text:
Fern
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the group of pteridophyte plants. For other uses, see Fern (disambiguation).
"Ferns" redirects here. For the city in Ireland, see Ferns, County Wexford. For other uses, see Ferns (disambiguation).
Ferns
Temporal range: Late Devonian[1]—Present
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
A fern unrolling a young frond
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Embryophyta
(unranked): Tracheophyta
(unranked): euphyllophytes
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclasses[2]
Extant
Equisetidae
Marattiidae
Ophioglossidae
Polypodiidae
Extinct
†Cladoxylopsida
†Zygopteridales
†Stauropteridales
†Rhacophytales
Synonyms
Monilophyta
Polypodiophyta
Filicophyta
Filices
A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having certain tissue that conducts water and nutrients, and having branched stems. Like other vascular plants, ferns have leaves, and these are "megaphylls", which are more complex than the "microphylls" of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns, sometimes termed "true ferns"; they produce what are called "fiddleheads" that uncoil and expand into fronds.[3] The group includes about 10,560 known extant species.[4]
Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter itself comprising "ferns" other than those denominated "true ferns": horsetails (including scouring rushes), whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns.
Ferns first appear in the fossil record about 360 million years ago in the late Devonian period,[5] but many of the current families and species did not appear until roughly 145 million years ago in the early Cretaceous, after flowering plants came to dominate many environments. The fern Osmunda claytoniana is a paramount example of evolutionary stasis; paleontological evidence indicates it has remained unchanged, even at the level of fossilized nuclei and chromosomes, for at least 180 million years.[6]
Ferns are not of major economic importance, but some are used for food, medicine or as ornamentals, and for remediating contaminated soil. They have been the subject of research for their ability to remove some chemical pollutants from the atmosphere. Some fern species are significant weeds.[citation needed] They also play certain roles in mythology and art.
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Taxonomy
2.1 Molecular phylogenetics
2.2 Phylogeny
2.3 Subdivision
3 Ecology
3.1 Life cycle
4 Uses
5 Culture
5.1 Pteridologist
5.2 Pteridomania
5.3 Folklore
6 Organisms confused with ferns
6.1 Misnomers
6.2 Fern-like flowering plants
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Description[edit]
Ferns at the Royal Melbourne Botanical Gardens
Tree ferns, probably Dicksonia antarctica, growing in Nunniong, Australia
Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of stems, leaves and roots.
Stems: Fern stems are often referred to as "rhizomes", even though they grow underground only in some of the species. Epiphytic species and many of the terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping stolons (e.g., Polypodiaceae), and many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g., Cyatheaceae). These can reach up to 20 meters (66 ft) tall in a few species (e.g., Cyathea brownii on Norfolk Island and Cyathea medullaris in New Zealand).[citation needed]
Leaf: The green, photosynthetic part of the plant is technically a megaphyll and in ferns, it is often referred to as a frond. New leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called a "crozier" or "fiddlehead fern". This uncurling of the leaf is termed "circinate vernation". Leaves are divided into two types a trophophyll and a sporophyll. A trophophyll frond is a vegetative leaf analogous to the typical green leaves of seed plants that does not produce spores, instead only producing sugars by photosynthesis. A sporophyll frond is a fertile leaf that produces spores borne in sporangia that are usually clustered to form sori. In most ferns, fertile leaves are morphologically very similar to the sterile ones, and they photosynthesize in the same way. In some groups, the fertile leaves are much narrower than the sterile leaves, and may even have no green tissue at all (e.g., Blechnaceae, Lomariopsidaceae). The anatomy of fern leaves can either be simple or highly divided. In tree ferns, the main stalk that connects the leaf to the stem (known as the stipe), often have multiple leafy. The leafy structures that grow from the stipe are known as "pinnae" and are often again divided into smaller pinnules.[7]
Roots: The underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from soil. They are always fibrous and structurally are very similar to the roots of seed plants.
The gametophytes of ferns, however, are very different from those of seed plants: they resemble liverworts. A fern gametophyte typically consists of:
Prothallus: A green, photosynthetic structure that is one cell thick, usually heart or kidney shaped, 3–10 mm long and 2–8 mm broad. The prothallus produces gametes by means of:
Antheridia: Small spherical structures that produce flagellate sperm.
Archegonia: A flask-shaped structure that produces a single egg at the bottom, reached by the sperm by swimming down the neck.
Rhizoids: root-like structures (not true roots) that consist of single greatly elongated cells, water and mineral salts are absorbed over the whole structure. Rhizoids anchor the prothallus to the soil.
Taxonomy[edit]
Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early Carboniferous period. By the Triassic, the first evidence of ferns related to several modern families appeared. The "great fern radiation" occurred in the late Cretaceous, when many modern families of ferns first appeared.
Ferns were traditionally classified in the class Filices, and later to phylum, i. e., division of the Plant Kingdom, denominated Pteridophyta or Filicophyta. Pteridophyta is no longer recognised as a valid taxon because it is paraphyletic. The ferns are also referred to as "Polypodiophyta" or, when treated as a subdivision of Tracheophyta (vascular plants), "Polypodiopsida", although this name sometimes only refers to leptosporangiate ferns. Traditionally, all of the spore producing vascular plants were informally denominated the pteridophytes, rendering the term synonymous with "ferns and fern allies". This can be confusing because members of the phylum "Pteridophyta" were also denominated "pteridophytes" (sensu stricto).
Traditionally, three discrete groups have been denominated "ferns": two groups of eusporangiate ferns, the families Ophioglossaceae (adder's tongues, moonworts, and grape ferns) and Marattiaceae; and the leptosporangiate ferns. The Marattiaceae are a primitive group of tropical ferns with large, fleshy rhizomes and are now thought to be a sibling taxon to the leptosporangiate ferns. Several other groups of species were considered "fern allies": the clubmosses, spikemosses, and quillworts in Lycopodiophyta; the whisk ferns of Psilotaceae; and the horsetails of Equisetaceae. Since this grouping is polyphyletic, the term "fern allies" should be abandoned, except in a historical context.[8] More recent genetic studies demonstrated that the Lycopodiophyta are more distantly related to other vascular plants, having radiated evolutionarily at the base of the vascular plant clade, while both the whisk ferns and horsetails are as much "true ferns" as the ophioglossoid ferns and Marattiaceae. In fact, the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns are demonstrably a clade, and the horsetails and Marattiaceae are arguably another clade.
Molecular phylogenetics[edit]
Smith et al. (2006) carried out the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, and considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows:[9]
Division Tracheophyta (tracheophytes) - vascular plants
Sub division Euphyllophytina (euphyllophytes)
Infradivision Moniliformopses (monilophytes)
Infradivision Spermatophyta - seed plants, ~260,000 species
Subdivision Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants
Molecular data, which remain poorly constrained for many parts of the plants' phylogeny, have been supplemented by morphological observations supporting the inclusion of Equisetaceae in the ferns, notably relating to the construction of their sperm and peculiarities of their roots.[9] However, there remained differences of opinion about the placement of the Equisetum genus (see Equisetopsida for further discussion). One possible solution was to only denominate the leptosporangiate ferns as "true ferns" while denominating the other three groups as "fern allies". In practice, numerous classification schemes have been proposed for ferns and fern allies, and there has been little consensus among them.
The leptosporangiate ferns are sometimes called "true ferns".[10] This group includes most plants familiarly known as ferns. Modern research supports older ideas based on morphology that the Osmundaceae diverged early in the evolutionary history of the leptosporangiate ferns; in certain ways this family is intermediate between the eusporangiate ferns and the leptosporangiate ferns. Rai and Graham (2010) broadly supported the primary groups, but queried their relationships, concluding that "at present perhaps the best that can be said about all relationships among the major lineages of monilophytes in current studies is that we do not understand them very well".[11] Grewe et al. (2013) confirmed the inclusion of horsetails within ferns sensu lato, but also suggested that uncertainties remained in their precise placement.[12] Other classifications have raised Ophioglossales to the rank of a fifth class, separating the whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns.[12]
One problem with the classification of ferns is that of cryptic species. A "cryptic species" is a species that is morphologically similar to another species, but differs genetically in ways that prevent fertile interbreeding. A good example of this is the currently designated species Asplenium trichomanes (maidenhair spleenwort). This is actually a species complex that includes distinct diploid and tetraploid races. There are minor but unclear morphological differences between the two groups, which prefer distinctly differing habitats. In many cases such as this, the species complexes have been separated into separate species, thus raising the total number of species of ferns. Possibly many more cryptic species are yet to be discovered and designated.
Phylogeny[edit]
The ferns are related to other higher order taxa, as shown in the following cladogram:[8][13][14][2]
Tracheophyta - vascular plants

Lycopodiophyta (Lycopodiopsida) - lycophytes

Euphyllophyta

Polypodiophyta (Polypodiopsida) - ferns

Spermatophyta - seed plants

Gymnospermae

Angiospermae - flowering plants

Subdivision[edit]
See also: List of fern families
Smith's 2006 classification treated the ferns as four classes:[9][15]
Psilotopsida 2 orders (whisk ferns and ophioglossoid ferns) ~92 species
Equisetopsida (Sphenopsida) 1 order, Equisetales (Horsetails) ~ 15 species
Marattiopsida 1 order, Marattiales ~ 150 species
Polypodiopsida (Filicopsida) 7 orders (leptosporangiate ferns) ~ 9,000 species
In addition they defined 11 orders and 37 families.[9] That system was a consensus of a number of studies, and was further refined.[12][16] The phylogenetic relationships are shown in the following cladogram (to the level of orders).[17] This division into four major clades was then confirmed using morphology alone.[18]
Tracheophyta

Lycopodiophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)

Euphyllophytes

Spermatophytes (seed plants)

Ferns

Psilotopsida

Psilotales (whisk ferns)

Ophioglossales (grapeferns etc.)

Equisetopsida

Equisetales (horsetails)

Marattiopsida

Marattiales

Polypodiopsida

Osmundales

Hymenophyllales (filmy ferns)

Gleicheniales

Schizaeales

Salviniales (heterosporous)

Cyatheales (tree ferns)

Polypodiales

Eusporangiate
Ferns
Leptosporangiate
Ferns

Subsequently, Chase and Reveal considered both lycopods and ferns as subclasses of a class Equisetopsida (Embryophyta) encompassing all land plants. This is referred to as Equisetopsida sensu lato to distinguish it from the narrower use to refer to horsetails alone, Equisetopsida sensu stricto. They placed the lycopods into subclass Lycopodiidae and the ferns, keeping the term monilophytes, into five subclasses, Equisetidae, Ophioglossidae, Psilotidae, Marattiidae and Polypodiidae, by dividing Smith's Psilotopsida into its two orders and elevating them to subclass (Ophioglossidae and Psilotidae).[14] Christenhusz et al.[a] (2011) followed this use of subclasses but recombined Smith's Psilotopsida as Ophioglossidae, giving four subclasses of ferns again.[19]
Christenhusz and Chase (2014) developed a new classification of ferns and lycopods. They used the term Polypodiophyta for the ferns, subdivided like Smith et al. into four groups (shown with equivalents in the Smith system), with 21 families, approximately 212 genera and 10,535 species;[8]
Equisetidae (=Equisetopsida) - monotypic (Equisetales, Equisetaceae, Equisetum) horsetails ~ 20 species)
Ophioglossidae (=Psilotopsida) - 2 monotypic orders ~ 92 species
Marattiidae (=Marattiopsida) - 1 monotypic order (Marattiales, Marattiaceae, 2 subfamilies) ~ 130 species
Polypodiidae (=Polypodiopsida) - 7 orders
This was a considerable reduction in the number of families from the 37 in the system of Smith et al., since the approach was more that of lumping rather than splitting. For instance a number of families were reduced to subfamilies. Subsequently, a consensus group was formed, the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (PPG), analogous to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, publishing their first complete classification in November 2016. They recognise ferns as a class, the Polypodiopsida, with four subclasses as described by Christenhusz and Chase, and which are phylogenetically related as in this cladogram:[2]
Polypodiopsida

Equisetidae

Ophioglossidae

Marattiidae

Polypodiidae

In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification the Polypodiopsida consist of four subclasses, 11 orders, 48 families, 319 genera, and an estimated 10,578 species. Thus Polypodiopsida in the broad sense (sensu lato) as used by the PPG (Polypodiopsida sensu PPG) needs to be distinguished from the narrower usage (sensu stricto) of Smith et al. (Polypodiopsida sensu Smith et al.)[2]
Ecology[edit]
Ferns at Muir Woods, California
The stereotypical image of ferns growing in moist shady woodland nooks is far from a complete picture of the habitats where ferns can be found growing. Fern species live in a wide variety of habitats, from remote mountain elevations, to dry desert rock faces, to bodies of water or in open fields. Ferns in general may be thought of as largely being specialists in marginal habitats, often succeeding in places where various environmental factors limit the success of flowering plants. Some ferns are among the world's most serious weed species, including the bracken fern growing in the Scottish highlands, or the mosquito fern (Azolla) growing in tropical lakes, both species forming large aggressively spreading colonies. There are four particular types of habitats that ferns are found in: moist, shady forests; crevices in rock faces, especially when sheltered from the full sun; acid wetlands including bogs and swamps; and tropical trees, where many species are epiphytes (something like a quarter to a third of all fern species[20]).
Especially the epiphytic ferns have turned out to be hosts of a huge diversity of invertebrates. It is assumed that bird's-nest ferns alone contain up to half the invertebrate biomass within a hectare of rainforest canopy.[21]
Many ferns depend on associations with mycorrhizal fungi. Many ferns only grow within specific pH ranges; for instance, the climbing fern (Lygodium palmatum) of eastern North America will only grow in moist, intensely acid soils, while the bulblet bladder fern (Cystopteris bulbifera), with an overlapping range, is only found on limestone.
The spores are rich in lipids, protein and calories, so some vertebrates eat these. The European woodmouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) has been found to eat the spores of Culcita macrocarpa and the bullfinch (Pyrrhula murina) and the New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) also eat fern spores.[22]
Life cycle[edit]
Gametophyte (thalloid green mass) and sporophyte (ascendent frond) of Onoclea sensibilis
Ferns are vascular plants differing from lycophytes by having true leaves (megaphylls), which are often pinnate. They differ from seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) in their mode of reproduction—lacking flowers and seeds. Like all land plants, they have a life cycle referred to as alternation of generations, characterized by alternating diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic phases. The diploid sporophyte has 2n paired chromosomes, where n varies from species to species. The haploid gametophyte has n unpaired chromosomes, i.e. half the number of the sporophyte. The gametophyte of ferns is a free-living organism, whereas the gametophyte of the gymnosperms and angiosperms is dependent on the sporophyte.
The life cycle of a typical fern proceeds as follows:
A diploid sporophyte phase produces haploid spores by meiosis (a process of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes by a half).
A spore grows into a haploid gametophyte by mitosis (a process of cell division which maintains the number of chromosomes). The gametophyte typically consists of a photosynthetic prothallus.
The gametophyte produces gametes (often both sperm and eggs on the same prothallus) by mitosis.
A mobile, flagellate sperm fertilizes an egg that remains attached to the prothallus.
The fertilized egg is now a diploid zygote and grows by mitosis into a diploid sporophyte (the typical "fern" plant).
Uses[edit]
Ferns are not as important economically as seed plants but have considerable importance in some societies. Some ferns are used for food, including the fiddleheads of Pteridium aquilinum (bracken), Matteuccia struthiopteris (ostrich fern), and Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (cinnamon fern). Diplazium esculentum is also used by some tropical persons (for example in budu pakis, a traditional dish of Brunei[23]) as food. Tubers from the "para", Ptisana salicina (king fern) are a traditional food in New Zealand and the South Pacific. Fern tubers were used for food 30,000 years ago in Europe.[24][25] Fern tubers were used by the Guanches to make gofio in the Canary Islands. Ferns are generally not known to be poisonous to humans.[26] Licorice fern rhizomes were chewed by the natives of the Pacific Northwest for their flavor.[citation needed]
Ferns of the genus Azolla are very small, floating plants that do not resemble ferns. Called the mosquito fern, they are used as a biological fertilizer in the rice paddies of southeast Asia, taking advantage of their ability to fix nitrogen from the air into compounds that can then be used by other plants.[1]
Many ferns are grown in horticulture as landscape plants, for cut foliage and as houseplants, especially the Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) and other members of the genus Nephrolepis. The bird's nest fern (Asplenium nidus) is also popular, as are the staghorn ferns (genus Platycerium). Perennial (also known as hardy) ferns planted in gardens in the northern hemisphere also have a considerable following.[citation needed]
Several ferns are noxious weeds or invasive species, including Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum), mosquito fern and sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis). Giant water fern (Salvinia molesta) is one of the world's worst aquatic weeds. The important fossil fuel coal consists of the remains of primitive plants, including ferns.[citation needed]
Ferns have been studied and found to be useful in the removal of heavy metals, especially arsenic, from the soil. Other ferns with some economic significance include:[citation needed]
Dryopteris filix-mas (male fern), used as a vermifuge, and formerly in the US Pharmacopeia; also, this fern accidentally sprouting in a bottle resulted in Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward's 1829 invention of the terrarium or Wardian case
Rumohra adiantiformis (floral fern), extensively used in the florist trade
Microsorum pteropus (Java fern), one of the most popular freshwater aquarium plants.
Osmunda regalis (royal fern) and Osmunda cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), the root fiber being used horticulturally; the fiddleheads of O. cinnamomea are also used as a cooked vegetable
Matteuccia struthiopteris (ostrich fern), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in North America
Pteridium aquilinum or Pteridium esculentum (bracken), the fiddleheads used as a cooked vegetable in Japan and are believed[citation needed] to be responsible for the high rate of stomach cancer in Japan. It is also one of the world's most important agricultural weeds, especially in the British highlands, and often poisons cattle and horses.
Diplazium esculentum (vegetable fern), a source of food for some native societies
Pteris vittata (brake fern), used to absorb arsenic from the soil
Polypodium glycyrrhiza (licorice fern), roots chewed for their pleasant flavor
Tree ferns, used as building material in some tropical areas
Cyathea cooperi (Australian tree fern), an important invasive species in Hawaii
Ceratopteris richardii, a model plant for teaching and research, often called C-fern
Culture[edit]
Blätter des Manns Walfarn. by Alois Auer, Vienna: Imperial Printing Office, 1853
Pteridologist[edit]
The study of ferns and other pteridophytes is called pteridology. A pteridologist is a specialist in the study of pteridophytes in a broader sense that includes the more distantly related lycophytes.
Pteridomania[edit]
"Pteridomania"' is a term for the Victorian era craze of fern collecting and fern motifs in decorative art including pottery, glass, metals, textiles, wood, printed paper, and sculpture "appearing on everything from christening presents to gravestones and memorials." The fashion for growing ferns indoors led to the development of the Wardian case, a glazed cabinet that would exclude air pollutants and maintain the necessary humidity.[27]
Barnsley fern created using chaos game, through an Iterated function system (IFS).
The dried form of ferns was also used in other arts, being used as a stencil or directly inked for use in a design. The botanical work, The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, is a notable example of this type of nature printing. The process, patented by the artist and publisher Henry Bradbury, impressed a specimen on to a soft lead plate. The first publication to demonstrate this was Alois Auer's The Discovery of the Nature Printing-Process.
Folklore[edit]
Ferns figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.[28] In Slavic folklore, ferns are believed to bloom once a year, during the Ivan Kupala night. Although alleged to be exceedingly difficult to find, anyone who sees a "fern flower" is thought to be guaranteed to be happy and rich for the rest of their life. Similarly, Finnish tradition holds that one who finds the "seed" of a fern in bloom on Midsummer night will, by possession of it, be guided and be able to travel invisibly to the locations where eternally blazing Will o' the wisps called aarnivalkea mark the spot of hidden treasure. These spots are protected by a spell that prevents anyone but the fern-seed holder from ever knowing their locations.[29]
Organisms confused with ferns[edit]
Misnomers[edit]
Several non-fern plants (and even animals) are called "ferns" and are sometimes confused with true ferns. These include:
"Asparagus fern"—This may apply to one of several species of the monocot genus Asparagus, which are flowering plants.
"Sweetfern"—A flowering shrub of the genus Comptonia.
"Air fern"—A group of animals called hydrozoan that are distantly related to jellyfish and corals. They are harvested, dried, dyed green, and then sold as a "plant" that can "live on air". While it may look like a fern, it is merely the skeleton of this colonial animal.
"Fern bush"—Chamaebatiaria millefolium—a rose family shrub with fern-like leaves.
Fern-like flowering plants[edit]
Some flowering plants such as palms and members of the carrot family have pinnate leaves that somewhat resemble fern fronds. However, these plants have fully developed seeds contained in fruits, rather than the microscopic spores of ferns.
Gallery[edit]
Adiantum lunulatum
Fern leaf, probably Blechnum nudum
A tree fern unrolling a new frond
Tree fern, probably Dicksonia antarctica
Tree ferns, probably Dicksonia antarctica
"Filicinae" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904
Unidentified tree fern in Oaxaca
Tree Fern Spores San Diego, CA
Leaf of fern
Unidentified fern with spores showing in Rotorua, NZ.
Ferns in one of many natural Coast Redwood undergrowth settings Santa Cruz, CA.
Nature prints in The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland used fronds to produce the plates
A young, newly formed fern frond
Fern bed under a forest canopy in woods near Franklin, Virginia
Pyrrosia piloselloides, Dragon's Scale, in Malaysia
Fern growing on a wall
Spores of Dryopteris filix-mas
See also[edit]
British Pteridological Society
Chirosia betuleti - Fern gall
Fern spike
Fern sports
Pteridophyte
Silver fern flag
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ President, International Association of Pteridologists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wattieza, Stein, W. E.; Mannolini, F.; Hernick, L. V.; Landling, E.; Berry, C. M. (2007). "Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa". Nature. 446 (7138): 904–907. Bibcode:2007Natur.446..904S. doi:10.1038/nature05705. PMID 17443185.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016.
Jump up ^ McCausland, Jim (20 September 2009). "Rediscover ferns". Sunset.com. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Jump up ^ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Jump up ^ "Pteridopsida: Fossil Record". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
Jump up ^ Bomfleur B, McLoughlin S, Vajda V (March 2014). "Fossilized nuclei and chromosomes reveal 180 million years of genomic stasis in royal ferns". Science. 343 (6177): 1376–7. Bibcode:2014Sci...343.1376B. doi:10.1126/science.1249884. PMID 24653037.
Jump up ^ "Fern Fronds". Basic Biology. Retrieved 2014-12-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Christenhusz & Chase 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Smith et al.2006.
Jump up ^ Stace, Clive (2010b). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5.
Jump up ^ Rai, Hardeep S. & Graham, Sean W. (2010). "Utility of a large, multigene plastid data set in inferring higher-order relationships in ferns and relatives (monilophytes)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (9): 1444–1456. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900305. PMID 21616899. , p. 1450
^ Jump up to: a b c Grewe, Felix; et al. (2013). "Complete plastid genomes from Ophioglossum californicum, Psilotum nudum, and Equisetum hyemale reveal an ancestral land plant genome structure and resolve the position of Equisetales among monilophytes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-8. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3553075  . PMID 23311954. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ Cantino et al 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Chase & Reveal 2009.
Jump up ^ Schuettpelz 2007.
Jump up ^ Karol, Kenneth G; et al. (2010). "Complete plastome sequences of Equisetum arvense and Isoetes flaccida: implications for phylogeny and plastid genome evolution of early land plant lineages". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 321–336. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-321. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 3087542  . PMID 20969798. Retrieved 2013-05-21.
Jump up ^ Li, F-W; Kuo, L-Y; Rothfels, CJ; Ebihara, A; Chiou, W-L; et al. (2011). "rbcL and matK Earn Two Thumbs Up as the Core DNA Barcode for Ferns". PLoS ONE. 6 (10): e26597. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...626597L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026597. PMC 3197659  . PMID 22028918.
Jump up ^ Schneider et al 2009.
Jump up ^ Christenhusz et al 2011.
Jump up ^ Schuettpelz, Eric. "Fern Phylogeny Inferred from 400 Leptosporangiate Species and Three Plastid Genes," contained in "The Evolution and Diversification of Epiphytic Ferns." Doctoral dissertation, Duke University. 2007. http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/10161/181/1/D_Schuettpelz_Eric_a_052007.pdf
Jump up ^ Ferns Brimming With Life
Jump up ^ Walker, Matt (19 February 2010). "A mouse that eats ferns like a dinosaur". BBC Earth News. Retrieved 2010-02-20.
Jump up ^ Indigenous Fermented Foods of Southeast Asia. 2015.
Jump up ^ "Stone Age humans liked their burgers in a bun", Sonia Van Gilder Cooke, New Scientist, 23 October 2010, p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing" by Anna Revedin et al., PNAS, published online 18 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Pelton, Robert (2011). The Official Pocket Edible Plant Survival Manual. Freedom and Liberty Foundation Press. p. 25. BNID 2940013382145.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Peter D. A. (2 January 2002). "Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns". Revised: web version. Antique Collecting 28, 6, 9–12. Retrieved 2007-10-02.
Jump up ^ May, Lenore Wile (1978). "The economic uses and associated folklore of ferns and fern allies". The Botanical Review. 44 (4): 491–528. doi:10.1007/BF02860848.
Jump up ^ "Traditional Finnish Midsummer celebration". Saunalahti.fi. Retrieved 2013-09-07.
Bibliography[edit]
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (1 August 2007). "Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): 822. doi:10.2307/25065865.
Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x.
Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa. 19 (1): 7. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany. 113 (4): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMC 3936591  . PMID 24532607.
Lord, Thomas R. (2006). Ferns and Fern Allies of Pennsylvania. Indiana, PA: Pinelands Press. [2]
Melan, M. A.; Whittier, D. P. (1990). "Effects of Inorganic Nitrogen Sources on Spore Germination and Gametophyte Growth in Botrychium Dissectum". Plant, Cell and Environment. 13 (5): 477–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1990.tb01325.x.
Moran, Robbin C. (2004). A Natural History of Ferns. Portland, OR: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-667-1.
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond; Wolf, Paul G.; Hunt, Jeffrey S.; Sipes, Sedonia D. (2001). "Horsetails and ferns are a monophyletic group and the closest living relatives to seed plants". Nature. 409 (6820): 618–622. doi:10.1038/35054555. PMID 11214320.
Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Wolf, Paul G.; Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Cranfill, Raymond (2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1582–1598. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582. PMID 21652310.
Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H. (2008). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87411-3.
Schneider, Harald; Smith, Alan R.; Pryer, Kathleen M. (1 July 2009). "Is Morphology Really at Odds with Molecules in Estimating Fern Phylogeny?". Systematic Botany. 34 (3): 455–475. doi:10.1600/036364409789271209.
Schuettpelz, Eric (2007), "Table 1", The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns (PDF) (PhD thesis), Duke University
Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF). Taxon. 55 (3): 705–731. doi:10.2307/25065646. JSTOR 25065646.
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to Pteridophyta
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pteridophyta.
Tree of Life Web Project: Filicopsida
A classification of the ferns and their allies
A fern book bibliography
Register of fossil Pteridophyta
L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (2004 onwards). The Ferns (Filicopsida) of the British Isles.
Ferns and Pteridomania in Victorian Scotland
Non-seed plant images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
"American Fern Society"
"British Pteridological Society"
Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World
Images of ferns of Hawaii
Encyclopedia Britaanica: Fern
[show]
v
t
e
Botany
History of botany
Subdisciplines
Plant systematics
Ethnobotany
Paleobotany
Plant anatomy
Plant ecology
Phytogeography
Geobotany
Flora
Phytochemistry
Plant pathology
Bryology
Phycology
Floristics
Dendrology
Plant groups
Algae
Archaeplastida
Bryophyte
Non-vascular plants
Vascular plants
Spermatophytes
Pteridophyte
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Plant morphology
(glossary)
Plant cells
Cell wall
Phragmoplast
Plastid
Plasmodesma
Vacuole
Tissues
Meristem
Vascular tissue
Vascular bundle
Ground tissue
Mesophyll
Cork
Wood
Storage organs
Vegetative
Root
Rhizoid
Bulb
Rhizome
Shoot
Stem
Leaf
Petiole
Cataphyll
Bud
Sessility
Reproductive
(Flower)
Flower development
Inflorescence
Umbel
Raceme
Bract
Pedicellate
Flower
Whorl
Floral symmetry
Floral diagram
Floral formula
Receptacle
Hypanthium (Floral cup)
Perianth
Tepal
Petal
Sepal
Sporophyll
Gynoecium
Ovary
Ovule
Stigma
Archegonium
Androecium
Stamen
Staminode
Pollen
Tapetum
Gynandrium
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Plant embryo
Fruit
Fruit anatomy
Berry
Capsule
Seed
Seed dispersal
Endosperm
Surface structures
Epicuticular wax
Plant cuticle
Epidermis
Stoma
Nectary
Trichome
Prickle
Plant physiology
Materials
Nutrition
Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll
Plant hormone
Transpiration
Turgor pressure
Bulk flow
Aleurone
Phytomelanin
Sugar
Sap
Starch
Cellulose
Plant growth and habit
Secondary growth
Woody plants
Herbaceous plants
Habit
Vines
Lianas
Shrubs
Subshrubs
Trees
Succulent plants
Reproduction
Evolution
Ecology
Alternation of generations
Sporangium
Spore
Microsporangia
Microspore
Megasporangium
Megaspore
Pollination
Pollinators
Pollen tube
Double fertilization
Germination
Evolutionary development
Evolutionary history
timeline
Hardiness zone
Plant taxonomy
History of plant systematics
Herbarium
Biological classification
Botanical nomenclature
Botanical name
Correct name
Author citation
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN)
- for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
Taxonomic rank
International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)
Plant taxonomy systems
Cultivated plant taxonomy
Citrus taxonomy
cultigen
cultivar
Group
grex
Practice
Agronomy
Floriculture
Forestry
Horticulture
Lists
Related topics
Botanical terms
Botanists
by author abbreviation
Botanical expedition
Category
Portal
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
(Supergroup
Plant
Hacrobia
Heterokont
Alveolata
Rhizaria
Excavata
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta
Animal
Fungi)
Rhodophyta
(red algae)
Cyanidiophyceae
Porphyridiophyceae
Compsopogonophyceae
Stylonematophyceae
Rhodellophyceae
Bangiophyceae
Florideophyceae
Glaucocystophyta
(glaucophytes)
Glaucocystophyceae
Glaucocystis
Cyanophora
Gloeochaete
Viridiplantae
(green algae
& land plants)
Chlorophyta
Palmophyllales
Nephroselmidophyceae
Prasinophyceae
Pseudoscourfieldiales
Pyramimonadophyceae
Scourfieldiales
Pedinophyceae
Chlorodendrophyceae
UTC clade
Ulvophyceae
Trebouxiophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Streptophyta
(charophytes,
& land plants)
Mesostigmatophyceae
Chlorokybophyceae
Klebsormidiophyceae
Phragmo-
plastophyta
Charophyceae
Coleochaetophyceae
Zygnematophyceae
Embryophyta
(land plants)
Bryophytes
(non-vascular)
Marchantiophyta
Anthocerotophyta
Bryophyta "Moss"
†Horneophytopsida
Tracheophyta
(vascular)
Lycopodiophyta
(microphylls)
†Zosterophyllopsida
†Sawdoniales
Isoetopsida
Lycopodiopsida
Euphyllophyta
(megaphylls)
Moniliformopses
(ferns)
†Cladoxylopsida
†Stauropteridales
†Zygopteridales
Equisetopsida
Psilotopsida
Marattiopsida
Filicopsida
Spermatophyta
(seed plants)
†Seed ferns
Gymnosperms
Gnetopsida
Pinopsida
Cycadopsida
Ginkgoopsida
Angiosperms or flowering plants
Amborellales
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
Other
†Trimerophytopsida
†Progymnosperm
Other
†Rhyniopsida
† = extinct. See also the list of plant orders.
Plants portal
[show]
v
t
e
Yunnan cuisine
Adzuki bean
Baba
Bamboo
Banana flower
Barbeque
Coconut
Eggplant
Erkuai
Ferns
Flowers
Crossing the bridge noodles
Honey
Hot pot
Jackfruit
Jidou liangfen
Granny's potato
Lufu
Mi gan
Mi xian
Mushrooms
Nashi pear
Palm sugar
Pineapple rice
Pu'er tea
Steam pot chicken
Rubing
Rushan
Sichuan pepper
Shiping tofu
Spring rolls
Sweet potato
Tangerine
Xuanwei ham
Xidoufen
Zhe'ergen
Chinese cuisine
History of Chinese cuisine
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q80005
EoL: 6352439
ITIS: 500003
NCBI: 241806
Authority control
LCCN: sh85047836
GND: 4016482-2
BNF: cb119383812 (data)
NDL: 00570885
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fern&oldid=826126784"
Categories:
Polypodiopsida
Fern florae
Non-timber forest products
Extant Late Devonian first appearances
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017
Pages using div col with deprecated parameters
Use dmy dates from June 2017
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Languages
العربية
Avañe'ẽ
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Davvisámegiella
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Ирон
Íslenska
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lingála
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Перем Коми
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Lea faka-Tonga
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Walon
Winaray
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 February 2018, at 10:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Fern_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Fern (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/Ferns_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Ferns (disambiguation)

value: small

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;

values: position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;

values: position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:129.52923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;

values: position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:91.470769230769px; width:127.52923076923px; background-color:#6c3;

values: margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;

values: margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Scouring_rushes
mw-redirect
Scouring rushes

values:
/wiki/Marattioid_fern
mw-redirect
Marattioid fern

values:
/wiki/Ophioglossoid_fern
mw-redirect
Ophioglossoid fern

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)

values:
/wiki/Circinate_vernation
mw-redirect
Circinate vernation

values:
/wiki/Fern_allies
mw-redirect
Fern allies

values:
/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic
mw-redirect
Molecular phylogenetic

values:
/wiki/Division_(botany)
mw-redirect
Division (botany)

values:
/wiki/Subdivision_(botany)
mw-redirect
Subdivision (botany)

values: border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;

values: width: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid black; border-left: 0; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #caa; border-top: solid 2px #caa; border-bottom: 0px solid black;

values: border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 0; vertical-align: top;

values: border-left: 1px solid black; border-top: 0; border-right: 0; border-bottom: 1px solid black; padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: bottom; text-align: center;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #caa; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;

values: vertical-align:top; border: 0; padding: 0;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #caa; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 0px black; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 0px black;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #caa; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 2px solid #caa;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #aca; border-top: solid 2px #aca; border-bottom: 0px solid black;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #aca; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: 0px solid black;

values: border: 0; padding: 0; border-right: solid 2px #aca; border-top: solid 0px black; border-bottom: solid 2px #aca;

values:
/wiki/Leptosporangiate_ferns
mw-redirect
Leptosporangiate ferns

values:
/wiki/Mark_W._Chase
mw-redirect
Mark W. Chase

values: Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/European_woodmouse
mw-redirect
European woodmouse

values: Culcita macrocarpa (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ostrich_fern
mw-redirect
Ostrich fern

values:
/wiki/Cinnamon_fern
mw-redirect
Cinnamon fern

values:
/wiki/Licorice_fern
mw-redirect
Licorice fern

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values:
nofollow
external autonumber
http://www.feedipedia.org/node/565

values:
/wiki/Boston_fern
mw-redirect
Boston fern

values:
/wiki/Staghorn_fern
mw-redirect
Staghorn fern

values:
/wiki/Sensitive_fern
mw-redirect
Sensitive fern

values:
/wiki/US_Pharmacopeia
mw-redirect
US Pharmacopeia

values: List of freshwater aquarium plant species

values:
/wiki/Osmunda_cinnamomea
mw-redirect
Osmunda cinnamomea

values:
/wiki/Matteuccia_struthiopteris
mw-redirect
Matteuccia struthiopteris

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)

values:
/wiki/Fads_and_trends
mw-redirect
Fads and trends

values:
/wiki/Decorative_art
mw-redirect
Decorative art

values:
/wiki/Slavic_folklore
mw-redirect
Slavic folklore

values:
/wiki/Ivan_Kupala_Day
mw-redirect
Ivan Kupala Day

values:
/wiki/Will_o%27_the_wisp
mw-redirect
Will o' the wisp

values: Edit section: Organisms confused with ferns

values: Edit section: Fern-like flowering plants

values:
/wiki/Adiantum_lunulatum
mw-redirect
Adiantum lunulatum

values:
/wiki/Oaxaca_(state)
mw-redirect
Oaxaca (state)

values:
/wiki/San_Diego,_CA
mw-redirect
San Diego, CA

values:
/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_CA
mw-redirect
Santa Cruz, CA

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05705

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443185

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1249884

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24653037

values:
/wiki/Clive_Stace
mw-redirect
Clive Stace

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.0900305

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616899

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-13-8

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2148

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23311954

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20969798

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22028918

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02860848

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Walter_S._Judd
mw-redirect
Walter S. Judd

values:
/wiki/Douglas_Soltis
mw-redirect
Douglas Soltis

values:
/wiki/Pamela_Soltis
mw-redirect
Pamela Soltis

values:
/wiki/Taxon_(journal)
mw-redirect
Taxon (journal)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F25065865

values: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.19.1.2

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmct299

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24532607

values:
nofollow
http://www.paferns.com/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F35054555

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11214320

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.10.1582

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21652310

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F25065646

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/25065646

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12229

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values:
nofollow
http://delta-intkey.com/britfe/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.amerfernsoc.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.eBPS.org.uk/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.britannica.com/plant/fern

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #90EE90;

values:
row
navbox-group
background: #90EE90;;width:1%

values: Plant evolutionary developmental biology

values: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

values: International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants

values: International Association for Plant Taxonomy

values: List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Guo_qiao_mi_xian
mw-redirect
Guo qiao mi xian

values:
/wiki/Migan_(noodle)
mw-redirect
Migan (noodle)

values:
/wiki/Spring_rolls
mw-redirect
Spring rolls

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/6352439

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016482-2

values: Category:Extant Late Devonian first appearances

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017

values: Category:Pages using div col with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Fern
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Fern&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: سراخس – Arabic

values: ফার্ন – Bangla

values: Папарацепадобныя – Belarusian

values: Папратовидни – Bulgarian

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprat
Paprat – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raden
Raden – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falguera
Falguera – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Упа курăк йышĕ – Chuvash

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako
Pako – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filetta
Filetta – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhedynen
Rhedynen – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farne
Farne – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Φτέρη – Greek

values: Верьгизэнь пазава – Erzya

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko
Filiko – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iratze
Iratze – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: سرخس (گیاه) – Persian

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fento
Fento – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: फर्न – Hindi

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filiko
Filiko – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burknar
Burknar – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values: שרכנים – Hebrew

values: გვიმრანაირნი – Georgian

values: Қырыққұлақтәрізділер – Kazakh

values: Папоротниктер – Kyrgyz

values: Кӹртнилӱлӹшвлӓ – Western Mari

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filix
Filix – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faren
Faren – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaarn
Vaarn – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misili
Misili – Lingala
ln
ln
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harasztok
Harasztok – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: പന്നൽച്ചെടി – Malayalam

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varens
Varens – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: उन्यू – Nepali

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregner
Bregner – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregnar
Bregnar – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprocie
Paprocie – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samambaia
Samambaia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raki-raki
Raki-raki – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Папоротниковидные – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern
Fern – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern
Fern – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values: Папрати – Serbian

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprati
Paprati – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saniaiset
Saniaiset – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako
Pako – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பன்னம் – Tamil

values: Абагасыманнар – Tatar

values: เฟิร์น – Thai

values: Папоротеподібні – Ukrainian

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetchire
Fetchire – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pako
Pako – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Fern rootpage-Fern skin-vector action-view


text:
Karl Landsteiner
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Karl Landsteiner
Landsteiner in Stockholm in 1930
Born
(1868-06-14)14 June 1868
Baden bei Wien, Austria-Hungary
Died
26 June 1943(1943-06-26) (aged 75)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Citizenship
Austria, Netherlands, U.S.
Alma mater
University of Vienna
Known for
Development of blood group system, discovery of Rh factor, discovery of poliovirus
Awards
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1930)
Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award (1946 posthumously)
ForMemRS (1941)[1]
Scientific career
Fields
Medicine, virology
Institutions
University of Vienna
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
Karl Landsteiner, ForMemRS,[1] (14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943[2]) was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist.[3] He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio virus in 1909. He received the Aronson Prize in 1926. In 1930, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. He was posthumously awarded the Lasker Award in 1946, and has been described as the father of transfusion medicine.[4]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Research work in Vienna; discovery of the polio virus
3 Discovery of the blood groups
4 Research work in the Netherlands and the United States
5 Awards and honours
6 Personal life
7 References
8 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Landsteiner's father, Leopold (1818–1875), a renowned Viennese journalist who was editor-in-chief of Die Presse, died at age 56, when Karl was only 6. This led to a close relationship between him and his mother Fanny (born Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating with the Matura exam from a Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of medicine at the University of Vienna and wrote his doctoral thesis in 1891. While still a student he published an essay on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.[2]
From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner studied chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich under Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch. He had a number of publications from that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.[5]
Research work in Vienna; discovery of the polio virus[edit]
After returning to Vienna he became an assistant to Max von Gruber at the Hygienic Institute. In his studies he concentrated on the mechanism of immunity and the nature of antibodies. From November 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University of Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, where he published 75 papers, dealing with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. In addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten years. Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor for his postdoctoral lecture qualification in 1903.[6] From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at the Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and in 1911 he was sworn in as an associate professor of pathological anatomy. During that time he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – the infectious character of poliomyelitis and isolated the polio virus.[7] In recognition of this groundbreaking discovery, which proved to be the basis for the fight against polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall of Fame at Warm Springs, Georgia, which was dedicated in January 1958.
Discovery of the blood groups[edit]
Karl Landsteiner, reverse of 1,000-schilling bank note, 1997
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner found out that the blood of two people under contact agglutinates, and in 1901 he found that this effect was due to contact of blood with blood serum. As a result, he succeeded in identifying the three blood groups A, B and O, which he labelled C, of human blood. Landsteiner also found out that blood transfusion between persons with the same blood group did not lead to the destruction of blood cells, whereas this occurred between persons of different blood groups.[8] Based on his findings, the first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York in 1907.
Today it is well known that persons with blood group AB can accept donations of the other blood groups, and that persons with blood group O-negative can donate to all other groups. Individuals with blood group AB are referred to as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative are known as universal donors. These donor-recipient relationships arise due to the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens of blood group A nor of blood group B. Therefore, the immune systems of persons with blood group A, B or AB do not refuse the donation. Further, because persons with blood group AB do not form antibodies against either the antigens of blood group A or B, they can accept blood from persons with these blood groups, besides from persons with blood group O-negative.
In today's blood transfusions only concentrates of red blood cells without serum are transmitted, which is of great importance in surgical practice. In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, he is recognized as the father of transfusion medicine.[9]
Research work in the Netherlands and the United States[edit]
Landsteiner bronze bust at Warm Springs
After World War I, Vienna and the new republic of Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic state, a situation in which Landsteiner did not see any possibilities to carry on with his research work. He decided to move to The Netherlands and accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now MCH Westeinde) in The Hague [10] and, in order to improve his financial situation also took a job in a small factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum prestinum).[11] He also published a number of papers, five of them being published in Dutch by the Royal Academy of Sciences. Yet working conditions proved to be not much better than in post-war Vienna. So Landsteiner accepted the invitation that reached him from New York, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's work, to work for the Rockefeller Institute. He arrived there with his family in the spring of 1923.[2] Throughout the 1920s Landsteiner worked on the problems of immunity and allergy. In 1927 he discovered new blood groups: M, N and P, refining the work he had begun 20 years before. Soon after Landsteiner and his collaborator, Philip Levine, published the work and in 1927, the types began to be used in paternity suits.
Awards and honours[edit]
Landsteiner was posthumously awarded the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award in 1946 and elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1941.[1]
Personal life[edit]
Landsteiner converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890.[12] In 1916 he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Orthodox who converted to her husband's Roman Catholic faith. In 1937 Landsteiner took legal action (unsuccessfully)[13] against an American publisher who had included him in the book Who's Who in American Jewry, stating that "it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors."[14]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (15): 294–324. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002. JSTOR 769085.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Karl Landsteiner". Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922–1941. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965. Retrieved 12 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Karl Landsteiner", Jewish Virtual Library
Jump up ^ Speiser, Paul (1990). Karl Landsteiner: Entdecker der Blutgruppen und Pionier der Immunologie (3rd ed.). Berlin. ISBN 3-89412-084-3.
Jump up ^ Dreiser, Karl Landsteiner, p. 24
Jump up ^ Speiser, Karl Landsteiner, p. 33
Jump up ^ Landsteiner, K.; Popper, E. (1909). "Übertragung der Poliomyelitis acuta auf Affen". Zeitschrift für Immunitätsforschung und experimentelle Therapie. 2: 377–390.
Jump up ^ Landsteiner, Karl (1900). "Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen, lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe". Centralblatt f. Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde u. Infektionskrankheiten. 27: 357–362.
Jump up ^ "Homage to scientist on Blood Donor's Day". The Tribune. 15 June 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2012.
Jump up ^ "Landsteiner Instituut // Het instituut > Wie was Karl Landsteiner?".
Jump up ^ Speiser, Karl Landsteiner p. 63
Jump up ^ Staudacher, Anna L. (2009) "… meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben". 18000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868–1914: Namen – Quellen – Daten. Peter Lang, Frankfurt, ISBN 978-3-631-55832-4, p. 349
Jump up ^ "Concise Dictionary of American Jewish Biography". Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Landsteiner Sues to Escape Being Labelled Jew". 6 April 1937.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Landsteiner.
Biography at the Nobel e-Museum
1946 Lasker award for clinical medicine
Key Participants: Karl Landsteiner — It's in the Blood! A Documentary History of Linus Pauling, Hemoglobin, and Sickle Cell Anemia
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
See also: Landsteiner
hide
v
t
e
Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1901–1925
1901 Emil Behring
1902 Ronald Ross
1903 Niels Finsen
1904 Ivan Pavlov
1905 Robert Koch
1906 Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal
1907 Alphonse Laveran
1908 Élie Metchnikoff / Paul Ehrlich
1909 Emil Kocher
1910 Albrecht Kossel
1911 Allvar Gullstrand
1912 Alexis Carrel
1913 Charles Richet
1914 Róbert Bárány
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919 Jules Bordet
1920 August Krogh
1921
1922 Archibald Hill / Otto Meyerhof
1923 Frederick Banting / John Macleod
1924 Willem Einthoven
1925
1926–1950
1926 Johannes Fibiger
1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg
1928 Charles Nicolle
1929 Christiaan Eijkman / Frederick Gowland Hopkins
1930 Karl Landsteiner
1931 Otto Warburg
1932 Charles Scott Sherrington / Edgar Adrian
1933 Thomas Morgan
1934 George Whipple / George Minot / William Murphy
1935 Hans Spemann
1936 Henry Dale / Otto Loewi
1937 Albert Szent-Györgyi
1938 Corneille Heymans
1939 Gerhard Domagk
1940
1941
1942
1943 Henrik Dam / Edward Doisy
1944 Joseph Erlanger / Herbert Gasser
1945 Alexander Fleming / Ernst Chain / Howard Florey
1946 Hermann Muller
1947 Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay
1948 Paul Müller
1949 Walter Hess / António Egas Moniz
1950 Edward Kendall / Tadeusz Reichstein / Philip Hench
1951–1975
1951 Max Theiler
1952 Selman Waksman
1953 Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann
1954 John Enders / Thomas Weller / Frederick Robbins
1955 Hugo Theorell
1956 André Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards
1957 Daniel Bovet
1958 George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg
1959 Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg
1960 Frank Burnet / Peter Medawar
1961 Georg von Békésy
1962 Francis Crick / James Watson / Maurice Wilkins
1963 John Eccles / Alan Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley
1964 Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen
1965 François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod
1966 Francis Rous / Charles B. Huggins
1967 Ragnar Granit / Haldan Hartline / George Wald
1968 Robert W. Holley / Har Khorana / Marshall Nirenberg
1969 Max Delbrück / Alfred Hershey / Salvador Luria
1970 Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod
1971 Earl Sutherland Jr.
1972 Gerald Edelman / Rodney Porter
1973 Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen
1974 Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George Palade
1975 David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard Temin
1976–2000
1976 Baruch Blumberg / Daniel Gajdusek
1977 Roger Guillemin / Andrew Schally / Rosalyn Yalow
1978 Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith
1979 Allan Cormack / Godfrey Hounsfield
1980 Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George Snell
1981 Roger Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten Wiesel
1982 Sune Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John Vane
1983 Barbara McClintock
1984 Niels Jerne / Georges Köhler / César Milstein
1985 Michael Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein
1986 Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini
1987 Susumu Tonegawa
1988 James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings
1989 J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus
1990 Joseph Murray / E. Donnall Thomas
1991 Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann
1992 Edmond Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs
1993 Richard J. Roberts / Phillip Sharp
1994 Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell
1995 Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus
1996 Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner
1998 Robert F. Furchgott / Louis Ignarro / Ferid Murad
1999 Günter Blobel
2000 Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric Kandel
2001–present
2001 Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Paul Nurse
2002 Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston
2003 Paul Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield
2004 Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck
2005 Barry Marshall / Robin Warren
2006 Andrew Fire / Craig Mello
2007 Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies
2008 Harald zur Hausen / Luc Montagnier / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn / Carol W. Greider / Jack W. Szostak
2010 Robert G. Edwards
2011 Bruce Beutler / Jules A. Hoffmann / Ralph M. Steinman (posthumously)
2012 John B. Gurdon / Shinya Yamanaka
2013 James Rothman / Randy Schekman / Thomas C. Südhof
2014 John O'Keefe / May-Britt Moser / Edvard Moser
2015 William C. Campbell / Satoshi Ōmura / Tu Youyou
2016 Yoshinori Ohsumi
2017 Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 98016508
BNF: cb16555495q (data)
GND: 118726226
ISNI: 0000 0000 8370 3537
LCCN: n50038729
NKC: nlk20000079381
NLA: 36016729
SNAC: w65d8v4p
SUDOC: 098741047
VIAF: 32791609
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Landsteiner&oldid=850655298"
Categories:
1868 births
1943 deaths
Austrian emigrants to the United States
Austrian Jews
Austrian Nobel laureates
Austrian pathologists
Austrian immunologists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Austrian Roman Catholics
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
People from Baden bei Wien
People educated at Gymnasium Wasagasse
Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from July 2018
Infobox person using alma mater
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Беларуская
Български
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
ភាសាខ្មែរ
Polski
Português
Română
Русиньскый
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Yorùbá
中文
65 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 July 2018, at 06:50 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

values: Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award

values:
/wiki/Rhesus_blood_group_system
mw-redirect
Rhesus blood group system

values:
/wiki/Polio_virus
mw-redirect
Polio virus

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer
mw-redirect
Hermann Emil Fischer

values: Edit section: Research work in Vienna; discovery of the polio virus

values: Edit section: Discovery of the blood groups

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Blood_serum
mw-redirect
Blood serum

values:
/wiki/Red_blood_cells
mw-redirect
Red blood cells

values: Edit section: Research work in the Netherlands and the United States

values:
/wiki/Parental_test
mw-redirect
Parental test

values: List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1941

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholicism
mw-redirect
Roman Catholicism

values:
/wiki/Greek_Orthodox
mw-redirect
Greek Orthodox

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/769085

values: Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

values: Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

values: List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

values:
/wiki/John_James_Rickard_Macleod
mw-redirect
John James Rickard Macleod

values:
/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian
mw-redirect
Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian

values:
/wiki/Feodor_Felix_Konrad_Lynen
mw-redirect
Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen

values:
/wiki/Robert_G._Edwards
mw-redirect
Robert G. Edwards

values:
/wiki/John_B._Gurdon
mw-redirect
John B. Gurdon

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/118726226

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000083703537

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36016729

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/098741047

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/32791609

values: Category:Austrian emigrants to the United States

values: Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism

values: Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society

values: Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine

values: Category:People educated at Gymnasium Wasagasse

values: Category:Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award

values: Category:Infobox person using alma mater

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: كارل لاندشتاينر – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: কার্ল লান্ডষ্টাইনার – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштэйнер – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Карл Ландщайнер – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Καρλ Λαντστάινερ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کارل لندشتاینر – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: કાર્લ લેન્ડસ્ટેઇનર – Gujarati

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values: कार्ल लँडस्टायनर – Goan Konkani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gom
display: none;

values: 카를 란트슈타이너 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կարլ Լանդշտայներ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: कार्ल लैंडस्टैनर – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: קרל לנדשטיינר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ಕಾರ್ಲ್ ಲಾಂಡ್‍ಸ್ಟೈನರ್ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштейнер – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштајнер – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: കാൾ ലാൻഡ്സ്റ്റൈനർ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: كارل لاندشتاينر – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштайнер – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: カール・ラントシュタイナー – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਕਾਰਲ ਲੈਂਡਸਟੇਨਰ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: کارل لینڈ سٹائنر – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: កាល ឡែមស្ដែនណឺ – Khmer

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-km
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштайнер – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Ландштейнер, Карл – Russian

values: कार्ल् लाण्ड्स्टैनर् – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштајнер – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: கார்ல் லாண்ட்ஸ்டெய்னெர் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: కార్ల్ ల్యాండ్ స్టినేర్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: คาร์ล ลันด์สไตเนอร์ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Карл Ландштайнер – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: کارل لینڈ سٹینر – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: 卡尔·兰德施泰纳 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Karl_Landsteiner rootpage-Karl_Landsteiner skin-vector action-view