text:
List of Lucha Underground personnel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lucha Underground is an American professional wrestling promotion and television series. Lucha Underground personnel consists of professional wrestlers, ring announcers, referees, on-air personnel, and managers.
Contents
1 Roster
1.1 Male wrestlers
1.2 Female wrestlers
1.3 Other on-air personnel
1.4 Broadcast team
1.5 Referees
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Roster[edit]
Jake Strong
Killshot
The Mack
Son of Havoc
Male wrestlers[edit]
Ring name(s)
Real name
Notes
Aero Star[1] Undisclosed
Argenis[2] Undisclosed
Big Bad Steve John Steven
Cage Brian Button
Chavo Guerrero Jr. Salvador Guerrero IV
Daga Miguel Ángel Olivo
Dante Fox Thomas Ballester
Dezmond X Deveon Everhart
Drago[3] Víctor Flores
Dr. Wagner Jr. Juan González Barrón
El Dragon Azteca Jr.[4] Undisclosed
Fénix[5] Undisclosed
Hernandez Shawn Hernandez
Jack Evans Jack Edward Miller
Jake Strong Donald Hager Jr. Lucha Underground Champion
Jeremiah Snake Sam Johnston
Joey Ryan[6] Joseph Meehan
Johnny Mundo John Hennigan
Killshot[7] Shane Strickland Lucha Underground Trios Champion
King Cuerno Undisclosed
The Mack Willie McClinton Jr. Lucha Underground Trios Champion
Marty "The Moth" Martinez Martin Casaus
Matanza Cueto Jeff Cobb
Mil Muertes[8] Gilbert Cosme
Paul London Paul London
Pentagón Dark[9] Undisclosed
PJ Black Phillip Lloyd
Ricky Mundo Richard Mathey
Saltador Undisclosed
Sammy Guevara Sammy Guevara
Son of Havoc[10] Matthew Capiccioni Lucha Underground Trios Champion
Texano[11] Juan Aguilar Leos
The White Rabbit Kevin Geist
Tommy Dreamer Thomas Laughlin
XO Lishus Sonny Kiss
Female wrestlers[edit]
Ring name(s)
Real name
Notes
Black Lotus Angela Fong
Black Widow Chelsea Green
Ivelisse[12] Ivelisse Vélez
Kobra Moon[13] Melissa Cervantes
Mariposa[14] Melissa Anderson
Taya Valkyrie Kira Forster-Hennigan
Other on-air personnel[edit]
Ring name
Real name
Notes
Antonio Cueto[15] Luis Fernandez-Gil On-air authority figure
The Beautiful Brenda Holly Meowy Valet of Famous B.
Catrina[16] Karlee Perez Valet of Mil Muertes
Famous B Brian Winbush Manager of Texano, Dr. Wagner Jr., and Big Bad Steve
FBI Agent Winter Godfrey Danchimah Jr. Special Agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
LAPD Captain Perez Carmen Perez Captain of the Los Angeles Police Department
Broadcast team[edit]
Ring name
Real name
Notes
Melissa Santos[17] Melissa Santos Ring announcer
Hugo Savinovich Hugo Savinovich Spanish play-by-play commentator
Matt Striker[18] Matthew Kaye English play-by-play commentator
Vampiro[19] Ian Hodgkinson English and Spanish color commentator
Also producer
Nadir Mohammedi[20] Nadir Mohammedi French play-by-play commentator[21]
Stéphane Thirioni Stéphane Thirioni French play-by-play commentator[22]
Jarbas Duarte Jarbas Duarte Brazilian Portuguese play-by-play commentator
Michel Serdan Michel Serdan Brazilian Portuguese play-by-play commentator
Referees[edit]
Ring name
Real name
Notes
Justin Borden Justin Borden
Marty Elias Martin Rubalcaba Senior Official
Rick Knox Richard Knox
See also[edit]
Professional wrestling portal
List of Lucha Underground alumni
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lucha Libre AAA > Aerostar". Lucha Libre AAA World Wide. Retrieved 29 July 2016. (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "Killshot vs. Argenis Scheduled For Tomorrow's Lucha Underground, Plus New Luchador Debuts!". Inside Pulse. April 12, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Drago". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Valdés, Apolo (June 2, 2016). "Es un honor representar a México: Dragón Azteca Jr". Mediotiempo. Retrieved 29 July 2016. (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Fénix". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Joey Ryan Reportedly Signs With Lucha Underground, Pro Wrestling Tees Announces Lucha Underground Apparel Deal - Wrestlezone". Wrestlezone. Retrieved 2015-12-15.
Jump up ^ "Shane Strickland". profightdb.com. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Mil Muertes". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Pentagon Jr". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Son of Havoc". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground: Season 2 > Texano". El Rey Network. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Ivelisse Velez". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Unstoppable Thunder Rosa interview". SoCalUncensored.com. July 28, 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Wood, Donald (May 10, 2016). "Lucha Underground's Sexy Star Embodies Women's Revolution in Wrestling". Forbes. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Dario Cueto". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Katrina". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Former WWE superstar John Morrison on One Three Media's 'Lucha Underground' on El Rey Network". Miami Herald. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Matt Striker". El Rey Network. Retrieved 8 April 2015. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Lucha Underground > Vampiro". El Rey Network. Archived from the original on 18 July 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/@Nadir_M
Jump up ^ http://www.toutelatele.com/nadir-mohammedi-la-lucha-underground-est-un-melange-de-breaking-bad-et-de-catch-81106
Jump up ^ http://www.toutelatele.com/nadir-mohammedi-la-lucha-underground-est-un-melange-de-breaking-bad-et-de-catch-81106
External links[edit]
Official website
show
v
t
e
Lucha Underground
Championships
Primary
Lucha Underground
reigns
Secondary
Gift of the Gods
reigns
Trios
Trios
reigns
Other
AAA Mega Championship
reigns
Seasons
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Events
Lucha Libre World Cup
2015
2016
2017
Ultima Lucha
Ultima Lucha 1
Ultima Lucha Dos
Ultima Lucha Tres
Miscellaneous
Personnel
Alumni
Tournaments
Triple Crown
Partnerships
Impact Wrestling
International Wrestling Syndicate
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
show
v
t
e
Lucha Underground personnel
Male wrestlers
Aero Star
Argenis
Cage
Chavo Guerrero Jr.
Dezmond X
Dr. Wagner Jr.
Drago
El Dragon Azteca Jr.
Fénix
Jack Evans
Jake Strong
Jeremiah Crane
Joey Ryan
Johnny Mundo
Killshot
The Mack
Marty Martinez
Mil Muertes
Paul London
Pentagón Jr.
Pimpinela Escarlata
PJ Black
Ricky Mundo
Son of Havoc
Texano
The White Rabbit
Tommy Dreamer
Female wrestlers
Black Lotus
Catrina
Ivelisse
Kobra Moon
Mariposa
Taya
Non-wrestlers
Antonio Cueto
Commentators
Matt Striker
Hugo Savinovich
Vampiro
Former personnel
List of Lucha Underground alumni
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lucha_Underground_personnel&oldid=854718235"
Categories:
Lucha Underground
Professional wrestling rosters
Hidden categories:
Articles with Spanish-language external links
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from December 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Articles with hCards
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 August 2018, at 09:13 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

value: b

value: i

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

value: span

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Lucha_Underground_Trios_Champion
mw-redirect
Lucha Underground Trios Champion

values:
/wiki/Maxine_(wrestler)
mw-redirect
Maxine (wrestler)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/List_of_Lucha_Underground_alumni
mw-redirect
List of Lucha Underground alumni

values:
/wiki/Lucha_Libre_AAA_World_Wide
mw-redirect
Lucha Libre AAA World Wide

values:
nofollow
external free
https://twitter.com/@Nadir_M

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Lucha Underground Gift of the Gods Championship

values:
/wiki/Lucha_Underground_tournaments
mw-redirect
Lucha Underground tournaments

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values: Template talk:Lucha Underground personnel

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Category:Articles with Spanish-language external links

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Anexo:Lista de personal de Lucha Underground – Spanish

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Lucha_Underground_personnel rootpage-List_of_Lucha_Underground_personnel skin-vector action-view


text:
Origins of the blues
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Little is known about the exact origin of the music now known as the blues.[1] No specific year can be cited as the origin of the blues, largely because the style evolved over a long period and existed in approaching its modern form before the term blues was introduced and before the style was thoroughly documented. Ethnomusicologist Gerhard Kubik traces the roots of many of the elements that were to develop into the blues back to the African continent, the "cradle of the blues".[2] One important early mention of something closely resembling the blues comes from 1901, when an archaeologist in Mississippi described the songs of black workers which had lyrical themes and technical elements in common with the blues.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 African roots
2 Influence of spirituals
3 Social and economic aspects
4 Blues around 1900
5 Continued development of the blues in the 1910s
6 Growth of the blues (1920s onward)
7 References
8 Notes
African roots[edit]
There are few characteristics common to all blues, as the genre takes its shape from the peculiarities of each individual performance.[4] Some characteristics, however, were present prior to the creation of the modern blues, and are common to most styles of African American music. The earliest blues-like music was a "functional expression, rendered in a call-and-response style without accompaniment or harmony and unbounded by the formality of any particular musical structure".[5] This pre-blues music was adapted from the field shouts and hollers performed during slave times, expanded into "simple solo songs laden with emotional content".[6]
Master Kora maker Alieu Suso in the Gambia
Many of these blues elements, such as the call-and-response format, can be traced back to the music of Africa. The use of melisma and a wavy, nasal intonation also suggests a connection between the music of West and Central Africa and the blues. The belief that blues is historically derived from the West African music including from Mali is reflected in Martin Scorsese’s often quoted characterization of Ali Farka Touré’s tradition as constituting "the DNA of the blues".[7]
Perhaps the most compelling African instrument that is a predecessor to an African-American instrument is the "Akonting", a folk lute of the Jola tribe of Senegambia. It is a clear predecessor to the American banjo in its playing style, the construction of the instrument itself and in its social role as a folk instrument. The Kora is played by a professional caste of praise singers for the rich and aristocracy (called griots or jalis) and is not considered folk music. Jola music was actually not influenced much by Islamic and North African/Middle Eastern music, and this may give us an important clue as to how African American music does not, according to many scholars such as Sam Charters, bear hardly any relation to kora music. Rather, African-American music may reflect a hold over from a pre-Islamicized form of African music. The music of the Akonting and that played by on the banjo by elder African-American banjo players, even into the mid 20th century is easily identified as being very similar. The akonting is perhaps the most important and concrete link that exists between African and African-American music.
However, while the findings of Kubik and others also clearly attest to the essential Africanness of many essential aspects of blues expression, studies by Willie Ruff and others have situated the origin of "black" spiritual music inside enslaved peoples' exposure to their masters' Hebridean-originated gospels.[8] African-American economist and historian Thomas Sowell also notes that the southern, black, ex-slave population was acculturated to a considerable degree by and among their Scots-Irish "redneck" neighbours. Additionally, there are theories that the four-beats-per-measure structure of the blues might share its origins with the Native American tradition of pow wow drumming.[9]
Influence of spirituals[edit]
A watercolor painting of a camp meeting circa 1839 (New Bedford Whaling Museum).
The most important American antecedent of the blues was the spiritual, a form of religious song with its roots in the camp meetings of the Great Awakening of the early 19th century. Spirituals were a passionate song form, that "convey(ed) to listeners the same feeling of rootlessness and misery" as the blues.[4] Spirituals, however, were less specifically concerning the performer, instead about the general loneliness of mankind, and were more figurative than direct in their lyrics.[4] Despite these differences, the two forms are similar enough that they can not be easily separated — many spirituals would probably have been called blues had that word been in wide use at the time.[10]
Social and economic aspects[edit]
Emancipation from Freedmen's viewpoint; illustration from Harper's Weekly 1865
Detail from cover of The Celebrated Negro Melodies, as Sung by the Virginia Minstrels, 1843
The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are not fully known.[11] Blues has evolved from an unaccompanied vocal music of poor black laborers into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States. African American work songs were an important precursor to the modern blues; these included the songs sung by laborers like stevedores and roustabouts, and the field hollers and "shouts" of slaves.[3][12] The first appearance of the blues is not well defined and is often dated between 1870 and 1900, a period that coincides with the emancipation of the slaves and the transition from slavery to sharecropping and small-scale agricultural production in the southern United States.
Several scholars characterize the early 1900s development of blues music as a move from group performances to a more individualized style. They argue that the development of the blues is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the slaves. According to Lawrence Levine,[13] "there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphasis upon the individual, the popularity of Booker T. Washington's teachings, and the rise of the blues." Levine states that "psychologically, socially, and economically, Negroes were being acculturated in a way that would have been impossible during slavery, and it is hardly surprising that their secular music reflected this as much as their religious music did."
An important reason for the lack of certain knowledge about the origins of the blues is the earliest blues musicians' tendency to wander through communities, leaving little or no record of precisely what sort of music they played or where it came from. Blues was generally regarded as lower-class music, unfit for documentation, study or enjoyment by the upper- and middle-classes[14]
Blues around 1900[edit]
An 1890s photo of the tourist steamer Okahumke'e' on the Ocklawaha River, with black guitarists on board
Blue notes pre-date their use in blues. English composer Samuel Coleridge-Taylor's "A Negro Love Song", from his The African Suite for Piano composed in 1898, contains blue third and seventh notes.[15]
African American composer W. C. Handy wrote in his autobiography of the experience of sleeping on a train traveling through (or stopping at the station of) Tutwiler, Mississippi around 1903, and being awakened by:
... a lean, loose-jointed Negro who had commenced plucking a guitar beside me while I slept. His clothes were rags; his feet peeped out of his shoes. His face had on it some of the sadness of the ages. As he played, he pressed a knife on the strings in a manner popularized by Hawaiian guitarists who used steel bars. ... The effect was unforgettable. His song, too, struck me instantly... The singer repeated the line ("Going' where the Southern cross' the Dog") three times, accompanying himself on the guitar with the weirdest music I had ever heard.
Handy had mixed feelings about this music, which he regarded as rather primitive and monotonous,[16] but he used the "Southern cross' the Dog" line in his 1914 "Yellow Dog Rag", which he retitled "Yellow Dog Blues" after the term blues became popular.[17] "Yellow Dog" was the nickname of the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad.
Blues later adopted elements from the "Ethiopian (here, meaning "black") airs" of minstrel shows and Negro spirituals, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment.[18] The style also was closely related to ragtime, which developed at about the same time, though the blues better preserved "the original melodic patterns of African music".[19]
Since the 1890s, the American sheet music publishing industry had produced a great deal of ragtime music. The first published ragtime song to include a 12-bar section was "One o' Them Things!" in 1904. Written by James Chapman and Leroy Smith, it was published in St. Louis, Missouri, by Jos. Plachet and Son.[20] Another early rag/blues mix was "I Got the Blues" published in 1908 by Anthony Maggio of New Orleans [21]
In a long interview conducted by Alan Lomax in 1938, Jelly Roll Morton recalled that the first blues he had heard, probably around 1900, was played by a singer and prostitute, Mamie Desdunes, in Garden District, New Orleans. Morton sang the blues: "Can’t give me a dollar, give me a lousy dime/ You can’t give me a dollar, give me a lousy dime/ Just to feed that hungry man of mine". The interview was released as The Complete Library of Congress Recordings.[22]
Continued development of the blues in the 1910s[edit]
In 1912 the sheet music industry published another blues composition—"Dallas Blues" by Hart A. Wand of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[23] Two other blues-like compositions, precipitating the Tin Pan Alley adoption of blues elements, were also published in 1912: "Baby Seals' Blues" by Baby F. Seals (arranged by Artie Matthews) and "Memphis Blues", another ragtime arrangement with a single 12-bar section,[24] by W. C. Handy.[25] Also in 1912 (on November 9), another song, "The Blues", was copyrighted by LeRoy "Lasses" White, but not actually published until 1913.[26]
Handy was a formally trained musician, composer and arranger who helped to popularize the blues by transcribing and orchestrating blues in an almost symphonic style, with bands and singers. He became a popular and prolific composer, and billed himself as the "Father of the Blues"; however, his compositions can be described as a fusion of blues with ragtime and jazz, a merger facilitated using the Afro-Cuban habanera rhythm that had long been a part of ragtime;[27][28] Handy's signature work was the St. Louis Blues.
Songs from this period had many different structures. A testimony of those times can be found for instance in Henry Thomas's recordings. However, the twelve-, eight-bar, or sixteen-bar structure based on tonic, subdominant and dominant chords became the most common.[29] Melodically, blues music is marked by the use of the lowered third and dominant seventh (so-called blue notes) of the associated major scale.[30] The standard 12-bar blues form is noted in uncorroborated oral histories as appearing communities throughout the region along the lower Mississippi River during the decade of the 1900s (and performed in New Orleans at least since 1908). One of these early sites of blues evolution was along Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee. However, author Eileen Southern has pointed out several contrasting statements by old-time musicians. She cites Eubie Blake as saying "Blues in Baltimore? Why, Baltimore is the blues!" and Bunk Johnson as claiming that the blues was around in his childhood, in the 1880s.[1]
Growth of the blues (1920s onward)[edit]
One of the first professional blues singers was Ma Rainey, who claimed to have coined the term blues. Classic female urban or vaudeville blues singers were popular in the 1920s, among them Mamie Smith, Gertrude Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Victoria Spivey. Mamie Smith, more a vaudeville performer than a blues artist, was the first African- American to record a blues in 1920; her "Crazy Blues" sold 75,000 copies in its first month.[31]
The musical forms and styles that are now considered the "blues" as well as modern "country music" arose in the same regions during the nineteenth century in the southern United States. Recorded blues and country can be found from as far back as the 1920s, when the popular record industry developed and created marketing categories called "race music" and "hillbilly music" to sell music by blacks for blacks and by whites for whites respectively. At the time, there was no clear musical division between "blues" and "country", except for the race of the performer, and even that sometimes was documented incorrectly by record companies.[32]
References[edit]
Curiel, Jonathan (August 15, 2004). "Muslim Roots of the Blues". SFGate. Archived from the original on September 5, 2005. Retrieved August 24, 2005.
Ewen, David (1957). Panorama of American Popular Music. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-648360-7.
Ferris, Jean (1993). America's Musical Landscape. Brown & Benchmark. ISBN 0-697-12516-5.
Garofalo, Reebee (1997). Rockin' Out: Popular Music in the USA. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 0-205-13703-2.
Hamilton, Marybeth (2007). In Search of the Blues. Jonathan Cape. ISBN 9780224060189.
Oliver, Paul (1970). Savannah syncopators: African retentions in the blues. Studio Vista. ISBN 0-289-79828-0.
Schuller, Gunther (1968). Early Jazz: Its Roots and Musical Development. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504043-0.
Southern, Eileen (1997). The Music of Black Americans. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 0-393-03843-2.
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Southern, pg. 332
Jump up ^ Kubik, Gerhard (1999). Africa and the Blues. Jackson, MI: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-146-6
^ Jump up to: a b Southern, pg. 334
^ Jump up to: a b c Southern, pg. 333
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pg. 44
Jump up ^ Ferris, pg. 229
Jump up ^ Global South: Our Homage To A Great Master - Ali Farka Toure
Jump up ^ Paul Kelbie, "Gospel Truth - Hebrides Invented Church Spirituals", The Independent - UK, 9-19-3
Jump up ^ "MUSIC: Exploring Native American influence on the blues".
Jump up ^ Southern, pg. 333-334
Jump up ^ Philip V. Bohlman, "Immigrant, folk, and regional music in the twentieth century", in 'The Cambridge History of American Music', ed. David Nicholls, 1999, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45429-8, pg. 285
Jump up ^ http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/MusicAtlas/Volume2/playpagevol2ch10.html
Jump up ^ Lawrence W. Levine, Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, Oxford University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-19-502374-9, pg. 223
Jump up ^ Southern, 332-333
Jump up ^ Scott, Derek B. From the Erotic to the Demonic: On Critical Musicology. Oxford University Press (2003) page 182: "A blues idiom is hinted at in "A Negro Love-Song", a pentatonic melody with blue third and seventh in Colridge-Taylor's African Suit of 1898, many years before the first blues publications."
Jump up ^ Parrish, Tim; Walking Blues: Making Americans from Emerson to Elvis, University of Massachusetts Press (2001), p. 185: "Handy declares their music to be an endless 'monotony,' a 'thump-thump-thump' sound that he associates—with evident distaste—with 'cane rows and levee camps' (77). Nor does he admire the enthusiastic dancing the music elicits."
Jump up ^ Wald, Elijah; Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues, Harper Collins (2004), p. 283: "When the popular taste for blues asserted itself I took out that old number and changed its name to 'Yellow Dog Blues.' Other than the name, I altered nothing."
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pg. 44 Gradually, instrumental and harmonic accompaniment were added, reflecting increasing cross-cultural contact. Garofalo goes on to cite others mentioning the "Ethiopian airs" and "Negro spirituals".
Jump up ^ Schuller, cited in Garofalo, pg. 27
Jump up ^ Saffle, Michael, Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950, Routledge (2000) page 74: "Chapman and smith's "One O' Those Things" (1904) an earlier blues/rag mix (see Figure 3.2)."
Jump up ^ Saffle, Michael, Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950, Routledge (2000) page 74: "In Maggio's "I Got the Blues" (1908), a twelve-bar blues in G Major is followed by a section in G minor, ending with a rag riff (see Figure 3.1).
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Marybeth (2007). pp. 130–132. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Samuel B. Charters, The Country Blues (Da Capo Press, 1975), ISBN 0-306-80014-4, pages 34-35: "The first was Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues", published in March; the second was Arthur Seals's "Bab Seals' Blues", published in August; Handy finally brought out his blues in September. Both Handy and Arthur Seals were Negroes, but the music that they titled "blues is more or less derived from the standard popular musical styles of the "coon-song" and "cake-walk" type. It is ironic the first published piece in the Negro "blues idiom", Dallas Blues, was by a white man, Hart Wand."
Jump up ^ Saffle, Michael, Perspectives on American Music, 1900-1950, Routledge (2000) page 74: "White's "Original Chicago Blues" (1915) is a later blues/rag almagam, as is "The Memphis Blues."
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pg. 27; Garofalo cites Barlow in Handy's sudden success demonstrated [the] commercial potential of [the blues], which in turn made the genre attractive to the Tin Pan Alley hacks, who wasted little time in turning out a deluge of imitations. (parentheticals in Garofalo)
Jump up ^ Monge, Luigi; David Evans. "New Songs of Blind Lemon Jefferson". Journal of Texas Music History 3:2 (Fall 2003), p. 19: "In fact, in addition to its textual relationship in the first stanza to 'Michigan Water Blues,' Jefferson's 'Light House Blues' is related textually and musically to an even older song, 'The Negro Blues'/'Nigger Blues' by Leroy 'Lasses' White of Dallas. White registered his tune with a set of fifteen three-line stanzas for copyright on November 9, 1912, under the former title. In 1913, a shortened version of the piece was published under the latter infelicitous title, containing only six stanzas, five of which are close variants of stanzas in the longer version and one of which is new."
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pg. 27
Jump up ^ Morales, pg. 277
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pgs. 46-47
Jump up ^ Ewen, pg. 143
Jump up ^ Hawkeye Herman, General background on African American Music, Blues Foundation, Essays: What is the blues? "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Garofalo, pgs. 44-47 As marketing categories, designations like race and hillbilly intentionally separated artists along racial lines and conveyed the impression that their music came from mutually exclusive sources. Nothing could have been further from the truth... In cultural terms, blues and country were more equal than they were separate. Garofalo claims that artists were sometimes listed in the wrong racial category in record company catalogues.

[hide]
v
t
e
Blues
Musical form
Blue note
Blues scale
Call and response
Eight-bar blues
Musical improvisation
Shuffles
Traditional blues verses
Twelve-bar blues
Walking bass
Origins
Origins
Spirituals
Work songs
American folk music
Coon songs
Typical
instruments
Acoustic guitar
Electric guitar
Resonator guitar
Slide guitar
Harmonica
Blues harp
Piano
Bass guitar
Upright bass
Washtub bass
Drums
Regional
styles
British blues
Canadian blues
Chicago blues
Delta blues
Detroit blues
Hill country blues
Kansas City blues
Louisiana blues
New Orleans blues
Memphis blues
Piedmont blues
St. Louis blues
Swamp blues
Texas blues
West Coast blues
Subgenres
Boogie-woogie
Classic female blues
Country blues
Electric blues
Fife and drum blues
Jump blues
Piano blues
Fusion genres
Blues rock
Gospel blues
Punk blues
Rhythm and blues
Soul blues
Related styles
Blue grass
Hokum
Jazz
Jug band
Ragtime
Rock and roll
Lists
Blues genres
Blues musicians
Blues musicians by genre
Blues standards
Blues festivals
Book
Category
Portal
Blues songs
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_the_blues&oldid=802347280"
Categories:
Blues
Origins of music genres
Hidden categories:
Pages with citations lacking titles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 September 2017, at 16:06.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: sup

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/African_music
mw-redirect
African music

values:
/wiki/African_American_music
mw-redirect
African American music

values:
/wiki/Senegambia_(geography)
mw-redirect
Senegambia (geography)

values:
/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music
mw-redirect
Middle Eastern music

values:
/wiki/Sam_Charters
mw-redirect
Sam Charters

values:
/wiki/Redneck_(stereotype)
mw-redirect
Redneck (stereotype)

values: Edit section: Social and economic aspects

values:
/wiki/Field_hollers
mw-redirect
Field hollers

values:
/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Rag
mw-redirect
Yellow Dog Rag

values:
/wiki/Yellow_Dog_Railroad
mw-redirect
Yellow Dog Railroad

values:
/wiki/Negro_spiritual
mw-redirect
Negro spiritual

values: Edit section: Continued development of the blues in the 1910s

values:
/wiki/Hart_A._Wand
mw-redirect
Hart A. Wand

values:
/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma
mw-redirect
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

values:
/wiki/Habanera_(music)
mw-redirect
Habanera (music)

values:
/wiki/St._Louis_Blues_(song)
mw-redirect
St. Louis Blues (song)

values:
/wiki/Twelve_bar_blues
mw-redirect
Twelve bar blues

values:
/wiki/Sixteen_bar_blues
mw-redirect
Sixteen bar blues

values:
/wiki/Tonic_chord
mw-redirect
Tonic chord

values:
/wiki/Subdominant_chord
mw-redirect
Subdominant chord

values:
/wiki/Dominant_chord
mw-redirect
Dominant chord

values:
/wiki/Dominant_seventh
mw-redirect
Dominant seventh

values: Edit section: Growth of the blues (1920s onward)

values:
/wiki/Hillbilly_music
mw-redirect
Hillbilly music

values:
/wiki/Shuffle_note
mw-redirect
Shuffle note

values:
/wiki/Walking_bass
mw-redirect
Walking bass

values:
/wiki/Upright_bass
mw-redirect
Upright bass

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Origins_of_the_blues rootpage-Origins_of_the_blues vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Indian flags
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of India.
This is a list of flags used in India. For more information about the national flag, visit the article Flag of India.
Contents
1 National flag
2 Governmental flag
3 Ensigns
4 Military flags
4.1 Army
4.2 Air Force
4.3 Navy
4.4 Coast Guard
5 States and Union territorial flags
5.1 Official state flags
5.2 Non-official state flags
6 Historical
6.1 Pre-colonial states
6.2 British Colonial India
6.3 (Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy
6.4 Danish India
6.5 French India
6.6 Portuguese India
7 Flags used by the Indian independence movement
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
National flag[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1947–present National flag of India A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra.
Governmental flag[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1950–1971[1] Presidential Standard of India 1st quarter: state emblem (the Lions of Sarnath) to represent national unity; 2nd quarter: elephant from Ajanta Caves to represent patience and strength; 3rd quarter: scales from the Red Fort, Old Delhi to represent justice and economy; 4th quarter: lotus vase from Sarnath to represent prosperity.
Ensigns[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Civil ensign A Red Ensign with the flag of India in the canton.
State ensign A Blue Ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and a yellow anchor horizontally in the fly.
Military flags[edit]
Army[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Flag of the Indian Army A red field with the flag of India in the canton, and the Army badge in the fly
Flag of the Chief of Army Staff
Air Force[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Flag of the Indian Air Force A sky-blue ensign with the flag of India in the canton, and the Air Force roundel in the fly
Flag of the Chief of Air Staff
Flag of Marshal of the Indian Air Force
Navy[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Ensign of the Indian Navy It is built up of the Indian National Flag, a Vertical and a Horizontal Red Stripe, the Indian State Emblem in golden yellow colour on a white background.
Admiral (Chief of Naval Staff)
Vice Admiral
Rear Admiral
Commodore
Coast Guard[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
Ensign of the Indian Coast Guard A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly
Flag of Director General of the Indian Coast Guard A Blue Ensign with the Flag of India in the canton, and the Coast Guard badge in the fly
Flag of Additional Director General of the Indian Coast Guard
Flag of Inspector General of the Indian Coast Guard
States and Union territorial flags[edit]
Official state flags[edit]
Jammu and Kashmir is the only state to have de jure flag.[2]
Flag
State
Adopted
Use
Description
Jammu and Kashmir 1972 Flag of Jammu and Kashmir The flag is red to symbolise labour, with three white vertical stripes in the hoist (which do not run the whole height of the flag). The stripes stand for the three divisions of the region namely; (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh). On the right side of the flag is a white plough with the handle facing the stripes. The ratio of the flag to its width is 3:2.

Non-official state flags[edit]
Flag
State
Adopted
Use
Description
Sikkim 1967 The Flag of Sikkim was used as a de jure national flag while Sikkim was an independent kingdom prior to its integration with India in 1975 Buddhist khorlo prayer wheel with the gankyil in the centre, on a field of white with a red border.
Karnataka 2018 Unilaterally adopted by the state government in 2018 [3] Yellow, white and red tricolour with a representation of the Coat of arms of Karnataka centred on the white band.
Historical[edit]
Pre-colonial states[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
647 - 1192 Flag of Rajput Empire (Which???) A Safron flag with a Sun symbol in the middle
1206–1526 Flag of Delhi Sultanate A dark green flag with a black strip left of center.
1336 — 1646 Flag of Vijayanagara Empire Yellow coloured flag of the Vijayanagara Empire which ruled over South India.
1729 — 1949 Flag of Kingdom of Travancore Red flag with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (Turbinella pyrum) at its centre.
1518–1687 Flag of Kingdom of Golconda Cyan coloured flag of the Qutb Shahi dynasty which ruled over the Kingdom of Golconda.
1399 — 1950 Flag of Kingdom of Mysore Red and Brown coloured flag of the Kingdom of Mysore which ruled over most of Karnataka and at its zenith most of south India.
1526–1858 Flag of Mughal Empire Alam flag that was primarily moss green.[4]
1674–1818 Flag of Maratha Empire (Bhagwa Dhwaj)[5] A saffron-coloured swallowtail flag.
1799–1849 Flag of Sikh Empire[6] A red-colored interior and a green coloured exterior.
British Colonial India[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1858–1947 The official state flag of the British Raj for use on land The flag of the United Kingdom.
c. 1885–1947 Flag of the Governor-General of India The Union Flag with the insignia of the Order of the Star of India beneath the Imperial Crown of India.
1947–1950 Dark blue field emblazoned with the royal crest (a Tudor Crown surmounted by the lion of England, itself wearing the crown), beneath which was the word 'India' in gold majuscules. Similar to flags used by other Governors-General of Commonwealth realms.
c. 1880–1947 Flag of the British Raj: An unofficial land flag used only to represent British India in international events and associations A Red Ensign with the Union Flag at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.
(Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy[edit]
1863–1947 1877–1892 Ensign of Her Majesty's Indian Marine
1892-1928: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1928–1934 Naval jack of the Royal Indian Marine
1934-1947: Naval jack of the Royal Indian Navy A Blue Ensign with the Union Flag at the canton, and the Star of India displayed in the fly.
1928–1950 1928-1934: Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine
1934-1950: Ensign of the Royal Indian Navy The White Ensign of the Royal Navy.
1951-1955 1951-1955: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy The St George's Cross.
Ensign of an Admiral in the Royal Navy.
1934-1958 1934-1947: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Navy
1947-1950: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Navy
1950-1955: Flag of the Commander-in-Chief, Indian Navy
1955-1958: Flag of the Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy Ensign of a Vice-Admiral in the Royal Navy.
1928-1958 1928-1934: Flag of the Flag Officer Commanding, Royal Indian Marine
1934-1950: Flag of a Flag Officer, Royal Indian Navy
1950-1958: Flag of a Flag Officer, Indian Navy Ensign of a Rear-Admiral in the Royal Navy.
Danish India[edit]
1620-1869 The flag of Denmark (Denmark-Norway until 1814)
French India[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1667-1791 Flag of the Kingdom of France Flag of the Kingdom of France.
1791-1794 1791-1792: Flag of the Kingdom of France
1792-1794: Flag of the French First Republic The flag of France.
1815-1830 Flag of the Kingdom of France under the Bourbon Restoration Flag of the Kingdom of France.
1794–1804, 1830-1940, 1944-1954 1794-1804: Flag of the French First Republic
1804-1814, 1815: Flag of the First French Empire
1830-1848; Flag of the Kingdom of France
1848-1852: Flag of the French Second Republic
1852-1870: Flag of the Second French Empire
1870-1940: Flag of the French Third Republic and French Empire
1944-1946: Flag of the Provisional Government of the Fourth French Republic
1946-1954: Flag of the French Fourth Republic and French Union The flag of France.
1940-1944 Flag of French India under Free France Flag of Free France with the Cross of Lorraine
Portuguese India[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1505–1521 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1521–1578 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1578–1616 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1616–1640 Putative flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1640–1667 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1667–1706 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1706 - 1750 1826 - 1830 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1750–1816 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1816–1826 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal.
1830–1910 Flag of the Kingdom of Portugal. Vertical bicolour blue-white. Proportion of the fields: 1:1.
1911–1961 (de facto)/1974 (de jure) The flag of Portugal. The final state flag of Portuguese India. Used from the implantation of the Portuguese Republic in 1910. Officially used until 1974, as Portugal only then recognised the Annexation of Portuguese India.
1967 (proposed) Proposed official flag for Portuguese India in 1967. Proposal by F.P. de Almeida Langhans. Never actually used.
Flags used by the Indian independence movement[edit]
Flag
Date
Use
Description
1906 Calcutta Flag Three horizontal bands of equal width with the top being orange, the centre yellow, and the bottom green. It had eight half-opened lotus flowers on the top stripe, and a picture of the sun and a crescent moon on the bottom stripe. वन्दे मातरम् (Vande Mātaram) was inscribed in the centre in Devanagari. [Note 1]
1907 Early Indian nationalist flags [Note 2]
1907
1917 Flag of the Home Rule Movement Five red and four green horizontal stripes
On the upper left quadrant was the Union Jack, which signified the Dominion status that the movement sought to achieve. A crescent and a star, both in white, are set in top fly. Seven white stars are arranged as in the Saptarishi constellation (the constellation Ursa Major), which is sacred to Hindus. [Note 3]
1921 Gandhi's flag, introduced at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1921
1923–1947 The Swaraj Flag, officially adopted by the Congress in 1931
1942–1945 Flag of Provisional Government of Free India Three horizontal strips of saffron, white, and green, with a springing tiger in the center
Although this symbolised the armed resistance of the Azad Hind Movement led by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose (as opposed to Gandhian pacifism), the 1931 flag of the Indian National Congress was used when the Indian National Army hoisted its flag in Moirang, Manipur. Both flags were used interchangeably.
See also[edit]
India portal
Emblem of India
Jana Gana Mana
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The partition of Bengal (1905) resulted in the introduction of a new Indian flag that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country. The Vande Mataram flag, part of the Swadeshi movement against the British, comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion. The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces, a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band, and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band. The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers. The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either, but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress. A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the Second Socialist International Meeting in Stuttgart. Despite the multiple uses of the flag, it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists.[7]
Jump up ^ Around the same time, another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita, a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda. The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border, with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt. It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906.[8] Soon, many other proposals were initiated, but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement.
Jump up ^ In 1916, Suraiya Tayyabji submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[9]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Das, Chand N. (1984). Traditions and Customs of the Indian Armed Forces. Vision Books. p. 53.
Jump up ^ Haynes, Ed (24 September 1996). "Jammu and Kashmir (India)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Karnataka government unveils the state flag, awaits Centre's approval". hindustantimes.com/. 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
Jump up ^ http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/a/zoomify55414.html
Jump up ^ Kadam, Vasant S. (1993), Maratha Confederacy: A Study in Its Origin and Development, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, p. 128, ISBN 978-81-215-0570-3
Jump up ^ http://www.sikhmuseum.com/nishan/empire/architecture.html#arch4
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 175–176
Jump up ^ Roy 2006, pp. 498–499
Jump up ^ Virmani 1999, pp. 176–177
External links[edit]
"India - Index of all Pages".
"Indian Ensigns".
"British Rule in India".
"India: Historical Flags". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2010-10-22.
hide
v
t
e
Lists of flags
Lists of flags
State-related
Civil flag
State flag
War flag
Civil ensign
Naval ensign
Jack
Diplomatic flag
Country
Date of Adoption
Historical flags
Arab states
Pan-African flag
Mobile
Air Forces Roundels
Air Forces Fin Flashes
Civil air ensign
Other entities
Ethnic
Country subdivisions
Oceania
By design
Color
by number
by combination
Two-sided
Aspect ratio
By nations
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
China
People's Republic of China (Mainland China)
Hong Kong
Macau
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Denmark
Dem. Rep. Congo
Dominican Republic
Egypt
regions
Estonia
Fiji
Finland
France
regions
Germany
Georgia
Greece
Haiti
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Iraq
Italy
regions
Jamaica
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea
North Korea
South Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Myanmar
Mexico
Malta
Moldova
Morocco
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Pakistan
State of Palestine (UN observer)
Papua New Guinea
Peru
Philippines
regions
provinces
Poland
naval and maritime
voivodeships
Portugal
Rhodesia
Romania
Russia / Soviet Union
federal subjects
Russian Navy
republics
Soviet Navy
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Kosovo
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Ukraine
United Kingdom
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Falkland Islands
Gibraltar
United States
states
Puerto Rico
CSA
Uzbekistan
Vatican City
Venezuela
Vietnam
Yugoslavia
Zimbabwe
By continent
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, disputed states and/or former countries.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_flags&oldid=856395750"
Categories:
Lists and galleries of flags
Flags of India
Indian culture-related lists
Hidden categories:
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
বাংলা
Français
ગુજરાતી
हिन्दी
ಕನ್ನಡ
Nederlands
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 August 2018, at 21:49 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

value: td

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: role class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Lions_of_Sarnath
mw-redirect
Lions of Sarnath

values:
/wiki/Lotus_flower
mw-redirect
Lotus flower

values:
/wiki/State_ensign
mw-redirect
State ensign

values:
/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(India)
mw-redirect
Chief of Air Staff (India)

values: Flag of the Marshal of the Air Force (India).svg

values: Vice Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg

values:
/wiki/Vice_Admiral
mw-redirect
Vice Admiral

values: Rear Admiral of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg

values:
/wiki/Rear_Admiral
mw-redirect
Rear Admiral

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Commodore of the Indian Navy rank flag.svg

values: Flag of ADDITIONAL DIRECTOR GENERAL of ICG.jpg

values: Edit section: States and Union territorial flags

values: Flag of the Governor-General of India (1885–1947).svg

values: Flag of the Governor-General of India (1947-1950).svg

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values: Edit section: (Royal) Indian Marine/(Royal) Indian Navy

values:
/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Indian_Marine
mw-redirect
Her Majesty's Indian Marine

values:
/wiki/Royal_Indian_Marine
mw-redirect
Royal Indian Marine

values:
/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross
mw-redirect
St George's Cross

values: Royal Standard of the King of France.svg

values: Flag of the Kingdom of France (1814-1830).svg

values: Flag of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.svg

values:
/wiki/Annexation_of_Portuguese_India
mw-redirect
Annexation of Portuguese India

values: Edit section: Flags used by the Indian independence movement

values:
/wiki/Vande_M%C4%81taram
mw-redirect
Vande Mātaram

values: International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration

values: Flag of India 1907 (Nationalists Flag).svg

values:
/wiki/Indian_nationalist
mw-redirect
Indian nationalist

values:
/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_Movement
mw-redirect
Indian Home Rule Movement

values:
/wiki/Armed_resistance
mw-redirect
Armed resistance

values:
/wiki/Netaji_Subhas_Chandra_Bose
mw-redirect
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Emblem_of_India
mw-redirect
Emblem of India

values:
/wiki/Madam_Bhikaji_Cama
mw-redirect
Madam Bhikaji Cama

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/in_index.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/in~.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/in-colon.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://flagspot.net/flags/in-hist.html

values: List of sovereign states by date of current flag adoption

values: Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse

values: List of flags of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

values:
/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Iraq
mw-redirect
List of flags of Iraq

values:
/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_flags
mw-redirect
List of Saudi Arabian flags

values: Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland

values: History of the flags of the United States

values:
/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states
mw-redirect
Flags of the U.S. states

values: Flags of the Confederate States of America

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values:
/wiki/List_of_Indian_flags
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ভারতীয় পতাকাসমূহের তালিকা – Bangla

values: ભારતીય ધ્વજો – Gujarati

values: भारत के ध्वजों की सूची – Hindi

values: ಭಾರತದ ಧ್ವಜಗಳು – Kannada

values: รายชื่อธงในประเทศอินเดีย – Thai

values: 印度旗帜列表 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Indian_flags rootpage-List_of_Indian_flags skin-vector action-view


text:
Mensa International
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Mensa International
Formation
1 October 1946; 71 years ago (1946-10-01)[1]
Legal status
Limited non-profit organization
Purpose
High IQ society
Headquarters
Slate Barn, Church Lane, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom
Location
Worldwide
Membership
134,000[2]
Website
www.mensa.org
Mensa is the largest and oldest high IQ society in the world.[3][4][5] It is a non-profit organization open to people who score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised IQ or other approved intelligence test.[6][7] Mensa formally comprises national groups and the umbrella organization Mensa International, with a registered office in Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, England[8] (which is separate from the British Mensa office in Wolverhampton[9]). The word mensa (/ˈmɛnsə/; Latin: [ˈmensa]) means "table" in Latin, as is symbolized in the organization's logo, and was chosen to demonstrate the round-table nature of the organization; the coming together of equals.[10]
Roland Berrill, an Australian barrister, and Dr. Lancelot Ware, a British scientist and lawyer, founded Mensa at Lincoln College, in Oxford, England, in 1946. They had the idea of forming a society for very intelligent people, the only qualification for membership being a high IQ.[6] It was to be non-political and free from all other social distinctions (racial, religious, etc.).[10]
American Mensa was the second major branch of Mensa. Its success has been linked to the efforts of its early and longstanding organizer, Margot Seitelman.[11]
Berrill and Ware were both disappointed with the resulting society. Berrill had intended Mensa as "an aristocracy of the intellect", and was unhappy that a majority of Mensans came from humble homes,[12] while Ware said: "I do get disappointed that so many members spend so much time solving puzzles."[13]
Contents
1 Membership requirement
2 Mission
3 Organizational structure
4 Gatherings
5 Publications
6 Demographics
7 See also
8 References
9 Bibliography
10 External links
Membership requirement[edit]
Mensa's requirement for membership is a score at or above the 98th percentile on certain standardised IQ or other approved intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales. The minimum accepted score on the Stanford–Binet is 132, while for the Cattell it is 148.[14] Most IQ tests are designed to yield a mean score of 100 with a standard deviation of 15; the 98th-percentile score under these conditions is 131, assuming a normal distribution.[citation needed]
Most national groups test using well established IQ test batteries, but American Mensa has developed its own application exam. This exam is proctored by American Mensa and does not provide a score comparable to scores on other tests; it serves only to qualify a person for membership.[citation needed] In some national groups, a person may take a Mensa-offered test only once, although one may later submit an application with results from a different qualifying test. The Mensa test is also available in developing countries like India, Pakistan, Brazil etc. and societies in developing countries have been growing at rapid pace.[14]
Mission[edit]
Mensa's constitution lists three purposes: "to identify and to foster human intelligence for the benefit of humanity; to encourage research into the nature, characteristics, and uses of intelligence; and to provide a stimulating intellectual and social environment for its members".[15]
To these ends, the organization is involved with programs for gifted children, literacy, and scholarships, and it holds numerous gatherings including an annual summit.[citation needed]
Organizational structure[edit]
Mensa International consists of around 134,000 members,[2] in 100 countries,[16] in 51 national groups.[17] Individuals who live in a country with a national group join the national group, while those living in countries without a recognized chapter may join Mensa International directly.[citation needed]
The largest national groups are:[18]
American Mensa, with more than 57,000 members,[19]
British Mensa, with over 21,000 members,[20] and
Mensa Germany, with more than 13,000 members.[21]
Larger national groups are further subdivided into local groups. For example, American Mensa has 134 local groups, with the largest having over 2,000 members and the smallest having fewer than 100.
Members may form Special Interest Groups (SIGs) at international, national, and local levels; these SIGs represent a wide variety of interests, both commonplace and obscure, ranging from motorcycle clubs to entrepreneurial co-operations. Some SIGs are associated with various geographic groups, whereas others act independently of official hierarchy. There are also electronic SIGs (eSIGs), which operate primarily as e-mail lists, where members may or may not meet each other in person.[citation needed]
The Mensa Foundation, a separate charitable U.S. corporation, edits and publishes its own Mensa Research Journal, in which both Mensans and non-Mensans are published on various topics surrounding the concept and measure of intelligence. The national groups also issue periodicals, such as Mensa Bulletin, the monthly publication of American Mensa,[22] and Mensa Magazine, the monthly publication of British Mensa.[23]
Gatherings[edit]
Mensa has many events for members, from the local to the international level. Several countries hold a large event called the Annual Gathering (AG). It is held in a different city every year, with speakers, dances, leadership workshops, children's events, games, and other activities. The American and Canadian AGs are usually held during the American Independence Day (4 July) or Canada Day (1 July) weekends respectively.[citation needed]
Smaller gatherings called Regional Gatherings (RGs), which are held in various cities, attract members from large areas. The largest in the United States is held in the Chicago area around Halloween, notably featuring a costume party for which many members create pun-based costumes.[citation needed]
In 2006, the Mensa World Gathering[24] was held from 8–13 August in Orlando, Florida to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of Mensa. An estimated 2,500 attendees from over 30 countries gathered for this celebration. The International Board of Directors had a formal meeting there.[citation needed]
In 2010, a joint American-Canadian Annual Gathering was held in Dearborn, Michigan, to mark the 50th anniversary of Mensa in North America, one of several times the US and Canada AGs have been combined. Other multinational gatherings are the European Mensas Annual Gathering (EMAG) and the Asian Mensa Gathering (AMG).[citation needed]
Since 1990, American Mensa has sponsored the annual Mensa Mind Games competition, at which the Mensa Select award is given to five board games that are "original, challenging, and well designed".[25][26]
Individual local groups and their members host smaller events for members and their guests. Lunch or dinner events, lectures, tours, theatre outings, and games nights are all common.[citation needed]
Publications[edit]
All Mensa groups publish members-only newsletters or magazines, which include articles and columns written by members, and information about upcoming Mensa events. Examples include the American Mensa Bulletin,[27] the British Mensa magazine,[28] Serbian MozaIQ,[29] the Australian TableAus,[30] the Mexican El Mensajero,[31] and the French Contacts.[32] Some local or regional groups have their own newsletter, such as those in the United States, UK, Germany, and France.[citation needed]
Mensa International publishes a Mensa World Journal, which "contains views and information about Mensa around the world". This journal is generally included in each national magazine.[33][34][35]
Mensa also publishes the Mensa Research Journal, which "highlights scholarly articles and recent research related to intelligence". Unlike most Mensa publications, this journal is available to non-members.[36]
Demographics[edit]
All national and local groups welcome children; many offer activities, resources, and newsletters specifically geared toward gifted children and their parents. Both American Mensa's youngest member (Christina Brown)[37] and British Mensa's youngest member (Adam Kirby) joined at the age of two.[38] The current youngest member of Mensa is Adam Kirby, from Mitcham, London, UK who was invited to join at the age of two years and four months and gained full membership at the age of two years five months. He scored 141 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test.[38][39] Elise Tan-Roberts of the UK is the youngest person ever to join Mensa, having gained full membership at the age of two years and four months.[38][40]
American Mensa's oldest member is 102,[41] and British Mensa had a member aged to 103.[7]
According to American Mensa's website (as of 2013[update]), 38 percent of its members are baby boomers between the ages of 51 and 68, 31 percent are Gen-Xers or Millennials between the ages of 27 and 48, and more than 2,600 members are under the age of 18. There are more than 1,800 families in the United States with two or more Mensa members.[41] In addition, the American Mensa general membership is "66 percent male, 34 percent female". The aggregate of local and national leadership is distributed equally between the sexes.[41]
See also[edit]
List of notable Mensans
List of Mensa Select recipients
IQ classification
IQ Award
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Mensa is 65 on 1st October – how Brilliant is that?". Mensa International. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Mensa International". Mensa International. 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Percival, Matt (8 September 2006). "The Quest for Genius". CNN. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Moore, Hilary. "American Mensa and Activepackets Team to Provide Mobile Users With Mensa Genius Challenge". American Mensa. Retrieved 30 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Sharma, Mukul (30 January 2007). "IQ tests are about innate intelligence". The Times of India. India. Retrieved 3 November 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mensa Information". Mensa International.
^ Jump up to: a b "FAQs - Full list". British Mensa. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Home." Mensa International. Retrieved 11 May 2010. "Mensa's registered office is Slate Barn, Church Lane, Caythorpe, NG32 3EL, United Kingdom."
Jump up ^ "Contact Us". British Mensa. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "About Mensa International". Mensa International. Retrieved 2013-09-17.
Jump up ^ Victor Serebriakoff (1986). Mensa - The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. p. 73. ISBN 0-8128-3091-1.
Jump up ^ Victor Serebriakoff (1986). Mensa - The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-3091-1.
Jump up ^ Tammet, Daniel (2009). Embracing the Wide Sky: A Tour Across the Horizons of the Mind. Simon and Schuster. p. 40. ISBN 1416570136.
^ Jump up to: a b "Submit Test Scores". American Mensa. Retrieved 2 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of Mensa" (PDF). Mensa International. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
Jump up ^ "About Mensa". Mensa.org.
Jump up ^ "National Groups". Mensa.org.
Jump up ^ Stanislav Dimov (22 October 2011). "Thinking lessons introduced at school". Europost. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "American Mensa". American Mensa. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "British Mensa". British Mensa. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mensa: Ein Netzwerk für Hochbegabte". Mensa Germany. Retrieved 2 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mensa Bulletin". American Mensa. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to British Mensa – The High IQ Society". British Mensa. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "World Gathering 2006". American Mensa. Archived from the original on 4 July 2006.
Jump up ^ Loew, Tracy (21 May 2006). "Mensa still plays mind games after 60 years". USA Today. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
Jump up ^ Arsenault, Anne (22 April 2005). "Brainiac Central". St. Petersburg Times. Retrieved 16 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Mensa Bulletin". American Mensa Ltd. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mensa magazine". British Mensa. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mensa Serbia (RS)". www.mensa.org. Mensa International. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mensa - the High IQ Society". Australian Mensa. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mensa - the High IQ Society". Mensa Mexico. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Mensa France". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "What Publications Come With Mensa Membership?". Mensa International Limited. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "International Journal". American Mensa Ltd. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ TableAus, Australian and International Mensa News, November/December 2014 Edition 414
Jump up ^ "Mensa Research Journal". American Mensa Ltd. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Ringle, Haley (26 May 2009). "2-year-old joins group for high IQs". East Valley Tribune. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Two-year-old becomes youngest boy to join Mensa". The Telegraph. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
Jump up ^ The Times (2013-06-15). "The two-year-old whose parents have to study to keep up with". The Times. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Meet the World's Smartest Kid - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. 2009-05-01. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Demographically speaking..." American Mensa. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2013. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Bibliography[edit]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mensa International.
Official website (alternative URL)
Map of Mensa National Groups
CBS video on Mensa (part1)
CBS video on Mensa (part2)
hide
v
t
e
High IQ
Topics
Intelligence quotient
Levels of measurement: Ordinal scale
IQ classification
Intellectual giftedness
Human intelligence
Standardized testing
High IQ societies
Intertel
Mega Society
Mensa International
Prometheus Society
Triple Nine Society
Testing
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Graduate Record Examination
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Related
Densa
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mensa_International&oldid=851799450"
Categories:
Mensa International
Organizations established in 1946
1946 establishments in England
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
Use British English from October 2011
Use dmy dates from October 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Magyar
मराठी
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
39 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 24 July 2018, at 17:45 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: caption

attrs: href class

attrs: colspan style

value: th

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Non-profit_organization
mw-redirect
Non-profit organization

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.mensa.org

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)

values:
/wiki/Mensa_Select
mw-redirect
Mensa Select

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values:
nofollow
external text
https://mensa.org/about-us

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mensa.org/index0.php?page=10

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mensa.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mensa.org.uk/contact-us

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.mensa.org/about-us

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.us.mensa.org/testscores

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.mensa.org/national-groups

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.europost.bg/article?id=2921

values:
nofollow
http://www.mensa.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.mensa.de/
external text

values:
/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times
mw-redirect
St. Petersburg Times

values:
nofollow
http://www.us.mensa.org/read/bulletin/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.mensa-france.org/fr

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
reflist columns references-column-width
list-style-type: decimal;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://mensa.org

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.mensa.es/mapa/int.html

values:
/wiki/Standardized_testing
mw-redirect
Standardized testing

values:
/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examination
mw-redirect
Graduate Record Examination

values: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Organizations established in 1946

values: Category:Use British English from October 2011

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Mensa_International
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: جمعية منسا الدولية – Arabic

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: মেন্‌সা ইন্টারন্যাশনাল – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Μένσα – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: मेन्सा इंटरनॅशनल – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Менса (удружење) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: เมนซาอินเตอร์เนชันแนล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: مینسا – Urdu

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensa
Mensa – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mensa_International rootpage-Mensa_International skin-vector action-view