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Initiatives and referendums in the United States
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Initiative, referendum, and recall are three powers reserved to enable the voters, by petition, to propose or repeal legislation or to remove an elected official from office. Proponents of an initiative, referendum, or recall effort must apply for an official petition serial number from the Town Clerk.
In the politics of the United States, the process of initiatives and referendums allow citizens of many U.S. states[1] to place new legislation on a popular ballot, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote. Initiatives and referendums, along with recall elections and popular primary elections, are signature reforms of the Progressive Era; and they are written into several state constitutions, particularly in the West.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types of initiatives and referendums
2.1 Initiatives
2.1.1 Initiated state statute
2.1.2 Indirect initiative state statute
2.1.3 Indirect initiated state constitutional amendment
2.1.4 Initiated state constitutional amendment
2.2 Referendum
2.3 Legislative referral
2.3.1 Legislatively-referred state statute
2.3.2 Legislatively-referred state constitutional amendment
3 Objections to the system
4 Proposed reforms
4.1 National initiative
4.2 Citizens' Initiative Review
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of direct democracy in the United States
The Progressive Era was a period marked by reforms aimed at breaking the concentrated power, or monopoly, of certain corporations and trusts. Many Progressives believed that state legislatures were part of this problem and that they were essentially "in the pocket" of certain wealthy interests. They sought a method to counter this—a way in which average persons could become directly involved in the political process. One of the methods they came up with was the initiative and referendum. Between 1904 and 2007, some 2231 statewide referendums initiated by citizens were held in the USA. 909 of these initiatives have been approved. Perhaps even greater is the number of such referendums that have been called by state legislatures or mandatory—600 compared to 311 civic initiatives in 2000-2007.
Types of initiatives and referendums[edit]
States that allow direct initiated constitutional amendments
States that allow legislatively-referred and direct initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
States that allow legislatively-referred and indirect initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
Illinois allows legislatively-referred initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred and direct initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
Mississippi allows legislatively-referred, indirect, and direct initiated constitutional amendments.
Florida allows legislatively-referred, and direct initiated constitutional amendments.
States and federal district that allow initiated statutes
Massachusetts allows legislatively-referred and indirect initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred and indirect initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
States that allow legislatively-referred, indirect, and direct initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
Idaho allows direct initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
States that allow indirect initiative statutes, or legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments or referendums.
Washington D.C. allows direct initiative statutes.
States that allow referendums
States that allow legislatively-referred state statutes, or legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments or referendums. Or citizen initiated referendums of existing statutes.
States that allow legislative referral only
Kentucky allows legislatively-referred state statutes and legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments.
States that allow legislatively-referred initiated constitutional amendments only.
Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures," "propositions," or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected legislative body develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
In many U.S. states, ballot measures may originate by several different processes:[2] Overall, 27 US states and Washington D.C. allow some form of direct democracy.
Initiatives[edit]
An Initiative is a means through which any citizen or organization may gather a predetermined number of signatures to qualify a measure to be placed on a ballot, and to be voted upon in a future election. (These may be further divided into constitutional amendments and statutory initiatives. Statutory initiatives typically require fewer signatures to qualify to be placed on a future ballot.)
Initiated state statute[edit]
The following US states allow initiated state statutes, also called initiative (direct) state statutes:[3]
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Idaho
Maine
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
Indirect initiative state statute[edit]
The following US states allow indirect state statutes:[4]
Maine
Massachusetts (proper term is initiative petition, for all forms of referendum voting)
Michigan
Nevada
Ohio
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
While the following US states allow legislative action to void a petition:
Alaska
Indirect initiated state constitutional amendment[edit]
The initiative process, for proposing constitutional amendments, may be "direct" or "indirect". States that permit indirect constitutional amendments, like Mississippi, permit legislators to propose an alternative amendment which is placed on the ballot alongside the direct citizen proposal.[5]
The following US states allow indirect initiated state constitutional amendments:
Massachusetts
Mississippi
Initiated state constitutional amendment[edit]
An initiated constitutional amendment is an amendment to a state's constitution that results from petitioning by a state's citizens. By utilizing this initiative process, citizens can propose and vote on constitutional amendments directly, without need of legislative referral. When a sufficient number of citizens have signed a petition requesting it, a proposed constitutional amendment is then put to the vote.
In the United States, while no court or legislature needs to approve a proposal or the resultant initiated constitutional amendment, such amendments may be overturned if they are challenged and a court confirms that they are unconstitutional.[6] Most states that permit the process require a 2/3 majority vote.[6]
Not all amendments proposed will receive sufficient support to be placed on the ballot. Of the 26 proposed petitions filed in the state of Florida in its 1994 general election, only three garnered sufficient support to be put to the vote.[7]
The following US states allow initiated (direct) state constitutional amendments:
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Florida
Illinois
Massachusetts
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Referendum[edit]
Popular Referendum, in which a predetermined number of signatures (typically lower than the number required for an initiative) qualifies a ballot measure for repealing a specific act of the legislature.
The following US states allow referendum:
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Delaware
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana [8]
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Legislative referral[edit]
Legislative referral (aka "legislative referendum"), in which the legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote (either voluntarily or, in the case of a constitutional amendment, as a necessary part of the procedure.)
Legislatively-referred state statute[edit]
The following US states allow legislatively-referred state statutes:[9]
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Delaware
Illinois
Kentucky
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
Utah
Washington
Legislatively-referred state constitutional amendment[edit]
With the exception of Delaware, 49 US states allow legislatively-referred state constitutional amendments.[10]
Objections to the system[edit]
The initiative and referendums process have critics. Some argue that initiatives and referendums undermine representative government by circumventing the elected representatives of the people and allowing the people to directly make policy: they fear excessive majoritarianism (tyranny of the majority) as a result, believing that minority groups may be harmed.[11][12][13]
Other criticisms are that competing initiatives with conflicting provisions can create legal difficulties when both pass;[14] and that when the initiatives are proposed before the end of the legislative session, the legislature can make statutory changes that weaken the case for passing the initiative.[15] Yet another criticism is that as the number of required signatures has risen in tandem with populations, "initiatives have moved away from empowering the average citizen" and toward becoming a tool for well-heeled special interests to advance their agendas.[16] John Diaz wrote in an editorial for the San Francisco Chronicle in 2008:[17]
“ There is no big secret to the formula for manipulating California's initiative process. Find a billionaire benefactor with the ideological motivation or crass self-interest to spend the $1-million plus to get something on the ballot with mercenary signature gatherers. Stretch as far as required to link it to the issue of the ages (this is for the children, Prop. 3) or the cause of the day (this is about energy independence and renewable resources, Props. 7 and 10). If it's a tough sell on the facts, give it a sympathetic face and name such as "Marsy's Law" (Prop. 9, victims' rights and parole) or "Sarah's Law" (Prop. 4, parental notification on abortion). Prepare to spend a bundle on soft-focus television advertising and hope voters don't notice the fine print or the independent analyses of good-government groups or newspaper editorial boards...Today, the initiative process is no longer the antidote to special interests and the moneyed class; it is their vehicle of choice to attempt to get their way without having to endure the scrutiny and compromise of the legislative process. ”
In some cases, voters have passed initiatives that were subsequently repealed or drastically changed by the legislature. For instance, legislation passed by the voters as an Arizonan medical cannabis initiative was subsequently gutted by the Arizona legislature.[18] To prevent such occurrences, initiatives are sometimes used to amend the state constitution and thus prevent the legislature from changing it without sending a referendum to the voters; however, this produces the problems of inflexibility mentioned above. Accordingly, some states are seeking a middle route. For example, Colorado's Referendum O would require a two-thirds vote for the legislature to change statutes passed by the voters through initiatives, until five years after such passage. This would allow the legislature to easily make uncontroversial changes.[19]
An objection not so much to the initiative concept, but to its present implementations, is that signature challenges are becoming a political tool, with state officials and opposing groups litigating the process, rather than simply taking the issue fight to voters.[20] Signatures can be declared void based on technical omissions, and initiatives can be thrown out based on statistical samplings of signatures. Supporters lacking necessary funds to sustain legal battles can find their initiative taken off the ballot.
Proposed reforms[edit]
Some proposed reforms include paying signature gatherers by the hour, rather than by the signature (to reduce incentives for fraud) and increasing transparency by requiring major financial backers of initiatives to be disclosed to potential signatories. Other proposals include having a "cooling-off" period after an initiative qualifies, in which the legislature can make the initiative unnecessary by passing legislation acceptable to the initiative's sponsors.[21] It has also been proposed that proxy voting be combined with initiative and referendum to form a hybrid of direct democracy and representative democracy.[22]
National initiative[edit]
The national initiative is a proposal to amend the United States Constitution to allow ballot initiatives at the federal level.
Citizens' Initiative Review[edit]
Healthy Democracy, and a similar organization in Washington State, proposed a Citizens' Initiative Review process. This brings together a representative cross-section of voters as a citizens' jury to question and hear from advocates and experts regarding a ballot measure; then deliberate and reflect together to come up with statements that support and/or oppose the measure. The state would organize such a review of each ballot measure, and include the panelists' statements in the voters' pamphlet. Since 2009, Healthy Democracy has led efforts to develop and refine the Citizens’ Initiative Review process for use by Oregon voters .
In 2011, the Oregon Legislature approved House Bill 2634, legislation making the Citizens’ Initiative Review a permanent part of Oregon elections.[23] This marked the first time a legislature has made voter deliberation a formalized part of the election process. The CIR is a benchmark in the initiative reform and public engagement fields.
Each state has individual requirements to qualify initiatives for the ballot. Generally, all 24 states and the District of Columbia follow steps similar to:
File a proposed petition with a designated state official
State review of the proposal and, in several states, a review of the language of the proposal
Prepare ballot title and summary
Petition circulation to obtain the required number of signatures
Petition submitted to state election officials to verify the signatures and qualify the ballot entry
See also[edit]
Comparison of U.S. state governments
Direct democracy
Hollingsworth v. Perry
Initiative
Referendum
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State by state listing of where they are used". Iandrinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2016-02-11. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "What is I&R?". Iandrinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-25. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "Initiated state statute - Ballotpedia".
Jump up ^ "Indirect initiative statute - Ballotpedia".
Jump up ^ "Constitutional Initiative in Mississippi: A Citizen's Guide" (PDF). Secretary of State, Mississippi. 2009-01-14. p. 2. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Mason, Colin (October 2003). The 2030 Spike: Countdown to Global Catastrophe. Earthscan. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-84407-018-3. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Jameson, P.K. and Marsha Hosack. (1996) "Citizen Initiative in Florida: An Analysis of Florida's Constitutional Initiative Process, Issues, and Statutory Initiative Alternatives Archived 2012-03-02 at the Wayback Machine.." pp. 1-2. Originally published in Florida State University Law Review 23:417.
Jump up ^ https://www.in.gov/dlgf/8789.htm
Jump up ^ Legislatively-referred state statute
Jump up ^ "Legislatively referred constitutional amendment - Ballotpedia".
Jump up ^ Gamble, Barbara S. (1997). "Putting Civil Rights to a Popular Vote". American Journal of Political Science. 41 (1): 245–269. doi:10.2307/2111715. JSTOR 2111715.
Jump up ^ Hajnal, Zoltan; Gerber, Elisabeth R.; Louch, Hugh (2002). "Minorities and Direct Legislation: Evidence from California Ballot Proposition Elections". Journal of Politics. 64: 154–177. doi:10.1111/1468-2508.00122.
Jump up ^ Gray, Virginia & Russell L. Hanson. Politics in the American States. 9 ed. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008. p. 141.
Jump up ^ "Was the Price Too High for Colorado Initiative Deal? - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Vote NO on Prop 105 » In The News". Thevotersofaz.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ John Diaz (2008-10-12). "A long way from the grassroots". Sfgate.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ Golden, Tim (1997-04-17). "Medical Use of Marijuana To Stay Illegal in Arizona - NYTimes.com". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "The Pueblo Chieftain Online :: Referendum O limits constitutional changes". Chieftain.com. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
Jump up ^ "mansfieldnewsjournal.com". Retrieved October 20, 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ http://www.ppic.org/content/pubs/op/OP_1100FSOP.pdf
Jump up ^ "Proxy voting". Retrieved October 21, 2008. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "State of Oregon: Citizens' Initiative Review Commission". www.oregon.gov.
External links[edit]
measures Portal: Ballot measures at Ballotpedia
Citizens in Charge
NCSL Ballot Measures Database
NCSL Initiative & Referendum Legislation Database
The National Initiative for Democracy (NI4D)
The National Initiative for Democracy
The Initiative and Referendum and how Oregon got them, by Burton J. Hendrick
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Who Says (Selena Gomez & the Scene song)
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"Who Says"
Single by Selena Gomez & the Scene
from the album When the Sun Goes Down
B-side
"Ghost of You"
Released
14 March 2011
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2010
Genre
Pop
Length
3:15
Label
Hollywood
Songwriter(s)
Emanuel Kiriakou
Priscilla Hamilton
Producer(s)
Emanuel Kiriakou
Selena Gomez & the Scene singles chronology
"A Year Without Rain"
(2010) "Who Says"
(2011) "Love You like a Love Song"
(2011)
"A Year Without Rain"
(2010) "Who Says"
(2011) "Love You like a Love Song"
(2011)
Alternative cover
"Dices" Spanish version of "Who Says"
Music video
"Who Says" on YouTube
"Who Says" is a song performed by American band Selena Gomez & the Scene. Priscilla Renea wrote the song with Emanuel Kiriakou, who produced the track. The song was released in March 2011, as the lead single from the band's third album, When the Sun Goes Down (2011). According to Gomez, the song was intended to inspire people, and fire back at the "haters", particularly those involved in cyberbullying. "Who Says" marks a distinct departure in sound for the band, as it has an acoustic and organic feel, compared to their dance-pop and club-oriented previous singles.
"Who Says" received generally positive reviews from critics, who appreciated its message and the change of pace for the band. The song charted in the top thirty in the United States, Canada and New Zealand, and it became their highest charting single on these charts at the time. It also reached the lower regions of European charts. "Who Says" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It also became the act's third No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs. The song's accompanying music video features Gomez frolicking around a city, removing makeup, and performing with the band on a beach. Gomez performed the song on a variety occasions including at the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards, on Dancing with the Stars, and So Random!.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and inspiration
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
6 Live performances
7 Track listing
8 Awards and nominations
9 Charts and certifications
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Certifications
9.3 Year-end charts
10 See also
11 References
Background and inspiration[edit]
In 2009, the band released their debut album Kiss & Tell and quickly followed-up with 2010's A Year Without Rain.[1] After the release of the latter, Gomez said that she was not in a rush to release another album, but after hearing "Who Says", she decided to begin another release, calling the song "amazing" and crediting it for inspiring her.[1] Gomez would later call the song "fun and empowering", commenting, "Every time I sing this song, I'm like, 'I feel better already!'"[1] When talking about the song's message, Gomez commented that she thought of it as "sweet", going on to say, "with bullying, with cyberbullying, with all the negativity that is in high school and dealing with things, you're already trying to figure out who you are; it doesn't help when people are constantly trying to tear you down."[1] She then said that she was "dealing with it, of course" and was "going through it as well."[1] After debuting the single on On Air with Ryan Seacrest, Gomez mentioned the criticism received on Twitter and Facebook due to being a celebrity.
Twitter and Facebook are really negative for me … within that world is such easy access to people's feelings. You can get a thousand wonderful comments but just one will throw you off and that's how it is with me. Basically it's to the haters—the people trying to bring you down.
—  Selena Gomez[2]
The single follows in succession of other self-empowerment singles such as "We R Who We R" by Kesha, "Firework" by Katy Perry, "Fuckin' Perfect" by Pink, and "Born This Way" by Lady Gaga.[1] Gomez herself stated "I am so happy [about recent empowerment songs], 'cause music is a universal language, and it's a quick way to get to everybody. The fact that all these artists are doing that, it's really good. I'm really happy."[1] The song was released on iTunes in the United States and Canada on March 14, 2011.[3] It was released as a CD single in Germany on March 15, 2011, with the B-side of "Ghost of You" from A Year Without Rain.[4]
Composition[edit]
The song is a departure in her previous singles such as "Round & Round" and "Naturally", whereas the previous were dance-pop and club-oriented, "Who Says" has an "organic" and "acoustic" feel.[5] According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, "Who Says" is set in common time in a moderate tempo of 100 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of E major as Gomez's vocal range spans from the low-note of G#3 to the high-note of E5.[6] The song contains string accents described as "sympathetic, but not overpowering."[7] Described as a "jangly pop tune", having an "overarching feel-good vibe", lyrically, the song speaks of "embracing who you are and not letting your critics get you down."[5] Gomez sings of insecurities, and people telling her she is not good enough, before asserting "I'm sure you got some things/ You'd like to change about yourself/ But when it comes to me/ I wouldn't want to be anybody else."[5]
According to Brian Voerding of AOL Radio Blog, "Gomez sings about staying true to herself, particularly in the face of doubt that comes from others telling her she can't live up to her dreams." In the song she refers to her criticisms as "the price of beauty".[8] Bill Lamb of About.com said the song's positive message is "all about recognizing yourself as a beautiful person despite what others might say or think."[7]
Critical reception[edit]
Jocelyn Vena of MTV News complimented the song, commenting that "Top 40 has a new empowerment anthem."[5] Bill Lamb of About.com said Gomez "has become the most consistent Disney pop hitmaker in recent years" and that "she has not reached these achievements through gimmickry or pandering to an audience. She has succeeded with quality, straightforward pop songs."[7] Lamb went on to say that "Who Says" was no exception, complimenting Gomez's "winning vocals", and the song's "bright, catchy instrumental arrangement" and the "irresistible chorus."[7] However, Lamb commented that the song was lacking in originality, and said that it was another pop song with a theme of self-esteem.[7] Although a writer from The Huffington Post called the song "superfluous" and like many feel-good anthems, "a little bit tepid", the writer said it was "cute" and an "ode to self worth" which "exudes bubblegum confidence in the manner of her man (boy) Bieber's tune "Never Say Never'."[9]
Chart performance[edit]
"Who Says" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 24.[10] The charting matched the debut of "Round & Round" the lead single from A Year Without Rain.[10] The song managed to peak at number 21 on the chart dated June 29, marking the band's highest charting effort to date.[11] Additionally, the song has reached number 17 on the US Pop Songs chart and the top position on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart[10] "Who Says" also appeared on the Billboard component charts Adult Pop Songs and Adult Contemporary, the band's first appearance on those charts.[10] It charted at number 37 on the previous and 27 on the latter.[10] The song was certified triple Platinum for sales and streaming by the RIAA on June 11, 2013.[12] It has sold 2.1 million copies in the US as of May 2017.[13][14]
The song debuted at number 17 on the Canadian Hot 100, becoming their highest charting single on the chart.[15] It also reached number 15 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming their highest charting single on that chart, beating the peak of "Naturally" which reached number twenty.[16] The song charted in the top 50 in Germany and Ireland, and appeared on the main charts in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Austria.[17]
Music video[edit]
The music video was directed by Chris Applebaum[18] and filmed in Los Angeles, California on February 12–13, 2011. An thirty-six second teaser of the video was released on March 9, 2011 and the video premiered on VEVO on March 11, 2011.[19] The video starts off with Gomez in a black dress at a photoshoot where she starts singing the first verse. She then removes her earrings and black high heels and exits the studio. Gomez is seen singing while walking barefoot through a city while carrying her black high heels in her hand, riding in a cab and eventually walking on the outskirts of the city as lyrics appear in various locations including a theatre marquee, the side of a building, and written in the sky. Eventually she enters a public restroom where she changes into casual clothing, throws away the black dress and removes her make-up. After this, Gomez makes her way to a beach, where she is seen singing with her band, surrounded by fans. The video ends as the crowd runs into the water, and the waves wash away the words 'THE END' written in the sand.
Live performances[edit]
Gomez performing "Who Says" at 2011 Much Music Video Awards (Photo: Tony Felgueiras)
Gomez appeared on both the Late Show with David Letterman on March 16, 2011,[20] and The Seven on March 18, 2011 to promote the single.[21] The band performed the song for the first time at the 3rd annual Concert for Hope on March 20, 2011.[22] They later performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on March 22, 2011,[23] and on Dancing with the Stars on April 5, 2011.[24] The band also performed the song on an episode of So Random!.[25] The band also performed the song on Good Morning America on June 17, 2011.[26] On June 19, 2011, the band performed the song on the 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards,[27] whereas they performed it on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Live with Regis and Kelly on June 24, 2011 and June 29, 2011, respectively.[28][29] On November 22, 2011, Gomez performed the song herself with Taylor Swift for her Speak Now World Tour in Madison Square Garden, New York.
Track listing[edit]
CD single
"Who Says" – 3:15
"Ghost of You" – 3:23
UK iTunes single / UK promo CD single
"Who Says" – 3:15
"Who Says" (Instrumental) – 3:15
AUS remix single
"Who Says" (Bimbo Jones Radio Remix) – 2:49
"Who Says" (Dave Audé Radio Remix) – 3:33
"Who Says" (Tony Moran and Warren Rigg Radio Remix) – 3:38
UK remix single
"Who Says" (Dave Audé Club Mix) – 7:07
"Who Says" (Bimbo Jones Club Mix) – 5:46
"Who Says" (Tony Moran & Warren Rigg Club Mix) – 7:24
"Who Says" (Joe Bermudez-Chico Club Remix) – 6:51
"Who Says" (SmashMode Extended Remix) – 5:41
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Result
2011 Teen Choice Awards [30] Choice Music: Single Won
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Peak
position
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[17] 62
Australia (ARIA)[31] 57
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[32] 8
Brazil (ABPD)[33] 52
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[15] 17
Germany (Official German Charts)[34] 44
Ireland (IRMA)[35] 36
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[16] 15
Slovakia (IFPI)[36] 90
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[37] 51
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 21
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[10] 27
US Adult Pop Songs (Billboard)[38] 37
US Hot Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[10] 1
US Pop Songs (Billboard)[10] 17
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[39]
Platinum 70,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[40]
Platinum 10,000*
United States (RIAA)[41]
3× Platinum 2,200,000[13]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Since May 9, 2013, RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[42]
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Position
US Billboard Hot 100[43] 78
US Hot Dance Club Songs[44] 27
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Vena, Jocelyn (2011-03-17). "Selena Gomez 'Inspired' By Latest Single, 'Who Says'". MTV News. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
Jump up ^ Saad, Nardine. "Selena Gomez debuts song 'Who Says,' misses Justin Bieber". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
Jump up ^ "Who Says – Single by Selena Gomez & the Scene". iTunes Store. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Who Says (2-Track)". Bol.de. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Vena, Jocelyn (2011-03-08). "Selena Gomez Debuts New Song, 'Who Says'". MTV News. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
Jump up ^ Priscilla Renea, Emanuel Kiriakou (2011). "Who Says: Selena Gomez & the Scene: Digital Sheet Music". Musicnotes.com. Alfred Publishing Co., Inc. MN0092518 (Product Number). CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lamb, Bill. "Selena Gomez and the Scene - "Who Says"". About.com. Retrieved 2011-05-07.
Jump up ^ Voerding, Brian (2011-03-08). "Selena Gomez & the Scene, 'Who Says' -- New Song". AOL Radio Blog. AOL. Retrieved 2011-03-17.
Jump up ^ Spielberg, Theo (2011-03-09). "Selena Gomez Releases New Single 'Who Says?' (LISTEN)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Who Says - Selena Gomez - Billboard.com". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez". AllMusic. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Selena Gomez – Who Says". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b Trust, Gary (July 19, 2015). "Ask Billboard: Are There an Unusually High Number of New Acts in the Hot 100's Top 10?". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gary Trust (May 14, 2017). "Ask Billboard: Selena Gomez's Career Album & Song Sales". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selena Gomez & The Scene Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ Jump up to: a b "Charts.org.nz – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says". Top 40 Singles.
^ Jump up to: a b "Austriancharts.at – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Chris Applebaum – Credits". chrisapplebaum.com. Chris Applebaum. Archived from the original on August 28, 2013. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Premieres 'Who Says' Video". AOL JSYK. 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ Chaney, Jen (2011-03-17). "Selena Gomez plays coy with David Letterman; Mel Gibson turns himself in to police during 'Beaver' premiere". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Plays Coy on 'The Seven'" (Video). MTV.com. MTV Networks (Viacom). Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ Hall, Katy (2011-03-21). "Selena Gomez Wows At 'Concert For Hope' (PHOTOS)". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez & The Scene perform 'Who Says'". Time Warner. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ O'Connell, Mikey (2011-04-05). "'Dancing With the Stars': Selena Gomez brings 'Who Says' to results show". Zap2it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Selena Gomez and The Scene Perform 'Who Says' on Disney's 'So Random!'". E!. 2011-06-16. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Selena Gomez Performs On 'Good Morning America', Talks Britney Spears". Buzzmedia. 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ "Lady Gaga goes bald, Selena Gomez hosts MuchMusic Awards [Pictures, Video]". International Business Times. 2011-06-20. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
Jump up ^ Blotnick, Emily. "Selena Gomez and The Scene Perform "Who Says"". NBC Universal. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
Jump up ^ Gilmore, Story. "Video: Selena Gomez Performs "Who Says" On Regis And Kelly". Neon Limelight. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
Jump up ^ "All Things Oscars, Emmys, Grammys and Tonys". LA Times. August 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
Jump up ^ "Brazil" (PDF). ABPD. October 6, 2001. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Gomez,Selena & The Scene Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 21, 2011". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Radio Top 100 Oficiální Slovakian – Gomez Selena & The Scene – Who Says" (in Slovak). International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2012-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Chart Highlights: Pop, Dance Club Songs & More". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2011-08-09. Retrieved August 9, 2011.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Norwegian single certifications – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says" (in Norwegian). IFPI Norway. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Selena Gomez & The Scene – Who Says". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards". Recording Industry Association of America. May 9, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2011: Hot 100 Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2011: Dance/Club Songs (21–30)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
[hide]
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Selena Gomez & the Scene
Selena Gomez
Greg Garman
Joey Clement
Dane Forrest
Drew Taubenfield
Ethan Roberts
Nick Foxer
Studio albums
Kiss & Tell
A Year Without Rain
When the Sun Goes Down
Compilation albums
The Club Remixes
Singles
"Falling Down"
"Naturally"
"Round & Round"
"A Year Without Rain"
"Who Says"
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"Hit the Lights"
Promotional singles
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Other songs
"Whiplash"
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A Year Without Rain Tour
We Own the Night Tour
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Discography
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Says_(Selena_Gomez_%26_the_Scene_song)&oldid=816858098"
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