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East Mississippi Community College
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East Mississippi Community College
Type
Public Community College
Established
1927
President
N/A
Location
Scooba, Mississippi, United States
Colors
Red, Black and White
Athletics
NJCAA
Nickname
Lions
Affiliations
Mississippi Association of Community & Junior Colleges
Sports
10 teams
Website
www.eastms.edu
East Mississippi Community College (EMCC), formerly known as East Mississippi Junior College, is a community college in Scooba, Mississippi. EMCC serves and is supported by Clay, Kemper, Lauderdale, Lowndes, Noxubee and Oktibbeha counties in east central Mississippi. The college has two principal campuses and offers courses at five other locations. One of fifteen community colleges in Mississippi, EMCC is the home of the 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2017 NJCAA National Championship EMCC Lions Football team.
EMCC is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) to award the Associate of Applied Science degree and the Associate of Arts degree. The college offers a broad range of academic/university parallel, career-technical and workforce training programs.
Community colleges in Mississippi were originally designed to make educational opportunities more accessible for residents of rural areas throughout the state.
Contents
1 Campuses
1.1 Scooba campus
1.1.1 Residence halls
1.2 Golden Triangle campus
1.3 Columbus Air Force Base extension
1.4 Naval Air Station Meridian extension
1.5 Lion Hills Center
1.6 West Point-Clay County Center
1.7 Macon Extension
2 Educational programs
2.1 Academic/university parallel
2.2 Career-technical programs
3 Workforce training
3.1 Credit classes
3.2 Non-credit classes
3.3 ABE-GED
4 History
5 Athletics
5.1 Football
5.2 Men's basketball
5.3 Women's basketball
5.4 Baseball
5.5 Softball
5.6 Men's golf
5.7 Rodeo
6 Alumni
7 References
8 External links
Campuses[edit]
Scooba campus[edit]
EMCC Scooba Campus Student Union
East Mississippi Community College's original campus is located in the Kemper County town of Scooba. It was founded in 1927 following its beginnings 15 years earlier as Kemper County Agricultural High School. The town is adjacent to the Kansas City Southern Railroad, U.S. Route 45, and Mississippi Highway 16, 35 miles north of Meridian and 50 miles south of Columbus. The college owns 287 acres of land, 25 of which make up the campus. The central administrative office for all of EMCC's locations is in the Thomas L. Davis Jr. Administration Building.
Other buildings include the F.R. Young Student Union (includes cafeteria and bookstore), Wallace Hall (business and financial aid offices), Wellness and Fitness Center, Physical Plant Complex, Chapel in the Pines, Orr Center for Christian Activity, Scooba Campus Police Department and EMCC president's residence.
Athletic facilities include Athletic Instruction and Training Building/Lions Field House, Sullivan-Windham Field (5,000-seat, artificial turf football stadium), Keyes Currie Coliseum (900-seat basketball arena), Gerald Poole Baseball Field, Lady Lions Softball Field and rodeo training arena.
Residence halls[edit]
The college maintains six residence halls and thirty cottages on the Scooba Campus which house nearly 600 students. Student residences are air-conditioned and equipped with furniture, cable TV outlets, Wi-Fi, security and laundry facilities.
Gilbert-Anderson Hall, the main residence hall for women, has living accommodations for 170 students. The Women's Honor Residence Hall can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages.
Residence halls for men include Lauderdale Hall (78 students), Noxubee Hall (84 students) and Sullivan Hall (60 students). The Men's Honor Residence can house 46 students; assignment to this residence hall requires students to demonstrate, and maintain, high grade point averages.
The campus also includes three athletic villages made up of 30 Katrina-style cottages, each housing four or five students, for a combined capacity of 104.
New dorm: Due to increasing demand, a new residence hall for the Scooba campus is currently in the planning stages.
Golden Triangle campus[edit]
EMCC Golden Triangle Student Union
The Golden Triangle campus was opened in 1968. It is located in Mayhew, an unincorporated area in Lowndes County. on 83.46 acres adjacent to the frontage road of Highway 182 and the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad and 1 mile east of the intersection of U.S. Route 45 Alternate and U.S. Route 82. The campus is 10 miles east of Starkville, 10 miles south of West Point, and 12 miles west of Columbus. The Golden Triangle campus of multiple building with more than 200,000 square feet.
Thomas Douglas Building: Originally built as a vocational education center, the building has been expanded over time into a large complex, which houses classrooms for both academic and technical instruction. In addition, the Counseling Center, classrooms and laboratories for career-technical programs, computer applications, IT, Administrative Computing, ABE-GED and developmental education are located in this facility. Also located in the Douglas Building is the Aaron Langston Student Center, which houses the bookstore, lounge area and 155 Grill.
Thomas Douglas Annex: This facility includes classrooms, labs, and office space for three career-technical programs, Automotive Technology, Welding and Fabrication and Industrial Maintenance.
Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence: Located on the west side of the campus, the CMTE is the home of EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, which provides workforce training for Golden Triangle area industries. It includes 7,800 square feet of high bay manufacturing space, a 4,400-square-foot multi-purpose commons area, classrooms, a 70-seat elevated seminar room, and an administration area which includes office space, workrooms and a conference room.
Math and Science Building: This facility provides classrooms and additional office space for faculty, recruiting staff, and the Dean of Students. It contains three science laboratories, which are used concurrently as chemistry, physics and biology classrooms. A 70-seat elevated seminar classroom for larger group instruction is supported by laptop connections.
Library: With more than 8,000 square feet, the library has two study rooms, a computer lab with 17 computers, and a multi-media center.
Administration and Student Services Building: This facility houses administrative offices, the business office, financial aid offices, the registrar's office and other student services offices.
Humanities and Fine Arts Building: Opened in 2008, this facility includes classrooms and offices for faculty, as well as the campus art studio. A central administrative suite contains the offices of the Vice President for Instruction and the Associate Deans of Instruction.
Student Union: A new 76,000-square-foot Student Union is scheduled to open during fall 2016. The building will house a full-service cafeteria with a large open dining room and a much larger bookstore, with lounge areas and additional retail space for online e-books, laptop computers and tablets. Also included are a special events dining room, 12 multi-purpose classrooms, large elevated lecture hall, computer lab with 100 work stations, office suites, art gallery, convenience store and Starbucks coffee shop.
Columbus Air Force Base extension[edit]
East Mississippi Community College opened an extension campus at Columbus Air Force Base in 1972, just four years after the Golden Triangle campus in Mayhew. CAFB is located 11 miles north of Columbus. The extension campus offers daytime, evening and online classes. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or transfer credits to the Community College of the Air Force and pick up where they left off at their next duty station. Generally, about a third of CAFB Extension's students are active-duty military or military dependents. The other two-thirds are civilians from the Lowndes County area.
Naval Air Station Meridian extension[edit]
Since 1989, East Mississippi Community College has offered classes year-round at its Naval Air Station Meridian Extension, located 20 miles north of Meridian. Military students can complete their associate degrees with EMCC, or pick up where they left off at their next duty station through an agreement with the Servicemembers Opportunity Colleges and the American Council on Education. Students include active-duty military, military dependents and civilians from the Lauderdale County area.
Lion Hills Center[edit]
In October 2012, East Mississippi Community College purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in Columbus, Miss., in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the following year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.
Education and training is the centerpiece of Lion Hills Center's service to the community. The facility is the home of EMCC's Hotel and Restaurant Management, Culinary Arts, and Golf and Recreational Turf Management programs. In addition to these college credit programs, Lion Hills hosts continuing education and community interest courses, educational and corporate seminars, and small conferences that serve local and regional interests.
EMCC has retained the facility's identity as a community meeting place. Lion Hills Center operates as a dining facility with professionally trained staff and opportunities for EMCC Hotel and Restaurant and Culinary Arts students to benefit from hands-on experience. Culinary camps are offered in the summer to area children. Lion Hills Center also hosts civic club meetings, banquets, receptions, holiday parties and family gatherings.
Lion Hills Center continues to operate the golf course, swimming pool and tennis courts. Community groups host fund-raising golf tournaments. Golf, swimming and tennis lessons are offered to area children. As with the restaurant operation, EMCC Golf and Recreational Turf Management students work with professional groundskeepers to put classroom lessons into practice.
West Point-Clay County Center[edit]
EMCC opened the West Point-Clay County Center in August 2007 after a plant closing in West Point resulted in the loss of 1,600 jobs and a double-digit unemployment rate in Clay County. The West Point facility is the result of a collaborative effort among the city of West Point, Clay County and EMCC. It began with the signing of an interlocal agreement providing for the renovation of three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
The West Point-Clay County Center is the home of EMCC's Commercial Truck Driving and Residential Carpentry programs. Through EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division, students can also take Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes. Workforce classes in welding are offered in the evening. In addition, Yokohama Tire Manufacturing Mississippi, located in West Point, requires all potential employees to complete workforce classes at EMCC before applying for jobs. These classes, as well as classes and training for current Yokohama employees, are conducted at the West Point-Clay County Center.
Macon Extension[edit]
In the mid-1980s, East Mississippi Community College established extension offerings in Macon, which is located in Noxubee County. Core classes are taught at various locations, including Noxubee County High School, Noxubee County Public Library, Noxubee County Civic Center and Hensleigh Training Center.
Educational programs[edit]
Roughly three-quarters of all freshmen in the state of Mississippi are enrolled in community colleges. EMCC offers a broad range of academic/university parallel, career-technical, and workforce training options. These include "stackable" education credentials. At EMCC, one student could progress seamlessly though these steps, earning in order: GED, industry certificate through a non-credit workforce class, vocational certificate through a for-credit career-technical program, two-year associate degree in a career-technical program. Some EMCC graduates enter the workforce at different points along this path; others transfer to four-year colleges and universities.
Academic/university parallel[edit]
EMCC offers a full range of academic classes that prepare students for transfer to four-year colleges and universities. Graduates earn an Associate of Arts degree. The college has Honors programs and Phi Theta Kappa chapters at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses.
Career-technical programs[edit]
EMCC offers career-technical programs at its Scooba and Golden Triangle campuses, as well as Lions Hills Center and the West Point-Clay County Center. In many programs, students have the option of earning a vocational certificate through a short-term curriculum plan or an Associate of Applied Science degree over the course of two years of study. Career-technical programs related to industry and manufacturing are overseen by EMCC's Manufacturing Technology and Engineering (MTE) Division.
Workforce training[edit]
EMCC's Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division offers workforce training designed around the needs of the Golden Triangle area's high-tech industries. Students learn the skills needed by potential employers, earn certificates and degrees recognized by industry and are prepared to compete successfully for jobs. Industry leaders have the unique opportunity to partner with EMCC and build training models to ensure that new hires will start their jobs with a skill set suited to their duties.
EMCC established the Workforce Development program in 1993. The staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners and is working to increase the number of workforce offerings throughout EMCC's six-county district. Workforce Development and the new Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division are headquartered at the Golden Triangle campus in the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence (CMTE).
Expansion: In 2018, EMCC is scheduled to open a large-scale workforce training center on land adjoining the Golden Triangle Regional Global Industrial Aerospace Park. Known as the "Communiversity" in the Golden Triangle area, it will replace the current CMTE. The 140,000-square-foot facility will accommodate EMCC Manufacturing Technology & Engineering Division credit and non-credit courses related to training workers for careers in advanced manufacturing. It is intended to enhance a growing manufacturing sector in East Mississippi by supporting workforce development for existing and prospective industries.
Credit classes[edit]
Workforce/Manufacturing Technology & Engineering oversees nine career-technical programs offering vocational certificate and/or associate degree options: Automation & Control, Automotive Technology, Drafting and Design, Electrical Technology, Electro-Mechanical Technology/Mechatronics, Electronics Technology, Industrial Maintenance, Precision Manufacturing & Machining, and Welding & Fabrication Technology.
Non-credit classes[edit]
Non-credit workforce training options include customized programs for individual industries. EMCC also offers non-credit workforce classes in computer applications, leadership, manufacturing skills, medical technology and health care, construction, electrical work, machining, HVAC, AutoCAD and welding. The MTE Division also offers employability skills classes for young adults and a summer camp for students in grades 7–12.
ABE-GED[edit]
The Manufacturing Technology and Engineering Division oversees the EMCC Launch Pad, which offers Adult Basic Education and GED preparation classes.
History[edit]
East Mississippi Community College was organized in 1927 following its beginnings as Kemper County Agricultural High School in Scooba. While the Scooba location has always been the primary campus, the Golden Triangle campus has been growing at an increasing rate since the 1990s. Founded as the Golden Triangle Vo-Tech Center in 1968, it serves the Golden Triangle region of Mississippi and is the primary location for workforce training and career-technical programs.
Historical highlights:
1922: The Mississippi Legislature passed enabling legislation authorizing agricultural high schools to add the "13th and 14th grades."
1927: Kemper County Agricultural High School became the sixth agricultural high school to add the 13th grade, marking the beginnings of the present-day college. Twenty students were enrolled that first year.
1929: John C. Stennis, then a state representative in the Mississippi Legislature, guided a bill that enabled Kemper County Agricultural High School to borrow $50,000 for the repair of buildings.
1932: Noxubee County joined in the support of Kemper-Noxubee Junior College and enrollment increased to 155 students. The 1933 catalogue included this statement: "To assist our students in paying matriculation fees and buying books, we will purchase, as far as we can use them, corn, peas, potatoes, molasses, pork, beef, butter, eggs and vegetables." This established the college's long-term policy of helping students overcome economic barriers to education.
1939: Lauderdale County joined in providing support, and the college was renamed East Mississippi Junior College.
1963: Lowndes County joined the EMJC district.
1966: Clay County joined the EMJC district.
1967: Oktibbeha County joined the EMJC district.
1968: East Mississippi Junior College's board of trustees voted to establish a vocational-technical center in Mayhew – the beginnings of the present-day Golden Triangle campus.
1972: EMJC began offering classes to military personnel and civilians at Columbus Air Force Base.
Mid-1980s: EMJC began offering classes in Macon. The first teaching site was at the Noxubee County Vocational Center; present-day classes are taught at various locations in Macon.
1989: EMJC began offering classes at Naval Air Station Meridian.
1989: East Mississippi Junior College was renamed East Mississippi Community College.
1993: East Mississippi Community College established a Workforce Development program. The Workforce Development staff now works with more than 70 industrial and business partners, and the Center for Manufacturing Technology Excellence is considered a model program throughout the state.
August 2007: East Mississippi Community College opened the West Point-Clay County Center in partnership with elected officials from Clay County and West Point. The first West Point programs were housed in three buildings donated by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
October 2008: The State College Board of the Institutions of Higher Learning approved an associate degree Nursing Program at EMCC's Golden Triangle campus.
Fall 2008 to Spring 2009: EMCC's tuition guarantee program got off the ground in Clay County in October 2008, with help from the CREATE Foundation, the Clay County Board of Supervisors and local fund-raisers. In January 2009, with the help of an anonymous corporate donor, the tuition guarantee program expanded to include students from Lowndes County. EMCC's tuition guarantee program went district-wide in April 2009 and is now available to students from Clay, Lowndes, Oktibbeha, Noxubee, Kemper and Lauderdale counties.
October 2012: EMCC purchased the land and buildings of the former Columbus Country Club in U.S. Bankruptcy Court. After renovations, the facility re-opened the next year as Lion Hills Center, an extension campus of EMCC.
Athletics[edit]
EMCC offers men's athletics programs in baseball, basketball, cheerleading, football, golf and rodeo. Women's teams are fielded in basketball, cheerleading, rodeo, and softball.
The Lions of East Mississippi Community College are affiliated with the National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) and the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges (MACJC). EMCC competes at the NJCAA Division I level in football and basketball while participating at the Division II level in baseball, softball and men's golf. The College's athletic teams in football and basketball currently compete within the MACJC's North Division.
Over the past decade (beginning with 2008–09 season), East Mississippi Community College's athletic teams have combined for four NJCAA national championships, 10 NJCAA national postseason appearances, nine NJCAA Region 23 championships, four MACJC state championships, and 16 MACJC North Division regular-season titles. Individually since 2008–09, EMCC has had a composite total of 30 NJCAA All-Americans in football, men's basketball, women's basketball and men's golf combined. In addition, Marcus Theriot claimed the national collegiate championships (National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association) in men's All-Around and tie-down roping at the 2016 College National Finals Rodeo.
The 2015 and 2016 football seasons were documented in the first and second seasons of the Netflix series Last Chance U.[1]
Football[edit]
Four-time NJCAA National Champions (2011, 2013, 2014 & 2017)
Six-time MACJC State/NJCAA Region 23 Champions (2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016 & 2017)
Sunrisetime MACJC North Division also on Netflix
Men's basketball[edit]
Five-time NJCAA National Tournament participants (2010–13 & 2016)
Four-time NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champions (2010–13)
Four-time MACJC North Division champions (2010–13)
Women's basketball[edit]
2009 NJCAA National Tournament participant
2009 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament champion
Three-time MACJC North Division champions (2009, 2011 & 2014)
Baseball[edit]
2015 NJCAA Region 23 Tournament participant
2014 MACJC North Division champion
Three-time MACJC state playoff participants (2011, 2014,& 2015)
Softball[edit]
Two-time NJCAA Academic Softball Team of the Year (2013 & 2014)
2011 MACJC North Division champion
Seven-time MACJC state playoff participants (2009–14 & 2016)
Men's golf[edit]
Four-time MACJC State Championship runners-up (2011–13 & 2015)
Two-time NJCAA Region 23 Championship runners-up (2009 & 2014)
Rodeo[edit]
Fifth-place men's team national finish in 2016 College National Finals Rodeo
Marcus Theriot won 2016 All-Around and tie-down roping national championships at 2016 CNFR
Represented at CNFR every year since program's inception in 2010
Alumni[edit]
Fred Adams Jr., founder and CEO of Cal-Maine.
Breiseus "Alex" Ashford, Jack Kent Cooke Scholar, 2007 and winner of the 2010 Prize Americana for Poetry for her book Danke Schoen.
Denico Autry, current NFL player for the Indianapolis Colts.
LeGarrette Blount, University of Oregon running back and NFL player with the Detroit Lions.
Orlando Bobo, former NFL player for the Minnesota Vikings, Cleveland Browns, and the Baltimore Ravens.
Mississippi Lt. Gov. Eddie Briggs
Milford Brown, former NFL player for multiple NFL teams.
Sen. Terry Brown, R-District 17, Mississippi State Legislature
Bill Buckner, longtime regional director of Fellowship of Christian Athletes.
Kortney Clemons, Paralympic athlete who played cornerback at EMCC.
Justin Cox, former-NFL player for the Kansas City Chiefs, current player for the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders
George Cummings, guitarist and songwriter. Founder of Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show, well known for many hits, among them "The Cover of Rolling Stone."
Dr. Tommy Davis, president emeritus of East Mississippi Community College.
Quinton Dial, University of Alabama NFL player for the San Francisco 49ers.[2]
Eugene Futato, deputy director of University of Alabama Office of Archaeological Research .
Randy Galloway, deputy director of NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center.
Willie Earl Gillespie, USFL and NFL wide receiver.
Tom Goode, former NFL player for the Baltimore Colts.
Garry Hughes, founder of Hughes Construction Company.
Chad Kelly, current football player for the Denver Broncos.
Jack Manley, former NFL player for the San Francisco 49ers.
Buster Orr, founder and CEO of Juice Plus.
DJ Pettway, current NFL player for the New Orleans Saints.
Devonta Pollard, basketball player for the University of Houston, currently playing overseas.
Jarran Reed, NFL player for the Seattle Seahawks.
Dr. Donald C. Simmons, Jr., noted documentary filmmaker, author, and social entrepreneur.
Antowain Smith, former NFL player for the Buffalo Bills.[3]
James Smith, engineer who worked on NASA's Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle.
Rep. Jeff Smith, R-District 39, Mississippi State Legislature.
Robert "Bull" "Cyclone" Sullivan, famous EMJC football coach who has been the subject of books, article, and documentary films. Featured in a 1984 Sports Illustrated article "The Toughest Coach There Ever Was". Sullivan is enshrined in the Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame.
Bo Wallace, former football player for the University of Mississippi.
James Windham, president of Pabst Blue Ribbon Beer.
Dr. Rick Young, president emeritus of East Mississippi Community College.
John Franklin III, 2016–2017 Auburn football wide receiver and one of the subjects of Last Chance U, a Netflix documentary on the football program.
Za'Darius Smith, University of Kentucky and Current NFL player (Baltimore Ravens)
References[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ "See Trailer for Gut-Wrenching College Football Doc 'Last Chance U'". Rolling Stone. July 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.emccathletics.com/sports/fball/NextLevel
Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/ca/ncaa-football/news/last-chance-u-season-2-netflix-emcc-east-mississippi-community-college-football-alumni-blount/1wby4m6i9plj31sg7tlw6frv2i
External links[edit]
Mississippi portal
University portal
Official website
EMCC Athletics
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Colonial period 1651–1774
American Revolution 1775–1788
Antebellum period 1812–1860
Civil War era 1861–1865
Reconstruction 1865–1877
State of South Carolina
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The history of the colonial period of South Carolina focuses on the English colonization that created one of the original Thirteen Colonies. Major settlement began after 1651 as the northern half of the British colony of Carolina attracted frontiersmen from Pennsylvania and Virginia, while the southern parts were populated by wealthy English people who set up large plantations dependent on slave labor, for the cultivation of cotton, rice, and indigo.
The colony was separated into the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina in 1712. South Carolina's capital city of Charleston became a major port for traffic on the Atlantic Ocean, and South Carolina developed indigo, rice and Sea Island cotton as commodity crop exports, making it one of the most prosperous of the colonies. A strong colonial government fought wars with the local Indians, and with Spanish imperial outposts in Florida, while fending off the threat of pirates. Birth rates were high, food was abundant, and these offset the disease environment of malaria to produce rapid population growth among whites. With the expansion of plantation agriculture, the colony imported numerous African slaves, who comprised a majority of the population by 1708. They were integral to its development.
The colony developed a system of laws and self-government and a growing commitment to Republicanism, which patriots feared was threatened by the British Empire after 1765. At the same time, men with close commercial and political ties to Great Britain tended to be Loyalists when the revolution broke out. South Carolina joined the American Revolution in 1775, but was bitterly divided between Patriots and Loyalists. The British invaded in 1780 and captured most of the state, but were finally driven out.
The Carolina Colony grants of 1663 and 1665
Contents
1 Overview
2 Monarchs
3 The end of proprietary rule
4 Frontier settlement
5 Cherokee Wars
6 Settlement of Upcountry
7 Religion
8 African slaves
9 Hurricanes
10 References
10.1 Citations
10.2 Bibliography
Overview[edit]
After several expeditions a settlement attempted in the 16th century, France and Spain had abandoned the area of present-day South Carolina In 1629, Charles I granted his attorney general a charter to everything between latitudes 36 and 31. Later, in 1663, Charles II granted the land to eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660.[1] Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury emerged as the leader of the Lords Proprietors, and John Locke became his assistant and chief planner. The two men were chiefly responsible for developing the Grand Model for the Province of Carolina, which included the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina.[2]
The newly created province was intended in part to serve as an English bulwark to contest lands claimed by Spanish Florida.[3][4] There was a single government of the Carolinas based in Charleston until 1712, when a separate government (under the Lords Proprietors) was set up for North Carolina. In 1719, the Crown purchased the South Carolina colony from the absentee Lords Proprietors and appointed Royal Governors. By 1729, seven of the eight Lords Proprietors had sold their interests back to the Crown; the separate royal colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina were established.[5]
Throughout the Colonial Period, the Carolinas participated in numerous wars with the Spanish and the Native Americans, particularly the Yamasee, Apalachee, and Cherokee. During the Yamasee War of 1715-1717, South Carolina faced near annihilation due to Native American attacks. An indigenous alliance had formed to try to push the colonists out, in part as a reaction to their trade in Native American slaves for the nearly 50 years since 1670. The effects of the slave trade affected tribes throughout the Southeast. Estimates are that Carolinians exported 24,000-51,000 Native American slaves to markets from Boston to Barbados.[6]
The emerging planter class used the revenues to finance the purchase of enslaved Africans and financing of indentured servants. So many Africans were imported that they comprised a majority of the population in the colony from 1708 through the American Revolution. Living and working together on large plantations, they developed what is known as the Gullah culture and creole language, maintaining many west African traditions of various cultures, while adapting to the new environment.
The white population of the Lowcountry was dominated by wealthy planters of English descent and indentured servants from southern and western England. The interior Carolina upcountry was settled later, largely in the 18th century by Ulster Scots immigrants arriving via Pennsylvania and Virginia, German Calvinists, French Huguenot refugees in the Piedmont and foothills as well as by working class English indentured servants who moved inland after completing their terms of service working on coastal plantations. Toward the end of the Colonial Period, the upcountry people were underrepresented politically and felt they were mistreated by the planter elite. In reaction, many took a Loyalist position when the Lowcountry planters complained of the new taxes, an issue that later contributed to the colony's support of the American Revolution.
In North Carolina a short-lived colony was established near the mouth of the Cape Fear River. A ship was sent southward to explore the Port Royal, South Carolina area, where the French had established the short-lived Charlesfort post and the Spanish had built Santa Elena, the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587, until it was abandoned. Captain Robert Sanford made a visit with the friendly Edisto Indians. When the ship departed to return to Cape Fear, Dr. Henry Woodward stayed behind to study the interior and native Indians.
In Bermuda, an 80-year-old Puritan Bermudian colonist, Colonel William Sayle, was named governor of Carolina. On March 15, 1670, under Sayle (who sailed on a Bermuda sloop with a number of Bermudian families), they finally reached Port Royal. According to the account of one passenger, the Indians were friendly, made signs toward where they should land, and spoke broken Spanish. Spain still considered Carolina to be its land; the main Spanish base, St. Augustine, was not far away. The Spanish missionary provinces of Guale and Mocama occupied the coast south of the Savannah River and Port Royal.
Although the Edisto Indians were not happy to have the English settle permanently, the chief of the Kiawah Indians, who lived farther north along the coast, arrived to invite the English to settle among his people and protect them from the Westo tribe, slave-raiding allies of Virginia. The sailors agreed and sailed for the region now called West Ashley. When they landed in early April at Albemarle Point on the shores of the Ashley River, they founded Charles Town, named in honor of their king. On May 23, Three Brothers arrived in Charles Town Bay without 11 or 12 passengers who had gone for water and supplies at St. Catherines Island, and had run into Indians allied with the Spanish. Of the hundreds of people who had sailed from England or Barbados, only 148 people, including three African slaves, lived to arrive at Charles Town Landing.[7]
Monarchs[edit]
Name
Reign
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Marriage(s)
Issue
Death
Claim
Charles II
1663
–
6 February 1685[8]
Recognised by Royalists in 1649
(24 years, 253 days) 1663
St James's Palace

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France Catherine of Braganza
Portsmouth
21 May 1662
No children 6 February 1685
Whitehall Palace
Aged 54 Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture / English Restoration)
James II
6 February 1685
–
23 December 1688 (deposed)
(3 years, 321 days) 14 October 1633
St James's Palace

Son of Charles I
and Henrietta Maria of France (1) Anne Hyde
The Strand
3 September 1660
8 children
(2) Mary of Modena
Dover
21 November 1673
7 children 16 September 1701
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Aged 67 Son of Charles I (cognatic primogeniture)
Mary II
13 February 1689
–
28 December 1694
(5 years, 318 days) 30 April 1662
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde St James's Palace
4 November 1677
No children 28 December 1694
Kensington Palace
Aged 32 Grandchildren of Charles I (offered the crown by Parliament)
William III
William of Orange
13 February 1689
–
8 March 1702
(13 years, 23 days) 4 November 1650
The Hague

Son of William II, Prince of Orange
and Mary, Princess Royal[9] 8 March 1702
Kensington Palace
Aged 51
after breaking his collarbone from falling off his horse
Anne
8 March 1702
–
1 May 1707[10]
(5 years, 54 days)
Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
(from 1707) 6 February 1665
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
17 pregnancies
no surviving children 1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49 Daughter of James II (cognatic primogeniture / Bill of Rights 1689)
Anne
1 May 1707
–
1 August 1714
(7 years, 92 days) 6 February 1665
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II and VII
and Anne Hyde George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
17 pregnancies
no surviving children 1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49 Daughter of James II and VII (cognatic primogeniture / Bill of Rights 1689)
George I
George Louis
1 August 1714
–
11 June 1727
(12 years, 314 days) 28 May 1660
Leineschloss

Son of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg
and Sophia of Hanover Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
21 November 1682
2 children 11 June 1727
Osnabrück
Aged 67 Great-grandson of James VI and I (Act of Settlement / eldest son of Sophia of Hanover) [11]
George II
George Augustus
11 June 1727
–
25 October 1760
(33 years, 136 days) 30 October 1683
Herrenhausen

Son of George I
and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
22 August 1705
8 children 25 October 1760
Kensington Palace
Aged 76 Son of George I [12]
George III
George William Frederick
25 October 1760
–
July 4, 1776
(59 years, 96 days)
Monarchy Abolished
4 June 1738
Norfolk House

Son of Frederick, Prince of Wales
and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
St James's Palace
8 September 1761
15 children 29 January 1820
Windsor Castle
Aged 81 Grandson of George II [13]
The end of proprietary rule[edit]
Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina almost from the start, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina as a basis for government. Moreover, many Anglicans resented the Proprietors' guarantee of freedom of religion to Dissenters. In November 1719, Carolina elected James Moore as governor and sent a representative to ask the King to make Carolina a royal province with a royal governor. They wanted the Crown to grant the colony aid and security directly from the English government. Because the Crown was interested in Carolina's exports and did not think the Lords Proprietor were adequately protecting the colony, it agreed. Robert Johnson, the last proprietary governor, became the first royal governor.[14]
Meanwhile, the colony of Carolina was slowly splitting in two. In the first fifty years of the colony's existence, most settlement was focused on the region around Charleston, as the northern part of the colony had no deep water port. North Carolina's earliest settlement region, the Albemarle Settlements, was colonized by Virginians and closely tied to Virginia. In 1712, the northern half of Carolina was granted its own governor and named "North Carolina". North Carolina remained under proprietary rule until 1729.
Because South Carolina was more populous and more commercially important, most Europeans thought primarily of it, and not of North Carolina, when they referred to "Carolina". By the time of the American Revolution, this colony was known as "South Carolina."
Frontier settlement[edit]
Governor Robert Johnson encouraged settlement in the western frontier to make Charles Town's shipping more profitable, and to create a buffer zone against attacks. The Carolinians arranged a fund to lure European Protestants. Each family would receive free land based on the number of people that it brought over, including indentured servants and slaves. Every 100 families settling together would be declared a parish and given two representatives in the state assembly. Within ten years, eight townships formed, all along navigable streams. Charlestonians considered the towns created by the Huguenots, German Calvinists, Scots, Ulster-Scots Presbyterians, working class English laborers who were former indentured servants and Welsh farmers, such as Orangeburg and Saxe-Gotha (later called Cayce), to be their first line of defense in case of an Indian attack, and military reserves against the threat of a slave uprising. Between 1729 and 1775, twenty-nine new towns were founded in South Carolina.[15]
By the 1750s the Piedmont region attracted numerous frontier families from the north, using the Great Wagon Road. Differences in religion, philosophy and background between the mostly subsistence farmers in the Upcountry and the slaveholding planters of the Low Country bred distrust and hostility between the two regions. The Low Country planters traditionally had wealth, education and political power. By the time of the Revolution, however, the Upcountry contained nearly half the white population of South Carolina, about 30,000 settlers. Nearly all of them were Dissenting Protestants. After the Revolution, the state legislature disestablished the Anglican Church.[16]
The main source of wealth during the late-colonial period was the export of rice, deerskins and, by the 1760s, indigo. Sea Island cotton, produced on large plantations off the coast, was also highly profitable.
Cherokee Wars[edit]
Although Governor Francis Nicholson attempted to pacify the Cherokee with gifts, they had grown discontented with the arrangements. Sir Alexander Cuming negotiated with them to open some land for settlement in 1730. Because Governor James Glen stepped in to bring peace between the Creek people and Cherokee, who were traditional enemies, the Cherokee rewarded him by granting South Carolina a few thousand acres of land near their major Lower Town of Keowee. In 1753, the Carolinians built Fort Prince George as a British outpost and trading center near the Keowee River. Two years later Old Hop, an important Cherokee chief, made a treaty with Glen at Saluda Old Town, midway between Charles Town and Keowee. Old Hop gave the Carolinians the 96th District, a region that included parts of ten currently separate counties.
From 1755 to 1758, Cherokee warriors served as British allies in campaigns along the Virginia and Pennsylvania frontier. Returning homeward, they were killed by Virginia frontiersmen. In 1759, the Cherokee avenged these killings and began attacking white settlers in the southern colonial Upcountry. South Carolina's Governor William Henry Lyttelton raised an army of 1,100 men and marched on the Lower Towns, which quickly agreed to peace. As part of the peace terms, two dozen Cherokee chiefs were imprisoned as hostages in Fort Prince George. Lyttelton returned to Charles Town, but the Cherokee continued raiding the frontier. In February 1760, the Cherokee attacked Fort Prince George trying to rescue the hostages. In the battle, the fort's commander was killed. His replacement quickly ordered the execution of the hostages, then fought off the Cherokee assault.[17]
Unable to put down the rebellion, Governor Lyttelton appealed to Jeffrey Amherst, who sent Archibald Montgomery with an army of 1,200 British regulars and Scots Highlanders. Montgomery's army burned a few of the Cherokees' abandoned Lower Towns. When he tried to cross into the region of the Cherokee Middle Towns, he was ambushed and defeated at "Etchoe Pass" and forced to return to Charles Town. In 1761, the British made a third attempt to defeat the Cherokee. General Grant led an army of 2,600 men, including Catawba scouts. The Cherokee fought at Etchoe Pass but failed to stop Grant's army. The British burned the Cherokee Middle Towns and fields of crops.[18]
In September 1761, a number of Cherokee chiefs led by Attakullakulla petitioned for peace. The terms of the peace treaty, concluded in Charleston that December, included the cession of lands along the South Carolina frontier.[19]
Settlement of Upcountry[edit]
After the Cherokee defeat and cession of land, new settlers from Ulster flooded into the Upcountry through the Waxhaws in what is now called Lancaster County. Lawlessness ensued and robbery, arson, and looting became common. Upcountry residents formed a group of "Regulators," vigilantes who took the law into their own hands to control the criminals. Having acquired 50% of the state's white population, but just three elected assemblymen in the Commons House of Assembly, the Upcountry sent representative Patrick Calhoun and other representatives before the Charles Town state legislature to appeal for representation, courts, roads, and supplies for churches and schools. Before long, Calhoun and Moses Kirkland were in the legislature as Upcountry representatives.[20]
By 1775, the colony contained 60,000 European Americans and 80,000 mostly enslaved African Americans.
Lord William Campbell was the last English Governor of the Province of South Carolina.
Religion[edit]
Numerous churches built bases in Charleston, and expanded into the rural areas. From the founding of Charleston onwards, the colony welcomed many different religious groups, including Jews and Quakers, but Catholics were prohibited from practicing until after the American Revolution.[21] Baptists and Methodists increased in number rapidly in the late 18th century as a result of the Great Awakening and its revivals, and their missionaries attracted many slaves with their inclusive congregations and recognition of blacks as preachers. The Scots-Irish in the Backcountry were Presbyterians, and the wealthy planters in the Low Country tended to be English Anglicans. The different churches recognized and supported each other, eventually building the colony into a pluralist and tolerant society.[22] Despite official religious tolerance, tensions did exist between Anglican and 'Dissenter' factions throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
The highly successful preaching tour of evangelist George Whitefield in 1740 ignited a religious revival—called the First Great Awakening—which energized evangelical Protestants. They expanded their membership among the white farmers, and women were especially active in the small Methodist and Baptist[23] churches that were springing up everywhere.[24] The evangelicals worked hard to convert the slaves to Christianity and were especially successful among black women, who had played the role of religious specialists in Africa and again in America. Slave women exercised wide-ranging spiritual leadership among Africans in America in healing and medicine, church discipline, and revival enthusiasm.[25]
African slaves[edit]
Many of the rich planters came from Barbados and other islands in the Caribbean, and brought seasoned African slaves from there. The planters duplicated elements of the Caribbean economies, developing plantations for the cultivation of export crops, such as Sea Island cotton, indigo, and particularly rice. The slaves came from many diverse cultures in West Africa, where they had developed an immunity to endemic malaria, which helped them survive in the Low Country of South Carolina, where it frequently occurred. Peter Wood documents that "Negro slaves played a significant and often determinative part in the evolution of the colony."[26] They were integral to the expansion of the rice culture, and were also important in timber harvesting, as coopers, and in the production of naval stores. They were also active in the fur trade, and as boatmen, fishermen and cattle herders.[26]
By 1708, expansion of plantation agriculture had required continuing importation of slaves from Africa and they comprised a majority of the population in the colony, a status maintained after the colonial era.[27] On the large rice and cotton plantations, where slaves were held in large numbers with few white overseers, they gradually developed what has become known as the Gullah culture, which preserved numerous African customs and practices within adaptations to the local environment, and they developed a creole language based on West African languages and English.
Colonists tried to regulate the numerous slaves, including establishing dress rules to maintain differences between the classes. Relations between colonists and slaves were a result of continuing negotiation, with increasing tensions as slaves sought freedoms. In 1739, a group of slaves rose up in the Stono rebellion. Some of the leaders were from the Catholic kingdom of Kongo and appeared to be seasoned warriors; they introduced ritual practices from there and appeared to use military tactics they had learned in the Kongo.[28] The site of the Stono Rebellion was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1974, in recognition of the slaves' bid for freedom.[26]
The comprehensive Negro Act of 1740 was passed in South Carolina, during Governor William Bull's time in office, in response to the Stono Rebellion in 1739.[29] The act made it illegal for enslaved Africans to move abroad, assemble in groups, raise food, earn money, and learn to write (though reading was not proscribed). Additionally, owners were permitted to kill rebellious slaves if necessary.[30] The Act remained in effect until 1865.[31]
Hurricanes[edit]
South Carolina was struck by four major hurricanes during the colonial period. Colonists became constantly aware of the threat these storms posed and their effects even on warfare.[32]
The 1752 hurricane caused massive damage to homes, businesses, shipping, outlying plantation buildings and the rice crop; about 95 people died. Charles Town, the capital, was the fifth-largest city in British North America at the time. The storm was compact and powerful; the city and surrounding areas were saved from even greater destruction only because the wind shifted some three hours before high tide. The destruction resulted in a series of political effects that together substantially weakened the relationship between the royal governor and the local political elites in the Commons House Assembly: there was bickering between the various political authorities over money for rebuilding following the destruction of the colony's defenses, and the disruption caused a devastating financial crisis. The Commons threatened to report Governor Glen's conduct to the king.[33]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Danforth Prince (10 March 2011). Frommer's The Carolinas and Georgia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-118-03341-8.
Jump up ^ Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapter 1.
Jump up ^ Peter Charles Hoffer (14 December 2006). The Brave New World: A History of Early America. JHU Press. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-8018-8483-2.
Jump up ^ Matricia Riles Dickman (2 March 1999). The Tree that Bends: Discourse, Power, and the Survival of Maskoki People. University of Alabama Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8173-0966-4.
Jump up ^ Walter B. Edgar (1998). South Carolina: A History. Univ of South Carolina Press.
Jump up ^ Joseph Hall, "The Great Indian Slave Caper", review of Alan Gallay, The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717, Common-place, vol. 3, no. 1 (October 2002), accessed 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Richard Waterhouse (2005). A New World Gentry: The Making of a Merchant and Planter Class in South Carolina, 1670-1770. The History Press. p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Oliver Cromwell (1649–1658 AD)".
Jump up ^ "WILLIAM III - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Anne (England) - Archontology.org". Retrieved 25 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "George I". royal.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George II". royal.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "George III". royal.gov.uk. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Alexia Jones Helsley; Lawrence S. Rowland (2005). Beaufort, South Carolina: A History. The History Press. p. 38.
Jump up ^ J.D. Lewis, "The Royal Colony of South Carolina," accessed 5 March 2017.
Jump up ^ David Hackett Fischer (1991). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
Jump up ^ Daniel J. Tortora (2015). Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756-1763. University of North Carolina Press.
Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 157.
Jump up ^ John Oliphant (2001). Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier, 1756-63. Louisiana State U.P. p. 243.
Jump up ^ Edward McCrady (1899). The History of South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 1719-1776. Macmillan. p. 23.
Jump up ^ Walter Edgar, "South Carolina: A History." Columbia, University of South Carolina Press 1988, pp. 181-84.
Jump up ^ Charles H. Lippy, "Chastized by Scorpions: Christianity and Culture in Colonial South Carolina, 1669-1740," Church History, vol. 79, no. 2 (June 2010), pp. 253-70.
Jump up ^ J. Glen Clayton, "South Carolina Baptist Records," South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 85, no. 4 (October 1984), pp. 319-27.
Jump up ^ David T. Morgan, Jr., "The Great Awakening in South Carolina, 1740-1775," South Atlantic Quarterly, (1971), pp. 595-606.
Jump up ^ Sylvia R. Frey and Betty Wood, Come Shouting to Zion: African American Protestantism in the American South and British Caribbean to 1830 (1998)
^ Jump up to: a b c Benjamin Quarles, "Review: Peter H. Wood, Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1974)", Journal of Negro History, vol. 60, no. 2 (April 1975), pp. 332-34.
Jump up ^ Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1996)
Jump up ^ John K. Thornton, "African Dimensions Of The Stono Rebellion," American Historical Review, vol. 96, no. 4 (October 1991), pp. 1101-13.
Jump up ^ Konadu, Kwasi (2010-05-12). The Akan Diaspora in the Americas. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199745388.
Jump up ^ "Slavery and the Making of America . Timeline | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2017-10-09.
Jump up ^ Gabbatt, Adam (24 October 2017). "A sign on scrubland marks one of America's largest slave uprisings. Is this how to remember black heroes?". Guardian US. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Mercantini, "The great Carolina hurricane of 1752," South Carolina Historical Magazine, vol. 103, no. 4 (October 2002), pp. 351-65.
Jump up ^ Ballard C. Campbell, ed. American Disasters: 201 Calamities That Shook the Nation, (2008) pp. 25-26.
Bibliography[edit]
Edgar, Walter. South Carolina: A History, (1998) the standard scholarly history
Edgar, Walter, ed. The South Carolina Encyclopedia, University of South Carolina Press, (2006), ISBN 1-57003-598-9, the most comprehensive scholarly guide
Rogers Jr., George C. and C. James Taylor. A South Carolina Chronology, 1497-1992 2nd Ed. (1994)
Wallace, David Duncan. South Carolina: A Short History, 1520-1948 (1951) standard scholarly history
Clarke, Erskine. Our Southern Zion: A History of Calvinism in the South Carolina Low Country, 1690-1990 (1996)
Coclanis, Peter A., "Global Perspectives on the Early Economic History of South Carolina," South Carolina Historical Magazine, 106 (April–July 2005), 130–46.
Crane, Verner W. The Southern Frontier, 1670-1732 (1956)
Johnson Jr., George Lloyd. The Frontier in the Colonial South: South Carolina Backcountry, 1736-1800 (1997)
Edelson, S. Max. Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina (2007)
Hewat, Alexander. An Historical Account of the Rise and Progress of the Colonies of South Carolina and Georgia Vol.1 and Vol.2 (London 1779)
LeMaster, Michelle, ed. Creating and Contesting Carolina. Proprietary Era Histories, (2013)
Nagl, Dominik. No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Law, State Formation and Governance in England, Massachusetts and South Carolina, 1630-1769 (2013)
Rogers, George C. Evolution of a Federalist: William Loughton Smith of Charleston (1758-1812) (1962)
Roper, L. H. Conceiving Carolina: Proprietors, Planters, and Plots, 1662-1729 (2004), ISBN 1-4039-6479-3.
Smith, Warren B. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina (1961)
Tortora, Daniel J. Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763 (2015), ISBN 1-469-62122-3.
Wilson, Thomas D. The Ashley Cooper Plan: The Founding of Carolina and the Origins of Southern Political Culture. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2016.
Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion (1996)
Wright, Louis B. South Carolina: A Bicentennial History' (1976)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colonial_period_of_South_Carolina&oldid=866309777"
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