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Connacht
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Connacht
Connacht[1]

Connaught

Flag
Coordinates: 53°47′N 9°03′W / 53.78°N 9.05°W / 53.78; -9.05Coordinates: 53°47′N 9°03′W / 53.78°N 9.05°W / 53.78; -9.05
State
Ireland
Counties
Galway
Leitrim
Mayo
Roscommon
Sligo
Government
• Teachtaí Dála
5 Fine Gael TDs
7 Fianna Fáil TDs
4 Independent TDs
1 Sinn Féin TD
• MEPs[a]
1 Sinn Féin MEP
1 Fine Gael MEP
2 Independent MEPs
Area
• Total
17,788 km2 (6,867 sq mi)
Population (2011)[2]
• Total
542,547
Time zone
WET (UTC±0)
• Summer (DST)
IST (UTC+1)
ISO 3166 code
IE-C
Patron Saint: Ciarán of Clonmacnoise[3]
a. ^ Connacht is part of the Midlands–North-West constituency; the five Connacht counties contain 32.7% of the population of this constituency.[4]
Connacht[1] /ˈkɒnɔːt/[5][1][unreliable source?] or Connaught (Irish: Connacht[1] or Cúige Chonnacht) is one of the provinces of Ireland, situated in the west of the country. Up to the 9th century it consisted of several independent major kingdoms (Lúighne, Uí Maine, and Iarthar Connacht).
Between the reigns of Conchobar mac Taidg Mór (died 882) and his descendant, Aedh mac Ruaidri Ó Conchobair (reigned 1228–33), it became a kingdom under the rule of the Uí Briúin Aí dynasty, whose ruling sept adopted the surname Ua Conchobair. At its greatest extent, it incorporated the often independent Kingdom of Breifne, as well as vassalage from the lordships of western Mide and west Leinster. Two of its greatest kings, Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088-1156) and his son Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (c.1115-1198) greatly expanded the kingdom's dominance, so much so that both became Kings of Ireland.
The Kingdom of Connacht collapsed in the 1230s because of civil war within the royal dynasty, which enabled widespread Anglo-Irish settlement under Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Baron of Connaught, and his successors. The English colony in Connacht shrank from c. 1300-c. 1360, with events such as the 1307 battle of Ahascragh (see Donnchad Muimnech Ó Cellaigh), the 1316 Second Battle of Athenry and the murder in June 1333 of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster, all leading to Gaelic resurgence and colonial withdrawal to towns such as Ballinrobe, Loughrea, Athenry, and Galway. Well into the 16th century kingdoms such as Uí Maine and Tír Fhíacrach Múaidhe remained beyond English rule, while many Anglo-Irish families such as de Burgh, de Bermingham, de Exeter, de Staunton, became entirely Gaelicised. Only in the late 1500s, during the Tudor conquest of Ireland, was Connacht shired into its present counties.
The province of Connacht has the greatest number of Irish language speakers among the four Irish provinces. Currently, the total of Irish speakers in Connacht between 5–10% (40,000–55,000) of the population.[citation needed] There are Gaeltacht areas in Counties Galway and Mayo.
The province of Connacht has no official function for local government purposes, but it is an officially recognised subdivision of the Irish state. It is listed on ISO-3166-2 as one of the four provinces of Ireland and "IE-C" is attributed to Connacht as its country sub-division code. Along with counties from other provinces, Connacht lies in the Midlands-North-West constituency for elections to the European Parliament.
Contents
[hide]
1 Irish language
2 Economy
3 Geography and political divisions
3.1 Physical geography
3.2 Largest settlements (2011)
4 Name
5 Politics
6 History
6.1 Early history
6.2 The Kingdom of Connacht
6.3 Kings and High Kings
6.4 High medieval era
6.5 Confederate and Williamite Wars
6.6 Early modern era
6.7 The Famine to World War One
6.8 In the Annals of Ulster
6.9 References to the Arts c.1100 to 1700
7 Sport
7.1 Gaelic games
7.2 Rugby union
7.3 Association football
7.4 Basketball
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Irish language[edit]
Further information: Connacht Irish and History of the Irish language
The Irish language is spoken in the Gaeltacht areas of Counties Mayo and Galway, the largest being in the west of County Galway. The Galway Gaeltacht is the largest Irish-speaking region in Ireland covering Cois Fharraige, parts of Connemara, Conamara Theas, Aran Islands, Dúithche Sheoigeach and Galway City Gaeltacht. Irish-speaking areas in County Mayo can be found in Iorras, Acaill and Tourmakeady. According to the 2011 census Irish is spoken outside of the education system on a daily basis by 14,600 people.[2]
There are between 40,000–55,000 Irish speakers in the province, over 30,000 in Galway and more than 6,000 in Mayo. There is also the 4,265 attending the 18 Gaelscoileanna (Irish language primary schools) and three Gaelcholáiste (Irish language secondary schools) outside the Gaeltacht across the province.[citation needed] Between 7% and 10% of the province are either native Irish speakers from the Gaeltacht, in Irish medium education or native Irish speakers who no longer live in Gaeltacht areas but still live in the province.
Economy[edit]
The GDP of the province of Connacht is around 15 billion euro.[6][not in citation given]
Area
Population
Counties
City
GDP €
GDP per person €
West Region 380,000 Galway, Mayo & Roscommon Galway €13.8 bn €31,500
Border Region 430,000 Sligo & Leitrim Sligo €10.7 bn €21,100
Geography and political divisions[edit]
The province is divided into five counties; Galway, Leitrim, Mayo, Roscommon and Sligo. Connacht is the smallest of the four Irish provinces, with a population of 542,547. Galway is the only official city in the province.
County
Population
Area
County Galway (Contae na Gaillimhe) 250,541 6,149 square kilometres (2,374 sq mi)
County Leitrim (Contae Liatroma) 31,798 1,590 square kilometres (610 sq mi)
County Mayo* (Contae Mhaigh Eo) 130,638 5,586 square kilometres (2,157 sq mi)
County Roscommon* (Contae Ros Comáin) 64,065 2,548 square kilometres (984 sq mi)
County Sligo (Contae Shligigh) 65,393 1,838 square kilometres (710 sq mi)
Grand Total
547,547
17,788 square kilometres (6,868 sq mi)
Physical geography[edit]
Glencar Waterfall at Glencar Lough, County Leitrim
The highest point of Connacht is Mweelrea (814 m), in County Mayo. The largest island in Connacht (and Ireland) is Achill. The biggest lake is Lough Corrib.
Much of the west coast (e.g. Connemara and Erris) is ruggedly inhospitable and not conducive for agriculture. It contains the main mountainous areas in Connacht, including the Twelve Bens, Maumturks, Mweelrea, Croagh Patrick, Nephin Beg, Ox Mountains, and Dartry Mountains.
Killary Harbour, Ireland's only true fjord,[7] is located at the foot of Mweelrea. Connemara National Park is in County Galway. The Aran Islands, featuring prehistoric forts such as Dún Aonghasa, have been a regular tourist destination since the 19th century.
Inland areas such as east Galway, Roscommon and Sligo have enjoyed greater historical population density due to better agricultural land and infrastructure.
Rivers and lakes include the River Moy, River Corrib, the Shannon, Lough Mask, Lough Melvin, Lough Allen and Lough Gill.
The largest urban area in Connacht is Galway, with a population of 76,778. Other large towns in Connacht are Sligo (19,452), Castlebar (12,318) and Ballina (11,086).
Largest settlements (2011)[edit]
#
Settlement
County
Population
1 Galway County Galway 76,778[8]
2 Sligo County Sligo 19,452[9]
3 Castlebar County Mayo 10,826[10]
4 Ballina County Mayo 10,361[11]
5 Tuam County Galway 8,242
6 Ballinasloe County Galway 6,659
7 Roscommon County Roscommon 5,693
8 Westport County Mayo 5,543[11]
9 Loughrea County Galway 5,062
10 Oranmore County Galway 4,799
11 Monksland County Roscommon 4,500
12 Carrick-on-Shannon County Leitrim 3,980
13 Claremorris County Mayo 3,979
14 Athenry County Galway 3,950
Name[edit]
The name Connacht comes from the medieval ruling dynasty, the Connacht, later Connachta, whose name means "descendants of Conn", from the mythical king Conn of the Hundred Battles. Originally Connacht was a singular collective noun, but it came to be used only in the plural Connachta, partly by analogy with plural names of other dynastic territories like Ulaid and Laigin, and partly because the Connachta split into different branches.[12] Before the Connachta dynasty, the province (cúige, "fifth") was known as Cóiced Ol nEchmacht. In Modern Irish, the province is usually called Cúige Chonnacht, "the Province of Connacht", where Chonnacht is plural genitive case with lenition of the C to Ch.
The usual English spelling in Ireland since the Gaelic revival is Connacht, the spelling of the disused Irish singular. The official English spelling during English and British rule was the anglicisation Connaught, pronounced /kɒnɔːt/ or /kɒnət/.[13] This was used for the Connaught Rangers in the British Army; in the title of Queen Victoria's son Arthur, Duke of Connaught; and the Connaught Hotel, London, named after the Duke in 1917. Usage of the Connaught spelling is now in decline. State bodies use Connacht, for example in Central Statistics Office census reports since 1926,[14] and the name of the Connacht–Ulster European Parliament constituency of 1979–2004,[15][16][17] although Connaught occurs in some statutes.[18][19] Among newspapers, the Connaught Telegraph (founded 1830) retains the anglicised spelling in its name, whereas the Connacht Tribune (founded 1909) uses the Gaelic. Connacht Rugby who represent the region and are based in Galway, use the Gaelic spelling also.[20]
Politics[edit]
Connacht–Ulster was one of Ireland's four regional constituencies for elections to the European Parliament until it was superseded in 2004 by the constituency of North-West.
History[edit]
Early history[edit]
Listoghil Complex, Carrowmore, County Sligo, with a small satellite tomb, tomb 52, in the foreground
Up to the early historic era, Connacht then included County Clare, and was known as Cóiced Ol nEchmacht. Later myths state the Fir Bolg ruled all Ireland before the Tuatha Dé Danann arrived. When the Fir Bolg were defeated, the Tuatha Dé Danann drove them to Connacht.
Sites such as the Céide Fields, Knocknarea, Listoghil, Carrowkeel Megalithic Cemetery and Rathcroghan, all demonstrate intensive occupation of Connacht far back into prehistory.
Enigmatic artefacts such as the Turoe stone and the Castlestrange stone, whatever their purpose, denote the ambition and achievement of those societies, and their contact with the La Tène culture of mainland Europe.
In the early historic era (c. A.D. 300-c. A.D. 600), Ol nEchmacht was not a united kingdom but a region. It comprised dozens of major and minor túath; rulers of larger túatha (Maigh Seóla, Uí Maine, Aidhne and Máenmaige) were accorded high-king status, while peoples such as the Gailenga, Corco Moga and Senchineoil were lesser peoples given the status of Déisi. All were termed kingdoms, but according to a graded status, denoting each according the likes of lord, count, earl, king.
Early peoples and kingdoms of Ireland, c.800.
Some of the more notable peoples or ethnic groups included the following:
Conmaicne – west coast, and northern areas of, County Galway
Dartraige – north-west County Leitrim
Delbhna – south County Roscommon, and both sides of the Lough Corrib
Fir Craibe – County Clare (then part of Connacht) and south-west Galway
Fir Domnann – west coast of Mayo
Soghain – most of east-central County Galway
By the 5th century, the pre-historic nations such as the Auteini and Nagnatae – recorded by Ptolemy (c. AD 90–c. 168) in Geography – gave way to dynasties. This is demonstrated in the noun moccu in names such as Muirchu moccu Machtheni, which indicated a person was of the Machtheni people. As evidenced by kings such as Mac Cairthinn mac Coelboth (died 446) and Ailill Molt (died c. 482), even by the 5th century the gens was giving way to kinship all over Ireland, as both men were identified as of the Uí Enechglaiss and Uí Fiachrach dynasties, not of tribes. By 700, moccu had been entirely replaced by mac and hua (later Mac and Ó).
During the mid-8th century, what is now County Clare was absorbed into Thomond by the Déisi Tuisceart. It has remained a part of the province of Munster ever since.
The name Connacht arose from the most successful of these early dynasties, The Connachta. By 1050, they had extended their rule from Rathcroghan in north County Roscommon to large areas of what are now County Galway, County Mayo, County Sligo, County Leitrim. The dynastic term was from then on applied to the overall geographic area containing those counties, and has remained so ever since.
One of hundreds of small initials from the Book of Kells, in a script known as "insular majuscule," a variety of uncial script that originated in early medieval Ireland.
See also:
Cath Maige Mucrama – epic concerning a battle that took place between Athenry and Clarenbridge
Goidelic substrate hypothesis – concerning pre-Gaelic languages of Ireland
Esker Riada – used as one of the principal prehistoric Irish roadways, the Sli Mor,
Hibernia – Ireland in Greek and Roman accounts
Insular art – post-Roman native art of Ireland and Great Britain
Medb – legendary Queen of Connacht
Táin Bó Cúailnge – Irish epic, partly set in Connacht
Táin Bó Flidhais – Irish epic, set in Erris
Trícha cét – Gaelic territorial unit
Túath – Gaelic social/political division
The Kingdom of Connacht[edit]
Ireland's main kingdoms as of 1014. Clockwise from the north-east they are Ulaid, Airgíalla, Mide, Laigin, Munster, Connaught, Breifne and Aileach. The city-states of Dyflin, Weisforthe, Vedrafjord, Corcach and Luimneach are shown. Missing are kingdoms of Osraighe and Uí Maine.
The most successful sept of the Connachta were the Ó Conchobair of Síol Muireadaigh. They derived their surname from Conchobar mac Taidg Mór (c.800–882), from whom all subsequent Ó Conchobair Kings of Connacht descended.
Conchobar was a nominal vassal of Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, High King of Ireland (died 862). He married Máel Sechnaill's daughter, Ailbe, and had sons Áed mac Conchobair (died 888), Tadg mac Conchobair (died 900) and Cathal mac Conchobair (died 925), all of whom subsequently reigned. Conchobar and his sons's descendants expanded the power of the Síol Muiredhaigh south into Uí Maine, west into Iar Connacht, and north into Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe and Bréifne.
By the reign of Áed in Gai Bernaig (1046–1067), Connacht's kings ruled much what is now the province. Yet the Ó Conchobair's contended for control with their cousins, the Ua Ruairc of Uí Briúin Bréifne. Four Ua Ruairc's achieved rule of the kingdom – Fergal Ua Ruairc (956–967), Art Uallach Ua Ruairc (1030–1046), Áed Ua Ruairc (1067–1087), and Domnall Ua Ruairc (1098–1102). In addition, the usurper Flaithbertaigh Ua Flaithbertaigh gained the kingship in 1092 by the expedient of blinding King Ruaidrí na Saide Buide. After 1102 the Ua Ruairc's and Ua Flaithbertaigh's were subborned and confined to their own kingdoms of Bréifne and Iar Connacht. From then till the death of the last king in 1474, the kingship was held exclusively by the Ó Conchobair's.
The single most substantial sub-kingdom in Connacht was Uí Maine, which at it maximum extant enclosed central and south County Roscommon, central, east-central and south County Galway, along with the territory of Lusmagh in Munster. Their rulers bore the family name Ó Ceallaigh;[21][22] its spelling sometimes varying slightly from scribe to scribe.
Though the Ó Ceallaigh's were never elevated to the provincial kingship, Uí Maine existed as a semi-independent kingdom both before and after the demise of the Connacht kingship. Notable rulers of Uí Maine included
Máine Mór (c. 357?–407?)
Marcán mac Tommáin (died 653)
Tadhg Mór Ua Cellaigh (reigned 985–1014)
Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Cellaigh (r.1145–1180)
Tadhg Ó Cellaigh (died 1316)
William Buidhe Ó Cellaigh (c.1349-c.1381)
Maelsechlainn mac Tadhg Ó Cellaigh (reigned c. 1499–1511)
Kings and High Kings[edit]
Stone carving of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair from Cong Abbey
Under kings Tairrdelbach Ua Conchobair (1088–1156) and his son Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (c.1120–1198) Connacht became one of the five dominant kingdoms on the island. Tairrdelbach and Ruaidrí became the first men from west of the Shannon to gain the title Ard-Rí na hÉireann (High King of Ireland). In the latter's case, he was recognised all over the island in 1166 as Rí Éireann, or King of Ireland.
Tairrdelbach was highly innovative, building the first stone castles in Ireland, and more controversially, introducing the policy of primogeniture to a hostile Gaelic polity. Castles were built in the 1120s at Galway (where he based his fleet), Dunmore, Sligo and Ballinasloe, where he dug a new six-mile canal to divert the river Suck around the castle of Dun Ló. Churches, monasteries and dioceses were re-founded or created, works such as the Corpus Missal, the High Cross of Tuam and the Cross of Cong were sponsored by him.
Tairrdelbach annexed the Kingdom of Mide; its rulers, the Clann Cholmáin, became his vassals. This brought two of Ireland's five main kingdoms under the direct control of Connacht. He also asserted control over Dublin, which was even then being recognised as a kind of national capital.
His son, Ruaidrí, became king of Connacht "without any opposition" in 1156. One of his first acts as king was arresting three of his twenty-two brothers, "Brian Breifneach, Brian Luighneach, and Muircheartach Muimhneach" to prevent them from usurping him. He blinded Brian Breifneach as an extra precaution.
Ruaidrí was compelled to recognise Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn as Ard-Rí, though he went to war with him in 1159. Mac Lochlainn's murder in 1166 left Ruaidrí the unopposed ruler of all Ireland. He was crowned in 1166 at Dublin, "took the kingship of Ireland ...[and was] inaugurated king as honourably as any king of the Gaeidhil was ever inaugurated;" He was the first and last native ruler who was recognised by the Gaelic-Irish as full King of Ireland.
However, his expulsion of Dermot MacMurrough later that year brought about the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169. Ruaidrí's inept response to events led to rebellion by his sons in 1177, and his deposition by Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair in 1183. Ruaidrí died at Cong in 1198, noted as the annals as late "King of Connacht and of All Ireland, both the Irish and the English."
High medieval era[edit]
Connacht was first raided by the Anglo-Normans in 1177 but not until 1237 did encastellation begin under Richard Mor de Burgh (c. 1194–1242). New towns were founded (Athenry, Headford, Castlebar) or former settlements expanded (Sligo, Roscommon, Loughrea, Ballymote). Both Gael and Gall acknowledged the supreme lordship of the Earl of Ulster; after the murder of the last earl in 1333, the Anglo-Irish split into different factions, the most powerful emerging as Bourke of Mac William Eighter in north Connacht, and Burke of Clanricarde in the south. They were regularly in and out of alliance with equally powerful Gaelic lords and kings such as Ó Conchobair of Síol Muireadaigh, Ó Cellaigh of Uí Maine and Mac Diarmata of Moylurg, in addition to extraprovincial powers such as Ó Briain of Thomond, FitzGerald of Kildare, Ó Domhnaill of Tír Chonaill.
Lesser lords of both ethnicities included Mac Donnchadha, Mac Goisdelbh, Mac Bhaldrin, Mac Siurtain, Ó hEaghra, Ó Flaithbeheraigh, Ó Dubhda, Ó Seachnasaigh, Ó Manacháin, Seoighe, Ó Máille, Ó Ruairc, Ó Madadháin, Bairéad, Ó Máel Ruanaid, Ó hEidhin, Ó Finnaghtaigh, Ó Fallmhain, Breathneach, Mac Airechtaig, Ó Neachtain, Ó hAllmhuráin, Ó Fathaigh.
Galway map of c. 1651 displaying the medieval town, which now forms the modern city centre
The town of Galway was the only significant urban area in the province. Its inhabitants governed themselves under charter of the king of England. Its merchant families, The Tribes of Galway, traded not only with the lordships around them and in Ireland, but with England, France, and Spain. Its mayor enjoyed supreme power but only for the length of his office, rarely more than a year. Galway's inhabitants were of mixed descent, its families bearing surnames of Gaelic, French, English, Welsh, Norman and other origins.
Connacht was the site of two of the bloodiest battles in Irish history, the Second Battle of Athenry (1316) and the Battle of Knockdoe (1504). The casualties of both battles were measured in several thousand, unusually high for Irish warfare. A third battle at Aughrim in 1691 resulted in an estimated 10,000 deaths.
All of Connacht's lordships remained in states of full or semi-independence from other Gaelic-Irish and Anglo-Irish rulers till the late 16th century, when the Tudor conquest of Ireland (1534–1603) brought all under the direct rule of King James I of England. The counties were created from c. 1569 onwards.
Confederate and Williamite Wars[edit]
During the 17th century representatives from Connacht played leading roles in Confederate Ireland and during the Williamite War in Ireland. Its main town, Galway, endured several sieges (see Sieges of Galway), while warfare, plague, famine and sectarian massacres killed about a third of the population by 1655. One of the last battles fought in pre-20th century Ireland occurred in Connacht, the Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691.
Early modern era[edit]
Connacht was mainly at peace between 1691 and 1798. A population explosion in the early 18th century was curbed by the Irish Famine, which led to many deaths and some emigration. Its memory has been overshadowed by the Great Famine (Ireland) one hundred years later.
Learned people from the province in this era included the following:
Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh, Gaelic scribe, translator, historian and genealogist (fl. 1640–1671).
Richard Lynch, theologian (1611–1676)
Ruaidhrí Ó Flaithbheartaigh, chronology and antiquarian (1629 – c.1718)
Francis Martin, Professor of Greek and theologian (1652–1722)
John Fergus, member of Ó Neachtáin literary circle (c.1700 – c.1761)
Tomás Ó Caiside, soldier and poet (c.1709–1733?)
Charles O'Conor (historian) (1710–1791)
Count Patrick D'Arcy, mathematician and soldier (1725–1779)
Richard Kirwan, scientist (1733–1812)
Riocard Bairéad, poet (1740–1819)
William James MacNeven, physician and scientist (1763–1841)
William Higgins, chemist (1763–1825)
Antoine Ó Raifteiri bard (1784–1835)
James Hardiman, folklorist and historian (1792–1855)
Joseph Patrick Haverty, painter (1794–1864)
James Curley, astronomer and mathematician (1796–1880)
Colm de Bhailís, songwriter (1796–1906)
William Cunningham Blest, medical pioneer (1800–1884)
John Birmingham, Astronomer and geologist (1816–1884
William Larminie, poet and folklorist (1849–1900)
Augusta, Lady Gregory, dramatist and arts patron (1852–1932)
George Moore (novelist) (1852–1933)
Louis Brennan, inventor (1852–1932)
Percy French, songwriter, (1854–1920)
William Butler Yeats, poet (1865–1939)
Violet Florence Martin, novelist and short story writer (1862–1915)
Grace Rhys, writer (1865–1929)
Eva Gore-Booth, dramatist (1870–1926)
Margaret Burke Sheridan, Opera singer (1889–1958)
The Famine to World War One[edit]
Connacht was the worst hit area in Ireland during the Great Famine, in particular counties Mayo and Roscommon. In the Census of 1841, the population of Connacht stood at 1,418,859, highest ever recorded. By 1851, the population had fallen to 1,010,031 and would continue to decline until the late 20th century. [2]
In the Annals of Ulster[edit]
Main article: Annals of Ulster
Historical references to Connacht are generally accepted from the early 6th century onwards, commencing with the battle of Claenloch between the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne and the Uí Maine. It is thought that Claenloch is what is now called Coole Lough, four miles north of Gort, in County Galway.
References to the Arts c.1100 to 1700[edit]
Literary and historical works were produced in Connacht during these centuries included the Book of Ballymote (c.1391), the Great Book of Lecan (between 1397 and 1418), An Leabhar Breac (c. 1411), Egerton 1782 (early 16th century), and The Book of the Burkes (c.1580). Writers and learned people of the times included:
Signature page from the Annals of the Four Masters, Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain's signature is last in the list
Aindileas Ua Chlúmháin, poet, died 1170
Muireadhach Albanach, Crusader, fl. 1213–1228
Flann Óge Ó Domhnalláin, ollamh of Connacht, died 1342
Aed mac Conchbair Mac Aodhagáin, bard, 1330–1359
Seán Mór Ó Dubhagáin, historian, died 1372
Murchadh Ó Cuindlis, scribe, fl. 1398–1411
Giolla Íosa Mór Mac Fhirbhisigh, historian, fl. 1390–1418
Tadhg Dall Ó hUiginn, poet, murdered 1591
Baothghalach Mór Mac Aodhagáin, poet, 1550–1600
Nehemiah Donnellan Archbishop of Tuam, translated New Testament into Irish, died 1609
Flaithri Ó Maolconaire, theologian, 1560-18 November 1629
Peregrine Ó Duibhgeannain, scribe of the Annals of the Four Masters, fl. 1627–1636
Patrick D'Arcy, author of the constitution of Confederate Ireland, 1598–1668
Mary Bonaventure Browne, religious writer and historian, born after 1610
Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh, compiler of Leabhar na nGenealach, fl. 1643–1671
Daibhidh Ó Duibhgheannáin, scribe, compiler, poet, died 1696
Thomas Connellan, composer, c. 1640/1645–1698
Sport[edit]
See also: Sport in Galway
Gaelic games[edit]
Gaelic football and Hurling dominate sport in Connacht with 212 Gaelic Athletic Association affiliated clubs in the province.[23]
Gaelic football is played throughout the province with the five counties annually competing in the Connacht Senior Football Championship to determine the provincial champion. Mayo have been the dominant force in the province in recent years winning a five-in-a-row of Connacht titles from 2011 to 2015, and have regularly reached the semi-finals and finals of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship.[24] No football team from Connacht has won the All-Ireland since Galway in 2001.
Hurling in Connacht mostly played in County Galway. Galway is the only team in the province to compete in the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winning the Liam MacCarthy Cup five times. The Galway hurling team compete in the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship due to the lack of competition in the province.[25]
Rugby union[edit]
Connacht is represented by Connacht Rugby in the Pro14 and the Rugby Champions Cup. Connacht home games are played in the Galway Sportsgrounds in Galway. During the 2015/2016 Season of the Pro12, Connacht, for the first time, reached the play off stages of the competition and won the final in Edinburgh against rivals Leinster. It was their first ever Pro12 title.
Buccaneers RFC in the All-Ireland League
Galway Corinthians RFC in the All-Ireland League
Galwegians RFC in the All-Ireland League
Sligo RFC in the All-Ireland League
Association football[edit]
Galway United F.C. and Sligo Rovers compete in the League of Ireland Premier Division, Sligo Rovers being the more successful of the two having won the 2012 League of Ireland title and the 2010, 2011 and 2013 FAI Cups.
Basketball[edit]
Moycullen and Maree, both from County Galway, play in Ireland's premier men's competition, the Super League. In addition the Galway city-based Titans and Sligo All Stars compete in Division 1, the next highest level.
NUIG Mystics are the only Connacht team to compete in the Women's Super League. Team North West, which plays its home games outside Connacht in County Donegal but draws players from Sligo All Stars and Sligo Giant Warriors, competes in the Women's Division 1.
See also[edit]
Galway city
Connacht Senior Football Championship
Grace O'Malley
Kings of Umaill
Kings of Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe
Kings of Uí Maine
Kings of Luighne Connacht
Kings of Sliabh Lugha
Corca Fhir Trí
List of Cities and Towns in Connacht by population
Coin of Connaught
The Connaught Rangers
Duke of Connaught
Kings of Connacht
Lords of Connaught
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Page five of An tOrdú Logainmneacha (Contaetha agus Cúigí) 2003 clearly lists the official spellings of the names of the four provinces of the country with Connacht listed for both languages; when used without the term 'The province of' / 'Cúige'. http://www.coimisineir.ie/downloads/An_tOrdu_Logainmneacha_%28Cuigi_agus_Contaetha%29_IR_519_de_2003.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b "Province Connacht". Central Statistics Office. 2011.
Jump up ^ Challoner, Richard. A Memorial of Ancient British Piety: or, a British Martyrology, p. 127. W. Needham, 1761. Accessed 14 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Census of Ireland 2016: 550,742 out of 1,684,250 total.
Jump up ^ John Wells
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
Jump up ^ http://www.connemara.ie/en/content/killary/
Jump up ^ "Settlement Galway City And Suburbs (CSO Area Code ST 35005)". Census.cso.ie.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Sligo Legal Town And Its Environs (CSO Area Code ST 31004)". Census.cso.ie.
Jump up ^ "Settlement Sligo Legal Town And Its Environs (CSO Area Code ST 31004)". Census.cso.ie. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ O'Rahilly, T. F. (1942). "Notes, Mainly Etymological". Ériu. Royal Irish Academy. 13: 157. JSTOR 30006811.
Jump up ^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary. Pearson Longman. s.v. Connacht; Connaught. ISBN 9781405881173.
Jump up ^ "Population of Saorstát Éireann and of each Province at each Census since 1881 and the Numbers of Marriages, Births and Deaths Registered in each Intercensal Period since 1871" (PDF). Census 1926 Volume 1 – Population, Area and Valuation of each DED and each larger Unit of Area. CSO. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "European Assembly Elections Act, 1977, Schedule 2". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1993, Section 9". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "European Parliament Elections Act, 1997, Schedule 3". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "S.I. No. 91/2014 – Statistics (Carriage of Passengers, Freight and Mail by Air) Order 2013". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "S.I. No. 200/1987 – Garda Síochána (Associations) (Superintendents and Chief Superintendents) Regulations, 1987". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Connacht Rugby Website". www.connachtrugby.ie. Retrieved 2016-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/T100015/text002.html
Jump up ^ http://www.libraryireland.com/names/oc/o-ceallaigh.php
Jump up ^ http://www.joe.ie/sport/infographic-the-number-of-gaa-clubs-in-every-county-in-ireland-and-every-continent-around-the-world/420318
Jump up ^ http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2015/0719/715869-mayo-c/
Jump up ^ http://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/gaa/hurling/galway-moved-leinster-championship-more-2029995
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Connacht.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Connaught.
http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~irlkik/ihm/connacht.htm#mua
Census 2011 – Galway Gaeltacht stats
Census 2011 – Mayo Gaeltacht stats
Gaeltacht Comprehensive Language Study 2007
Gaelscoil stats
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2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
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This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (February 2018)
2018 Winter Olympics
opening ceremony
Yuna Kim, South Korean Olympic figure skating champion, lights the Olympic cauldron
Date
9 February 2018 (2018-02-09)
Time
20:00–22:20 KST (UTC+9)
Location
Pyeongchang, South Korea
Coordinates
37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556Coordinates: 37°40′03″N 128°42′20″E / 37.66750°N 128.70556°E / 37.66750; 128.70556
Also known as
Peace in Motion
Filmed by
SBS and OBS
Part of a series on the
2018 Winter Olympics
Bid process (bid details)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (ban on Russian athletes)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics
IOC
KOC
POCOG
v
t
e
The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium in Pyeongchang, South Korea on 9 February 2018. It began at 20:00 KST and finished at approximately 22:20 KST. The Games were officially opened by President of the Republic of Korea Moon Jae-in.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preparations
2 Ceremony
3 Programme
3.1 Parade of Nations
3.2 Torch lighting
3.3 Wish Fire
3.4 Intel® Drone Light Show
4 Controversies
4.1 Mike Pence
4.2 Russian hacking
5 Dignitaries in attendance
6 Anthems
7 Ceremony key team
8 References
9 External links
Preparations[edit]
The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent heaven, earth, and mankind.[1] No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards.[2]
The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world.[3]
Ha Hyun-woo of the band Guckkasten, Ahn Ji-young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4, Lee Eun-mi and Jeon In-kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon's "Imagine" at the opening ceremony.[4]
The Rainbow Children's Choir performed an arrangement, with Korean traditional musical instruments, of the national anthem, “Aegukga”.[5] The multiethnic children’s choir was formed to educate the Korean public about multicultural families living in Korea. [6]
Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay, "Let Everyone Shine".[7]
Ceremony[edit]
The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence.[1]
Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included one Inmyeonjo (a mythical creature with a body of a bird and a head of a man, a creature that only appears when the world is at peace), four mythical creatures, including a white tiger — spirit animal protector of Korea and the mascot of these Games, natural floral and fauna, and a cast of 2,000. Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings, and the five names were chosen to represent fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth.[1]
Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event. The largest drone show in history, featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones, was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December.[8]
During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack, but without major consequences.
Programme[edit]
Parade of Nations[edit]
Main article: 2018 Winter Olympics Parade of Nations
The Parade of Nations was led, according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language, with the host country, South Korea, concluding the march.[9]
The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea (Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics) marched under the Korean unification flag.[9] South Korean Won Yun-jong and North Korean Hwang Chung-gum both held the flagpole.[10]
Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold, Bermuda's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance.[10]
Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of "Hand in Hand" by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as "단발머리" by Cho Yong-pil and of traditional Korean music, as well as the following K-pop hits: "Gangnam Style" by Psy, "Likey" by Twice, "Fantastic Baby" by Big Bang, "DNA" by BTS, and "Red Flavor" by Red Velvet.[11] "Red Flavor" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced.
Torch lighting[edit]
See also: 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay
Cauldron
The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said "It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness." [12] Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. [12] There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace.[13] In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from Republic of Korea. Chung Su-hyon from North Korea and Park Jong-ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron. [14]As the torch neared the cauldron, an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed.[10] Yuna Kim is the well-known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014.[14] The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit. Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron.[1]
Wish Fire[edit]
The final segment entitled "Wish Fire" featured Korean dance group Just Jerk[15] (who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi, and performers with sparklers on roller blades. This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium, some reaching as high as 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).[1]
Intel® Drone Light Show[edit]
More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Intel® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones. [16] The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding, skiing, other different sports, as well as the iconic Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. [17]
Controversies[edit]
Mike Pence[edit]
While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country's arrival,[18] United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing, as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes.[18] Pence was accused of hypocrisy, with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes.[19][20][21]
Russian hacking[edit]
On 24 February, the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony, an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea. Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee’s decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations.[22][23]
Dignitaries in attendance[edit]
Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States
Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron[24]
Governor General Julie Payette[25][24]
Politburo standing member Han Zheng[26]
Vice President Óscar Naranjo[24]
President Kersti Kaljulaid[27]
Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian[28] and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel
President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[29]
Sports Minister Luca Lotti[30]
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[31]
President of Korea Moon Jae-In[32]
President Dalia Grybauskaitė[33]
President Hashim Thaçi[34]
Grand Duke Henri[35]
Prince Albert II[36]
King Willem Alexander, Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte[37]
President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Yo-jong[38]
President Andrzej Duda[39]
Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić[40]
President Andrej Kiska[41]
President Alain Berset[42]
Princess Anne[43]
Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence[44]
Secretary-General António Guterres[45]
Kim Yo-jong attending the ceremony
On 9 February 2018, Kim Yo-jong — sister of Kim Jong-un — attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War.[46] Kim Yo-jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae-in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together.[10]
Anthems[edit]
Rainbow Children's Choir – South Korean National Anthem[5]
Sumi Hwang – Olympic Hymn[5]
Ceremony key team[edit]
Artistic Director: Yang Jung-woong[4]
Executive Director, creative: Song Seung-whan[47]
Executive Director, cinematography: Lim Tae-hong, Andrew
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Chappell, Bill (February 9, 2018). "Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony: Pyeongchang Welcomes The World". NPR. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Eaton, Joe (February 9, 2018). "It's Time for the Pop-Up Olympics". CITYLAB. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pyeongchang 2018 Opening Ceremony LIVE on 9 February 2018". 18 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hong, C. (30 January 2018). "Ha Hyun Woo, Bolbbalgan4's Ahn Ji Young, And More To Perform At Olympics Opening Ceremony". Soompi. Viki, Inc. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garcia, Maira (10 February 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". nytimes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-11.
Jump up ^ Garcia, Maira (10 Feb 2018). "Who Were the Singers at the Opening Ceremony of the Winter Olympics?". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ PyeongChang 2018 (21 September 2017). "(ENG) Theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay (ENG sub)". Retrieved 8 February 2018 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Olympics Opening Ceremony World-Record Drone Show". WIRED. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony – live!". Guardian. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Winter Olympics 2018 opening ceremony review: Pyeongchang unites the world in a blizzard of emotion and effects". The Telegraph. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Gil (6 December 2017). "2018 Winter Olympics Kick Off With Korean Stars PSY & BTS During Opening Ceremonies". Billboard. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Olympia Awaits Flame Lighting Ceremony for PyeongChang 2018". Olympic Games. 19 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Information to the Media - PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Flame-Lighting Ceremony". Olympic Games. 23 October 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Keh, Andrew (9 Feb 2018). "Winter Olympics 2018 Opening Ceremony: Highlights and Analysis". PyeongChang 2018.
Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of the PyeongChang 2018 Opening Ceremony
Jump up ^ "Intel® Drones at The Olympic Games". intel®.
Jump up ^ "A Record-Breaking Show at PyeongChang 2018". intel®. 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Radnofsky, Louise; Cheng, Jonathan (10 February 2018). "Pence Sat During Opening Ceremony. Some Koreans Took Offense". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ Banks, Paul M. (9 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Verify Mike Pence Hypocrisy on NFL National Anthem Protests". ChicagoNow. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Zilber, Ariel (10 February 2018). "Mike Pence accused of hypocrisy for refusing to stand for Unified Korea during Winter Olympics opening ceremony – months after walking out of an NFL game because of kneeling players". Daily Mail. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Meeks, David (12 February 2018). "By not standing for Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics, VP Mike Pence embarrassed America". USA Today. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Report: Russian spies behind Winter Olympics cyber attack. US Today. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Russian spies reportedly hacked Winter Olympics. CNET. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Winter Olympics opening ceremony: Koreans enter under unified flag – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Gov. Gen. Julie Payette to attend opening of winter Olympics".
Jump up ^ "SOUTH KOREA-CHINA-HAN ZHENG-WINTER OLYMPICS-OPENING CEREMONY". February 9, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Korea-Estonia summit to help launch peace through Olympics". Korea.net. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. President Moon Jae-in held a meeting with President Kersti Kaljulaid of Estonia who is on a visit to Korea to attend the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games.
Jump up ^ "평창 오는 외국정상 벌써 15명…'올림픽 외교' 꽃피운다". 26 December 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Presidente de Alemania apoya diálogo entre Coreas" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Daniela Cotto (9 February 2018). "Il ministro Lotti a Casa Italia, l'incontro con Lindsey Vonn" (in Italian). La Stampa. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Mandatarios de Japón y Corea del Sur acuerdan continuar ejerciendo presión sobre Corea del Norte" (in Spanish). NHK World. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Abe y Moon sostuvieron una reunión de aproximadamente una hora en un hotel cerca del Estadio Olímpico de Pyeongchang antes de asistir el viernes a la ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno.
Jump up ^ "Lío de protocolo ante la inauguración de los juegos de invierno de Pyeongchang" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "The President attends the opening ceremony of Winter Olympics". President of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Alan Crosby (10 February 2018). "Winter Olympics Debut A 10th-Anniversary Gift For Kosovo". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 10 February 2018. Hashim Thaci, president of Kosovo, said on February 5 during a ceremony presenting the official Kosovar flag to Tahiri.
Jump up ^ "Grand Duke Henri to Attend Winter Olympics". Chronicle.lu. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Prince Albert II of Monaco (C) reacts as he visits the House of Switzerland during the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games, South Korea". european pressphoto agency. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Koningspaar en premier Rutte bij openingsceremonie Pyeongchang".
Jump up ^ Talmadge, Eric (9 February 2018). "At Olympic Games, Kim Jong Un's sister takes VIP seat". ABC News. AP. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Szczerski o rozmowie Dudy z wiceprezydentem USA: od razu wiadomo, że się odbędzie". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Зимске олимпијске игре свечано отворене у Пјончангу – СПОРТСКИ ЖУРНАЛ".
Jump up ^ "33개국 정상급 45명 참석 밝혀… 靑 경호처가 근접 보호". Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "JO 2018: Alain Berset à Pyeongchang pour affirmer la présence de la Suisse" (in French). La Côte. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guterres se reunió con el líder norcoreano Kim Yong-nam" (in Spanish). Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2018. El secretario general de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, se encontró con el presidente nominal de Corea del Norte, Kim Yong-nam, en el marco de la inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno en Pyeongchang.
Jump up ^ "美펜스, 올림픽대표단 끌고 평창行..이방카 참석은 '미정'". 10 January 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "9 February 2018, Buckingham Palace". Court Circular. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018. The Princess Royal, Member, International Olympic Committee, and President, British Olympic Association, this evening attended the Opening Reception and Ceremony of the XXIII Winter Olympic Games.
Jump up ^ Haas, Benjamin (9 February 2018). "US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Olympics-Pyeongchang picks 'Nanta' producer for 2018 ceremonies". Seoul, South Korea. Reuters. 2 July 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony at Wikimedia Commons
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values: Ceremonia d'apertura de los Xuegos Olímpicos de Pyeongchang 2018 – Asturian

values: Ceremonia de apertura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Pieonchang 2018 – Spanish

values: Cérémonie d'ouverture des Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018 – French

values: 2018년 동계 올림픽 개막식 – Korean

values: 2018年平昌オリンピックの開会式 – Japanese

values: พิธีเปิดโอลิมปิกฤดูหนาว 2018 – Thai

values: Церемонія відкриття зимових Олімпійських ігор 2018 – Ukrainian

values: 2018年冬季奧林匹克運動會開幕式 – Chinese

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