardinals 2009
Game records[edit]
Four home runs by an individual in one game[edit]
Main article: List of Major League Baseball hitters with four home runs in one game
Player
Team[40]
Date
Opponent
Venue
Bobby Lowe Boston Beaneaters May 30, 1894 Cincinnati Reds South End Grounds
Ed Delahanty2 Philadelphia Phillies July 13, 1896 Chicago Colts West Side Grounds
Lou Gehrig New York Yankees June 3, 1932 Philadelphia Athletics Shibe Park
Chuck Klein Philadelphia Phillies July 10, 1936 Pittsburgh Pirates Forbes Field
Pat Seerey Chicago White Sox July 18, 1948 Philadelphia Athletics Shibe Park
Gil Hodges Brooklyn Dodgers August 31, 1950 Boston Braves Ebbets Field
Joe Adcock Milwaukee Braves July 31, 1954 Brooklyn Dodgers Ebbets Field
Rocky Colavito Cleveland Indians June 10, 1959 Baltimore Orioles Memorial Stadium
Willie Mays San Francisco Giants April 30, 1961 Milwaukee Braves Milwaukee County Stadium
Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies April 17, 1976 Chicago Cubs Wrigley Field
Bob Horner2 Atlanta Braves July 6, 1986 Montréal Expos Fulton County Stadium
Mark Whiten St. Louis Cardinals September 7, 1993 Cincinnati Reds Riverfront Stadium
Mike Cameron Seattle Mariners May 2, 2002 Chicago White Sox Comiskey Park
Shawn Green Los Angeles Dodgers May 23, 2002 Milwaukee Brewers Miller Park
Carlos Delgado Toronto Blue Jays September 25, 2003 Tampa Bay Devil Rays SkyDome
Josh Hamilton Texas Rangers May 8, 2012 Baltimore Orioles Oriole Park at Camden Yards
Scooter Gennett Cincinnati Reds June 6, 2017 St. Louis Cardinals Great American Ball Park
J.D. Martinez Arizona Diamondbacks September 4, 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium
Four consecutive home runs by a team in one game[edit]
Team
Date [41][42]
Opponent
Players
Pitcher
Inn.
Venue
Milwaukee Braves[43] June 8, 1961 Cincinnati Reds Eddie Mathews, Hank Aaron,
Joe Adcock, Frank Thomas Jim Maloney (2)
Marshall Bridges 7th Crosley Field
Cleveland Indians[44] July 31, 1963 Los Angeles Angels Woodie Held, Pedro Ramos,
Tito Francona, Larry Brown Paul Foytack 6th Cleveland Stadium
Minnesota Twins[45] May 2, 1964 Kansas City Athletics Tony Oliva, Harmon Killebrew,
Bob Allison, Jimmie Hall Dan Pfister (3)
Vern Handrahan 11th Municipal Stadium
Los Angeles Dodgers[46] September 18, 2006 San Diego Padres Jeff Kent, J. D. Drew,
Russell Martin, Marlon Anderson Jon Adkins (2)
Trevor Hoffman 9th Dodger Stadium
Boston Red Sox[47][48] April 22, 2007 New York Yankees Manny Ramírez, J. D. Drew,
Mike Lowell, Jason Varitek Chase Wright 3rd Fenway Park
Chicago White Sox[49] August 14, 2008 Kansas City Royals Jim Thome, Paul Konerko,
Alexei Ramírez, Juan Uribe Joel Peralta (3)
Robinson Tejeda 6th U.S. Cellular Field
Arizona Diamondbacks[50] August 11, 2010 Milwaukee Brewers Adam LaRoche, Miguel Montero,
Mark Reynolds, Stephen Drew Dave Bush 4th Miller Park
Washington Nationals[51] July 27, 2017 Milwaukee Brewers Brian Goodwin, Wilmer Difo,
Bryce Harper, Ryan Zimmerman Michael Blazek 3rd Nationals Park
Two grand slams by one hitter in one game[edit]
Main article: List of Major League Baseball hitters with two grand slams in one game
Player
[52] Team
Date
Opponent
Venue
Tony Lazzeri New York Yankees May 24, 1936 Philadelphia Athletics Shibe Park
Jim Tabor Boston Red Sox July 4, 19393 Philadelphia Athletics Shibe Park
Rudy York Boston Red Sox July 27, 1946 St. Louis Browns Sportsman's Park
Jim Gentile Baltimore Orioles May 9, 1961 Minnesota Twins Metropolitan Stadium
Tony Cloninger4 Atlanta Braves July 3, 1966 San Francisco Giants Candlestick Park
Jim Northrup Detroit Tigers June 24, 1968 Cleveland Indians Cleveland Stadium
Frank Robinson Baltimore Orioles June 26, 1970 Washington Senators RFK Stadium
Robin Ventura Chicago White Sox September 4, 1995 Texas Rangers The Ballpark in Arlington
Chris Hoiles Baltimore Orioles August 14, 1998 Cleveland Indians Jacobs Field
Fernando Tatís5 St. Louis Cardinals April 23, 1999 Los Angeles Dodgers Dodger Stadium
Nomar Garciaparra6 Boston Red Sox May 10, 1999 Seattle Mariners Fenway Park
Bill Mueller7 Boston Red Sox July 29, 2003 Texas Rangers The Ballpark in Arlington
Josh Willingham Washington Nationals July 27, 2009 Milwaukee Brewers Miller Park
Three grand slams by a team in one game[edit]
Team
Players
Date
Opponent
Venue
New York Yankees[53] Robinson Canó, Russell Martin, Curtis Granderson Aug 25, 2011 Oakland Athletics Yankee Stadium
Other[edit]
Most homeruns on a single day (all teams combined)[edit]
Number of homeruns
Date
62[54] July 2, 2002
See also[edit]
Home Run
Grand slam
List of lifetime home run leaders through history
Major League Baseball home run milestones
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball all-time leaders in home runs by pitchers
List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders
500 home run club
20–20–20 club
30–30 club
The Year Babe Ruth Hit 104 Home Runs
Notes[edit]
Mark McGwire led the American League in home runs in 1987 and 1996. He led the National League in 1998 and 1999. In 1997, he led Major League Baseball in home runs, but led neither the American or National League, as his season was split between the Oakland Athletics and St. Louis Cardinals. If that season had been included, then he was a League Leader for five seasons, four of which were in succession.
Delahanty and Horner are the only players to hit four home runs in a game as a part of a losing effort.[55][56]
Game 2 of a doubleheader.
Tony Cloninger is unique on this list as the only pitcher.
Fernando Tatís is the only player to hit his two grand slam home runs in the same inning; doing so in the third inning off of Chan Ho Park. This also establishes the Major League record for runs batted in by a player in one inning (8).
Nomar Garciaparra is the only player to do this at home.
Bill Mueller is the only player to accomplish this by hitting each grand slam from different sides of the plate.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Babe Ruth statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Harmon Killebrew statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Henry Aaron statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Barry Bonds statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Alex Rodriguez statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Ken Griffey, Jr. statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Sammy Sosa statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ Mark McGwire statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Jim Thome statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ Ralph Kiner statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Duke Snider statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Mike Schmidt statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Jimmie Foxx statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Manny Ramírez statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Frank Robinson statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Willie Mays statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Carlos Delgado statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Lou Gehrig statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Eddie Mathews statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Rafael Palmeiro statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Mike Piazza statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Jeff Bagwell statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Ted Williams statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Reggie Jackson statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Eddie Murray statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Mel Ott statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Willie Stargell statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Dave Winfield statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Chipper Jones statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Billy Williams statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Annual HR leaders @ Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ Most parks, one or more homers @mlb.com; accessed 8 July 2013
Jump up ^ Career grand slam statistics @ Baseball-almanac.com
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Jake (23 June 2012). "Thome's walk-off caps day of Phils milestones". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 23 June 2012. given as a table in the margin of the main article
Jump up ^ Schlueter, Roger (24 June 2012). "MLB Notebook: Thome is king of walk-off homers". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 24 June 2012. Exceptional homer-hitting resumes for all, adding to the luster of the fact that Thome—at least in terms of sheer volume in career home runs and walk-off home runs—eclipsed them all: Jim Thome 13, Babe Ruth 12, Jimmie Foxx 12, Stan Musial 12, Mickey Mantle 12, Frank Robinson 12
Jump up ^ Historic Team HR statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ "Single Season Leaders for Grand Slams". statistical list. Baseball Almanac.com. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Summaries and Box Scores of 4-Home Run Games @ Baseball-Almanac.com
Jump up ^ White Sox hit four straight taters in sixth Scott Merkin, @mlb.com; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Home Run Records, By ONE team in ONE Game in ONE Inning; Most Consecutively in any inning
Jump up ^ Box Score for Mil vs. Cin, 6/8/1961; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Box Score for LAA vs. Cle, 7/31/1963; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Box Score for Min vs. KCA, 5/2/1964; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Box Score for LAD vs. SD, 9/18/2006; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Box Score for Bos vs NYY 4/22/2007; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Red Sox hit four consecutive HRs against Yankees, AP, 22 April 2007, @ espn.go.com, accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Chicago White Sox set club record by hitting four consecutive home runs against Royals at Cellular Field, AP, 14 August 2008, @newsday.com; accessed 15 August 2008
Jump up ^ Arizona Diamondbacks hit four straight home runs against the Milwaukee Brewers at Miller Park,
Jump up ^ Milwaukee Brewers vs. Washington Nationals - Play By Play - July 27, 2017,
Jump up ^ "Two Grand Slams in One Game". Baseball Almanac.com. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Caldwell, Dave (August 25, 2011). "On a Long and Wet Day, the Yankees Win in Grand Style". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Home run log: July 2, 2002". Sports Illustrated. July 3, 2002.
Jump up ^ Baseball Almanac boxscore
Jump up ^ Retrosheet box score, Expos at Braves July 6, 1986
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Cleaner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about workers who clean. For other uses, see Cleaner (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A worker sweeping floor of a parking garage in Atlanta.
Team of window cleaners at the Burj Khalifa in Dubai
A cleaner or cleaning operative is a type of industrial or domestic worker who cleans homes or commercial premises for payment. Cleaning Operatives may specialise in cleaning particular things or places, such as window cleaners. Cleaning operatives often work when the people who otherwise occupy the space are not around. They may clean offices at night or houses during the workday.
The 2000 film Bread and Roses by British director Ken Loach depicted the struggle of cleaners in Los Angeles, California to fight for better pay and working conditions, and the right to join a union. In an interview with the BBC in 2001, Loach stated that thousands of cleaners from around 30 countries have since contacted him with tales similar to the one told in the film.
Contents
1 Types of cleaning operatives
1.1 Apartment/house cleaners
2 Typical cleaning equipment
3 See also
4 References
Types of cleaning operatives[edit]
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The cleaning industry is quite big as there are different types of cleaning required depending on the shape and size of object or property. If you want to get an office space cleaned then you would require the services of a commercial cleaner whereas if you want to clean your house then you would require domestic cleaning services. Depending on the task, even these categories can be sub divided such as Bond cleaners, carpet cleaners, upholstery cleaners, window cleaners, car cleaning services etc. Different types of cleaners specialize in their own industry, you cannot ask a window cleaner to do a marvelous job at carpet cleaning. Some of the types of cleaners are mentioned below.
Apartment/house cleaners[edit]
These cleaning operatives are quite easy to find due to their large numbers, they are usually denoted as maid service providers, janitors and domestic cleaning operatives. These type of operatives specialize in house cleaning services such as spring cleaning, bond (damage deposit) cleaning etc. Most of the house cleaning operatives are known to give good attention to details, but due to their large numbers it can be quite hard to find the right cleaning operative who is trustworthy and works effectively. The cost of this type of service depends on the demand for the service and the number of providers. In Australia, you can hire a household cleaner from anywhere between $20–$30 an hour. In countries like India, China, Philippines etc., where the labor rates are quite low, people can afford a full-time maid or domestic cleaner.
Typical cleaning equipment[edit]
The following are some items used by cleaning staff:
Broom/Dustpan
Buckets with water/cleaning solution
Cleaning agents
Floor polisher
Garbage bag
Hand feather duster and/or microfibre floor duster
Mop and Mop bucket cart
Towels used to wipe desks
Vacuum cleaner
Wet floor sign
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cleaning workers.
Charwoman
Cleaning company
Janitor (caretaker, custodian)
References[edit]
https://www.bics.org.uk/
hide
v
t
e
Modern cleaning roles
Butler
Cleaner
Exterior cleaner
Housekeeping
Janitor
Maid
Valet
A cleaner is a product used to clean, A Cleaning Operative is a skilled worker who cleans as a profession. https://www.bics.org.uk/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleaner&oldid=857417412"
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