text:
Larry Silverstein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Larry Silverstein
Born
(1931-05-30) May 30, 1931 (age 86)
Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality
American
Alma mater
New York University (NYU)
Occupation
Owner of Silverstein Properties
Larry A. Silverstein (born May 30, 1931) is an American businessman.[1]
Silverstein was born in Brooklyn, and became involved in real estate, together with his father, establishing Silverstein Properties. Silverstein separated from his business partner, Bernard Mendik, in 1977, and bought a number of large office buildings in Midtown and Lower Manhattan in the late 1970s. In 1980, Silverstein won a bid from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to construct 7 World Trade Center, to the north of the World Trade Center site. Silverstein was interested in acquiring the entire World Trade Center complex, and put in a bid when the Port Authority put it up for lease in 2000. Silverstein won the bid when a deal between the initial winner and the Port Authority fell through, and he signed the lease on July 24, 2001.
Soon after the September 11 attacks, in 2001, Silverstein declared his intent to rebuild, though he and his insurers became embroiled in a multi-year dispute over whether the attacks had constituted one event or two under the terms of the insurance policy, which provided for a maximum of $3.55 billion coverage per event.[2] A settlement was reached in 2007, with insurers agreeing to pay out $4.55 billion,[3][4] which was not as much as Silverstein had sought. Silverstein also ran into multiple disputes with other parties in the rebuilding effort, including with the Port Authority. In an agreement reached in April 2006, Silverstein retained rights to build three office towers (150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street), while One World Trade Center (previously referred to as the "Freedom Tower") would be owned by the Port Authority, as would Tower Five, which it would have the option of leasing to a different private developer and having redesigned as a residential building.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 World Trade Center
2.1.1 September 11 attacks
2.1.2 Insurance dispute
2.1.3 Rebuilding
3 Other projects
4 Philanthropy
5 References
6 External links
Early life and education
Silverstein was born in Bedford-Stuyvesant, in Brooklyn in 1931 into a Jewish family.[6] Growing up, Silverstein enjoyed classical music and played the piano. He attended the High School of Music and Art in New York, and then New York University, graduating in 1952. During college, Silverstein worked at a summer camp, where he met his wife, Klara. The couple married in 1956, and had three children: Lisa, Roger and Sharon. His wife worked as a school teacher, supporting the family on her salary for the first few years of their marriage while Silverstein attended classes at Brooklyn Law School.[7]
Silverstein became involved in real estate, together with his father, Harry G. Silverstein, and then friend and brother-in-law, Bernard H. Mendik. In 1957, they established Silverstein Properties, as Harry G. Silverstein & Sons, and bought their first building, in Manhattan. Mendik and Silverstein continued the business after the elder Silverstein's death in 1966. In 1977, Mendik divorced Annette Silverstein Mendik, with the business partnership also splitting up at that time.[8] Mendik also cited disagreements over real estate strategies, with Mendik wanting to buy buildings while Silverstein wanted to build.[9]
Career
After splitting with Mendik, both remained involved in the real-estate industry, but in separate firms. By 1978, Silverstein owned five buildings on Fifth Avenue, as well as 44 Wall Street, and a shopping center in Stamford, Connecticut. In 1980, he renovated the building at 11 West 42nd Street, and acquired the lease for the Equitable Building at 120 Broadway.[8] In 1983, Silverstein sold the building at 711 Fifth Avenue to Coca-Cola for $57.6 million.
Also in 1980, Silverstein bought the building at 120 Wall Street, which was constructed in 1930.[10] In 1991, Silverstein set aside 20 floors of 120 Wall Street to be leased by non-profit organizations, as an Association Center, with tax incentives for the tenants and bonds for Silverstein to undertake building renovations.[11][12] By 1994, Silverstein had signed up 14 nonprofit tenants for 120 Wall Street,[13] and the building was nearly at capacity by 1997, with 38 nonprofit tenants including the National Urban League and the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.[14]
In 1980, Silverstein won a bid to lease and develop the last undeveloped parcel from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, to build the 47-story building 7 World Trade Center.
World Trade Center
Main article: World Trade Center (1973–2001)
During the 1990s, New York was suffering from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash, which led to high vacancy rates at the World Trade Center. George Pataki became Governor of New York in 1995 on a campaign of cutting costs, including privatizing the World Trade Center. A sale of the property was considered too complex, so it was decided by the Port Authority to open a 99-year lease to competitive bidding.[15]
In January 2001, Silverstein, via Silverstein Properties and Westfield America, made a $3.2 billion bid for the lease to the World Trade Center.[16] Silverstein was outbid by $30 million by Vornado Realty, with Boston Properties and Brookfield Properties also competing for the lease. However, Vornado withdrew and Silverstein's bid for the lease to the World Trade Center was accepted on July 24, 2001.[17] This was the first time in the building's 31-year history that the complex had changed management.
The lease agreement applied to One, Two, Four, and Five World Trade Center, and about 425,000 square feet (39,500 m2) of retail space. Silverstein put up $14 million of his own money to secure the deal.[18] The agreement gave Silverstein, as leaseholder, the right and the obligation to rebuild the structures if destroyed.[19]
September 11 attacks
Main article: September 11 attacks
Silverstein has said in interviews that he usually spent his mornings in breakfast meetings at Windows on the World on top of the World Trade Center North Tower, and with new tenants in the building. However, the morning of September 11, 2001, his wife insisted that he attend a medical appointment. Due to the appointment, he escaped almost certain death.[20]
All of the buildings at the World Trade Center, including buildings 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 were destroyed or damaged beyond repair on September 11, 2001. After a protracted dispute with insurers over the amount of coverage available for rebuilding World Trade Center buildings 1, 2, 4 and 5, a series of court decisions determined that a maximum of $4.55 billion was payable and settlements were reached with the insurers in 2007.[21]
Insurance dispute
The insurance policies for World Trade Center buildings 1 WTC, 2 WTC, 4 WTC and 5 WTC had a collective face amount of $3.55 billion. Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Silverstein sought to collect double the face amount (~$7.1 billion) on the basis that the two separate airplane strikes into two separate buildings constituted two occurrences within the meaning of the policies. The insurance companies took the opposite view, and the matter went to court. Based on differences in the definition of "occurrence" (the insurance policy term governing the amount of insurance) and uncertainties over which definition of "occurrence" applied, the court split the insurers into two groups for jury trials on the question of which definition of "occurrence" applied and whether the insurance contracts were subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation or the "two occurrence" interpretation.
The first trial resulted in a verdict on April 29, 2004, that 10 of the insurers in this group were subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation, so their liability was limited to the face value of those policies, and 3 insurers were added to the second trial group.[22][23] The jury was unable to reach a verdict on one insurer, Swiss Reinsurance, at that time, but did so several days later on May 3, 2004, finding that this company was also subject to the "one occurrence" interpretation.[24] Silverstein appealed the Swiss Re decision, but lost that appeal on October 19, 2006.[25] The second trial resulted in a verdict on December 6, 2004, that 9 insurers were subject to the "two occurrences" interpretation and, therefore, liable for a maximum of double the face value of those particular policies ($2.2 billion).[26] The total potential payout, therefore, was capped at $4.577 billion for buildings 1, 2, 4, and 5.[27] An appraisal followed to determine the value of the insured loss.
In July 2006, Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey filed a lawsuit against some of its insurers, for refusing to waive requirements of the insurance contracts that Silverstein claimed were necessary to allow renegotiation of the original July 2001 World Trade Center leases. This litigation, was settled together with the federal lawsuits and appraisal, mentioned in the prior paragraph, in a series of settlements announced on May 23, 2007.[28][29][30][31] Silverstein's lease with the Port Authority, for the World Trade Center complex, requires him to continue paying $102 million annually in base rent.[32] He is applying insurance payments toward the redevelopment of the World Trade Center site.[27]
Rebuilding
The new, 52-story 7 World Trade Center
As leaseholder of buildings One, Two, Four and Five, Silverstein had the legal right to rebuild the buildings, including 1 World Trade Center at the World Trade Center site which would later be designated as building One, and while the site remains unoccupied, he continues to pay $10 million per month in rent to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.
After the September 11 attacks, the United States Congress approved $8 billion in tax-exempt Liberty Bonds to fund development in the private sector at lower-than-market interest rates. $3.4 billion remained unallocated in March 2006 designated for Lower Manhattan, with about half of the funds under the control of Mayor Michael Bloomberg and the other half under the control of former Governor George Pataki.
In April 2006, after several months of negotiation aimed toward permitting reconstruction to commence, Silverstein yielded some of his rights back to the Port Authority, in order to facilitate rebuilding at the site. Those negotiations resulted in Silverstein ceding his rights to building One (and its pro-rata share of the above-noted Liberty Bond funds) to the Port Authority, and allocating a portion of the insurance proceeds to the rebuilding of building One in favor of the Port Authority. In return, the remaining pro-rata shares of the Liberty Bond funds were allocated to Silverstein Properties for purposes of rebuilding the remaining buildings, and government agencies are expected to be among the tenants in those buildings.
Ground was broken on the construction of One World Trade Center on April 27, 2006.[33] Lack of financing had prevented construction from commencing earlier. The proceeds of the insurance policies arising from the destruction of the previous buildings were insufficient to cover the cost of rebuilding all the insured buildings.
In March 2007, Silverstein appeared at a rally of construction workers and public officials outside of an insurance industry conference to highlight what he describes as the failures of insurers Allianz & Royal and Sun Alliance to pay $800 million in claims related to the attacks. Insurers cite an agreement to split payments between Mr. Silverstein and the Port Authority as a cause for concern.[34]
Other projects
While Silverstein is most famous for his involvement at the World Trade Center, his real estate holdings include many other buildings in New York City, including 1177 Avenue of the Americas, 529 Fifth Avenue, and 570 Seventh Avenue.[35]
Among his residential projects is an extensive complex that takes up the entire block between 42nd and 41st Street and between 11th and 12th Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan neighborhood. Projects on the block include 39 One River Place which opened in 2001. In May 2009 the twin-towered Silver Towers opened. At 60 stories it is the tallest rental building in New York.[36]
Other properties include 30 Park Place.[37] Silverstein was also involved as a developer of the Ronald Reagan Building in Washington, D.C..[38]
In November 2006, Silverstein agreed to buy the building at 99 Church Street from Moody's for $170 million.[39] Moody's moved its headquarters into 7 World Trade Center in 2007. 99 Church Street was promptly razed to make way for Silverstein's new project on the site. The 2008 plan proposed a 68 story, 912 foot tower, composed of condominiums and a Four Seasons Hotel on the lower 22 stories.[40] However, due to lack of financing, the project was on hold until 2013, and completed in 2016.[41]
In 1989 Silverstein proposed to members of the Israeli government that a free trade zone should be created within the Negev region of Israel. The project ultimately failed, however it enjoyed popular support amongst leading Israeli political figures.[42]
Philanthropy
Silverstein has been involved in his alma mater, as founder and chairman emeritus of New York University's Real Estate Institute, and as a trustee of the New York University Medical Center and Health System. Silverstein also has served as chairman of the United Jewish Appeal in New York, the Realty Foundation, trustee of the Museum of Jewish Heritage, and treasurer of the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver. Silverstein is also a governor of The Real Estate Board of New York.[43]
References
Jump up ^ "Larry A. Silverstein". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ackman, Dan (2003-07-23). "Larry Silverstein's $3.5B Definition". Forbes.
Jump up ^ Brown, Eliot (2009-03-10). "Refi in FiHi! Silverstein, Port Talk WTC Dates, Funds". The New York Observer. Retrieved 2009-03-11
Jump up ^ Author Unknown (2013-09-19). "Silverstein won’t get a cent from WTC insurers’ $1.2B deal". The Real Deal: New York Real Estate News. Retrieved 2016-02-20
Jump up ^ Gelinas, Nicole (Autumn 2006). "Freeing us from Freedom Tower". City Journal.
Jump up ^ Schuerman, Matthew (2005-12-18). "Larry Silverstein". New York Observer. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "One On 1: Developer Larry Silverstein". NY1. 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "Silverstein Properties, Inc. - Company History". Fundinguniverse.com.
Jump up ^ Salmans, Sandra (1985-01-28). "Putting Together City's Biggest Apartment Deal". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Silverstein Buys 120 Wall St.". The New York Times. 1980-09-28.
Jump up ^ Dunlap, David W. (1991-10-27). "Commercial Property: Nonprofit Tenants; Wall Street Tower as a Site for a Service Association". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "120 Wall Gets Profitable; Tenants Exiting". New York Observer. 2007-03-20. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Dunlap, David W. (1994-08-07). "Shift by Nonprofits Leaves Space Behind". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Mervyn (1997-09-03). "Nonprofits' Wall St. Home Filling Up". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Goldberger, Paul (2004). Up From Ground Zero. New York: Random House. p. 28. ISBN 1-4000-6017-6.
Jump up ^ "Silverstein Group Seals $3.2 Billion Deal For New York's World Trade Center". Wall Street Journal. April 26, 2001.
Jump up ^ "Governor Pataki, Acting Governor Difrancesco Laud Historic Port Authority Agreement To Privatize World Trade Center" (Press release). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. 2001-07-24. Archived from the original on September 4, 2001.
Jump up ^ Frankel, Alison (2002-09-03). "Double Indemnity: Was the WTC disaster one incident or two?". The American Lawyer.
Jump up ^ Goldberger, Paul (2002-05-20). "Groundwork: How the future of Ground Zero is being resolved". The New York York. Archived from the original on September 17, 2004. <
Jump up ^ "Larry Silverstein: Silverstein Properties". New York Observer. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ Litigation Settled, Bloomberg, May 23, 2007
Jump up ^ Hamblett, Mark (2004-04-30). "Jurors Deal World Trade Center Leaseholder Major Setback". New York Law Journal / Law.com.
Jump up ^ Starkman, Dean (2004-04-30). "Jury's Decision Leaves Rebuilding of World Trade Center in Turmoil". Wall Street Journal. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Parekh, Rupal (2006-10-18). "Appeals court rules for Swiss Re in WTC dispute". Business Insurance.
Jump up ^ Hamblett, Mark (2006-10-19). "Circuit Resolves Distribution Of 9/11 Insurance Proceeds". New York Law Journal.
Jump up ^ Starkman, Dean (2004-12-07). "Jury Rules for Silverstein on Trade Center Insurance". Wall Street Journal. p. A11.
^ Jump up to: a b Murray, Barbra (March 2007). "WTC Developer to Get Additional $12.5M Payment from Insurer TIG". Commercial Property News.
Jump up ^ Levitt, David M. (2007-05-23). "Litigation Settled". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Westfeldt, Amy (2007-05-23). "$2B Settlement Ends Trade Center Litigation". USA Today / Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Circuit Resolves Distribution Of 9/11 Insurance Proceeds". The New York Law Journal. 2006-10-19.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Jr., Holman (2002-03-06). "The Importance of Being Larry". Wall Street Journal. p. A17.
Jump up ^ "2001 Annual Report" (PDF). PANY. April 23, 2002.
Jump up ^ Westfeldt, Amy (2006-04-28). "Construction Begins at Ground Zero". Washington Post / Associated Press. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Silverstein Lashes Out Against WTC Insurers". New York Sun. 2007-03-13.
Jump up ^ "Portfolio". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved May 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Silverstein Properties launches Manhattan's tallest rental - New York Daily News - May 1, 2009
Jump up ^ "Properties". Silverstein Properties. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ Moore, Elizabeth (2006-10-10). "Silverstein's shopping on Long Island". Newsday (New York).
Jump up ^ Hess, Diane (November 21, 2006). "Moody's to sell headquarters to Silverstein". New York Business.
Jump up ^ "Silverstein Partners with Four Seasons for New Downtown Development", World Trade Center - wtc.com, Silverstein Properties, Inc., January 29, 2008
Jump up ^ Cuozzo, Steve, "‘Silver’ Lining for 99 Church Street", World Trade Center - wtc.com, Silverstein Properties, Inc., March 31, 2009 (from the New York Post)
Jump up ^ Leibovich-Dar, Sara. "Up In Smoke". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Speakers - Larry Silverstein". Global Conference 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-11.
External links
Silverstein Properties
World Trade Center
Yahoo! - Silverstein Properties, Inc. Company Profile
WTC Design Unveiling (video)
New York Magazine Profile
Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004
[hide]
v
t
e
New York City's World Trade Center
First WTC
(1973–2001)
Construction
Towers
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Windows on the World
Mall
The Bathtub
Tenants
One
Two
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Major events
February 13, 1975 fire
February 26, 1993 bombing
January 14, 1998 robbery
September 11, 2001 attacks
Collapse
Timeline
Victims
Aftermath
Deutsche Bank Building
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Second WTC
(2001–present)
Site, towers,
and structures
One
Construction
Two
Three
Four
Five
Seven
Performing Arts Center
Vehicular Security Center
Liberty Park
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
Westfield Mall
Rapid transit
PATH stations
Transportation Hub
New York City Subway stations
Chambers Street – WTC / Park Place (2 3 A C E trains)
Cortlandt Street (N R W trains)
Cortlandt Street (1 2 trains)
Fulton Street (2 3 4 5 A C J Z trains)
Fulton Center
Corbin Building
Dey Street Passageway
9/11 memorials
9/11 Tribute Center
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
Competition
Memory Foundations
Tribute in Light
America's Response Monument
Empty Sky
Relics from original WTC
The Sphere
Cross
Survivors' Staircase
People
Minoru Yamasaki
Emery Roth & Sons
Larry Silverstein
Austin J. Tobin
David Childs
Michael Arad
THINK Team
Daniel Libeskind
Leslie E. Robertson
Other
Park51
Project Rebirth
Take Back The Memorial
West Street pedestrian bridges
In popular culture
Film
Music
9/11-related media
featuring One WTC
10048 ZIP code
Former: IFC
Former: Twin Towers 2
Brookfield Place
Brookfield Place
200 Liberty Street
225 Liberty Street
200 Vesey Street
250 Vesey Street
Winter Garden Atrium
New York Mercantile Exchange
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Silverstein&oldid=803685856"
Categories:
1931 births
Living people
American billionaires
American chief executives
American real estate businesspeople
Jewish American philanthropists
Brooklyn Law School alumni
New York University alumni
People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
20th-century American businesspeople
People from Brooklyn
The High School of Music & Art alumni
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Articles with hCards
Pages using New York City Subway service templates
Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 October 2017, at 00:43.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: img

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
nofollow
http://www.silversteinproperties.com/
external text

values:
/wiki/Bernard_Mendik
mw-redirect
Bernard Mendik

values: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey

values:
/wiki/150_Greenwich_Street
mw-redirect
150 Greenwich Street

values:
/wiki/175_Greenwich_Street
mw-redirect
175 Greenwich Street

values:
/wiki/200_Greenwich_Street
mw-redirect
200 Greenwich Street

values:
/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jew
mw-redirect
Ashkenazi Jew

values:
/wiki/The_High_School_of_Music_and_Art
mw-redirect
The High School of Music and Art

values:
/wiki/Brookfield_Properties
mw-redirect
Brookfield Properties

values:
/wiki/Insurance_policies
mw-redirect
Insurance policies

values:
/wiki/Swiss_Reinsurance
mw-redirect
Swiss Reinsurance

values:
/wiki/1_World_Trade_Center
mw-redirect
1 World Trade Center

values:
/wiki/Liberty_Bonds
mw-redirect
Liberty Bonds

values: 570 Seventh Avenue (page does not exist)

values: 39 One River Place (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/30_Park_Place
mw-redirect
30 Park Place

values:
/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Building
mw-redirect
Ronald Reagan Building

values:
/wiki/99_Church_Street
mw-redirect
99 Church Street

values:
/wiki/Free_trade_zone
mw-redirect
Free trade zone

values: National Jewish Medical and Research Center

values:
/wiki/The_New_York_Observer
mw-redirect
The New York Observer

values: The Real Deal: New York Real Estate News

values:
/wiki/City_Journal_(New_York)
mw-redirect
City Journal (New York)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.observer.com/node/38099

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.observer.com/node/35883

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nysun.com/article/50326

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.wtc.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://biz.yahoo.com/ic/103/103844.html

values: Lists of tenants in the World Trade Center (1966–2001)

values: List of tenants in One World Trade Center

values: List of tenants in Four World Trade Center

values: List of tenants in Six World Trade Center

values: Chambers Street–World Trade Center/Park Place (New York City Subway)

values: Cortlandt Street (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)

values: Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks

values:
/wiki/9/11_Tribute_Center
mw-redirect
9/11 Tribute Center

values: World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition

values:
/wiki/Emery_Roth_%26_Sons
mw-redirect
Emery Roth & Sons

values: World Trade Center in music (page does not exist)

values: List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks

values: One World Trade Center in popular culture

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:American real estate businesspeople

values: Category:People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn

values: Category:The High School of Music & Art alumni

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Pages using New York City Subway service templates

values: Category:Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Larry_Silverstein
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: لاري سيلفرستين – Arabic

values: Лари Силвърстийн – Bulgarian

values: لری سیلورستین – Persian

values: 래리 실버슈타인 – Korean

values: לארי סילברסטיין – Hebrew

values: ラリー・シルバースタイン – Japanese

values: Сильверстайн, Ларри – Russian

values: 拉里·希尔弗斯坦 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Larry_Silverstein rootpage-Larry_Silverstein vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Paul R. Ehrlich
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 23 September 2017.
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Paul Ehrlich, see Paul Ehrlich (disambiguation).
Paul R. Ehrlich
Ehrlich in 1974.
Born
Paul Ralph Ehrlich
( 1932 -05-29) May 29, 1932 (age 85)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
United States
Residence
Stanford, California
Nationality
American
Alma mater
University of Pennsylvania (AB)
University of Kansas (MA, PhD)
Known for
The Population Bomb
Spouse(s)
Anne H. Ehrlich (married 1954)
Children
Lisa Marie
Awards
Crafoord Prize (1990)

Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement (1998)
Fellow of the Royal Society (2012)[1]
2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
Scientific career
Fields
Entomology
Population studies
Institutions
Stanford University
Thesis
The Morphology, Phylogeny and Higher Classification of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) (1957)
Doctoral advisor
C. D. Michener
Paul Ralph Ehrlich (born May 29, 1932) is an American biologist, best known for his warnings about the consequences of population growth and limited resources.[2] He is the Bing Professor of Population Studies of the Department of Biology of Stanford University and president of Stanford's Center for Conservation Biology.
Ehrlich became well known for his controversial 1968 book The Population Bomb, which asserted that the world's human population would soon increase to the point where mass starvation ensued.[3][4] Among the solutions he suggested in that book was population control, to be used in his opinion if voluntary methods were to fail. Ehrlich has been criticized for his opinions; for example, Ronald Bailey termed Ehrlich an irrepressible doomster.[5] However, Carl Haub observed that Ehrlich's warnings had encouraged governments to change their policies to avert disaster.[6] Ehrlich has acknowledged that some of what he predicted has not occurred, but that his predictions about disease and climate change were essentially correct, and maintains his opinion that overpopulation is a major problem.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life, education, and academic career
2 Overpopulation debate
2.1 Writings
2.1.1 The Population Bomb (1968)
2.1.2 The Population Explosion (1990)
2.1.3 Optimum Human Population Size (1994)
2.2 After 2000
3 Reception
3.1 Left-wing critics
3.2 Simon–Ehrlich wager
3.3 Ehrlich's response to critics
4 Other activities
5 Personal life
6 Awards and honors
7 Works
7.1 Books
7.2 Papers
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Cited books
11 Further reading
12 External links
Early life, education, and academic career[edit]
Ehrlich circa 2010
Ehrlich was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of William Ehrlich and Ruth (Rosenberg) Ehrlich.[3] His father was a shirt salesman, his mother a Greek and Latin scholar.[8]
Ehrlich earned a bachelor's degree in zoology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1953, an M.A. from the University of Kansas in 1955, and a Ph.D. from the University of Kansas in 1957, supervised by the prominent bee researcher Charles Duncan Michener. During his studies he participated with surveys of insects in the areas of the Bering Sea and Canadian Arctic, and then with a National Institutes of Health fellowship, investigated the genetics and behavior of parasitic mites. In 1959 he joined the faculty at Stanford University, being promoted to professor of biology in 1966. By training he is an entomologist specializing in Lepidoptera (butterflies); he published a major paper about the evolution of plants and insects.[9] He was appointed to the Bing Professorship in 1977.[10][11]
He is president of the Center for Conservation Biology at Stanford University.[12] He is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.[10]
Overpopulation debate[edit]
Further information: Human overpopulation
The case for a population bomb: human population has dramatically increased.
The case against a population bomb: Since the 1950s population growth rate has decreased, and is projected to decline further.
A lecture that Ehrlich gave on the topic of overpopulation at the Commonwealth Club of California was broadcast by radio in April 1967.[13] The success of the lecture caused further publicity, and the suggestion from David Brower the executive director of the environmentalist Sierra Club, and Ian Ballantine of Ballantine Books to write a book concerning the topic. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich, collaborated on the book, The Population Bomb, but the publisher insisted that a single author be credited.[14]
Although Ehrlich was not the first to warn about population issues – concern had been widespread during the 1950s and 1960s – his charismatic and media-savvy methods helped publicize the topic.[15]
Writings[edit]
The Population Bomb (1968)[edit]
The original edition of The Population Bomb began with this statement: "The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate ..."[16] Ehrlich argued that the human population was too great, and that while the extent of disaster could be mitigated, humanity could not prevent severe famines, the spread of disease, social unrest, and other negative consequences of overpopulation. By the end of the 1970s, this prediction proved to be incorrect. However, he continued to argue that societies must take strong action to decrease population growth in order to mitigate future disasters, both ecological and social.
In the book Ehrlich presented a number of "scenarios" detailing possible future events, some of which have been used as examples of errors in the years since. Of these scenarios, Ehrlich has said that although, "we clearly stated that they were not predictions and that 'we can be sure that none of them will come true as stated,’ (p. 72) – their failure to occur is often cited as a failure of prediction. In honesty, the scenarios were way off, especially in their timing (we underestimated the resilience of the world system). But they did deal with future issues that people in 1968 should have been thinking about." Ehrlich further states that he still endorses the main thesis of the book, and that its message is as apt now as it was in 1968.[14]
Ehrlich's opinions have evolved over time, and he has proposed different solutions to the problem of overpopulation. In Population Bomb he wrote, "We must have population control at home, hopefully through a system of incentives and penalties, but by compulsion if voluntary methods fail. We must use our political power to push other countries into programs which combine agricultural development and population control."[16] Voluntary measures he has endorsed include the easiest possible availability of birth control and abortion. In 1967 he had expressed his belief that aid should only be given to those countries that were not considered to be "hopeless" to feed their own populations.[17]
The Population Explosion (1990)[edit]
In their sequel to The Population Bomb, the Ehrlichs wrote about how the world's growing population dwarfs the Earth's capacity to sustain current living standards. The book calls for action to confront population growth and the ensuing crisis:[18]
When is an area overpopulated? When its population can't be maintained without rapidly depleting nonrenewable resources [39] (or converting renewable resources into nonrenewable ones) and without degrading the capacity of the environment to support the population. In short, if the long-term carrying capacity of an area is clearly being degraded by its current human occupants, that area is overpopulated.
Optimum Human Population Size (1994)[edit]
In this paper, the Ehrlichs discuss the 'optimal size' for human population, given current technological realities. They refer to establishing "social policies to influence fertility rates."[19]
Ehrlich speaking in 2008
After 2000[edit]
During a 2004 interview, Ehrlich answered questions about the predictions he made in The Population Bomb. He acknowledged that some of what he had published had not occurred, but reaffirmed his basic opinion that overpopulation is a major problem. He noted that, "Fifty-eight academies of science said that same thing in 1994, as did the world scientists' warning to humanity in the same year. My view has become depressingly mainline!"[7] Ehrlich also stated that 600 million people were very hungry, billions were under-nourished, and that his predictions about disease and climate change were essentially correct.[7] Retrospectively, Ehrlich believes that The Population Bomb was "way too optimistic".[13]
In a 2008 discussion hosted by the website Salon, Paul Ehrlich has become more critical of the United States specifically, claiming that it should control its population and consumption as an example to the rest of the world. He has disavowed some of what he said in The Population Bomb. He still thinks that governments should discourage people from having more than two children, suggesting, for example a greater tax rate for larger families.[20]
In 2011, as the world's population passed the seven billion mark Ehrlich has argued that the next two billion people on Earth would cause more damage than the previous two billion because we are now increasingly having to resort to using more marginal and environmentally damaging resources.[21] As of 2013, Ehrlich continues to perform policy research concerning population and resource issues, with an emphasis upon endangered species, cultural evolution, environmental ethics, and the preservation of genetic resources. Along with Dr. Gretchen Daily, he has performed work in countryside biogeography; that is, the study of making human-disturbed areas hospitable to biodiversity. His research group at Stanford University examines extensively natural populations of the Bay checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis).[22] The population-related disasters Ehrlich predicted have largely failed to materialize, with population growth rates slowing and new food production technologies increasing the food supply faster than the population.[23] Ehrlich endorses his general thesis that the human population is too large, posing a direct threat to human survival and the environment of the planet.[23]
Reception[edit]
Wheat yields have grown rapidly in least developed countries since 1961, but the increase is levelling off.[24]
Critics have disputed Ehrlich's main thesis about overpopulation and its effects on the environment and human society, and his solutions, as well as some of his specific predictions made since the late 1960s. One criticism concerns Ehrlich's allegedly alarmist and sensational statements and inaccurate "predictions". Ronald Bailey of Reason Magazine has termed him an "irrepressible doomster ... who, as far as I can tell, has never been right in any of his forecasts of imminent catastrophe."[5] On the first Earth Day in 1970, he warned that "[i]n ten years all important animal life in the sea will be extinct. Large areas of coastline will have to be evacuated because of the stench of dead fish."[5][25] In a 1971 speech, he predicted that: "By the year 2000 the United Kingdom will be simply a small group of impoverished islands, inhabited by some 70 million hungry people." "If I were a gambler," Professor Ehrlich concluded before boarding an airplane, " I would take even money that England will not exist in the year 2000."[5][25] When this scenario did not occur, he responded that "When you predict the future, you get things wrong. How wrong is another question. I would have lost if I had had taken the bet. However, if you look closely at England, what can I tell you? They're having all kinds of problems, just like everybody else."[5] Ehrlich wrote in The Population Bomb that, "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980."[16]
Carl Haub of the Population Reference Bureau has replied that it was precisely the alarmist rhetoric that prevented the catastrophes of which Ehrlich warned. "It makes no sense that Ehrlich is now criticized as being alarmist because his dire warnings did not, in the main, come true. But it was because of such warnings from Ehrlich and others that countries took action to avoid potential disaster."[6] During the 1960s and 70s when Ehrlich made his most alarming warnings, there was a widespread belief among experts that population growth presented an extremely serious threat to the future of human civilization, although differences existed regarding the severity of the situation, and how to decrease it.[15][26]
A large increase in global food production since the 1960s and a slowing of population growth have, within the current context of continued depletion of non-renewable resources, averted the scale of food shortage, famine and catastrophe foretold by the Ehrlichs.
Dan Gardner argues that Ehrlich has been insufficiently forthright in acknowledging errors he made, while being intellectually dishonest or evasive in taking credit for things he claims he got "right". For example, he rarely acknowledges the mistakes he made in predicting material shortages, massive death tolls from starvation (as many as one billion in the publication Age of Affluence) or regarding the disastrous effects on specific countries. Meanwhile, he is happy to claim credit for "predicting" the increase of AIDS or global warming. However, in the case of disease, Ehrlich had predicted the increase of a disease based on overcrowding, or the weakened immune systems of starving people, so it is "a stretch to see this as forecasting the emergence of AIDS in the 1980s." Similarly, global warming was one of the scenarios that Ehrlich described, so claiming credit for it, while disavowing responsibility for failed scenarios is a double standard. Gardner believes that Ehrlich is displaying classical signs of cognitive dissonance, and that his failure to acknowledge obvious errors of his own judgement render his current thinking suspect.[15]
Barry Commoner has criticized Ehrlich's 1970 statement that "When you reach a point where you realize further efforts will be futile, you may as well look after yourself and your friends and enjoy what little time you have left. That point for me is 1972."[27] Gardner has criticized Ehrlich for endorsing the strategies proposed by William and Paul Paddock in their book Famine 1975!. They had proposed a system of "triage" that would end food aid to "hopeless" countries such as India and Egypt. In Population Bomb, Ehrlich suggests that "there is no rational choice except to adopt some form of the Paddocks' strategy as far as food distribution is concerned." Had this strategy been implemented for countries such as India and Egypt, which were reliant on food aid at that time, they would almost certainly have suffered famines.[15] Instead, both Egypt and India have greatly increased their food production and now feed much larger populations without reliance on food aid.[17]
Left-wing critics[edit]
Another group of critics, generally of the political left, argues that Ehrlich emphasizes overpopulation too much as a problem in itself, instead of distribution of resources.[14] Barry Commoner argued that Ehrlich emphasized overpopulation too much as the source of environmental problems, and that his proposed solutions were politically unacceptable because of the coercion that they implied, and because they would cost poor people disproportionately. He argued that technological, and above all social development would result in a natural decrease of both population growth and environmental damage.[28] Ehrlich denies any type of racism, and has argued that if his policy ideas were implemented properly they would not be repressive.[29]
Simon–Ehrlich wager[edit]
Main article: Simon–Ehrlich wager
Julian Simon, a cornucopian economist, argued that overpopulation is not a problem in itself, and that humanity will adapt to changing conditions. Simon argued that eventually human creativity will improve living standards, and that most resources were replaceable.[30] Simon stated that over hundreds of years, the prices of virtually all commodities have decreased significantly and persistently.[31] Ehrlich termed Simon the proponent of a "space-age cargo cult" of economists convinced that human creativity and ingenuity would create substitutes for scarce resources and reasserted the idea that population growth was outstripping the earth's supplies of food, fresh water and minerals.[4] This exchange resulted in the Simon–Ehrlich wager, a bet about the trend of prices for resources during a ten-year period that was made with Simon in 1980.[4] Ehrlich was allowed to choose ten commodities that he predicted would become scarce and thus increase in price. Ehrlich chose mostly metals, and lost the bet, as their average price decreased by about 30% in the next 10 years. Simon and Erlich could not agree about the terms of a second bet.
Ehrlich's response to critics[edit]
Ehrlich has argued that humanity has simply deferred the disaster by the use of more intensive agricultural techniques, such as those introduced during the so-called Green Revolution. Ehrlich claims that increasing populations and affluence are increasingly stressing the global environment, due to such factors as loss of biodiversity, overfishing, global warming, urbanization, chemical pollution and competition for raw materials.[32] He maintains that due to growing global incomes, reducing consumption and human population is critical to protecting the environment and maintaining living standards, and that current rates of growth are still too great for a sustainable future.[33][34][35][36]
Other activities[edit]
Ehrlich was one of the initiators of the group Zero Population Growth (renamed Population Connection) in 1968, along with Richard Bowers and Charles Remington. He and his wife Anne were part of the board of advisers of the Federation for American Immigration Reform until 2003. He is currently a patron of Population Matters, (formerly known as the Optimum Population Trust).[37]
Ehrlich has spoken at conferences in Israel on the issue of desertification. He has argued that "True Zionists should have small families".[38]
Personal life[edit]
Ehrlich has been married to Anne H. Ehrlich (born Anne Fitzhugh Howland, 1933) since 1954; he and Anne are parents to one child, Lisa Marie.[39]
Ehrlich has said he has had a vasectomy.[40]
Awards and honors[edit]
The John Muir Award of the Sierra Club
The Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International
A MacArthur Prize Fellowship
The Crafoord Prize, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and considered the highest award given in the field of ecology
ECI Prize winner in terrestrial ecology, 1993
A World Ecology Award from the International Center for Tropical Ecology, University of Missouri, 1993
The Volvo Environmental Prize, 1993
The United Nations Sasakawa Environment Prize, 1994
The 1st Annual Heinz Award in the Environment (with Anne Ehrlich), 1995[41]
The Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, 1998
The Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Environmental Sciences, 1998
The Blue Planet Prize, 1999
The Eminent Ecologist Award of the Ecological Society of America, 2001
The Distinguished Scientist Award of the American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2001
Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology and Environmental Sciences of the Generalitat of Catalonia, 2009.
Fellow of the Royal Society of London 2012 [1]
2013 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation Biology
Works[edit]
Books[edit]
How to Know the Butterflies (1960)
Process of Evolution (1963)
Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution (1964)
The Population Bomb (1968)
Population, Resources, Environments: Issues in Human Ecology (1970)
How to Be a Survivor (1971)
Man and the Ecosphere: Readings from Scientific American (1971)
Population, Resources, Environments: Issues in Human Ecology Second Edition (1972)
Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions (1973)
Introductory Biology (1973)
The End of Affluence (1975)
Biology and Society (1976)
Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment (1978)
The Race Bomb (1978)
Extinction (1981)
The Golden Door: International Migration, Mexico, and the United States (1981)
The Machinery of Nature: The Living World Around Us and How it Works (1986)
The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War (1984, with Carl Sagan, Donald Kennedy, and Walter Orr Roberts)
Earth (1987, co-authored with Anne Ehrlich)
Science of Ecology (1987, with Joan Roughgarden)
The Cassandra Conference: Resources and the Human Predicament (1988)
The Birder's Handbook: A field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds (1988, with David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye)
New World, New Mind: Moving Towards Conscious Evolution (1988, co-authored with Robert Ornstein)[42]
The Population Explosion (1990, with Anne Ehrlich)
Healing the Planet: Strategies for Resolving the Environmental Crisis (1991, co-authored with Anne Ehrlich)
Birds in Jeopardy: The Imperiled and Extinct Birds of the United States and Canada, Including Hawaii and Puerto Rico (1992, with David S. Dobkin and Darryl Wheye)
The Stork and the Plow : The Equity Answer to the Human Dilemma (1995, with Anne Ehrlich and Gretchen C. Daily)
A World of Wounds: Ecologists and the Human Dilemma (1997)
Betrayal of Science and Reason: How Anti-Environment Rhetoric Threatens Our Future (1998, with Anne Ehrlich)
Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is Money in the Bank (2001, with Andrew Beattie)
Human Natures: Genes, Cultures, and the Human Prospect (2002)
One With Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future (2004, with Anne Ehrlich)
On the Wings of Checkerspots: A Model System for Population Biology (2004, edited volume, co-edited with Ilkka Hanski)
The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment (2008, with Anne Ehrlich)
Humanity on a Tightrope: Thoughts on Empathy, Family, and Big Changes for a Viable Future (2010, with Robert E. Ornstein)
Hope on Earth: A Conversation (2014, co-authored with Michael Charles Tobias) ISBN 978-0-226-11368-5
Papers[edit]
Ehrlich, P. R. (2010). "The MAHB, the Culture Gap, and Some Really Inconvenient Truths". PLoS Biology. 8 (4): e1000330. PMC 2850377  . PMID 20386722. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000330.
Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253.
Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114.
See also[edit]
Demography
Passenger pigeon
Population Connection
Malthusianism
Netherlands fallacy
Human overpopulation
Notes[edit]

References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Professor Paul R. Ehrlich ForMemRS, The Royal Society, retrieved September 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mieszkowski, Katharine (2008-09-17). "Do we need population control?". Salon.com. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b Leaders from the 1960s: A Biographical Sourcebook of American Activism – Google Books. Books.google.ca. 1932-05-29. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tierney, John (December 2, 1990). "Betting on the Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ronald Bailey (30 December 2010). "Cracked Crystal Ball: Environmental Catastrophe Edition". reason.com – Free minds and free markets. Reason Foundation. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Haub, Carl (5 November 2008). "In Defense of Paul Ehrlich". Behind the Numbers: The PRB blog on population, health, and the environment. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ehrlich, Paul (13 August 2004). "When Paul's Said and Done". Grist Magazine. Archived from the original on 15 November 2004. Retrieved 24 Sep 2015. Some things I predicted have not come to pass.
Jump up ^ Phillip Adams; Kate MacDonald (19 November 2009). "PAUL EHRLICH". Radio National. ABC. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (1964). "Butterflies and Plants: A Study in Coevolution". Evolution. 18 (4): 586–608. doi:10.2307/2406212.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul R. Ehrlich (2001). "PAUL R. EHRLICH" (PDF). Paul R. Ehrlich Resume. Stanford University. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Lewis, J. "Biologist Paul R. Ehrlich. Six billion and counting". Scientific American October 2000, pages 30, 32.
Jump up ^ "Paul R. Ehrlich". Center for Conservation Biology – Department of Biology. Stanford University. 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Tom Turner (2011). "Story: Paul Ehrlich, the Vindication of a Public Scholar.". Spot.us (first published by The Earth Island Journal). American Public Media. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Paul R. Ehrlich; Anne H. Ehrlich (2009). "The Population Bomb Revisited" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development. 1 (3): 63–71. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Dan Gardner (2010). Future Babble: Why Expert Predictions Fail – and Why We Believe Them Anyway. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ehrlich, Paul R. (1968). The Population Bomb. Ballantine Books.
^ Jump up to: a b Lomborg, Bjørn (2002). The skeptical environmentalist : measuring the real state of the world. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 350. ISBN 978-0-521-01068-9. In 1967 Paul Ehrlich predicted that the world was headed for massive starvation. In order to limit the extent of this, he believed – reasonably enough given his point of view – that aid should only be given to those countries that would have a chance to make it through. According to Ehrlich, India was not among them. We must "announce that we will no longer send emergency aid to countries such as India where sober analysis shows a hopeless imbalance between food production and population . . . Our inadequate aid ought to be reserved for those which can survive."
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (1990). The population explosion. London: Hutchinson. pp. 39–40. ISBN 0091745519. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Daily, Gretchen C.; Ehrlich, Anne H. and Ehrlich, Paul R. Optimum Human Population Size. Population and Environment: A Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Volume 15, Number 6, July 1994 01994 Human Sciences Press.
Jump up ^ Katharine Mieszkowski (17 Sep 2008). "Do we need population control?". Salon.com.
Jump up ^ Hall, Eleanor (31 October 2011). "Population analyst warns of catastrophe". The World Today. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Longterm studies of the Bay checkerspot butterfly and feasibility of reintroduction".
^ Jump up to: a b Haberman, Clyde (2015-05-31). "The Unrealized Horrors of Population Explosion". The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Wheat yields are levelling off, even in some developing countries". environmentalresearchweb.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Maxim Lott (December 30, 2010). "Eight Botched Environmental Forecasts". FOX News. Retrieved 2015-10-31. Again, not totally accurate, but I never claimed to predict the future with full accuracy
Jump up ^ Leonhardt, David (September 30, 2013). "Lessons From a Famous Bet". New York Times. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Barry Commoner (May 1972). "A Bulletin Dialogue: on "The Closing Circle" — Response". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 17–56.
Jump up ^ Barry Commoner (May 1972). "A Bulletin Dialogue: on "The Closing Circle" — Response". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: 17–56. Population control (as distinct from voluntary, self-initiated control of fertility), no matter how disguised, involves some measure of political repression, and would burden the poor nations with the social cost of a situation — overpopulation — which is the current outcome of their previous exploitation, as colonies, by the wealthy nations.
Jump up ^ Paul Ehrlich; Shirley Feldman (1978). The Race Bomb. Ballantine Books.
Jump up ^ Simon, JL (June 27, 1980). "Resources, Population, Environment: An Oversupply of False Bad News". Science. 208 (4451): 1431–1437. JSTOR 1684670. PMID 7384784. doi:10.1126/science.7384784.
Jump up ^ Ronald Bailey (2015). The End of Doom. St. Martin's Press. pp. 38, 59. ISBN 978-1-250-05767-9. ...nearly all resources in the past were much more expensive than they are today
Jump up ^ Paul Ehrlich; Anne Ehrlich (2004). One with Nineveh:politics, consumption, and the human future. Island Press.
Jump up ^ Patt Morrison (12 February 2011). "Paul R. Ehrlich: Saving Earth". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 4 March 2013. Consumption is equally important. I'd think the biggest problem is figuring out what to do on consumption. We don't have any consumption condoms.
Jump up ^ Cristina Luiggi (1 December 2010). "Still Ticking". The Scientist. LabX Media Group. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Ehrlich, Anne H. (March 7, 2013). "Can a collapse of global civilization be avoided?". Proceedings of the Royal Society. B. 280 (1754): 20122845. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2845. Retrieved January 27, 2013. Also see: Comment by Prof. Michael Kelly, disagreeing with the paper by Ehrlich and Ehrlich; and response by the authors.
Jump up ^ Colin Fraser (3 February 2008). "Green revolution could still blow up in our face". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Population Matters Patron". www.populationmatters.org.
Jump up ^ "'True Zionists should have small families' suggests Paul Ehrlich, 40 years after writing 'The Population Bomb'".
Jump up ^ "Whitney R. Harris World Ecology Center: Dr. Paul Ehrlich". icte.umsl.edu. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dowbiggen 2008, p. 168.
Jump up ^ "The Heinz Awards, Paul and Anne Ehrlich profile". Heinzawards.net. Retrieved 2012-05-20.
Jump up ^ "New World New Mind - Pdf Edition". Ishkbooks.com. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
Cited books[edit]
Dowbiggin, Ian Robert (2008). The Sterilization Movement and Global Fertility in the Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195188585.
Further reading[edit]
Robertson, Thomas. (2012) The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism, Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, New Jersey. ISBN 0813552729.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul R. Ehrlich
Paul R. Ehrlich Papers
Paul R. Ehrlich's faculty web page at Stanford University
Biographical page at the International Center for Tropical Ecology, University of Missouri, St. Louis
Paul R. Ehrlich on IMDb
"The Population Bomb Revisited", Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, 2009
Several online Paul Ehrlich interviews
"Plowboy Interview" of Paul Ehrlich, 1974 from The Mother Earth News
Paul R. Ehrlich and the prophets of doom A look at Ehrlich's treatment of exponential growth.
Paul Ehrlich, a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever. The Guardian. October 2011.
[show]
v
t
e
Heineken Prizes
Biochemistry and Biophysics
Chargaff (1964)
Brachet (1967)
Chance (1970)
De Duve (1973)
Van Deenen (1976)
Klug (1979)
Weissmann (1982)
Julesz & Reichardt (1985)
Cech (1988)
Leder (1990)
Borst (1992)
Berridge (1994)
Nurse (1996)
Pawson (1998)
Rothman (2000)
Tsien (2002)
Fire (2004)
Jeffreys (2006)
Szostak (2008)
Hartl (2010)
De Lange (2012)
Dobson (2014)
Doudna (2016)
Medicine
Lauterbur (1989)
Van Rood (1990)
Moncada (1992)
Montagnier (1994)
De Wied (1996)
Marshall (1998)
Kandel (2000)
Selkoe (2002)
Blackburn (2004)
King (2006)
Peto (2008)
Steinman (2010)
Clevers (2012)
Alitalo (2014)
Jackson (2016)
Environmental Sciences
Lovelock (1990)
Branica (1992)
BirdLife International (1994)
Daly (1996)
Ehrlich (1998)
Harremoës (2000)
Thompson (2002)
Levin (2004)
Pimm (2006)
Brunekreef (2008)
Tilman (2010)
Laurance (2012)
Damsté (2014)
Mace (2016)
History
Gay (1990)
Van der Wee (1992)
Brown (1994)
Oberman (1996)
Ozouf (1998)
De Vries (2000)
Schilling (2002)
Le Goff (2004)
Mokyr (2006)
Israel (2008)
McKitterick (2010)
Parker (2012)
Assmann (2014)
Herrin (2016)
Cognitive Science
Anderson (2006)
Dehaene (2008)
Tomasello (2010)
Duncan (2012)
McClelland (2014)
Spelke (2016)
Art
Verhoef (1988)
Bot (1990)
C. Visser (1992)
Röling (1994)
Martens (1996)
Van de Pavert (1998)
Geelen (2000)
Mik (2002)
Van Golden (2004)
Koelewijn (2006)
B. Visser (2008)
Manders (2010)
Struycken (2012)
Van Oldenborgh (2014)
Dröge Wendel (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2012
Fellows
Varinder Aggarwal
John Aggleton
Shankar Balasubramanian
Philip Bartlett
Alan Bundy
Jeremy Burroughes
Gordon Dougan
Michele Dougherty
Christopher Dye
Garret FitzGerald
Patrick Fowler
Hermann Hauser
Alasdair Houston
Chris Hull
Steve Jones
Dominic Joyce
Richard Kerswell
Chandrashekhar Khare
David Klenerman
Tony Kouzarides
Russell Lande
Julian Lewis
Eddy Liew
Ian MacLennan
David MacMillan
Trevor John McDougall
John McNamara
Andrew Millar
David Morgan
Hugh O'Neill
Michael Petrides
Margaret Robinson
Brian Schmidt
Chris Thomas
Hywel Rhys Thomas
Mathukumalli Vidyasagar
Krishnaswamy VijayRaghavan
Tejinder Virdee
Gabriel Waksman
Ian Walmsley
Mark Warner
Timothy John Williams
Stephen Withers
Daniel Wolpert
Foreign
Bonnie Bassler
Ralph J. Cicerone
Avelino Corma Canos
Jack E. Dixon
Denis Duboule
Paul R. Ehrlich
Zhou Guangzhao
Reinhard Genzel
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 108789304
LCCN: n80067102
ISNI: 0000 0001 0931 9657
GND: 120995174
SUDOC: 032166540
BNF: cb12325021j (data)
NKC: vse2005299872
IATH: w6ph449d
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_R._Ehrlich&oldid=801991508"
Categories:
1932 births
American ecologists
American environmentalists
American entomologists
American non-fiction environmental writers
American science writers
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Green thinkers
Living people
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
Sustainability advocates
University of Kansas alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century American writers
21st-century American writers
People in public health
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Winners of the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology
Activists from California
Sierra Club awardees
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikispecies
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
Italiano
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 08:13.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

attrs: href title

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: class href

value: i

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Paul Ehrlich (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania
mw-redirect
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

values: Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement

values: BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards

values:
/wiki/Population_studies
mw-redirect
Population studies

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hdl.handle.net/1808/7853

values:
/wiki/Population_Studies
mw-redirect
Population Studies

values: Edit section: Early life, education, and academic career

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: United States National Academy of Sciences

values:
/wiki/Anne_Ehrlich
mw-redirect
Anne Ehrlich

values: Edit section: The Population Bomb (1968)

values: Edit section: The Population Explosion (1990)

values: Edit section: Optimum Human Population Size (1994)

values:
/wiki/Least_developed_countries
mw-redirect
Least developed countries

values:
/wiki/Reason_Magazine
mw-redirect
Reason Magazine

values:
/wiki/Demographics_of_England
mw-redirect
Demographics of England

values:
/wiki/Non-renewable_resources
mw-redirect
Non-renewable resources

values:
/wiki/Famine_1975!
mw-redirect
Famine 1975!

values:
/wiki/Political_left
mw-redirect
Political left

values: Edit section: Ehrlich's response to critics

values:
/wiki/Charles_Remington
mw-redirect
Charles Remington

values: Federation for American Immigration Reform

values:
/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund
mw-redirect
World Wildlife Fund

values:
/wiki/MacArthur_Prize_Fellowship
mw-redirect
MacArthur Prize Fellowship

values:
/wiki/Heinz_Award
mw-redirect
Heinz Award

values:
/wiki/Dr_A.H._Heineken_Prize
mw-redirect
Dr A.H. Heineken Prize

values: American Institute of Biological Sciences

values: The Cold and the Dark: The World after Nuclear War

values:
/wiki/Robert_Ornstein
mw-redirect
Robert Ornstein

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/PLoS_Biology
mw-redirect
PLoS Biology

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386722

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253

values: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704949114

values:
nofollow
external text
http://prbblog.org/?p=22

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2406212

values:
nofollow
external text
http://dieoff.org/page99.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/1684670

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7384784

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.7384784

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2845

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ishkbooks.com/NWNM/TOC.html

values: -moz-column-width: 28em; -webkit-column-width: 28em; column-width: 28em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1693584/
external text

values:
/wiki/The_Mother_Earth_News
mw-redirect
The Mother Earth News

values: Template talk:Heineken Prizes (page does not exist)

values: Yvonne Dröge Wendel (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:FRS 2012 (page does not exist)

values: List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2012

values:
/wiki/Ralph_J._Cicerone
mw-redirect
Ralph J. Cicerone

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/108789304

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000109319657

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/120995174

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/032166540

values: Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities

values: Category:American non-fiction environmental writers

values: Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

values: Category:Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

values: Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society

values: Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts

values: Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences

values: Category:Stanford University Department of Biology faculty

values: Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni

values: Category:Winners of the Ramon Margalef Prize in Ecology

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages (level 1)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: بول إرليخ (عالم) – Arabic

values: پال آر. ارلیک – Persian

values: Эрлих, Пол – Russian

values: 保罗·R·埃利希 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Paul_R_Ehrlich rootpage-Paul_R_Ehrlich skin-vector action-view