text:
Billy Redden
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Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo-playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted "Dueling Banjos" with Drew Ballinger, played by Ronnie Cox. The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Redden was born in Rabun County, Georgia.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
At the age of 16, he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo-playing "local" during the film's famous "dueling banjos" scene. Boorman felt that Redden's skinny frame and large head, and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an "inbred from the back woods." Because Redden could not play a banjo, he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene, which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player, whose arms were slipped around Redden's waist to play the tune.[1]
After Deliverance, Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava's 1984 film Blastfighter. The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood.
Redden next appeared in Tim Burton's 2003 film Big Fish. Burton was intent on getting Redden, as he wanted him to play the role of a banjo-playing "welcomer" in the utopian town of Spectre. Burton located Redden in Clayton, Georgia, where he was part-owner of the Cookie Jar Café, and also worked as a cook and dishwasher.
In 2004, Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV, playing a car repairman named Ray in a "Redneck Dictionary" skit. He represented the word "raisin bread" (as in "Ray's inbred"). He played a banjo in the skit.
In 2009, Redden played again his usual role (The banjo man) in Ace Cruz's film Outrage: Born in Terror.
In 2012, 40 years after the release of Deliverance, Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary, The Deliverance of Rabun County (2012). It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film. Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him, he never saw much money from the movie:
“ I'd like to have all the money I thought I'd make from this movie. I wouldn't be working at Walmart right now. And I'm struggling really hard to make ends meet.[2] ”
Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie, Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people:
“ We're not a bad people up here, we're a loving people. Rabun County is a pretty good town. It's peaceful, not a lot of crime going on, just a real peaceful town. Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody.[2] ”
Filmography[edit]
Deliverance (1972) - Lonnie
Blastfighter (1984) - Banjo Man (uncredited)
Big Fish (2003) - Banjo Man
Outrage (2009) - Banjo Man (final film role)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Potempa, Philip (October 19, 2008). "Burt Reynolds and 'Deliverance' boy reunited ". The Times of Northwest Indiana.
^ Jump up to: a b Welles, Cory (August 22, 2012). "40 Years Later, Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia". Marketplace. American Public Media.
External links[edit]
Billy Redden on IMDb
Blake Spurney (News Editor) (October 7, 2004). "Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star (Archived 27 Dec 2004)". Archived from the original on December 27, 2004.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=812623498"
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Music of The Last of Us
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The music for the 2013 action-adventure survival horror video game The Last of Us, developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment, was composed by musician Gustavo Santaolalla. Supplementary music for the game's downloadable content The Last of Us: Left Behind was composed by Santaolalla, Andrew Buresh, Anthony Caruso and Jonathan Mayer. Both soundtracks were produced by Santaolalla, Mayer, and Aníbal Kerpel, with separate segments recorded in both Los Angeles and Nashville. Santaolalla, known for his minimalist approach to composing, was excited to work on the soundtrack due to the game's focus on the characters and story. He began composing the music early in the game's development, with few instructions from the development team on the tone that they intended. In collaboration with each other, the team and Santaolalla aimed to make the soundtrack emotional, as opposed to scary. Santaolalla used various instruments to compose the score, including some that were unfamiliar to him.
The soundtrack album for The Last of Us was released on iTunes in June 2013. Additional compositions, including some composed for Left Behind, were released on a second soundtrack in February 2014. Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay. In particular, critics felt that the minimalist approach of the soundtrack's composition matched the gameplay. The game's music was nominated for numerous awards. Several tracks became popular and begot cover versions and live performances.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production and composition
2 Albums
2.1 The Last of Us
2.2 The Last of Us Volume 2
3 Legacy
4 References
5 External links
Production and composition[edit]
During the initial development of The Last of Us, creative director Neil Druckmann and game director Bruce Straley compiled musical tracks that they found inspirational. When searching for a composer to work on the game's music, they realised that Gustavo Santaolalla composed many of their compiled tracks. Straley described Santaolalla's music as "organic instrumentation, minimalist, dissonance and resonance with the sounds".[1] The composer agreed to work on the game's soundtrack when contacted by Sony.[1] After hearing the game's pitch, Santaolalla was excited to work on the game; he had previously wanted to compose for video games, but refused to work on those without a focus on story and characters.[2]
Argentinian musician Gustavo Santaolalla composed the score for The Last of Us.
Santaolalla began work on The Last of Us early in its development. Druckmann did not give him specific directions but offered him the game's stories and themes. Santaolalla appreciated this freedom and felt it assisted his process. He felt the need to "go into some more dark place, more textural and not necessarily melodic", when composing.[3] The composer prefers to compose as he records, as he has little knowledge of reading and writing sheet music. To challenge himself, Santaolalla used a variety of unique instruments that were new to him, giving "an element of danger and innocence".[3] For some tracks, he used a detuned guitar, producing deep noise. To produce unique sounds, Santaolalla recorded in various rooms, including a bathroom and kitchen.[3] The title track was composed on a variety of charango called a ronroco.[4] The team wanted the game's AI to affect the music. They also tried to make the music evoke a reaction from the player, as their familiarization with the sounds would trigger a previous emotion that they felt. Music manager Jonathan Mayer felt that the game's action music was atypical for video game action music, stating that it is "relatively low-key", and that taking it out of context changes the immediate reaction to it.[5] The game's theme, "The Last of Us", was the first piece of music that the team received, and they were very impressed.[5] With the music, the team aimed to "get emotion", as opposed to "horror".[6] Inspired by the sparing use of music in the film No Country for Old Men (2007), the team used music judiciously and tried to find other ways to "make your palms sweaty".[7] The orchestral portions of the score were recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra.[8]
Aside from the official soundtracks, licensed tracks also appear in the game. In the main game, during the section titled "Alone and Forsaken", Joel and Ellie listen to the songs "I'll Never Get Out of This World Alive" and "Alone and Forsaken", both by Hank Williams.[9] In the downloadable expansion pack The Last of Us: Left Behind, Ellie and Riley dance to the Etta James cover of the song "I Got You Babe". In addition, "String Quartet No. 3 in E-Flat Minor, Op. 30" by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and "String Quartet No. 4 in E-Minor (B.19)" by Antonín Dvořák are also present in Left Behind.[10]
Albums[edit]
The Last of Us[edit]
The Last of Us
Soundtrack album by Gustavo Santaolalla
Released
June 7, 2013
Studio
Ocean Way Studios, Nashville
EastWest Studios, Hollywood
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
56:21
Label
Sony Computer Entertainment
Producer
Gustavo Santaolalla
Aníbal Kerpel
Jonathan Mayer
The soundtrack for The Last of Us comprises songs from the game, composed and produced by Gustavo Santaolalla. The soundtrack spans thirty tracks, covering a duration of 56 minutes. Sony Computer Entertainment first published the album digitally via iTunes on June 7, 2013, and physically on June 13, 2013. The soundtrack was also included as pre-order downloadable content in the Sights and Sounds Pack.[4]
"The Last of Us"
"The Last of Us", the game's main theme, was composed by Gustavo Santaolalla. Known for his minimalist approach to composing, he was contacted early in development to produce original music for the game.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The orchestral score, performed by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra, was recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville, while the soundtrack's drums and percussion, performed by Santaolalla, M.B. Gordy and Jonathan Mayer, was recorded at EastWest Studios in Hollywood. All recording was done by Mark Senasac and Aníbal Kerpel. The soundtrack was mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering in Los Angeles.[11]
In the context of the game, the soundtrack was well received. Andy Kelly of Computer and Video Games felt that the score is "sparse and delicate";[12] Eurogamer's Oli Welsh echoed these statements, adding that the music compliments the game's environments.[13] Jim Sterling of Destructoid also praised the music's ability to compliment gameplay.[14] Matt Helgeson of Game Informer praised Santaolalla's work, calling it "understated and haunting".[15] Chris Kerr of Side One felt that the soundtrack was "the perfect companion" to the game, stating that it is "poignant, moving, and overflowing with desolate hope".[16] Similarly, Keri Honea of Game Revolution felt that the album can be "easily enjoy[ed] outside of the game", praising its unusual tracks and sound.[17] GameSpot's Tom Mc Shea named the music as one of the game's standout features, calling it "exceptional" and praising its addition during emotional scenes.[18] Thom Jurek of AllMusic praised the album's variety, stating that Santaolalla manages to "draw in and keep the attention of the listener."[19]
All tracks written by Gustavo Santaolalla.
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1. "The Quarantine Zone (20 Years Later)" 3:40
2. "The Hour" 1:01
3. "The Last of Us" 3:03
4. "Forgetten Memories" 1:07
5. "The Outbreak" 1:31
6. "Vanishing Grace" 2:06
7. "The Hunters" 2:00
8. "All Gone" 1:13
9. "Vanishing Grace (Innocence)" 0:55
10. "By Any Means" 1:53
11. "The Choice" 1:42
12. "Smugglers" 1:38
13. "The Last of Us (Never Again)" 1:01
14. "The Last of Us (Goodnight)" 0:51
15. "I Know What You Are" 1:21
16. "Home" 3:08
17. "Infected" 1:16
18. "All Gone (Aftermath)" 1:04
19. "The Last of Us (A New Dawn)" 2:28
20. "All Gone (No Escape)" 2:54
21. "Vanishing Grace (Childhood)" 1:41
22. "The Path" 1:29
23. "All Gone (Alone)" 1:22
24. "Blackout" 1:38
25. "The Way It Was" 1:31
26. "Breathless" 1:24
27. "The Last of Us (You and Me)" 2:08
28. "All Gone (The Outside)" 1:58
29. "The Path (A New Beginning)" 2:47
30. "Returning" 3:35
Total length: 56:21
The Last of Us Volume 2[edit]
The Last of Us Volume 2
Soundtrack album by Gustavo Santaolalla, Andrew Buresh, Anthony Caruso, and Jonathan Mayer
Released
February 7, 2014
Studio
Ocean Way Studios, Nashville
EastWest Studios, Hollywood
Genre
Soundtrack
Length
58:29
Label
Sony Computer Entertainment
Producer
Gustavo Santaolalla
Aníbal Kerpel
Jonathan Mayer
The Last of Us Volume 2, the soundtrack for the downloadable content The Last of Us: Left Behind, features compositions from the game, composed and produced by Gustavo Santaolalla. It also features works from Andrew Buresh, Anthony Caruso, and Jonathan Mayer, as well as some additional tracks from the main game. The soundtrack spans 25 tracks, covering a duration of 58 minutes.[20] Sony Computer Entertainment first published the album on iTunes and Amazon Music on February 7, 2014, one week prior to the release of Left Behind.[21]
"Left Behind"
"Left Behind" was composed by Gustavo Santaolalla as the main theme for The Last of Us: Left Behind.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
The recording and mastering of the soundtrack took place in the same locations as the first album. The orchestral score, performed by the Nashville Scoring Orchestra, was recorded at Ocean Way Studios in Nashville, while the soundtrack's drums and percussion, performed by M.B. Gordy, Santaolalla and Mayer, was recorded at EastWest Studios in Hollywood. All recording and mixing was completed by Aníbal Kerpel, with additional mixing by Mark Senasac, Joel Yarger, Mayer and Caruso. The soundtrack was mastered by Marc Senasac at PlayStation Recording Studios.[22]
In the context of the game, the soundtrack was generally well received. Mike Futter of Game Informer felt that the soundtrack improves the game.[20] Adnan Riaz of Nouse echoed similar remarks, stating that the soundtrack accompanies some of the game's "crucial moments", and that it "builds the atmosphere for the exchanges" between the characters.[23]
[show]Track listing
No.
Title
Music
Length
1. "Fleeting" Gustavo Santaolalla 3:00
2. "All Gone (Seasons)" Santaolalla 2:00
3. "Evasion" Andrew Buresh 1:20
4. "All Gone (Partners)" Santaolalla 2:17
5. "Cause and Effect" JD Mayer 2:14
6. "All Gone (Reunion)" Santaolalla 1:48
7. "Stalking" Santaolalla 1:59
8. "Left Behind (Together)" Santaolalla 2:43
9. "The Capitol" Anthony Caruso 3:21
10. "Head Rush" Santaolalla 3:25
11. "Wandering" Santaolalla 2:06
12. "All Gone (Overcome)" Santaolalla 1:52
13. "Unstable" Santaolalla 1:50
14. "The Last of Us (Astray)" Santaolalla 3:28
15. "Answers" Mayer 1:58
16. "Drawn In" Santaolalla 1:09
17. "Apprehension" Mayer 1:32
18. "The Path (Vacant)" Santaolalla 2:59
19. "Convergence" Mayer 2:49
20. "Shadows" Santaolalla 0:58
21. "No Mercy" Santaolalla 2:34
22. "Fleeting (Affection)" Santaolalla 1:47
23. "Extinction" Buresh 1:55
24. "Consumed" Caruso, Mayer 4:14
25. "Left Behind" Santaolalla 3:55
Total length: 58:29
Legacy[edit]
The Last of Us won Excellence in Musical Score at the 2014 SXSW Gaming Awards,[24] and the soundtrack received nominations at the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards[25] and Spike VGX 2013,[26] and from Hardcore Gamer,[27] IGN[28] and GameTrailers.[29] The game's main theme was performed live at the 2012 Spike Video Game Awards in Culver City, California on December 7, 2012.[30] Music from The Last of Us was also performed live at The Last of Us: One Night Live in Santa Monica, California on July 28, 2014. The event featured scenes from the game performed live by the actors, accompanied by the game's score, performed by Santaolalla and his band.[31] The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists, such as violinist Taylor Davis,[32] guitarist Igor Presnyakov[33] and musician Ben "Squid Physics" Morfitt.[34]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Staff (June 18, 2013). "The Last Of Us: the definitive postmortem – spoilers be damned – Page 2 of 3". Edge. Future plc. p. 2. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hanson, Ben (February 15, 2012). "Why Audio Matters In The Last Of Us". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on January 15, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Naughty Dog and Area 5 (2013). Grounded: Making The Last of Us. Sony Computer Entertainment. Event occurs at 47:11. Archived from the original on June 13, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Monacelli, Eric (May 17, 2013). "The Music of The Last of Us: Gustavo Santaolalla". Naughty Dog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Farokhmanesh, Megan (June 23, 2013). "Naughty Dog discusses sound and music in The Last of Us". Polygon. Vox Media. Archived from the original on January 20, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Minkley, Johnny (December 13, 2011). "The Last Of Us scored by Oscar-winner Gustavo Santaolalla". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Neil Druckmann: "Survival encompasses the gameplay for The Last of Us"". GameStar. International Data Group. July 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Last Of Us setting sales records". Nashville Music Scoring. August 1, 2014. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog (June 14, 2013). The Last of Us. PlayStation 3. Sony Computer Entertainment. Level/area: Credits.
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog (February 14, 2014). The Last of Us: Left Behind. PlayStation 3. Sony Computer Entertainment. Level/area: Credits.
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog (2013). The Last of Us Soundtrack Booklet (PDF). Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Andy (June 6, 2013). "The Last of Us review: Survival horror masterpiece is Naughty Dog's finest moment". Computer and Video Games. Future plc. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Welsh, Oli (July 31, 2014). "The Last of Us review". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sterling, Jim (June 5, 2013). "Review: The Last of Us". Destructoid. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Helgeson, Matt (June 5, 2013). "Naughty Dog's Grim Masterpiece". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kerr, Chriss (December 8, 2014). "Soundtrack review: The Last of Us". Side One. Archived from the original on May 15, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Honea, Keri (June 28, 2013). "The Last Of Us Soundtrack Review". Game Revolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Mc Shea, Tom (June 5, 2013). "The Last of Us Review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jurek, Thom (June 10, 2013). "The Last of Us [Original Video Game Soundtrack] – Gustavo Santaolalla". AllMusic. All Media Network. Archived from the original on January 25, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Futter, Mike (February 11, 2014). "The Last of Us Volume 2 Soundtrack Out Now, Features Music From Left Behind". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Monacelli, Eric (February 12, 2014). "Spread the Love: Naughty Dog Celebrates Valentine's Day 2014". PlayStation Blog. Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Naughty Dog (2014). The Last of Us, Volume 2 Soundtrack Booklet (PDF). Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ Riaz, Adnan (February 14, 2014). "Game Review: The Last of Us: Left Behind". Nouse. University of York Students' Union. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Blanchard, Bobby (March 9, 2014). "2014 SXSW Gaming Awards: So Many Amazing Winners!". South by Southwest. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Karmali, Luke (March 13, 2014). "BAFTA Games Awards 2014 Winners Announced". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dane, Patrick (December 7, 2013). "'Grand Theft Auto V' Tops Spike VGX 2013 Award Winners List". Game Rant. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved December 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ HG Staff (December 21, 2013). "2013 Best Original Soundtrack". Hardcore Gamer. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Best Overall Music – IGN's Best of 2013". IGN. Ziff Davis. December 18, 2013. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Winners Montage – GameTrailers Game of the Year Awards". GameTrailers. Defy Media. January 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
Jump up ^ VGA (November 29, 2012). "VGA Hosts From Past 10 Years to Join VGA Ten". Spike. Viacom. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fahmy, Albaraa (July 22, 2014). "The Last of Us announces theatrical one-night-only live performance". Digital Spy. Hearst Corporation. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Kirk (July 11, 2014). "I Didn't Know Ellie From The Last of Us Could Play Violin". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Presnyakov, Igor (January 18, 2014). "The Last Of Us Theme – Igor Presnyakov – fingerstyle guitar". YouTube. Google. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Morfitt, Ben (November 21, 2013). "The Last of Us Theme Cover (All Instruments)". YouTube. Google. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
External links[edit]
The Last of Us official website
[hide]
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The Last of Us
Video games
The Last of Us
Left Behind
Remastered
The Last of Us Part II
Other media
Music
The Last of Us: American Dreams
Related articles
Development of The Last of Us
List of accolades received by The Last of Us
Characters
Ellie
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List of The Hobbit characters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article describes all named characters appearing in J. R. R. Tolkien's book The Hobbit. Creatures as collectives are not included. Characters are categorized by race. Spelling and point of view are given as from The Hobbit; details from sources outside The Hobbit are given only where important to understanding the character within the tale, and with the source noted.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hobbits
2 Wizards
3 Dwarves
3.1 Thorin's company
4 Elves
5 Men
6 Trolls
7 Singular characters
8 Birds
9 Goblins
10 References
Hobbits[edit]
Bilbo Baggins of Bag End, the protagonist and titular hobbit of the story.
Bungo Baggins, Bilbo's father.
Belladonna Took, Bilbo's mother.
The Old Took, Bilbo's maternal grandfather.
Chubb, Chubb, and Burrowes, auctioneers managing the liquidation of Bilbo’s effects.
The Sackville-Bagginses, “cousins” to Bilbo. They arranged an auction to dispose of Bilbo’s effects long after he disappeared. Bilbo returned during the auction, upsetting the plans the Sackville-Bagginses had for moving into his fine hobbit hole. Bilbo suspected them of making off with some of his silver spoons.
Bullroarer Took, a historical figure mentioned as Bilbo's great great grand-uncle. He led the defence against the goblins of Mount Gram and is purported to have knocked the goblin leader Golfimbul's head off with a blow from his club, sending it flying into a rabbit hole and thereby inventing the sport of golf.
Wizards[edit]
Gandalf, the mastermind behind The Hobbit's quest.
Radagast, a wizard mentioned as a "cousin" of Gandalf.
Dwarves[edit]
Dain, second cousin to Thorin, came to the aid of Thorin's Company at the Battle of Five Armies with a company of several hundred dwarves.
Thorin's company[edit]
Thorin's company consisted of the following 13 dwarves; their quest in The Hobbit is the main impetus of the plot. Their quest was joined by Bilbo Baggins (a hobbit) and occasionally by the wizard Gandalf.
Thorin Oakenshield, leader of the company and possessor of the longest beard. He wore a gold belt, and a sky blue hood with a large silver tassel. Thorin played the harp.
Thorin's nephews (sons of his sister Dís as known from The Lord of the Rings):
Fili, who with his brother Kili was the youngest dwarf in the company and therefore useful for his keen eyesight. He wore a blue hood and grew a yellow beard.
Kili, who with his brother Fili was the youngest dwarf in the company and therefore useful for his keen eyesight. He wore a blue hood and grew a yellow beard.
Four of Thorin's third-cousins - two pairs of brothers:
Balin. Older brother to Dwalin, he wore a red hood and had a white beard. Bilbo and Balin later became good friends.
Dwalin. Younger brother to Balin, he wore a dark green hood and a golden belt, had a blue beard tucked into the belt, and, like his brother Balin, he played viol. He was the first of the dwarves that Bilbo met.
Oin. Brother to Gloin, he wore a brown hood. He and Gloin were charged with starting the campfires.
Gloin. Brother to Oin, he wore a white hood. He and Oin were charged with starting the campfires. Gloin openly doubted Bilbo at the start of the quest.[1]
Three dwarves who were Thorin's remote kinsmen:
Dori. He wore a purple hood. Dori was tasked with carrying Bilbo in the goblin tunnels.
Nori. He wore a purple hood.
Ori. He wore a grey hood.
Three dwarves "descended from the Dwarves of Moria but were not of Durin's line":[2]
Bifur. Cousin to Bofur and Bombur, he wore a yellow hood and played clarinet.[3]
Bofur. Cousin to Bifur and brother to Bombur, he wore a yellow hood and played clarinet.
Bombur, whose primary traits were his fatness and his sympathy for Bilbo's plights. He wore a pale green hood.
Elves[edit]
Elrond, master of Rivendell, the Last Homely House East of the Sea. The Hobbit calls him an elf-friend rather than an elf, one "who had both elves and heroes of the North for ancestors." (The Lord of the Rings relates that Elrond was born half-elven but chose the path of the elves.)
The Elvenking, king of the Mirkwood Elves. He held the dwarves captive. They were eventually freed by Bilbo. (In The Lord of the Rings, he is given the name Thranduil.)
Galion, the butler of the Elvenking's halls, whose fondness for wine enables Bilbo and the dwarves to escape.
Men[edit]
Bard the Bowman, an archer of Lake-town who slew Smaug.
Beorn the "skin-changer", master of the Carrock, able to take the form of a bear. He fought against the goblins at the Battle of Five Armies along with the men, elves and dwarves. Beorn may not have been a man; Gandalf states in The Hobbit that he believes the story calling Beorn "... a man descended from the first men who lived before Smaug or the other dragons came into this part of the world" rather than the other common story, that "he is a bear descended from the great and ancient bears of the mountains that lived there before the giants came". In The Lord of the Rings, they refer to his kind as Beornings.
The Master of Lake-town, a grasping politician who met his end starving in the wilderness with the wealth he plundered from his own people after the destruction of Lake-town. He is not named explicitly but had the nickname "Money bags".
Trolls[edit]
Tom, one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company. The trolls argued over how to prepare their captives for eating, goaded on by the impersonating voice of Gandalf. They argued until dawn, when the sun's rays turned them to stone.
Bert, one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company.
William (Bill Huggins), one of the three trolls who captured the members of the Company.
Singular characters[edit]
Gollum, a creature left largely to mystery in The Hobbit. He lived alone deep under the Misty Mountains on an island in a dark, cold lake. He lost his magic ring, which Bilbo found, and engaged Bilbo in a riddle game in order to stall for time. Ultimately Bilbo escaped with the ring. In The Lord of the Rings it is revealed that Gollum is a degenerate hobbit of great age whose name was originally Sméagol.
The Necromancer, a shadowy evil character mentioned in The Hobbit. In The Lord of the Rings, The Necromancer is seen to be Sauron.
Smaug, a great dragon who made the Lonely Mountain his lair. After the Company roused him from his long quiescence, he destroyed Lake-town and was killed by Bard.
Birds[edit]
The Lord of the Eagles, a giant eagle who, with the other eagles, bore the Company away from the burning treetops the goblins had trapped them in, and who aided the allies at the Battle of Five Armies.
Carc, an intelligent raven who lived upon the Ravenhill beneath the Lonely Mountain in the days of King Thrór.
Roäc, son of Carc; the leader of the great ravens of the Lonely Mountain.
Goblins[edit]
The Great Goblin, whose kingdom lay under the Misty Mountains. Warriors of his realm waylaid the Company and took them prisoner. Gandalf slew the Great Goblin when he rescued the Company.
Bolg, who succeeded the Great Goblin, led an army of goblins in the Battle of Five Armies.
Golfimbul, leader of the goblins of Mount Gram. He was killed by Bullroarer Took at the Battle of Greenfields, already a historical event at the time of The Hobbit.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1937), The Hobbit, George Allen & Unwin, 4th edition (1978), ch.1 pp. 24-25; ISBN 0-04-823147-9.
Jump up ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1955), The Return of the King, George Allen & Unwin, 2nd edition (1966), Appendix A:III, p. 361 footnote; ISBN 0 04 823047 2.
Jump up ^ Regarding the relationship of Bifur, Bofur, and Bombur, see John Rateliff, Mr. Baggins, Houghton Mifflin, 2007, p. 322, note 34, ISBN 0-618-96847-4.
[hide]
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Final Destination
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the franchise as a whole. For the first film in the series, see Final Destination (film). For other uses, see Final Destination (disambiguation).
Final Destination
DVD set containing all five films
Created by
Jeffrey Reddick
Print publications
Novel(s)
Novels
Comics
Comic books
Films and television
Film(s)
Films
Final Destination is an American horror franchise composed of five films, comic books and novels. It is based on an unproduced spec script by Jeffrey Reddick, originally written for The X-Files television series, and was distributed by New Line Cinema. All five films center around a small group of people who escape impending death when one individual (the protagonist of each film) has a sudden premonition and warns them that they will all die in a terrible mass-casualty accident. After avoiding their foretold deaths, the survivors are killed one by one in bizarre accidents caused by an unseen force creating complicated chains of cause and effect, resembling Rube Goldberg machines in their complexity.[1]
The series is noteworthy among other films in the horror genre in that the antagonist is not a stereotypical slasher or other physical being, but Death personified, subtly manipulating circumstances in the environment with a design on claiming anyone who escapes their fated demise.
In addition to the films, a novel series, which includes the novelizations of the first three films, was published throughout 2005 and 2006 by Black Flame. A one-shot comic book titled Final Destination: Sacrifice was released alongside select DVDs of Final Destination 3 in 2006, and a comic series titled Final Destination: Spring Break was published by Zenescope Entertainment in 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Films
1.1 Overview
1.2 Development
1.3 Box office
1.4 Critical response
1.5 Future
2 Cast and characters
3 Literature
3.1 Novels
3.2 Comic books
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Films[edit]
Final Destination
Directed by
James Wong (1, 3)
David R. Ellis (2, 4)
Steven Quale (5)
Produced by
Glen Morgan (1, 3)
James Wong (3)
Warren Zide (1–5)
Craig Perry (1–5)
Written by
Jeffrey Reddick (1–2)
James Wong (1, 3)
Glen Morgan (1, 3)
J. Mackye Gruber (2)
Eric Bress (2, 4)
Eric Heisserer (5)
Starring
Ali Larter
Devon Sawa
Kerr Smith
A. J. Cook
Michael Landes
Mary Elizabeth Winstead
Ryan Merriman
Bobby Campo
Shantel VanSanten
Mykelti Williamson
Nicholas D'Agosto
Emma Bell
Miles Fisher
Arlen Escarpeta
David Koechner
Tony Todd
Music by
Shirley Walker (1–3)
Brian Tyler (4–5)
Cinematography
Robert McLachlan (1, 3)
Gary Capo (2)
Glen MacPherson (4)
Brian Pearson (5)
Edited by
James Coblentz (1)
Eric Sears (2, 5)
Chris G. Willingham (3)
Mark Stevens (4)
Production
company
Zide/Perry Productions (1–5)
Hard Eight Pictures (1, 3)
Distributed by
New Line Cinema (1–4)
Warner Bros. Pictures (5)
Release date
Final Destination:
March 17, 2000
Final Destination 2:
January 31, 2003
Final Destination 3:
February 10, 2006
The Final Destination:
August 28, 2009
Final Destination 5:
August 12, 2011
Running time
Total (5 films):
453 minutes
Budget
Total (5 films):
$154 million
Box office
Total (5 films):
$665 million
Overview[edit]
In the original Final Destination, high school student Alex Browning (Devon Sawa) boards Volee Airlines Flight 180 with his classmates for a field trip to Paris, France. Before take-off, Alex has a premonition that the plane will explode in mid-air, killing everyone on board. When the events from his vision begin to repeat themselves in reality, he panics, and a fight breaks out, which leads to several passengers being left behind, including Clear Rivers (Ali Larter), Carter Horton (Kerr Smith), Billy Hitchcock (Seann William Scott), Valerie Lewton (Kristen Cloke), Terry Chaney (Amanda Detmer), and Tod Waggner (Chad Donella), who witness the plane explode moments later. Afterwards, the survivors begin to die one by one through a series of bizarre accidents, and Alex attempts to find a way to "cheat" Death's plan before it is too late. Six months later, Alex, Clear, and Carter travel to Paris to celebrate their survival, believing they have finally cheated Death; however, after Carter is crushed by a giant neon sign, they realize that Death's plan is still in action.[2]
Final Destination 2, picking up one year after the first film, features college student Kimberly Corman (A. J. Cook) heading to Daytona Beach for spring break with her friends Shaina, Dano, and Frankie (Sarah Carter, Alex Rae, and Shaun Sipos). On route, Kimberly has a premonition of a huge car pile-up on Route 23, killing everyone involved. She stalls her SUV on the entrance ramp, preventing several people from entering the highway, including state trooper Thomas Burke (Michael Landes), Eugene Dix (T.C. Carson), Rory Peters (Jonathan Cherry), Kat Jennings (Keegan Connor Tracy), Nora and Tim Carpenter (Lynda Boyd and James Kirk), Evan Lewis (David Paetkau), and pregnant Isabella Hudson (Justina Machado). While Officer Burke questions Kimberly, the pile-up occurs as she predicted. In the days following the accident, the survivors begin to die one by one in a series of bizarre accidents. After learning about the explosion of Flight 180, Kimberly teams up with Clear Rivers, the only survivor of Flight 180, to try to save a new group of people from Death. This time the survivors are told that only "new life" can defeat Death, and they must stay alive long enough for Isabella to have her baby. It is later revealed that Isabella was never meant to die in the pile-up, and Kimberly drowns herself in a lake so that she can be resuscitated by emergency staff, thus granting her "new life"; saving her and Officer Burke.[3]
Final Destination 3, set five years after[note 1] the explosion of Flight 180 and four years after the pile-up on Route 23, has high school student Wendy Christensen (Mary Elizabeth Winstead) visiting an amusement park for grad night with her friends Kevin Fischer (Ryan Merriman), Jason Wise (Jesse Moss), and Carrie Dreyer (Gina Holden). As Wendy and her friends board the Devil's Flight roller coaster, Wendy has a premonition that the ride will crash, killing everyone on board. When Wendy panics a fight breaks out and several people leave or are forced off the ride before the accident occurs, including Kevin, Wendy's younger sister Julie (Amanda Crew), Ian McKinley (Kris Lemche), Perry Malinowski (Maggie Ma), Erin Ulmer (Alexz Johnson), Lewis Romero (Texas Battle), Frankie Cheeks (Sam Easton), and Ashley Freund and Ashlyn Halperin (Chelan Simmons and Crystal Lowe). When the survivors start to die one by one in a series of strange accidents, Wendy and Kevin set out to save those who remain after they learn of the events of the first two films. Most of their attempts are futile, with the exception of Julie and themselves, leading them to believe they have cheated Death. However, the three "coincidentally" cross paths five months later and are caught right before a horrifying subway accident. The characters' fate is unknown.[4]
In The Final Destination, college student Nick O'Bannon (Bobby Campo) visits the McKinley Speedway for a study break with his friends Lori Milligan, Janet Cunningham, and Hunt Wynorski. While watching the race, Nick has a premonition that a race car crash will send debris into the stands, causing the stadium to collapse on the guests. When Nick panics a fight breaks out and several people leave before the accident occurs, including, his friends Lori (Shantel VanSanten), Janet (Haley Webb), and Hunt (Nick Zano), security guard George Lanter (Mykelti Williamson), and spectators Jonathan Groves (Jackson Walker), Andy Kewzer (Andrew Fiscella), Samantha Lane (Krista Allen), Carter Daniels (Justin Welborn), and Nadia Monroy (Stephanie Honoré). Once again, the survivors are killed in a series of strange accidents except for Janet, who is rescued just moments before her death. This leads the remaining survivors to believe that they have cheated Death, until Nick has another premonition of a disastrous explosion at a shopping mall, which he manages to prevent, saving himself, Lori, and Janet. Two weeks later, Nick realizes the mall disaster vision was only meant to lead them to where Death wanted them to be and all three are killed by a runaway semi.[5]
In Final Destination 5, Sam Lawton (Nicholas D'Agosto) is on his way to a corporate retreat with his colleagues. While they cross the North Bay Bridge, Sam has a premonition that the bridge will collapse, killing everyone on it. Sam manages to persuade several of his co-workers to get off the bridge before the accident occurs, including Molly Harper (Emma Bell), Nathan Sears (Arlen Escarpeta), Peter Friedkin (Miles Fisher), Dennis Lapman (David Koechner), Olivia Castle (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), Isaac Palmer (P. J. Byrne), and Candice Hooper (Ellen Wroe). After Candice and Isaac die in bizarre accidents, Sam is warned that Death is still after the survivors and told that if he wants to live he must kill someone who was never meant to die on the bridge, and claim their remaining lifespan. Olivia and Dennis are killed before they have a chance to save themselves, but Nathan claims the lifespan of a co-worker when he accidentally causes his death in a warehouse accident. Peter attempts to kill Molly, jealous that she survived instead of Candice. He eventually gains the lifespan of an investigating agent, but is killed by Sam before he can kill Molly. Sam and Molly later board a plane to Paris, which is later revealed to be Flight 180 from the first film. Unable to get off the plane, both are killed in the resulting explosion. The landing gear is sent flying towards New York City and crashes into a cocktail bar, killing Nathan, since the co-worker whose life he claimed had a terminal illness and was due to die "any day now".[6]
Development[edit]
Final Destination was written by Jeffrey Reddick after having "read a story about a woman who was on vacation and her mom called her and said, 'Don’t take the flight tomorrow, I have a really bad feeling about it.'". The woman switched flights and the plane she was originally supposed to take crashed. Originally having written the script as an episode of The X Files, Reddick decided to turn the script into a feature-length film at the behest of one of his New Line Cinema colleagues. After reading his spec script, New Line Cinema hired Reddick to write the screenplay; James Wong and Glen Morgan were later brought on board to help with the script, making alterations to comply with their standards.[7]
Box office[edit]
Final Destination, when compared to other top-grossing American horror franchises—A Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th, Halloween, Hannibal Lecter, Psycho, Saw, Scream and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre—and adjusting for the 2011 inflation[8] is the tenth highest grossing horror franchise in the United States at approximately $347.8 million.[9]
Film
Release date
Budget
Box office gross
Ref(s)
North America
Outside North America
Worldwide
Final Destination March 17, 2000 $23 million $53,331,147 $59,549,147 $112,880,294 [10]
Final Destination 2 January 31, 2003 $26 million $46,961,214 $43,465,191 $90,426,405 [11]
Final Destination 3 February 10, 2006 $25 million $54,098,051 $63,621,107 $117,719,158 [12]
The Final Destination August 28, 2009 $40 million $66,477,700 $119,689,439 $186,167,139 [13]
Final Destination 5 August 12, 2011 $40 million $42,587,643 $115,300,000 $157,887,643 [14]
Total
$154 million
$263,455,755
$401,624,884
$665,080,639
[15][16]
Critical response[edit]
The Final Destination films, overall, have received a mixed reception from critics. The first three films received mixed reviews, while the fourth one got mostly negative reviews. The fifth film however got mostly positive reviews. The franchise has been praised for its innovative concept of Death killing people, instead of a usual slasher killer; the death sequences have also been praised for their creativity.[17]
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Final Destination
34% (101 reviews) 36 (28 reviews) B-
Final Destination 2
48% (109 reviews) 38 (25 reviews) B+
Final Destination 3
43% (122 reviews) 41 (28 reviews) B+
The Final Destination
29% (95 reviews) 30 (14 reviews) C
Final Destination 5
62% (132 reviews) 50 (24 reviews) B+
Future[edit]
On February 1, 2011, Tony Todd said in an interview with Dread Central that if Final Destination 5 was a success at the box office, then two sequels would be filmed back-to-back.[18] On August 23, 2011, when asked whether he would be directing a sequel, Steven Quale elaborated, "Who knows. Never say never. I mean, it'll be up to the fans. We'll see how this one performs internationally, and if it makes as much money as the fourth one, I'm sure Warner Brothers will want to make another one."[19]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Final Destination characters
List indicator(s)
(v) indicates the actor or actress used only his or her voice for his or her film character
(f) indicates the actor or actress did not appear in any new footage for the film; footage from an earlier film was used.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film.
Character
Films
Final Destination
Final Destination 2
Final Destination 3
The Final Destination
Final Destination 5
2000
2003
2006
2009
2011
William Bludworth
Tony Todd Tony Todd
Clear Rivers
Ali Larter Ali Larter (f)
Alex Browning
Devon Sawa photo reference Devon Sawa (f)
Carter Horton
Kerr Smith photo Kerr Smith (f)
Billy Hitchcock
Seann William Scott photo reference Seann William Scott (f)
Valerie Lewton
Kristen Cloke photo reference Kristen Cloke (f)
Terry Chaney
Amanda Detmer photo reference Amanda Detmer (f)
Tod Waggner
Chad Donella photo reference
George Waggner
Brendan Fehr Brendan Fehr (f)
Larry Murnau
Forbes Angus Forbes Angus (f)
Agent Weine
Daniel Roebuck
Agent Schreck
Roger Guenveur Smith
Kimberly Corman
A. J. Cook photo
Thomas Burke
Michael Landes photo Michael Landes (f)
Eugene Dix
T. C. Carson reference T. C. Carson (f)
Rory Peters
Jonathan Cherry reference Jonathan Cherry (f)
Kat Jennings
Keegan Connor Tracy reference Keegan Connor Tracy (f)
Nora Carpenter
Lynda Boyd reference Lynda Boyd (f)
Tim Carpenter
James Kirk James Kirk (f)
Evan Lewis
David Paetkau reference David Paetkau (f)
Dano Estevez
Alex Rae reference Alex Rae (f)
Frankie Whitman
Shaun Sipos reference Shaun Sipos (f)
Shaina McKlank
Sarah Carter reference Sarah Carter (f)
Brian Gibbons
Noel Fisher
Isabella Hudson
Justina Machado
The Devil / Subway Voice Announcer
Tony Todd (v)
Wendy Christensen
Mary Elizabeth Winstead Mary Elizabeth Winstead (f)
Kevin Fischer
Ryan Merriman Ryan Merriman (f)
Julie Christensen
Amanda Crew Amanda Crew (f)
Ian McKinley
Kris Lemche reference Kris Lemche (f)
Perry Malinowski
Maggie Ma reference Maggie Ma (f)
Erin Ulmer
Alexz Johnson reference Alexz Johnson (f)
Lewis Romero
Texas Battle Texas Battle (f)
Frankie Cheeks
Sam Easton reference Sam Easton (f)
Ashley Fruend
Chelan Simmons reference Chelan Simmons (f)
Ashlyn Halperin
Crystal Lowe reference Crystal Lowe (f)
Jason Wise
Jesse Moss reference
Carrie Dreyer
Gina Holden reference
Nick O'Bannon
Bobby Campo Bobby Campo (f)
Lori Milligan
Shantel VanSanten Shantel VanSanten (f)
Janet Cunningham
Haley Webb Haley Webb (f)
Hunt Wynorski
Nick Zano Nick Zano (f)
George Lanter
Mykelti Williamson Mykelti Williamson (f)
Andy Kewzer
Andrew Fiscella Andrew Fiscella (f)
Samantha Lane
Krista Allen Krista Allen (f)
Carter Daniels
Justin Welborn Justin Welborn (f)
Nadia Monroy
Stephanie Honoré Stephanie Honoré (f)
Jonathan Groves
Jackson Walker
Cynthia Daniels
Lara Grice Lara Grice (f)
Sam Lawton
Nicholas D'Agosto
Molly Harper
Emma Bell
Peter Friedkin
Miles Fisher
Agent Block
Courtney B. Vance
Nathan Sears
Arlen Escarpeta
Dennis Lapman
David Koechner
Olivia Castle
Jacqueline MacInnes Wood
Isaac Palmer
P. J. Byrne
Candice Hooper
Ellen Wroe
Roy Carson
Brent Stait
John (Roy's friend)
Roman Podhora
Literature[edit]
Novels[edit]
Throughout 2005, publishing company Black Flame released a series of Final Destination books which faithfully follow the premise of the films, with each involving a group of people who find themselves targeted by Death after surviving a catastrophe of some sort due to a character experiencing a precognitive vision. Their first five novels all featured original stories, with the first novel, entitled Dead Reckoning, has punk rocker Jessica Golden saving herself and several others from the collapse of Club Kitty in Los Angeles, earning Death's ire.[20] Destination Zero, also set in LA, has magazine employee Patricia Fuller and few others survive a train bombing and afterward, while being stalked by Death, Patti learns this is not the first time her family has been hunted by the entity.[21] End of the Line has a group of New York City subway crash survivors, led by twins Danny and Louise King, trying to escape Death, who uses an unknowing agent to hasten its acquisition of the survivors.[22] In Dead Man's Hand a group meant to die in the crash of a Las Vegas glass elevator are stalked by both Death and the FBI, the latter believing the group's savior Allie Goodwin-Gaines was responsible for the elevator crash.[23] Looks Could Kill has beautiful New York model Stephanie "Sherry" Pulaski stopping her friends from boarding a yacht when she has a vision of it exploding, but is left horribly disfigured and comatose by flying debris moments afterward when her vision comes true; eventually awakening the embittered Stephanie makes a deal with Death, aiding it in claiming her friends in exchange for having her good looks restored.[24]
After the run of the original series of books Black Flame released novelizations of the first three films in January 2006.[25][26][27] Black Flame's last Final Destination novel was Death of the Senses released in mid-2006. Taking place in New York the book has a homeless man named Jack Curtis saving policewoman Amy Tom from a maniac after having a vision of Amy's death; Amy's attacker is later revealed to be a serial killer who was meant to murder six other people (representing the first five senses and a sixth) who Death begins targeting as Jack and Amy rush to find and warn the intended victims.[28] It was, due to a printing error, only available for a short period of time before being recalled, leaving only a few copies in circulation. A tenth novel, titled Wipeout and written by Alex Johnson, was planned, but cancelled; the book would have featured a pair of surfers and several others, after surviving a plane crash in Hawaii, being hunted by Death and the survivor of another disaster, an unstable soldier who had nearly died in an ambush in Afghanistan.[29]
Comic books[edit]
The first Final Destination comic book, titled Sacrifice, was published by Zenescope Entertainment and came packaged with a limited-edition DVD of Final Destination 3, sold exclusively at Circuit City stores. The premise of the story involves the survivor of a terrible accident and his friend Jim, who continually experiences images of other people's deaths, isolating himself from the rest of the world to escape the visions that torment him.[30] Zenescope later released a five-issue miniseries, titled Final Destination: Spring Break, which involves a group led by Carly Hagan being stalked by Death after surviving a hotel fire and becoming stranded in Cancún, Mexico. The miniseries was later released in a trade paperback collection, which included the Sacrifice comic as bonus content.[31]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Final Destination 3 is set in 2005. Kevin Fischer's statement to Wendy Christensen outside their school that the Flight 180 explosion from the first film occurred "six years ago" is a continuity error, as the first film is set in 2000.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Conrich, Ian (2015). "Puzzles, Contraptions and the Highly Elaborate Moment: The Inevitability of Death in the Grand Slasher Narratives of the Final Destination and Saw Series of Films". Style and Form in the Hollywood Slasher Film. Palgrave Macmillan, London: 106–117. doi:10.1057/9781137496478_8.
Jump up ^ Wong, James (Director) (2000). Final Destination (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema.
Jump up ^ Ellis, David R. (Director) (2003). Final Destination 2 (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema.
Jump up ^ Wong, James (Director) (2006). Final Destination 3 (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema.
Jump up ^ Ellis, David R. (Director) (2009). The Final Destination (DVD). United States: New Line Cinema.
Jump up ^ Quale, Steven (Director) (2011). Final Destination 5 (DVD). United States: Warner Bros.
Jump up ^ Albin, Andrea (12 August 2011). "[Special Feature] 'Final Destination': Not So Final After All!". Bloody Disgusting. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tom's Inflation Calculator". HalfHill.com. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination box office rankings". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination (2000)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination 2 (2003)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination 3 (2006)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The Final Destination (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination 5 (2011)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2012-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Franchise Index". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Morrow, Brendan. "Is 'Final Destination' the Best Horror Franchise in History?". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: Tony Todd Talks Final Destination 5! Parts 6 and 7 Already in the Cards?". Dread Central. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Steven Quale on Final Destination 6". Internet Movie Database. 23 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Natasha (2005-03-15). Final Destination: Dead Reckoning. Black Flame. ISBN 1844161706.
Jump up ^ McIntee, David (2005-03-15). Final Destination: Destination Zero. Black Flame. ISBN 1844161714.
Jump up ^ Levene, Rebecca (2005-06-07). Final Destination: End of the Line. Black Flame. ISBN 1844161765.
Jump up ^ Roman, Steven (2005-09-13). Final Destination: Dead Man's Hand. Black Flame. ISBN 1844161773.
Jump up ^ Collins, Nancy (2005-11-29). Final Destination: Looks Could Kill. Black Flame. ISBN 1844163164.
Jump up ^ Rhodes, Natasha (2006-01-03). Final Destination. Black Flame. ISBN 1844163172.
Jump up ^ Collins, Nancy (2006-01-31). Final Destination 2. Black Flame. ISBN 1844163180.
Jump up ^ Faust, Christa (2006-01-03). Final Destination 3. Black Flame. ISBN 1844163199.
Jump up ^ McDermott, Andy (2006-08-01). Final Destination: Death of the Senses. Black Flame. ISBN 1844163857.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Alex. Final Destination: Wipeout. Black Flame. ISBN 1844164098.
Jump up ^ "Zenescope & Circuit City Offer Exclusive "Final Destination" Comic". Comic Book Resources. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Final Destination Trade Paperback Spring Break". Zenescope Entertainment. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Final Destination
Final Destination series at AllMovie
Final Destination film series at Box Office Mojo
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Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker
Author
Alan Dean Foster (Credited to George Lucas)
Cover artist
Ralph McQuarrie
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
Film novelizations
Canon G
Genre
Science fiction
Publisher
Ballantine (USA), Sphere Books (UK)
Publication date
November 12, 1976
Media type
Print (hardcover & paperback)
Pages
272
ISBN
0-345-26061-9
Followed by
Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978)
Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is the original title of the novelization of the 1977 film Star Wars. Ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, but credited to George Lucas,[1] it was first published on November 12, 1976 by Ballantine Books. In later years, it was republished under the title Star Wars: A New Hope to reflect the retroactive addition of a subtitle to the film in 1981.[2]
Although the book contains some differences from the film, it also includes references to Palpatine and his rise to power in the prologue, setting up the backstory for future films.
Contents
1 Development
2 Publishing history
3 Differences from the film
4 Sequels
5 References
6 External links
Development[edit]
Credited author and Star Wars creator George Lucas (1986, age 42).
Ghostwriter Alan Dean Foster (2007, age 60).
The book was written by Foster and based upon Lucas's screenplay for the first Star Wars film.[1] On how he got the job, Foster said:
"My agent got a call from Lucas's lawyer of the time, Tom Pollock (now one of the most powerful men in Hollywood). Someone had read a book of mine, Icerigger, knew that I had already done novelizations, and thought I might be the writer to do the novelization of Lucas' new film. I already knew his work through THX 1138 and American Graffiti. I accepted the offer to meet with George, and did so at Industrial Light and Magic, then in a small warehouse in Van Nuys, California (part of greater Los Angeles, and conveniently near my family home). We hit it off well, I got the assignment (for two books), and that's how it happened."[3]
Foster not only adapted the film's events, but also fleshed out the backstory of time, place, physics, planets, races, languages, history, and technology. When asked whether it was difficult for him to see Lucas get all the credit for the novelization, Foster said:
"Not at all. It was George's story idea. I was merely expanding upon it. Not having my name on the cover didn't bother me in the least. It would be akin to a contractor demanding to have his name on a Frank Lloyd Wright house."[3]
Lucas, for his part, has been open about the fact that Foster ghostwrote the novel, noting this fact in his introduction to later editions of the book.[1]
Publishing history[edit]
The paperback book was first published in the US as Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker in December 1976 by Ballantine Books, six months before the theatrical release of the film.[1] The cover art was by Star Wars conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie, who was commissioned by Ballantine Books executive Judy Lynn Del Rey while he was working on visualization work for Lucas's forthcoming film.[4] The cover depicted Luke Skywalker, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2 standing in front of an enlarged head of Darth Vader. On the back of the book was written, "Soon to be a spectacular motion picture from Twentieth Century Fox".[1]
In the United Kingdom, the novelization was published by Sphere Books, and featured cover art by John Berkey.[5][6] Sphere reportedly paid $225,000 for the British publishing rights.[7]
By February 1977, still three months before the film was released, the novelization sold out its initial print run of 125,000 copies.[8] In the next three months, Ballantine had sold 3.5 million copies.[7] Some later editions contain sixteen pages of full-color photos from the motion picture.[citation needed]
Later editions of the novelization were published under altered titles to reflect the retitling of the film, such as Star Wars: A New Hope, and Star Wars IV: A New Hope.[9][10]
Differences from the film[edit]
The words that open each Star Wars film, "A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away...." are absent from the novelization, substituted by the similar "Another galaxy, another time."[11]
In place of the opening crawl describing the events just preceding the film, the novelization includes a prologue explaining the political backstory "From the First Saga: Journal of the Whills" (referencing the title of Lucas' first story outline for the saga). It contains the first reference to the Emperor's name, Palpatine,[12] though his description is somewhat at odds with his depiction as a Sith Master in The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi, and the prequel trilogy:
Aided and abetted by restless, power-hungry individuals within the government, and the massive organs of commerce, the ambitious Senator Palpatine caused himself to be elected President of the Republic. He promised to reunite the disaffected among the people and to restore the remembered glory of the Republic. Once secure in office he declared himself Emperor, shutting himself away from the populace. Soon he was controlled by the very assistants and boot-lickers he had appointed to high office, and the cries of the people for justice did not reach his ears.
Several other portions of the novel deviate from the film, including scenes that were filmed but not inserted into the final cut of the movie. Most notable of these are scenes with Luke Skywalker and his friends at Tosche Station on Tatooine. Also included is the scene with Jabba the Hutt that was re-inserted in the Special Edition of the film; however, in this novelization he is written as a fat biped with an ugly, "shaggy skull" and "jowels" that shake with his head, and he has scars that are a sign of his ferocious reputation in combat. This differs both from the script's version of Jabba (which is described as a creature with "eyes on stalks"), and the giant slug creature that finally appeared in Return of the Jedi.
There are various small details throughout, such as Luke's squadron in the Death Star assault being Blue Squadron, thus Luke's call sign is "Blue Five" instead of "Red Five". The official term for "droid" in the novelization is "mechanical", and it is implied that "droid" is a slang term, spelled with an apostrophe preceding it as a contraction of the word "android". Additionally, the word "rebel" is never capitalized, unlike its appearance when describing the Rebel Alliance in the film's opening crawl. The novel and various merchandising tie-ins also refer to Darth Vader as a Sith Lord, although he is not referred to as such in the movie. The term was not mentioned in the films until 1999's Episode I: The Phantom Menace.[12] However, in a recently released deleted scene from the original film, General Tagge describes Darth Vader as a Sith Lord during the Death Star meeting.[13]
In the novel, the Imperial stormtroopers board the Tantive IV through the ceiling rather than blasting through a door. Luke's landspeeder has an enclosed cockpit, unlike its open cockpit in the film. Obi-Wan Kenobi lives in a cave instead of a hut, and he smokes a pipe. The scene in the Mos Eisley cantina where Obi-Wan defends Luke involves three aliens, as opposed to two in the film, and Obi-Wan cuts one of them in half. Chewbacca is described as having bright, yellow eyes. Admiral Motti, the man Darth Vader chokes in the conference room in the movie, is not included in the novel, instead replaced by a character named Romodi, who has severe facial scarring. The call sign of the stormtroopers guarding the Millennium Falcon is THX-1138 (referencing Lucas' directorial debut), as opposed to TK-421 in the film. Grand Moff Tarkin is present during Princess Leia's torture. The destruction of Alderaan is not described in the book, nor does Obi-Wan sense it.[12] Kenobi's death is also different in the book, in that Vader succeeds in defeating him during their lightsaber duel, while in the film Obi-Wan allows Vader to strike him down to provide a diversion for Luke and his allies to escape.
The order of events in the final dogfight over the Death Star is somewhat different. In the novel, Blue Leader (whose film equivalent is Red Leader) makes two bombing runs down the trench toward the exhaust port. In the film, he only manages to make one before being shot down. In the film, Wedge's X-wing fighter is damaged by Darth Vader and his wingmen, forcing him to leave the battle, and then Biggs is killed outright by the pursuing Vader and his fighters. In the novelization, Biggs is killed, and then Wedge must retreat, due to a malfunction caused in the battle with the enemy fighters. At the end of the novel, in addition to Han Solo and Luke receiving medals, Leia also gives Chewbacca a medal, though she must strain to do so.[12]
At one point, Han mentions a Corellian friend named Toccnepil (Lippincot backwards). This is a reference to Charles Lippincott, the mastermind of the Star Wars marketing campaign. The book also features a singular reference to a duck by Obi-Wan.[12] In The Phantom Menace, ducklike birds appear swimming on Naboo, and there is also a reference to the species in the form of the phrase "sitting ducks".[14]
Sequels[edit]
After the massive success of the film, Alan Dean Foster wrote a novel called Splinter of the Mind's Eye, which was originally commissioned by George Lucas for the purpose of being filmed as a low-budget sequel, as a fallback plan in the event that Star Wars did not do well. It was published in 1978, a year after the movie's release. This made it the first full-length original novel to be published in the Star Wars expanded universe. The next official novelization of a Star Wars movie was The Empire Strikes Back by Donald F. Glut in 1980.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lucas, George (1997) [1976]. Star Wars: A New Hope. Del Rey. p. i.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope". Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Dag R. ("daigoro") (2000-04-03). "Interview with Alan Dean Foster". SFFWorld.
Jump up ^ Scoleri, John (14 January 2014). "An Annotated Guide to The Star Wars Portfolio by Ralph McQuarrie". StarWars.com. Lucasfilm. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ralph McQuarrie's Del Rey Star Wars Covers | StarWars.com". StarWars.com. 7 December 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "John Berkey Remembered". StarWars.com. 13 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland, John; Sutherland, Northcliffe Professor of Modern English Literature John (2010). "8. Star Wars - a real gee-whizz book". Bestsellers (Routledge Revivals): Popular Fiction of the 1970s. Routledge. ISBN 9781136830631. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Burns, Kevin (director) (2004). Empire of Dreams (DVD). USA: Lucasfilm.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars: A New Hope". google books.
Jump up ^ "A New Hope: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker". googlebooks.
Jump up ^ Lee, Peter W. (2016-01-15). A Galaxy Here and Now: Historical and Cultural Readings of Star Wars. McFarland. p. 162. ISBN 9781476662206.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Britt, Ryan (January 24, 2013). "Weird Differences Between the First Star Wars Movie and Its Preceding Novelization". Tor.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Extended Death Star Meeting Scene - Star Wars Celebration 2017: RARE Archival Footage". Youtube.com. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reynolds, David West; Fry, Jason (2012). Star Wars: The Phantom Menace: The Expanded Visual Dictionary. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0756689957.
External links[edit]
Star Wars.com listing
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (novel) on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (cover art by Ralph McQuarrie)
Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database (cover art by John Berkey)
show
v
t
e
Star Wars Legends novels (1976–2014)
Film novelizations
Original trilogy
Episode IV: A New Hope (1976)
Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (1983)
Prequel trilogy
Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)
Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)
Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Adventures trilogies
The Han Solo Adventures (1979–1980)
The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (1983)
Thrawn trilogy
Heir to the Empire (1991)
Dark Force Rising (1992)
The Last Command (1993)
Jedi Prince series
The Glove of Darth Vader (1992)
The Lost City of the Jedi (1992)
Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992)
Mission from Mount Yoda (1993)
Queen of the Empire (1993)
Prophets of the Dark Side (1993)
Jedi Academy trilogy
Jedi Search (1994)
Dark Apprentice (1994)
Champions of the Force (1994)
Callista trilogy
Children of the Jedi (1995)
Darksaber (1995)
Planet of Twilight (1997)
X-wing
Rogue Squadron (1996)
Wedge's Gamble (1996)
The Krytos Trap (1996)
The Bacta War (1997)
Wraith Squadron (1998)
Iron Fist (1998)
Solo Command (1999)
Isard's Revenge (1999)
Starfighters of Adumar (1999)
Mercy Kill (2012)
The Hand of Thrawn
Specter of the Past (1997)
Vision of the Future (1998)
Galaxy of Fear
Eaten Alive (1997)
City of the Dead (1997)
Planet Plague (1997)
The Nightmare Machine (1997)
Ghost of the Jedi (1997)
Army of Terror (1997)
The Brain Spiders (1997)
The Swarm (1998)
Spore (1998)
The Doomsday Ship (1998)
Clones (1998)
The Hunger (1998)
The Bounty Hunter Wars
The Mandalorian Armor (1998)
Slave Ship (1998)
Hard Merchandise (1999)
Jedi Apprentice
The Rising Force (1999)
The Dark Rival (1999)
The Hidden Past (1999)
The Mark of the Crown (1999)
The Defenders of the Dead (1999)
The Uncertain Path (2000)
The Captive Temple (2000)
The Day of Reckoning (2000)
The Fight for Truth (2000)
The Shattered Peace (2000)
The Deadly Hunter (2000)
The Evil Experiment (2001)
The Dangerous Rescue (2001)
The Ties That Bind (2001)
The Death of Hope (2001)
The Call to Vengeance (2001)
The Only Witness (2002)
The Threat Within (2002)
Special Edition #1: Deceptions (2001)
Special Edition #2: The Followers (2002)
The New Jedi Order
Vector Prime (1999)
Dark Tide I: Onslaught (2000)
Dark Tide II: Ruin (2000)
Agents of Chaos I: Hero's Trial (2000)
Agents of Chaos II: Jedi Eclipse (2000)
Balance Point (2000)
Recovery (2001)
Edge of Victory I: Conquest (2001)
Edge of Victory II: Rebirth (2001)
Star by Star (2001)
Dark Journey (2002)
Enemy Lines I: Rebel Dream (2002)
Enemy Lines II: Rebel Stand (2002)
Traitor (2002)
Destiny's Way (2002)
Ylesia (2002)
Force Heretic I: Remnant (2003)
Force Heretic II: Refugee (2003)
Force Heretic III: Reunion (2003)
The Final Prophecy (2003)
The Unifying Force (2003)
Jedi Quest
Path to Truth (2001)
The Way of the Apprentice (2002)
The Trail of the Jedi (2002)
The Dangerous Games (2002)
The Master of Disguise (2002)
The School of Fear (2003)
The Shadow Trap (2003)
The Moment of Truth (2003)
The Changing of the Guard (2004)
The False Peace (2004)
The Final Showdown (2004)
Clone Wars series
Shatterpoint (2003)
The Cestus Deception (2004)
The Hive (2004)
MedStar I: Battle Surgeons (2004)
MedStar II: Jedi Healer (2004)
Jedi Trial (2004)
Yoda: Dark Rendezvous (2004)
Republic Commando
Hard Contact (2004)
Triple Zero (2006)
True Colors (2007)
Order 66 (2008)
501st (2009)
The Last of the Jedi
The Desperate Mission (2005)
Dark Warning (2005)
Underworld (2005)
Death on Naboo (2006)
A Tangled Web (2006)
Return of the Dark Side (2006)
Secret Weapon (2007)
Against The Empire (2007)
Master of Deception (2008)
Reckoning (2008)
Darth Bane series
Path of Destruction (2006)
Rule of Two (2007)
Dynasty of Evil (2009)
The Force Unleashed
The Force Unleashed (2008)
The Force Unleashed II (2010)
Coruscant Nights
Jedi Twilight (2008)
Street of Shadows (2008)
Patterns of Force (2009)
The Old Republic series
The Old Republic: Fatal Alliance (2010)
The Old Republic: Deceived (2011)
The Old Republic: Revan (2011)
The Old Republic: Annihilation (2012)
The Dark Nest trilogy
The Joiner King (2005)
The Unseen Queen (2005)
The Swarm War (2005)
Legacy of the Force
Betrayal (2006)
Bloodlines (2006)
Tempest (2006)
Exile (2007)
Sacrifice (2007)
Inferno (2007)
Fury (2007)
Revelation (2008)
Invincible (2008)
Fate of the Jedi
Outcast (2009)
Omen (2009)
Abyss (2009)
Backlash (2010)
Allies (2010)
Vortex (2010)
Conviction (2011)
Ascension (2011)
Apocalypse (2012)
Other trilogies
and series
Young Jedi Knights (1995–1998)
The Black Fleet Crisis (1996–1998)
The Han Solo Trilogy (1997–1998)
Standalone
Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978)
The Truce at Bakura (1993)
The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994)
The Crystal Star (1994)
The New Rebellion (1996)
Shadows of the Empire (1996)
I, Jedi (1998)
Rogue Planet (2000)
Cloak of Deception (2001)
Darth Maul: Shadow Hunter (2001)
"Darth Maul: Saboteur" (2001)
The Approaching Storm (2002)
Legacy of the Jedi (2003)
A Forest Apart (2003)
Tatooine Ghost (2003)
Fool's Bargain (2004)
Survivor's Quest (2004)
Secrets of the Jedi (2005)
Labyrinth of Evil (2005)
Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader (2005)
Outbound Flight (2006)
Boba Fett: A Practical Man (2006)
Allegiance (2007)
Death Star (2007)
Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor (2008)
Millennium Falcon (2008)
The Clone Wars (2008)
Death Troopers (2009)
Gambit: Stealth (2010)
Crosscurrent (2010)
Knight Errant (2011)
Choices of One (2011)
Darth Plagueis (2012)
Scoundrels (2013)
Dawn of the Jedi: Into the Void (2013)
Crucible (2013)
Maul: Lockdown (2014)
Full list of Star Wars books
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