text:
List of hotels in Dubai
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017)
This article is written like a travel guide rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. If a travel guide is intended, use of Wikivoyage is strongly suggested. (November 2016)
Burj Al Arab, Hotel
This is a list of hotels in Dubai. Dubai leads in the world's highest hotel occupancy rates. In 2006, the Dubai hotel occupancy rate was 86%, the highest ever in Dubai.[1]
In 1993, the city had 167 hotels with 9,383 rooms, while the number shot up to 272 hotels and doubled the number of rooms to 23,170 in 2002. In 2005, it increased to 28,999 rooms.[2] In 2008, the hotel rooms jumped to 43,419, with 6,105,813 hotel guests and a 70 percent occupancy rate. In 2009, the number of hotel rooms increased to 58,188. In 2010, it jumped to 67,369 rooms, an increase of 9,181 in one year due to the massive rise in visitor arrivals. Dubai hosted a record 10 million visitors in 2012, an increase of 9.3% from the previous year.
In 2013 more than 32,686 hotel rooms were planned, including 17,162 hotel rooms which were under construction.[3] 30 new hotels opened in 2010.[4] In January 2010, the occupancy rate was at 81 percent, the second highest ever for Dubai; however, throughout the year, the occupancy rate settled at 71 percent, an increase of one percent from 2009.[5] The city’s hotels experienced a decline of 4.2 percent in revenue per available room (RevPAR), which reached $154 million in 2010.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Statistics
2 List of completed hotels
3 List of hotels under construction
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Statistics[edit]
Following are the figures according to the Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing (DTCM):[3]
The number of hotels in Dubai in September 2010 was 566, an increase of 7% from 530 in 2009.
In 2012, hotel revenues increased by 17.9% at AED 18.82 billion.
In 2012, hotel guests numbered to 9.96 million an increase of 9.5% compared with 9.1 million in 2011.[6]
Hotel apartments occupancy rate increased from 67.2% in 2009 to 68.8% for 2010.
List of completed hotels[edit]
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai
Le Royal Méridien Beach Resort and Spa
Raffles Hotel Dubai
Rose Hotel Tower is the world's second tallest hotel.
Hotel
Location
Number of rooms
Notes
References
Atlantis, The Palm Palm Jumeirah 1,537 5-star hotel; one of the most expensive hotels in the world
Al Bustan Rotana Hotel Al Garhoud 275 [7]
Burj Al Arab Jumeirah Beach Road 205 5-star hotel; often called the only 7-star hotel in the world; world's 12th most expensive hotel [8][9]
Al Qasr Madinat Resort Jumeirah Madinat Jumeirah 292 5-star hotel
Bab Al Shams Desert Resort & Spa Jumeirah 113 5-star hotel
Dar Al Masyaf Hotel Madinat Jumeirah 290 5-star hotel [7]
DAMAC Maison Dubai Mall Street Downtown Dubai (Opposite to Dubai Mall) 355 5-star hotel [10]
DAMAC Maison Canal Views Al Abraj Street, Business Bay, Dubai 201 5-star hotel [11]
The Harbour Hotel & Residence Al Sufoud Road 232 5-star hotel
Grand Hyatt Dubai Deira Corniche 674 5-star hotel
Jumeirah Beach Hotel Jumeirah 617
Madinat Mina A'Salam Jumeirah Road, Jumeirah Beach 292
Marine Beach Resort & Spa Jumeirah Beach Road 195 5-star hotel [7]
Metropolitan Hotel Al Maktoum Street Deira 212 5-star hotel [7]
Grand Millennium Dubai Sheikh Zayed Road 343 5-star hotel [7]
Millennium Plaza Hotel Sheikh Zayed Road 204 5-star hotel [7]
Raffles Hotel Sheikh Rashid Road 246 5-star hotel
Ritz Carlton Hotel Jumeirah 138 5-star hotel
Shangri-La Hotel Sheikh Zayed Road 302 5-star hotel [12]
Sheraton Dubai Creek Hotel & Towers Deira 262 5-star hotel [7]
Sheraton Jumeirah Beach Resort & Towers Al Sufouh Road 256 5-star hotel [7]
InterContinental Dubai Festival City Dubai Festival City 619 [13]
Taj Palace Hotel Dubai Deira, Dubai 159 4-star hotel [14]
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel Sheikh Zayed Road 400 5-star hotel
Grosvenor House West Marina Beach Dubai Dubai Marina 749 5-star hotel [15]
Mina A' Salam Madinat Jumeirah Jumeirah Road 292 5-star hotel [7]
Al Qasr at Madinat Al Sufoud Road 292 5-star hotel [7]
Kempinski Hotel Mall of the Emirates Sheikh Zayed Road 393 5-star hotel
One&Only Residence & Spa at Royal Mirage Jumeirah Beach Road 451 5-star hotel [7]
The Palace The Old Town Old Town Island 242 5-star hotel [7]
Al Murooj Rotana Dubai Al Saffa St, Sheikh Zayed Road 247 5-star hotel [7][16]
Mina A Salam Beach Hotel Dubai Jumeirah Beach 292 5-star hotel [7]
Sofitel - Dubai Jumeirah Beach Jumeirah, Dubai Marina, Jumeirah Beach Residence 438 5-star hotel [7]
The World Trade Centre Hotel Dubai World Trade Center Road
Hyatt Regency Dubai Al Khaleej Road 414 5-star hotel
Dubai Marine Beach Resort & Spa Dubai Jumeirah Beach Road 195 5-star hotel [7]
Radisson Royal Hotel Sheikh Zayed Road, 471 5-star hotel [7]
Samaya Hotel Deira, Dubai 209 5-star hotel [7]
Al Murooj Rotana Hotel and Suites Sheikh Zayed Road 247 5-star hotel [7]
Hilton Dubai Creek Dubai Creek 154
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 1 Business Bay 804 5-star hotel [17]
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Tower 2 Business Bay 804 5-star hotel [17]
Armani Hotel Dubai Downtown Dubai 160 5-star hotel
The Fairmont Palm Hotel & Resort Palm Jumeirah 381 5-star hotel [18][19]
Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah Palm Jumeirah 319 5-star hotel [20]
Conrad Dubai Sheikh Zayed Road 555 5-star hotel [21]
List of hotels under construction[edit]
List of hotels under construction, on hold, or proposed hotels in Dubai:
Hotel
Location
Notes
References
Palazzo Versace Dubai Culture Village Finished
Hydropolis Jumeirah Beach Cancelled
Habtoor Island Resort Palm Jumeirah Under construction [22][23]
The Taj Exotica Hotel & Resort Palm Jumeirah Topped out in 2012 [24]
Trump International Hotel & Tower Palm Jumeirah On hold
See also[edit]
List of shopping malls in Dubai
List of tourist attractions in Dubai
List of buildings in Dubai
List of hotels – indexed by country
Lists of hotels – an index of hotel list articles on Wikipedia
Dubai portal
United Arab Emirates portal
Companies portal
Lists portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hotels in Dubai". Dubaishortstay.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Plan Tourism Ventures to Attract More Visitors". Gulfnews.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hotels in Dubai". Dubaifaqs.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Reports Growth in Visitors". Kuoni.co.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hotels Occupancy Rates in Dubai". Tradearabia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Attracts More Than 10 Million Visitors in 2012". Dubaitourism.ae. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "List of Five Star Hotels in Dubai" (PDF). Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing - Dubai. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hotels Ratings". Thenational.ae. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Worlds 15 Most Expensive Hotels". Travel.cnn.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "DAMAC Maison Dubai Mall Street, Downtown Dubai". DamacMaison.com. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
Jump up ^ "DAMAC Maison Canal Views, Business Bay". DamacMaison.com. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Shangri-La Hotel - Dubai". Shangri-la.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Inter Continental Dubai Festival City". IHG.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taj Palace Hotel Dubai". Tajhotels.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Grosvenor House West Marina Beach Dubai". Grosvenorhouse-dubai.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "List of Hotels in Dubai". Travel.aol.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "JW Marriott Marquis Dubai". Marriott.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fairmont Palm Hotel & Resort". Tripadvisor.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Fairmont Palm Hotel & Resort". Fairmont.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Official Opening For Waldorf Astoria Dubai Palm Jumeirah". gulfbusiness.com. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Website For Conrad Dubai". www3.conrad.com.
Jump up ^ Emporis GmbH. "Habtoor Grand Resort - Palm Jumeirah, Dubai, United Arab Emirates". Emporis.com. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Emporis GmbH. "Habtoor Island Resort". Habtoorhotels.com. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Taj Exotica Resort Palm Island,Taj Exotica Resort Palm Dubai - Destination Palm Jumeirah". Palm-jumeirah-dubai.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-13.
External links[edit]
Directory of hotels in Dubai - www.dubaitourism.ae
[hide]
v
t
e
Landmarks and attractions in Dubai
Al Bastakiya
Al Fahidi Fort
Bait Al Wakeel
Burj Al Arab
Burj Khalifa
Deira Clocktower
Deira Twin Towers
Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Dubai Dolphinarium
Dubai Gold Souk
Dubai Spice Souk
Dubai Textile Souk
Dubai World Trade Centre
Emirates Towers
Etisalat Tower 1
Fish Roundabout
The Gate
Hyatt Regency Dubai
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Naif Square
National Bank of Dubai
Palm Islands
Queen Elizabeth 2
Saeed Al Maktoum House
Ski Dubai
Wild Wadi
Dubai Mall
Hatta Heritage Village
Dubai Autodrome
Dubai Trolley
The World
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hotels_in_Dubai&oldid=817826195"
Categories:
Hotels in Dubai
Skyscraper hotels in Dubai
Lists of hotels in the United Arab Emirates
Lists of buildings and structures by city
Dubai architecture
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016
All articles needing style editing
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Français
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 December 2017, at 20:34.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: b

value: span

value: i

value: small

value: tr

value: tbody

value: table

attrs: class role

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Encyclopedic style

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style
presentation

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: Dar Al Masyaf Hotel (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/The_Harbour_Hotel_%26_Residence
mw-redirect
The Harbour Hotel & Residence

values: Marine Beach Resort & Spa (page does not exist)

values: Metropolitan Hotel (Dubai) (page does not exist)

values: Grand Millennium Dubai (page does not exist)

values: Millennium Plaza Hotel (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ritz_Carlton_Hotel
mw-redirect
Ritz Carlton Hotel

values:
/wiki/Shangri-La_Hotel
mw-redirect
Shangri-La Hotel

values: Sheraton Dubai Creek Hotel & Towers (page does not exist)

values: Sheraton Jumeirah Beach Resort & Towers (page does not exist)

values: Mina A' Salam Madinat Jumeirah (page does not exist)

values: Al Qasr at Madinat (page does not exist)

values: One&Only Residence & Spa at Royal Mirage (page does not exist)

values: The Palace The Old Town (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Downtown_Burj_Dubai
mw-redirect
Downtown Burj Dubai

values: Al Murooj Rotana Dubai (page does not exist)

values: Mina A Salam Beach Hotel Dubai (page does not exist)

values: Sofitel - Dubai Jumeirah Beach (page does not exist)

values: Dubai Marine Beach Resort & Spa Dubai (page does not exist)

values: Al Murooj Rotana Hotel and Suites (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sheikh_Zayed_Road
mw-redirect
Sheikh Zayed Road

values: Edit section: List of hotels under construction

values: Habtoor Island Resort (page does not exist)

values: Trump International Hotel & Tower (Dubai)

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
http://www.fairmont.com/palm-dubai/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry (building)

values:
/wiki/The_Gate_Shams_Abu_Dhabi
mw-redirect
The Gate Shams Abu Dhabi

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Lists of hotels in the United Arab Emirates

values: Category:Lists of buildings and structures by city

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2016

values: Category:All articles needing style editing

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_Dubai
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قائمة فنادق دبي – Arabic

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_hotels_in_Dubai rootpage-List_of_hotels_in_Dubai skin-vector action-view


text:
Continental drift
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the development of the continental drift hypothesis before 1958. For the contemporary theory, see plate tectonics. For the Russell Banks novel, see Continental Drift (novel). For the fourth film in the Ice Age franchise, see Ice Age: Continental Drift.
The continental drift of the last 250 million years
Antonio Snider-Pellegrini's Illustration of the closed and opened Atlantic Ocean (1858).[1]
Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed.[2] The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism, which was supplied later by Arthur Holmes. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents move.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Wegener and his predecessors
1.3 Rejection of Wegener's theory, 1910s–1950s
1.3.1 The fixists
2 Road to Acceptance
2.1 Modern evidence
3 See also
4 Works cited
5 External links
History[edit]
Further information: Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954)
Early history[edit]
Abraham Ortelius (Ortelius 1596),[4] Theodor Christoph Lilienthal (1756),[5] Alexander von Humboldt (1801 and 1845),[5] Antonio Snider-Pellegrini (Snider-Pellegrini 1858), and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean (most notably, Africa and South America) seem to fit together.[6] W. J. Kious described Ortelius' thoughts in this way:[7]
Abraham Ortelius in his work Thesaurus Geographicus ... suggested that the Americas were "torn away from Europe and Africa ... by earthquakes and floods" and went on to say: "The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someone brings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts of the three [continents]."
In 1889, Alfred Russel Wallace remarked, "It was formerly a very general belief, even amongst geologists, that the great features of the earth's surface, no less than the smaller ones, were subject to continual mutations, and that during the course of known geological time the continents and great oceans had again and again changed places with each other."[8] He quotes Charles Lyell as saying, "Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages."[9] and claims that the first to throw doubt on this was James Dwight Dana in 1849.
In his Manual of Geology (1863), Dana wrote, "The continents and oceans had their general outline or form defined in earliest time. This has been proved with respect to North America from the position and distribution of the first beds of the Silurian – those of the Potsdam epoch. … and this will probably prove to the case in Primordial time with the other continents also".[10] Dana was enormously influential in America – his Manual of Mineralogy is still in print in revised form – and the theory became known as Permanence theory.[11]
This appeared to be confirmed by the exploration of the deep sea beds conducted by the Challenger expedition, 1872-6, which showed that contrary to expectation, land debris brought down by rivers to the ocean is deposited comparatively close to the shore on what is now known as the continental shelf. This suggested that the oceans were a permanent feature of the Earth's surface, and did not change places[clarification needed] with the continents.[8]
Wegener and his predecessors[edit]
Alfred Wegener
Apart from the earlier speculations mentioned in the previous section, the idea that the American continents had once formed a single landmass together with Europe and Asia before assuming their present shapes and positions was speculated by several scientists before Alfred Wegener's 1912 paper.[12] Although Wegener's theory was formed independently and was more complete than those of his predecessors, Wegener later credited a number of past authors with similar ideas:[13][14] Franklin Coxworthy (between 1848 and 1890),[15] Roberto Mantovani (between 1889 and 1909), William Henry Pickering (1907)[16] and Frank Bursley Taylor (1908).[17] In addition, Eduard Suess had proposed a supercontinent Gondwana in 1885[18] and the Tethys Ocean in 1893,[19] assuming a land-bridge between the present continents submerged in the form of a geosyncline, and John Perry had written an 1895 paper proposing that the earth's interior was fluid, and disagreeing with Lord Kelvin on the age of the earth.[20]
For example: the similarity of southern continent geological formations had led Roberto Mantovani to conjecture in 1889 and 1909 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent; Wegener noted the similarity of Mantovani's and his own maps of the former positions of the southern continents. In Mantovani's conjecture, this continent broke due to volcanic activity caused by thermal expansion, and the new continents drifted away from each other because of further expansion of the rip-zones, where the oceans now lie. This led Mantovani to propose an Expanding Earth theory which has since been shown to be incorrect.[21][22][23]
Continental drift without expansion was proposed by Frank Bursley Taylor,[24] who suggested in 1908 (published in 1910) that the continents were moved into their present positions by a process of "continental creep".[25][26] In a later paper he proposed that this occurred by their being dragged towards the equator by tidal forces during the hypothesized capture of the moon in the Cretaceous, resulting in "general crustal creep" toward the equator. Although his proposed mechanism was wrong, he was the first to realize the insight that one of the effects of continental motion would be the formation of mountains, and attributed the formation of the Himalayas to the collision between the Indian subcontinent with Asia.[27] Wegener said that of all those theories, Taylor's, although not fully developed, had the most similarities to his own. In the mid-20th century, the theory of continental drift was referred to as the "Taylor-Wegener hypothesis",[24][27][28] although this terminology eventually fell out of common use.[29]
Alfred Wegener first presented his hypothesis to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912.[12] His hypothesis was that the continents had once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea, before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations.
Wegener was the first to use the phrase "continental drift" (1912, 1915)[12][13] (in German "die Verschiebung der Kontinente" – translated into English in 1922) and formally publish the hypothesis that the continents had somehow "drifted" apart. Although he presented much evidence for continental drift, he was unable to provide a convincing explanation for the physical processes which might have caused this drift. His suggestion that the continents had been pulled apart by the centrifugal pseudoforce (Polflucht) of the Earth's rotation or by a small component of astronomical precession was rejected, as calculations showed that the force was not sufficient.[30] The Polflucht hypothesis was also studied by Paul Sophus Epstein in 1920 and found to be implausible.
Rejection of Wegener's theory, 1910s–1950s[edit]
The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years. One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing.[2] A second problem was that Wegener's estimate of the velocity of continental motion, 250 cm/year, was implausibly high.[31] (The currently accepted rate for the separation of the Americas from Europe and Africa is about 2.5 cm/year).[32] It also did not help that Wegener was not a geologist. Other geologists also believed that the evidence that Wegener had provided was not sufficient. It is now accepted that the plates carrying the continents do move across the Earth's surface, although not as fast as Wegener believed; ironically one of the chief outstanding questions is the one Wegener failed to resolve: what is the nature of the forces propelling the plates?[2]
The British geologist Arthur Holmes championed the theory of continental drift at a time when it was deeply unfashionable. He proposed in 1931 that the Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface.[33] His Principles of Physical Geology, ending with a chapter on continental drift, was published in 1944.[34]
Geological maps of the time showed huge land bridges spanning the Atlantic and Indian oceans to account for the similarities of fauna and flora and the divisions of the Asian continent in the Permian era but failing to account for glaciation in India, Australia and South Africa.[35]
Geophysicist Jack Oliver is credited with providing seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics which encompassed and superseded continental drift with the article "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics", published in 1968, using data collected from seismologic stations, including those he set up in the South Pacific.[36][37]
It is now known that there are two kinds of crust: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental crust is inherently lighter and its composition is different from oceanic crust, but both kinds reside above a much deeper "plastic" mantle. Oceanic crust is created at spreading centers, and this, along with subduction, drives the system of plates in a chaotic manner, resulting in continuous orogeny and areas of isostatic imbalance. The theory of plate tectonics explains all this, including the movement of the continents, better than Wegener's theory.
The fixists[edit]
Hans Stille and Leopold Kober opposed the idea of continental drift and worked on a "fixist"[38] geosyncline model with Earth contraction playing a key role in the formation of orogens.[39][40] Other geologists who opposed continental drift were Bailey Willis, Charles Schuchert, Rollin Chamberlin and Walther Bucher.[41] In 1939 an international geological conference was held in Frankfurt.[42] This conference came to be dominated by the fixists, especially as those geologists specializing in tectonics were all fixists except Willem van der Gracht.[42] Criticism of continental drift and mobilism was abundant at the conference not only from tectonicists but also from sedimentological (Nölke), paleontological (Nölke), mechanical (Lehmann) and oceanographic (Troll, Wüst) perspectives.[42][43] Hans Cloos, the organizer of the conference, was also a fixist[42] who together with Troll held the view that excepting the Pacific Ocean continents were not radically different from oceans in their behaviour.[43] The mobilist theory of Émile Argand for the Alpine orogeny was criticized by Kurt Leuchs.[42] The few drifters and mobilists at the conference appealed to biogeography (Kirsch, Wittmann), paleoclimatology (Wegener, K), paleontology (Gerth) and geodetic measurements (Wegener, K).[44] F. Bernauer correctly equated Reykjanes in Iceland with the Mid-Atlantic Ridge arguing with this that the floor of the Atlantic Ocean was undergoing extension just like Reykjanes. Bernauer thought this extension had drifted the continents only 100–200 km apart, the approximate width of the volcanic zone in Iceland.[45]
David Attenborough, who attended university in the second half of the 1940s, recounted an incident illustrating its lack of acceptance then: "I once asked one of my lecturers why he was not talking to us about continental drift and I was told, sneeringly, that if I could prove there was a force that could move continents, then he might think about it. The idea was moonshine, I was informed."[46]
As late as 1953 – just five years before Carey[47] introduced the theory of plate tectonics – the theory of continental drift was rejected by the physicist Scheidegger on the following grounds.[48]
First, it had been shown that floating masses on a rotating geoid would collect at the equator, and stay there. This would explain one, but only one, mountain building episode between any pair of continents; it failed to account for earlier orogenic episodes.
Second, masses floating freely in a fluid substratum, like icebergs in the ocean, should be in isostatic equilibrium (in which the forces of gravity and buoyancy are in balance). But gravitational measurements showed that many areas are not in isostatic equilibrium.
Third, there was the problem of why some parts of the Earth's surface (crust) should have solidified while other parts were still fluid. Various attempts to explain this foundered on other difficulties.
Road to Acceptance[edit]
Main article: Plate tectonics
During the thirties up to the late fifties, works by Vening-Meinesz, Holmes, Umbgrove, and numerous others outlined concepts that were close or nearly identical to modern plate tectonics theory. In particular, the English geologist Arthur Holmes proposed in 1920 that plate junctions might lie beneath the sea, and in 1928 that convection currents within the mantle might be the driving force.[49] Holmes' views were particularly influential: in his bestselling textbook, Principles of Physical Geology, he included a chapter on continental drift, proposing that Earth's mantle contained convection cells that dissipated radioactive heat and moved the crust at the surface.[50][51] Holmes' proposal resolved the phase disequilibrium objection (the underlying fluid was kept from solidifying by radioactive heating from the core). However, scientific communication in the '30 and '40s was inhibited by the war, and the theory still required work to avoid foundering on the orogeny and isostasy objections. Worse, the most viable forms of the theory predicted the existence of convection cell boundaries reaching deep into the earth that had yet to be observed.[citation needed]
In 1947, a team of scientists led by Maurice Ewing confirmed the existence of a rise in the central Atlantic Ocean, and found that the floor of the seabed beneath the sediments was chemically and physically different from continental crust.[52][53] As oceanographers continued to bathymeter the ocean basins, a system of mid-oceanic ridges was detected. An important conclusion was that along this system, new ocean floor was being created, which led to the concept of the "Great Global Rift".[54]
Meanwhile, scientists began recognizing odd magnetic variations across the ocean floor using devices developed during World War II to detect submarines.[55] Over the next decade, it became increasingly clear that the magnetization patterns were not anomalies, as had been originally supposed. In a series of papers in 1959-1963, Heezen, Dietz, Hess, Mason, Vine, Matthews, and Morley collectively realized that the magnetization of the ocean floor formed extensive, zebra-like patterns: one stripe would exhibit normal polarity and the adjoining stripes reversed polarity.[56][57][58] The best explanation was the "conveyor belt" or Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis. New magma from deep within the Earth rises easily through these weak zones and eventually erupts along the crest of the ridges to create new oceanic crust. The new crust is magnetized by the earth's magnetic field, which undergoes occasional reversals. Formation of new crust then displaces the magnetized crust apart, akin to a conveyor belt — hence the name.[59]
Without workable alternatives to explain the stripes, geophysicists were forced to conclude that Holmes had been right: ocean rifts were sites of perpetual orogeny at the boundaries of convection cells.[60][61] By 1967, barely two decades after discovery of the mid-oceanic rifts, and a decade after discovery of the striping, plate tectonics had become axiomatic to modern geophysics.
Modern evidence[edit]
Fossil patterns across continents (Gondwanaland).
Mesosaurus skeleton, MacGregor, 1908.
Evidence for the movement of continents on tectonic plates is now extensive. Similar plant and animal fossils are found around the shores of different continents, suggesting that they were once joined. The fossils of Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile rather like a small crocodile, found both in Brazil and South Africa, are one example; another is the discovery of fossils of the land reptile Lystrosaurus in rocks of the same age at locations in Africa, India, and Antarctica.[62] There is also living evidence, with the same animals being found on two continents. Some earthworm families (such as Ocnerodrilidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae) are found in South America and Africa.
The complementary arrangement of the facing sides of South America and Africa is obvious but a temporary coincidence. In millions of years, slab pull, ridge-push, and other forces of tectonophysics will further separate and rotate those two continents. It was that temporary feature that inspired Wegener to study what he defined as continental drift although he did not live to see his hypothesis generally accepted.
The widespread distribution of Permo-Carboniferous glacial sediments in South America, Africa, Madagascar, Arabia, India, Antarctica and Australia was one of the major pieces of evidence for the theory of continental drift. The continuity of glaciers, inferred from oriented glacial striations and deposits called tillites, suggested the existence of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which became a central element of the concept of continental drift. Striations indicated glacial flow away from the equator and toward the poles, based on continents' current positions and orientations, and supported the idea that the southern continents had previously been in dramatically different locations that were contiguous with one another.[13]
See also[edit]
Geological history of Earth – timeline of historical continental configurations
Works cited[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, La Création et ses mystères dévoilés (Creation and its mysteries revealed) (Paris, France: Frank et Dentu, 1858), plates 9 and 10 (between pages 314 and 315).
^ Jump up to: a b c "Historical perspective [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". pubs.usgs.gov.
Jump up ^ Oreskes 2002, p. 324.
Jump up ^ Romm, James (3 February 1994), "A New Forerunner for Continental Drift", Nature, 367 (6462): 407–408, Bibcode:1994Natur.367..407R, doi:10.1038/367407a0.
^ Jump up to: a b Schmeling, Harro (2004). "Geodynamik" (PDF) (in German). University of Frankfurt.
Jump up ^ Brusatte, Stephen, Continents Adrift and Sea-Floors Spreading: The Revolution of Plate Tectonics (PDF)
Jump up ^ Kious, W. J.; Tilling, R. I. (February 2001) [1996], "Historical perspective", This Dynamic Earth: the Story of Plate Tectonics (Online ed.), U.S. Geological Survey, ISBN 0-16-048220-8, retrieved 29 January 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Wallace, Alfred Russel (1889), "12", Darwinism …, Macmillan, p. 341
Jump up ^ Lyell, Charles (1872), Principles of Geology ... (11 ed.), John Murray, p. 258
Jump up ^ Dana, James D. (1863), Manual of Geology, Theodore Bliss & Co, Philadelphia, p. 732
Jump up ^ Oreskes, Naomi (2002), Continental Drift (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012
^ Jump up to: a b c Wegener, Alfred (6 January 1912), "Die Herausbildung der Grossformen der Erdrinde (Kontinente und Ozeane), auf geophysikalischer Grundlage" (PDF), Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen, 63: 185–195, 253–256, 305–309, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wegener, A. (1966) [1929], The Origin of Continents and Oceans, Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0-486-61708-4
Jump up ^ Wegener, A. (1929), Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (4 ed.), Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn Akt. Ges.
Jump up ^ Coxworthy, Franklin (1924). Electrical Condition; Or, How and where Our Earth was Created. J.S. Phillips. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Pickering, W.H (1907), "The Place of Origin of the Moon – The Volcani Problems", Popular Astronomy, 15: 274–287, Bibcode:1907PA.....15..274P
Jump up ^ Frank Bursley Taylor (3 June 1910) "Bearing of the Tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth’s plan", Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, 21 : 179–226.
Jump up ^ Eduard Suess, Das Antlitz der Erde (The Face of the Earth), vol. 1 (Leipzig, (Germany): G. Freytag, 1885), page 768. From p. 768: "Wir nennen es Gondwána-Land, nach der gemeinsamen alten Gondwána-Flora, ... " (We name it Gondwána-Land, after the common ancient flora of Gondwána ... )
Jump up ^ Edward Suess (March 1893) "Are ocean depths permanent?", Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress (London), 2 : 180- 187. From page 183: "This ocean we designate by the name "Tethys", after the sister and consort of Oceanus. The latest successor of the Tethyan Sea is the present Mediterranean."
Jump up ^ Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth", Nature, 51 : 224–227, 341–342, 582–585.
Jump up ^ Mantovani, R. (1889), "Les fractures de l'écorce terrestre et la théorie de Laplace", Bull. Soc. Sc. Et Arts Réunion: 41–53
Jump up ^ Mantovani, R. (1909), "L'Antarctide", Je m'instruis. La science pour tous, 38: 595–597
Jump up ^ Scalera, G. (2003), "Roberto Mantovani an Italian defender of the continental drift and planetary expansion", in Scalera, G.; Jacob, K.-H., Why expanding Earth? – A book in honour of O.C. Hilgenberg, Rome: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, pp. 71–74
^ Jump up to: a b Obituary: Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938), Proceedings of the American Academy, Vol. 75, No. 6 (Dec. 1944), American Academy of Arts and Sciences, pp. 176–178 (retrieved 20 October 2015)
Jump up ^ Taylor, F.B. (1910), "Bearing of the tertiary mountain belt on the origin of the earth's plan", GSA Bulletin, 21 (2): 179–226, doi:10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015[29b:WTCCA]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ Henry R. Frankel, "Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift", in The Continental Drift Controversy: Wegener and the Early Debate Volume 1, Wegener and the Early Debate, pp. 38–80, Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 9780521875042 doi:10.1017/CBO9780511842368.004
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, James Lawrence (2015). Four Revolutions in the Earth Sciences: From Heresy to Truth. Columbia University Press. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-231-53845-9. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Hansen, L. T., Some considerations of, and additions to the Taylor-Wegener hypothesis of continental displacement, Los Angeles, 1946. OCLC 1247437 OCLC
Jump up ^ R. M. Wood, Coming Apart at the Seams, New Scientist, 24 January 1980
Jump up ^ "Plate Tectonics: The Rocky History of an Idea". Wegener's inability to provide an adequate explanation of the forces responsible for continental drift and the prevailing belief that the earth was solid and immovable resulted in the scientific dismissal of his theories.
Jump up ^ University of California Museum of Paleontology, Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) (accessed 30 April 2015).
Jump up ^ Unavco Plate Motion Calculator (accessed 30 April 2015).
Jump up ^ Holmes, Arthur (1931). "Radioactivity and Earth Movements" (PDF). Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. Geological Society of Glasgow: 559–606.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Arthur (1944). Principles of Physical Geology (1st ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson & Sons. ISBN 0-17-448020-2.
Jump up ^ See map based on the work of the American paleontologist Charles Schuchert in Wells, H. G.; Huxley, Julian; Wells, G. P. (1931), The Science of life, p. 734
Jump up ^ "Jack Oliver, Who Proved Continental Drift, Dies at 87". The New York Times. 12 January 2011. p. A16. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Isacks, Bryan; Oliver, Jack; Sykes, Lynn R. (15 September 1968). "Seismology and the New Global Tectonics". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (18): 5855–5899. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.5855I. doi:10.1029/JB073i018p05855. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Şengör (1982), p. 30
Jump up ^ Şengör (1982), p. 28
Jump up ^ Şengör (1982), p. 29
Jump up ^ Şengör (1982), p. 31
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Frankel (2012), p. 403
^ Jump up to: a b Frankel (2012), p. 405
Jump up ^ Frankel (2012), p. 407
Jump up ^ Frankel (2012), p. 409
Jump up ^ McKie, Robin (28 October 2012). "David Attenborough: force of nature". The Observer. London. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Carey, S. W. (1958). Carey, S. W., ed. "Continental Drift—A symposium". Hobart: Univ. of Tasmania: 177–363.
Jump up ^ Scheidegger, Adrian E. (1953), "Examination of the physics of theories of orogenesis", GSA Bulletin, 64 (2): 127–150, Bibcode:1953GSAB...64..127S, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1953)64[127:EOTPOT]2.0.CO;2
Jump up ^ Holmes, Arthur (1928). "Radioactivity and Earth movements". Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow. 18: 559–606. ; see also Holmes, Arthur (1978). Principles of Physical Geology (3 ed.). Wiley. pp. 640–41. ISBN 0-471-07251-6. and Frankel, Henry (July 1978). "Arthur Holmes and continental drift". The British Journal for the History of Science. 11 (2): 130–50. doi:10.1017/S0007087400016551. JSTOR 4025726. .
Jump up ^ Wessel, P.; Müller, R. D. (2007), "Plate Tectonics", Treatise on Geophysics, 6, Elsevier, pp. 49–98
Jump up ^ Vine, F. J. (1966). "Spreading of the Ocean Floor: New Evidence". Science. 154 (3755): 1405–1415. Bibcode:1966Sci...154.1405V. doi:10.1126/science.154.3755.1405. PMID 17821553.
Jump up ^ Lippsett, Laurence (2001). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory". Living Legacies. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
Jump up ^ Lippsett, Laurence (2006). "Maurice Ewing and the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory". In William Theodore De Bary; Jerry Kisslinger; Tom Mathewson. Living Legacies at Columbia. Columbia University Press. pp. 277–97. ISBN 0-231-13884-9. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
Jump up ^ Heezen, B. (1960). "The rift in the ocean floor". Scientific American. 203 (4): 98–110. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203d..98H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1060-98.
Jump up ^ "Victor Vacquier Sr., 1907–2009: Geophysicist was a master of magnetics", Los Angeles Times: B24, January 24, 2009 .
Jump up ^ Mason, Ronald G.; Raff, Arthur D. (1961). "Magnetic survey off the west coast of the United States between 32°N latitude and 42°N latitude". Bulletin of the Geological Society of America. 72 (8): 1259–66. Bibcode:1961GSAB...72.1259M. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[1259:MSOTWC]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
Jump up ^ Korgen, Ben J. (1995). "A voice from the past: John Lyman and the plate tectonics story" (PDF). Oceanography. The Oceanography Society. 8 (1): 19–20. doi:10.5670/oceanog.1995.29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26.
Jump up ^ Spiess, Fred; Kuperman, William (2003). "The Marine Physical Laboratory at Scripps" (PDF). Oceanography. The Oceanography Society. 16 (3): 45–54. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2003.30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26.
Jump up ^ See summary in Heirtzler, James R.; Le Pichon, Xavier; Baron, J. Gregory (1966). "Magnetic anomalies over the Reykjanes Ridge". Deep-Sea Research. 13 (3): 427–32. Bibcode:1966DSROA..13..427H. doi:10.1016/0011-7471(66)91078-3.
Jump up ^ Le Pichon, Xavier (15 June 1968). "Sea-floor spreading and continental drift". Journal of Geophysical Research. 73 (12): 3661–97. Bibcode:1968JGR....73.3661L. doi:10.1029/JB073i012p03661.
Jump up ^ Mc Kenzie, D.; Parker, R.L. (1967). "The North Pacific: an example of tectonics on a sphere". Nature. 216 (5122): 1276–1280. Bibcode:1967Natur.216.1276M. doi:10.1038/2161276a0.
Jump up ^ "Rejoined continents [This Dynamic Earth, USGS]". USGS.
References
Frankel, Henry R. (2012). The Continental Drift Controversy. Volume I: Wegener and the Early Debate. Cambridge.
Le Grand, Homer Eugene (1988), Drifting Continents and Shifting Theories, Cambridge University, ISBN 0-521-31105-5 .
Oreskes, Naomi (1999), The Rejection of Continental Drift, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-511732-8 (pb: 0-19-511733-6).
Oreskes, Naomi (2002), "Continental Drift" (PDF), in Munn, Ted; MacCracken, Michael C.; Perry, John S., Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Vol. 1, Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 321–325, ISBN 0-471-97796-9, OCLC 633880622, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2012
Ortelius, Abraham (1596) [1570], Thesaurus Geographicus (in Latin) (3 ed.), Antwerp: Plantin, OCLC 214324616 (First edition published 1570, 1587 edition online)
Şengör, Celâl (1982). "Classical theories of orogenesis". In Miyashiro, Akiho; Aki, Keiiti; Şengör, Celâl. Orogeny. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-103764.
Snider-Pellegrini, Antonio (1858), La Création et ses mystères dévoilés, Paris: Frank and Dentu .
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Continental drift
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Continental drift
A brief introduction to Plate Tectonics, based on the work of Alfred Wegener
Wegener and his proofs
Maps of continental drift, from the Precambrian to the future
Continental Drift: Theory & Definition at Live Science
The theory of continental drift
Benjamin Franklin (1782) and Ralph Waldo Emerson (1834) both made mention of Continental Drift
Observe an animation of the breakup of Pangaea – Animation of continental drift for the last 150 million years
Authority control
GND: 4032288-9
NDL: 00572551
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Continental_drift&oldid=843378894"
Categories:
Geological history of Earth
Plate tectonics
Obsolete geological theories
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
Use dmy dates from January 2018
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018
CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Asturianu
বাংলা
Български
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Scots
Seeltersk
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
46 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 28 May 2018, at 19:31.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

value: sup

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Wegener and his predecessors

values:
/wiki/Lord_Kelvin
mw-redirect
Lord Kelvin

values:
/wiki/Expanding_Earth_theory
mw-redirect
Expanding Earth theory

values:
/wiki/Centrifugal_force_(fictitious)
mw-redirect
Centrifugal force (fictitious)

values: Edit section: Rejection of Wegener's theory, 1910s–1950s

values:
/wiki/Contracting_Earth
mw-redirect
Contracting Earth

values: Willem van Waterschoot van der Gracht (page does not exist)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Great_Global_Rift
mw-redirect
Great Global Rift

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F367407a0

values: s:de:Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.handle.net/2122/2017

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023483

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2FJB073i018p05855

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4025726

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17821553

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.1995.29

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.5670%2Foceanog.2003.30

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029%2FJB073i012p03661

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F2161276a0

values: -moz-column-width: 27em; -webkit-column-width: 27em; column-width: 27em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/633880622

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/214324616

values:
plainlist
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:auto;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.scotese.com/earth.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032288-9

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Use dmy dates from January 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018

values: Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Continental_drift
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: نظرية الانجراف القاري – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values: মহাদেশীয় প্রবাহ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Континентален дрейф – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μετατόπιση των ηπείρων – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: رانش قاره‌ای – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 대륙 이동설 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: महाद्वीपीय विस्थापन – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: נדידת היבשות – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಖಂಡಗಳ ಅಲೆತ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: Вегенер гипотезасы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values: Материктер дрейфи – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values: Теория дрейфа материков – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Померање континената – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: கண்டப்பெயர்ச்சி – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: భూఖండ చలనము – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ทวีปเลื่อน – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Дрифтова гіпотеза – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 大陆漂移学说 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Continental_drift rootpage-Continental_drift skin-vector action-view