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Nevada Test Site
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Nevada Test Site
Near Las Vegas, Nevada in the United States
November 1951 nuclear test at Nevada Test Site. Test is shot "Dog" from Operation Buster, with a yield of 21 kilotons of TNT (88 TJ). It was the first U.S. nuclear field exercise conducted with live troops maneuvering on land. Troops shown are 6 mi (9.7 km) from the blast.
Map showing location of the site
Coordinates
37°07′N 116°03′W / 37.117°N 116.050°W / 37.117; -116.050Coordinates: 37°07′N 116°03′W / 37.117°N 116.050°W / 37.117; -116.050
Type
Nuclear Weapons Research Complex
Area
~1,350 sq mi (3,500 km2)
Site information
Operator
Mission Support and Test Services, LLC. for the United States Department of Energy
Status
Active
Site history
In use
1951–present
Test information
Nuclear tests
928
The Nevada National Security Site[1] (N2S2),[2](though the abbreviation NNSS is still used), previously the Nevada Test Site (NTS), is a United States Department of Energy reservation located in southeastern Nye County, Nevada, about 65 miles (105 km) northwest of the city of Las Vegas. Formerly known as the Nevada Proving Grounds, the site was established on 11 January 1951 for the testing of nuclear devices, covering approximately 1,360 square miles (3,500 km2) of desert and mountainous terrain. Nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site began with a 1-kiloton-of-TNT (4.2 TJ) bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat on 27 January 1951. Many of the iconic images of the nuclear era come from the NTS. NNSS is operated by Mission Support and Test Services, LLC.
During the 1950s, the mushroom clouds from the 100 atmospheric tests could be seen for almost 100 mi (160 km). The city of Las Vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects, and the distant mushroom clouds, which could be seen from the downtown hotels, became tourist attractions. St. George, Utah, received the brunt of the fallout of above-ground nuclear testing in the Yucca Flats/Nevada Test Site. Winds routinely carried the fallout of these tests directly through St. George and southern Utah. Marked increases in cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers, were reported from the mid-1950s through 1980.[3][4] A further 828 nuclear tests were carried out underground.
From 1986 through 1994, two years after the United States put a hold on full-scale nuclear weapons testing, 536 anti-nuclear protests were held at the Nevada Test Site involving 37,488 participants and 15,740 arrests, according to government records.[5] Those arrested included the astronomer Carl Sagan and the actors Kris Kristofferson, Martin Sheen, and Robert Blake.
The Nevada Test Site contains 28 areas, 1,100 buildings, 400 miles (640 km) of paved roads, 300 miles of unpaved roads, 10 heliports, and two airstrips.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1951–1992
1.2 1992–present
2 Destruction and survivability testing
3 Environmental impact
4 Protests and demonstrations
5 Modern usage
6 Landmarks and geography
7 Cancer and test site
8 Nuclear test series carried out at the Nevada Test Site
9 Areas
9.1 Area 1
9.2 Area 2
9.3 Area 3
9.4 Area 4
9.5 Area 5
9.6 Area 6
9.7 Area 7
9.8 Area 8
9.9 Area 9
9.10 Area 10
9.11 Area 11
9.12 Area 12
9.13 Area 13
9.14 Area 14
9.15 Area 15
9.16 Area 16
9.17 Area 17
9.18 Area 18
9.19 Area 19
9.20 Area 20
9.21 Area 22
9.22 Area 23
9.23 Area 25
9.24 Area 26
9.25 Area 27
9.26 Area 28
9.27 Area 29
9.28 Area 30
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
The Nevada Test Site was established as a 680-square-mile (1,800 km2) area by President Harry S. Truman on December 18, 1950, within the Nellis Air Force Gunnery and Bombing Range.
1951–1992[edit]
This handbill was distributed 16 days before the first nuclear device was detonated at the Nevada Test Site.
The Nevada Test Site was the primary testing location of American nuclear devices from 1951 to 1992; 928 announced nuclear tests occurred there. Of those, 828 were underground.[6] (Sixty-two of the underground tests included multiple, simultaneous nuclear detonations, adding 93 detonations and bringing the total number of NTS nuclear detonations to 1,021, of which 921 were underground.)[7] The site is covered with subsidence craters from the testing.
The NTS was the United States' primary location for tests in the 500-to-1,000 kt (2,100-to-4,200 TJ) range. 126 tests were conducted elsewhere, including most larger tests. Many of these occurred at the Pacific Proving Grounds in the Marshall Islands.
Mushroom cloud seen from downtown Las Vegas.
During the 1950s, the mushroom clouds from atmospheric tests could be seen for almost 100 mi (160 km). The city of Las Vegas experienced noticeable seismic effects, and the distant mushroom clouds, which could be seen from the downtown hotels, became tourist attractions. The last atmospheric test detonation at the Nevada Test Site was "Little Feller I" of Operation Sunbeam, on 17 July 1962.
Although the United States did not ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, it honors the articles of the treaty, and underground testing of weapons ended as of 23 September 1992. Subcritical tests not involving a critical mass continue.
Sedan crater
One notable test shot was the "Sedan" shot of Operation Storax on 6 July 1962, a 104-kiloton-of-TNT (440 TJ) shot for Operation Plowshare, which sought to prove that nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating bays or canals. It created a crater 1,280 feet (390 m) wide and 320 feet (100 m) deep that can still be seen today.
1992–present[edit]
The site was scheduled to be used to conduct the testing of a 1,100-ton conventional explosive in an operation known as Divine Strake in June 2006. The bomb is a possible alternative to nuclear bunker busters. After objections from Nevada and Utah's members of Congress, the operation was postponed until 2007. On 22 February 2007, the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) officially canceled the experiment. On December 7, 2012 the most-recent explosion was conducted, an underground sub-critical test of the properties of plutonium.[8]
Destruction and survivability testing[edit]
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This model house was constructed 10,500 feet (3,200 m) from the Apple-2 ground zero.
NTS also performed "piggyback" testing of effects of nuclear detonation during the above-ground tests. Vehicles, shelters, utility stations, and other structures were placed at various distances from the "Ground Zero" detonation point of each weapon.
Homes and commercial buildings were built to standards typical of American and European cities. Other structures included military fortifications (of types used by both NATO and the Warsaw Pact), civil defense, and "backyard" shelters. In a typical test, several buildings might be built using the same plan with different types of paint, landscaping, cleanliness of yards, wall angles, or distances from Ground Zero. Mannequins were placed in and around vehicles and buildings.
High-speed cameras were placed in protected locations to capture effects of radiation and shock waves. Typical imagery from these cameras shows paint boiling off the buildings, which then are pushed away from Ground Zero by the shock wave before being drawn toward the detonation by the suction caused by the climbing mushroom cloud. Footage from these cameras has become iconic, used in various media and available in the public domain and on DVD.
This testing allowed the development of guidelines, distributed to the public, to increase the likelihood of survival in case of air- or spaceborne nuclear attack.
Environmental impact[edit]
Each of the below ground explosions—some as deep as 5,000 feet—vaporized a large chamber, leaving a cavity filled with radioactive rubble. About a third of the tests were conducted directly in aquifers, and others were hundreds or thousands of feet below the water table.[9]
When underground explosions ended in 1992, the Department of Energy estimated that more than 300 megacuries (11 EBq) of radioactivity remained in the environment at that time, making the site one of the most radioactively contaminated locations in the United States. In the most seriously affected zones, the concentration of radioactivity in groundwater reaches millions of picocuries per liter. (The federal standard for drinking water is 20 picocuries per liter (0.74 Bq/l).) Although radioactivity levels in the water continue to decline over time, the longer-lived isotopes like plutonium or uranium could pose risks to workers or future settlers on the NNSS for tens of thousands of years.[9]
The Energy Department has 48 monitoring wells at the site, and began drilling nine deep wells in 2009. Because the contaminated water poses no immediate health threat, the department has ranked Nevada as low priority for cleaning up major nuclear weapons sites, and it operates far fewer wells than at most other contaminated sites.[9] In 2009, tritium with a half-life of 12.3 years was first detected in groundwater off-site of the NTS northwest corner in Pahute Mesa, near where the 1968 Benham and 1975 Tybo tests were conducted.[10]
The DOE issues an annual environmental monitoring report containing data from the 48 monitoring wells both on and off site.[10]
Protests and demonstrations[edit]
See also: Anti-nuclear protests in the United States
Members of Desert Lenten Experience hold a prayer vigil during the Easter period of 1982 at the entrance to the Nevada Test Site.
From 1986 through 1994, two years after the United States put a hold on full-scale nuclear weapons testing, 536 demonstrations were held at the Nevada Test Site involving 37,488 participants and 15,740 arrests, according to government records.[5]
On February 5, 1987, more than 400 people were arrested, when they tried to enter the nation's nuclear proving grounds after nearly 2,000 demonstrators held a rally to protest nuclear weapons testing. Those arrested included the astronomer Carl Sagan and the actors Kris Kristofferson, Martin Sheen, and Robert Blake. Five Democratic members of Congress attended the rally: Thomas J. Downey, Mike Lowry, Jim Bates, Leon E. Panetta, and Barbara Boxer.[11][12]
American Peace Test (APT) and Nevada Desert Experience (NDE) held most of these.[13] In March 1988, APT held an event where more than 8,000 people attended a ten-day action to "Reclaim the Test Site", where nearly 3,000 people were arrested with more than 1,200 in one day. This set a record for most civil disobedience arrests in a single protest. American Peace Test was collectively run by a group of individuals residing in Las Vegas, but leadership for the group was national. It originated with a small group of people who were active in the National Nuclear Weapons Freeze. APT was a breakaway organization beginning in 1986, with first public events held in 1987.
In the years that followed 1994, Shundahai Network in cooperation with Nevada Desert Experience and Corbin Harney continued the protests of the government's continued nuclear weapons work and also staged efforts to stop a repository for highly radioactive waste adjacent to the test site at Yucca Mountain, 100 mi (160 km) northwest of Las Vegas.
Modern usage[edit]
WMD/Counter terrorism training exercise at the Nevada Test Site.
The test site offers monthly public tours, often fully booked months in advance. Visitors are not allowed to bring in cameras, binoculars, or cell phones, nor are they permitted to pick up rocks for souvenirs.[14]
While there are no longer any explosive tests of nuclear weapons at the site, there is still testing done to determine the viability of the United States' aging nuclear arsenal. Additionally, the site is the location of the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex, which sorts and stores low-level radioactive waste that is not transuranic and has a half life not longer than 20 years. Bechtel Nevada Corporation (a joint venture of Lockheed Martin, Bechtel, and Johnson Controls) ran this complex until 2006. Several other companies won the bid for the contract since and combined to form a new company called National Security Technologies, LLC (a joint venture of Northrop Grumman, AECOM, CH2M Hill, and Nuclear Fuel Services until 2017.[15]). Mission Support and Test Services, LLC took over the contract that year. AECOM, known earlier as Holmes and Narver, held the Nevada Test Site contract for many years before Bechtel Nevada Corporation had it.[citation needed]
The Radiological/Nuclear WMD Incident Exercise Site (T-1), which replicates multiple terrorist radiological incidents with train, plane, automobile, truck, and helicopter props is located in Area 1, at the former site of tests EASY, SIMON, APPLE-2, and GALILEO.[16]
Landmarks and geography[edit]
Map this section's coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps
Download coordinates as: KML · GPX
A table of interesting places in and around the NNSS is presented here, which corresponds with many of the descriptions in the Nevada Test Site Guide.[17]
Interesting locations in the NNSS
Name
Location
Notes
Mercury
Area 23 36°39′34″N 115°59′47″W / 36.6594°N 115.99642°W / 36.6594; -115.99642 (Mercury) The base housing and office area for the NTS.
U1a
Area 1 37°00′29″N 116°03′32″W / 37.00819°N 116.05894°W / 37.00819; -116.05894 (U1a) The U1a Complex is an underground laboratory used for physics experiments that obtain technical information about the U.S. nuclear weapons stockpile. U1h and U1g, shafts which add data access, ventilation and other utilities to the facility, are just north of this entrance.
Industrial area
Area 1 37°03′56″N 116°08′03″W / 37.06561°N 116.13411°W / 37.06561; -116.13411 (Industrial area) Houses $20 million worth of mining tools; contains an area for creating site grout and stemming mixes.
Doomtown
Area 5 36°47′53″N 115°56′03″W / 36.79805°N 115.93416°W / 36.79805; -115.93416 (Doomtown) The original effects test area and close cousin to Survival City in Area 1.
EPA's NTS Dairy
Area 15 37°12′30″N 116°02′25″W / 37.20829°N 116.04037°W / 37.20829; -116.04037 (EPA Dairy) A dairy and pig farm maintained from 1964 to 1984 by the EPA, mainly to provide experimental data for uptake of milk contamination, following Operation Schooner.
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
Area 25 36°51′10″N 116°25′36″W / 36.85282°N 116.42672°W / 36.85282; -116.42672 (Yucca Mountain) Yucca Mountain radioactive disposal site. This is the north entrance; the south entrance is about 1.7 miles (2.7 km) SSW.
A Tunnel
Area 16 37°00′45″N 116°11′44″W / 37.01245°N 116.19565°W / 37.01245; -116.19565 (A tunnel entrance) Shoshone Mountain, Tunnel A Entrance.
B Tunnel
Area 12 37°11′36″N 116°11′56″W / 37.19345°N 116.19887°W / 37.19345; -116.19887 (B tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel B Entrance.
C, D, and F Tunnels
Area 12 37°11′36″N 116°12′00″W / 37.19322°N 116.19999°W / 37.19322; -116.19999 (C, D and F tunnel entrances) Rainier Mesa, tunnels C, D, and F Entrances - separate, but very close together.
E Tunnel
Area 12 37°11′17″N 116°11′41″W / 37.18816°N 116.19477°W / 37.18816; -116.19477 (E tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel E Entrance.
G Tunnel
Area 12 37°10′10″N 116°11′41″W / 37.1694°N 116.1947°W / 37.1694; -116.1947 (G tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel G Entrance.
I Tunnel
Area 12 37°13′08″N 116°09′37″W / 37.21876°N 116.16036°W / 37.21876; -116.16036 (I tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel I Entrance.
J Tunnel
Area 12 37°13′08″N 116°09′47″W / 37.21884°N 116.16319°W / 37.21884; -116.16319 (J tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel J Entrance.
K Tunnel
Area 12 37°13′08″N 116°09′32″W / 37.21878°N 116.15891°W / 37.21878; -116.15891 (K tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel K Entrance.
N Tunnel
Area 12 37°12′06″N 116°11′31″W / 37.20169°N 116.19187°W / 37.20169; -116.19187 (N tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel N Entrance.
P Tunnel
Area 12 37°13′45″N 116°09′13″W / 37.22906°N 116.1535°W / 37.22906; -116.1535 (P tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel P Entrance.
T Tunnel
Area 12 37°12′57″N 116°10′02″W / 37.21589°N 116.16711°W / 37.21589; -116.16711 (T tunnel entrance) Rainier Mesa, Tunnel T Entrance.
X Tunnel
Area 25 36°44′44″N 116°19′41″W / 36.74542°N 116.32816°W / 36.74542; -116.32816 (X tunnel entrance) Two tunnel entrances, used by the U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory for depleted uranium testing.
Operation Icecap
Area 7 37°04′51″N 116°02′44″W / 37.0808°N 116.04558°W / 37.0808; -116.04558 (Icecap) Operation Icecap was being built up when the 1992 Comprehensive Test Ban was signed. The equipment was left in place, including the .5 million pounds (230,000 kg) instrumentation payload, the crane, the wiring, and many of the recording trailers.
Operation Gabbs
Area 2 37°08′17″N 116°04′25″W / 37.13796°N 116.07353°W / 37.13796; -116.07353 (Gabbs) Operation Gabbs was another shaft detonation scheduled for 1993 that was laid to rest by the '92 test ban treaty.
Operation Greenwater
Area 20 37°13′51″N 116°26′50″W / 37.23086°N 116.44725°W / 37.23086; -116.44725 (Greenwater) The third suspended test was Operation Greenwater, the test of the space X-Ray laser system, a part of the Star Wars concept. The 45 metres (148 ft) tower remains on the site. It is supposed to be in Area 19, but actually is in 20.
Survival City
Area 1 37°03′11″N 116°06′12″W / 37.05305°N 116.10339°W / 37.05305; -116.10339 (Survival City) The alternative to Doomtown. Used in the Teapot Desert/Rock exercises, and the Civil Defence/PR effort Operation Cue. Name taken from "News of the Day" newsreel about the Apple 2 test.
Fortune Training Area
Area 1 36°59′13″N 116°02′38″W / 36.98689°N 116.04384°W / 36.98689; -116.04384 (Fortune Training Area) Fortune was a training facility for building bomb test sites. Site reused for Unicorn test in 2005–06.
Divine Strake
Area 16 37°01′21″N 116°10′55″W / 37.02245°N 116.18203°W / 37.02245; -116.18203 (U16b tunnel, "Divine Strake") U16b tunnel entrance complex, including Divine Strake proposed 700t chemical blast tunnel on the north, the latter heavily protested, delayed, and eventually abandoned.
Plutonium Valley
Area 11 36°58′36″N 115°57′44″W / 36.97659°N 115.96228°W / 36.97659; -115.96228 (Plutonium Valley) Area contains scattered raw plutonium from plutonium dispersal safety tests.
Original BREN Tower
Area 4 37°05′55″N 116°05′49″W / 37.09869°N 116.09685°W / 37.09869; -116.09685 (BREN original placement) Original site of the Bare Reactor Experiment in Nevada (BREN), a reactor on a tower which emulated bomb explosions for medical studies. A Japanese village was constructed around it because it focused on war bomb injuries. BREN was later moved to Area 25.
BREN Tower
Area 25 36°46′50″N 116°14′37″W / 36.78062°N 116.24358°W / 36.78062; -116.24358 (BREN move here) The BREN (Bare Reactor Experiment, Nevada) is a 453 m (1,486 ft) tall tower originally in Yucca Flat, used to experimentally irradiate ground targets with gamma and neutrons. Moved to Jackass Flat, for HENRE (High Energy Neutrons Action Experiment). Demolished 23 May 2012.
Nerva Test Stand
Area 25 36°49′54″N 116°16′41″W / 36.83162°N 116.27809°W / 36.83162; -116.27809 (Nerva test stand) Test stand for the nuclear rocket "Nerva".
KIWI-TNT
Area 25 36°49′58″N 116°16′45″W / 36.83285°N 116.27914°W / 36.83285; -116.27914 (KIWI-TNT) Test of the Nerva engine to destruction, to determine worst-case scenario for runaway reactor. 1.6 Mci released.
DAF
Area 6 36°53′54″N 116°02′53″W / 36.89827°N 116.04814°W / 36.89827; -116.04814 (DAF) Device Assembly Facility: bombs and components are made ready for testing here.
RWMS-5
Area 5 36°51′27″N 115°57′18″W / 36.85758°N 115.9551°W / 36.85758; -115.9551 (RWMS-5) Radioactive Waste Management Facility, Area 5
E-MAD Building
Area 25 36°48′23″N 116°18′17″W / 36.80646°N 116.30476°W / 36.80646; -116.30476 (E-MAD) Engine Maintenance and Disassembly Building, used for handling radioactive NERVA engines; site being dismantled.
R-MAD Building
Area 25 36°48′58″N 116°14′22″W / 36.8161°N 116.23936°W / 36.8161; -116.23936 (R-MAD) Reactor Maintenance and Disassembly Building, maintained radioactive NERVA reactors. Also used in the MX program; site being dismantled.
ETS-1 Test Stand
Area 25 36°49′56″N 116°18′44″W / 36.8321°N 116.31217°W / 36.8321; -116.31217 (ETS-1 test stand) Engineering Test Stand 1, a stand for testing nuclear rockets in a standard upright position.
MX Testing Area
Area 25 36°41′58″N 116°22′46″W / 36.69946°N 116.37952°W / 36.69946; -116.37952 (MX test area) MX missile test track and silo
JASPER
Area 27 36°46′30″N 116°07′01″W / 36.77496°N 116.11703°W / 36.77496; -116.11703 (JASPER) Houses the Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research, a two-stage light-gas gun for shock experiments.
Camp 12
Area 12 37°11′46″N 116°09′22″W / 37.19598°N 116.15624°W / 37.19598; -116.15624 (Camp 12) Camp for miners and others working on the Rainier Mesa in the '70s.
BEEF
Area 4 37°05′46″N 116°05′33″W / 37.09611°N 116.09262°W / 37.09611; -116.09262 (BEEF) Big Explosives Experimental Facility
Area 3 RWMS
Area 3 37°02′40″N 116°01′27″W / 37.04445°N 116.02425°W / 37.04445; -116.02425 (RWMS) Low level Radioactive Waste Management Facility. Waste (mostly dirt) is buried in a selection of old subsidence craters.
Atlas Pulse Power
Area 6 36°58′46″N 116°02′23″W / 36.97946°N 116.03965°W / 36.97946; -116.03965 (Atlas Pulse Power) The Atlas Pulse Power Facility
Apple-2 houses
Area 1 37°02′40″N 116°04′26″W / 37.04434°N 116.07397°W / 37.04434; -116.07397 (Apple-2 houses) Three "typical American" houses built for the Apple-2 civil defense event. The one on the left is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the 29kt blast, the right one 2 miles (3.2 km). The left one is on the monthly tour bus route. The two towers are from later seismic studies.
News Nob
Area 6 36°56′42″N 116°03′00″W / 36.945°N 116.05°W / 36.945; -116.05 (News Nob) The location from which VIPs and news people would watch nuclear tests.
Annie Emplacement
Area 5 36°42′15″N 115°58′26″W / 36.70428°N 115.97387°W / 36.70428; -115.97387 (Annie emplacement) Location of “Atomic Annie” (M65 280mm nuclear field artillery) emplacement for Upshot-Knothole Grable test.
BACHUS Site
Area 12 37°11′44″N 116°09′30″W / 37.19569°N 116.1584°W / 37.19569; -116.1584 (BACHUS) Biotechnology Activity Characterization by Unconventional Signatures, a secret biowarfare simulation facility.
Rad/NucCTEC
Area 6 36°53′25″N 116°01′51″W / 36.89026°N 116.03093°W / 36.89026; -116.03093 (Rad/NucTEC) Radiological/Nuclear Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Complex Homeland Security operational nuclear test and training center
Project Pluto
Area 26 36°49′03″N 116°08′57″W / 36.81744°N 116.14906°W / 36.81744; -116.14906 (Project Pluto) Ram-jet nuclear-powered cruise missile engine development project; site being dismantled.
Lockheed-Martin AOF
Area 6 36°55′37″N 116°00′27″W / 36.92692°N 116.00755°W / 36.92692; -116.00755 (AOF - UAV test area) Aerial Operations Facility; a testing area for UAVs.
Groom Lake - Area 51
Area 51 37°14′23″N 115°48′49″W / 37.23986°N 115.81363°W / 37.23986; -115.81363 (Groom Lake, Area 51) The famed Air Force base used for testing secret aircraft.
Camp Desert Rock
Area 22 36°37′33″N 116°01′10″W / 36.62593°N 116.01937°W / 36.62593; -116.01937 (Camp Desert Rock) The Army Camp that housed the participants in Operations Desert Rock I-VIII. Across the road is the Pig Hilton, where test subjects were housed in barnyard splendor.
Test Control Point
Area 6 36°56′04″N 116°03′17″W / 36.93453°N 116.05482°W / 36.93453; -116.05482 (Test Control Point) NTS Test control center (CP-1). These two buildings controlled the tests performed at the NTS.
NNSS-CTOS
Area 1 37°03′09″N 116°06′11″W / 37.05263°N 116.10308°W / 37.05263; -116.10308 (CTOS) Counter Terrorism Operations Support, a location for training in emergency preparedness in radiological emergencies.
Super Kukla
Area 27 36°46′45″N 116°06′37″W / 36.77907°N 116.11041°W / 36.77907; -116.11041 (Super Kukla) A naked reactor test area designed to test equipment under a hostile radioactive environment, 1965–78.
Bleachers
Area 5 36°42′30″N 115°58′27″W / 36.70843°N 115.97412°W / 36.70843; -115.97412 (VIP Bleachers) Bleacher area for viewing of Frenchman Flat events.
BODF
Area 4 37°04′50″N 116°05′13″W / 37.08068°N 116.08697°W / 37.08068; -116.08697 (BODF) Buried Objects Detection Facility, area to test and calibrate mine sweeping equipment against buried objects.
Gun Turret USS Louisville
Area 2 37°08′22″N 116°06′33″W / 37.13945°N 116.10904°W / 37.13945; -116.10904 (Gun Turret) Used in calibration of Whitney, Shasta, Diablo and Smoky tests. Made of "old" steel from 1940s U.S. heavy cruiser (USS Louisville CA 28) damaged from kamikaze on January 5, 1945; it was "aimed" at the shot cab to get radiation data.
Hazmat Spill Facility
Area 5 36°48′05″N 115°57′03″W / 36.80138°N 115.95075°W / 36.80138; -115.95075 (Hazmat Spill Facility) Hazmat Spill Test Facility - used to test Hazmat strategies and tactics. Became the Nonproliferation Test and Evaluation Complex in 2005.
RBIFF
Area 26 36°48′59″N 116°09′53″W / 36.81645°N 116.16486°W / 36.81645; -116.16486 (RBIFF) Re-entry Body Impact Fuze Flights
Ship of the Desert
Area 5 36°52′29″N 115°55′46″W / 36.87486°N 115.92957°W / 36.87486; -115.92957 A massive tracked structure designed to capture neutrons from the Diagonal Line experiment.
Rock Valley Study
Area 25 36°41′03″N 116°11′38″W / 36.68406°N 116.19397°W / 36.68406; -116.19397 (Rock Valley Study) The circles are the Rock Valley Study Area, environmental research area for studying radiation in the desert ecosystem.
Climax Mine
Area 15 37°13′25″N 116°03′32″W / 37.22352°N 116.05895°W / 37.22352; -116.05895 (Climax Mine) Location of an old silver mine, recycled for three nuclear tests and the Spent Fuel Test in which spent nuclear fuel was stored in a mine drift to study the effects on the granite walls.
The Forest
Area 5 36°45′33″N 115°57′05″W / 36.75907°N 115.95138°W / 36.75907; -115.95138 (The Forest) The famous forest on the desert, swept by the blasts of Encore and Grable.
Cancer and test site[edit]
I-131 Fallout Exposure in Rads
St. George, Utah received the brunt of the fallout of above-ground nuclear testing in the Yucca Flats/Nevada Test Site. Winds routinely carried the fallout of these tests directly through St. George and southern Utah. Marked increases in cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, bone cancer, brain tumors, and gastrointestinal tract cancers were reported from the mid-1950s through 1980.[3][4]
On May 19, 1953, the United States government detonated the 32-kiloton (130 TJ) atomic bomb (nicknamed "Harry") at the Nevada Test Site. The bomb later gained the name "Dirty Harry" because of the tremendous amount of off-site fallout generated by the bomb.[18] Winds carried fallout 135 miles (217 km) to St. George, where residents reported "an oddly metallic sort of taste in the air."[19]
The Howard Hughes motion picture, The Conqueror, was being filmed in the area of St. George at the time of the detonation. The fallout is often blamed for the unusually high percentage of cancer deaths among the cast and crew.[citation needed] However, the rates of cancer from that cast and crew (>90 out of 220) were almost identical to the general population, in which 43% may be expected to contract cancer in their lifetimes, and 23% die from it.[20] Nonetheless, there are speculations of a connection.
A 1962 United States Atomic Energy Commission report found that "children living in St. George, Utah may have received doses to the thyroid of radioiodine as high as 120 to 440 rads" (1.2 to 4.4 Gy).[21] A 1979 study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine concluded that:
A significant excess of leukemia deaths occurred in children up to 14 years of age living in Utah between 1959 and 1967. This excess was concentrated in the cohort of children born between 1951 and 1958, and was most pronounced in those residing in counties receiving high fallout.[22]
In 1982, a lawsuit brought by nearly 1,200 people accused the government of negligence in atomic and/or nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site in the 1950s, which they said had caused leukemia and other cancers. Dr. Karl Z. Morgan, Director of Health Physics at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, testified that radiation protection measures in the tests were substandard to what was becoming known of best practices at the time.[23]
In a report by the National Cancer Institute, released in 1997, it was determined that ninety atmospheric tests at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) deposited high levels of radioactive iodine-131 (5.5 exabecquerels) across a large portion of the contiguous United States, especially in the years 1952, 1953, 1955, and 1957—doses large enough, they determined, to produce 10,000 to 75,000 cases of thyroid cancer. The Radiation Exposure Compensation Act of 1990 allowed for people living downwind of NTS for at least two years in particular Nevada, Arizona, or Utah counties, between 21 January 1951 and 31 October 1958, or 30 June and 31 July 1962, and suffering from certain cancers or other serious illnesses deemed to have been caused by fallout exposure to receive compensation of $50,000. By January 2006, over 10,500 claims had been approved, and around 3,000 denied, for a total amount of over $525 million in compensation dispensed to "downwinders". By May 2014, the numbers of claims approved had reached 28,880, for a total compensation of $1.9 billion.[24] Additionally, the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 provides compensation and medical benefits for nuclear weapons workers who may have developed certain work-related illnesses.[25]
Uranium miners, mill workers, and ore transporters are also eligible for $100,000 compassionate payment under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Program, while $75,000 is the fixed payment amount for workers who were participants in the above-ground nuclear weapons tests.
Nuclear test series carried out at the Nevada Test Site[edit]
Operation Ranger — 1951
Operation Buster–Jangle — 1951
Operation Tumbler–Snapper — 1952
Operation Upshot–Knothole — 1953
Operation Teapot — 1955
Project 56 — 1955
Operation Plumbbob — 1957
Project 57, Project 58/58A — 1957–1958
Operation Hardtack II — 1958
Operation Nougat — 1961–1962
Operation Plowshare — 1961–1973 (sporadic, at least one test a year)
Operation Sunbeam (aka Dominic II) — 1962
Operation Dominic — 1962–1963
Operation Fishbowl - 1962
Operation Storax — 1963
Operation Niblick — 1963–1964
Operation Whetstone — 1964–1965
Operation Flintlock — 1965–1966
Operation Latchkey — 1966–1967
Operation Crosstie — 1967–1968
Operation Bowline — 1968–1969
Operation Mandrel — 1969–1970
Operation Emery — 1970
Operation Grommet — 1971–1972
Operation Toggle — 1972–1973
Operation Arbor — 1973–1974
Operation Bedrock — 1974–1975
Operation Anvil — 1975–1976
Operation Fulcrum — 1976–1977
Operation Cresset — 1977–1978
Operation Quicksilver — 1978–1979
Operation Tinderbox — 1979–1980
Operation Guardian — 1980–1981
Operation Praetorian — 1981–1982
Operation Phalanx — 1982–1983
Operation Fusileer — 1983–1984
Operation Grenadier — 1984–1985
Operation Charioteer — 1985–1986
Operation Musketeer — 1986–1987
Operation Touchstone — 1987–1988
Operation Cornerstone — 1988–1989
Operation Aqueduct — 1989–1990
Operation Sculpin — 1990–1991
Operation Julin — 1991–1992
Areas[edit]
Nuclear explosions in various areas of NTS[26]
The Test Site is broken down into areas. Some of the areas and their uses include the following:
Area 1[edit]
Area 1 held eight nuclear tests for a total of nine detonations.[6] Four early atmospheric tests were conducted above Area 1 in the early 1950s, as well as three underground tests in 1971 and 1990. In 1955, a Civil Defense experiment (called Operation Cue in the press) studied nuclear blast effects on various building types; a few structures still stand.
Heavy drilling equipment and concrete construction facilities are sited in Area 1. Non-destructive X-ray, gamma ray, and subcritical detonation tests continue to be conducted in Area 1.
The radioactivity present on the ground in Area 1 provides a radiologically contaminated environment for the training of first responders.[27]
Area 2[edit]
Main article: Area 2 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area 2 is a division of the Nevada Test Site in the Mojave Desert. The area is located 18 miles south-west of Area 51.
Area 2 was the site of 144 tests comprising 169 detonations.[6] Shot "Gabbs", intended for 1993, was abandoned in place.[28]
Area 3[edit]
Area 3 held 266 nuclear tests for a total of 288 detonations, more than in any other area of the NTS.[6]
As part of Operation Tinderbox, on 24 June 1980, a small satellite prototype (DSCS III) was subjected to radioactivity from the "Huron King" shot in a vertical line-of-sight (VLOS) test undertaken in Area 3. This was a program to improve the database on nuclear hardening design techniques for defense satellites.
The final nuclear test detonation at Nevada Test Site was Operation Julin's "Divider" on 23 September 1992, just prior to the moratorium temporarily ending all nuclear testing.[29] Divider was a safety experiment test shot that was detonated at the bottom of a shaft sunk into Area 3.
In 1995 and 1997, plutonium-contaminated soil from "Double Tracks" and "Clean Slate 1" of Operation Roller Coaster (1963) was picked up from the Tonopah Test Range and brought to the Area 3 Radioactive Waste Management Site as a first step in eventually returning Tonopah Test Range to an environmentally neutral state. Corrective action regarding the contaminated material from the "Clean Slate 2" and "Clean Slate 3" tests has yet to be agreed upon.[30]
Area 4[edit]
Big Explosives Experimental Facility (BEEF) in Area 4
Area 4 held 40 nuclear tests for a total of 44 detonations.[6]
It is home to the Big Explosives Experimental Facility (BEEF).[28]
Area 5[edit]
Main article: Area 5 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area 5 held 19 nuclear tests.[6] Five atmospheric tests were detonated, starting on 27 January 1951 at Area 5 as part of Operation Ranger. These were the first nuclear tests at NTS. Further tower detonations were studied at Area 5, and the Grable shot which was fired from a M65 Atomic Cannon located in Area 11 exploded in Area 5. The Priscilla test was conducted at Area 5 on 24 June 1957.
Five underground tests were set up at Area 5; four of those suffered accidental release of radioactive materials. On 16 March 1968, physicist Glenn T. Seaborg toured the upcoming Milk Shake shot of Operation Crosstie.[31] Milk Shake's radioactive release was not detected outside of NTS boundaries.
Area 6[edit]
Device Assembly Facility in Area 6
Control Point in Area 6
Area 6 held four nuclear tests for a total of six detonations.[6] The only two towns to be established within the boundaries of NTS prior to 1947, BJ Wye and Mule Lick, are located in Yucca Flats, in Area 6. The area features an asphalt runway, that was constructed on top of a dirt landing strip, that existed since the 1950s. Some buildings, including a hangar, are situated near the runway.[32]
The Device Assembly Facility (DAF)[28] was originally built to consolidate nuclear explosives assembly operations. It now serves as the Criticality Experiments Facility (CEF).
The Control Point[28] is the communication hub of the NTS. It was used by controllers to trigger and monitor nuclear test explosions.
In 1982, while a live nuclear bomb was being lowered underground, the base came under attack by armed combatants. The combatants turned out to be a security team conducting an improperly scheduled drill.
Area 7[edit]
Area 7 held 92 nuclear tests.[6]
During Operation Buster, four successful tests were conducted via airdrop, with bomber aircraft releasing nuclear weapons over Area 7.
It is also the site of Matthew Reilly's book called Area 7.
Shot "Icecap" planned for 1993 was abandoned in Area 7 following 1992's testing moratorium. The tower, shaft and wiring remain in place, along with a crane intended to lower the nuclear test package into the shaft.[33]
Area 8[edit]
Radioactive materials were accidentally released from the 1970 Baneberry shot in Area 8.
Area 8 held 13 nuclear tests for a total of 15 detonations.[6]
Area 8 hosted the "Baneberry" shot of Operation Emery on 18 December 1970. The Baneberry 10 kt (42 TJ) test detonated 900 feet (270 m) below the surface but its energy cracked the soil in unexpected ways, causing a fissure near ground zero and the failure of the shaft stemming and cap.[34] A plume of fire and dust was released, raining fallout on workers in different locations within NTS. The radioactive plume released 6.7 megacuries (250 PBq) of radioactive material, including 80 kCi (3.0 PBq) of Iodine131.[35]
Area 9[edit]
Area 9 held 115 nuclear tests for a total of 133 detonations.[6]
In Area 9, the 74 kt (310 TJ) "Hood" test on 5 July 1957, part of Operation Plumbbob, was the largest atmospheric test ever conducted within the continental United States; nearly five times larger in yield than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. A balloon carried Hood up to 460 meters above the ground where it was detonated. Over 2,000 troops took part in the test in order to train them in conducting operations on the nuclear battlefield. 11 megacuries (410 PBq) of iodine-131 (131I) were released into the air.[35]
Area 10[edit]
North end of Yucca Flat, where most tests have been conducted.
Area 10 held 57 nuclear tests for a total of 71 detonations.[6]
The first underground test at NTS was the "Uncle" shot of Operation Jangle. Uncle detonated on 29 November 1951 within a shaft sunk into Area 10.
The "John" shot of Plumbbob, on 19 July 1957, was the first test firing of the nuclear-tipped AIR-2 Genie air-to-air rocket designed to destroy incoming enemy bombers with a nuclear explosion. The 2 kt (8.4 TJ) warhead exploded approximately three miles above five volunteers and a photographer who stood unprotected at "ground zero" in Area 10 to show the apparent safety of battlefield nuclear weapons to personnel on the ground.[36] The test also demonstrated the ability of a fighter aircraft to deliver a nuclear-tipped rocket and avoid being destroyed in the process. A Northrop F-89J fired the rocket.
The "Sedan" test of Operation Storax on 6 July 1962, a 104 kt (440 TJ) shot for the Operation Plowshare which sought to discover whether nuclear weapons could be used for peaceful means in creating lakes, bays or canals. The explosion displaced twelve million tons of earth, creating the Sedan crater which is 1,280 feet (390 m) wide and 320 feet (100 m) deep.
Area 11[edit]
Main article: Area 11 (Nevada Test Site)
Area 11 held 9 nuclear tests.[6] Four of the tests were weapons safety experiments conducted as Project 56; they spread so much harmful radioactive material around the test sites that Area 11 has been called "Plutonium Valley". As is the case with Area 1, background radiation levels make Area 11 suitable for realistic training in methods of radiation detection.[30]
Area 12[edit]
Main article: Area 12 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area 12 held 61 nuclear tests between 1957 and 1992, one of which involved two detonations. All tests were conducted below Rainier and Aqueduct mesas.
Area 12 was the primary location for tunnel tests and used almost exclusively for that purpose. The tunnel complexes mined into Rainier and Aqueduct Mesa include the B-, C-, D-, E-, F-, G-, I-, J-, K-, N-, P-, and T-Tunnel complexes, and the R- and S- shafts.
Area 13[edit]
There is no Area 13 within NNSS, though such a name is attached to a section of Nellis Air Force Range which abuts the northeastern corner of Area 15.[37] Project 57's weapons safety test was conducted here on 24 April 1957, spreading particles emitting alpha radiation over a large area.[38]
Area 14[edit]
Area 14 occupies approximately 26 square miles (67 km2) in the central portion of the NNSS. Various outdoor experiments are conducted in this area.[39] No atmospheric or underground nuclear tests were conducted in Area 14.[6]
Area 15[edit]
EPA Farm in Area 15
Three underground detonations took place in area 15 in the 1960s.[6]
Pile Driver was a notable Department of Defense test. A large underground installation was built to study the survivability of hardened underground bunkers undergoing a nuclear attack. Information from the test was used in designing hardened missile silos and the North American Aerospace Defense Command facility in Colorado Springs.[28]
The abandoned Crystal and Climax mines are found in Area 15. Storage tanks hold contaminated materials.[28]
From 1964 to 1981, the Environmental Protection Agency operated a 36-acre (150,000 m2) experimental farm in Area 15. Extensive plant and soil studies evaluated the uptake of pollutants in farm-grown vegetables and from the forage eaten by a dairy herd of some 30 Holstein cows. Scientists also studied horses, pigs, goats, and chickens.[28]
Area 16[edit]
Area 16 held six nuclear tests.[6]
Area 17[edit]
No nuclear tests took place in Area 17.[6]
Area 18[edit]
Area 18 held five nuclear tests.[6] and includes the Pahute Mesa Airstrip.[26]
Area 19[edit]
Main article: Pahute Mesa
Pahute Mesa is one of four major nuclear test regions within the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS). It occupies 243 square miles (630 km2) in the northwest corner of the NNSS. The eastern section is known as Area 19 and the western section as Area 20.
A total of 85 nuclear tests were conducted in Pahute Mesa between 1965 and 1992. Three of them — Boxcar, Benham and Handley — had a yield of over one megaton. Three tests were conducted as part of Operation Plowshare and one as part of Vela Uniform.
Area 20[edit]
Main article: Pahute Mesa
Area 22[edit]
No nuclear tests took place in Area 22.[6] Area 22 once held Camp Desert Rock, a staging base for troops undergoing atmospheric nuclear blast training; as many as 9,000 troops were camped there in 1955. Desert Rock Airport's runway was enlarged to a 7,500 ft (2,300 m) length in 1969 by the Atomic Energy Commission. It is a transport hub for personnel and supplies going to NNSS and also serves as an emergency landing strip.
Area 23[edit]
No nuclear tests took place in Area 23.[6] The town of Mercury, Nevada lies within Area 23. The area is the main pathway to and from NNSS test locations by way of U.S. Route 95. An open sanitary landfill is located to the west of Mercury, and a closed hazardous waste site abuts the landfill. Mercury is also the main management area for the site which includes a bar and large cafeteria, printing plant, medical center, warehousing, fleet management, liquidation and recycling center, engineering offices, dormitories, and other administrative areas for both the O&M contractors, LLNL, LANL, and SNL personnel. At its height in the 1950s and '60s it also held several restaurants, a bowling alley, a movie theater, and a motel.
Area 25[edit]
Main article: Area 25 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area 26[edit]
Mostly abandoned buildings and structures at Port Gaston
No nuclear tests took place in Area 26,[6] the most arid section of the NNSS. An old abandoned mine, the Horn Silver Mine, was used for waste disposal between 1959 and the 1970s; some of the waste is radioactive. Water flow past the shaft could pose a human health risk, so corrective action has been planned.[40]
In 1983 the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency performed the NUWAX-83 tests near Port Gaston in Area 26, simulating the explosion of a nuclear-armed helicopter and the resulting spread of nuclear debris over 65 acres. The radioactive material used to simulate the accident became inert in less than six months.[41]
An eight-square-mile complex was constructed in Area 26 in support of Project Pluto.[39] It consisted of six miles of roads, the critical assembly building, the control building, the assembly and shop buildings, and utilities.[42] Those buildings have been used recently as mock reactor facilities in the training of first responders.
Area 27[edit]
Main article: Area 27 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area 28[edit]
Area 28 no longer exists; it was absorbed into Areas 25 and 27.[28]
Area 29[edit]
No nuclear tests took place in Area 29.[6] The rugged terrain of Area 29 serves as a buffer between other areas of NNSS. A helipad is present at Shoshone Peak.
Area 30[edit]
The Crosstie Buggy test.
Area 30 occupies approximately 59 square miles (150 km2) at the center of the western edge of the NNSS. Area 30 has rugged terrain and includes the northern reaches of Fortymile Canyon. It is used primarily for military training and exercises.[39]
Area 30 was the site of a single nuclear test, the Crosstie Buggy row charge experiment, part of Operation Plowshare, which involved five simultaneous detonations.[6]
See also[edit]
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
Semipalatinsk Test Site
Novaya Zemlya Test Site
Area 51
Totskoye nuclear exercise
International Day against Nuclear Tests
Agnes Moorehead#Death
The Conqueror (1956 film)#Cancer controversy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nevada nuclear bomb site given new name". United Press International. August 23, 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/08/23/nevada-test-site-north-las-vegas-gets-new-nevada-national-security-site-ns.html
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Carl (1984). "Cancer Incidence in an Area of Radioactive Fallout Downwind From the Nevada Test Site". Journal of the American Medical Association. 251 (2): 230. doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03340260034023.
^ Jump up to: a b Falk, Jim (1982). Global Fission:The Battle Over Nuclear Power, p. 134.
^ Jump up to: a b Western Shoshone spiritual leader dies[permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v U.S. Department of Energy / Nevada Operations Office, United States Nuclear Tests - July 1945 through September 1992, December 2000, DOE/NV-209 Rev 15 Archived 2006-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ One multiple test took place in Colorado; the other 62 were at NTS
Jump up ^ Frank von Hippel (14 December 2012). "Subcritical experiments". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ralph Vartabedian. Nuclear scars: Tainted water runs beneath Nevada desert Los Angeles Times, 13 November 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Keith Rogers (19 November 2014). "Report: Nuclear testing remnants remain radioactive". Las Vegas Review Jour. Stephens Media LLC. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert Lindsey. 438 Protesters are Arrested at Nevada Nuclear Test Site New York Times, February 6, 1987.
Jump up ^ Biggest Demonstration Yet at Test Site
Jump up ^ Political protest and cultural revolution By Barbara Epstein p. 165.
Jump up ^ U.S. DOE/NNSA - Nevada Site Office, Nevada Test Site Tours Archived 2015-02-19 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ National Security Technologies "About" Page Archived 2010-03-11 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Counter Terrorism Operations Support - WMD Incident Site Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Nevada Test Site Guide" (PDF). DOE/NV-715 Rev 1. National Nuclear Security Administration. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
Jump up ^ Meeting Dirty Harry in 1953 Archived 2013-06-18 at the Wayback Machine.. Chester McQueary, CommonDreams.org.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 3: Bringing the Bombs Home, "KILLING OUR OWN"". Ratical.org. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
Jump up ^ "American Cancer Society".
Jump up ^ Pat Ortmeyer and Arjun Makhijani. "Let Them Drink Milk," The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November/December 1997, via IEER Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
Jump up ^ Gerald H. Clarfield and William M. Wiecek (1984). Nuclear America: Military and Civilian Nuclear Power in the United States 1940–1980, Harper & Row, New York, p. 215.
Jump up ^ Karl Z. Morgan, 91, Founder of the Field Of Health Physics, Dies in Tennessee
Jump up ^ Radiation Exposure Compensation System: Claims to Date Summary of Claims Received by 05/08/2014
Jump up ^ Office of Compensation Analysis and Support. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
^ Jump up to: a b United States Geological Survey. Nevada Test Site. Geologic Surface Effects of Underground Nuclear Testing. Accessed on 18 April 2009.
Jump up ^ First Responder Training Archived 2011-09-30 at the Wayback Machine.. US Department of Energy. Nevada Operations Office. National Security. Homeland Security
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Nevada Test Site Guide, National Nuclear Security Administration, DOE/NV-715 Archived 2011-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Gross, Daniel A. (2016). "An Aging Army". Distillations. 2 (1): 26–36. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office (April 2010). "Plutonium Dispersal Tests at the Nevada Test Site" (PDF). Fact Sheets. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
Jump up ^ Radiochemistry.org. History. Nuke tests. Nevada Test Site Images (cdrom 3; PDF file)
Jump up ^ Rogers, Keith (5 March 2016). "You know Area 51, but just what in the world is Area 6?". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
Jump up ^ National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office (January 2011). "Icecap" (PDF). Fact Sheets. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
Jump up ^ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. News Archive. Tarabay H. Antoun. Three Dimensional Simulation of the Baneberry Nuclear Event
^ Jump up to: a b National Cancer Institute. National Institute of Health. History of the Nevada Test Site and Nuclear Testing Background
Jump up ^ California Literary Review. Peter Kuran. Images from How To Photograph an Atomic Bomb. (22 October 2007)
Jump up ^ Nevada Division of Environmental Protection. Bureau of Federal Facilities. Federal Facility Agreement & Consent Order. FFACO Description of Facilities Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Operation PLUMBBOB. Summary Report, Test Group 57, Nevada Test Site". DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY. 1958-10-10. Retrieved 2010-12-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office, Draft Site-Wide Environmental Impact Statement Nevada, ch.2, July 2011, DOE/EIS-246-D
Jump up ^ DOE Scientific and Technical Information. Corrective Action Investigation Plan for Corrective Action Unit 527: Horn Silver Mine, Nevada Test Site, Nevada: Revision 1 (Including Records of Technical Change No.1, 2, 3, and 4) (6 December 2002) doi:10.2172/818649
Jump up ^ Associated Press (May 6, 1983). "Nevada, US Simulate Nuclear Accident". Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ National Nuclear Security Administration / Nevada Site Office (April 2010). "Project Pluto" (PDF). Fact Sheets. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nevada Test Site.
DOE Nevada Test Site
The Nevada Test Site Oral History Project
Origins of the Nevada Test Site
Radiation Exposure Compensation Act
Atomic Test Effects In The Nevada Test Site Region published by the AEC in 1955, a document with a civilian audience in mind.
Account of NTS fallout in 1955 (PDF)
Study Estimating Thyroid Doses of I-131 Received by Americans From Nevada Atmospheric Nuclear Bomb Test, National Cancer Institute (1997)
Images of the Nevada Test Site on the atomic bomb website
Location maps:
Small map
Detailed map showing the individual areas (archived 2007-08-12 at archive.org)
Annotated bibliography for the Nevada Test Site from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
'Exposed' spreads anti-nuke message
Nevada Test Site aerial photos by Doc Searles, all licensed Creative Commons
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Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation:
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. NV-25, "Nevada Test Site, Engine Maintenance Assembly & Disassembly Facility, Area 25, Jackass Flats, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-26-A, "Nevada Test Site, Reactor Maintenance & Disassembly Complex, Junior Hot Cell, Jackass Flats, Area 25, South of intersection of Roads F & G, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-27, "Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Area 4, Yucca Flat, 4-04 Road near Rainier Mesa Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-27-A, "Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Type B Structure"
HAER No. NV-27-B, "Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Type C Structure"
HAER No. NV-27-C, "Nevada Test Site, Japanese Village, Type C Elevation"
HAER No. NV-28, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Area 15, Yucca Flat, 10-2 Road near Circle Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-28-A, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Laboratory Building"
HAER No. NV-28-B, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Storage Shed"
HAER No. NV-28-C, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Silo Type"
HAER No. NV-28-D, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Quonset Hut Type"
HAER No. NV-28-E, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Shelter Unit Type"
HAER No. NV-28-F, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Weather Tower"
HAER No. NV-28-G, "Nevada Test Site, Environmental Protection Agency Farm, Power Substation"
HAER No. NV-29-A, "Nevada Test Site, Reactor Maintenance Assembly & Dissassembly Facility, Area 25, Jackass Flats, Junction of Roads F & G, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-30-A, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell C Facility, Building No. 3210, Area 25, Jackass Flats, Road J, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-30-B, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell C Facility, Elevated Water Tower"
HAER No. NV-30-C, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell C Facility, West Camera Bunker"
HAER No. NV-31, "Nevada Test Site, Super Kukla Facility, Area 27, Rock Valley, South of Cane Spring Road, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-31-A, "Nevada Test Site, Super Kukla Facility, Containment Building"
HAER No. NV-31-B, "Nevada Test Site, Super Kukla Facility, High Bay"
HAER No. NV-32, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Area 26, Wahmonie Flats, Cane Spring Road, Mercury vicinity, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-32-A, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Disassembly Building"
HAER No. NV-32-B, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Guard House"
HAER No. NV-32-C, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Water Filtering System Brock House"
HAER No. NV-32-D, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Water Tower"
HAER No. NV-32-E, "Nevada Test Site, Pluto Facility, Test Car Wash Stand"
HAER No. NV-33, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Area 25, Jackass Flats, Road F, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-33-A, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Test Cell A Building & Addition"
HAER No. NV-33-B, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Tunnel"
HAER No. NV-33-C, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Spherical Dewar"
HAER No. NV-33-D, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Moveable Shed"
HAER No. NV-33-E, "Nevada Test Site, Test Cell A Facility, Bunker"
HAER No. NV-37-A, "Nevada Test Site, Frenchman Flat Test Facility, Main Switching Bunker, Intersection of 5-03 Road & Short Pole Line Road, Area 5, Frenchman Flat, Mercury, Nye County, NV"
HAER No. NV-37-B, "Nevada Test Site, Frenchman Flat Test Facility, Well Five Booster Stations"
[show]
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Area codes 732 and 848
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article relates to area codes in Central New Jersey in the United States.
Area code 732 was created on June 1, 1997, as the result of a split in New Jersey area code 908,[1] and became mandatory on December 6 of that year. The area includes Middlesex, Somerset, and Union counties in Central Jersey, and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties on the Jersey Shore.
Area code 848 is an overlay code for this region that was created in 2001 as the pool of 732 numbers began to diminish drastically.[2]
The 732/848 and 908 area codes generally define the Central Jersey region while 609/856 and 973/201 generally mark South Jersey and North Jersey, respectively.
See also[edit]
Jersey Shore
North Jersey
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Newman, Andy. "New Area Codes Introduced", The New York Times, June 2, 1997. Accessed January 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ McKay, Martha. "New Jersey Assigned New Area Codes.", The Record (Bergen County), April 18, 2001. Accessed August 11, 2001. "The new New Jersey area codes -- 551, 356, and 848 -- were announced this week and will be introduced next year [2002, as of this writing] in the regions currently served by 201, 973, and 732, respectively." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
External links[edit]
NANPA Area Code Map of New Jersey
New Jersey area codes: 201, 551, 609, 732, 848, 856, 862, 908, 973
North: 908
West: 609/(640), 908 732/848 East: 347/718/917, Atlantic Ocean
South: 609/(640)
New York area codes: 212/332/646, 315/680, 347/718/929, 516, 518/838, 585, 607, 631/934, 716, 845, 914, 917
Coordinates: 40°11′02″N 74°02′13″W / 40.1839°N 74.0370°W / 40.1839; -74.0370
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Area_codes_732_and_848&oldid=789667732"
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values: Indicatifs régionaux 732 et 848 – French

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