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Watts, Los Angeles
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This article concerns the neighborhood in Los Angeles; for the former independent city, see Watts, California
Watts
Neighborhood of Los Angeles
Watts' most famous landmark, the Watts Towers created by Simon Rodia
Watts
Location within the Greater Los Angeles Area
Coordinates: 33°56′30″N 118°14′30″W / 33.94167°N 118.24167°W / 33.94167; -118.24167
Country
United States
State
California
County
County of Los Angeles
City
City of Los Angeles
Government
• City Council
Joe Buscaino
• State Assembly
Isadore Hall, III (D)
• State Senate
Roderick Wright (D)
• U.S. House
Nanette Barragán (D)
Area[1]
• Total
2.0 sq mi (5 km2)
Population (2000)[1]
• Total
34,830
• Density
17,350/sq mi (6,700/km2)
ZIP Code
90002
Area code(s)
323
Watts is a neighborhood in southern Los Angeles, California. It is located within the South Los Angeles region, bordering the cities of Lynwood and South Gate, and the unincorporated community of Willowbrook, all in Los Angeles County.
Founded in the late nineteenth century as a ranching community, the arrival of the railroads and the construction of Watts Station saw the rapid development of Watts as an independent city, but in 1926 was consolidated with Los Angeles. By the 1940s, Watts transformed into a primarily working class African American neighborhood, but from the 1960s developed a reputation as a low-income, high-crime area, following the Watts riots and the increasing influence of street gangs.[2] Today Watts is a predominantly Hispanic neighborhood with a significant African American minority, and remains one of the most impoverished and dangerous neighborhoods in Los Angeles despite falling crime rates since the 1990s. Notable civic activities by residents of Watts include the "Toys for Watts" toy drive, the Watts Christmas parade, and the "Watts Summer Games" athletic tournament, as well as a local theatre and a dance company, in an effort to improve the neighborhood.[3]
Watts is noted internationally for the landmark Watts Towers by Simon Rodia, which are a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument and also listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The neighborhood has also been featured or referenced in numerous forms of media, particularly West Coast hip-hop music, and movies and television shows set in Los Angeles.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Population
4 Government and infrastructure
4.1 Local government
4.2 County, state and federal representations
5 Education
5.1 Schools
5.2 Public libraries
6 Community service
6.1 CicLAvia Tour
6.2 Toys for Watts
6.3 Watts Re-Imagined
7 Parks and recreation
8 Attractions
9 Performing arts
9.1 Dance
9.2 Theater
10 Newspapers
11 In popular culture
11.1 Music
11.2 Television and film
11.3 Video Games
12 Notable people
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
History[edit]
Watts in 1912
The area now known as Watts is located on the 1843 Rancho La Tajauta Mexican land grant. As on all ranchos, the principal vocation was at that time grazing and beef production.[4]
With the influx of European American settlers into Southern California in the 1870s, La Tajuata land was sold off and subdivided for smaller farms and homes, including a 220-acre parcel purchased by Charles H. Watts in 1886 for alfalfa and livestock farming. In those days each Tajuata farm had an artesian well.
The arrival of the railroad spurred the settlement and development of the area. Most of the first residents were the traqueros, Mexican and Mexican American rail workers who constructed and maintained the new rail lines.[5]
With this new growth, Watts was incorporated as a separate city, taking its name from the first railroad station, Watts Station that had been built in 1904 on 10 acres of land donated by the Watts family. The city voted to annex itself to Los Angeles in 1926.[4]
Watts did not become predominantly black until the 1940s.[6] Before then, there were some African American residents, many of whom were Pullman car porters and cooks. Schoolroom photos from 1909 and 1911 show only two or three black faces among the 30 or so children pictured. By 1914, a black realtor, Charles C. Leake, was doing business in the area.[4] Racially restrictive covenants prevented blacks from living in any other neighborhoods outside of Central Avenue District and Watts.[7]
World War II brought the Second Great Migration, tens of thousands of African American migrants, mostly from Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas and Texas, who left segregated Southern states in search of better opportunities in California. During World War II, the city built several large housing projects (including Nickerson Gardens, Jordan Downs and Imperial Courts) for the thousands of new workers in war industries. By the early 1960s, these projects had become nearly 100 percent black, as whites moved on to new suburbs outside the central city. As industrial jobs disappeared from the area, the projects housed many more poor families than they had traditionally.
Longstanding resentment by Los Angeles's working class black community over discriminatory treatment by police and inadequate public services (especially schools and hospitals) exploded on August 11, 1965, into what were commonly known as the Watts riots. The event that precipitated the disturbances, the arrest of a black youth by the California Highway Patrol on drunk-driving charges, actually occurred outside Watts. Mobs did the most property damage in Watts in the turmoil.
Watts suffered further in the 1970s, as gangs gained strength and raised the level of violence in the neighborhood. Between 1989 and 2005, police reported more than 500 homicides in Watts, most of them gang-related and tied to wars over control of the lucrative illicit market created by illegal drugs. Four of Watts's influential gangs— Watts Cirkle City Piru, Grape Street Watts Crips, Bounty Hunter Watts Bloods, and PJ Watts Crips—formed a Peace Treaty agreement on April 26, 1992. [8] Key hallmarks of the pact continue to influence life in Watts to date, with colors and territory having little to do with gang-related crime.
Beginning in the 1980s, those African Americans who could leave Watts moved to other suburban locations in the Antelope Valley, the Inland Empire, the San Gabriel Valley, Orange County and the San Joaquin Valley. The black population in Watts has been increasingly replaced by other demographic groups, primarily Hispanic immigrants of Mexican and Central American ancestry, as well as by a median proportion of Ethiopian and Indian ancestry. This demographic change accelerated after the 1992 riots.[citation needed]
In addition, there has been a net migration of African Americans out of California to return to the South in a New Great Migration. From 1995–2000, California was a net loser of African-American residents. With new jobs, Southern states have attracted the most black college graduates since 1995.[9]
Neighborhood leaders have begun a strategy to overcome Watts's reputation as a violence-prone and impoverished area. Special promotion has been given to the museums and art galleries in the area surrounding Watts Towers at 1765 East 107th Street, near the Imperial Highway and suburb of Lynwood. This sculptural and architectural landmark has attracted many artists and professionals to the area. I Build the Tower, a feature-length documentary film about the Watts Towers and their creator, Simon Rodia, provides a history of Watts from the 1920s to the present and a record of the activities of the Watts Towers Arts Center. Watts is one of several Los Angeles neighborhoods with a high concentration of convicted felons.[10] In 2000, singer and actor Tyrese Gibson chartered a foundation to build a community center in Watts.[11]
Geography[edit]
Map of Watts as delineated by the Los Angeles Times
The Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times states as follows:
The neighborhood's irregular street boundaries follow the Los Angeles city limits on the north and east, except for a small patch of Los Angeles County territory surrounding Ritter Elementary School, between 108th Street and Imperial Highway, which the Times includes in Watts.[12][13]
The southern boundary runs east-west on Imperial Highway, the eastern line is north-south on Alameda Street and the western line is north-south on Central Avenue to 103rd Street. Ted Watkins Park and other county areas are excluded. Thence the line is Success Avenue between Century Boulevard and 92nd Street.[14][13]
Watts is flanked on the north by Florence-Firestone, on the east by South Gate, on the southeast by Lynwood, on the south by Willowbrook and on the north and west by Green Meadows.[15]
Population[edit]
A total of 36,815 people lived in Watts's 2.12 square miles, according to the 2000 U.S. census—averaging 17,346 people per square mile, among the highest population densities in Los Angeles. Population was estimated at 41,028 in 2008. The median age was 21, making Watts the Los Angeles neighborhood with the youngest population. The percentages of residents aged birth to 18 were among the county's highest.[1][16]
Hispanics make up 61.6% of the population, with blacks at 37.1%, non-Hispanic whites 0.5%, Asian 0.2%, and others 0.5%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 34% of the residents who were born abroad, an average percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city or county as a whole.[1]
The $25,161 median household income in 2008 dollars was considered low for the city and county. The percentage of households earning $20,000 or less was high, compared to the county at large. The average household size of 4 people was high for the city. Renters occupied 67% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest.[1]
In 2000, there were 2,816 families headed by single parents, or 38,9%, the highest rate for any neighborhood in the city.[17] The percentages of never-married women (45.3) and never-married men (44.7) were among the county's highest.[1]
In 2000, there were 739 military veterans, or 3.6% of the population, low when compared to the rest of the city.[1]
Government and infrastructure[edit]
Welcome to Watts sign on Central Avenue
Local government[edit]
Watts Neighborhood Council 10221 Compton Avenue, Suite 106A, LA CA 90002. Phone: 323.564.0260
Los Angeles Fire Department Station 65[18] (Watts) serves the community.
Los Angeles County Fire Department Station 16[19] (Watts) serves the community.
Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Southeast Community Police Station.[20]
County, state and federal representations[edit]
The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services operates the South Health Center in Watts.[21]
The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation operates the L.A. Watts Juvenile Parole Center.[22]
The United States Postal Service Augustus F. Hawkins Post Office is located at 10301 Compton Avenue.[23] On January 24, 2000 the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate presented a bill to rename the Watts Finance Office as the Hawkins Post Office.[24]
Education[edit]
Just 2.9% of Watts residents aged 25 and older had earned a four-year degree, according to the 2000 census, which is considered a low figure for both the city and the county. The percentage of those residents with less than a high school diploma was high in comparison with the county at large.[1]
Schools[edit]
Schools within Watts are as follows:[13][25]
David Starr Jordan Senior High School, LAUSD, 2265 East 103rd Street
Thomas Riley High School, LAUSD alternative, 1524 East 103rd Street
Alliance Cindy & Bill Simon Technology High School, charter school, 10720 South Wilmington Avenue
Verbum Dei High School, private, 11100 South Central Avenue
Simon Rodia Continuation School, LAUSD, 2315 East 103rd Street
Edwin Markham Middle School, LAUSD, 1650 East 104th Street
Ninety-Sixth Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 1471 East 96th Street
St. Lawrence of Brindisi Elementary School, 0 East 104th Street
Weigand Avenue Elementary School, LAUSD, 10401 Weigand Avenue
Dorothy V. Johnson Community Day School, LAUSD, 10601 South Grandee Avenue
San Miguel Catholic School, private elementary, 2270 East 108th Street
Lovelia P. Flournoy Elementary School, LAUSD, 1630 East 111th Street
Grape Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 1940 East 111th Street
Ritter Elementary School, LAUSD, 11108 Watts Avenue
Ninety-Second Street Elementary School, LAUSD, 9211 Grape Street
Alain Leroy Locke College Preparatory Academy, Green Dot Public Schools grades 9-12, 325 East 111th Street
Compton Avenue Elementary School, 1515 East 104th Street
King Drew Magnet High School of Medicine and Science opened in bungalows of Jordan in 1982.[26] In 1999 it moved to a standalone campus in Willowbrook.[27]
In May 2013 Wiegand Avenue Elementary School became the first school in California from which a principal was ordered removed in response to the state's 2010 "trigger law," which compels the dismissal of a school administrator on petition of a majority of parents. As a result of the pending loss of principal Irma Cobian, 21 of 22 teachers asked for transfer to other schools.[28]
Public libraries[edit]
Los Angeles Public Library operates the Alma Reaves Woods – Watts Branch.[29]
Watts received its first library service in 1913 when temporary space was designated in the city hall for a library. In 1914 the library moved into a newly built Carnegie library. Los Angeles annexed Watts in 1926, so the library became the Watts Branch of the Los Angeles library system. In 1957 voters approved a library branch bond, and a 3,600 square feet (330 m2) Watts Branch opened in 1960. In 1991 the Los Angeles City Council approved a measure, backed by the Friends of the Watts Branch Library, the Fifteenth District Council Office, and the Community Redevelopment Agency (CRA) of the City of Los Angeles, to build a new library as a part of the 1.3 acres (0.53 ha) Watts Civic Center. 1.3 million dollars from Proposition 1, the branch library facility bond issue of 1989, funded the construction of the new Watts library. On June 25, 1996 the city council voted to name the library after Alma Reaves Woods, a woman in the community who encouraged reading and library usage.[30] James C. Moore, AIA & Associates designed the current Watts Library, which opened on June 29, 1996.[31]
Community service[edit]
CicLAvia Tour[edit]
On January 22, 2012, the popular cycling event called CicLAvia took place in south L.A.'s Central-Alameda neighborhood to the Watts Towers. Volunteers were excited to hold an event close to the CicLAvia events in downtown L.A. The event was meant to encourage civic engagement. Throughout the group of volunteers the diversity was large. Cyclists took photos for a "crowd-source" map made up of photos and recordings by the cyclists.[32]
Toys for Watts[edit]
For the fourth continuous year, brother Powe of Called to Destiny Motorcycle Ministries has hosted a toy drive for the kids in the community of Watts, California. This happened after a flood that devastated the local area in 2003. Powe said he was "awakened by the Lord" to get him and his biker friends together and help replace the toys that were lost in the flood. Since then, he has worked with "Sweet Alice" Harris hand in hand; she's a local activist and founder of Parents of Watts, a charity that has been helping the community for more than 43 years.
Watts Re-Imagined[edit]
Watts Re:Imagined[33] is a local urban planning initiative led by Grant Housing Economic Development Corps (Grant EDC, a non-profit division of the community-based Grant AME church) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC[34]) Urban Solutions program. Its mission is to help the community of Watts realize their full potential by promoting economic opportunity, social equity, public health, and an improved quality of life, all while working with community leaders to preserve the identity of the area. It is trying to achieve this goal by implementing different existing plans proposed for the area. The Watts Re:Imagined initiative was formed in response to the dissolution of the Community Redevelopment Agency of Los Angeles.[35]
Parks and recreation[edit]
The following recreation facilities are within the Watts boundaries:
Watts Senior Citizen Center, 1657 East Century Boulevard[13][36]
109th Street Recreation Center, 1464 East 109th Street. The center, which acts as a Los Angeles Police Department stop-in center, has an auditorium, a lighted baseball diamond, lighted indoor and outdoor basketball courts, a children's play area, a lighted football field, an indoor gymnasium with weights, an outdoor gymnasium without weights, a lighted soccer field, and lighted tennis courts.[13][37] The 109th Street Pool is a seasonal outdoor unheated pool.[38] In June 2008, a group of young men attacked a manager there, forcing the city to close the pool for a short period of time. When it re-opened, police were stationed there.[39] The pool, located between the Nickerson Gardens and Jordan Downs public housing complexes, also lay between two competing gangs in 2008.[40]
Unnamed Park, Evers Street[13]
Attractions[edit]
Watts Towers
The Watts Towers or Towers of Simon Rodia is a collection of 17 interconnected structures, two of which reach heights of over 99 feet (30 m). The Towers were built by Italian immigrant construction worker Sabato ("Sam" or "Simon") Rodia in his spare time over a period of 33 years, from 1921 to 1954. The work is an example of non-traditional vernacular architecture and American Naïve art.[41][42]
Watts Station
The Watts station was a train station built in 1904. It is a National Historic Landmark.[43] It has been known as one of the few structures that were untouched by a huge fire along 103rd Street stores during the 1965 Watts riots. When it was found intact, it was a symbol of hope and faith for the Watts community. Being one of the most original buildings that was first constructed in Watts, it was a popular stop for the Pacific Electric Railway's “Red Car” that ran through Los Angeles, CA, to Long Beach, CA, for 50 years. It was also admitted to the NRHP (National Register of Historic Places) four months after the riots.
Watts Christmas Parade
The Watts Christmas parade was created in 1964 by Edna Aliewine before the Watts riots. She put together a group of local volunteers to fundraise and create the parade. Ms. Aliewine started a drill team with neighborhood girls which marched in homemade Santa hats. She died at the age of 90 in her home in Watts on July 5, 2011.[44][45]
Watts Summer Games
The L.A. Watts Summer Games started in 1968 and were held at Locke High School. The games are a three-day athletic tournament that brings together more than 5,000 students from 200 California schools. Almost 200,000 youth have competed in the games over the past 30 years. The Watts Summer Games have a scholarship program for students who are dedicated to the community and have awarded more than $300,000 since their inception in 1992.[46][47]
Performing arts[edit]
Dance[edit]
Epifani Dance Company was founded by Lakesha Buchanon in Watts in 2002.[48] They compete in year-round SHARP International competitions, where they have won several first-place trophies.
Theater[edit]
Located on 107th Street, the Watts Village Theater Company is a multicultural urban company whose mission is to "inspire its community with an appreciation of all cultures." The company was started in 1996 and has been involved in helping the community with educational workshops ever since. The members strive to make a more understanding Watts whose citizens can harmoniously live together in a diverse community.[49]
Newspapers[edit]
LA Youth was founded by Donna Myrow in 1988. The first edition of the publication sold 2,500 copies. Its current circulation is 120,000. LA Youth reaches approximately half a million readers.[50]
L.A. Watts Times Weekender Newspaper is an African American newspaper in both print form and online. It was started in 1965 with the motto: "The Voice of Our Community Speaking for Itself."[51]
In the summer of 2010 the Bakewell family was in negotiation to purchase the LA Watts Times.[52] Danny Bakewell said, "I am proud and honored that Melanie chose me and my family to continue the great legacy of the Watts Times, its founders and her parents,".[52]
In popular culture[edit]
Music[edit]
Watts, along with several other California areas, is referenced in the hip-hop songs “California Love” by 2Pac featuring Dr. Dre & Roger Troutman, and "Creep N Crawl" by Eazy E.
Television and film[edit]
The television series Sanford and Son, was set in Watts, and the neighborhood was mentioned prominently by the characters.[53][54][55]
The television series Two and a Half Men had an episode called "Weekend in Bangkok with Two Olympic Gymnasts",[56] which makes reference to Watts in a brief scene.
A plot in the film The Big Lebowski involves the embezzlement of a million dollars from a foundation that ensures a college education for youngsters from Watts, the so-called Little Lebowski Urban Achievers.
Menace 2 Society was filmed at the Jordan Downs Projects in Watts.
Charles Burnett's Killer of Sheep was filmed in and is set in Watts in the early 1970s.
Wassup Rockers was filmed in Watts, and parts were filmed at Locke High School and Gompers Middle School.[57]
Portions of the Oscar award-winning movie Training Day were filmed in and around Imperial Courts projects in Watts.
The television series What's Happening!! and its sequel What's Happening Now!! was set in Watts, where the characters lived.
Video Games[edit]
Wasteland 2, a turn-based strategy RPG released in 2014, features Watts as one of the primary locations in the second half of the game's storyline, set in a post-nuclear war California. The towers that Watts is famous for have become used as radio towers, and the neighborhood itself has been renamed to Rodia, presumably after Simon Rodia, the towers' creator.
Notable people[edit]
Bambu, rapper
Robert C. Farrell (born 1936), journalist and member of the Los Angeles City Council, 1974–91; Watts newspaper publisher
Tyrese Gibson, R&B singer and actor; raised in Watts and graduated from Locke High School
Florence Griffith-Joyner, Olympic track and field gold medalist; raised in the Jordan Downs projects[58]
"Sweet Alice" Harris, community organizer; founder and executive director of local youth outreach group Parents of Watts[59]
Etta James, singer; lived in a Watts apartment[60]
Glasses Malone, rapper; born in Watts
Charles Mingus, jazz musician, composer, bandleader, and civil rights activist; raised largely in the Watts area[61]
Walter Mosley, novelist; born in Watts and lived there for a considerable portion of his childhood; set several of his novels in the neighborhood, particularly those in the Easy Rawlins series
Jay Rock, rapper; born and raised in Watts in the Nickerson Gardens Projects[62]
Shorty Rossi, reality television star
Glenn T. Seaborg, chemist, Nobel Prize winner for Chemistry[63]
The Watts Prophets, hip-hop/jazz and poetry group
See also[edit]
Los Angeles portal
African American portal
I Build the Tower
1965 Watts riots
Watts Station
Wattstax
1992 Los Angeles riots
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Mapping L.A.: "Watts"". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Ray, MaryEllen Bell (1985). The City of Watts, California: 1907 to 1926. Los Angeles: Rising Publications.
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Florence-Graham, California Walnut Park, California
South Los Angeles Watts, Los Angeles South Gate, California
Athens, California Willowbrook, California Lynwood, California
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watts, Los Angeles.
Watts crime map and statistics
Coordinates: 33°56′30″N 118°14′30″W / 33.94167°N 118.24167°W / 33.94167; -118.24167
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Flyback diode
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Diagram of a simple circuit with an inductance L and a flyback diode D. The resistor R represents the resistance of the inductor's windings
A flyback diode (sometimes called a kickback diode, snubber diode, commutating diode, freewheeling diode, suppressor diode, suppression diode, clamp diode, or catch diode[1][citation needed]) is a diode connected across an inductor used to eliminate flyback, which is the sudden voltage spike seen across an inductive load when its supply current is suddenly reduced or interrupted. It is used in circuits in which inductive loads are controlled by switches, and in switching power supplies and inverters.
Contents
[hide]
1 How it works
2 Design
3 Induction at the opening of a contact
3.1 Derivation
4 Applications
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
How it works[edit]
Fig. 1 (above left) shows an inductor connected to a battery, a constant voltage source. The resistor represents the small residual resistance of the inductor's wire windings. When the switch is closed, the voltage from the battery is applied to the inductor, causing current from the battery's positive terminal to flow down through the inductor and resistor.[2][3] The increase in current causes a back EMF (voltage) across the inductor due to Faraday's law of induction which opposes the change in current. Since the voltage across the inductor is limited to the battery's voltage of 24 volts, the rate of increase of the current is limited to an initial value of d I d t = V B L {\displaystyle {dI \over dt}={V_{B} \over L}} So the current through the inductor increases slowly as energy from the battery is stored in the inductor's magnetic field. As the current rises more voltage is dropped across the resistor and less across the inductor, until the current reaches a steady value of I = V B / R {\displaystyle I=V_{B}/R} with all the battery voltage across the resistance and none across the inductance.
When the switch is opened (fig. 2 above right) the current drops rapidly. The inductor resists the drop in current by developing a very large induced voltage of opposite polarity to the battery, positive at the lower end of the inductor and negative at the upper end.[2][1][3] This voltage pulse, sometimes called the inductive "kick", which can be much larger than the battery voltage, appears across the switch contacts. It causes electrons to jump the air gap between the contacts, causing a momentary electric arc to develop across the contacts as the switch is opened. The arc continues until the energy stored in the inductor's magnetic field is dissipated as heat in the arc. The arc can damage the switch contacts, causing pitting and burning, eventually destroying them. If a transistor is used to switch the current, for example in switching power supplies, the high reverse voltage can destroy the transistor.
To prevent the inductive voltage pulse on turnoff, a diode is connected across the inductor as shown in fig 3.[2][1][3] The diode doesn't conduct current while the switch is closed because it is reverse-biased by the battery voltage, so it doesn't interfere with normal operation of the circuit. However, when the switch is opened, the induced voltage across the inductor of opposite polarity forward biases the diode, and it conducts current, limiting the voltage across the inductor and thus preventing the arc from forming at the switch. The inductor and diode momentarily forms a loop or circuit powered by the stored energy in the inductor. This circuit supplies a current to the inductor to replace the current from the battery, so the inductor current does not drop abruptly, and it does not develop a high voltage. The voltage across the inductor is limited to the forward voltage of the diode, around 0.7 - 1.5V. This "freewheeling" or "flyback" current through the diode and inductor decreases slowly to zero as the magnetic energy in the inductor is dissipated as heat in the series resistance of the windings. This may take a few milliseconds in a small inductor.
(left) Oscilloscope trace showing inductive voltage spike in solenoid connected to a 24 VDC power supply. (right) The same switching transient with a flyback diode (1N4007) connected across the solenoid.
These images show the voltage spike and its elimination through the use of a flyback diode (1N4007). The inductor in this case is a solenoid connected to a 24V DC power supply. Each waveform was taken using a digital oscilloscope set to trigger when the voltage across the inductor dipped below zero. In Figure 1 the voltage as measured across the switch bounces/spikes to around -300 V. In Figure 2, a flyback diode was added in antiparallel with the solenoid. Instead of spiking to -300 V, the flyback diode only allows approximately -1.4 V of potential to be built up (-1.4 V is a combination of the forward bias of the 1N4007 diode (1.1 V) and the foot of wiring separating the diode and the solenoid[dubious – discuss]). The waveform in Figure 2 is much less bouncy than the waveform in Figure 1. In both cases, the total time for the solenoid to discharge is a few milliseconds.
Design[edit]
In an ideal flyback diode selection, one would seek a diode which has very large peak forward current capacity (to handle voltage transients without burning out the diode), low forward voltage drop, and a reverse breakdown voltage suited to the inductor's power supply. Depending on the application and equipment involved, some voltage surges can be upwards of 10 times the voltage of the power source, so it is critical not to underestimate the energy contained within an energized inductor.
When used with a DC coil relay, a flyback diode can cause delayed drop-out of the contacts when power is removed, due to the continued circulation of current in the relay coil and diode. When rapid opening of the contacts is important, a low-value resistor can be placed in series with the diode to help dissipate the coil energy faster, at the expense of higher voltage at the switch.
Schottky diodes are preferred in flyback diode applications for switching power converters, because they have the lowest forward drop (~0.2 V rather than >0.7 V for low currents) and are able to quickly respond to reverse bias (when the inductor is being re-energized). They therefore dissipate less energy while transferring energy from the inductor to a capacitor.
When the flyback diode is used to simply dissipate the inductive energy, as with a solenoid or motor, cheap 1N540x and 1N400x general-purpose diodes are used instead.[not in citation given]
Induction at the opening of a contact[edit]
According to Faraday's law of induction, if the current through an inductance changes, this inductance induces a voltage so the current will go on flowing as long as there is energy in the magnetic field. If the current can only flow through the air, the voltage is therefore so high that the air conducts. That is why in mechanically-switched circuits, the near-instantaneous dissipation which occurs without a flyback diode is often observed as an arc across the opening mechanical contacts. Energy is dissipated in this arc primarily as intense heat which causes undesirable premature erosion of the contacts. Another way to dissipate energy is through electromagnetic radiation.
Similarly, for non-mechanical solid state switching (i.e., a transistor), large voltage drops across an unactivated solid state switch can destroy the component in question (either instantaneously or through accelerated wear and tear).
Some energy is also lost from the system as a whole and from the arc as a broad spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, in the form of radio waves and light. These radio waves can cause undesirable clicks and pops on nearby radio receivers.
To minimise the antenna-like radiation of this electromagnetic energy from wires connected to the inductor, the flyback diode should be connected as physically close to the inductor as practicable. This approach also minimises those parts of the circuit that are subject to an unwanted high-voltage — a good engineering practice.
Derivation[edit]
The voltage at an inductor is, by the law of electromagnetic induction and the definition of inductance:
V L = − d Φ B d t = − L d I d t {\displaystyle V_{L}=-{d\Phi _{B} \over dt}=-L{dI \over dt}}
If there is no flyback diode but only something with a great resistance (such as the air between two metal contacts), say, R2, we will approximate it as:
V R 2 = R 2 ⋅ I {\displaystyle V_{R_{2}}=R_{2}\cdot I}
If we open the switch and ignore VCC and R1, we get:
V L = V R 2 {\displaystyle V_{L}=V_{R_{2}}}
or
− L d I d t = R 2 ⋅ I {\displaystyle -L{dI \over dt}=R_{2}\cdot I}
which is a differential equation with the solution:
I ( t ) = I 0 ⋅ e − R 2 L t {\displaystyle I(t)=I_{0}\cdot e^{-{R_{2} \over L}t}}
We observe that the current will decrease faster if the resistance is high, such as with air.
Now if we open the switch with the diode in place, we only need to consider L1, R1 and D1. For I > 0, we can assume:
V D = c o n s t a n t {\displaystyle V_{D}=\mathrm {constant} }
so:
V L = V R 1 + V D {\displaystyle V_{L}=V_{R_{1}}+V_{D}}
which is:
− L d I d t = R 1 ⋅ I + V D {\displaystyle -L{dI \over dt}=R_{1}\cdot I+V_{D}}
whose solution is:
I ( t ) = ( I 0 + 1 R 1 V D ) ⋅ e − R 1 L t − 1 R 1 V D {\displaystyle I(t)=(I_{0}+{1 \over R_{1}}V_{D})\cdot e^{-{R_{1} \over L}t}-{1 \over R_{1}}V_{D}}
We can calculate the time it needs to switch off by determining for which t it is I(t) = 0.
t = − L R 1 ⋅ l n ( V D V D + I 0 R 1 ) {\displaystyle t={-L \over R_{1}}\cdot ln{\left({V_{D} \over {V_{D}+I_{0}{R_{1}}}}\right)}}
Applications[edit]
Flyback diodes are commonly used when inductive loads are switched off by semiconductor devices: in relay drivers, H-bridge motor drivers, and so on. A switched-mode power supply also exploits this effect, but the energy is not dissipated to heat and instead used to pump a packet of additional charge into a capacitor, in order to supply power to a load.
See also[edit]
1N400x general-purpose diodes
1N4148 signal diode
1N58xx Schottky diodes
Lenz's law
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilcher, Don (2012). Learn Electronics with Arduino. Apress. p. 74. ISBN 1430242671.
^ Jump up to: a b c Herrick, Robert J. (2003). DC/AC Circuits and Electronics: Principles & Applications. Cengage Learning. pp. 879–881. ISBN 0766820831.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jacob, J. (2001). Power Electronics: Principles and Applications. Cengage Learning. pp. 292–294. ISBN 0766823326.
Further reading[edit]
Ott, Henry (1988). Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems (2nd ed.). Wiley. ISBN 978-0471850687.
External links[edit]
Relay Technical Notes - American Zettler
Relay Application Notes - TE Connectivity
Relay RC Circuit - Evox Rifa
Application Circuits of Miniature Signal Relays - NEC/Tokin
Diode Turn-on/off Time and Relay Snubbing - Clifton Laboratories
"diode for relay coil spikes and motor shutoff spikes?" - sci.electronics.design
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flyback_diode&oldid=816966123"
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text:
Ice Age: Collision Course
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ice Age: Collision Course
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Mike Thurmeier
Produced by
Lori Forte[1]
Screenplay by
Michael J. Wilson[2]
Michael Berg[2]
Yoni Brenner[2]
Story by
Aubrey Solomon[2]
Starring
Ray Romano
John Leguizamo
Denis Leary
Josh Peck
Simon Pegg
Seann William Scott
Jennifer Lopez
Queen Latifah
Music by
John Debney[3]
Cinematography
Renato Falcão
Edited by
James Palumbo
Production
company
Blue Sky Studios
20th Century Fox Animation
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19) (Sydney Film Festival)
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22) (United States)
Running time
94 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$105 million[5]
Box office
$408.6 million[5]
Ice Age: Collision Course is a 2016 American computer animated comedy film produced by Blue Sky Studios. It is the fifth installment in the Ice Age film series and the sequel to Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012). It was directed by Mike Thurmeier and co-directed by Galen Tan Chu,[6] and written by Michael Wilson, Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner.[2]
Ray Romano, John Leguizamo, Denis Leary, Queen Latifah, Seann William Scott, Josh Peck and Chris Wedge again all reprise their roles from the previous films, with Simon Pegg who reprises his role as Buck from Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009) and Keke Palmer, Jennifer Lopez and Wanda Sykes who reprise their roles as Peaches, Shira and Granny in Ice Age: Continental Drift. They are joined by Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Adam DeVine, Nick Offerman, Max Greenfield, Stephanie Beatriz, Melissa Rauch, Michael Strahan, Jessie J and Neil deGrasse Tyson,[1] who voice the new characters introduced in this film.
In this film, while trying to bury his acorn, Scrat discovers a UFO and launches it into space and accidentally sends thousands of deadly meteors to earth, causing problems for The Herd. When Manny and the others meet up with Buck and learn that a very deadly meteor is coming to earth, they must go on a life or death mission to find a way to stop it.
The film premiered at the Sydney Film Festival on June 19, 2016, and was released in the United States on July 22, 2016, by 20th Century Fox. The film received mostly negative reviews and grossed $408 million worldwide on a $105 million budget.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Home media
5.2 Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
5.3 Scrat: Spaced Out
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 Possible sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth. Meanwhile, Manny is worried about the upcoming marriage between Peaches and her fiancé, Julian. Diego and his wife Shira want to start a family, but their fierce appearance tends to scare kids. Sid is dumped by his girlfriend, Francine, just as he is about to propose to her, and he laments his solitude. During Manny and Ellie's wedding anniversary party (which Manny had forgotten prior to the event), some of the asteroids strike the place and The Herd barely escape with their lives. Meanwhile, at the underground cavern, Buck returns a dinosaur egg back to its rightful owner after it was stolen by a trio of flying dromaeosaurs[7] named Gavin, Gertie, and Roger. Buck discovers an ancient stone pillar and takes it to the surface, where he meets Manny and the others.
Buck explains to The Herd that according to the pillar, the asteroids had caused several extinctions in the past and with a massive one still incoming, he believes that the only place they could find a clue to stop it is on the site of the impact of the previous ones, as according to its engravings, they always fall at the same place. However, the three dromaeosaurs overhear their conversation, and Gavin and Gertie decide to stop them, believing that they could be safe from the impact, as they can fly, thus not only getting their revenge on Buck, but also killing all mammals and securing domination over Earth for their species. Roger is reluctant, but Gavin and Gertie strong-arm him into cooperating.
As The Herd travels to the crash site, they discover that the asteroids have electro-magnetic properties. Buck theorizes that if a huge quantity of smaller asteroids should be gathered and launched into orbit, they could attract the main asteroid as well and prevent it from falling on Earth. After facing several obstacles and the interference of the dromaeosaurs, The Herd arrives at "Geotopia", a community of immortal animals formed inside one of the asteroids that have fallen long ago, where Sid meets Brooke, a female ground sloth who falls in love with him. However, Shangri Llama, the leader of Geotopia, refuses to cooperate with Buck's plan to send the city's crystals into space in order to prevent the imminent impact, as they are the key to the residents' longevity. Sid inadvertently destroys the entire city when he attempts to remove one of the crystals to present Brooke with, immediately aging them to their real ages and revealing their true crone-like appearances.
Once Brooke convinces the Geotopians that preventing the asteroid's fall is more important than their lost youth, they and The Herd help with Buck's plan, which is to fill up a geyser with the crystals so that the pressure launches them into space to draw the asteroid away. The dromaeosaurs attempt to intervene, but Buck convinces Roger that they will not be able to survive the asteroid, and he in turn convinces Gavin and Gertie to help. The plan works, and the asteroid is pulled back into space. The Herd then departs back home, including Sid, who parts ways from Brooke, but just after they leave, an asteroid piece falls inside a hot spring, giving it rejuvenating properties and making the Geotopians and Sid's grandmother, who stayed behind with them, regain their youth. After The Herd returns, Manny reconciles with Julian, Peaches and Julian celebrate their wedding, Diego and Shira become heroes to the kids who were scared of them before, and a rejuvenated Brooke appears during the ceremony to reunite with Sid.
In the film's epilogue, Scrat keeps struggling to control the alien ship until it crashes on Mars, destroying all life on the planet.
In a mid-credits scene, Scrat finds his acorn, but gets beaten by some doors.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of Ice Age characters
Ray Romano as Manny, a woolly mammoth and the leader of The Herd.[8]
John Leguizamo as Sid, a ground sloth and the founder of The Herd.[8]
Denis Leary as Diego, a saber-toothed tiger and the member of The Herd.[8]
Queen Latifah as Ellie, a female woolly mammoth – Manny's wife.[8]
Simon Pegg as Buck, a one-eyed weasel and a dinosaur-hunter who reunites with The Herd to warn them of the coming asteroid.[9] Pegg also voices Pythagoras Buck and Robo Buck who exist in his mind alongside with Neil deBuck Weasel.
Seann William Scott and Josh Peck as Crash and Eddie, two opossums and the "brothers" of Ellie.
Keke Palmer as Peaches, a young female woolly mammoth – daughter of Manny and Ellie.[10]
Adam DeVine as Julian, a woolly mammoth and Peaches' husband.[1][11]
Neil deGrasse Tyson as Neil deBuck Weasel, a weasel astronomer who exists in Buck's mind.[1]
Jesse Tyler Ferguson as Shangri Llama, a yoga-loving llama and the spiritual leader of Geotopia.[1]
Jessie J as Brooke, a ground sloth who is a resident of Geotopia and the love interest of Sid.[1][12]
Jennifer Lopez as Shira, a female saber-toothed tiger – Diego's wife and former first mate pirate.[8]
Wanda Sykes as Granny, an aging ground sloth and Sid's grandmother.[13]
Nick Offerman as Gavin, a flying dromaeosaur[7] – father of Roger and Gertie.[1]
Stephanie Beatriz as Gertie, a flying dromaeosaur[7] – Gavin's daughter.[1][14]
Max Greenfield as Roger, a flying dromaeosaur that is freaky and cowardly[7] – Gavin's son.[1][15]
Melissa Rauch as Francine, a ground sloth who has a close relationship with Sid as she is his former girlfriend.[1][16]
Michael Strahan as Teddy, a fearless rabbit and a resident of Geotopia.[1][17]
Lilly Singh as Bubbles and Misty, a pair of "minicorns" who reside in Geotopia.
Chris Wedge as Scrat, a saber-toothed squirrel.[8]
Production[edit]
The concept of Collision Course was deeply rooted in a scene from the first Ice Age film where Manny and his friends are walking through an ice cave and they spot a spaceship that's encased in ice, an item that inspired this film in the series.[18] As with the third film, which was also inspired by the ice cave scene in which The Herd comes across a dinosaur that was incased in ice, the team went back to the first film to search for a possible inspiration for this next installment.[19] The characters were first hand-drawn on animation software, complete with color and animated clips of the characters doing specific actions. They were then sent to be hand-sculpted with clay, and ultimately scanned into CGI software and animated around the model.[18]
The "Figaro's Aria" sequence which involved Buck saving an egg from a trio of dromaeosaurs proved to be one of the most challenging sequences for Blue Sky Studios' animators, as it involved a continuous uninterrupted shot that ran for around two minutes long. It was one of the first scenes put into production but also one of the last to exit production due to its time-consuming and difficult structure, as the team would only be able to produce three or four seconds of footage a week.
The recording session took place in Los Angeles, California since most of the actors live there while the studio is based in New York City. Director Mike and co-director Galen T. Chu would take turns travelling to L.A. to head the recording sessions.[20] In the film, Simon Pegg sang a rendition of "Pigaro".[20] Jesse Tyler Ferguson was offered the role after the producers saw his performance in Modern Family. It is his first time working in an animated film.[21] Ferguson blew out his voice on the first day of the recording session because he did a lot of yelling. He then took a few days off and came back later to finish his part.[21] He admitted that he struggled the first time he heard his voice come out of his character's mouth. As a result, he decided to stop watching interviews of himself on television because he found them to be "too weird".[21]
A promotional poster, shown in June 2015, at the Licensing Expo, revealed the film's full title: Ice Age: Collision Course.[22]
Soundtrack[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course
Film score by John Debney
Released
July 19, 2016
Recorded
2016
Genre
Score
Label
Varèse Sarabande
Producer
John Debney
John Debney film scores chronology
Mother's Day
(2016)Mother's Day2016 Ice Age: Collision Course
(2016) League of Gods
(2016)League of Gods2016
The film was composed by John Debney, who replaced John Powell from the previous three films due to Powell being busy with other projects.[6] However, most Powell's score from the third was included in the film, along with David Newman's score from the first film.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Ice Age: Collision Course Main Title" 0:15
2. "Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe" 2:42
3. "Earthbound Acorn" 0:41
4. "Family Bonding" 3:14
5. "Clingy Sid" 0:41
6. "Women" 1:13
7. "Extreme Gravity" 1:22
8. "Did You Forget?" 1:34
9. "Peaches and Juilan" 0:59
10. "Meteor Shower" 2:43
11. "Ancient Temple" 1:37
12. "The Tablet" 2:36
13. "Dino Bird Plan" 1:51
14. "Magnets" 1:33
15. "Electrical Storm" 2:54
16. "Parenting" 1:39
17. "The Herd Rests" 1:06
18. "Kidnapping" 2:03
19. "Crash Site" 1:44
20. "Geotopia" 2:18
21. "The Shangri-llama" 2:56
22. "A Good Life" 1:26
23. "Proposal" 1:46
24. "Sealing The Volcano" 2:55
25. "Dino Birds Join The Mission" 3:15
26. "Julian's Moment" 3:31
27. "We Did It" 2:25
28. "Wedding Preparations" 2:51
29. "Mars" 1:00
30. "Ice Age: Collision Course End Credits (Soundtrack Edit)" 0:51
31. "Dream Weaver" (Performed by Trent Harmon) 3:49
Total length: 54:80
Release[edit]
Initially the film was scheduled for release on July 15, 2016.[23] However, the release was delayed to July 22,[24] to avoid competition with the Ghostbusters reboot that was also scheduled for July 15. An extended sneak peek of the movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe was attached to theatrical showings of Blue Sky Studio's The Peanuts Movie on November 6, 2015.[25] The teaser poster of the film was revealed on November 6, 2015 with the words "Bring Scrat Home" spoofing The Martian.[26] The short film was released later on November 9, 2015, on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page.[27]
Home media[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Blu-ray and digital download on October 11, 2016. Special features include a new short film titled Scrat: Spaced Out,[28] which is primarily made up of Scrat's scenes from the film, with a few unique scenes at the end.
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe[edit]
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe is a five-minute short film, with the majority of its footage, minus the closing scene, taken from the beginning of Ice Age: Collision Course.[29][30] Directed by Michael Thurmeier and Galen Chu, the short premiered on November 6, 2015, along with the film The Peanuts Movie.[25] In the short, Scrat, trying to bury his acorn, accidentally activates an abandoned alien ship that takes him into deep space, where he unwittingly sends several asteroids en route to a collision with Earth.
Scrat: Spaced Out[edit]
Scrat: Spaced Out is a 15-minute short film that compiles all Scrat's scenes from Ice Age: Collision Course with a few unique scenes at the end.[31] The short was included on the film's home media releases.[28]
Following the events of Ice Age: Collision Course, Scrat is heading back to Earth in the saucer. An acorn-shaped ship appears and pulls the acorn, with Scrat holding onto it. In the ship, three alien squirrels (A.K.A Scratzons) are surprised by finding Scrat, and blast him away from the acorn. Scrat tries to take it back with a tractor beam in a nearby saucer, but the alien leader pulls it back with another tractor beam. Being pulled to both sides, the nutrogen inside the acorn snaps, creating a massive explosion, which destroys the ship and creates a black hole sucking everything nearby into it. Scrat jumps out of the saucer, knocks the Scratzon alien leader into the black hole while trying to save the acorn, but gets pulled in the hole nonetheless. He emerges in space along with the acorn, only for the black hole appearing again, snatching the acorn and leaving Scrat alone again.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Ice Age: Collision Course grossed $64 million in North America and $344 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $408 million, against a budget of $105 million.[5] In terms of total earnings, its biggest markets outside of North America were China ($66 million) (with the country being also its largest territory overall), France ($26.3 million), Brazil ($25 million), Germany ($24.7 million) and Mexico ($22.2 million).[32]
In the United States and Canada Ice Age: Collision Course opened on July 22, 2016, alongside Star Trek Beyond and Lights Out, and was projected to gross $30–35 million in its opening weekend.[33] It made $850,000 from Thursday night previews and $7.8 million on its first day.[34] It had a $21 million debut in its opening weekend, finishing fourth at the box office. The film finished its theatrical run with a domestic gross of $64 million. Produced on a budget of $105 million, the film became the lowest-grossing film of the franchise as well as Blue Sky's lowest-grossing film.[35]
The film began its international theatrical run two weeks prior to its North American release, earning $18 million from seven markets on about 5,286 screens.[36] In its second weekend, it added $32.2 million from 25 countries. As a result, it only topped the international box office for a non-Chinese film but also helped Fox pass the $2 billion mark internationally, making this the eighth consecutive calendar year Fox has surpassed this milestone, and the 10th time in the studio's history.[37] The film came in third place overall, behind the two Chinese films Cold War 2 and Big Fish & Begonia.[38][39] By its third weekend, after grossing another $53.5 million from 15,132 screens in a total 51 markets, it finally topped the international box office and became the biggest grosser of the weekend.[40]
It recorded the biggest opening of all time for Fox in Argentina ($3.77 million), where its debut is also the third-biggest of all time behind Furious 7 and Captain America: Civil War; Colombia ($2.18 million), Central America ($2.2 million), and Uruguay ($620,618); the second-biggest in Mexico ($8.4 million), behind Ice Age: Continental Drift; Peru, Chile, and Ecuador; the biggest opening among the series in Brazil ($4.5 million) and the biggest non-holiday animated opening ever in India ($1.66 million).[37][40] Elsewhere, it had No. 1 openings in Russia ($5.9 million), Italy ($4.5 million), Germany ($4.2 million), Austria ($893,350), and Switzerland ($514,789) and No. 5 in Australia ($3.1 million).[36][40] In France, it opened amidst the 2016 Nice attack and delivered an opening weekend of $7.1 million. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it debuted in second place with $5.2 million, behind Ghostbusters which also opened the same weekend.[40] In China, it opened on Tuesday, August 23, alongside Jason Bourne and delivered a six-day opening of $42.7 million and a Friday to Sunday debut of $23.1 million. The debut makes it the top non-local animated opening in the country that year and is also the franchise's best debut.[41][42][43] It has so far grossed a total of $63.6 million there.[44]
Critical response[edit]
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 16% based on 112 reviews and an average rating of 4.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Unoriginal and unfunny, Ice Age: Collision Course offers further proof that not even the healthiest box office receipts can keep a franchise from slouching toward creative extinction."[45] Rotten Tomatoes also ranks it as the worst-reviewed film in the Ice Age franchise.[46] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[47] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[48]
Katie Walsh of Los Angeles Times wrote, "Collision Course is simply a perfunctory, watered-down entry in the series that feels like it should have been released on home video."[49] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film one out of four stars, saying, "The fifth entry in the Ice Age series is a loud, lazy, laugh-starved cash grab that cynically exploits its target audience (I use the term advisedly) by serving them scraps and calling it yummy."[50]
Owen Gleiberman of Variety wrote, "The long-running series returns to form with an infectious chatterbox comedy about the end of the world as we know it."[2]
Possible sequel[edit]
On the possibility of a potential sequel, in June 2016, Galen T. Chu, co-director of the film, stated that there were some ideas for the sixth installment.[20]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Truitt, Brian (November 5, 2015). "Jesse Tyler Ferguson is a limber llama in new 'Ice Age'". USA Today. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Gleiberman, Owen (June 18, 2016). "Film Review: 'Ice Age: Collision Course'". Variety. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d "Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sarto, Dan (July 22, 2016). "Manny, Diego, Sid and Scrat Return in 'Ice Age: Collision Course'". Animation World Network. Retrieved October 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brown, Dwight (July 20, 2016). "Ice Age: Collision Course". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Truitt, Brian (October 22, 2015). "Exclusive: 'Ice Age' squirrel to make Macy's debut". USA Today. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pegg, Simon (November 5, 2015). "Buck's back in the herd! Follow #collisioncourse and keep an eye out for who else is joining the Ice Age family". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Keke (November 5, 2015). "Ice, Ice, Baby. Follow #CollisionCourse today to see who's joining me in the #IceAge". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Devine, Adam (November 5, 2015). "Look at me Mom I'm a walking talking Woolly Mammoth! I'm playing Julian in the new #IceAge movie #CollisionCourse !". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ J, Jessie (November 5, 2015). "You 'Herd' it here first! I'm in #IceAge! Follow #CollisionCourse to see who's joining me! So excited!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sykes, Wanda (November 6, 2015). "Granny's back! Follow #CollisionCourse today to see who's joining me in #IceAge!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "This is #Gertie. She's a dino bird in the next #IceAge movie #CollisionCourse AND IM HER VOICE!!! also in the fam are #maxgreenfield as my bro and #nickofferman as our pops! Can't wait for you to see it: coming July 22, 2016!!". Instagram. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Greenfield, May (November 5, 2015). "IM A DINOSAUR Follow #CollisionCourse to see who's joining my dino bird family in #IceAge!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rauch, Melissa (November 6, 2015). "So excited to join the cast of #IceAge #CollisionCourse as Francine...Gotta say, I've never looked better". Twitter. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Strahan, Michael (November 5, 2015). "Ready to get this party HOP'n. Lol. Follow #CollisionCourse to see who else is joining the #IceAge cast!". Twitter. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Micah Phillips (July 5, 2016). "HeyUGuys visit Blue Sky Studios to go 'on set' with Ice Age Collision Course". HeyUGuys. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Scott J. Davis (July 8, 2016). "Exclusive interview with Galen Chu, co-director of Ice Age: Collision Course, about the new adventure, Simon Pegg's return and the franchise's continued popularity". Flickering Myth. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cassam Looch (June 27, 2016). "ICE AGE: COLLISION COURSE INTERVIEW WITH CO-DIRECTOR GALEN T. CHU". Flickreel. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paulette Cohn (July 12, 2016). "Photos: Ice Age: Collision Course: Will a Meteor End Their World?". Parade. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (June 9, 2015). "Exclusive Promo Poster Gallery from Licensing Expo 2015!". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ McClintock, Pamela (December 20, 2013). "'Ice Age 5' to Hit Theaters Summer 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Kinsey (August 7, 2015). "'Ice Age 5′ Gets Title, Date Change; Weinstein Co. Adjusts 'About Ray'". Deadline. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Truitt, Brian (November 6, 2015). "Sneak peek: Scrat heads to space for 'Ice Age' short". USA Today. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Craig (November 6, 2015). "Scrat In Space As First ICE AGE: COLLISION COURSE Poster Riffs THE MARTIAN". Screen Relish. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "'Ice Age: Collision Course' Lands on Blue-ray October 11". Animation World Network. September 22, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 5, 2016). "'Tarzan' Takes $19.3M In First Offshore Swing; 'Resurgence' Rises To $175.8M; China Shells Out For 'TMNT2' – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (July 12, 2016). "'Ice Age' Leads Studio Pics; Chinese Summer & 'Sultan' Kick Off – Intl B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (July 10, 2016). "China Box Office: 'Cold War 2' Leads Weekend Dominated by Local Films". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Nancy Tartaglione (July 17, 2016). "'Ice Age' Charts $53.5M Course To Lead Frame; 'Ghostbusters' Calls Up $19.1M In Offshore Bow – International Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Busch, Anita (July 25, 2016). "'Star Trek Beyond' Launches To $59M; 'Lights Out' Electrifies; 'Ice Age' Tepid; 'Ghostbusters' No Cinderella Story – Box Office Final". Deadline. Retrieved April 27, 2017. The fifthquel earned a B+,...
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External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Ice Age: Collision Course
Official website
Ice Age: Collision Course on IMDb
Ice Age: Collision Course at The Big Cartoon DataBase
Ice Age: Collision Course at Rotten Tomatoes
Ice Age: Collision Course at Metacritic
Ice Age: Collision Course at Box Office Mojo
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