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Electron configurations of the elements (data page)
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Main article: Electron configuration
This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise form, then with all subshells written out, followed by the number of electrons per shell. Electron configurations of elements beyond hassium (element 108) are predicted.
As an approximate rule, electron configurations are given by the Aufbau principle and the Madelung rule. However there are numerous exceptions; for example the lightest exception is chromium, which would be predicted to have the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2, written as [Ar] 3d4 4s2, but whose actual configuration given in the table below is [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
Legend
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p
1 H hydrogen : 1s1
1s1
1
2 He helium : 1s2
1s2
2
3 Li lithium : [He] 2s1
1s2 2s1
2 1
4 Be beryllium : [He] 2s2
1s2 2s2
2 2
5 B boron : [He] 2s2 2p1
1s2 2s2 2p1
2 3
6 C carbon : [He] 2s2 2p2
1s2 2s2 2p2
2 4
7 N nitrogen : [He] 2s2 2p3
1s2 2s2 2p3
2 5
8 O oxygen : [He] 2s2 2p4
1s2 2s2 2p4
2 6
9 F fluorine : [He] 2s2 2p5
1s2 2s2 2p5
2 7
10 Ne neon : [He] 2s2 2p6
1s2 2s2 2p6
2 8
11 Na sodium : [Ne] 3s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
2 8 1
12 Mg magnesium : [Ne] 3s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
2 8 2
13 Al aluminium : [Ne] 3s2 3p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
2 8 3
14 Si silicon : [Ne] 3s2 3p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
2 8 4
15 P phosphorus : [Ne] 3s2 3p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
2 8 5
16 S sulfur : [Ne] 3s2 3p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
2 8 6
17 Cl chlorine : [Ne] 3s2 3p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
2 8 7
18 Ar argon : [Ne] 3s2 3p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
2 8 8
19 K potassium : [Ar] 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
2 8 8 1
20 Ca calcium : [Ar] 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
2 8 8 2
21 Sc scandium : [Ar] 3d1 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2
2 8 9 2
22 Ti titanium : [Ar] 3d2 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2
2 8 10 2
23 V vanadium : [Ar] 3d3 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
2 8 11 2
24 Cr chromium : [Ar] 3d5 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1
2 8 13 1
25 Mn manganese : [Ar] 3d5 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2
2 8 13 2
26 Fe iron : [Ar] 3d6 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2
2 8 14 2
27 Co cobalt : [Ar] 3d7 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d7 4s2
2 8 15 2
28 Ni nickel : [Ar] 3d8 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d8 4s2
2 8 16 2
29 Cu copper : [Ar] 3d10 4s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1
2 8 18 1
30 Zn zinc : [Ar] 3d10 4s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
2 8 18 2
31 Ga gallium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p1
2 8 18 3
32 Ge germanium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p2
2 8 18 4
33 As arsenic : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p3
2 8 18 5
34 Se selenium : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p4
2 8 18 6
35 Br bromine : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p5
2 8 18 7
36 Kr krypton : [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6
2 8 18 8
37 Rb rubidium : [Kr] 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s1
2 8 18 8 1
38 Sr strontium : [Kr] 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2
2 8 18 8 2
39 Y yttrium : [Kr] 4d1 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d1 5s2
2 8 18 9 2
40 Zr zirconium : [Kr] 4d2 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d2 5s2
2 8 18 10 2
41 Nb niobium : [Kr] 4d4 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d4 5s1
2 8 18 12 1
42 Mo molybdenum : [Kr] 4d5 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d5 5s1
2 8 18 13 1
43 Tc technetium : [Kr] 4d5 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d5 5s2
2 8 18 13 2
44 Ru ruthenium : [Kr] 4d7 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d7 5s1
2 8 18 15 1
45 Rh rhodium : [Kr] 4d8 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d8 5s1
2 8 18 16 1
46 Pd palladium : [Kr] 4d10
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10
2 8 18 18
47 Ag silver : [Kr] 4d10 5s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s1
2 8 18 18 1
48 Cd cadmium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2
2 8 18 18 2
49 In indium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p1
2 8 18 18 3
50 Sn tin : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p2
2 8 18 18 4
51 Sb antimony : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p3
2 8 18 18 5
52 Te tellurium : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p4
2 8 18 18 6
53 I iodine : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p5
2 8 18 18 7
54 Xe xenon : [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6
2 8 18 18 8
55 Cs caesium : [Xe] 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s1
2 8 18 18 8 1
56 Ba barium : [Xe] 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 18 8 2
57 La lanthanum : [Xe] 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 18 9 2
58 Ce cerium : [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f1 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 19 9 2
59 Pr praseodymium : [Xe] 4f3 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f3 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 21 8 2
60 Nd neodymium : [Xe] 4f4 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f4 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 22 8 2
61 Pm promethium : [Xe] 4f5 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f5 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 23 8 2
62 Sm samarium : [Xe] 4f6 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f6 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 24 8 2
63 Eu europium : [Xe] 4f7 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 25 8 2
64 Gd gadolinium : [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f7 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 25 9 2
65 Tb terbium : [Xe] 4f9 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f9 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 27 8 2
66 Dy dysprosium : [Xe] 4f10 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f10 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 28 8 2
67 Ho holmium : [Xe] 4f11 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f11 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 29 8 2
68 Er erbium : [Xe] 4f12 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f12 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 30 8 2
69 Tm thulium : [Xe] 4f13 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f13 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 31 8 2
70 Yb ytterbium : [Xe] 4f14 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 6s2
2 8 18 32 8 2
71 Lu lutetium : [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d1 6s2
2 8 18 32 9 2
72 Hf hafnium : [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d2 6s2
2 8 18 32 10 2
73 Ta tantalum : [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d3 6s2
2 8 18 32 11 2
74 W tungsten : [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d4 6s2
2 8 18 32 12 2
75 Re rhenium : [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d5 6s2
2 8 18 32 13 2
76 Os osmium : [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d6 6s2
2 8 18 32 14 2
77 Ir iridium : [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d7 6s2
2 8 18 32 15 2
78 Pt platinum : [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d9 6s1
2 8 18 32 17 1
79 Au gold : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s1
2 8 18 32 18 1
80 Hg mercury : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2
2 8 18 32 18 2
81 Tl thallium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p1
2 8 18 32 18 3
82 Pb lead : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p2
2 8 18 32 18 4
83 Bi bismuth : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p3
2 8 18 32 18 5
84 Po polonium : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p4
2 8 18 32 18 6
85 At astatine : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p5
2 8 18 32 18 7
86 Rn radon : [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6
2 8 18 32 18 8
87 Fr francium : [Rn] 7s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 7s1
2 8 18 32 18 8 1
88 Ra radium : [Rn] 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 8 2
89 Ac actinium : [Rn] 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 9 2
90 Th thorium : [Rn] 6d2 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2
2 8 18 32 18 10 2
91 Pa protactinium : [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f2 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 20 9 2
92 U uranium : [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f3 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 21 9 2
93 Np neptunium : [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f4 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 22 9 2
94 Pu plutonium : [Rn] 5f6 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f6 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 24 8 2
95 Am americium : [Rn] 5f7 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f7 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 25 8 2
96 Cm curium : [Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f7 6s2 6p6 6d1 7s2
2 8 18 32 25 9 2
97 Bk berkelium : [Rn] 5f9 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f9 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 27 8 2
98 Cf californium : [Rn] 5f10 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f10 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 28 8 2
99 Es einsteinium : [Rn] 5f11 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f11 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 29 8 2
100 Fm fermium : [Rn] 5f12 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f12 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 30 8 2
101 Md mendelevium : [Rn] 5f13 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f13 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 31 8 2
102 No nobelium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 8 2
103 Lr lawrencium : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 7s2 7p1
2 8 18 32 32 8 3
104 Rf rutherfordium : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d2 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 10 2
105 Db dubnium : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d3 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 11 2
106 Sg seaborgium : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d4 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 12 2
107 Bh bohrium : [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d5 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 13 2
108 Hs hassium : [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d6 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 14 2
109 Mt meitnerium : [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d7 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 15 2
110 Ds darmstadtium : [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d8 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 16 2
111 Rg roentgenium : [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d9 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 17 2
112 Cn copernicium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2
2 8 18 32 32 18 2
113 Nh nihonium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 3
114 Fl flerovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p2
2 8 18 32 32 18 4
115 Mc moscovium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p3
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p3
2 8 18 32 32 18 5
116 Lv livermorium : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p4
2 8 18 32 32 18 6
117 Ts tennessine : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p5
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p5
2 8 18 32 32 18 7
118 Og oganesson : [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6
2 8 18 32 32 18 8
119 Uue ununennium : [Og] 8s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s1
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 1
120 Ubn unbinilium : [Og] 8s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s2
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 2
121 Ubu unbiunium : [Og] 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 8 3
122 Ubb unbibium : [Og] 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 18 9 3
123 Ubt unbitrium : [Og] 6f1 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f1 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 19 9 3
124 Ubq unbiquadium : [Og] 6f3 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 32 21 8 3
125 Ubp unbipentium : [Og] 5g1 6f3 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g1 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 33 21 8 3
126 Ubh unbihexium : [Og] 5g2 6f2 7d1 8s2 8p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g2 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p1
2 8 18 32 34 20 9 3
127 Ubs unbiseptium : [Og] 5g3 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g3 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 35 20 8 4
128 Ubo unbioctium : [Og] 5g4 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g4 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 36 20 8 4
129 Ube unbiennium : [Og] 5g5 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g5 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 37 20 8 4
130 Utn untrinilium : [Og] 5g6 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g6 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 38 20 8 4
131 Utu untriunium : [Og] 5g7 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g7 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 39 20 8 4
132 Utb untribium : [Og] 5g8 6f2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 20 8 4
133 Utt untritrium : [Og] 5g8 6f3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 21 8 4
134 Utq untriquadium : [Og] 5g8 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g8 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 40 22 8 4
135 Utp untripentium : [Og] 5g9 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g9 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 41 22 8 4
136 Uth untrihexium : [Og] 5g10 6f4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g10 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 42 22 8 4
137 Uts untriseptium : [Og] 5g11 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g11 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 43 21 9 4
138 Uto untrioctium : [Og] 5g12 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g12 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 44 21 9 4
139 Ute untriennium : [Og] 5g13 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g13 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 45 20 10 4
140 Uqn unquadnilium : [Og] 5g14 6f3 7d1 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g14 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d1 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 46 21 9 4
141 Uqu unquadunium : [Og] 5g15 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g15 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 47 20 10 4
142 Uqb unquadbium : [Og] 5g16 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g16 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 48 20 10 4
143 Uqt unquadtrium : [Og] 5g17 6f2 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g17 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f2 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 49 20 10 4
144 Uqq unquadquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f1 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f1 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 19 11 4
145 Uqp unquadpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f3 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f3 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 21 10 4
146 Uqh unquadhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f4 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f4 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 22 10 4
147 Uqs unquadseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f5 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f5 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 23 10 4
148 Uqo unquadoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 10 4
149 Uqe unquadennium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 11 4
150 Upn unpentnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f6 7d4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f6 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 24 12 4
151 Upu unpentunium : [Og] 5g18 6f8 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f8 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 26 11 4
152 Upb unpentbium : [Og] 5g18 6f9 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f9 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 27 11 4
153 Upt unpenttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f11 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f11 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 29 10 4
154 Upq unpentquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f12 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f12 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 30 10 4
155 Upp unpentpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f13 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f13 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 31 10 4
156 Uph unpenthexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d2 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d2 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 10 4
157 Ups unpentseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d3 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d3 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 11 4
158 Upo unpentoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 12 4
159 Upe unpentennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d4 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 12 4 1
160 Uhn unhexnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d5 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 13 4 1
161 Uhu unhexunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d6 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 14 4 1
162 Uhb unhexbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d8 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d8 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 16 4
163 Uht unhextrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d9 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d9 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 17 4
164 Uhq unhexquadium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4
165 Uhp unhexpentium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s1
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 1
166 Uhh unhexhexium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 2
167 Uhs unhexseptium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p1
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 3
168 Uho unhexoctium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p2 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 4 4
169 Uhe unhexennium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p3 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 5 4
170 Usn unseptnilium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p4 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 6 4
171 Usu unseptunium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p5 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 7 4
172 Usb unseptbium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 32 18 8 4
Legend
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g 7s 7p 7d 8s 8p 9s 9p
173 Ust unsepttrium : [Og] 5g18 6f14 6g1 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14 5s2 5p6 5d10 5f14 5g18 6s2 6p6 6d10 6f14 6g1 7s2 7p6 7d10 8s2 8p6 9s2 9p2
2 8 18 32 50 33 18 8 4
References[edit]
All sources concur with the data above except in the separately listed instances:
NIST[edit]
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/IonEnergy/ionEnergy.html ; retrieved July 2005, (elements 1–104) based on:
Atomic Spectroscopy, by W.C. Martin and W.L. Wiese in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135–153.
This website is also cited in the CRC Handbook as source of Section 1, subsection Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State.
91 Pa : [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2
92 U : [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2
93 Np : [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1 question-marked
104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 question-marked
CRC[edit]
David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 1, Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors; Electron Configuration of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. (elements 1–104)
Also subsection Periodic Table of the Elements, (elements 1–103) based on:
G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990.
Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985.
Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1999, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 667, 2001.
WebElements[edit]
http://www.webelements.com/ ; retrieved July 2005, electron configurations based on:
Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, Ed. Gordon W. F. Drake, American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, New York, 1996.
J.E. Huheey, E.A. Keiter, and R.L. Keiter in Inorganic Chemistry : Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, Harper Collins, New York, 1993.
R.L. DeKock and H.B. Gray in Chemical Structure and bonding, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, California, 1980.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
103 Lr : [Rn].5f14.7s2.7p1 tentative ; 2.8.18.32.32.9.2 [inconsistent]
104 Rf : [Rn].5f14.6d2.7s2 tentative
105 Db : [Rn].5f14.6d3.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tantalum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.11.2
106 Sg : [Rn].5f14.6d4.7s2 (a guess based upon that of tungsten) ; 2.8.18.32.32.12.2
107 Bh : [Rn].5f14.6d5.7s2 (a guess based upon that of rhenium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.13.2
108 Hs : [Rn].5f14.6d6.7s2 (a guess based upon that of osmium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.14.2
109 Mt : [Rn].5f14.6d7.7s2 (a guess based upon that of iridium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.15.2
110 Ds : [Rn].5f14.6d9.7s1 (a guess based upon that of platinum) ; 2.8.18.32.32.17.1
111 Rg : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s1 (a guess based upon that of gold) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.1
112 Cn : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2 (a guess based upon that of mercury) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.2
113 Nh : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p1 (a guess based upon that of thallium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.3
114 Fl : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p2 (a guess based upon that of lead) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.4
115 Mc : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p3 (a guess based upon that of bismuth) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.5
116 Lv : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p4 (a guess based upon that of polonium) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.6
117 Ts : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p5 (a guess based upon that of astatine) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.7
118 Og : [Rn].5f14.6d10.7s2.7p6 (a guess based upon that of radon) ; 2.8.18.32.32.18.8
Lange[edit]
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), online version, McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4, Table 4.1 Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements. (Elements 1–103)
97 Bk : [Rn] 5f8 6d 7s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 4f14 [sic] 6d 7s2
Hill and Petrucci[edit]
Hill and Petrucci, General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach (3rd edition), Prentice Hall. (Elements 1–106)
58 Ce : [Xe] 4f2 6s2
103 Lr : [Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s2
104 Rf : [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 (agrees with guess above)
105 Db : [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2
106 Sg : [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2
Hoffman, Lee, and Pershina[edit]
Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1722. ISBN 1-4020-3555-1.
This book contains predicted electron configurations for the elements 119–172 and 184, based on relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations by B. Fricke in Fricke, B. (1975). Dunitz, J. D., ed. "Superheavy elements a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Structure and Bonding. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116496.
Fricke[edit]
Predicted electron configurations for element 173 based on relativistic Dirac–Fock calculations by B. Fricke Fricke, Burkhard (1977). "Dirac-Fock-Slater calculations for the elements Z = 100, fermium, to Z = 173" (PDF). Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. 19: 83–192. Bibcode:1977ADNDT..19...83F. doi:10.1016/0092-640X(77)90010-9. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
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Left–right political spectrum
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The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies, and parties. Left-wing politics and right-wing politics are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another, and some stances may overlap and be considered either left- or right-wing depending on the ideology.[1] In France, where the terms originated, the Left has been called "the party of movement" and the Right "the party of order".[2][3][4][5] The intermediate stance is called centrism and a person with such a position is a moderate or centrist.
The spectrum is distinguished by position with regard to a social order present in a particular culture, with the left favoring transformation or dissolution of such structures as part of a general transformation of that culture and the right resisting such transformation, the speed with which it takes place, or advocating rollback of change that has taken place. In Europe, left and right reflect mainly class-issues, with the Left seeking more redistributive policies. In the US, social policies are also important, with the Left promoting social reform and the Right defending conservative Christian values.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the terms
2 Ideological groupings across the spectrum
3 Political parties in the political spectrum
4 Usage in Western Europe
5 Contemporary usage in the United States
6 Relevance of the terms today
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
History of the terms[edit]
The terms "left" and "right" appeared during the French Revolution of 1789 when members of the National Assembly divided into supporters of the king to the president's right and supporters of the revolution to his left. One deputy, the Baron de Gauville, explained, "We began to recognize each other: those who were loyal to religion and the king took up positions to the right of the chair so as to avoid the shouts, oaths, and indecencies that enjoyed free rein in the opposing camp." However, the Right opposed the seating arrangement because they believed that deputies should support private or general interests but should not form factions or political parties. The contemporary press occasionally used the terms "left" and "right" to refer to the opposing sides.[6]
When the National Assembly was replaced in 1791 by a Legislative Assembly comprising entirely new members, the divisions continued. "Innovators" sat on the left, "moderates" gathered in the centre, while the "conscientious defenders of the constitution" found themselves sitting on the right, where the defenders of the Ancien Régime had previously gathered.[clarification needed] When the succeeding National Convention met in 1792, the seating arrangement continued, but following the coup d'état of 2 June 1793, and the arrest of the Girondins, the right side of the assembly was deserted, and any remaining members who had sat there moved to the centre. However, following the Thermidorian Reaction of 1794, the members of the far left were excluded, and the method of seating was abolished. The new constitution included rules for the assembly that would "break up the party groups."[7]
However, following the Restoration in 1814–1815, political clubs were again formed. The majority ultraroyalists chose to sit on the right. The "constitutionals" sat in the centre while independents sat on the left. The terms extreme right and extreme left, as well as centre-right and centre-left, came to be used to describe the nuances of ideology of different sections of the assembly.[8]
The terms "left" and "right" were not used to refer to political ideology per se, but only to seating in the legislature. After 1848, the main opposing camps were the "democratic socialists" and the "reactionaries" who used red and white flags to identify their party affiliation.[9]
With the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, the terms were adopted by political parties: the Republican Left, the Centre Right, and the Centre Left (1871) and the Extreme Left (1876) and Radical Left (1881). The beliefs of the group called the Radical Left were actually closer to the Centre Left than the beliefs of those called the Extreme Left.[10]
Beginning in the early twentieth century the terms Left and Right came to be associated with specific political ideologies and were used to describe citizens' political beliefs, gradually replacing the terms "reds" and "the reaction". Those on the Left often called themselves "republicans", while those on the Right often called themselves "conservatives". The words Left and Right were at first used by their opponents as slurs. By 1914 the left half of the legislature in France was composed of Unified Socialists, Republican Socialists and Socialist Radicals, while the parties that were called "Left" now sat on the right side. The use of the words Left and Right spread from France to other countries, and came to be applied to a large number of political parties worldwide, which often differed in their political beliefs.[11]
There was asymmetry in the use of the terms Left and Right by the opposing sides. The Right mostly denied that the left–right spectrum was meaningful because they saw it as artificial and damaging to unity. The Left, however, seeking to change society, promoted the distinction. As Alain observed in 1931, "When people ask me if the division between parties of the Right and parties of the Left, men of the Right and men of the Left, still makes sense, the first thing that comes to mind is that the person asking the question is certainly not a man of the Left."[12]
In British politics the terms 'Right' and 'Left' came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War.[13]
The Scottish sociologist Robert M. MacIver noted in The Web of Government (1947):
The right is always the party sector associated with the interests of the upper or dominant classes, the left the sector expressive of the lower economic or social classes, and the centre that of the middle classes. Historically this criterion seems acceptable. The conservative right has defended entrenched prerogatives, privileges and powers; the left has attacked them. The right has been more favorable to the aristocratic position, to the hierarchy of birth or of wealth; the left has fought for the equalization of advantage or of opportunity, for the claims of the less advantaged. Defense and attack have met, under democratic conditions, not in the name of class but in the name of principle; but the opposing principles have broadly corresponded to the interests of the different classes.[14]
Ideological groupings across the spectrum[edit]
Generally, the left wing is characterized by an emphasis on "ideas such as equality, fraternity, rights, progress, reform, and internationalism," while the right wing is characterized by an emphasis on "notions such as authority, hierarchy, order, duty, tradition, reaction and nationalism."[15]
Political scientists and other analysts regard the Left as including anarchists,[16][17] communists, socialists, democratic socialists, social democrats,[18] left-libertarians, progressives, and social liberals.[19][20] Movements for racial equality[21] and trade unionism have also been associated with the left.[22]
Political scientists and other analysts regard the Right as including Christian democrats, conservatives, right-libertarians,[23] neoconservatives, imperialists, monarchists,[24] fascists,[25] reactionaries, and traditionalists.
A number of significant political movements—including feminism and regionalism—do not fit precisely into the left-right spectrum.[26] Nationalism is often regarded as characteristic of the right, although nationalism is also sometimes present in the left.[27] Populism is regarded as having both left-wing and right-wing manifestations (see left-wing populism, right-wing populism).[28] Green politics is often regarded as a movement of the left, but in some ways the green movement is difficult to definitively categorize as left or right.[29]
Political parties in the political spectrum[edit]
Seating in the 2009 European Parliament
European United Left–Nordic Green Left (35)
Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (184)
European Greens–European Free Alliance (55)
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (84)
European People's Party (265)
European Conservatives and Reformists (54)
Europe of Freedom and Democracy (32)
Non-Inscrits (27)
Political scientists have observed that the ideologies of political parties can be mapped along a single left–right axis.[30] Klaus von Beyme categorized European parties into nine families, which described most parties. He was able to arrange seven of them from left to right: communist, socialist, green, liberal, Christian democratic, conservative and right-wing extremist. The position of agrarian and regional/ethnic parties varied.[31] A study conducted in the late 1980s on two bases, positions on ownership of the means of production and positions on social issues, confirmed this arrangement.[32]
There has been a tendency for party ideologies to persist, and values and views that were present at a party's founding have survived. However they have also adapted for pragmatic reasons, making them appear more similar.[33] Lipset and Rokkan observed that modern party systems are the product of social conflicts played out in the last few centuries.[34] They said that lines of cleavage had become 'frozen'.[35]
The first modern political parties were liberals, organized by the middle class in the 19th century to protect them against the aristocracy. They were major political parties in that century but declined in the twentieth century as first the working class came to support socialist parties and economic and social change eroded their middle class base.[36] Conservative parties arose in opposition to liberals in order to defend aristocratic privilege. But in order to attract voters they became less doctrinaire than liberals. However they were unsuccessful in most countries and generally have been able to achieve power only through cooperation with other parties.[37]
Socialist parties were organized in order to achieve political rights for workers and were originally allied with liberals. However they broke with the liberals when they sought worker control of the means of production.[38] Christian democratic parties were organized by Catholics who saw liberalism as a threat to traditional values. Although established in the 19th century, they became a major political force following the Second World War.[39] Communist parties emerged following a division within socialism first on support of the First World War and then support of the Bolshevik Revolution.[40]
Right-wing extremist parties are harder to define, other than being more right-wing than other parties, but include fascists and some extreme conservative and nationalist parties.[41]
Green parties were the most recent of the major party groups to develop. They have mostly rejected socialism and are very liberal on social issues.[42]
These categories can be applied to many parties outside Europe.[43] Ware (1996) asserted that in the United States both major parties were liberal[clarification needed], even though there are left–right policy differences between them.[44]
Usage in Western Europe[edit]
In the 2001 book The government and politics of France, Knapp and Wright say that the main factor dividing the left and right wings in Western Europe is class. The Left seeks social justice through redistributive social and economic policies, while the Right defends private property and capitalism. The nature of the conflict depends on existing social and political cleavages and on the level of economic development.[45] Left-wing values include the belief in the power of human reason to achieve progress for the benefit of the human race, secularism, sovereignty exercised through the legislature, social justice, and mistrust of strong personal political leadership. To the Right, this is regularly seen as anti-clericalism, unrealistic social reform, doctrinaire socialism and class hatred. The Right are skeptical about the capacity for radical reforms to achieve human well-being while maintaining workplace competition. They believe in the established church both in itself and as an instrument of social cohesion, and believe in the need for strong political leadership to minimize social and political divisions. To the Left, this is seen as a selfish and reactionary opposition to social justice, a wish to impose doctrinaire religion on the population, and a tendency to authoritarianism and repression.[46][47]
The differences between left and right have altered over time. The initial cleavage at the time of the French Revolution was between supporters of absolute monarchy (the Right) and those who wished to limit the king's authority (the Left). During the 19th century the cleavage was between monarchists and republicans. Following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1871, the cleavage was between supporters of a strong executive on the Right and supporters of the primacy of the legislature on the Left.[48]
Contemporary usage in the United States[edit]
The terms left-wing and right-wing are widely used in the United States but, as on the global level, there is no firm consensus about their meaning. The only aspect that is generally agreed upon is that they are the defining opposites of the United States political spectrum. Left and right in the U.S. are generally associated with liberal and conservative respectively, although the meanings of the two sets of terms do not entirely coincide. Depending on the political affiliation of the individual using them, these terms can be spoken with varying implications. A 2005 poll of 2,209 American adults showed that "respondents generally viewed the paired concepts liberals and left-wingers and conservatives and right-wingers as possessing, respectively, generally similar political beliefs", but also showed that around ten percent fewer respondents understood the terms left and right than understood the terms liberal and conservative.[49]
The contemporary Left in the United States is usually understood as a category that includes New Deal social-liberals (in contrast to traditions of social democracy more common to Western Europe), Rawlsian liberals, and civil libertarians, who are often identified with the Democratic Party. In general, the term left-wing is understood to imply a commitment to egalitarianism, support for social policies that appeal to the working class, and multiculturalism. The contemporary center-left usually defines itself as promoting government regulation of business, commerce and industry; protection of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion; and government intervention on behalf of racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities and the working class.[50]
The contemporary Right in the United States is usually understood as a category that includes social conservatives, Christian conservatives, free market liberals, and economic libertarians who are often identified with the Republican Party. In general, the term right-wing is understood to imply a commitment to conservative Christian values, support for a free-market economic system, support for a strong national defense, and support for traditional family values. The contemporary center-right usually defines itself as promoting deregulation of banking, commerce, and industry.[51]
Relevance of the terms today[edit]
Some political scientists have suggested that the classifications of "left" and "right" are no longer meaningful in the modern complex world. Although these terms continue to be used, they advocate a more complex spectrum that attempts to combine political, economic and social dimensions.[52]
However, a survey conducted between 1983 and 1994 by Bob Altemeyer of Canadian legislative caucuses showed an 82% correlation between party affiliation and score on a scale for right-wing authoritarianism when comparing right-wing and social democratic caucuses. There was a wide gap between the scores of the two groups, which was filled by liberal caucuses. His survey of American legislative caucuses showed scores by American Republicans and Democrats were similar to the Canadian Right and liberals, with a 44% correlation between party affiliation and score.[53]
Norberto Bobbio saw the polarization of the Italian Chamber of Deputies in the 1990s as evidence that the linear left–right axis remained valid. He thought that the argument that the spectrum had disappeared occurred when either the Left or Right were weak. The dominant side would claim that its ideology was the only possible one, while the weaker side would minimize its differences. He saw the Left and Right not in absolute terms, but as relative concepts that would vary over time. In his view, the left–right axis could be applied to any time period.[54]
Libertarian writer David Boaz argued that terms left and right are used to spin a particular point of view rather than as simple descriptors, with those on the "left" typically emphasizing their support for working people and accusing the right of supporting the interests of the upper class, and those on the "right" usually emphasizing their support for individualism and accusing the Left of supporting collectivism. Boaz asserts that arguments about the way the words should be used often displaces arguments about policy by raising emotional prejudice against a preconceived notion of what the terms mean.[55]
In 2006 British Prime Minister Tony Blair described the main cleavage in politics as not left versus right but open versus closed.[56] In this model, attitudes towards social issues and globalism are more important than the conventional economic left–right issues: "open" voters tend to be socially liberal, multicultural and in favour of globalism, while "closed" voters are culturally conservative, opposed to immigration, and in favour of protectionism. This model has seen increased support following the rise of populist and centrist parties in the 2010s.[57][58]
See also[edit]
Politics portal
Nolan chart
Political spectrum
Sinistrisme
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Milner, Helen (2004). "Partisanship, Trade Policy, and Globalization: Is There a Left–Right Divide on Trade Policy?" (PDF). International Studies Quarterly.
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 10
Jump up ^ Adam Garfinkle, Telltale Hearts: The Origins and Impact of the Vietnam Antiwar Movement (1997). Palgrave Macmillan: p. 303.
Jump up ^ "Left (adjective)" and "Left (noun)" (2011), Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Roger Broad, Labour's European Dilemmas: From Bevin to Blair (2001). Palgrave Macmillan: p. xxvi.
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 242–45
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 245–47
Jump up ^ Gauchet, pp. 247–49
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 253
Jump up ^ Marc Crapez, "De quand date le clivage gauche/droite en France?", Revue française de science politique, 48 (1), février 1998, pp. 70–72
Jump up ^ Gauchet, pp. 255–59
Jump up ^ Gauchet, p. 266
Jump up ^ Charles Loch Mowat, Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940 (1955) p. 577
Jump up ^ Lipset, p. 222
Jump up ^ Andrew Heywood, Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations (2d ed.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), p. 119.
Jump up ^ Clay Risen, "The Bill of the Century", passim, e.g. "Southern Democrats faced three choices: they could ditch their party for the Republicans; move to the left and hope to ride a wave of an expanding post-Jim Crow black electorate; or double down on segregation and white supremacy ..." p. 168, Bloomsbury Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1608198269
Jump up ^ Brooks, Frank H. (1994). The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. p. xi. "Usually considered to be an extreme left-wing ideology, anarchism has always included a significant strain of radical individualism ..."
Jump up ^
Euclid Tsakalotis, "European Employment Policies: A New Social Democratic Model for Europe" in The Economics of the Third Way: Experiences from Around the World (eds. Philip Arestis & Malcolm C. Sawyer: Edward Elgar Publishing 2001), p. 26: "most left-wing approaches (social democratic, democratic socialist, and so on) to how the market economy works...").
"Introduction" in The Nordic Model of Social Democracy (eds. Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg & Dag Einar Thorsen: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013): "In Scandinavia, as in the rest of the world, 'social democracy' and 'democratic socialism' have often been used interchangeably to define the part of the left pursuing gradual reform through democratic means."
Jump up ^ JoAnne C. Reuss, American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics, The Scarecrow Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8108-3684-6
Jump up ^ Van Gosse, The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005, ISBN 978-1-4039-6804-3
Jump up ^ Michael J. Klarman, "From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality", "... many of the white Americans who were most sympathetic to racial equality belonged to left-wing organizations...", p. 375, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0195310184
Jump up ^
Heikki Paloheimo, "Between Liberalism and Corporatism: The Effect of Trade Unions and Governments on Economic Performance in Eighteen OECD Countries" in Labour Relations and Economic Performance: Proceedings of a Conference Held By the International Economic Association in Venice, Italy (eds. Renator Brunetta & Carlo Dell'Aringa: International Economic Association/Palgrave Macmillan, 1990), p. 119: "It is easier for trade unions to have mutual understanding with left-wing governments than with right-wing governments. In the same way, it is easier for left-wing governments to have mutual understanding with trade unions."
Thomas Poguntke, "Living in Separate Worlds? Left-wing Parties and Trade Uions in European Democracies" in Citizenship and Democracy in an Era of Crisis (eds. Thomas Poguntke et al.: Routledge: 2015), p. 173 ("So far we have argued that parties of the left are the natural allies of the trade union movement ... it goes almost without saying that this a simplification."), p. 181: "When it comes to overlapping memberships, left-wing parties have always been, by and large, strongly connected to the trade union movement.").
Jump up ^ Feser, Edward C. (2008). "Conservative Critique of Libertarianism". In Hamowy, Ronald. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n62. Libertarianism and conservatism are frequently classified together as right-wing political philosophies, which is understandable given the content and history of these views.
Jump up ^
Politics in Europe, 6th ed. (eds. M. Donald Hancock et al.: SAGE/CQ Press, 2015), p. 139: "Historically, the political right was characterized by its identification with the status quo. It favored monarchism and deplored the Revolutions of 1789 and 1848."
Thomas M. Magstadt, Understanding Politics: Ideas, Institutions, and Issues, 12th ed. (Centgage Learning, 2015), p. 28: "Ideologies of the right: Monarchism is at the opposite end of the political spectrum .... After World War I, fascism supplanted monarchism as the principle ideology of the extreme Right."
Jump up ^
Robert O. Paxton, The Anatomy of Fascism, passim, e.g. "The Communist International was certain that the German swing to the Right under Hitler would produce a counterswing to the Left ...", p. 128, Vintage, 2005, ISBN 978-1400033911;
Hans-Georg Betz, Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (Macmillian, 1994), p. 23: "One of the central arguments in the literature on fascism was that fascism, and by extension all radical right-wing movements..."
The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-05678-8 "Fascism, philosophy of government that glorifies nationalism at the expense of the individual. ... The term was first used by the party started by MUSSOLINI, ... and has also been applied to other right-wing movements such as NATIONAL SOCIALISM, in Germany, and the FRANCO regime, in Spain."
Jump up ^
Siep Stuurman, "Citizenship and Cultural Difference in France and the Netherlands" in Lineages of European Citizenship: Rights, Belonging and Participation in Eleven Nation-States (eds. Richard Bellamy, Dario Castiglione & Emilio Santoro: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), p. 178: "Regionalism and feminism, to take two major examples, were significantly different, but both cut across the old left-right cleavages, presenting a challenge to the traditional political cultures."
Andrew C. Gould, "Conclusions: Regional, National, and Religious Challenges to European Identity" in Europe's Contending Identities: Supranationalism, Ethnoregionalism, Religion, and New Nationalism (eds. Andrew C. Gould & Anthony M. Messina: Cambridge University Press, 2014): "Regionalist parties in the center of the left-right spectrum generally favored integration. Regionalist parties on the extremes of left and right generally opposed integration, albeit for different reasons..."
Jack Hayward, "Governing the New Europe" in Governing the New Europe (eds. Jack Ernest, Shalom Hayward & Edward Page: Duke University Press, 1995): "...the rebirth of a repressed civil society has led to a proliferation of social movements which cannot be subsumed under a left-right dichotomy. ... The emergency of a variety of new social movements, particularly green and feminist movements, as well as revived regionalist movements, has prompted the major parties to compete with one another in seeking to incorporate their demands ..."
Jump up ^
Ithiel de Sola Pool, Technologies Without Boundaries: on Telecommunications in a Global Age (ed. Eli M. Noam: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 124: "Nationalism is not a monopoly of either the right or the left. Rather, nationalism is the doctrine of the right-wing that most easily co-opts the left. Historically, liberals and radicals have been internationalists ... Liberal intellectuals have fought for freedom of movement, freedom from censorship, and world cultural exchange, and have condemned ethnocentrism and prejudice. Right-wing nationalists, on the other hand, have glorified the unique heritage of their own ethnic group. The right has fought foreign influences that would undermine their historic religion, language, customs, or politics. But the description of the left as open and internationalist and the right as closed and nationalist is misleadingly simple. Nationalism has always been the most popularly appealing element in right-wing doctrine. As such it has been seduced and been adopted by the left."
Anne Sa'adah, Contemporary France: A Democratic Education (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003): "The importance of nationalism as an opposition ideology is particularly clear in the record of the nineteenth century. For most of that century, nationalism was associated with the revolutionary rhetoric of popular sovereignty and used most effectively by the left, which was out of power. In the 1880s, however, after the creation of the Third Republic, nationalism became the preferred weapon the new regime's right-wing critics."
Jump up ^
Javier Corrales & Michael Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics: Venezuela and the Legacy of Hugo Chavez (2d ed.: Brookings Institution Press, 2015), p. 150 (discussing difference and similarities between left- and right-wing populism).
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, The End of the World as We Know it: Social Science for the Twenty-first Century (University of Minnesota Press, 1999), p. 95 (same).
Jump up ^
Andrew Dobson, Green Political Thought (3d ed.: Routledge, 1995: 2000 printing), pp. 27-28; "If ... we take equality and hierarchy as characteristics held to be praiseworthy within left-wing and right-wing throught respectively, then ecologism is clearly left-wing, arguing as it does for forms of equality among human beings and between human beings and other species. However, to argue that ecologism is unequivocal left-wing is not so easy. For instance, green politics is in principle adverse to anything but the most timid engineering of the social and natural world by human beings."
Robyn Eckersley, Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach (SUNY Press, 1992), p. 120: "The growing influence of ecosocialist ideas within the Green movement (most notably in Europe and Australia rather than in North America) has rendered the popular Green slogan "neither left nor right" somewhat problematic. While this slogan originally served to publicize the Green movement's efforts to find a distinct, third alternative to the growth consensus of capitalism and communism, it has since served to generate a lively and sometimes acrimonious debate within the Green movement concerning the proper political characterization of Green politics .... In particular, ecosocialists have mounted a challenge to the presumed left-right ideology neutrality of Green politics by pointing out the various egalitarian and redistributional (and hence 'leftist') measures that are needed to ensure an equitable transition toward a conserver society."
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 18–20
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 22
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 27–29
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 47
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 186
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 202
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 29–31
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 31–33
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 33–35
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 36–37
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 34
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 41–42
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 43
Jump up ^ Ware, pp. 44–47
Jump up ^ Ware, p. 60
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 7
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, p. 9
Jump up ^ Anthony Giddens, Beyond Left and Right, the Future of Radical Politics, "In many continental European countries, for example, 'conservatism' suggests the political influence of Catholicism." p. 22. "American conservatism, in some of its major forms at least, has almost from its beginnings been aggressively procapitalist in ways that its European counterparts have not." p. 23. "(However) the basic delemmas now faced by conservative and socialist thought are everywhere similar." p. 23. "Conservatism, it is often said, opposes rationalism." p. 24., Stanford University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-8047-2451-7.
Jump up ^ Knapp & Wright, pp. 2–5
Jump up ^ Right Wing, Left Wing, Chicken Wing | MediaCulture | AlterNet
Jump up ^ Michael Kazin, "American Dreamers: How the Left Changed a Nation", Knopf, 2011, ISBN 978-0-307-26628-6
Jump up ^ "Every facet of daily life, from what cars we drive to what food we eat is subject to government's regulatory reach. The costs are inevitably borne by consumers in the form of higher prices, restricted product choices and limited freedom. Policymakers should scrutinize new and existing rules to ensure that each is necessary and to minimize costs." http://www.heritage.org/issues/regulation
Jump up ^ Ruypers, p. 56
Jump up ^ The authoritarian specter, Bob Altemeyer (1996), pp. 258–98
Jump up ^ Left and right: the significance of a political distinction (1996) Norberto Bobbio, Allan Cameron, pp. vi–xiv
Jump up ^ David Boaz, The Politics of Freedom: Taking on The Left, the Right, and Threats to our Liberties, Cato Institute, 2008, ISBN 978-1-933995-14-4
Jump up ^ Cowley, Jason (24 November 2016). "Tony Blair’s unfinished business". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Drawbridges up". The Economist. 30 July 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Dutch election suggests a new kind of identity politics". The Economist. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
References[edit]
Gauchet, Marcel. "Right and Left". In Pierre Nora, Lawrence D. Kritzman (Eds.), Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997 ISBN 0-231-10634-3
Lipset, Seymour Martin. Political man: the social bases of politics. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960. ISBN 0-8018-2522-9
Knapp, Andrew. Wright, Vincent. The government and politics of France. New York: Routledge, 2001 ISBN 0-415-21526-9
Ruypers, John. Canadian and world politics. Canada: Emond Montgomery Publications Limited, 2005. ISBN 1-55239-097-7
Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-878076-1
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text:
25 or 6 to 4
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"25 or 6 to 4"
Single by Chicago
from the album Chicago
B-side
"Where Do We Go from Here"
Released
June 1970
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
August 1969
Genre
Hard rock
jazz rock
Length
4:50 (album version)
2:52 (single version)
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Robert Lamm
Producer(s)
James William Guercio
Chicago singles chronology
"Make Me Smile/Colour My World"
(1970) "25 or 6 to 4"
(1970) "Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?"
(1970)
Audio sample
file
help
“25 or 6 to 4” is a song written by the American musician Robert Lamm, one of the founding members of the band Chicago. It was recorded in 1969 for their second album, Chicago, with Peter Cetera on lead vocals.[1] The album was released in January 1970 and the song was edited and released as a single in June of that same year, climbing to number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart[2][3] and number seven on the UK Singles Chart.[4] It was the band's first song to reach the top five in the U.S.[2] It has been included in numerous Chicago compilation albums.
An updated version of "25 or 6 to 4" was recorded for the 1986 album Chicago 18 with James Pankow listed as co-writer.[5] With the new band member Jason Scheff on lead vocals, the single reached number 48 on the U.S. chart.[6] This version was also used as the B-side for the band's next single in 1986, "Will You Still Love Me?"[7]
Through the 2010s, "25 or 6 to 4" continued to be a staple in Chicago's live concert set list,[8][9][10] and in Peter Cetera's solo concert set list.[11][12][13] In 2016, former drummer, Danny Seraphine, reunited on stage with Chicago to perform "25 or 6 to 4" and two other songs at their induction ceremony for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[14]
Contents
1 Meaning
2 Composition
3 Music video
4 Chart performance
4.1 Weekly singles charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Covers and parodies
6 In popular culture
7 Influence
8 Personnel
9 References
Meaning[edit]
According to composer Robert Lamm, the song is about trying to write a song in the middle of the night. The song's title is the time at which the song is set: 25 or 26 minutes before 4 AM.[15][16] Because of the unique phrasing of the song's title, "25 or 6 to 4" has been incorrectly speculated to be a veiled reference to drug quantities, or a mystical allusion.[17] The 1986 music video for the song references the correct meaning at its beginning. The song was banned in Singapore in 1970 and again in 1986 because of its "alleged allusions to drugs."[18] In 1993, the ban on this song was lifted, along with long-time bans on songs by other artists such as the Beatles, Bob Dylan and Creedence Clearwater Revival.[19]
In what may be a coincidence, the song's writer, Robert Lamm, had recently written and sung another Chicago hit, "Does Anybody Really Know What Time It Is?", for which this song's title can be seen to serve as an answer.[17]
Composition[edit]
The original recording features an electric guitar solo using a wah-wah pedal by Chicago guitarist Terry Kath, and a lead vocal line in Aeolian mode.[20]
The song's opening guitar riff has been compared to chord progressions and riffs in other songs. In the opinion of writer Melissa Locker:
...the opening guitar riff from Green Day’s 'Brain Stew' bears a striking similarity to the opening stanza of Chicago’s '25 or 6 to 4.'[21]
LA Weekly's music editor, Andy Hermann, names it "The Riff" and describes it as follows:
It's a descending five-chord pattern, typically played as power chords over four bars, with the last two chords sharing the last bar. The most common variant of it goes from A minor to G to F sharp to F to E, although it can also be played as Am-G-D-F-E or even Am-G-D9-F#-F-E...[22]
Hermann details the riff's similarity to the chord progression in Led Zeppelin's song, "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You", which came out a year before "25 or 6 to 4", and the similarity of that chord progression to one in George Harrison's song, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", which came out even earlier. He labels "Brain Stew", released in 1996, as "derivative" by comparison to "25 or 6 to 4".[22]
Music video[edit]
The music video for the 1986 remake won an American Video Award, in the category "Best Cinematography," for Bobby Byrnes.[23]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly singles charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Peak
position
Australia[24] 12
Canada RPM [25] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[26] 13
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[27] 8
UK[4] 7
US Billboard Hot 100[2] 4
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1970)
Rank
Australia[24] 74
Canada[28] 29
Netherlands[29] 98
US Billboard Hot 100[30] 61
Covers and parodies[edit]
The song has been covered by various artists, including Leonid & Friends,[31] Straitjacket, Local H, Intruder,[32] Bruce Foxton,[33] The Moog Cookbook,[34] Earth, Wind & Fire, Paul Gilbert, Pacifika,[35] former Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil,[36] Umphrey's McGee,[37] Nick Ingman,[38] and as an instrumental on the Dave Koz collaboration album Summer Horns.[39] Constantine Maroulis released his version of the song as a single in 2011.[40]
For the results night performance of the finale of the ninth season of American Idol, Lee DeWyze performed "25 or 6 to 4" with Chicago.[41]
In 2005, Jonathan Coulton made "When I'm 25 or 64", a mashup of "25 or 6 to 4" with "When I'm Sixty-Four" by The Beatles.[42]
In popular culture[edit]
The song appears as an on-disc track in the video game Rock Band 3[43] and has been made available as a download for the game/learning software Rocksmith 2014.[44]
The song was used in the 2017 film I, Tonya, directed by Craig Gillespie and starring Margot Robbie and Sebastian Stan.[45][46]
Influence[edit]
Jason Newsted, former bassist of Metallica, says that this song has the first rock or metal riff he ever learned to play.[47]
Paul Gilbert, former guitarist of Racer X and Mr. Big, says that a "really primitive version" of "25 or 6 to 4" was one of the first songs he taught himself to play on the guitar, using one string.[48]
Personnel[edit]
Peter Cetera – lead vocals, bass
Terry Kath – guitar, backing vocals
Robert Lamm – piano, backing vocals
Danny Seraphine – drums
Jimmy Pankow – trombone
Lee Loughnane – trumpet
Walt Parazaider – tenor saxophone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chicago Group Portrait (Box Set) (album liner notes archived online) (Media notes). New York City, NY: Columbia Records. 1991. Retrieved February 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Chicago - Chart history Hot 100 | Billboard". www.billboard.com. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "CHICAGO | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 Singles". Billboard. 98 (41). October 11, 1986. p. 80 (Scroll to page, see No. 48 on Hot 100 Singles chart.). Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (2009-11-13). "Ask Billboard: Why We Follow The Charts - Second Helping of Seconds". Billboard. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
Jump up ^ Popoff, Martin (2010). Goldmine Standard Catalog of American Records 1948–1991. Krause Publications. p. 240. ISBN 1-4402-1621-5.
Jump up ^ Durchholz, Daniel (June 22, 2017). "Chicago delivers a satisfying career retrospective but pulls a political punch". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Groller, Keith (August 6, 2017). "REVIEW: Chicago shows it's a hard habit to break with a night filled with hits". The Morning Call. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Price, Robert (August 10, 2017). "Chicago feeling 50 years young". New Jersey Herald. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maloni, Joshua (October 18, 2015). "Who needs Chicago? Peter Cetera proves his worth at Fallsview". www.wnypapers.com. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Varias, Chris (October 4, 2016). "Cetera: All roads lead away from Chicago". Cincinnati.com. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ MURUGAPPAN, REVATHI (September 8, 2017). "At 72, Peter Cetera Still Commands The Crowd". Star2.com. Star Media Group Berhad. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Onesti, Ron (April 15, 2016). "Chicago, Cheap Trick bring rock pride to Illinois". Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, Illinois, USA: Paddock Publications. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lamm, Robert (2009-06-15). "Chicago Comes to Agganis". BU Today (Interview). Interviewed by Devon Maloney. Boston University. Retrieved 2017-02-13. It's a reference to time. It's a song about writing the song, and I looked at my watch while I was writing and it was 25 minutes to four in the morning, or maybe 26.
Jump up ^ History of Chicago (television documentary). CNN. Retrieved December 30, 2016. '25 or 6 to 4' indicates the time in the morning, 25 minutes to 4 a.m.
^ Jump up to: a b "What does the Chicago lyric "25 or 6 to 4" mean?". The Straight Dope. October 18, 2000. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Leo, Christie (1986-12-27). "Singapore Bans Fogerty LP". Billboard. 98 (52). p. 87. Retrieved 2017-02-17.
Jump up ^ "Singapore Censors Relax Ban on Some Beatles Hits". DeseretNews.com. 1993-05-27. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
Jump up ^ Stephenson, Ken (2002). What to Listen For in Rock: A Stylistic Analysis. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-300-09239-4. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ Locker, Melissa (August 21, 2013). "11 Suspiciously Sound-Alike Songs". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hermann, Andy (June 25, 2016). "You Still Can't Copyright a Riff — and That's a Good Thing". L.A. Weekly. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Sledgehammer' wins". Fort Lauderdale News. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. February 28, 1987. p. 2A. Retrieved August 1, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
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Chicago
Robert Lamm
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James Pankow
Keith Howland
Lou Pardini
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Neil Donell
Ramon Yslas
Walter Parazaider
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Laudir de Oliveira
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Compilations
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If You Leave Me Now
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"I Don't Wanna Live Without Your Love"
"Look Away"
"You're Not Alone"
"We Can Last Forever"
"What Kind of Man Would I Be?"
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Related articles
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