text:
Republic of Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Republic of Texas
República de Tejas (Spanish)
1836–1846
Flag
(1839–45)
Seal
(1839-45)
Map of the Republic of Texas in green. The claimed area is in light green, while populated territory is in dark green.
Capital
San Antonio de Bexar (Mexican Texas)
San Felipe de Austin (1835, provisional)
Washington-on-the-Brazos (1836, interim)
Harrisburg (1836, interim)
Galveston (1836, interim)
Velasco (1836, interim)
Columbia (1836–37)
Houston (1837–39)
Austin (1839–46)
Languages English and Spanish (de facto)
French, German
Native languages (Caddo, Comanche) and Czech regionally
Government Constitutional republic
President1
• 1836 David G. Burnet
• 1836–38 Sam Houston
• 1838–41 Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1841–44 Sam Houston
• 1844–46 Anson Jones
Vice President1
• 1836 Lorenzo de Zavala
• 1836–38 Mirabeau B. Lamar
• 1838–41 David G. Burnet
• 1841–44 Edward Burleson
• 1844–45 Kenneth L. Anderson
Legislature Congress
Historical era Western Expansion
• Independence from Mexico March 2, 1836
• Annexation by the United States of America December 29, 1845
• Transfer of power February 19, 1846
Area
• 1840 1,007,935 km2 (389,166 sq mi)
Population
• 1840 est. 70,000
Density 0/km2 (0/sq mi)
Currency Republic of Texas Dollar
Preceded by Succeeded by
Coahuila y Tejas
First Mexican Republic
Louisiana
Texas
New Mexico Territory
Indian Territory
Second Federal Republic of Mexico
Cimarron Territory
Kansas Territory
Today part of United States
1Interim period (March 16 – October 22, 1836): President: David G. Burnet, Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala
The Burnet Flag used from December 1836 to January 1839 as the national flag until it was replaced by the Lone Star Flag, and as the war flag from January 25, 1839 to December 29, 1845[1]
Naval ensign of the Texas Navy from 1836–1839 until it was replaced by the Lone Star Flag[1]
The Lone Star Flag became the national flag on January 25, 1839 (identical to modern state flag)[1]
The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas) was an independent sovereign country in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming to the north. The citizens of the republic were known as Texians.
The Mexican province of Tejas (in English history books usually referred to as Mexican Texas) declared its independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution in 1836. The Texas war of independence ended on April 21, 1836, but Mexico refused to recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas, and intermittent conflicts between the two states continued into the 1840s. The United States recognized the Republic of Texas in March 1837 but declined to annex the territory.[2]
The Republic-claimed borders were based upon the Treaties of Velasco between the newly created Texas Republic and Antonio López de Santa Anna of Mexico. The eastern boundary had been defined by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 between the United States and Spain, which recognised the Sabine River as the eastern boundary of Spanish Texas and western boundary of the Missouri Territory. Under the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 the United States had renounced its claim to Spanish land to the east of the Rocky Mountains and to the north of the Rio Grande which it claimed to have acquired as part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
The republic's southern and western boundary with Mexico continued to be disputed throughout the republic's existence. Texas claimed the Rio Grande as its southern boundary, while Mexico insisted that the Nueces River was the boundary. Texas was annexed by the United States on December 29, 1845 and was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on that day, with the transfer of power from the Republic to the new state formally taking place on February 19, 1846. However, the United States again inherited the southern and western border dispute with Mexico, which became a trigger for the Mexican–American War of 1846–48.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Texas prior to independence
1.2 Independent republic
1.2.1 Politics
1.2.2 Armed conflict
2 Government
3 Boundaries
4 Diplomatic relations
5 Presidents and vice presidents
6 Statehood
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History[edit]
Texas prior to independence[edit]
See also: Spanish Texas and Mexican Texas
Texas had been one of the Provincias Internas of New Spain, a region known historiographically as Spanish Texas. Though claimed by Spain, it was not formally colonized by them until competing French interests at Fort St. Louis encouraged Spain to establish permanent settlements in the area.[3] Sporadic missionary incursions occurred into the area during the period from the 1690s–1710s, before the establishment of San Antonio as a permanent civilian settlement.[4] Owing to the area's high Native American populations and its remoteness from the population centers of New Spain, Texas remained largely unsettled by Europeans, although Spain maintained a small military presence to protect Christian missionaries working among Native American tribes, and to act as a buffer against the French in Louisiana and British North America. In 1762, France ceded to Spain most of its claims to the interior of North America, including its claim to Texas, as well as the vast interior that became Spanish Louisiana.[5] During the years 1799 to 1803, the height of the Napoleonic Empire, Spain returned Louisiana back to France, which promptly sold the territory to the United States. The status of Texas during these transfers was unclear and was not resolved until 1819, when the Adams–Onís Treaty ceded Spanish Florida to the United States, and established a clear boundary between Texas and Louisiana.[6]
Starting in 1810, the territories of New Spain north of the Isthmus of Panama (including Texas) sought independence in the Mexican War of Independence. Many Americans fought on the side of Mexico against Spain in filibustering expeditions. One of these, the Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition (also known as the Republican Army of the North) consisted of a group of about 130 Americans under the leadership of Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara. Gutierrez de Lara initiated Mexico's secession from Spain with efforts contributed by Magee. Bolstered by new recruits, and led Samuel Kemper (who succeeded Magee after his death in battle in 1813), the expedition gained a series of victories against soldiers led by the Spanish governor, Manuel María de Salcedo. Their victory at the Battle of Rosillo Creek convinced Salcedo to surrender on April 1, 1813; he was executed two days later. On April 6, 1813, the victorious Republican Army of the North drafted a constitution and declared the independent Republic of Texas, with Gutiérrez as its president.[7] Soon disillusioned with the Mexican leadership, the Americans under Kemper returned to the United States. The ephemeral Republic of Texas came to an end following the August 18, 1813 Battle of Medina, where the Spanish Army crushed the Republican Army of the North. The harsh reprisals against the Texas rebels created a deep distrust of the Royal Spanish authorities, and veterans of the Battle of Medina would later become leaders of the Texas Revolution and signatories of the Texas Declaration of Independence from Mexico some 20 years later.
Along with the rest of Mexico, Texas gained its independence from Spain following the Treaty of Córdoba, and the new Mexican state was organized under the Plan of Iguala which created Mexico as a constitutional monarchy under its first Emperor Agustín de Iturbide. During the transition from a Spanish territory to part of the independent country of Mexico, Stephen F. Austin led a group of American settlers known as the Old Three Hundred, who negotiated the right to settle in Texas with the Spanish Royal governor of the territory. Since Mexican independence had been ratified by Spain shortly thereafter, Austin would later travel to Mexico City to secure the support of the new country in his right to settle.[8] The establishment of Mexican Texas coincided with the Austin-led settlement, leading to animosity between Mexican authorities and ongoing American settlement of Texas. The First Mexican Empire was short lived, being replaced by a republican form of government in 1823. Following Austin's lead, additional groups of settlers, known as Empresarios, continued to colonize Mexican Texas from the United States. In 1830, Mexican President Anastasio Bustamante outlawed American immigration to Texas, following several conflicts with the Empresarios over the status of slavery in the region.[9] Angered at the interference of the Mexican government, the Empresarios held the Convention of 1832, which is considered the first formal step in what would later become the Texas Revolution.
On the eve of war, the American settlers in the area outnumbered Mexicans by a considerable margin.[10] Following a series of minor skirmishes between Mexican authorities and the settlers, the Mexican government, fearing open rebellion of their Anglo subjects, began to step up military presence in Texas throughout 1834 and early 1835. Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna revoked the 1824 Constitution of Mexico and began to consolidate power in the central government under his own leadership. The Texian leadership under Austin began to organize its own military, and hostilities broke out on October 2, 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales, the first engagement of the Texas Revolution.[11] In November, 1835 a provisional government known as the Consultation was established to oppose the Santa Anna regime (but stopped short of declaring independence from Mexico). On March 1, 1836 the Convention of 1836 came to order, and the next day declared independence from Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas.[12]
Independent republic[edit]
Map of the Republic of Texas and the Adjacent Territories by C.F. Cheffins, 1841
Politics[edit]
The second Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, known as the Father of Texas, died December 27, 1836, after serving two months as Secretary of State for the new Republic.
In 1836, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia), before President Sam Houston moved the capital to Houston in 1837. The next president, Mirabeau B. Lamar, moved the capital to the new town of Austin in 1839.
The first flag of the republic was the "Burnet Flag" (a single gold star on an azure field), followed in 1839 by official adoption of the Lone Star Flag.
Internal politics of the Republic centred on two factions. The nationalist faction, led by Lamar, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans (Indians), and the expansion of Texas to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful coexistence with the Indians, when possible. The Texas Congress even passed a resolution over Houston's veto claiming the Californias for Texas.[13] The 1844 presidential election split the electorate dramatically, with the newer western regions of the Republic preferring the nationalist candidate Edward Burleson, while the cotton country, particularly east of the Trinity River, went for Anson Jones.[14]
Armed conflict[edit]
The Comanche Indians furnished the main Indian opposition to the Texas Republic, manifested in multiple raids on settlements, capture and rape of female pioneers, torture killings, and trafficking in captive slaves.[15] In the late 1830s, Sam Houston negotiated a peace between Texas and the Comanches. Lamar replaced Houston as president in 1838 and reversed the Indian policies. He returned to war with the Comanches and invaded Comancheria itself. In retaliation, the Comanches attacked Texas in a series of raids. After peace talks in 1840 ended with the massacre of 34 Comanche leaders in San Antonio, the Comanches launched a major attack deep into Texas, known as the Great Raid of 1840. Under command of Potsanaquahip (Buffalo Hump), 500 to 700 Comanche cavalry warriors swept down the Guadalupe River valley, killing and plundering all the way to the shore of the Gulf of Mexico, where they sacked the towns of Victoria and Linnville. Houston became president again in 1841 and, with both Texians and Comanches exhausted by war, a new peace was established.[16]
Although Texas achieved self-government, Mexico refused to recognize its independence.[17] On March 5, 1842, a Mexican force of over 500 men, led by Ráfael Vásquez, invaded Texas for the first time since the revolution. They soon headed back to the Rio Grande after briefly occupying San Antonio. About 1,400 Mexican troops, led by the French mercenary general Adrián Woll, launched a second attack and captured San Antonio on September 11, 1842. A Texas militia retaliated at the Battle of Salado Creek while simultaneously, a mile and a half away, Mexican soldiers massacred a militia of fifty-three Texas volunteers who had surrendered after a skirmish.[18][19] That night, the Mexican Army retreated from the city of San Antonio back to Mexico.
Mexico's attacks on Texas intensified conflicts between political factions, including an incident known as the Texas Archive War. To "protect" the Texas national archives, President Sam Houston ordered them removed from Austin. The archives were eventually returned to Austin, albeit at gunpoint. The Texas Congress admonished Houston for the incident, and this episode in Texas history would solidify Austin as Texas's seat of government for the Republic and the future state.[20]
There were also domestic disturbances. The Regulator–Moderator War involved a land feud in Harrison and Shelby Counties in East Texas from 1839 to 1844. The feud eventually involved Nacogdoches, San Augustine, and other East Texas counties. Harrison County Sheriff John J. Kennedy and county judge Joseph U. Fields helped end the conflict, siding with the law-and-order party. Sam Houston ordered 500 militia to help end the feud.
Government[edit]
Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin depicted on a 1936 US postage stamp commemorating 100th anniversary of the Texas Republic
After gaining their independence, the Texas voters had elected a Congress of 14 senators and 29 representatives in September 1836. The Constitution allowed the first president to serve for two years and subsequent presidents for 3 years. In order to hold an office or vote, a person needed to be a citizen of the Republic.[21]
However, it is important to note that citizenship was not granted to all previous inhabitants of Texas, and not all of them could even live legally within the limits of the Republic without the consent of Congress. In this regard, the Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836) established major differences according to the ethnicity of each individual. Section 10 of the General Provisions of the constitution stated that all persons who were residing in Texas on the day of the Declaration of Independence were to be considered citizens of the Republic, excepting "Africans, the descendants of Africans, and Indians".[22] For new white immigrants, section 6 established that, in order to become citizens, they needed to live in the Republic for at least six months and take an oath. While regarding the black population, section 9 established that black persons who were brought to Texas as slaves were to remain slaves, and that not even their owner could emancipate them without the consent of Congress, while the Congress itself was not allowed to make laws affecting the slave trade or to declare emancipation. Section 9 also established that: "No free person of African descent, either in whole or in part, shall be permitted to reside permanently in the Republic, without the consent of Congress".[23]
The first Congress of the Republic of Texas convened in October 1836 at Columbia (now West Columbia). Stephen F. Austin, often referred to as the "Father of Texas," died on December 27, 1836, after serving just two months as the republic's secretary of state. Due mainly to the ongoing war for independence, five sites served as temporary capitals of Texas in 1836: (Washington-on-the-Brazos, Harrisburg, Galveston, Velasco and Columbia). The capital was moved to the new city of Houston in 1837.
In 1839, a small pioneer settlement situated on the Colorado River in central Texas was chosen as the republic's seventh and final capital. Incorporated under the name Waterloo, the town was renamed Austin shortly thereafter in honor of Stephen F. Austin.
The court system inaugurated by Congress included a Supreme Court consisting of a chief justice appointed by the president and four associate justices, elected by a joint ballot of both houses of Congress for four-year terms and eligible for re-election. The associates also presided over four judicial districts. Houston nominated James Collinsworth to be the first chief justice. The county-court system consisted of a chief justice and two associates, chosen by a majority of the justices of the peace in the county. Each county was also to have a sheriff, a coroner, justices of the peace, and constables to serve two-year terms. Congress formed 23 counties, whose boundaries generally coincided with the existing municipalities.
In 1839, Texas became the first nation in the world to enact a homestead exemption under which a person's primary residence could not be seized by creditors.
Boundaries[edit]
The Centralist Republic with the separatist movements generated by the dissolution of the Federal Republic.
Territory proclaimed its independence
Territory claimed by the Republic of Texas
Territory claimed by the Republic of the Rio Grande
Rebellions
The Texan leaders at first intended to extend their national boundaries to the Pacific Ocean, but ultimately decided to claim the Rio Grande as boundary, including much of New Mexico, which the Republic never controlled. They also hoped, after peace was made with Mexico, to run a railroad to the Gulf of California to give "access to the East Indian, Peruvian and Chilean trade."[24] When negotiating for the possibility of annexation to the US in late 1836, the Texan government instructed its minister Wharton in Washington that if the boundary were an issue, Texas was willing to settle for a boundary at the watershed between the Nueces River and Rio Grande, and leave out New Mexico.[25] In 1840 the first and only census of the Republic of Texas was taken, recording a population of about 70,000 people. San Antonio and Houston were recorded as the largest and second largest cities respectively.[citation needed]
Diplomatic relations[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas
The Hôtel Bataille de Francès (now Hôtel de Vendôme), place Vendôme in Paris, housed the Embassy of the Republic of Texas
On March 3, 1837, US President Andrew Jackson appointed Alcée La Branche American chargé d'affaires to the Republic of Texas, thus officially recognizing Texas as an independent republic.[26] France granted official recognition of Texas on September 25, 1839, appointing Alphonse Dubois de Saligny to serve as chargé d'affaires. The French Legation was built in 1841, and still stands in Austin as the oldest frame structure in the city.[27] Conversely, the Republic of Texas embassy in Paris was located in what is now the Hôtel de Vendôme, adjacent to the Place Vendôme in Paris's 2e arrondissement.[28]
The Republic also received diplomatic recognition from Belgium, the Netherlands, and the Republic of Yucatán. The United Kingdom never granted official recognition of Texas due to its own friendly relations with Mexico, but admitted Texan goods into British ports on their own terms. In London, the original Embassy of the Republic of Texas still stands, and there is a restaurant with such a name west of Trafalgar Square. Immediately opposite the gates to St. James's Palace, Sam Houston's original Embassy of the Republic of Texas to the Court of St. James's is now a hat shop, but is clearly marked with a large plaque and a nearby restaurant is called Texas Embassy.[29] A plaque on the exterior of 3 St. James's Street in London notes the upper floors of the building (which have housed the noted wine merchant Berry Brothers and Rudd since 1698) housed the Texas Legation.
Presidents and vice presidents[edit]
Main article: President of the Republic of Texas
Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Republic of Texas
№
Portrait
President
Term of Office
Party
Term
Previous Office
Vice President
— David G. Burnet
(1788-04-18)April 18, 1788 - (1870-12-05)December 5, 1870
(aged 82)
March 16, 1836
–
October 22, 1836 Nonpartisan Interim
Delegate to the
Convention of 1833 Lorenzo de Zavala
1 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 - (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70)
October 22, 1836
–
December 10, 1838 Nonpartisan 1
(1836) Commander-in-Chief
of the Texian Army
(1836) Mirabeau B. Lamar
2 Mirabeau B. Lamar
(1798-08-16)August 16, 1798 - (1859-12-19)December 19, 1859
(aged 61) December 10, 1838
–
December 13, 1841 Nonpartisan 2
(1838) 1st
Vice President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836-1838) David G. Burnet
3 Sam Houston
(1793-03-02)March 2, 1793 - (1863-07-26)July 26, 1863
(aged 70) December 13, 1841
–
December 9, 1844 Nonpartisan 3
(1841) 1st
President of the
Republic of Texas
(1836-1838) Edward Burleson
4 Anson Jones
(1798-01-20)January 20, 1798 - (1858-01-09)January 9, 1858
(aged 59) December 9, 1844
–
February 19, 1846 Nonpartisan 4
(1844) 11th
Secretary of State
of the Republic of Texas
(1841-1844) Kenneth Anderson
December 9, 1844 - July 3, 1845
Statehood[edit]
Main article: Texas annexation
On February 28, 1845, the US Congress passed a bill that would authorize the United States to annex the Republic of Texas. On March 1, US President John Tyler signed the bill. The legislation set the date for annexation for December 29 of the same year. Faced with imminent American annexation of Texas, Charles Elliot and Alphonse de Saligny, the British and French ministers to Texas, were dispatched to Mexico City by their governments. Meeting with Mexico's foreign secretary, they signed a "Diplomatic Act" in which Mexico offered to recognize an independent Texas with boundaries that would be determined with French and British mediation. Texas President Anson Jones forwarded both offers to a specially elected convention meeting at Austin, and the American proposal was accepted with only one dissenting vote. The Mexican proposal was never put to a vote. Following the previous decree of President Jones, the proposal was then put to a vote throughout the republic.
Texas statehood 100th anniversary issue of 1945
Proposals for Texas's north and west boundaries in 1850 debate
On October 13, 1845, a large majority of voters in the republic approved both the American offer and the proposed constitution that specifically endorsed slavery and emigrants bringing slaves to Texas.[30] This constitution was later accepted by the US Congress, making Texas a US state on the same day annexation took effect, December 29, 1845 (therefore bypassing a territorial phase).[31] One of the motivations for annexation was the huge debts which the Republic of Texas government had incurred. As part of the Compromise of 1850, in return for $10,000,000 in Federal bonds, Texas dropped claims to territory which included parts of present-day Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Wyoming.
The resolution did include two unique provisions: First, it said up to four additional states could be created from Texas' territory with the consent of the State of Texas (and that new states north of the Missouri Compromise Line would be free states). Though the resolution did not make exceptions to the constitution,[32] the U.S. Constitution neither requires Congressional consent to the creation of new states to be ex post to applications nor to expire. To illustrate the strength of the latter caveat, the 27th Amendment was submitted to the states in 1789, yet was not ratified until 1992; thus, the expressed consent of Congress, via this resolution, to the creation of new states would not expire nor require renewal. Second, Texas did not have to surrender its public lands to the federal government. While Texas did cede all territory outside of its current area to the federal government in 1850, it did not cede any public lands within its current boundaries. Consequently, the lands in Texas owned by the federal government are those which were subsequently purchased by it. This also means the state government has control over oil reserves which were later used to fund the state's public university system through the Permanent University Fund.[33] In addition, the state's control over offshore oil reserves in Texas runs out to 3 nautical leagues (9 nautical miles, 10.357 statute miles, 16.668 km) rather than three nautical miles (3.45 statute miles, 5.56 km) as with other states.[34][35]
See also[edit]
Texas portal
California Republic
Timeline of the Republic of Texas
The Texas Legation
History of slavery in Texas
Republic of Texas (group), late 20th century
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Flags of Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Henderson (2008), p. 121.
Jump up ^ Weber, David J. (1992), The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale Western Americana Series, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, p. 149, ISBN 0-300-05198-0
Jump up ^ Chipman, Donald E. (2010) [1992], Spanish Texas, 1519–1821 (revised ed.), Austin: University of Texas Press, p. 126, ISBN 0-292-77659-4
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 198.
Jump up ^ Lewis, James E. (1998), The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood: The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire, 1783–1829, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, p. 124, ISBN 0-8078-2429-1
Jump up ^ Weber (1992), p. 299.
Jump up ^ Edmondson, J.R. (2000). The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts. Plano, TX: Republic of Texas Press. p. 63. ISBN 1-55622-678-0.
Jump up ^ Manchaca, Martha (2001). Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans. The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-292-75253-9.
Jump up ^ Manchaca (2001), pp. 172, 201.
Jump up ^ Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 12. ISBN 0-292-73086-1.
Jump up ^ Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 0-89096-497-1.
Jump up ^ #Fehrenbach, page 263
Jump up ^ #Fehrenbach, page 265
Jump up ^ This had also been their policy toward neighboring tribes before the arrival of the settlers. Gwinnett, S.C. Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. ISBN 1-4165-9106-0.
Jump up ^ Hämäläinen 2008, pp. 215–217.
Jump up ^ Jack W. Gunn, "MEXICAN INVASIONS OF 1842," Handbook of Texas Online [1], accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ Thomas W. Cutrer, "SALADO CREEK, BATTLE OF," Handbook of Texas Online <http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qfs01>, accessed May 24, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
Jump up ^ "Dawson Massacre". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved Sep.24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "The Archives War". Texas Treasures – The Republic. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission. November 2, 2005. Retrieved January 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Davis, William C. (2006). Lone Star Rising. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-1-58544-532-5. originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press
Jump up ^ "General Provisions - Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ "General Provisions - Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ George Rives, The United States and Mexico vol. 1, page 390
Jump up ^ Rives, p. 403
Jump up ^ "LA BRANCHE, ALCÉE LOUIS". Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved Apr.7, 2010.
Jump up ^ Museum Info, French Legation Museum.
Jump up ^ "PARIS 2e: The Paris Embassy of Texas". Parisdeuxieme.com. June 28, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2013.
Jump up ^ "DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS".
Jump up ^ "Article VIII: Slaves - Constitution of Texas (1845) (Joining the U.S.)". Archived from the original on January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The Avalon Project : Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy".
Jump up ^ "Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States Approved March 1, 1845 - TSLAC".
Jump up ^ Texas Annexation : Questions and Answers, Texas State Library & Archives Commission.
Jump up ^ Overview of US Legislation and Regulations Affecting Offshore Natural Gas and Oil Activity
Jump up ^ "United States v. Louisiana :: 363 U.S. 1 (1960) :: Justia U.S. Supreme Court Center". Justia Law.
References[edit]
Part of a series on the
History of Texas
Timeline
French Texas 1684–1689
Spanish Texas 1690–1821
Mexican Texas 1821–1836
Republic of Texas 1836–1845
Statehood 1845–1860
Civil War Era 1861–1865
Reconstruction 1865–1899
State of Texas
Texas portal
v
t
e
Huson, Hobart (1974), Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texan Revolution, Austin, TX: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co
Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9
Lack, Paul D. (1992), The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-497-1
Fehrenbach, T. R. (2000), Lone Star: a history of Texas and the Texans, Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-0-306-80942-2
Republic of Texas Historical Resources
Republic of Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
Hosted by Portal to Texas History:
Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 1, by William Kennedy, published 1841
Texas: the Rise, Progress, and Prospects of the Republic of Texas, Vol. 2, published 1841
Laws of the Republic, 1836–1838 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. I.
Laws of the Republic, 1838–1845 from Gammel's Laws of Texas, Vol. II.
The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: Texas – From Independence to Annexation
Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of Southwest Texas by Andrew Jackson Sowell 1900
Further reading[edit]
Hardin, Stephen L.; Wade, Mary Dodson (1998). Lone Star: The Republic of Texas, 1836–1846. Discovery Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-878668-63-9.
Hogan, William Ransom (2007). The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History. Texas State Historical Association. ISBN 978-0-87611-220-5.
Howell, Kenneth W. and Charles Swanlund, eds. Single Star of the West: The Republic of Texas, 1836-1845 (U of North Texas Press; 2017) 550 pages; essays by scholars on its founders, defense, diplomacy, economy, and society, with particular attention to Tejanos, African-Americans, American Indians, and women.
Lankevich, George J. (1979). The Presidents of the Republic of Texas: Chronology, Documents, Bibliography. Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-12085-1.
Weems, John Edward; Weems, Jane (1971). Dream of Empire: A Human History of the Republic of Texas, 1836–1846. Simon and Schuster.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Texas.
[show]
v
t
e
Republic of Texas
Capitals
Harrisburg
Washington-on-the-Brazos
Galveston
Velasco
Columbia
Houston
Austin
Presidents
David G. Burnet
Sam Houston
Mirabeau Lamar
Anson Jones
Vice Presidents
Lorenzo de Zavala
Mirabeau Lamar
David G. Burnet
Edward Burleson
Kenneth Lewis Anderson
Documents
Texas Declaration of Independence
Constitution of the Republic of Texas
Texas Archive War
Colonization
Henri Castro
Fisher-Miller Land Grant
Presidential elections
1836
1838
1841
1844
[show]
v
t
e
History of Texas
By period
French Texas
Spanish Texas
Mexican Texas
Republic of Texas
Texas annexation
Civil War era
Reconstruction
State of Texas
By topic
Annexation
Border disputes
Forests
Indian Wars
Jewish history
Oil boom
Revolution
Slavery
Texas Rangers
Vice
By city
Amarillo
Austin
Brownsville
Corpus Christi
Dallas
El Paso
Fort Worth
Galveston
Houston
Laredo
Lubbock
San Antonio
Timelines of cities in Texas
Government agency
Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas
Congress of the Republic of Texas
Supreme Court of the Republic of Texas
Texas Historical Commission
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Texas&oldid=809470044"
Categories:
Former countries in North America
States and territories established in 1836
States and territories disestablished in 1846
Republic of Texas
Pre-statehood history of Texas
Former countries of the United States
Texas Revolution
1830s in Texas
1840s in Texas
1830s in the Republic of Texas
1840s in the Republic of Texas
1836 in Mexico
1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas
19th-century disestablishments in Texas
1836 establishments in the United States
1846 disestablishments in the United States
Former political entities in North America
Former republics
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from October 2013
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Former country articles requiring maintenance
Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters
Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
Texas articles missing geocoordinate data
All articles needing coordinates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kiswahili
لۊری شومالی
Lietuvių
Magyar
മലയാളം
मराठी
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 9 November 2017, at 09:07.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: lang xml:lang

values: es es

attrs: class style

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:135%; font-weight:bold;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; font-size:30%; line-height:105%;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:115%; border:0;

values: width:50px; border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right; line-height:105%; font-size:30%;

values: width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;

attrs: colspan style

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; padding:0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;

values: display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;

values: display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;

values: text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;

values:
/wiki/San_Antonio_de_Bexar
mw-redirect
San Antonio de Bexar

values:
/wiki/San_Felipe_de_Austin
mw-redirect
San Felipe de Austin

values:
/wiki/Harrisburg,_Texas
mw-redirect
Harrisburg, Texas

values:
/wiki/American_Indian_languages
mw-redirect
American Indian languages

values:
/wiki/Constitutional_republic
mw-redirect
Constitutional republic

values:
/wiki/Western_Expansion
mw-redirect
Western Expansion

values:
/wiki/Texas_Annexation
mw-redirect
Texas Annexation

values: List of countries and dependencies by area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values:
/wiki/Texas_redbacks
mw-redirect
Texas redbacks

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;

values: width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;

values:
/wiki/Cimarron_Territory
mw-redirect
Cimarron Territory

values: width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;

values: width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto;

values:
/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)
mw-redirect
Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)

values: Edit section: Texas prior to independence

values:
/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana
mw-redirect
Spanish Louisiana

values:
/wiki/Columbia,_Texas
mw-redirect
Columbia, Texas

values:
/wiki/Father_of_Texas
mw-redirect
Father of Texas

values:
/wiki/Secretary_of_State
mw-redirect
Secretary of State

values:
/wiki/Burnet_Flag
mw-redirect
Burnet Flag

values:
/wiki/Texas_Congress
mw-redirect
Texas Congress

values:
/wiki/Las_Californias
mw-redirect
Las Californias

values:
/wiki/Dawson_Massacre
mw-redirect
Dawson Massacre

values: John J. Kennedy (Republic of Texas politician)

values:
/wiki/Houston,_Texas
mw-redirect
Houston, Texas

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #490000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #7E0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #AA0000; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #552200; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Foreign relations of the Republic of Texas

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/St._James%27s_Palace
mw-redirect
St. James's Palace

values:
/wiki/Court_of_St._James%27s
mw-redirect
Court of St. James's

values:
/wiki/Berry_Brothers_and_Rudd
mw-redirect
Berry Brothers and Rudd

values: Edit section: Presidents and vice presidents

values: Republic of Texas presidential election, 1836

values: Republic of Texas presidential election, 1838

values: Republic of Texas presidential election, 1841

values: Republic of Texas presidential election, 1844

values:
/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Congress of the United States

values:
/wiki/Territory_of_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Territory of the United States

values:
/wiki/Missouri_Compromise_Line
mw-redirect
Missouri Compromise Line

values:
/wiki/Slave_and_free_states
mw-redirect
Slave and free states

values: Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/George_Rives
mw-redirect
George Rives

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;

values: background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;

values: padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: vertical-navbox nowraplinks vcard plainlist

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
nofollow
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/texas/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://texashistory.unt.edu/
external text

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Mirabeau_Lamar
mw-redirect
Mirabeau Lamar

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Former countries in North America

values: Category:States and territories established in 1836

values: Category:States and territories disestablished in 1846

values: Category:Former countries of the United States

values: Category:1836 establishments in the Republic of Texas

values: Category:19th-century disestablishments in Texas

values: Category:1836 establishments in the United States

values: Category:1846 disestablishments in the United States

values: Category:Former political entities in North America

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2013

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Former country articles requiring maintenance

values: Category:Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters

values: Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

values: Category:Texas articles missing geocoordinate data

values: Category:All articles needing coordinates

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Texas
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: جمهورية تكساس – Arabic

values: প্রজাতন্ত্রী টেক্সাস – Bangla

values: Рэспубліка Тэхас – Belarusian

values: Република Тексас – Bulgarian

values: Техас республики – Chuvash

values: Δημοκρατία του Τέξας – Greek

values: جمهوری تگزاس – Persian

values: 텍사스 공화국 – Korean

values: רפובליקת טקסס – Hebrew

values: ტეხასის რესპუბლიკა – Georgian

values: کوٙمأرە ڤولات تئگزاس – Northern Luri

values: റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് ടെക്സസ് – Malayalam

values: टेक्सासचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi

values: تگزاس جمهوری – Mazanderani

values: テキサス共和国 – Japanese

values: Республика Техас – Russian

values: Република Тексас – Serbian

values: สาธารณรัฐเทกซัส – Thai

values: Республіка Техас – Ukrainian

values: רעפובליק פון טעקסעס – Yiddish

values: 德克萨斯共和国 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Republic_of_Texas rootpage-Republic_of_Texas vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view