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Cannabis in Canada
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In Canada as of late 2017, cannabis – usually referred to as marihuana or marijuana – is legal only for medicinal purposes and only under conditions outlined in the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (ACMPR).[1] issued by Health Canada. The cultivation of the cannabis is currently legal in Canada for seed, grain and fibre production only under licences issued by Health Canada.[2]
Cannabis was first banned in Canada in 1923, with regulated medical cannabis becoming legal in 2001. In response to popular opinion,[3] Justin Trudeau, the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada committed to legalizing cannabis for personal use while campaigning during the Canadian federal election, 2015. The Liberals won the election with 184 seats, allowing the party to form a majority government with Trudeau as Prime Minister.[4] The plan was to remove cannabis possession for personal consumption from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act; however, new laws would be enacted for greater punishment of those convicted of supplying cannabis to minors and impairment while driving a motor vehicle.[5]
The legislation to legalize cannabis for recreational use (Bill C-45) was passed by the federal House of Commons in late November 2017, with an effective date of July 1, 2018, if the bill is approved in time by the Senate.[6] The provinces will have the power to determine the method of distribution and sale[7] and each will also establish the legal age for cannabis use.[8] An excise tax will be levied, to be shared with the provinces and territories.[9] After legalisation, estimated annual sales will be $4 billion (US $3.2b), according to the federal government.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Steps to legalization
3 Public opinion
4 Cannabis as a commodity
4.1 Stock market volatility
4.1.1 Excise tax and sales tax
4.1.2 Retail distribution
5 References
6 Further reading
7 See also
8 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Legal history of cannabis in Canada
Cannabis has been illegal since it was added to the country's Confidential Restricted List in 1923 under the Narcotics Drug Act Amendment Bill after a vague reference to a "new drug" during a late night session of the House of Commons on April 23, 1923.[11] According to one government official, cannabis was outlawed after the Director of the Federal Division of Narcotic Control returned from League of Nations meetings where the international control of cannabis was broached.[12]:49 Cannabis did not begin to attract official attention in Canada until the later 1930s, and even then it was minimal;[12]:51 the first seizure of cannabis by Canadian police was not until 1937.[12]:48 Commercial cultivation of industrial hemp was forbidden in 1938.[13] Between 1946 and 1961, cannabis accounted for only 2% of all drug arrests in Canada.[12]:112
In the 1960s cannabis began to rapidly increase in Canada. For the entire period 1930–1946 the RCMP recorded only 25 cannabis arrests, but this rose to 2,300 cases in 1968, and to 12,000 cases in 1972.[14] In response to the increased popularization of marijuana and the increase in criminal charges against middle class citizens, the government formed the Royal Commission of Inquiry in the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, usually referred to as the Le Dain Commission in 1969 to investigate the non-medical cannabis use in Canada.[15] The commission's 1972 report recommended removing criminal penalties for cannabis possession, though not legalization, per se. While the subsequent two federal governments discussed the recommendation, no steps were actually taken to change legislation.[16]
On September 15, 2017, Canada's first licence for recreational cannabis distribution went to Organigram Holdings (known as OGI:CVE).[17] This marked a milestone for marijuana distribution in Canada.
Steps to legalization[edit]
After he was elected Prime Minister in 2015, the first significant step that Justin Trudeau took was the creation of a federal-provincial-territorial task force to discuss a jointly suitable process for the legalization of cannabis possession for casual use. This Task Force on Marijuana Legalization and Regulation released a 106-page report to the public on 13 December 2016, with various recommendations. Those were provided for consideration by the federal and provincial governments but they were not binding.[18] Sales for recreational use will not commence until July 1, 2018 at the earliest, based on legislation (Bill C-45) passed by the federal government in late November 2017.[19] That assumes that the Senate will pass the bill prior to the end of June 2018 which is certainly not guaranteed.[20]
Subsequently, the substance will remain controlled: sold only at government licensed retailers, and grown only by licensed producers.[21][22] During the federal election campaign, the Liberals had promised "new, stronger laws" against sales to minors, driving while impaired and sales through channels not specifically authorized to do so.[23]
Until legislation is enacted, marijuana remains illegal (except with a physician's prescription, for medical purposes), as Prime Minister Justin Trudeau reminded police forces across the country in late 2016. He insisted that they "enforce the law": criminally charge illegal storefront dispensaries. Trudeau also explained that the intent of the legislation is not to encourage recreational use of cannabis. The intent is "to better protect our kids from the easy access they have right now to marijuana [and] to remove the criminal elements that were profiting from marijuana," he told the Toronto Star on 2 December 2016.[24]
Police forces took the Prime Minister seriously and in March 2017 raided five locations of the Cannabis Culture retailer in Toronto, one in Vancouver, BC and another in Hamilton, Ontario. They also searched homes in Toronto, Stoney Creek and Vancouver. Multiple charges were laid against Marc Emery and Jodie Emery, owners of Cannabis Culture, a company that franchised pot dispensary shops. The couple was convicted in December 2017 of drug related charges, including possession of marijuana for purpose of trafficking, fined and placed on two years of probation. [25] Drug-related charges were laid against three others who were also subsequently convicted.[25]
Toronto Police had told the media that the unlicensed marijuana dispensaries are linked to "high-level drug traffickers ... often tied to organized crime, given the amount of marijuana sold".[26]
First Nations chiefs attending the Assembly of First Nations widely agreed that the distribution of cannabis on reserve lands should be governed by First Nations governments, and not provincial legislation.[27]
Public opinion[edit]
Since 1997, public opinion polls have found an increasing majority of Canadians agree with the statement, "Smoking marijuana should not be a criminal offence".[28] A June 2016 national poll conducted by Nanos Research showed that 7 in 10 Canadians are in favour of legalization.[29]
By 2006, a high percentage of the population was using cannabis, in spite of the risk of police charges for possession, and especially for selling it without the required licence, according to statistics gathered by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. Nearly half (44%) of Canadians admit to trying it at least once; no statistics were provided as to the percentage who use it frequently. The CAMH report also indicates that by the last year of High School, nearly half (46%) of Ontario students admit to having used marijuana in the past year.[30] Naturally, the CAMH discussion includes warnings about the negative effects of cannabis. Other groups also warn about the risk, including the Canadian Automobile Association whose 2016 poll indicated that "Almost two thirds of Canadians are concerned that roads will become more dangerous [due to impairment by the drug] with the legalization of marijuana".[31]
An October 2016 national poll by Forum suggests that about five million adult Canadians now use cannabis at least once a month; this is expected to increase by 19 percent after marijuana is legalized.[32] Canaccord Genuity analysts Matt Bottomley and Neil Maruoka released a research note with a more moderate estimates as to the number of users. They predicted that approximately 3.8 million persons will be recreational users (presumably on a frequent basis) by 2021.[33] A report by Canada's Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) is more bullish, estimating that by 2021 some 5.2 million adults may be users.[34]
Cannabis as a commodity[edit]
Growers that currently produce marijuana are licensed by Health Canada under the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (ACMPR). As of late 2016, there were 36 authorized producers across the country in Health Canada's list. Sales were allowed only by mail order, but by late 2017, some major retailers had applied for a change in the rules to allow them to also sell the product.[35] By December 21, 2017, 82 licences had been issued[36] under the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (ACMPR), but not all of the producers had been licensed to begin selling medical marijuana. The vast majority of these companies were located in Ontario.[37] At that time, no licences had been issued yet for producing recreational cannabis; the producers already licensed were hoping to be added to that list after it is created.[38]
Statistics indicate that as of September 2016 nearly 100,000 Canadians had bought medical marijuana legally, a significant increase over the 30,537 in September 2015, presumably since it is becoming a mainstream drug and since supplies are becoming more readily available.[39] According to a StatsCan estimate, Canadians may have spent roughly CAD$6.2 billion (US$4.8 billion) on marijuana in 2015, although the agency admits that there is no scientific method of accurately measuring illegal consumption.[40]
The largest of the licensed producers is Canopy Growth Corporation of Smiths Falls, Ontario, renamed from Tweed Marijuana Inc. in September 2015[41] after it purchased competitor Bedrocan. Subsequent acquisitions for this corporation included Vert Medical, the German cannabis distributor MedCann and a majority interest in Quebec's Groupe H.E.M.P.CA Inc. In early December 2016, Canopy announced a friendly takeover bid of another Canadian producer, Mettrum Health (CVE:MT), in anticipation of an expanding market after marijuana is legalized for recreational purposes in 2017.[42] In addition to sales in the domestic market, Canopy Growth began selling medical cannabis products in Germany and Brazil in 2016. The company was described as "one of the world's — and Canada's first — premier exporters of marijuana" by the Financial Post news organization.[43]
Canopy Growth's patient base increased by approximately 260 per cent and revenue increased by about 180 percent in the calendar year 2016 vs. 2015. The increase would have been even greater but the company had difficulty maintaining adequate stock in some high-demand categories such as mid-to-high THC level products and oils. A report by The Financial Post indicated that inventory shortfalls have been a problem for many of Canada’s licensed medical marijuana producers; this could worsen after recreational marijuana is legalized. When the year end report was released, Canopy Growth's share price fell seven percent to $12.09 on the Toronto Stock Exchange (ticker WEED). [44] The December 2016 year end report indicated a profit for the first time in the company's history (3 million in net income). Previously, Canopy Growth had been operating at a loss ($3.3 million in 2015, for example) partly because it was using funds to acquire competitors in preparation for significantly increased cannabis demand by the recreational use market expected to commence in early 2018. (The company's most recently announced acquisition is of Mettrum Health Corp., for $430 million, awaiting final regulatory approval.) In early December 2016, Reuter's survey of four market analysts had indicated a consensus rating of Buy in early December 2016.[45]
The report by the Task Force on Marijuana Legalization and Regulation had recommended that cannabis growers should be licensed at a federal level, separately from the producers of medical marijuana. The expert panel also recommended that the process ensure competition by licensing both large and small producers. While licensing should be federal, each of the provinces should be allowed to determine how and where the product will be sold.[46]
After the probable date of legalisation (summer 2018)[47] became well publicized, industry analysts reported that some of the producers who had been licensed for medical marijuana, including Aurora Cannabis, were already increasing the capacity of their operations for future sales to the distributors of recreational cannabis.[48] Nonetheless, a report in June 2017 raised concerns that the companies licensed for medical marijuana would be unable to meet the very high demand of 655,000 kilograms per year when recreational use of the product becomes legal.[49]
A report in late November by Ernst & Young suggested that there would be mergers, leaving fewer players in this industry. "Many believe that consolidation is inevitable, leaving a few large players post-legalization." Also in late 2017, Deloitte predicted that the recreational cannabis market would be worth close to $23 billion.[50]
The federal legislation would also allow householders to grow up to four cannabis plants but in November 2017, Quebec announced that it would not permit this option.[51]
Stock market volatility[edit]
At times in 2016, and in 2017, the stock prices of some producers increased significantly as retail investors became more bullish on this segment of the market but then dropped at a later date.[52] Between September and mid-November 2017, the typical stock cannabis producer's value increased by 54%, according to Vahan Ajamian of Beacon Securities Ltd. The share price of Canopy Growth, for example, more than doubled in price during the fall of the year, but declined in mid-November while others, such as Aurora Cannabis, increased at the same time during another volatile period.[53][54] At the time, analysts could not predict the long-term outcome for any company.[55] A report by Investopedia on November 15 said that most cannabis stocks "can be labeled as penny stocks, so any investment may carry a significantly higher risk component.[56]
Market analysts Matt Bottomley and Neil Maruoka of Canaccord Genuity believe that approximately 3.8 million persons will be recreational users (presumably on a frequent basis) by 2021 with a potential for $6-billion of sales.[33] These analysts predicted that after legalization, there may be a "shortfall of supply in the near term" (until about 2020 perhaps) which is likely to increase the product's selling price. Their prediction was based on the government's strict standards which have resulted in few producers becoming licensed under the current system.[57] Presumably the government will relax the qualification standards to increase the number of producers who will be licensed after cannabis is legalized for recreational use but no such plans have been revealed to date.[58]
Some industry observers had warned that "speculation and investor frenzy are fuelling many of the gains". Other observers pointed out that marijuana company values are high but point out that "the players have real products with real sales that are growing, unlike the many dot-com firms that fed that bubble." Nonetheless, "cannabis investors chasing the Big Green Rush are playing a dangerous game," according to Dan Nicholls, Vice President of the Marijuana Index in Los Angeles. “For a first-time investor, stocks are always risky,” he said. "You can lose everything you put in, potentially, especially in a market like this."[59] Some market analysts voiced concern about the long-term retail price of recreational marijuana; they predict that it will decline over time after legalization because of competition and bulk sales to provincial governments. According to the CEO of Cronos Group, "It’s not going to be 80 or 90 per cent margins forever. There will be a very rapid price compression" after the initial shortage of product is resolved.[60]
The probability of reducing prices as producers' costs decline due to economies of scale was confirmed by the head of the federal-provincial task force in late 2017. The government also intends to keep the net cost to the consumer adequately low so as to virtually eliminate the need for an illegal market but "not so low as to create an incentive for increased use".[61]
Certain investment counsellors also warned clients that marijuana stocks are very risky.[62] According to Barry Schwartz, chief investment officer at Baskin Wealth Management in Toronto, "It's not the type of investment we’d ever make" adding that he would advise anyone who asks about investing in this sector, "don't do it".[63] In spite of the significant increases in the stock prices of several cannabis producers in early November 2017, few institutional investors were buying such shares because of the uncertainty as to which would succeed and which would fail.[64]
In November 2017, business columnist David Olive of the Toronto Star strongly recommended against investing in this industry. His rationale includes these aspects: there are too many producers for the small Canadian market ("close to 100 players"), retail prices will drop significantly, reducing margins, and the expense ratio is excessively high, so most companies will not be profitable. "Only the most risk-tolerant and speculative-minded investors should go anywhere near it," he warned.[65]
The promise of legalization boosted the price of shares in companies such as Aurora Cannabis Inc. (ACB.TO), Canopy Growth Corp. (WEED.TO 2.00%), Aphria Inc. (APH.TO) and MedReleaf Corp. (LEAF.TO) in November and December 2017.[66] A market analyst explained that the confidence was based on the fact that legal marijuana will not be more expensive, with tax included, than the black market product; this should ensure a sizeable market for producers.[67] Advertising will probably be used to boost sales. The federal task force had recommended that restrictions on ad content should be similar to those for tobacco ads, extremely stringent. The cannabis producers' lobby group, however, was proposing the gentler restrictions that apply to alcohol producers: not to appeal to youth and to promote only the brand, not the recreational use of the product. [68]
As the stock markets approached the year-end closing in 2017, the price of major cannabis stocks surged but Bloomberg News reported that "some analysts are skeptical about demand projections, and betting against the stocks is difficult to do" because there was "almost no stock left to short, and some investors who have taken short positions in the market have lost money", quoting Ihor Dusaniwsky of S3 Partners (investment analysts) in New York. [69] The BCMI Cannabis Report [70] warned that the boom could "end badly", with the bubble bursting as other industries' "manias" had burst in the past. [71] On January 4, 2018, a plunge in prices was being reported by Bloomberg.[72]
Excise tax and sales tax[edit]
From the early planning stages, the government indicated that the substance would be taxed. An estimate in late 2016 suggested revenues of $618 million per year from a federal tax initially, and eventually, billions, according to a report by Canada's Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO).[34] (A recent government estimate indicates that the illegal marijuana industry is worth $7-billion per year.)[73] The Task Force report recommended that high-potency cannabis (with a high THC content) be taxed at a higher level than the conventional product to make it less attractive to consumers.[74][75]
The federal government had announced in October 2017 that its budget's would included $546 million over five years to prepare the "legal framework to strictly regulate and restrict access to cannabis" and another $150 million over six years to enforce the restrictions on drug-impaired driving.[76] Health Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police will receive a share of the funds.[77] Of this amount, municipal and indigenous police services should receive $81 million to offset the increased cost of training and resources.[78]
On November 10, 2017, the government announced that the federal excise tax, to be shared 50/50 with the provinces and territories, should not exceed $1 a gram or 10 per cent of the producer’s price, whichever is higher. The government's press released did not specify higher tax on high-potency products.[79][51] In December 2017, after demands from provinces for a higher percentage, a two-year agreement was signed to provide a full 75% of the tax; as well, the maximum to be taken by the federal government would be $100 million per annum, with any excess paid to the provinces and territories. The final retail price of the product will include provincial sales tax,[9] ranging from 5% to 15% depending on the province.[80] This arrangement will be discussed again in December 2018 to determine whether the five months of experience indicated that the 75/25 tax splitting scheme had proved to be appropriate.[81]
In provinces where householders would be permitted to grow their own plants, no tax would be charged on such cannabis.[82]
Retail distribution[edit]
After the federal government announced that marijuana would be legalized, Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne commented that the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (LCBO) stores might be the ideal distribution network for stocking, controlling and selling such products.[83] The Union representing LCBO staff had also been lobbying for this process. However, the Task Force specifically recommended against selling cannabis in conjunction with alcohol.[84]
After it was known that the federal legislation would give the provinces the power to determine the method of distribution and sale,[8] Ontario announced its plans for retailing recreational marijuana. The Liquor Control Board of Ontario would be the sole vendor but not through the 651 stores that sell alcoholic beverages.[85][86] Instead, a subsidiary, the Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation (OCRC),[87] would initially open 40 stores in 2018; by July 2019, there should be 80 such outlets. The product would also be marketed through online sales.[38]
As of mid-November 2017, New Brunswick planned to take a similar approach, as did Quebec.[88] The latter had announced that their Société des alcools du Québec (SAQ) liquor stores would be the sole retailer of recreational cannabis in the province. Initially 20 retail outlets would be opened and product sold on-line would be delivered to customers made by Canada Post.[89]
Manitoba would also handle on-line sales using a public system but would allow retail stores to be operated by the private sector while Alberta was considering the possibility of permitting on-line sales by the private sector.[90][91] Manitoba's plan was quite specific, with the Liquor and Gaming Authority (LGA) to regulate all aspects of the product and the Manitoba Liquor and Lotteries Corporation (MBLL) to purchase and track the cannabis that was being sold.[91] British Columbia, however, was considering a more flexible system of outlets that would differ from one community to the next, including "government liquor stores, private liquor stores or other variations of retail operations".[79] None of the provinces would allow cannabis to be sold at outlets that also sell alcoholic beverages.
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Israel, Solomon (28 March 2017). "Marijuana industry gets boost from legalization target date". CBC. CBC. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Canada’s legal pot market won’t be able to meet the staggering demand if legalization happens next year: experts | Ottawa Citizen
Jump up ^ Peter Armstrong (November 27, 2017). "ANALYSIS Merger madness: Canada's marijuana industry enters consolidation phase".
^ Jump up to: a b Anna Mehler Paperny and Nichola Saminather, "Just months away, here’s how pot legalization is shaping up in Canada", Global News, November 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Up 60% in three days: Why investors are euphoric over Aurora Cannabis shares". The Globe and Mail.
Jump up ^ "Jump Into the Red Hot Cannabis Market With This ETF".
Jump up ^ "Canopy Growth's second-quarter loss dampens marijuana stock rally". The Globe and Mail.
Jump up ^ "Amid Marijuana Boom, Costs Leave Analysts Dazed and Confused". 14 November 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.
Jump up ^ https://www.investopedia.com/investing/10-canadian-marijuana-stocks/#ixzz4yWKdQNF0 ,Stocks for Your Portfolio | Investopedia
Jump up ^ Tencer, Daniel (1 December 2016). "Canada May Face Marijuana Shortage When It's Legalized: Canaccord". HuffPost Canada. Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Canada's system for licensing marijuana producers is so tough that there likely won’t be enough producers to meet demand when the federal Liberals legalize the herb
Jump up ^ Wagner, Brian (4 February 2016). "Becoming a Licensed Producer of Medical Marijuana in Canada". NHP Consulting. NHP Consulting. Retrieved 2 December 2016. There are many unknowns about how Canada will regulate marijuana on a recreational level, but we do know that it is indeed coming.
Jump up ^ Southwick, Reid (27 January 2017). "Investors dive into marijuana stocks, raising concerns about green bubble". Herald. Calgary. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "'A mad green rush': As marijuana booms, analysts still hazy on impact of Canadian legalization on costs". 14 November 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/taxes-could-help-canada-keep-its-legal-marijuana-prices-in-check
Jump up ^ "Investing in marijuana stocks risky: Portfolio manager".
Jump up ^ Gibillini, Nicole (1 December 2016). "'Don't do it': Marijuana stocks 'very risky' for investors, money manager says". Toronto: BNN/Bell Media. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Cannabis not a market most institutional investors want to get into, says Portfolio's Levine".
Jump up ^ Olive, David (17 November 2017). "6 reasons an investment in the pot industry will likely go up in smoke: Olive". Toronto Star.
'Jump up to: ^ "Marijuana Index Gains Continue As Pot Stocks Anticipate Prohibition Repeal", MJI News.
Jump up ^ "Marijuana stocks rally following Ottawa's proposed dollar-a-gram tax - Article - BNN". 10 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Marijuana producers want advertising rules akin to alcohol, not cigarettes". 12 November 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/taxes-could-help-canada-keep-its-legal-marijuana-prices-in-check
Jump up ^ https://www.bnn.ca/video/marijuana-stocks-pull-back-from-peak-is-this-a-concern-for-investors~1029855
Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-14/why-it-s-so-difficult-to-bet-against-canada-s-marijuana-boom
Jump up ^ http://business.financialpost.com/investing/pot-stocks-plunge-on-report-that-u-s-is-axing-policy-that-lets-legal-marijuana-flourish
Jump up ^ Cryderman, Kelley (27 November 2016). "Report on Canada's marijuana legalization due this week". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Duggan, Kyle (13 December 2016). "Set minimum legal age for marijuana at 18, says task force". iPolitics. iPolitics. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
Jump up ^ LeBlanc, Daniel (13 December 2017). "Federal task force advises wide-ranging legalization of recreational marijuana". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 December 2016. The group of experts, chaired by former Liberal minister Anne McLellan, is also recommending that high-potency products be more heavily taxed, to "discourage" their use in the general public.
Jump up ^ "Canada's new budget numbers show booming economic growth — and booming spending". 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rolling Out Legal Weed Comes With a High Price Tag for Canada". 26 October 2017 – via www.bloomberg.com.
Jump up ^ "Marijuana stocks rally as Ottawa proposes legal weed tax of at least $1 per gram, plus GST". 10 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mike Hager and Carrie Tait, "Provinces to keep control of online cannabis sales", November 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-02/taxes-could-help-canada-keep-its-legal-marijuana-prices-in-check
Jump up ^ http://mjinews.com/finance-ministers-canadian-cannabis-tax-plan/
Jump up ^ "Marijuana and Taxes", Rosen Kirshen, November 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "LCBO well suited to sell marijuana when legal, Kathleen Wynne says". CBC News. CBC. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2016. Ontario premier says it makes sense to use distribution system province already has in place
Jump up ^ LeBlanc, Daniel (13 December 2017). "Federal task force advises wide-ranging legalization of recreational marijuana". The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 13 December 2016. The group of experts, chaired by former Liberal minister Anne McLellan...
Jump up ^ Benzie, Robert (8 September 2017). "LCBO to run 150 marijuana stores". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ "Ontario government's marijuana monopoly could weed out craft growers". 8 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Benzie, Robert (3 November 2017). "LCBO announces first 14 cities to have legal recreational marijuana shops". Toronto Star.
Jump up ^ "NB Liquor to sell recreational cannabis in stand-alone pot stores".
Jump up ^ "Quebec to sell cannabis online via provincial liquor board, Radio-Canada sources say".
Jump up ^ "Private stores will sell pot while province will control distribution".
^ Jump up to: a b "How the provinces are planning for pot legalization", CBc News, Canada, December 11, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Nolin, Pierre Claude; Kenny, Colin (2003), Cannabis : report of the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 0-8020-8946-1
Kyle Grayson (12 April 2008). Chasing dragons: security, identity, and illicit drugs in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9479-7.
See also[edit]
cannabis portal
Canada portal
Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory
Drug liberalization / Drug prohibition
Minors and the legality of cannabis
Legal history of cannabis in Canada
Legality of cannabis by country
Legality of cannabis
Effects of cannabis
Designer drug
Marijuana Party (Canada)
Medical cannabis
External links[edit]
2002 Canadian Senate Special Committee on Illicit Drugs
Failed Decriminalization Bill
The Report of the Canadian Government Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs – 1972 – LeDain Commission Report
Authorized Licensed Producers under the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations
Cannabis Educational Research Center
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Kansas gubernatorial election, 2018
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Kansas gubernatorial election, 2018
← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 →
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The 2018 Kansas gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Kansas. Incumbent Republican Governor Sam Brownback is term-limited and cannot seek re-election to a third consecutive term, but can re-enter as a candidate in 2022. On July 26, 2017, Brownback was nominated by President Donald Trump to serve as United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom. If confirmed by the United States Senate, Brownback will resign the governorship and Lieutenant Governor Jeff Colyer will take over.[1] Colyer would be eligible to seek a full term in this circumstance.
Given that Kansas is the only state which has no gubernatorial statutory qualifications whatsoever in its constitution, three minors are running for the office in this election cycle.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Republican primary
1.1 Candidates
1.1.1 Declared
1.1.2 Potential
1.1.3 Declined
2 Democratic primary
2.1 Candidates
2.1.1 Declared
2.1.2 Declined
3 Independent
3.1 Potential
4 References
5 External links
Republican primary[edit]
Candidates[edit]
Declared[edit]
Jim Barnett, former state senator, nominee for governor in 2006 and candidate for KS-01 in 2010[4]
Jeff Colyer, Lieutenant Governor of Kansas[5]
Wink Hartman, businessman and candidate for KS-04 in 2010[6]
Mark Hutton, former State Representative[7]
Kris Kobach, Secretary of State of Kansas[8]
Ed O'Malley, President of the Kansas Leadership Center and former State Representative[9]
Ethan Randleas, high school student[10]
Tyler Ruzich, high school student[11]
Ken Selzer, Kansas Insurance Commissioner[12]
Dominic Scavuzzo - Student at Rockhurst High School[13]
Potential[edit]
Patrick Kucera, businessman[14]
Derek Schmidt, Kansas Attorney General[15]
Kevin Yoder, U.S. Representative[15]
Declined[edit]
Lynn Jenkins, U.S. Representative[16]
Ron Ryckman Jr., Speaker of the Kansas House of Representatives[17]
Susan Wagle, President of the Kansas Senate[18]
Democratic primary[edit]
Candidates[edit]
Declared[edit]
Arden Andersen, physician[19]
Jack Bergeson, high school student[20]
Running mate: Alexander Cline, high school student[20]
Carl Brewer, former Mayor of Wichita[21]
Robert Klingenberg, salesman[22]
Running mate: Kalib Martin, Wal-Mart employee[22]
Josh Svaty, former Kansas Secretary of Agriculture and former state representative[23]
Jim Ward, Minority Leader of the Kansas House of Representatives[24]
Declined[edit]
Paul Davis, former Minority Leader of the Kansas House of Representatives and nominee for governor in 2014[25][26][27][28][29]
Barry Grissom, former United States Attorney for the District of Kansas[30][31][29]
Cindy Holscher, State Representative[14]
Independent[edit]
Potential[edit]
Greg Orman, businessman and candidate for U.S. Senate in 2014[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smith, Mitch; Fortin, Jacey (July 26, 2017). "Gov. Sam Brownback of Kansas Will Be Nominated as Religious Ambassador". The New York Times. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Woodall, Hunter (2017-09-28). "As third teen joins Kansas governor race, consider this: No rule says a dog can’t run". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
Jump up ^ Paiella, Gabriella (2017-09-28). "Kansas Gubernatorial Race Flooded With Teen Candidates". The Cut. Retrieved 2017-09-29.
Jump up ^ Smith, Derek (June 20, 2017). "Barnett launches another run at Governor's office". Emporia Gazette. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Bryan; Woodall, Hunter (August 8, 2017). "Johnson County’s Jeff Colyer jumps into race for Kansas governor". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Salazar, Daniel (February 15, 2017). "Wink Hartman running for governor ‘because it’s time to fix Topeka’". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shorman, Jonathan (August 28, 2017). "Wichita businessman Mark Hutton running for governor". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Corruption, taxation, illegal immigration focus of Kobach’s run for governor". CJOnline. Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Woodall, Hunter (October 10, 2017). "Former Roeland Park lawmaker jumps into 2018 Kansas gubernatorial race". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Woodall, Hunter (September 28, 2017). "As third teen joins Kansas governor race, consider this: No rule says a dog can’t run". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Bryan (September 19, 2017). "Shawnee Mission high school student becomes second teen to join Kansas governor race". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved September 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kite, Allison (August 7, 2017). "Kansas insurance commissioner enters governor’s race". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Leawood teen becomes fourth to run for governor in Kansas". kansascity. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
^ Jump up to: a b Carpenter, Tim (August 13, 2017). "Kansas Democrat shares ideas after spurning run for governor". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hancock, Peter (July 25, 2015). "Kansas GOP sets caucus date, gears up for 2016". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Lynn Jenkins Won’t Seek Any Political Office in 2018". Roll Call. January 25, 2017. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clarkin, Mary (August 29, 2017). "Speaker Ryckman: Not planning run for governor". The Hutchinson News. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shorman, Jonathan (August 22, 2017). "Susan Wagle, Senate president, rules out bid for Congress or governor". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kite, Allison (July 15, 2017). "Kansas Democrats prepare for first primary for governor in this millennium". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarkin, Mary (August 6, 2017). "Kansas teens running on ticket for gov". The Hutchinson News. Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lefler, Dion (February 20, 2017). "Former Wichita mayor announces run for governor". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarkin, Mary (October 9, 2017). "Salina man to run for governor; Shultz eyes insurance race". The Hutchinson News. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Democrat Joshua Svaty declares candidacy for Kansas governor". Retrieved August 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shorman, Jonathan; Lowry, Bryan (August 19, 2017). "House Democratic leader Jim Ward enters race for governor". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shorman, Jonathan; Woodall, Hunter (April 13, 2017). "Democrat Paul Davis begins bid for Congress, not governor". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rose, Steve (May 7, 2016). "Kris Kobach could be next governor of Sunflower State". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Peter (August 22, 2015). "Paul Davis still a star in eyes of Kansas Democrats". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Helling, Dave (November 12, 2015). "Kansas Democrats see an opening, fear they can’t take advantage". The Kansas City Star. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lowry, Bryan; Salazar, Daniel (January 27, 2017). "So, who could run for Kansas governor in 2018?". The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wingerter, Justin (April 16, 2016). "Barry Grissom keeps an eye on politics as he leaves U.S. attorney post". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hancock, Peter (July 1, 2016). "Kansas Democrats stir speculation about retired U.S. Attorney Barry Grissom". Lawrence Journal-World. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official campaign websites
Arden Andersen (D) for Governor
Jim Barnett (R) for Governor
Jack Bergeson (D) for Governor
Carl Brewer (D) for Governor
Jeff Colyer (R) for Governor
Wink Hartman (R) for Governor
Kris Kobach (R) for Governor
Ed O'Malley (R) for Governor
Ken Selzer (R) for Governor
Joshua Svaty (D) for Governor
Jim Ward (D) for Governor
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