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Wake Me Up When September Ends
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"Wake Me Up When September Ends"
Single by Green Day
from the album American Idiot
Released
June 13, 2005
Format
7"
CD
VHS
digital download
Recorded
September 2003
Genre
Alternative rock
Length
4:45
Label
Reprise
Warner Bros.
Songwriter(s)
Billie Joe Armstrong
Mike Dirnt
Tré Cool
Producer(s)
Rob Cavallo
Green Day singles chronology
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Holiday"
(2005) "Wake Me Up When September Ends"
(2005) "Jesus of Suburbia"
(2005)
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" is a song by American rock band Green Day, released on June 13, 2005, as the fourth single from the group's seventh studio album, American Idiot (2004). The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong regarding the death of his father.
The song became a hit single, peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also a top ten single in the United Kingdom, Belgium, New Zealand, and was a number one single in the Czech Republic. In the United States, the song became symbolic after Hurricane Katrina, where it was dedicated to victims of the disaster and also regarded as a dedication to the victims of the September 11 attacks that occurred in 2001. The song became certified 2x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
The song's music video depicts a couple broken apart by the Iraq War, which was intended to convey the song's central theme of loss.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Commercial performance
3 Reception
4 Music video
5 Legacy
6 Track listing
7 Charts
7.1 Weekly charts
8 Certifications
9 References
10 External links
Background[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" was written by Green Day frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his father, who died of cancer in September 1982 when Billie Joe was ten.[1][2] Armstrong, at one point, dubbed the song the most autobiographical he had written to that point, considering it "therapeutic" but also difficult to perform.[3]
The song is largely unrelated to the storyline that is central to American Idiot.[3]
Commercial performance[edit]
The single peaked at number six in the United States, becoming Green Day's second top 10 single. It also peaked at number 8 in Canada and the UK, while making number 3 in Australia. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" had sold 2,652,000 copies as of May 2010.[4] The song ended the streak of Green Day's three consecutive number one hits on the Modern Rock Tracks chart ("American Idiot", "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" and "Holiday"), but it hit number 2 on the chart, kept from number one by Gorillaz "Feel Good Inc.". The song also hit number 2 on the Adult Top 40 and on the Mainstream Top 40. This was the band's most successful song to the adult contemporary market, hitting number 3 on its own chart and their only song to chart other than "Boulevard of Broken Dreams". The song was certified Gold in the United Kingdom for sales of 400,000.[5]
Reception[edit]
Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone deemed the song a sequel to the group's 1997 single "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)".[6]
Music video[edit]
The song's music video was directed by Samuel Bayer, best known for his work with Nirvana and Metallica.[7] Bayer wrote the treatment for the video, which he envisioned as a mini-movie.[3] Bayer brought the idea of an Iraq War-themed video to the trio after interviewing soldiers who had signed up to fight after being persuaded by a television advertisement. The song's music video thus attempts to "turn the machine on itself" by acting as a commercial for "free thought or peace."[8] Although it was far from the song's literal meaning, Armstrong felt it appropriate considering the song's theme of loss.[9] Bayer noted that he felt bored with predictable music videos, and wanted to produce a video that felt like a film. Consequently, he and a crew spent a month casting actors for the roles and conducted rehearsals, uncommon for music videos.[7] The clip was filmed in Los Angeles in late March 2004.[3]
The video focuses on a couple in love (played by Jamie Bell and Evan Rachel Wood).[7] The boyfriend promises never to leave his girlfriend but they later argue when the boyfriend enlists in the United States Marine Corps. The boyfriend interprets his actions as a way to show her that he loves her so much that he would put his life on the line to keep her safe; the girlfriend, however, is heartbroken, as he broke his vow to never leave her, and agonizes at what will happen to him. The video then shows the boyfriend in battle in Iraq being ambushed by insurgents. This scene is intercut with scenes of the girlfriend tearfully mourning in a quiet field. The video ends on this juxtaposition, emphasizing the pain and heartache of losing loved ones due to the war.
The clip prompted criticism from conservative media pundits.[10] On the subject of the clip being seen as exploitive of the war for entertainment purposes, Dirnt rejected this notion: "Rock & roll should be dangerous. […] It should be striking and stir questions, and I think that that video, at the end of the day, comes down to that core emotion of loss."[8] Bayer considered it his best production to that point, remarking, "’September’ is hands down the greatest thing I’ve ever done."[7]
The video reached number one on Total Request Live,[9] and came in second for best video of the year in a 2005 Reader's Poll by Rolling Stone.[11]
Legacy[edit]
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" became closely associated with Hurricane Katrina, which struck the Gulf Coast of the United States on August 29, 2005. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" became symbolic in the aftermath; one online blogger paired the song with television coverage of the disaster, creating a viral video.[12] Green Day performed the song days after the disaster on ReAct Now: Music & Relief, a benefit concert broadcast on MTV and its associated properties.[13]
A live version of the song, recorded on September 3, 2005 at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, was released soon after and dedicated to the hurricane's victims.
The song was performed live with U2 guitarist The Edge in the pregame show of the Monday Night Football game between the New Orleans Saints and the Atlanta Falcons; it was the first game played in the Superdome in New Orleans after the hurricane.[14]
Track listing[edit]
CD 1
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
CD 2
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
3. "Hitchin' a Ride" 2:52
Australian CD
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
2. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
3. "Homecoming" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 9:24
Live (iTunes exclusive)
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" (live at Foxboro, Massachusetts on September 3, 2005) 5:41
7" picture disc
Side A
No.
Title
Length
1. "Wake Me Up When September Ends" 4:45
Side B
No.
Title
Length
1. "Give Me Novacaine" (live at VH1 Storytellers, Culver City, California on February 15, 2005) 3:38
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2005–06)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[15]
3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]
15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[17]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[18]
2
Brazil (ABPD)[19]
3
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
8
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[20]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[21]
22
Ireland (IRMA)[22]
13
Italy (FIMI)[23]
33
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[24]
44
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[25]
10
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[26]
21
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[27]
8
US Billboard Hot 100[28]
6
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[29]
2
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[30]
3
US Alternative Songs (Billboard)[31]
2
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[32]
2
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[33]
12
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
UK Rock (Official Charts Company)[34] 28
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[35]
Platinum 70,000^
Canada (Music Canada)[36]
Platinum 80,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[37]
Platinum 8,000^
Italy (FIMI)[38]
Gold 10,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[39]
Gold 400,000
United States (RIAA)[40]
2× Platinum 2,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Matt Hendrickson (February 24, 2005). "Green Day and the Palace of Wisdom". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (968). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wake Me Up When September Ends". Song Facts.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (April 19, 2005). "It’s A Dark Day For Green Day In Somber ‘September’ Video". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Watch". Retrieved July 31, 2010. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Certified Awards". Retrieved 2017-08-06.
Jump up ^ Rob Sheffield (September 30, 2004). "Green Day: American Idiot". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (958). ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d James Montgomery (August 9, 2005). "‘Teen Spirit’ Director Calls Green Day Clip His Career Highlight". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b John Colapinto (November 17, 2005). "Green Day: Working Class Heroes". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC (987): 50–56. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Corey Moss (August 31, 2005). "Think Green Day’s ‘September’ Clip Is Epic? Just Wait For ‘Jesus Of Suburbia’". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ James Montgomery (April 22, 2009). "Green Day’s Greatest Video Moments". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Andy Greene (January 11, 2006). "The 2005 Readers' Poll". Rolling Stone. New York City: Wenner Media LLC. ISSN 0035-791X. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sarah Boxer (September 24, 2005). "Art of the Internet: A Protest Song, Reloaded". The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Corey Moss (September 10, 2005). "Reznor, Kanye, Green Day Reflect On Disaster, Inspire Relief For MTV Special". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Uptin Saiidi (September 30, 2005). "‘Wake Me Up When September Ends': 10 Fun Ways To Commemorate Green Day’s Hit". MTV News. MTV Networks. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in French). Ultratop 50. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 200539 into search. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Green Day Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 24, 2005". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top Digital Download. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Green Day search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Singles Top 100. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Adult Contemporary for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Alternative Songs for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Pop Songs for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Green Day – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Green Day. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "2011-03-19 Top 40 Rock & Metal Singles Archive". Official Charts. 2011-03-19. Archived from the original on 2012-09-12. Retrieved 2012-01-08.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2005 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Music Canada. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guld og platin november/december/januar" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved August 6, 2017. Enter Wake Me Up When September Ends in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Green Day – Wake Me Up When September Ends". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 10, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" music video on YouTube
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Hemodynamics
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Hemodynamics or hæmodynamics is the dynamics of blood flow. The circulatory system is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, much as hydraulic circuits are controlled by control systems. Hemodynamic response continuously monitors and adjusts to conditions in the body and its environment. Thus hemodynamics explains the physical laws that govern the flow of blood in the blood vessels.
Blood flow ensures the transportation of nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, O2 and CO2 throughout the body to maintain cell-level metabolism, the regulation of the pH, osmotic pressure and temperature of the whole body, and the protection from microbial and mechanical harms.[1]
Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid, best studied using rheology rather than hydrodynamics. Blood vessels are not rigid tubes, so classic hydrodynamics and fluids mechanics based on the use of classical viscometers are not capable of explaining hemodynamics.[2]
The study of the blood flow is called hemodynamics. The study of the properties of the blood flow is called hemorheology.
Contents
[hide]
1 Blood
1.1 Viscosity of plasma
1.2 Osmotic pressure of plasma
1.3 Red blood cells
1.4 Hemodilution
1.4.1 Result
2 Blood flow
2.1 Cardiac output
2.2 Turbulence
2.3 Velocity
3 Blood vessels
3.1 Vascular resistance
3.2 Wall tension
3.3 Stress
3.4 Capacitance
4 Blood pressure
5 Clinical significance
5.1 Monitoring
6 Glossary
7 Etymology and pronunciation
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Bibliography
11 External links
Blood[edit]
Main article: Blood
Blood is a complex liquid. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. The plasma contains 91.5% water, 7% proteins and 1.5% other solutes. The formed elements are platelets, white blood cells and red blood cells, the presence of these formed elements and their interaction with plasma molecules are the main reasons why blood differs so much from ideal Newtonian fluids.[1]
Viscosity of plasma[edit]
Normal blood plasma behaves like a Newtonian fluid at physiological rates of shear. Typical values for the viscosity of normal human plasma at 37 °C is 1.4 mN·s/m2.[3] The viscosity of normal plasma varies with temperature in the same way as does that of its solvent water; a 5 °C increase of temperature in the physiological range reduces plasma viscosity by about 10%.
Osmotic pressure of plasma[edit]
The osmotic pressure of solution is determined by the number of particles present and by the temperature. For example, a 1 molar solution of a substance contains 7023602200000000000♠6.022×1023 molecules per liter of that substance and at 0 °C it has an osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa (22.4 atm). The osmotic pressure of the plasma affects the mechanics of the circulation in several ways. An alteration of the osmotic pressure difference across the membrane of a blood cell causes a shift of water and a change of cell volume. The changes in shape and flexibility affect the mechanical properties of whole blood. A change in plasma osmotic pressure alters the hematocrit, that is, the volume concentration of red cells in the whole blood by redistributing water between the intravascular and extravascular spaces. This in turn affects the mechanics of the whole blood.[4]
Red blood cells[edit]
The red blood cell is highly flexible and biconcave in shape. Its membrane has a Young's modulus in the region of 106 Pa. Deformation in red blood cells is induced by shear stress. When a suspension is sheared, the red blood cells deform and spin because of the velocity gradient, with the rate of deformation and spin depending on the shear-rate and the concentration. This can influence the mechanics of the circulation and may complicate the measurement of blood viscosity. It is true that in a steady state flow of a viscous fluid through a rigid spherical body immersed in the fluid, where we assume the inertia is negligible in such a flow, it is believed that the downward gravitational force of the particle is balanced by the viscous drag force. From this force balance the speed of fall can be shown to be given by Stokes' law
U s = 2 9 ( ρ p − ρ f ) μ g a 2 {\displaystyle U_{s}={\frac {2}{9}}{\frac {\left(\rho _{p}-\rho _{f}\right)}{\mu }}g\,a^{2}} [4]
Where a is the particle radius, ρp, ρf are the respectively particle and fluid density μ is the fluid viscosity, g is the gravitational acceleration. From the above equation we can see that the sedimentation velocity of the particle depends on the square of the radius. If the particle is released from rest in the fluid, its sedimentation velocity Us increases until it attains the steady value called the terminal velocity (U), as shown above.
Hemodilution[edit]
Hemodilution is the dilution of the concentration of red blood cells and plasma constituents by partially substituting the blood with colloids or crystalloids. It is a strategy to avoid exposure of patients to the potential hazards of homologous blood transfusions.
Hemodilution can be normovolemic, which implies the dilution of normal blood constituents by the use of expanders. During acute normovolemic hemodilution, (ANH) blood subsequently lost during surgery contains proportionally fewer red blood cells per millimetre, thus minimizing intraoperative loss of the whole blood. Therefore, blood lost by the patient during surgery is not actually lost by the patient, for this volume is purified and redirected into the patient.
On the other hand, hypervolemic hemodilution (HVH) uses acute preoperative volume expansion without any blood removal. In choosing a fluid, however, it must be assured that when mixed, the remaining blood behaves in the microcirculation as in the original blood fluid, retaining all its properties of viscosity.[5]
In presenting what volume of ANH should be applied one study suggests a mathematical model of ANH which calculates the maximum possible RCM savings using ANH, given the patients weight Hi and Hm. (See below for a glossary of the terms used.)
To maintain the normovolemia, the withdrawal of autologous blood must be simultaneously replaced by a suitable hemodilute. Ideally, this is achieved by isovolemia exchange transfusion of a plasma substitute with a colloid osmotic pressure (OP). A colloid is a fluid containing particles that are large enough to exert an oncotic pressure across the micro-vascular membrane. When debating the use of colloid or crystalloid, it is imperative to think about all the components of the starling equation:
Q = K ( [ P c − P i ] S − [ P c − P i ] ) {\displaystyle \ Q=K([P_{c}-P_{i}]S-[P_{c}-P_{i}])}
To identify the minimum safe hematocrit desirable for a given patient the following equation is useful:
B L s = E B V ln  H i H m {\displaystyle \ BL_{s}=EBV\ln {\frac {H_{i}}{H_{m}}}}
where EBV is the estimated blood volume; 70 mL/kg was used in this model and Hi (initial hematocrit) is the patient’s initial hematocrit. From the equation above it is clear that the volume of blood removed during the ANH to the Hm is the same as the BLs. How much blood is to be removed is usually based on the weight, not the volume. The number of units that need to be removed to hemodilute to the maximum safe hematocrit (ANH) can be found by
A N H = B L s 450 {\displaystyle ANH={\frac {BL_{s}}{450}}}
This is based on the assumption that each unit removed by hemodilution has a volume of 450 mL (the actual volume of a unit will vary somewhat since completion of collection ais dependent on weight and not volume). The model assumes that the hemodilute value is equal to the Hm prior to surgery, therefore, the re-transfusion of blood obtained by hemodilution must begin when SBL begins. The RCM available for retransfusion after ANH (RCMm) can be calculated from the patient's Hi and the final hematocrit after hemodilution(Hm)
R C M = E V B × ( H i − H m ) {\displaystyle RCM=EVB\times (H_{i}-H_{m})}
The maximum SBL that is possible when ANH is used without falling below Hm(BLH) is found by assuming that all the blood removed during ANH is returned to the patient at a rate sufficient to maintain the hematocrit at the minimum safe level
B L H = R C M H H m {\displaystyle BL_{H}={\frac {RCM_{H}}{H_{m}}}}
If ANH is used as long as SBL does not exceed BLH there will not be any need for blood transfusion. We can conclude from the foregoing that H should therefore not exceed s. The difference between the BLH and the BLs therefore is the incremental surgical blood loss (BLi) possible when using ANH.
B L i = B L H − B L s {\displaystyle \ {BL_{i}}={BL_{H}}-{BL_{s}}}
When expressed in terms of the RCM
R C M i = B L i × H m {\displaystyle {RCM_{i}}={BL_{i}}\times {H_{m}}}
Where RCMi is the red cell mass that would have to be administered using homologous blood to maintain the Hm if ANH is not used and blood loss equals BLH.
The model used assumes ANH used for a 70 kg patient with an estimated blood volume of 70 ml/kg (4900 ml). A range of Hi and Hm was evaluated to understand conditions where hemodilution is necessary to benefit the patient.[6][7]
Result[edit]
The result of the model calculations are presented in a table given in the appendix for a range of Hi from 0.30 to 0.50 with ANH performed to minimum hematocrits from 0.30 to 0.15. Given a Hi of 0.40, if the Hm is assumed to be 0.25.then from the equation above the RCM count is still high and ANH is not necessary, if BLs does not exceed 2303 ml, since the hemotocrit will not fall below Hm, although five units of blood must be removed during hemodilution. Under these conditions, to achieve the maximum benefit from the technique if ANH is used, no homologous blood will be required to maintain the Hm if blood loss does not exceed 2940 ml. In such a case ANH can save a maximum of 1.1 packed red blood cell unit equivalent, and homologous blood transfusion is necessary to maintain Hm, even if ANH is used. This model can be used to identify when ANH may be used for a given patient and the degree of ANH necessary to maximize that benefit.
For example, if Hi is 0.30 or less it is not possible to save a red cell mass equivalent to two units of homologous PRBC even if the patient is hemodiluted to an Hm of 0.15. That is because from the RCM equation the patient RCM falls short from the equation giving above. If Hi is 0.40 one must remove at least 7.5 units of blood during ANH, resulting in an Hm of 0.20 to save two units equivalence. Clearly, the greater the Hi and the greater the number of units removed during hemodilution, the more effective ANH is for preventing homologous blood transfusion. The model here is designed to allow doctors to determine where ANH may be beneficial for a patient based on their knowledge of the Hi, the potential for SBL, and an estimate of the Hm. Though the model used a 70 kg patient, the result can be applied to any patient. To apply these result to any body weight, any of the values BLs, BLH and ANHH or PRBC given in the table need to be multiplied by the factor we will call T
T = patient's weight in kg 70 {\displaystyle T={\frac {\text{patient's weight in kg}}{70}}}
Basically, the model considered above is designed to predict the maximum RCM that can save ANH.
In summary, the efficacy of ANH has been described mathematically by means of measurements of surgical blood loss and blood volume flow measurement. This form of analysis permits accurate estimation of the potential efficiency of the techniques and shows the application of measurement in the medical field.
Blood flow[edit]
Cardiac output[edit]
Diagram of the circulatory system
The heart is the driver of the circulatory system, pumping blood through rhythmic contraction and relaxation. The rate of blood flow out of the heart (often expressed in L/min) is known as the cardiac output (CO).
Blood being pumped out of the heart first enters the aorta, the largest artery of the body. It then proceeds to divide into smaller and smaller arteries, then into arterioles, and eventually capillaries, where oxygen transfer occurs. The capillaries connect to venules, and the blood then travels back through the network of veins to the right heart. The micro-circulation — the arterioles, capillaries, and venules —constitutes most of the area of the vascular system and is the site of the transfer of O2, glucose, and enzyme substrates into the cells. The venous system returns the de-oxygenated blood to the right heart where it is pumped into the lungs to become oxygenated and CO2 and other gaseous wastes exchanged and expelled during breathing. Blood then returns to the left side of the heart where it begins the process again.
In a normal circulatory system, the volume of blood returning to the heart each minute is approximately equal to the volume that is pumped out each minute (the cardiac output).[8] Because of this, the velocity of blood flow across each level of the circulatory system is primarily determined by the total cross-sectional area of that level. This is mathematically expressed by the following equation:
v = Q/A
where
v = velocity (cm/s)
Q = blood flow (ml/s)
A = cross sectional area (cm2)
Turbulence[edit]
Blood flow is also affected by the smoothness of the vessels, resulting in either turbulent (chaotic) or laminar (smooth) flow. Smoothness is reduced by the buildup of fatty deposits on the arterial walls.
The Reynold’s number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel.
The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as:[9]
N R = ρ v L μ {\displaystyle NR={\frac {\rho vL}{\mu }}}
ρ: density of the blood
v: mean velocity of the blood
L: characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter
μ: viscosity of blood
The Reynold’s number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynold’s number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow.[9] Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynold’s number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.[10]
Velocity[edit]
Often expressed in cm/s. This value is inversely related to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessel and also differs per cross-section, because in normal condition the blood flow has laminar characteristics. For this reason, the blood flow velocity is the fastest in the middle of the vessel and slowest at the vessel wall. In most cases, the mean velocity is used.[11] There are many ways to measure blood flow velocity, like videocapillary microscoping with frame-to-frame analysis, or laser Doppler anemometry.[12] Blood velocities in arteries are higher during systole than during diastole. One parameter to quantify this difference is the pulsatility index (PI), which is equal to the difference between the peak systolic velocity and the minimum diastolic velocity divided by the mean velocity during the cardiac cycle. This value decreases with distance from the heart.[13]
P I = v s y s t o l e − v d i a s t o l e v m e a n {\displaystyle PI={\frac {v_{systole}-v_{diastole}}{v_{mean}}}}
Relation between blood flow velocity and total cross-section area in human
Type of blood vessels
Total cross-section area
Blood velocity in cm/s
Aorta 3–5 cm2 40 cm/s
Capillaries 4500–6000 cm2 0.03 cm/s[14]
Vena cavae inferior and superior 14 cm2 15 cm/s
Blood vessels[edit]
Vascular resistance[edit]
Main article: Vascular resistance
Resistance is also related to vessel radius, vessel length, and blood viscosity.
In a first approach based on fluids, as indicated by the Hagen–Poiseuille equation.[9] The equation is as follows:
Δ P = 8 μ l Q π r 4 {\displaystyle \Delta P={\frac {8\mu lQ}{\pi r^{4}}}}
∆P: pressure drop/gradient
µ: viscosity
l: length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel.
Q: flow rate of the blood in the vessel
r: radius of the vessel
In a second approach, more realistic of the vascular resistance and coming from experimental observations on blood flows, according to Thurston,[15] there is a plasma release-cell layering at the walls surrounding a plugged flow. It is a fluid layer in which at a distance δ, viscosity η is a function of δ written as η(δ), and these surrounding layers do not meet at the vessel centre in real blood flow. Instead, there is the plugged flow which is hyperviscous because holding high concentration of RBCs. Thurston assembled this layer to the flow resistance to describe blood flow by means of a viscosity η(δ) and thickness δ from the wall layer.
The blood resistance law appears as R adapted to blood flow profile :
R = c L η ( δ ) / ( π δ r 3 ) {\displaystyle R=cL\eta (\delta )/(\pi \delta r^{3})} [15]
where
R = resistance to blood flow
c = constant coefficient of flow
L = length of the vessel
η(δ) = viscosity of blood in the wall plasma release-cell layering
r = radius of the blood vessel
δ = distance in the plasma release-cell layer
Blood resistance varies depending on blood viscosity and its plugged flow (or sheath flow since they are complementary across the vessel section) size as well, and on the size of the vessels. Assuming steady, laminar flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is:[16]
p 1 − p 2 l = Δ P {\displaystyle {\frac {p_{1}-p_{2}}{l}}=\Delta P}
The larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low vascular resistance (assuming no advanced atherosclerotic changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles have higher resistance, and confer the main blood pressure drop across major arteries to capillaries in the circulatory system.
Illustration demonstrating how vessel narrowing, or vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure.
In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why[citation needed] the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance: ∆P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the ∆P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30 µm.[17] The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow.
Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic observed in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an external force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries have the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485 mm) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure.[18]
Substances called vasoconstrictors can reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure.
If the blood viscosity increases (gets thicker), the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain medical conditions can change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low red blood cell concentration), reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that aspirin and related "blood thinner" drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot.[19]
Wall tension[edit]
Components of cylinder stress.
Regardless of site, blood pressure is related to the wall tension of the vessel according to the Young–Laplace equation (assuming that the thickness of the vessel wall is very small as compared to the diameter of the lumen):
σ θ = P r t {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }={\dfrac {Pr}{t}}\ }
where
P is the blood pressure
t is the wall thickness
r is the inside radius of the cylinder.
σ θ {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }\!} is the cylinder stress or "hoop stress".
For the thin-walled assumption to be valid the vessel must have a wall thickness of no more than about one-tenth (often cited as one twentieth) of its radius.
The cylinder stress, in turn, is the average force exerted circumferentially (perpendicular both to the axis and to the radius of the object) in the cylinder wall, and can be described as:
σ θ = F t l {\displaystyle \sigma _{\theta }={\dfrac {F}{tl}}\ }
where:
F is the force exerted circumferentially on an area of the cylinder wall that has the following two lengths as sides:
t is the radial thickness of the cylinder
l is the axial length of the cylinder
Stress[edit]
When force is applied to a material it starts to deform or move. As the force needed to deform a material (e.g. to make a fluid flow) increases with the size of the surface of the material A.,[4] the magnitude of this force F is proportional to the area A of the portion of the surface. Therefore, the quantity (F/A) that is the force per unit area is called the stress. The shear stress at the wall that is associated with blood flow through an artery depends on the artery size and geometry and can range between 0.5 and 4 Pa.[20]
σ = F A {\displaystyle \sigma ={\frac {F}{A}}} .
Under normal conditions, to avoid atherogenesis, thrombosis, smooth muscle proliferation and endothelial apoptosis, shear stress maintains its magnitude and direction within an acceptable range. In some cases occurring due to blood hammer, shear stress reaches larger values. While the direction of the stress may also change by the reverse flow, depending on the hemodynamic conditions. Therefore, this situation can lead to atherosclerosis disease.[21]
Laminar shear of fluid between two plates. v = u , τ = σ {\displaystyle v=u,\tau =\sigma } . Friction between the fluid and the moving boundaries causes the fluid to shear (flow). The force required for this action per unit area is the stress. The relation between the stress (force) and the shear rate (flow velocity) determines the viscosity.
Capacitance[edit]
Main article: Capacitance of blood vessels
Veins are described as the "capacitance vessels" of the body because over 70% of the blood volume resides in the venous system. Veins are more compliant than arteries and expand to accommodate changing volume.[22]
Blood pressure[edit]
The blood pressure in the circulation is principally due to the pumping action of the heart.[23] The pumping action of the heart generates pulsatile blood flow, which is conducted into the arteries, across the micro-circulation and eventually, back via the venous system to the heart. During each heartbeat, systemic arterial blood pressure varies between a maximum (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) pressure.[24] In physiology, these are often simplified into one value, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), which is calculated as follows:
MAP ≈ 2⁄3(BPdia) + 1⁄3(BPsys)
where:
MAP = Mean Arterial Pressure
BPdia = Diastolic blood pressure
BPsys = Systolic blood pressure
Differences in mean blood pressure are responsible for blood flow from one location to another in the circulation. The rate of mean blood flow depends on both blood pressure and the resistance to flow presented by the blood vessels. Mean blood pressure decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the heart through arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pressure drops over the whole circulation, although most of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.[25] Gravity affects blood pressure via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing), and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of skeletal muscles also influence blood pressure in veins.[23]
The relationship between pressure, flow, and resistance is expressed in the following equation:[8]
Flow = Pressure/Resistance
When applied to the circulatory system, we get:
CO = (MAP – RAP)/TPR
where
CO = cardiac output (in L/min)
MAP = mean arterial pressure (in mmHg), the average pressure of blood as it leaves the heart
RAP = right atrial pressure (in mmHg), the average pressure of blood as it returns to the heart
TPR = total peripheral resistance (in mmHg * min/L)
A simplified form of this equation assumes right atrial pressure is approximately 0:
CO ≈ MAP/TPR
The ideal blood pressure in the brachial artery, where standard blood pressure cuffs measure pressure, is <120/80 mmHg. Other major arteries have similar levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. In the innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70 mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta is 110/70 mmHg.[18] The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure reservoir for fluids that are transported within them.
Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very little or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diameter (4 mm), therefore the resistance is low.[18]
The arm–leg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mm Hg,[26] but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta.[26]
Clinical significance[edit]
Monitoring[edit]
An anesthetic machine with integrated systems for monitoring of several hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure and heart rate.
Hemodynamic monitoring is the observation of hemodynamic parameters over time, such as blood pressure and heart rate. Blood pressure can be monitored either invasively through an inserted blood pressure transducer assembly (providing continuous monitoring), or noninvasively by repeatedly measuring the blood pressure with an inflatable blood pressure cuff.
Glossary[edit]
[6]
ANH
Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution
ANHu
Number of Units During ANH
BLH
Maximum Blood Loss Possible When ANH Is Used Before Homologous Blood Transfusion Is Needed
BLI
Incremental Blood Loss Possible with ANH.(BLH – BLs)
BLs
Maximum blood loss without ANH before homologous blood transfusion is required
EBV
Estimated Blood Volume(70 mL/kg)
Hct
Haematocrit Always Expressed Here As A Fraction
Hi
Initial Haematocrit
Hm
Minimum Safe Haematocrit
PRBC
Packed Red Blood Cell Equivalent Saved by ANH
RCM
Red cell mass.
RCMH
Cell Mass Available For Transfusion after ANH
RCMI
Red Cell Mass Saved by ANH
SBL
Surgical Blood Loss
Etymology and pronunciation[edit]
The word hemodynamics (/ˌhiːmədaɪˈnæmɪks, -moʊ-/[27]) uses combining forms of hemo- and dynamics, thus "the dynamics of blood". The vowel of the hemo- syllable is variously written according to the ae/e variation.
See also[edit]
Blood hammer
Blood pressure
Cardiac output
Cardiovascular System Dynamics Society
Electrical cardiometry
Esophogeal doppler
Impedance cardiography
Photoplethysmograph
Windkessel effect
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: The Blood". Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 729–732. ISBN 978-0-470-56510-0.
Jump up ^ Fieldman, Joel S.; Phong, Duong H.; Saint-Aubin, Yvan; Vinet, Luc (2007). "Rheology". Biology and Mechanics of Blood Flows, Part II: Mechanics and Medical Aspects. Springer. pp. 119–123. ISBN 978-0-387-74848-1.
Jump up ^ Rand, Peter (31 May 1963). "Human blood under normothermic and hypothermic conditions" (PDF). Journal of Applied Physiology. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Caro, C.G.; Pedley, T.J.; Schroter, R.C.; Seed, W.A. (1978). The Mechanics of Circulation. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–60, 151–176. ISBN 0-19-263323-6.
Jump up ^ "Efficacy of Acute Normovolemic hemodilution, Accessed as a Function of Blood lost". the journal of American society of anesthsiologist inc. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hemodilution:Modelling and clinincal Aspects". IEEE. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "maximum blood savings by acute Normovolemic hemodilution". anesthesia & analgesia the gold standard in anesthesiology. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Costanzo, Linda S. (2003). Physiology. Board Review Series (3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. pp. 73–113. ISBN 0781739195.
^ Jump up to: a b c Munson BR, Young DF, Okiishi TH, Huebsch WW (2009). Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics (Sixth ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley &Sons, Inc. p. 725. ISBN 978-0-470-26284-9.
Jump up ^ Fung, Yuan-cheng; Zweifach, B.W. (1971). "Microcirculation: Mechanics of Blood Flow in Capillaries". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 3: 189–210. Bibcode:1971AnRFM...3..189F. doi:10.1146/annurev.fl.03.010171.001201.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics". Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 816. ISBN 978-0470-56510-0.
Jump up ^ Stücker, M.; Bailer, V.; Reuther, T.; Hoffman, K.; Kellam, K.; Altmeyer, P. (1996). "Capillary Blood Cell Velocity in Human Skin Capillaries Located Perpendicularly to the Skin Surface: Measured by a New Laser Doppler Anemometer". Microvasc Research. 52 (2): 188–192. doi:10.1006/mvre.1996.0054. PMID 8901447.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Derrickson, Bryan (2012). "The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Hemodynamics". Principles of Anatomy & Physiology (13th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. "Laminar flow analysis". p. 817. ISBN 978-0470-56510-0.
Jump up ^ Marieb, Elaine N.; Hoehn, Katja (2013). "The Cardiovascular System:Blood Vessels". Human anatomy & physiology (9th ed.). Pearson Education. p. 712. ISBN 978-0-321-74326-8.
^ Jump up to: a b GB Thurston, Viscosity and viscoelasticity of blood in small diameter tubes, Microvasular Research 11, 133 146, 1976
Jump up ^ Womersley JR (1955). "Method for the calculation of velocity, rate of flow and viscous drag in arteries when the pressure gradient is known". Journal of Physiology. 127 (3): 553–63. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1955.sp005276. PMC 1365740  . PMID 14368548.
Jump up ^ Sircar, Sabyasach (2008). Principles of Medical Physiology. India: vistasta Publishing. ISBN 978-1-58890-572-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fung, Yuan-cheng (1997). Biomechanics:Circulation. New York: Springer. p. 571. ISBN 0-387-94384-6.
Jump up ^ Rosenson RS, Wolff D, Green D, Boss AH, Kensey KR (February 2004). "Aspirin. Aspirin does not alter native blood viscosity". J. Thromb. Haemost. 2 (2): 340–1. doi:10.1111/j.1538-79333.2004.0615f.x. PMID 14996003.
Jump up ^ Potters (13 February 2014). "Measuring Wall Shear Stress Using Velocity-Encoded MRI". Current Cardiovascular Imaging Reports. 7. doi:10.1007/s12410-014-9257-1. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Tazraei, P.; Riasi, A.; Takabi, B. (2015). "The influence of the non-Newtonian properties of blood on blood-hammer through the posterior cerebral artery". Mathematical biosciences. 264: 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2015.03.013.
Jump up ^ Lough, Mary (2015-04-15). Hemodynamic Monitoring: Evolving technologies and clinical practice (1 ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Mosby. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-323-08512-0.
^ Jump up to: a b Caro, Colin G. (1978). The Mechanics of The Circulation. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-263323-6.
Jump up ^ "Normal Blood Pressure Range Adults". Health and Life.
Jump up ^ Klabunde, Richard (2005). Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 93–4. ISBN 978-0-7817-5030-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Markham LW, Knecht SK, Daniels SR, Mays WA, Khoury PR, Knilans TK (November 2004). "Development of exercise-induced arm-leg blood pressure gradient and abnormal arterial compliance in patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta". Am. J. Cardiol. 94 (9): 1200–2. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.07.097. PMID 15518624.
Jump up ^ "haemodynamic". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-20.
Bibliography[edit]
Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular physiology. 7th Ed Mosby 1997
Rowell LB. Human Cardiovascular Control. Oxford University press 1993
Braunwald E (Editor). Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 5th Ed. W.B.Saunders 1997
Siderman S, Beyar R, Kleber AG. Cardiac Electrophysiology, Circulation and Transport. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1991
American Heart Association
Otto CM, Stoddard M, Waggoner A, Zoghbi WA. Recommendations for Quantification of Doppler Echocardiography: A Report from the Doppler Quantification Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:167-184
Peterson LH, The Dynamics of Pulsatile Blood Flow, Circ. Res. 1954;2;127-139
Hemodynamic Monitoring, Bigatello LM, George E., Minerva Anestesiol, 2002 Apr;68(4):219-25
Claude Franceschi; Paolo Zamboni Principles of Venous Hemodynamics Nova Science Publishers 2009-01 ISBN Nr 1606924850/9781606924853
WR Milnor: Hemodynamics, Williams & Wilkins, 1982
B Bo Sramek: Systemic Hemodynamics and Hemodynamic Management, 4th Edition, ESBN 1-59196-046-0
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text:
The Silver Tongued Devil and I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Silver Tongued Devil and I
Studio album by Kris Kristofferson
Released
1971
Genre
Country
Length
32:49
Label
Monument
Producer
Fred Foster
Kris Kristofferson chronology
Kristofferson
(1970)Kristofferson1970 The Silver Tongued Devil and I
(1971) Border Lord
(1972)Border Lord1972
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
The Village Voice C–[2]
The Silver Tongued Devil and I is the second album by Kris Kristofferson, released in 1971 on Monument Records. In the spoken word intro to "The Pilgrim, Chapter 33", Kristofferson says he wrote the song about various celebrities. Two of those mentioned, Johnny Cash and Dennis Hopper, later performed the song on The Johnny Cash Show; Another is Donnie Fritts, Kristofferson's keyboardist, Bobby Neuwirth, and Ramblin' Jack Elliott. "Epitaph" is about Janis Joplin. In the documentary "Harry Dean Stanton, Partly Fiction" Kristofferson says that the song was inspired by Harry Dean Stanton.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
2 Personnel
2.1 Additional personnel
3 Charts
4 In pop culture
5 References
Track listing[edit]
All songs by Kris Kristofferson except as noted
"The Silver Tongued Devil and I" – 4:18
"Jody and the Kid" – 3:06
"Billy Dee" – 2:57
"Good Christian Soldier" (Bobby Bare, Billy Joe Shaver) – 3:22
"Breakdown (A Long Way from Home)" – 2:44
"Lovin' Her Was Easier (Than Anything I'll Ever Do Again)" – 3:47
"The Taker" (Kristofferson, Shel Silverstein) – 3:16
"When I Loved Her" – 3:03
"The Pilgrim, Chapter 33" – 3:12
"Epitaph (Black and Blue)" (Donnie Fritts, Kristofferson) – 3:23
Personnel[edit]
Kris Kristofferson – guitar, vocals
Jerry Kennedy, Jerry Shook, Chris Gantry – guitar
Norbert Putnam, Bobby Dyson, Billy Swan – bass
Jerry Carrigan – drums
David Briggs, Donnie Fritts – keyboards
Norman Blake – dobro
Charlie McCoy – harmonica/vibes/trumpet
Farrell Morris – percussion
Billy Swan, Donnie Fritts, Rita Coolidge – vocals
Arrangements by Bergen White
Joan Baez sings on "The Taker", credited only as "The Lady"
Additional personnel[edit]
Fred Foster – producer
Gene Eichelberger – engineer
Tommy Strong – engineer
Mort Thomasson – engineer
Charts[edit]
Album - Billboard (North America)
Year
Chart
Position
Country Albums 4
Pop Albums 21
Singles - Billboard (North America)
Year
Single
Chart
Position
"Loving Her Was Easier" Country Singles 4
"Loving Her Was Easier" Pop Singles 26
In pop culture[edit]
A copy of the album appears in the 1976 Martin Scorsese film Taxi Driver, which also quotes a phrase from "The Pilgrim, Chapter 33": "He's a prophet, he's a pusher, partly truth and partly fiction, a walking contradiction." Kristofferson appeared in Scorsese's previous film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore.
The de facto soundtrack for Kristofferson's first film, "Cisco Pike", which features many songs from the album.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. The Silver Tongued Devil and I at AllMusic
Jump up ^ Christgau, Robert (October 14, 1971). "Consumer Guide (19)". The Village Voice. New York. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
[hide]
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Kris Kristofferson
Albums
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The Silver Tongued Devil and I
Border Lord
Jesus Was a Capricorn
Spooky Lady's Sideshow
Who's to Bless and Who's to Blame
Surreal Thing
Songs of Kristofferson
Easter Island
Shake Hands with the Devil
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Natural Act
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Live
Live at the Philharmonic
Broken Freedom Song: Live from San Francisco
Compilation albums
Songs of Kristofferson
The Essential Kris Kristofferson
Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends: The Publishing Demos
The Complete Monument & Columbia Album Collection
See also
Discography
Filmography
Ghost Brothers of Darkland County
Willie Nelson Sings Kristofferson
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Silver_Tongued_Devil_and_I&oldid=819947925"
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List of National Park System areas in New York
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of National Park System areas in New York.
New York has 24 areas included in the United States' National Park Service (NPS) system. The NPS administers the nation's flagship national parks, none of which are in New York, and additional natural or historic parks and other sites.
Contents
[hide]
1 Current NPS areas
2 Former NPS areas
3 See also
4 References
Current NPS areas[edit]
Landmark name
Image
Date established[1][2]
Location
County
Description
*
Gateway National Recreation Area 000000001972-10-27-0000October 27, 1972
*
Fire Island National Seashore 000000001964-09-11-0000September 11, 1964
*
Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River
*
North Country National Scenic Trail
*
Castle Clinton National Monument 000000001946-08-12-0000August 12, 1946 New York New York Circular sandstone fort in Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan, New York City
*
Statue of Liberty National Monument 000000001924-10-15-0000October 15, 1924 Liberty Island New York Monument presented to the United States by the people of France in 1886
*
Saratoga National Historical Park 000000001938-06-01-0000June 1, 1938 Stillwater, Schuylerville and Victory Saratoga Site of the 1777 Battle of Saratoga, the first significant American military victory of the American Revolutionary War
*
Women's Rights National Historical Park 000000001980-12-08-0000December 8, 1980 Seneca Falls and Waterloo Seneca Established in 1980 in Seneca Falls and nearby Waterloo, New York; includes the Wesleyan Chapel, site of the Seneca Falls Convention, which was the first women's rights convention, and the Elizabeth Cady Stanton House
*
Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site 000000001977-05-27-0000May 27, 1977 Hyde Park Dutchess Eleanor Roosevelt developed property; place that she could develop some of her ideas for work with winter jobs for rural workers and women; includes a large two-story stuccoed building that housed Val-Kill Industries; would become Eleanor's home after Franklin's death
*
Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site 000000001944-01-15-0000January 15, 1944 Hyde Park Dutchess Birthplace, lifelong home, and burial place of the 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
*
Sagamore Hill National Historic Site 000000001962-07-25-0000July 25, 1962 Cove Neck Nassau Home of the 26th President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt from 1886 until his death in 1919
*
Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site 000000001943-07-05-0000July 5, 1943 Mount Vernon Westchester Colonial church used as a military hospital during the American Revolutionary War
*
Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site 000000001962-07-25-0000July 25, 1962 New York New York Theodore Roosevelt born on this site on October 27, 1858
*
Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site 000000001966-11-02-0000November 2, 1966 Buffalo Erie Site of Theodore Roosevelt's oath of office as President of the United States on September 14, 1901
*
Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site 000000001940-12-18-0000December 18, 1940 Hyde Park Dutchess Includes pleasure grounds with views of the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains, formal gardens, natural woodlands, and numerous support structures as well as a 54-room mansion; completed in 1898; perfect example of the Beaux-Arts architecture style
*
Federal Hall National Memorial 000000001939-05-26-0000May 26, 1939 New York New York First capitol of the United States of America; site of George Washington's first inauguration in 1789; place where the United States Bill of Rights passed; original building was demolished in the nineteenth century; replaced by the current structure, that served as the first United States Customs House
*
General Grant National Memorial 000000001897-04-27-0000April 27, 1897 New York New York Mausoleum containing the bodies of Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), an American Civil War General and the 18th President of the United States, and his wife, Julia Dent Grant (1826–1902)
*
Thomas Cole House

Thomas Cole National Historic Site 000000001965-06-23-0000June 23, 1965 Catskill 42°13′35″N 73°51′43″W / 42.226372°N 73.862007°W / 42.226372; -73.862007 (Thomas Cole House Site) Greene Home and studio of painter Thomas Cole, founder of the Hudson River School of American painting
*
Fort Stanwix

Fort Stanwix National Monument 000000001962-11-23-0000November 23, 1962 Rome 43°13′07″N 75°27′32″W / 43.218611°N 75.458889°W / 43.218611; -75.458889 (Fort Stanwix) Oneida Modern reconstruction of colonial fort on original site
*
Lindenwald

Martin Van Buren National Historic Site 000000001961-07-04-0000July 4, 1961 Kinderhook 42°22′11″N 73°42′15″W / 42.369706°N 73.704206°W / 42.369706; -73.704206 (Lindenwald) Columbia Home of U.S. President Martin Van Buren; designed in part by Richard Upjohn
*
Kate Mullany House 000000001998-04-01-0000April 1, 1998 Troy 42°44′24″N 73°40′54″W / 42.7399°N 73.681803°W / 42.7399; -73.681803 (Kate Mullany House) Rensselaer Home of Kate Mullany, early female labor organizer andfounder of Collar Laundry Union
*
African Burial Ground

African Burial Ground National Monument Apr 19, 1993 Manhattan 40°42′52″N 74°00′16″W / 40.714558°N 74.004384°W / 40.714558; -74.004384 (African Burial Ground) New York Dedicated as National Monument on October 5, 2007; burial site in Lower Manhattan of over 400 Africans from the 17th and 18th centuries
*
Governors Island

Governors Island National Monument Feb 4, 1985 Manhattan New York Island in NY Harbor which served various branches of the US Military from 1783 until the late 1990s; future uses are still being decided
*
Hamilton Grange National Memorial Dec 19, 1960 Manhattan New York Home of Alexander Hamilton: military officer, lawyer, member of the United States Constitutional Convention, American statesman, first United States Secretary of the Treasury, and Founding Father; facade is oldest surviving structure in Manhattan
Former NPS areas[edit]
There are some former designations in New York. (development needed)
See also[edit]
List of National Park System areas in Maryland
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (June 27, 2005). "National Park System Areas Listed in Chronological Order of Date Authorized Under DOI" (PDF). National Park Service, Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-08-27. .
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2008). "Antiquities Act monuments list". National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Park_System_areas_in_New_York&oldid=799217930"
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Lists of national parks in the United States
National Park Service areas in New York (state)
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