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List of weather records
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This is a list of weather records, a list of the most extreme occurrences of weather phenomena for various categories. Many weather records are measured under specific conditions—such as surface temperature and wind speed—to keep consistency among measurements around the Earth. Each of these records is understood to be the record value officially observed, as these records may have been exceeded before modern weather instrumentation was invented, or in remote areas without an official weather station. This list does not include remotely sensed observations such as satellite measurements, since those values are not considered official records.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Temperature
1.1 Measuring conditions
2 Heat
2.1 Highest temperatures ever recorded
2.2 By continent
2.2.1 Africa [notes 1]
2.2.2 Antarctica
2.2.3 Asia
2.2.4 Europe [notes 4]
2.2.5 North America [notes 7]
2.2.6 Oceania [notes 8]
2.2.7 South America [notes 9]
2.3 Other high-temperature records
2.4 Humidity
3 Cold
3.1 Lowest temperatures ever recorded
3.2 By Continent
3.2.1 Africa
3.2.2 Antarctica
3.2.3 Asia
3.2.4 Europe
3.2.5 North America
3.2.6 South America
3.2.7 Oceania
3.3 Other low-temperature records
4 Precipitation
4.1 Rain
4.2 Snow
5 Wind speed
6 Tornadoes
6.1 Deadliest in history
6.2 Outbreaks
7 Tropical cyclones
7.1 Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)
7.2 Most precipitation
8 Other severe weather
8.1 Hail
8.2 Lightning
8.3 Ultraviolet index
9 Other categories
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Temperature[edit]
Measuring conditions[edit]
The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air, 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) above the ground, and shielded from direct sunlight intensity (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").[2] The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods.
Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 °C (54 to 90 °F).[2] A ground temperature of 84 °C (183.2 °F) has been recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan.[3] A ground temperature of 93.9 °C (201.0 °F) was recorded in Furnace Creek, Death Valley, California, United States on 15 July 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded.[4] The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 °C (194 and 212 °F) for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity.[5]
Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of 70.7 °C (159.3 °F), which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature.[2]
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at 81°48′S 59°18′E / 81.8°S 59.3°E / -81.8; 59.3. Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).[6][7]
Heat[edit]
Highest temperatures ever recorded[edit]
Main article: Highest temperature recorded on Earth
A world map showing areas with Köppen BWh (hot desert climate). The temperatures in these regions have the potential to exceed 50 °C (122 °F) during the hottest seasons.
There are reports of temperatures higher than the listed world record of 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) during phenomena known as heat bursts, including a report of 87 °C (189 °F) in Abadan, Iran in June 1967. There are also reports made by satellite analysis, including one of 66.8 °C (152.2 °F) measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008.[8] These temperatures have never been confirmed, and are not recognized as world records.[9] The former highest official temperature on Earth, held for 90 years by ‘Aziziya, Libya, was de-certified by the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) in January 2012 as the record for the world's highest surface temperature. (This temperature of 58 °C (136 °F), registered on 13 September 1922, is currently considered to have been a recorder's error.[10])
Christopher C. Burt, the weather historian writing for Weather Underground who shepherded the Libya reading's 2012 disqualification, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is "a myth", and is at least 2.2 or 2.8 °C (4 or 5 °F) too high.[11] Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth is still at Death Valley, but is instead 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) recorded on 30 June 2013.[12] 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) was recorded another four times: 20 July 1960, 18 July 1998, 20 July 2005, and 7 July 2007.[13][14] On 21 July 2016, Mitribah in Kuwait also recorded a maximum temperature of 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), tying Death Valley's highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth, while Basra in Iraq reached 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) that day.[15] On 29 June 2017, the air at the airport of Ahvaz in Iran reached 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) as well.[16] In a second part to his analysis, he gave a list of 11 other occasions in which temperatures of 52.8 °C (127.0 °F) or more were reliably measured as well as the highest reliably measured temperatures on each continent.[17]
By continent[edit]
Africa [notes 1][edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Algeria 51.3 °C (124.3 °F) El Bayadh, El Bayadh Province 000000001979-09-02-00002 September 1979[18]
Botswana 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Maun 000000002016-01-07-00007 January 2016[19]
Burkina Faso 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Dori 000000001984-01-01-00001984[20]
Chad 47.6 °C (117.7 °F) Faya-Largeau 000000002010-06-22-000022 June 2010[21]
Ghana 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) Navrongo 000000002015-04-10-000010 April 2015[22]
Niger 48.2 °C (118.8 °F) Bilma 000000002010-06-23-000023 June 2010[21]
Nigeria 46.4 °C (115.5 °F) Yola 000000002010-04-03-00003 April 2010[21]
South Africa 50.0 °C (122.0 °F) Dunbrody, Eastern Cape 000000001918-11-03-00003 November 1918[23]
Sudan 49.7 °C (121.5 °F) Dongola 000000002010-06-25-000025 June 2010[21]
Swaziland 47.7 °C (117.9 °F) Lavumisa ?[24]
Tunisia 55 °C (131 °F) * Kebili 000000001931-07-07-00007 July 1931[25][26]
Western Sahara 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Semara 000000001961-07-13-000013 July 1961[17]
Zambia 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Mfuwe, Eastern Province 000000002010-10-13-000013 October 2010[21]
Antarctica[edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Signy Island, South Orkney Islands 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) Signy Research Station 000000001982-01-30-000030 January 1982[27]
Antarctica 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) Esperanza Base, Trinity Peninsula 000000002015-03-24-000024 March 2015[28][29]
South Pole −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 000000002011-12-25-000025 December 2011[30]
Asia[edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Afghanistan 49.9 °C (121.8 °F) Farah 000000002009-08-01-0000August 2009[31]
Armenia 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) Meghri 000000002011-08-01-00001 August 2011[32][33]
Bangladesh 45.1 °C (113.2 °F) Rajshahi 000000001972-05-30-000030 May 1972[34]
Bhutan 40 °C (104 °F) Phuentsholing 000000001997-08-27-000027 August 1997[35]
Cambodia 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) Preah Vihea 000000002016-04-15-000015 April 2016[36]
China 50.5 °C (122.9 °F) Erbao Township, Turpan, Xinjiang 000000002017-07-10-000010 July 2017[37]
Hong Kong 37.9 °C (100.2 °F) Happy Valley 000000002015-08-08-00008 August 2015, 000000002016-07-09-00009 July 2016[22]
India 51.0 °C (123.8 °F) Phalodi, Rajasthan 000000002016-05-19-000019 May 2016[38]
Indonesia 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) Jatiwangi, Cirebon, West Java /
Semarang, Central Java 000000002006-12-01-0000December 2006 /
27 October 2015[39]
Iran 54 °C (129 °F) Ahwaz
Airport (OIAW) 000000002017-06-29-000029 June 2017 [17][40][16]
Iraq 53.9 °C (129.0 °F) Basra 000000002016-07-22-000022 July 2016[40][41]
Israel 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) * Tirat Zvi 000000001942-06-21-000021 June 1942[42]
Japan 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) Shimanto, Kōchi 000000002013-08-12-000012 August 2013[43]
Jordan 50 °C (122 °F) ? 000000002002-09-06-00006 September 2002[44]
Kuwait 54.0 °C (129.2 °F) Mitribah 000000002016-07-21-000021 July 2016[40][41][notes 2]
Kyrgyzstan 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) ? ?[45]
Laos 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Seno 000000002016-04-12-000012 April 2016[36]
Malaysia 40.1 °C (104.2 °F) Chuping 000000001998-04-09-00009 April 1998[46]
Maldives 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) Hanimaadhoo 000000002016-04-16-000016 April 2016[36]
Mongolia 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Khongor, Darkhan-Uul Province 000000001999-07-24-000024 July 1999[47]
Myanmar 47.2 °C (117.0 °F) Myinmu 000000002010-05-14-000014 May 2010[48][49]
Nepal 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Chisapani ?[50]
Oman 50.8 °C (123.4 °F) Buraimi,
Sohar,
Qurayyat 000000001990-07-01-0000July 1990,
000000002009-05-01-0000May 2009,
000000002017-05-30-000030 May 2017 [51]
Pakistan 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) Mohenjo-Daro
Turbat 000000002010-05-26-000026 May 2010[52][53]
000000002017-05-28-000028 May 2017[51][notes 3]
Philippines 42.2 °C (108.0 °F) Tuguegarao, Cagayan Valley 12 April 1912, 11 May 1969[54]
Qatar 50.4 °C (122.7 °F) Doha 000000002010-07-14-000014 July 2010[21]
Russia (Siberia) 42.3 °C (108.1 °F) Belogorsk, Amur Oblast 000000002010-07-12-000012 July 2010[55]
Saudi Arabia 52.0 °C (125.6 °F) Jeddah 000000002010-06-23-000023 June 2010[56]
Singapore 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) Tengah 000000001983-04-17-000017 April 1983[57]
South Korea 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) Daegu 000000001942-08-01-00001 August 1942[58]
Syria 49.4 °C (120.9 °F) ? ?[59]
Taiwan 40.2 °C (104 °F) Taitung County 000000002004-05-09-00009 May 2004[60]
Thailand 44.6 °C (112.3 °F) Mae Hong Son 000000002016-04-28-000028 April 2016[36]
Turkey 48.8 °C (119.8 °F) Mardin-Kocatepe (tr) (Kızıltepe) 000000001993-08-14-000014 August 1993[61]
Turkmenistan 50.1 °C (122.2 °F) Repetek Biosphere State Reserve, Karakum Desert 28 July 1983[62][63]
United Arab Emirates 52.1 °C (125.8 °F) Al Jazeera Border Gate July 2002[64][65]
Vietnam 42.7 °C (108.9 °F) Con Cuong/Tuong Duong (tied) 000000002015-05-30-000030 May 2015[22]/000000001966-05-12-000012 May 1966[66]
Europe [notes 4][edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Austria 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 000000002013-08-08-00008 August 2013[67]
Azerbaijan 46.0 °C (114.8 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[68]
Belarus 38.9 °C (102.0 °F) Gomel 000000002010-08-07-00007 August 2010[21]
Belgium 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) Uccle 000000001947-06-27-000027 June 1947[69][70]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 46.2 °C (115.2 °F) Mostar 000000001901-07-31-000031 July 1901[71]
Bulgaria 45.2 °C (113.3 °F) Sadovo, Plovdiv Province 000000001916-08-05-00005 August 1916[72]
Croatia 42.8 °C (109.0 °F) Ploče 000000001981-08-05-00005 August 1981[73]
Cyprus 45.6 °C (114.1 °F) Lefkoniko 000000002010-08-01-00001 August 2010[74]
Czech Republic 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) Dobřichovice, Prague-West District 000000002012-08-20-000020 August 2012[75]
Denmark 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) Holstebro, Midtjylland 000000001975-08-10-000010 August 1975[76]
Estonia 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Võru 000000001992-08-11-000011 August 1992[77]
Finland 37.2 °C (99.0 °F) Liperi 000000002010-07-29-000029 July 2010[78]
France 44.1 °C (111.4 °F) Conqueyrac / Saint-Christol-lès-Alès 000000002003-08-12-000012 August 2003[79]
Germany 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Kitzingen, Lower Franconia, Bavaria 000000002015-07-05-00005 July 2015 / 7 August 2015[80]
Greece 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) Athens 000000001977-07-10-000010 July 1977[81]
Hungary 41.9 °C (107.4 °F) Kiskunhalas 000000002007-07-20-000020 July 2007[82]
Iceland 30.5 °C (86.9 °F) Teigarhorn, Djúpivogur 000000001939-06-22-000022 June 1939[83][84]
Ireland 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) Kilkenny Castle, County Kilkenny 000000001887-06-26-000026 June 1887[85]
Italy 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) Foggia, Apulia [notes 5] 000000002007-06-25-000025 June 2007[86][87]
Latvia 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Ventspils 000000002014-08-04-00004 August 2014[88]
Lithuania 37.5 °C (99.5 °F) Zarasai, Utena County 000000001994-07-30-000030 July 1994[89]
Macedonia 45.7 °C (114.3 °F) Demir Kapija, Demir Kapija 000000002007-07-24-000024 July 2007[90][91]
Malta 43.8 °C (110.8 °F) Malta International Airport 000000001999-08-09-00009 August 1999[92][93]
Moldova 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Falesti 000000002012-08-07-00007 August 2012[94]
Montenegro 44.8 °C (112.6 °F) Podgorica & Danilovgrad 000000002007-08-16-000016 August 2007 /
8 August 2012[95]
Netherlands 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) Warnsveld 000000001944-08-23-000023 August 1944[96]
Norway 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) Nesbyen, Buskerud 000000001970-06-20-000020 June 1970[97]
Poland 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) Proskau [notes 6] 000000001921-07-29-000029 July 1921[99]
Portugal 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) Amareleja, Beja 000000002003-08-01-00001 August 2003[100]
Romania 44.5 °C (112.1 °F) Ion Sion, Brăila County 000000001951-08-10-000010 August 1951[101]
Russia (in Europe) 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) Utta, Kalmykia 000000002010-07-12-000012 July 2010[102]
Serbia 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Smederevska Palanka, Podunavlje 000000002007-07-24-000024 July 2007[103]
Slovakia 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) Hurbanovo 000000002007-07-20-000020 July 2007[104]
Slovenia 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) Cerklje ob Krki 000000002013-08-08-00008 August 2013[105]
Spain 47.3 °C (117.1 °F) Montoro, Cordoba (as Montoro Vega Armijo) 000000002017-07-13-000013 July 2017[106]
Sweden 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) Ultuna, Uppsala County/
Målilla, Kalmar County (tied) 000000001933-07-09-00009 July 1933 /
29 June 1947[107]
Switzerland 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) Grono, Moesa District 000000002003-08-11-000011 August 2003[108]
Ukraine 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) Luhansk 000000002010-08-12-000012 August 2010[109]
United Kingdom
England 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) Faversham, Kent 000000002003-08-10-000010 August 2003[110]
Northern Ireland 30.8 °C (87.4 °F) Knockarevan, County Fermanagh /
Belfast, County Antrim (tied) 000000001976-06-30-000030 June 1976 /
12 July 1983[110]
Scotland 32.9 °C (91.2 °F) Greycrook, Scottish Borders 000000002003-08-09-00009 August 2003[110]
Wales 35.2 °C (95.4 °F) Hawarden Bridge, Flintshire 000000001990-08-02-00002 August 1990[110]
North America [notes 7][edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Anguilla 34.2 °C (93.6 °F) The Valley 000000002015-09-12-000012 September 2015[22]
Antigua and Barbuda 34.9 °C (94.8 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's 000000001995-08-12-000012 August 1995[111][112]
Canada 45.0 °C (113.0 °F) Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan
Midale, Saskatchewan 000000001937-07-05-00005 July 1937[113]
Cayman Islands 34.7 °C (94.5 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman ?[114]
Cuba 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) Jucarito (Granma Province) 000000001999-04-17-000017 April 1999[115]
Dominica 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Canefield Airport 000000002015-10-03-00003 October 2015[22]
Dominican Republic 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) Mao 000000001954-08-31-000031 August 1954[116]
Greenland 30.1 °C (86.2 °F) Ivigtut 000000001915-06-23-000023 June 1915[117][118][119]
Guatemala 45 °C (113 °F) Estanzuela, Zacapa ?[120]
Panama 40.0 °C (104.0 °F) San Francisco 000000001998-03-20-000020 March 1998[121]
Puerto Rico 40 °C (104 °F) Mona Island 000000001996-07-02-00002 July 1996[122]
United States 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) * Furnace Creek Ranch
(formerly Greenland Ranch),
Death Valley, California 000000001913-07-10-000010 July 1913[11][123]
United States Virgin Islands 37 °C (99 °F) Saint Thomas/
Cruz Bay 000000001994-08-04-00004 August 1994 and 23 June 1996[122]
31 July 1988[122]
Oceania [notes 8][edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Australia 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) Oodnadatta, South Australia 000000001960-01-02-00002 January 1960[124][125][126]
New Zealand 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) Rangiora, Canterbury /
Jordan, Marlborough (tied) 000000001973-02-07-00007 February 1973[127]
Samoa 35.3 °C (95.5 °F) Asau 000000001968-12-24-000024 December 1968[128]
Solomon Islands 36.1 °C (97.0 °F) Honiara, Guadalcanal Province 000000002010-02-01-00001 February 2010[21]
Wallis and Futuna 35.5 °C (95.9 °F) Futuna Airport 000000002015-01-19-000019 January 2015[22]
South America [notes 9][edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Argentina 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) * Rivadavia, Salta Province 000000001905-12-11-000011 December 1905[124][129][130]
Bolivia 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) Villamontes, Tarija Department 000000002010-10-29-000029 October 2010 [21][notes 10]
Brazil 44.7 °C (112.5 °F) Bom Jesus, Piauí 000000002005-11-21-000021 November 2005 [131]
Chile 44.9 °C (112.8 °F) Quillón, Biobio Region[notes 11] 000000002017-01-26-000026 January 2017[132][133]
Colombia 40 °C (104 °F) Puerto Salgar, Cundinamarca 000000002015-12-29-000029 December 2015 [134]
French Guiana 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni 000000002015-10-22-000022 October 2015 [39]
Uruguay 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) Paysandú, Paysandú Department 000000001943-01-20-000020 January 1943[135][136]
Venezuela 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) Santa Ana de Coro, Falcón 000000002015-04-29-000029 April 2015[22]
* Temperature record considered unreliable by Christopher Burt.[17][137]
Other high-temperature records[edit]
Fastest temperature rise: 27 °C (49 °F) from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 7 °C (45 °F) in two minutes; Spearfish, South Dakota, on 22 January 1943.[138]
Most consecutive days above 37.8 °C (100 °F): 160 days; Marble Bar, Western Australia from 31 October 1923 to 7 April 1924[139] (Death Valley also recorded 154 consecutive days from May 5 through October 5, 2001).
Most consecutive days above 48.9 °C (120 °F): 43 days; Death Valley, California from July 6 through August 17, 1917.[140]
Surface temperature: 93.9 °C (201.0 °F), in Death Valley, California, 15 July 1972.[4]
Highest temperature during rain: 46.1 °C (115.0 °F), in Needles, California, 13 August 2012.[141]
Highest Overnight Low: 44.2 °C (111.6 °F) at the Khasab weather station (WMO Index = 41241) in Oman on June 17, 2017 [142] (Former record: 43.3 °C (110 °F), in Death Valley, California, 5 July 1918.[143])
Humidity[edit]
Highest dew point temperature: A dew point of 35 °C (95 °F) was observed at Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, at 3:00 p.m. on July 8, 2003.[144]
Cold[edit]
Lowest temperatures ever recorded[edit]
Main article: Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
By Continent[edit]
Africa[edit]
Country/Region
Temperature
Town/Location
Date
Algeria −13.8 °C (7.2 °F) Mécheria 28 January 2005[18]
Burkina Faso 5 °C (41 °F) Markoye January 1975[20]
Lesotho −21.0 °C (−5.8 °F) ? ?[145]
Morocco −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) Ifrane 11 February 1935[146]
South Africa −20.1 °C (−4.2 °F) Buffelsfontein, near Molteno, Eastern Cape 23 August 2013[147]
Sudan −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Zalingei December 1961 and January 1962[148]
Swaziland −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) Big Bend ?[24]
Antarctica[edit]
Vostok Station −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) Vostok Station 21 July 1983[124][138][149]*
Dome A −82.5 °C (−116.5 °F) Dome A July 2005[150]
South Pole −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 23 June 1982[151]
Asia[edit]
Afghanistan −52.2 °C (−62.0 °F) Shahrak 000000001964-01-01-0000January 1964[31]
Armenia −42.0 °C (−43.6 °F) Paghakn and Ashocq 000000001961-01-01-00001961[32]
Azerbaijan −33.0 °C (−27.4 °F) Julfa and Ordubad ?[68]
Bangladesh 2.8 °C (37.0 °F) Sreemangal 1968[152]
China −52.3 °C (−62.1 °F) Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province 13 February 1969[153]
Hong Kong −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Tai Mo Shan 24 January 2016[154]
India −33.9 °C (−29.0 °F) Dras, Jammu and Kashmir 22 March 1911[155]
Iran −46.0 °C (−50.8 °F) Saqqez 1972[156]
Israel −14.2 °C (6.4 °F) Merom Golan 10 January 2015[157]
Japan −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Asahikawa, Hokkaidō 25 January 1902[43]
Jordan −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Shoubak 000000002013-12-15-000015 December 2013[44]
Kyrgyzstan −53.6 °C (−64.5 °F) ? ?[45]
Malaysia 7.8 °C (46.0 °F) Cameron Highlands 1 February 1978[46]
Maldives 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) Hulhulé Island, located at Ibrahim Nasir International Airport 11 April 1978[158]
Mongolia −55.3 °C (−67.5 °F) Züüngovi, Uvs Province December 1976[47]
Myanmar −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Hakha 30 December 1990[159]
Nepal −26.0 °C (−14.8 °F) Thakmarpha, Mustang district ?[50]
North Korea −43.6 °C (−46.5 °F) Chunggangjin 12 January 1933[160]
Philippines 6.3 °C (43.3 °F) Baguio 18 January 1961[54][161]
Russia (Siberia) −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) Verkhoyansk and
Oymyakon, both in Sakha Republic 7 February 1892
6 February 1933[162]
Saudi Arabia −12.0 °C (10.4 °F) Turaif ?[163]
Singapore 19.0 °C (66.2 °F) Paya Lebar 000000001989-02-14-000014 February 1989[57]
South Korea −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Yangpyeong 5 January 1981[58]
Syria −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Idlib January 1951[164]
Thailand −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) Sakon Nakhon 2 January 1974[165]
Turkey −46.4 °C (−51.5 °F) Van-Çaldıran 9 January 1990[61]
Turkmenistan −36.0 °C (−32.8 °F) Daşoguz Region ?[62]
United Arab Emirates −1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Rekna January 2008[166]
Vietnam −6.1 °C (21.0 °F) Sa Pa 4 January 1974[167]
Europe[edit]
Austria −47.1 °C (−52.8 °F) Grünloch doline 19 February 1932[168]
Belarus −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Slavnom, Vitsebsk Voblast 17 January 1940[169]
Belgium −30.1 °C (−22.2 °F) Valley of the Lesse in Rochefort 20 January 1940[170]
Bosnia and Herzegovina −42.5 °C (−44.5 °F) Igman in Sarajevo Canton 24 January 1963[171]
Bulgaria −38.3 °C (−36.9 °F) Tran 25 January 1947[72]
Croatia −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Čakovec 3 February 1929[73]
Czech Republic −42.2 °C (−44.0 °F) Litvínovice 11 February 1929[75]
Denmark −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) Thisted Municipality, North Denmark Region 8 January 1982[76]
Estonia −43.5 °C (−46.3 °F) Jõgeva, Jõgeva County 17 January 1940[77]
Finland −51.5 °C (−60.7 °F) Kittilä, Lapland 28 January 1999[78]
France −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Mouthe, Doubs 17 January 1985[172]
Germany −45.9 °C (−50.6 °F) Funtensee, Berchtesgadener Land, Bavaria 24 December 2001[173]
Greece −27.8 °C (−18.0 °F) Ptolemaida 27 January 1963[174]
Hungary −35 °C (−31 °F) Görömbölytapolca 16 February 1940[82]
Iceland −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F) Grímsstaðir 21 January 1918[83]
Ireland −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) Markree Castle, County Sligo 16 January 1881[85]
Italy −49.6 °C (−57.2 °F) Busa Fradusta, Pale di San Martino 10 February 2013[175]
Latvia −43.2 °C (−45.8 °F) Daugavpils 8 February 1956[88]
Lithuania −42.9 °C (−45.2 °F) Utena, Utena County 1 February 1956[89]
Macedonia −31.5 °C (−24.7 °F) Berovo, Berovo Municipality 27 January 1954[176]
Malta 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) Malta International Airport 29 January 1981[92][93]
Moldova −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) Brătușeni, Edineț District 000000001963-01-20-000020 January 1963[94]
Netherlands −27.4 °C (−17.3 °F) Winterswijk 27 January 1942[96]
Norway −51.4 °C (−60.5 °F) Karasjok, Finnmark 1 January 1886[97]
Poland −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Siedlce, Masovian Voivodeship 11 January 1940[99]
Portugal −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) Penhas da Saúde, Covilhã Municipality
Miranda do Douro 16 January 1945 and 5 February 1954[177]
Romania −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F) Bod, Braşov County 25 January 1942[178]
Russia (Europe) −58.1 °C (−72.6 °F) Ust' Shchugor, Komi Republic 31 December 1978[81]
Serbia −39.5 °C (−39.1 °F) Karajukica Bunari, Zlatibor District 13 January 1985[103]
Slovakia −41.0 °C (−41.8 °F) Vígľaš-Pstruša 11 February 1929[104]
Slovenia −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F) Babno Polje 15 February 1956 / 16 February 1956 / 13 January 1968[notes 12][179]
Spain −30 °C (−22 °F) Calamocha Airport, Teruel Province 17 December 1963[180]
Sweden −52.6 °C (−62.7 °F) Vuoggatjålme, Lappland 2 February 1966[107]
Switzerland −41.8 °C (−43.2 °F) La Brévine 12 January 1987[108]
Ukraine −41.9 °C (−43.4 °F) Luhansk 8 January 1935[109][181]
United Kingdom
England −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) Newport, Shropshire 10 January 1982[110]
Northern Ireland −18.7 °C (−1.7 °F) Castlederg, County Tyrone 24 December 2010[110]
Scotland −27.2 °C (−17.0 °F) Braemar, Aberdeenshire
Altnaharra, Sutherland 11 February 1895 and 10 January 1982
30 December 1995[110]
Wales −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) Rhayader, Powys 21 January 1940[110]
North America[edit]
Antigua and Barbuda 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) V. C. Bird International Airport, St. John's 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976[111][112]
Canada −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) Snag, Yukon 3 February 1947[138][182]
Cayman Islands 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman ?[114]
Cuba 0.6 °C (33.1 °F) Bainoa, Mayabeque Province 18 February 1996[115][183]
Dominican Republic −7.0 °C (19.4 °F) Valle Nuevo, Constanza 17 January 1983[184]
Greenland −66.1 °C (−87.0 °F) North Ice 9 January 1954[185]
Guatemala −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) Olintepeque, Quetzaltenango ?[120]
Panama 2.0 °C (35.6 °F) Bajo Grande 20 February 1995[121]
Puerto Rico 4 °C (40 °F) Aibonito/San Sebastian 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966[122]
US Virgin Islands 11 °C (51 °F) Annas Hope 31 January 1954[122]
United States
( Alaska) −62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) Prospect Creek, Alaska 23 January 1971[186]
United States
(Mainland) −57.0 °C (−70.6 °F) Rogers Pass, Montana 20 January 1954[187]
South America[edit]
Argentina −32.8 °C (−27.0 °F) Sarmiento, Chubut Province 1 June 1907[188]
Brazil −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) Caçador, Santa Catarina June 1952[189][190]
Chile −37 °C (−34.6 °F) Coyhaique Alto, Aysen Region 21 June 2002[191]
Paraguay −7.5 °C (18.5 °F) Pratts Gill, Boquerón Department 13 July 2000[192]
Peru −25.2 °C (−13.4 °F) Mazo Cruz, Puno Region 30 June 1966[193]
Uruguay −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) Melo, Cerro Largo Department 14 June 1967[135][136]
Oceania[edit]
Australia −23.0 °C (−9.4 °F) Charlotte Pass, New South Wales 29 June 1994[125]
New Zealand −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) Ranfurly, Central Otago 18 July 1903[194]
Samoa 11.1 °C (52.0 °F) Afiamalu 000000001971-09-29-000029 September 1971[128]
* This temperature is considered the lowest ever officially recorded in Antarctica and in the World, as it was perceived by ground-positioned thermometers in 1983. Satellite analyses made on 10 August 2010 pointed to a temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) near Dome F in Queen Maud Land, but this record is not officially listed because it was measured by remote sensing methods that are not totally consistent, unlike the 1983 temperature. See Lowest temperature recorded on Earth for details.
† It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in Mt. Pulag in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as 2 °C (35.6 °F). PAGASA cannot verify[195]
Other low-temperature records[edit]
Fastest temperature drop: 27.2 °C (49 °F) in 5 minutes; Rapid City, South Dakota, 10 January 1911.[138]
Coldest summer (month of July in the Northern Hemisphere): −33 °C (−27.4 °F) degrees; Summit Camp, Greenland on 4 July 2017.[196]
Precipitation[edit]
Least per year (locale): 0.2 millimetres (0.0079 in) per year or less, Quillagua, Antofagasta Region, Chile.[197]
Rain[edit]
Most in one minute: 38 mm (1.5 in); Barot, Guadeloupe, 26 November 1970.[198]
Most in one hour: 305 mm (12.0 in) in 42 minutes. Holt, Missouri, United States, 22 June 1947.[81]
Most in 12 hours (1/2 day): 1,144 mm (45.0 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[81]
Most in 24 hours (1 day): 1,825 mm (71.9 in); Cilaos, Réunion, 7–8 January 1966, during Tropical Cyclone Denise.[81]
Most in 48 hours (2 days): 2,493 mm (98.1 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 15–16 June 1995.[81]
Most in 72 hours (3 days): 3,929 mm (154.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–26 February 2007.[81]
Most in 96 hours (4 days): 4,869 mm (191.7 in); Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 February 2007.[81]
Most in one year: 26,470 mm (1,042 in); Cherrapunji, Meghalaya, India, 1860–1861.[81]
Most from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Highest average annual total (observed over 10 years): 11,872 mm (467.4 in); Mawsynram, Meghalaya, India.[81]
Snow[edit]
Most in a 24-hour period: 2.56 meters (100.8 inches) in Capracotta, Italy on 5 March 2015.[199]
Most in one-year period: 31.5 meters (102 ft); Mount Rainier, Washington, United States, 19 February 1971 to 18 February 1972.[138]
Most in one season (1 July – 30 June): 29.0 meters, (95 ft); Mount Baker, Washington, United States, 1998 through 1999.[200]
Most in one calendar month: 9.91 meters (390 inches) of snow fell in Tamarack, California in January 1911, leading to a snow depth in March of 11.46 meters (451 inches) (greatest measured in North America).[200][201]
Deepest snowfall recorded: 11.82 meters (38.8 ft) on Mt. Ibuki, Japan on 14 February 1927.[202]
Wind speed[edit]
Fastest ever recorded: 484±32 km/h (302±20 mph) 3-second gust; Observed by a DOW (Doppler On Wheels) radar unit in a tornado between Oklahoma City and Moore, Oklahoma on 3 May 1999.[203]
Fastest recorded with an anemometer: 113.2 m/s or 407 km/h (253 mph) 3-second gust; one of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; Barrow Island (Western Australia), 10 April 1996, during Cyclone Olivia.[204][205]
Fastest recorded with an anemometer outside a tropical cyclone: 372 km/h (231 mph) sustained 1-minute average; Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 12 April 1934.[204][205]
Fastest daily average: 174 km/h (108 mph); Port Martin (Adélie Land), Antarctica, 24-hour period from 21 March 1951 to 22 March 1951.[138]
Tornadoes[edit]
Main article: Tornado records
The Tri-State Tornado holds many records, including the longest known tornado track, fastest speed for a significant tornado, and the deadliest tornado outside of Bangladesh.
Deadliest in history[edit]
On Earth: Approximately 1,300 deaths (Daulatpur–Saturia tornado); Manikganj District, Bangladesh on 26 April 1989.[206]
In North America: 695 deaths (Tri-State Tornado); Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, United States, 18 March 1925.[138]
In Europe: 600 or more (Grand Harbour Tornado); Valletta, Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (sources conflict).[207]
In South America: 63 deaths, San Justo, Santa Fe, Argentina, 10 January 1973.[208]
In Australia: Three deaths, Kin Kin, Queensland tornado, 14 August 1971.[209]
Outbreaks[edit]
Largest and most severe: The 2011 Super Outbreak: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span of 24 hours, with a total of 337 occurring throughout the duration of the outbreak. They affected six US states, and included 11 EF4s and 4 EF5s. [210]
Tropical cyclones[edit]
Main article: List of tropical cyclone records
Most intense (by minimum surface air pressure)[edit]
Most intense ever recorded: 870 hPa (25.69 inHg); eye of Super Typhoon Tip over the northwest Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.[138]
Most intense in the Western Hemisphere: 872 hPa (25.75 inHg); eye of Hurricane Patricia over the eastern Pacific Ocean, 23 October 2015.[211]
Most intense ever recorded on land: 892 hPa (26.35 inHg); Craig Key, Florida, United States, eye of the Labor Day Hurricane, 2 September 1935. While other landfalling tropical cyclones potentially had lower pressures, data is vague from areas other than the Atlantic basin, especially before the invention of weather satellites.[212]
Most intense landfall (estimated): 886 hPa (26.16 inHg); Rakiraki District, Viti Levu, Fiji, during Cyclone Winston, 20 February 2016. Although no official land pressure readings were recorded at the landfall site, it is estimated the Winston made landfall with the aforementioned pressure, shortly after attaining a minimum pressure of 884 hPa (26.10 inHg).[213]
Most precipitation[edit]
Main article: List of wettest tropical cyclones
Most precipitation from a single tropical storm: 6,433 mm (253.3 in); Commerson, Réunion, during Cyclone Hyacinthe in January 1980.
Other severe weather[edit]
A picture of the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measured at 47.6 cm (18.75 in) in circumference
Hail[edit]
Main article: List of costly or deadly hailstorms
Heaviest officially recorded: 1.02 kg (2.25 lb); Gopalganj District, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.[214]
Largest diameter officially measured: 20 cm (8.0 in) diameter, 47.3 cm (18.625 in) circumference; Vivian, South Dakota, 23 July 2010.[215]
Largest circumference officially measured: 47.6 cm (18.75 in) circumference, 17.8 cm (7.0 in) diameter; Aurora, Nebraska, 22 June 2003.[214][216]
Lightning[edit]
Longest lightning bolt: 321 km (199 mi) on 20 June 2007 in Oklahoma.[217][218]
Longest duration for a single lightning flash: 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.[217][218]
Most strikes per year: Catatumbo lightning in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela earned the top spot receiving an average rate of about 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.[219][220]
Ultraviolet index[edit]
Highest ultraviolet index measured: On 29 December 2003, a UV index of 43.3 was detected at Chile/Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.[221]
Other categories[edit]
See also: List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
Highest air pressure ever recorded [above 750 meters (2,461 feet)]: 1,084.8 hPa (32.03 inHg); Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl Province, Mongolia, 19 December 2001.[222] This is the equivalent sea-level pressure; Tosontsengel is located at 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) above sea level. The highest adjusted-to-sea-level barometric pressure ever recorded (below 750 meters) was at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Russia (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261 m (856.3 ft)) on 31 December 1968 of 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).[223] The discrimination is due to the problematic assumptions (assuming a standard lapse rate) associated with reduction of sea level from high elevations.[222][223]
See also[edit]
Weather portal
2013 extreme weather events
Extremes on Earth
List of extreme temperatures in Canada
U.S. state temperature extremes
United Kingdom weather records
Weather extremes in Canada
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ According to Christopher Burt, Africa's hottest reliably measured temperature is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at Semara, Western Sahara on 13 July 1961.[17]
Jump up ^ According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is currently under investigation.[41]
Jump up ^ The Pakistan Meteorological Department later rounded the temperature on 28 May 2017 in Turbat to 54.0°C, which would be an Asian record shared with Kuwait as well as the highest reliably measured temperature on earth.[51]
Jump up ^ According to Christopher Burt, Europe's hottest reliably measured temperature is 48.5°C (119.3°F) at Catenanuova, on Sicily, Italy on 10 August 1999.[17]
Jump up ^ A disputed record temperature of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F) was measured on 10 August 1999 in Catenanuova, Sicily.[86] Christopher Burt considered this measurement reliable in 2016.[17]
Jump up ^ Record measured on German territory at that time: Proskau, Landkreis Oppeln, Oberschlesien (now Prószków, Opole Voivodeship). The record in Poland proper at that time was attained on the same day by the village of Zbiersk at 40.0 °C.[98]
Jump up ^ According to Christopher Burt, North America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 54.0°C (129.2°F) at Furnace Creek Resort now named "The Oasis", United States on June 30, 2013.[17]
Jump up ^ On 16 January 1889, a temperature of 53 °C (128 °F) was recorded at Cloncurry, Queensland. It was measured with a non-standard thermometer, so it is unknown if this reading was valid or not.[124] The reading is not recognised by Australia's Bureau of Meteorology.[125]
Jump up ^ According to Christopher Burt, South America's hottest reliably measured temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at Campo Gallo, Argentina on 16 October 1936.[17]
Jump up ^ Temperature reached on multiple occasions; this is the most recent.
Jump up ^ This record is disputed because of the forest fires that occurred around the town of Quillón. It is highly probable those fires have influenced this record.
Jump up ^ The lowest unofficially measured temperature in Slovenia was recorded at Komna on 9 January 2009 and reached −49 °C (−56 °F).
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Jump up ^ Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set Iceland Review 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online". Met.ie. 2 January 1979. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C" (in Italian). CentroMeteoToscana. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b LVGMC Twitter account. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. (in Latvian)
^ Jump up to: a b "(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje)" (in Lithuanian). Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Second National Communication on Climate Change" (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning. December 2008. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b "The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange" (PDF). Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs. May 2010. pp. 40–41. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Galdies, Charles (2011). "The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010" (PDF). National Statistics Office. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova" (in Romanian). Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Masters, Jeff. "2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland – De top 10 van De Bilt op 1 Januari". weergegevens.nl.
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Jump up ^ Super User. "Pogoda i Klimat".
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Jump up ^ Extremes Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA
Jump up ^ THERMAL EXTREMES Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie
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^ Jump up to: a b "Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic". Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija" (in Slovenian). 24ur.com. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Benayas, Victoria (14 July 2017). "Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain". El País. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Svenska temperaturrekord". Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Records Suisse". MeteoSwiss. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Кліматичні рекорди" (in Ukrainian). Central Observatory for Geophysics. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "UK climate – Extremes". Met Office. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Our Climate". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport". Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Weather Events of the 20th Century". Environment Canada. May 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Climate". National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Principales indicadores del clima, año 2015" (PDF). Panorama Ambiental. Cuba 2015 (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Mejía, Mariela (7 January 2011). "Frío extremo, calor agobiante" (in Spanish). Diario Libre. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/
Jump up ^ http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm
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^ Jump up to: a b "Datos metorologicos de los departamentos" (in Spanish). INSIVUMEH. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Extreme Temperatures". Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "All Time Extremes for PR and VI". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 19 January 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
Jump up ^ World: Highest Temperature Archived 4 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 21 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Australian Temperature Extremes" (PDF). Bureau of Meteorology. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "50.5 °C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature". Bureau of Meteorology. 20 February 1998. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project" (PDF). World Bank. 2 December 2011. p. 53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
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Jump up ^ The record of 49.1 °C (120.4 °F) in Villa de María, Córdoba Province, Argentina, on 2 January 1920, is disputed and considered dubious "Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina)". Retrieved 31 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Piauí tem a temperatura mais alta em 96 anos". 26 November 2005.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Clima del Uruguay" (in Spanish). Red Académica Uruguaya. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boletín meteorológico" [Meteorologic records of Uruguay] (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Lyons, Walter A (1997). The Handy Weather Answer Book (2nd ed.). Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink press. ISBN 0-7876-1034-8.
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Jump up ^ Jeff Masters (15 August 2012). "Hottest rain on record? Rain falls at 115°F".
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Jump up ^ "Cold claims 8 more". Retrieved 18 January 2013.
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Jump up ^ 多雨極寒的一月. 5 February 2016 – via YouTube.
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Jump up ^ Judah Ari Gross, "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm", The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.
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Jump up ^ Luces, Kim (31 January 2014). "‘Abnormally cold’ temperatures recorded in January". GMA News. Retrieved 2 March 2015. However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.
Jump up ^ "Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Second National Communication" (PDF). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 2. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ "The Climate of Thailand" (PDF). Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường?" (in Vietnamese). Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
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Jump up ^ Andreas Wagner (August 2009). "Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)". MeteoGroup. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias
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Jump up ^ "Климатски екстреми" (in Macedonian). Hydrometeorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Slovenski vremenski rekordi" (PDF) (in Slovenian). Slovenian Environment Agency. p. 2. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España" (PDF) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Погодные рекорды Украины | Новости Украины | СЕГОДНЯ". Segodnya.ua. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología" [Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology] (PDF) (in Spanish). ACQ & Asociados. p. 36. Retrieved 27 October 2011. Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.
Jump up ^ Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós, Constancio (July 2012). "Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza" (PDF). Clío (in Spanish). Academia Dominicana de la Historia (184): 222. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
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Jump up ^ "National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved 25 December 2016.
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Jump up ^ "World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
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Jump up ^ "Recordes de Frio em SC". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén" (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 August 2017.
Jump up ^ (in Spanish) Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine., Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "New record for New Zealand's coldest day". TVNZ. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Yap, DJ (25 January 2013). "Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice". vencore weather. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Christopher C. Burt. "Time to Update World's Driest and Wettest Locations?". Weather Underground. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe" (PDF). Retrieved 4 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Steve Almasy; CNN (10 March 2015). "100 inches of snow in 24 hours for Capracotta, Italy". CNN.
^ Jump up to: a b Burt, Christopher (2004), Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book, W.W. Norton & Co., p. 77, ISBN 0-393-32658-6
Jump up ^ Frank H. Forrester, 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."
Jump up ^ "News". The Weather Channel. 10 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Center for Severe Weather Research (2006). "Doppler On Wheels". Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Info note No.58 — World Record Wind Gust: 408 km/h". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tornadoes in Bangladesh". Tornadoproject.com. Archived from the original on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
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Jump up ^ " "A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica". Uno Santa Fe. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ National Climate Centre. "Australian Climate Extremes-Storm". BOM. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Jump up ^ World: Largest tornado Outbreak at the World Meteorological Organization website
Jump up ^ "Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded". weather.com. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ American Meteorological Society, Journal of Climate, August 15, 2014, A Reanalysis of the 1931–43 Atlantic Hurricane Database, Landsea et al., pg. 6114
Jump up ^ Diamond, Howard (5 July 2017). "Southwest Pacific Enhanced Archive for Tropical Cyclones (SPEArTC)". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Appendix I – Weather Extremes" (PDF). San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
Jump up ^ NWS (30 July 2010). "Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010". Aberdeen, South Dakota: National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 3 August 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found". National Geographic. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Lang, Timothy; Pédeboy, Stéphane; Rison, William; Cerveny, Randall; Montanyà, Joan; Chauzy, Serge; MacGorman, Donald; Holle, Ronald (September 2016). "WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 98 (6): 1153. Bibcode:2017BAMS...98.1153L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1.
^ Jump up to: a b "WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes". World Meteorological Organization. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Albrecht, Rachel; Goodman, Steven; Buechler, Dennis; Blakeslee, Richard; Christian, Hugh (December 2016). "Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 97 (11): 2051. Bibcode:2016BAMS...97.2051A. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1.
Jump up ^ "Blazing World Record: Strongest UV Rays Measured in South America". LiveScience.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters". Arizona State University. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
External links[edit]
National Climate Extremes Committee
Global Weather & Climate Extremes (Arizona State University)
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values: List of extreme temperatures in Afghanistan (page does not exist)

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