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Summer vacation
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Summer vacation (also called summer holiday or summer break) is a school holiday in summer between school years and the break in the school year. Students and instructors are off school typically between 8 and 14 weeks, depending on the country and district. In the United States, summer break is approximately 2.5 to 3 months, with students typically getting out of school between late May and mid-June and starting the new school year between mid-August and early September. In Republic of Ireland, Italy, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia, Lebanon, Romania and Russia, the summer break is normally three months, compared to six to eight weeks in Australia, Britain, Canada, India, Denmark, The Netherlands, and Germany.
Contents
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1 Criticisms and support
2 By country
2.1 Argentina
2.2 Australia
2.3 Austria
2.4 Bangladesh
2.5 Barbados
2.6 Belgium
2.7 Bolivia
2.8 Bosnia and Herzegovina
2.9 Brazil
2.10 Bulgaria
2.11 Canada
2.12 Chile
2.13 China
2.14 Colombia
2.15 Costa Rica
2.16 Croatia
2.17 Czech Republic
2.18 Denmark
2.19 Ecuador
2.20 Egypt
2.21 Estonia
2.22 Ethiopia
2.23 Finland
2.24 France
2.25 Germany
2.26 Greece
2.27 Guatemala
2.28 Guyana
2.29 Hungary
2.30 Hong Kong
2.31 Iceland
2.32 India
2.33 Iran
2.34 Iraq
2.35 Ireland
2.36 Israel
2.37 Italy
2.38 Jamaica
2.39 Japan
2.40 Jordan
2.41 Kuwait
2.42 Lebanon
2.43 Libya
2.44 Lithuania
2.45 Luxembourg
2.46 Macedonia
2.47 Malta
2.48 Moldova
2.49 Morocco
2.50 Mexico
2.51 Mongolia
2.52 Nepal
2.53 Netherlands
2.54 New Zealand
2.55 Nigeria
2.56 Norway
2.57 Oman
2.58 Pakistan
2.59 Panama
2.60 Paraguay
2.61 Philippines
2.62 Poland
2.63 Portugal
2.64 Russia
2.65 Romania
2.66 Saint Lucia
2.67 Saudi Arabia
2.68 Serbia
2.69 Singapore
2.70 Slovakia
2.71 Slovenia
2.72 South Africa
2.73 South Korea
2.74 South Sudan
2.75 Spain
2.76 Suriname
2.77 Sweden
2.78 Switzerland
2.79 Syria
2.80 Taiwan
2.81 Thailand
2.82 Trinidad and Tobago
2.83 Turkey
2.84 Tunisia
2.85 United Kingdom
2.86 United States
2.87 Uruguay
2.88 Venezuela
2.89 Vietnam
3 See also
4 References
Criticisms and support[edit]
In some countries, school summer vacation is only six weeks or two months supposedly so students don't forget large amounts of information learned in the past year (See: Summer learning loss).[1][2] Other education reformers believed that children were overstimulated in a system which required 48 weeks of schooling. They believe that over-schooling could lead to nervous disorders, depression, insanity, and separation anxiety towards families.[3] They believe that children need the 2–3 months off to relax and also to take a break from other childhood stresses associated with school such as peer pressure, cliques, bullying, and the pressure of heavy loads of homework.
Some critics of summer vacation point out that American students spend approximately 180 days (26 weeks) per year in school, but Asian students are "in school for 240 to 250 days". This is consistent with the conclusions of researchers who suggest that advanced abilities are in proportion to the time spent learning. Summer holidays in Japan start from late July until early September.[4]
By country[edit]
Argentina[edit]
In Southern Argentina, the school year ends in early- or mid-December and starts late February or early March. Also the majority of students get two weeks of holidays during winter, which varies depending on the region of the country from early June to late July or mid-July to early August.
Primary education: From mid-December to late February (2 months)
Secondary education: From early December to early March (3 months)
University education: From last day of December (31 December) to early April (3 months)
Australia[edit]
In Australia, summer officially lasts from December to February, and therefore includes Christmas and New Year holidays. The dates of Australian school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") are determined by each state's Department of Education, the Christmas summer holiday being the longest in duration. Typically Christmas summer holiday in Australia last approximately six weeks, usually from late December (depending on school level) to late January. This is significantly shorter than North American summer holiday, but Australian schools also break for 2 weeks at Easter, and in June and September, giving students and teachers a total of twelve weeks of annual holidays. In many public schools, years 10 through 12 will finish before December 15, allowing time to complete exam marking and results. Year 10 commonly finishes at the end of November, Year 11 at the end of October, and year 12 (Senior Year) also at mid or the end of October after 3 weeks of end-of-year exams. This can bring the normal 12 weeks of vacation to 20 weeks of vacation. The intervening periods of school operation without holidays are called "School Terms", each term lasting approximately ten weeks. All Australian states have relatively similar holiday periods between each term, but there is the ability for this to change, as it did in the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games, when the first term in Victorian schools was shortened to 6 weeks and the other subsequently extended to 12 weeks due to severe disruptions to the public and private bus networks used by school students. Most private schools in Australia have up to four weeks of additional holidays, due to their longer teaching hours during term.
Austria[edit]
In Austria, summer vacation dates vary by region, however the break lasts nine weeks throughout the whole country. School usually ends in early July and starts in early September. In the regions of Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland summer break starts on the first Saturday in July and one week later in Carinthia, Styria, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salzburg and Upper Austria. School recommences on the first Monday in September in Vienna, Lower Austria and the Burgenland and on the second Monday of September in the other regions.
Bangladesh[edit]
In Bangladesh, summer vacation begins in mid-May and ends in mid June (4 weeks). According to Bengali calendar summer vacation related with availability of different kinds of summer fruits in the month of Joishtho (mid May to mid June). This is slightly odd for schools to open before the summer solstice begins. Also, it is becoming difficult for children to attend school in high temperatures.
Barbados[edit]
In Barbados, summer holiday dates have varied throughout the years due to the beginning of the hurricane season on June 1st. Because of this, major storms affecting the island can cause school to remain closed for days resulting in a pushback of vacation dates. For example, in 2010 with Hurricane Tomas. Recently, summer holiday begins in late-June or early-July and ends in the second week on September.
Belgium[edit]
In Belgium, summer vacation lasts from July 1 until September 1 (2 months).
Bolivia[edit]
In Bolivia, summer vacation runs from early December to early February[5] (2 months).
Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the start of summer break varies by school, but usually starts at the beginning or mid-June. School starts on the first Monday of September. There is also a three-to-four weeks long break during winter (typically starting on 31 December). School is not out on Christmas or Easter, but students who celebrate those holidays are allowed to miss that day of school.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, summer break lasts between 50 and 60 days; from late November - early December, to early February, typically February 14–25. In addition, for the majority of Brazilian students there are two to three weeks off for Winter in July.
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria, the time of the break differs according to the grade of the students. The following periods are applied:
1st grade: May 24 – September 15
2nd-4th grade: May 31 – September 15
5th-7th grade: June 15 – September 15
8th-11th grade: June 30 – September 15
12th grade: School year ends in mid-May.
Note that 8th grade classes that focus on intensive language learning's summer vacation also starts on the 30th of June, rather than the 15th.[6]
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the first day of summer vacation for public schools is the last Saturday in June. However, in some provinces students get a Professional Activity day on the final Friday of that school week, and their last day would be on the Thursday. Depending on the province, students can get 2–3 months of summer vacation. This may vary in Quebec (earlier due to provincial June 24 holiday). The last day of summer vacation is Labour Day. This can vary in Private schools. School generally resumes the day after Labour Day (in September). Most have two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and a week off in March or April for Spring Break (sometimes called March Break or Easter Break).
Chile[edit]
In Chile, summer vacation lasts from early or mid-December until late February or early March (10, 11 or 12 weeks). In addition, schools have two or three weeks off for Winter in July, and one-week-long break for National Holidays in mid-September.
China[edit]
In the People's Republic of China, summer holidays start in early July and often end in early September (2 months).
Colombia[edit]
In Colombia, summer vacation varies. Because of Colombia's equatorial climate (see Climate of Colombia for more information), schools run two different calendars. Public schools and some private schools run "Calendar A" which has a break between June and July. Only some private schools run "Calendar B" in which there is a long vacation in July and August. On the other hand, "Calendar A" has a long vacation around Christmas.
Costa Rica[edit]
In Costa Rica, summer vacation lasts 2 months. Usually begin in late December and end in early February. There are a few schools using the "american" style, those school usually take vacations in late May and then resume again in early August.
Croatia[edit]
In Croatia, school year is over around 10th June and it usually starts on the first Monday of September, but if the first Monday is on 1st or 2nd September school year is more likely to start on the second Monday. Winter break usually begins a few days before Christmas and it lasts until mid January. Eastern break lasts 10 days.
Czech Republic[edit]
In the Czech Republic, summer holiday begins on July 1 and ends on August 31 (2 months).[7]
Denmark[edit]
In Denmark, summer break lasts from the end of June to early or mid-August (6 weeks) . High schools (colleges) usually return to school in early August, but for younger students it can be in the middle.
Ecuador[edit]
In Ecuador, summer vacation varies. Because of Ecuador's equatorial climate (see Climate of Ecuador for more information), schools run two different calendars. The Coastal region runs vacation January or February, but in the Sierra region, summer vacation follows the pattern in July and August.
Egypt[edit]
In Egypt, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks) in public schools, though length slightly differs according to age. In most private schools, summer break lasts from the middle or end of June to the beginning of September (2.5 Months – 10 Weeks)
Estonia[edit]
In Estonia, summer holidays start in the beginning of June, the date ranging for different grades. School begins every year on September 1, with a week off in autumn, 2 weeks off at Christmas and a week in spring.
Ethiopia[edit]
In Ethiopia, the school year usually ends in late May to mid-June and begins in mid-September (8 to 12 weeks).
Finland[edit]
In Finland, summer vacation starts on Saturday in late May, or in the beginning of June. The vacation lasts for 21⁄2 to 3 months. Usually, school starts again on August 7 to 18.
France[edit]
In France, summer vacation usually consist of July and August (2 months). But in secondary school, students finish mid-June because of the senior's exams. This may vary for private schools.
Germany[edit]
In Germany, summer vacation lasts six and a half weeks. The exact dates vary by state as well as from one to the next year, from the earliest (mid-June to late July) to the latest (late July to early September). In Germany the annual holidays are split into winter holidays (about one week), Easter holidays (mostly about two weeks), summer holiday (about six and a half weeks), autumn holidays (about one to two weeks) and Christmas holidays (about one to two weeks). Some states like Bavaria also have holidays for Pentecost. Summed up over the whole year the holidays are about thirteen weeks.
Greece[edit]
In Greece, the summer vacation lasts for 3 months. Schools close June 14 and reopen on September 11. Universities generally close mid-July but with great differences between faculties.
Guatemala[edit]
In Guatemala, the summer holidays start in middle October and end in early January (approx 12 weeks).
Guyana[edit]
In Guyana, the summer holidays start in early July and end in early September (2 months).
Hungary[edit]
In Hungary, summer vacation usually lasts from mid-June to early September (11 or 12 weeks).
Hong Kong[edit]
In Hong Kong, summer vacation normally begins in mid-July and ends on the beginning of September (6–7 weeks) for most public schools. However, the starting and ending times of international schools are variable. For example, most ESF-based schools start in late June and finish mid-August (7 weeks).
Iceland[edit]
In Iceland, the duration of the summer vacation can vary from one school to another. Typically students go on a summer vacation during the first week of June and return to school in the 4th week of August.[8]
India[edit]
India covers a wide spectrum of climates, resulting in a large variation in times and durations of summer vacation. Different parts of the country face different climatic conditions at the same time.
In northern India, Summer Vacation typically begins in the second week of May and ends by the last week of June, except in Kashmir Valley, where summer vacation is only for ten days, with a long winter break from mid-December to the end of February instead.
In central India, summer vacation begins in mid-April and school re-opens in mid-June.
In the south, school ends in the last week of March and begins again in beginning of June.
In the north-eastern states, a new school year commences before the holidays, on April. A few weeks later, schools break for summer vacation between May and June, during the hottest months of the year.
Moreover, in most schools, summer vacation lasts for no more than six weeks in most schools. The duration may decrease to as little as three weeks for older students, with the exception of two month breaks being scheduled to allow some high school and university students to participate in internship and summer school programmes.
Iran[edit]
In Iran, summer vacation lasts 3 months. Schools close in late June and reopen in late September
Iraq[edit]
In Iraq, summer vacation begins in late May and ends in late September, but the 12th grade vacation begins in late June and ends in mid-October.
Ireland[edit]
In the Republic of Ireland, most secondary schools start summer holidays the first week of June, or at the end of the Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate exams (approximately 20th June), and don't return until 20-26th August. Other holidays include two weeks for Easter and another two for Christmas and New Year, as well as two midterms with one in October/November during the week of Halloween and one usually in the month of February. Primary schools in the Republic of Ireland work sixteen days longer, so they start their summer holiday at the end of June but do not return until the first week of September.[9] Private schools in the Republic of Ireland follow the same pattern.
Israel[edit]
The start of the summer vacation for middle schools and high schools is on June 20 and the end is August 31 (two months and 10 days) and the summer vacation for primary schools and kindergartens start on July 1 and ends on August 31 (two months).
Italy[edit]
In Italy, summer vacation for elementary, middle and high schools normally starts on the second week of June and lasts until the first week of September included, for a total of three months. For kindergartens, summer vacation starts at the end of May and lasts until the first week of September. Final term examinations for middle school and high school are held until the end of June.
Jamaica[edit]
In Jamaica, summer holidays for primary and secondary schools starts in the first week of July and ends in the first week of September which gives a duration of about eight weeks.
These schools also have term breaks at Christmas (typically two weeks) and Easter (typically one and a half weeks), as well as mid-term breaks of a few days each usually around National Heroes Day in the Christmas (First) Term, Ash Wednesday in the Easter (Second) Term and Labour Day in the Summer (Third) term.
At the start of each year The Ministry of Education provides dates for each term and suggested dates for mid-term breaks for primary and secondary schools. These dates might be adjusted based on circumstance such as the loss of teaching time caused by the passage of a hurricane.
Tertiary institutions using the semester system typically have summer holidays starting in May (at the end of examinations) and ending in early September. This can, however, vary among institutions.
Japan[edit]
In Japan, the summer vacation generally lasts from late July to early September, and due to the way education in Japan is structured, it takes place within a school year.
Jordan[edit]
In Jordan, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.
Kuwait[edit]
In Kuwait, summer vacation for elementary and middle school, [1st to 9th grade] starts at the end of May or at the beginning of June and ends at the Beginning to late September, sometimes as far as early October (Public Schools). For high school students, [10th to 12th grade] it starts on June 19–20 and ends at the same time as elementary and middle school.
Lebanon[edit]
In Lebanon, summer vacation lasts almost 3 months and most schools take summer vacation from mid-June to mid-September.
Libya[edit]
In Libya, summer break lasts from the beginning or the middle of June until the middle of September (3 Months – 14 Weeks). There are 5 other smaller vacations : Mid-year two-week break around February and two Hijri Lunar calendar 3-Day religious breaks for Eid Fitr (25 June in 217) and Eid Adha (1 Sept in 2017).
Lithuania[edit]
In Lithuania, summer vacation starts in June 1 and ends on September 1 with the start of a new school year (3 months).
Luxembourg[edit]
In Luxembourg, summer vacation starts on July 16 and ends on September 15, lasting a total of two months. There are 5 other smaller vacations : All Saints (1 week), Christmas (2 weeks), Carnival (1 week), Easter (2 weeks), Pentecost (1 week).
Macedonia[edit]
In Macedonia, the summer vacation starts on June 10 and ends on September 1 in every school.
Malta[edit]
In Malta, the summer holidays usually last from the end of June until the end of September (3 months).
Moldova[edit]
In Moldova, summer vacation begins on 1 June and ends in 1 September (3 months).
Morocco[edit]
In Morocco, summer vacation lasts from June 20 until the beginning of September (2 months).
Mexico[edit]
In Mexico, summer vacation starts in early July and finishes in mid-August since 2000. In addition, Mexican children get two or three weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from the third Thursday in December to January 7), and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break (from the Friday before lazarus Saturday to the Monday after Easter Monday).
However, high school students (from tenth to twelfth grade) and college students have mostly three months of vacation -from late May or early June to early August. Like elementary and middle school students, high school students have in addition two weeks off for Christmas and New Year, and two weeks off in March or April for Spring Break. Moreover, college students get four weeks off for Christmas and New Year (from mid-December to mid-January) but only one week of Spring Break.
Mongolia[edit]
In Mongolia, summer vacation usually starts from late May or early June (varies between schools) to the end of August. The school year is divided into 4 terms lasting 8 to 9 weeks each and students take 1 week off after the first and second terms and 2 weeks after the third term.
Nepal[edit]
In Nepal, summer vacation runs from the end of May to the end of July.
Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, summer vacation is about 6 weeks for primary school and High school, usually from mid-July to late August. School students officially get the same time off but there often is a one-week period before the vacation during which the student will only have to go to school for 2 days to receive their grade lists and bring back their books making the holiday 7 weeks unofficially for high school students. However, this does not apply to every school.
New Zealand[edit]
In New Zealand, the school holidays (the term used, rather than "vacation") typically start in mid-December, and end in late January, which is usually 6 weeks.[10] Senior secondary school students in Year 11, 12 and 13 finish in late-October for study leave. But the summer holidays still do not start until mid-December. And university students don't start until early March and finish in late-October. Throughout the year there are 2 week breaks at Easter, in July and in September.
Nigeria[edit]
In Nigeria, primary and secondary Schools usually start Summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the early weeks of September. The vacation is also known as the "3rd-term holiday" and it is the longest break in a school year (typically up to two months). The "first-term break" starts between one and two weeks prior to Christmas and ends the first or second week in January, lasting for about three weeks. The "first-term break" is usually the shortest break in a school year. The "second-term break" usually starts a week before Easter and lasts for another three weeks. This gives a total of about 14 weeks of holiday in a year. The geographical location of the school is also a factor.
Tertiary institutions follow a different pattern, as the holiday in each school depends on various factors which include, the Course of study and the academic calendar of the school. Some tertiary institutions observe their Summer breaks in the normal summer period when elementary and high schools observe theirs, while others don't. Some courses of study also don't observe any significant holidays, such programmes include Engineering, Nursing, Medicine and a few others. This is usually as a result of students doing their laboratory work, workshop practice, Practicals, Internship etc. (as the case may be), while the other students in other programmes are on holiday. Tertiary schools observe two semesters; while some schools observe a break after the first semester, many others have their breaks combined to just the summer holidays. This long break helps the students get good jobs during the holiday. The total length of break observed in tertiary institutions in a year is 12 to 14 weeks.
Norway[edit]
In Norway, summer vacation typically lasts from mid June to mid August, for a minimum of 8 weeks.
Oman[edit]
In Oman, summer vacation starts in late May and ends in early September (3 months).
Pakistan[edit]
In Pakistan, Summer vacation lasts for two to three months depending on the type of school (public or private). Typical summer vacation is from the end of May to mid-August.[11] Many private schools are also open in June and July for 8th to 10th grades under the programmes called "summer camps".
Panama[edit]
In Panama, summer vacation starts in early December on both types of school (public or private), and ends in late February. (3 months)
Paraguay[edit]
In Paraguay, summer holidays start in December and end in late February (2 months).
Philippines[edit]
In the Philippines, summer holidays for kindergarten, elementary, and high schools typically start on the third week of March and end in the first to third week of June. This coincides with the country's tropical dry season months from March to June. Colleges and universities, however, offer summer classes for students who wants to take advanced subjects or those who fail to pass the prerequisites for the next school year. School year begins in the first week of June, the start of Philippines' wet season.
Select universities have adapted the school year schedule of other countries, starting the school year in September and having the summer holidays from June to August.[12][13] Some of the schools who complied are still in transition, their academic calendars still beginning in July, others in August, with their summer vacations adjusted accordingly.[14]
Poland[edit]
In Poland, summer vacation starts on the first Saturday after June 20 and ends on the first weekday of September except Friday or Saturday. Students usually spend 1–1.5 hours at school to pick up their report cards on their last day of school.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, summer vacation starts in mid-June, and finishes in the middle of September.
Russia[edit]
In Russia, summer vacation starts on May 25 with the end of an old school year (for 1st–8th and 10th grades) and ends on September 1 with the beginning of a new school year. For 9th and 11th grades, due to exams (EGE), the vacation starts in the middle (9th grade) or in the end (11th grade) of June.
Romania[edit]
In Romania, summer vacation starts in the second and third week of June and ends September 9-16 (3 months). [2]
Saint Lucia[edit]
In Saint Lucia, summer vacation starts in early July and ends on the first Monday of September (6 weeks).
Saudi Arabia[edit]
In the school year 2016–2017 the summer break for Saudi Arabian students started from 24th of May till the 17th of September. This means it will be 110 days, 3 Months and a half. In 2018-2019, schools will end in May 13th and start early September, this is because the Ministry of Education wants students to finish school before Ramadan begins.
Serbia[edit]
In Serbia, the summer vacation starts around the ending of June, more precisely by the end of 2nd or 3rd week of June. Summer holiday ends on August 31. School officially starts on first working day of September (if September 1 is on Saturday or Sunday, starting of school is delayed until Monday). There are also several other holidays. Two day holiday in the first week of November, Three week holiday from December 31st to the third week of January and finally a two-week break during Easter.
Singapore[edit]
For primary school and secondary school students: Mid-November to early January (1 ½ months). New school year will start at early January. Also, there will be a 1-month holiday in June and 1 week holiday in March and September. Most secondary students are released mid or late October due to the annual national examinations for Secondary 4/5 students.
Slovakia[edit]
In Slovakia, summer break lasts from July 1 until September 1 (2 months and Constitution Day).[15]
Slovenia[edit]
In Slovenia, the final exams are usually taken from mid-May to mid-June (high schools) or in June (primary schools). Last day of school is June 24 and school −begins on September 1.
South Africa[edit]
In South Africa, summer holidays usually begin in early December and end in mid-January. Winter Break lasts from late June to early July, and there are 10 days of Easter holidays.
South Korea[edit]
In South Korea, summer vacation starts in late July and ends in mid-August. The South Korean summer vacation takes place within a school year. The winter vacation takes place from the last week of December or early January to the first week of February.
South Sudan[edit]
In South Sudan, summer vacation starts on December 21 and ends on March 19.
Spain[edit]
In Spain, the school year finishes in mid or late June and begins in mid-September. Vacation varies by region but often includes a family vacation within Spain to cooler temperatures in the north of Spain or south or east to the Mediterranean beaches.[16]
Suriname[edit]
In Suriname, summer vacation usually starts in mid-August and ends in early-October.[17] In 2012, a change of summer vacation was proposed by several legislators having summer vacation the same time as the Caribbean Community.[17] The proposed plan is summer vacation starts from mid-August and ends in early-October.[17]
Sweden[edit]
In Sweden, summer vacation is between the spring and autumn term. Normally it lasts from mid-June to late August (a minimum of 9–10 weeks, differs for each county). In Sweden, students end their term, either at a church or in their school, singing traditional summer songs like Den blomstertid nu kommer (normally only the first 2 verses).
The winter vacation is between the winter and late winter term. It normally lasts from late December until early January. It is normally 3 weeks long.
Children in elementary school until high school have a week of vacation in the autumn/winter term and also two weeks in the spring/summer term. The one in the autumn is called "Novemberlov" which means "November vacation/break" or "Höstlov" which means "Autumn vacation/break". The two in the spring/summer term is called "Sportlov" which means "Sport break/vacation" and "Påsklov" which means "Easter break/vacation".
Then on 1 May everyone is on vacation in whole Sweden. Also on 6 June, which is the Swedish National Day.
Switzerland[edit]
In Switzerland, summer vacation varies in each canton. As an example in Zürich, it lasts five weeks and between mid-July and mid-August.[18] In Ticino, it last about ten weeks between late June and early September. [19]
Syria[edit]
In Syria, summer vacation lasts 3 months. It starts mid June (for primary and secondary schools)and ends mid September. University students have a vacation from early July to early October. This varies 2 or 3 days by school or year . The mid-term holiday is usually a week long.
Taiwan[edit]
In Taiwan, summer vacation starts in early July (late June for University students) and ends in late August (mid-September for University students).
Thailand[edit]
In Thailand, summer vacation begins in late February to early March and ends in mid-May.
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
Primary and Secondary Schools close the first Friday of July and open on the first Monday of September (giving students two months). This can vary a day or two by school or year. International schools are in link with the British, Canadian, or American systems.
Turkey[edit]
In Turkey, summer vacation starts in mid-June and ends in mid-September (3 months).
Tunisia[edit]
In Tunisia, summer vacation for the middle school (7th–9th grade) and high school starts on May 30 and ends on September 15. Primary schools are off to vacation on June 1 and end on September 15.
United Kingdom[edit]
In England and Wales, summer holidays for state schools usually last from the second half of July through to early September which gives a duration of six or seven weeks. In addition, all schools in England and Wales have three one-week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms, one in the autumn term, one in the spring term and one in the summer term. State schools have two weeks off for Christmas and Easter, which brings the total number of weeks off for state school students per year to 13.
In Scotland, school summer holidays start in late June and last for about six or seven weeks, with most schools returning around August 17. In addition to summer holidays, Scottish schools have one week in October, two weeks at Christmas and two weeks at Easter. They also have a week off in Mid-February. They have two bank holidays in May/June, and one in September.
In Northern Ireland, most schools' summer vacation starts in late June and runs through to the beginning of September. Students doing exams (GCSE and A-Levels) often get "Study-Leave" from May and do the exams sometime in that month, or early June. Schools also have a two-week break for Christmas and Easter as well as several Bank Holidays as well as a week off for Mid Term in Mid February. Some schools, generally integrated, or Catholic, also get time off for St. Patrick's Day in March. Protestant schools don't usually get this day off.
In the United Kingdom, holiday dates for schools in the independent sector mostly differ from those of schools in the state sector and these differences typically take the form of an extra week's holiday at the beginning and end of each of the long vacations meaning four weeks for the Christmas and Easter breaks and eight to ten weeks for the summer break but variations in summer vacation length exist between the independent schools themselves. In addition, all schools in the United Kingdom have three week-long half-term breaks for each of the three terms including one in the autumn term at the end of October, one in the spring term in mid-February and one in the summer term in late May although these breaks do not always coincide with the state school breaks in Autumn ans Spring terms. The summer half term break is determined by the break in public exams at the end of May. Some universities grant an extended "Exam-Leave" to students which typically commences in early April, so as to give students a good number of weeks to prepare for the summer exam season which usually starts in mid to late May and finishes at the end of their final exam which usually takes place in early or mid-June. Final-year students at independent schools typically finish their time at their school the moment their final exam in the summer exam season finishes and as an encore a special event is usually arranged for late June by the school for the leavers and staff as a way of providing an opportunity for final farewells to be bid. The universities they go on to typically schedule their first term to commence in early October giving school leavers an extended summer break between their time of leaving school and starting at university.
United States[edit]
In the United States, summer vacation lasts two to three months. The dates vary depending on the location of the school district, with two major formats. One is from late May-mid June to early September (in most northern states), the other major format lasting from late May to mid August (in most southern and western states). (Excluding some districts, as some schools may end late June and begin early September).
Summer vacation or break lasts for about 12 weeks, starting anywhere from late May to mid June, and ending anywhere from late August to Labor Day, the first Monday in September. This often depends on the region – for example, most schools in the Northeastern United States end in June and start the Wednesday after Labor Day (Teachers report back on Tuesday), while the majority of schools in the Southern United States have schools end in May and start again in August.
The origins of the summer holiday break are often believed to be rooted in agriculture. It is widely believed that the school calendar follows the agrarian farming calendar because during the settlement of the United States, the nation primarily consisted of a farming population. This belief maintains that the current school calendar has a two to three-month break so that children could assume the necessary tasks of planting and harvesting crops. However, planting of most crops occurred in the spring and harvest occurred in the fall. Rural schools would often break for spring and fall seasons, but continue schooling throughout the summer.[20][21]
The modern school calendar has roots in 19th century school reform movements seeking standardization between urban and rural areas; multiple causes lead to the summer break known by modern American students. In fact, schools in the early 1800s held school throughout the summer. As schooling progressed through bureaucracy, society’s population growth and change, as well as improvements in technology, such as better transportation for students and air conditioned buildings, school calendars also changed.[20][21]
Many citizens of upper and middle classes would vacation outside of the sweltering cities during the hot summers. If school continued into the summer months, families would no longer have time together for summer vacations.[22]
As school systems grew throughout the United States they became more aligned with college and university schedules, which already observed a break during summer. Breaks became more frequent as well. Original schools observed New Year’s Day, Easter, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. The duration of breaks at these observances varied from school to school. More observances have been honored as time has passed, continually changing the school calendar.[23]
As the nation expanded and grew, the nation saw the need for an educated populace and more public schools were built. But the need for academic breaks from learning was always seen as necessary. Nineteenth century and early twentieth century belief regarded the brain as a muscle, and thought that too much work and strain on the brain could result in injury. Therefore, they believed that students should not receive too much education. This was particularly true of younger children whose minds were still developing.[24] As industrialism led to automation and wealth, and the nation recovered and expanded following the Civil War, leisure activity became more important to Americans. Leading advocates for play such as Henry Curtis[25] believed strongly that children were not having enough time for play. In addition to advocating playground equipment, Curtis also advocated that summer should be spent working with families in gardens, and going camping. Curtis was a large supporter of boy and girl scouts and encouraged children to engage in scouting during the summer. If children lived in the cities and were unable to go camping or tend to gardens, schools were a premier place for children to be, but the emphasis should be on learning lifelong skills; sewing, woodworking, crafts, and manual labor.[26]
Uruguay[edit]
In Uruguay, summer holidays usually begin in early December, and finish in early March (3 months). Students have one week for Easter Holidays, another week for Spring Holidays, and two weeks for the Holiday season.
Venezuela[edit]
In Venezuela, summer holidays begin in late June or early July and end in late September or early October.
Vietnam[edit]
In Vietnam, summer holidays usually begins in early June or late May and lasts for two months. It's usually from June to August or late May to late July. Vietnamese students also have a week or two weeks off for Lunar New Year which is in late January or mid-February. Along with other holidays including but not limited to Independence Day on September 2, International Labour Day on May 1 and Reunification Day on April 30.
See also[edit]
Summer camp
Summer school
School holiday
Academic term
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "School Year and Summer Vacation—History".
Jump up ^ Johns Hopkins University, Center for Summer Learning, Summer Learning Fact Sheet: Doesn't Every Child Deserve a Memorable Summer?[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Altman, Alex (19 June 2008). "A Brief History Of: Summer Vacation" – via www.time.com.
Jump up ^ Adrian, Harry (2 July 2010). "Vakantiebestemmingen – zonnige vakantielanden". www.zonvakantie.com. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bolivia Education. Bolivia School. Education in Bolivia. School in Bolivia".
Jump up ^ "Ваканции и неучебни дни за учебната 2016/2017 година". Министерство на образованието и науката (in Bulgarian). Министерство на образованието и науката.
Jump up ^ Parlament České republiky (2004-09-24). "Zákon 561/2004 Sb. o předškolním, základním, středním, vyšším odborném a jiném vzdělávání (školský zákon): § 24 Školní rok". Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "School holidays Ireland".
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Public Holidays, School Holidays, Special Events and Daylight Saving Dates".
Jump up ^ School Summer holidays 2015 in Pakistan Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. ApniMarzi.com (2015-04-13)
Jump up ^ Poca, Ricky (7 January 2014). "September start for school year?". Inquirer News. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Ong G, Flores H (5 March 2014). "Public elementary, high schools will still follow June-March calendar". Philstar.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018. Luistro said only a few schools, mostly higher education institutions, have decided to move their school opening.
Jump up ^ Elemia, Camille (23 May 2017). "Escudero wants synchronized opening of classes by 2018". Rappler. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Národná rada Slovenskej republiky (2008-07-02). "Zákon 245/2008 Z.z. o výchove a vzdelávaní (školský zákon): § 150 Organizácia školského roka". Ministerstvo spravodlivosti Slovenskej republiky. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
Jump up ^ "Spain summer holidays guide".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Surinamese mull school vacation change".
Jump up ^ CH--Bern, psc Informatik,. "Schulferien Stadt Zürich 2017". www.feiertagskalender.ch.
Jump up ^ CH--Bern, psc Informatik,. "Schulferien Kanton Tessin 2017". www.feiertagskalender.ch.
^ Jump up to: a b Lieszkovszky, Ida (2011-08-10). "Six Reasons Students Get Summer Off (And The Agrarian Calendar Isn't One of Them)". IdeaStream. National Public Radio. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
^ Jump up to: a b de Melker, Saskia; Weber, Sam (2014-09-07). "Agrarian roots? Think again. Debunking the myth of summer vacation's origins". PBS News Hour. PBS. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
Jump up ^ Gold, Kenneth (Spring 2002). "From vacation to Summer School: The Transformation of Summer Education in New York City, 1894–1915". History of Education Quarterly. 42 (1). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Gold, Kenneth (2002). Schools In: The History of Summer Education in American Public Schools. New York: Lang Publishing. ISBN 0-8204-5657-8.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Joel; Robert S. Brown (December 2003). "Telling Tales Over Time: Constructing and Deconstructing the School Calendar". Teachers College Record. 105 (9). |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Henry Curtis
Jump up ^ Curtis, Henry (1923). "The Summer Vacation". Child Welfare Magazine. 17 (11): 471. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
hide
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria
January
New Year's Day (1)
Yennayer (12)
February
Valentine's Day (14)
Tafsut (28)
March
International Women's Day (8)
Victory Day (19)
World Water Day (22)
Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)
Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April
April Fools' Day (1)
Knowledge Day (16)
Berber Spring (20)
Earth Day (22)
Election Day (Thursday)
May
International Workers' Day (1)
World Press Freedom Day (3)
Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August
Summer vacation (varies)
June
Children's Day (1)
Father's Day (21)
July
Independence Day (5)
September
International Day of Peace (21)
October
International Day of Non-Violence (2)
Halloween (31)
November
Revolution Day (1)
December
Christmas Eve (24)
Christmas (25)
New Year's Eve (31)
Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)
Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)
Ashura (Muharram 10)
Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)
Ramadan (Ramadan 1)
Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)
Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)
Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)
Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Holi (varies)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
hide
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
January
New Year's Day (federal)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day (federal)
Confederate Heroes Day (TX)
Fred Korematsu Day (CA, FL, HI, VA)
Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)
Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial, DC area)
Kansas Day (KS)
Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA)
Robert E. Lee Day (FL)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)
The Eighth (LA)
January–February
Super Bowl Sunday
February
American Heart Month
Black History Month
Washington's Birthday/Presidents' Day (federal)
Valentine's Day
Georgia Day (GA)
Groundhog Day
Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NJ, NY, WV)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
National Freedom Day (36)
Primary Election Day (WI)
Ronald Reagan Day (CA)
Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)
Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)
February–March
Mardi Gras
Ash Wednesday (religious)
Courir de Mardi Gras (religious)
Super Tuesday
March
Irish-American Heritage Month
National Colon Cancer Awareness Month
Women's History Month
St. Patrick's Day (religious)
Spring break (week)
Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)
Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)
Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Harriet Tubman Day (NY)
Holi (NY, religious)
Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)
Maryland Day (MD)
National Poison Prevention Week (week)
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)
Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
Seward's Day (AK)
Texas Independence Day (TX)
Town Meeting Day (VT)
March–April
Easter (religious)
Palm Sunday (religious)
Passover (religious)
Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, religious)
Easter Monday (religious)
April
Confederate History Month
420 Day
April Fools' Day
Arbor Day
Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)
Earth Day
Emancipation Day (DC)
Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)
Pascua Florida (FL)
Patriots' Day (MA, ME)
San Jacinto Day (TX)
Siblings Day
Walpurgis Night (religious)
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
Jewish American Heritage Month
Memorial Day (federal)
Mother's Day (36)
Cinco de Mayo
Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
May Day
Military Spouse Day
National Day of Prayer (36)
National Defense Transportation Day (36)
National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day (MO)
June
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender Pride Month
Father's Day (36)
Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Carolina Day (SC)
Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth (TX)
Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day (HI)
Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA)
Senior Week (week)
West Virginia Day (WV)
July
Independence Day (federal)
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial)
Parents' Day (36)
Pioneer Day (UT)
July–August
Summer vacation
August
American Family Day (AZ)
Barack Obama Day (IL)
Bennington Battle Day (VT)
Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)
National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory Day (RI)
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
Constitution Day (36)
Constitution Week (week)
Defenders Day (MD)
Gold Star Mother's Day (36)
National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day (36)
September–October
Hispanic Heritage Month
Oktoberfest
Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur (religious)
October
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Disability Employment Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
LGBT History Month
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
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text:
I Put a Spell on You
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the album, see I Put a Spell on You (album).
"I Put a Spell on You"
A-side label of the 1956 U.S. 7-inch vinyl single
Single by Screamin' Jay Hawkins
from the album At Home with Screamin' Jay Hawkins
B-side
"Little Demon"
Released
November 1956 (1956-11)
Format
Seven-inch 45 rpm record
Genre
Rhythm and blues[1]
shock rock[2]
Length
2:25
Label
Okeh
Songwriter(s)
Jay Hawkins
Herb Slotkin
Producer(s)
Arnold Maxin
Screamin' Jay Hawkins singles chronology
"Even Though"
(1956) "I Put a Spell on You"
(1956) "You Made Me Love You"
(1957)
"Even Though"
(1956) "I Put a Spell on You"
(1956) "You Made Me Love You"
(1957)
"I Put a Spell on You" is a 1956 song written by Screamin' Jay Hawkins, whose recording was selected as one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. It was also ranked No. 313 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The track became a classic cult song covered by a variety of artists and was his greatest commercial success, reportedly surpassing a million copies in sales,[3][4] although it failed to make the Billboard pop or R&B charts.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 The original composition
2 Personnel
3 Covers and samples
4 See also
5 References
The original composition[edit]
Hawkins had originally intended to record "I Put a Spell on You" as "a refined love song, a blues ballad". However, the producer "brought in ribs and chicken and got everybody drunk, and we came out with this weird version ... I don't even remember making the record. Before, I was just a normal blues singer. I was just Jay Hawkins. It all sort of just fell in place. I found out I could do more destroying a song and screaming it to death."[7]
Hawkins first recorded "I Put a Spell on You" as a ballad during his stint with Grand Records in late 1955. However, that version was not released at the time (it has since been reissued on Hawkins' UK Rev-Ola CD The Whamee 1953–55). The following year, Hawkins re-recorded the song for Columbia's Okeh Records – the notorious screaming version, which was released in October 1956. This version was banned from radio for its outrageous style. A truncated version was released but the ban remained. The record still sold over a million copies.[8]
The hit brought Hawkins together with Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed who promptly added him to his "Rock and Roll Revue." Up to this time, Hawkins had been a blues performer: emotional, but not wild. Freed suggested a gimmick to capitalize on the "demented" sound of "I Put a Spell on You": Hawkins wore a long cape, and appeared onstage by rising out of a coffin in the midst of smoke and fog.[9] The act was a sensation, later bolstered by tusks worn in Hawkins' nose, on-stage snakes and fireworks, and a cigarette-smoking skull named "Henry".
This theatrical act was one of the first shock rock performances.[10]
Personnel[edit]
Guitar – Mickey Baker
Piano – Ernie Hayes
Tenor Saxophone – Sam "The Man" Taylor
Baritone Saxophone – Bud Johnson
Bass – Al Lucas
Drums – David "Panama" Francis
Arranged By – Leroy Kirkland
Recorded 12 September 1956[11]
Covers and samples[edit]
"I Put a Spell on You" has been covered by other artists extensively; there are several hundred versions available on online stores like iTunes. Most of the covers treat the song seriously; few attempt to duplicate Hawkins's bravura performance. Although Hawkins' version did not make any charts, several later cover versions have.
Nina Simone's version reached No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard R&B chart in 1965; it also reached No. 49 on the UK singles chart that year, and No. 28 when it was reissued in 1969.[12]
The version by The Alan Price Set reached No. 9 in the UK in 1966[13] and No. 80 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Creedence Clearwater Revival's version reached No. 58 on the U.S. Hot 100 in 1968. The band later performed it at the Woodstock Festival in 1969.[14]
A disco version by Dutch singer Dee Dee (Anna Dekkers) reached No. 16 on the Dutch charts in 1978 and was also released in Belgium (where it peaked on No. 12), France, Germany, Spain, and Australia.
In the UK, Bryan Ferry's version reached No. 18 in 1993.[15]
The version by Sonique reached No. 36 in 1998 and No. 8 on reissue in 2000.[5][6][16]
Other versions of note:
Marilyn Manson covered the song on the 1995 EP Smells Like Children
The Crazy World of Arthur Brown covered the track on their self-titled album.
Manfred Mann released a version on their U.K. EP No Living Without Loving in November 1965 (also appeared on the band's 1966 U.S. album 'Pretty Flamingo').
The 2010 version by Jeff Beck featuring Joss Stone was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 53rd Grammy Awards.[17]
Bette Midler covered the song in the film Hocus Pocus in an elaborate song and dance sequence. Midler performed the song again during her 2015 Divine Intervention Tour, wearing a costume similar to the one she wore in Hocus Pocus.
Annie Lennox included a version of the song on her 2014 album Nostalgia.
See also[edit]
List of Romanian Top 100 number ones of the 2000s
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bush, John. Screamin' Jay Hawkins - I Put a Spell on You at AllMusic. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Mike McPadden (1 May 2012). If You Like Metallica ... : Here Are Over 200 Bands, CDs, Movies, and Other Oddities That You Will Love. Backbeat Books. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-4768-1357-8. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Edward M. Komara (2006). Encyclopedia of the Blues: A-J. Routledge. p. 415. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
Jump up ^ Ed Sikov (1996). Laughing Hysterically: American Screen Comedy of the 1950s. Columbia University Press. p. 17. Retrieved 2008-12-04.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955–2002 (1st ed.). Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–2004. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. ISBN 0-89820-115-2.
Jump up ^ Julia Rubiner, Contemporary Musicians: Profiles of the People in Music, Volume 8, Gale, 1992, p.117
Jump up ^ Colin Larkin (2011), The Encyclopedia of Popular Music, Omnibus Press, p. 2680, ISBN 978-0-85712-595-8
Jump up ^ Chris Morris (Feb 26, 2000), "Legendary Screamin' Jay Hawkins Dies At 70", Billboard
Jump up ^ Gillespie, Paula, and Neal Lerner. The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Peer Tutoring. Boston: Allyn, 2000. Print.
Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Screamin-Jay-Hawkins-I-Put-A-Spell-On-You-The-Singles-1954-1957/release/3181566
Jump up ^ Brown, Tony, Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick, The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press, London, 2002 p. 911
Jump up ^ Brown, Tony, Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick, The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press, London, 2002 p. 795
Jump up ^ https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/creedence-clearwater-revival/1969/max-yasgurs-farm-bethel-ny-13d6b529.html
Jump up ^ Brown, Tony, Jon Kutner & Neil Warwick, The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press, London, 2002 p. 371
Jump up ^ Betts, Graham (2004). Complete UK Hit Singles 1952–2004 (1st ed.). London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-717931-6.
Jump up ^ "Nominees And Winners – GRAMMY.com". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.
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Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
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Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang
秦始皇陵
General information
Location
Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi
Country
China
Coordinates
34°22′54″N 109°15′14″E / 34.38167°N 109.25389°E / 34.38167; 109.25389Coordinates: 34°22′54″N 109°15′14″E / 34.38167°N 109.25389°E / 34.38167; 109.25389
‹ The template below (Infobox World Heritage Site) is being considered for merging. See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Mausolée du premier empereur Qin
Criteria
Cultural: (i), (iii), (iv), (vi)
Reference
441
Inscription
1987 (11th Session)
[edit on Wikidata]
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Qin Shi Huang) (Chinese: 秦始皇陵; pinyin: Qínshǐhuáng Líng) is located in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi province of China. This mausoleum was constructed over 38 years, from 246 to 208 BC, and is situated underneath a 76-meter-tall tomb mound shaped like a truncated pyramid.[1] The layout of the mausoleum is modeled on the Qin capital Xianyang, divided into inner and outer cities. The circumference of the inner city is 2.5 km (1.55 miles) and the outer is 6.3 km (3.9 miles). The tomb is located in the southwest of the inner city and faces east. The main tomb chamber housing the coffin and burial artifacts is the core of the architectural complex of the mausoleum.
The tomb itself has not yet been excavated. Archaeological explorations currently concentrate on various sites of the extensive necropolis surrounding the tomb, including the Terracotta Army to the east of the tomb mound.[2] The Terracotta Army served as a garrison to the mausoleum and has yet to be completely excavated.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Discovery of the Terracotta Warriors
3 Archaeological studies
4 Opinions on possible excavation
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Work on the mausoleum began soon after Emperor Qin ascended the throne in 246 BC when he was still aged 13, although its full-scale construction only started after he had conquered the six other major states and unified China in 221 BC. The source of the account of the construction of the mausoleum and its description came from Sima Qian in chapter six of his Records of the Grand Historian, which contains the biography of Qin Shi Huang:
In the ninth month, the First Emperor was interred at Mount Li. When the First Emperor first came to the throne, the digging and preparation work began at Mount Li. Later, when he had unified his empire, 700,000 men were sent there from all over his empire. They dug through three layers of groundwater, and poured in bronze for the outer coffin. Palaces and scenic towers for a hundred officials were constructed, and the tomb was filled with rare artifacts and wonderful treasure. Craftsmen were ordered to make crossbows and arrows primed to shoot at anyone who enters the tomb. Mercury was used to simulate the hundred rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow River, and the great sea, and set to flow mechanically. Above were representation of the heavenly constellations, below, the features of the land. Candles were made from fat of "man-fish", which is calculated to burn and not extinguish for a long time. The Second Emperor said: "It would be inappropriate for the concubines of the late emperor who have no sons to be out free", ordered that they should accompany the dead, and a great many died. After the burial, it was suggested that it would be a serious breach if the craftsmen who constructed the mechanical devices and knew of its treasures were to divulge those secrets. Therefore after the funeral ceremonies had completed and the treasures hidden away, the inner passageway was blocked, and the outer gate lowered, immediately trapping all the workers and craftsmen inside. None could escape. Trees and vegetations were then planted on the tomb mound such that it resembles a hill.
—  Sima Qian, Shiji, Chapter 6.[5][6]
Some scholars believe that the claim of having "dug through three layers of groundwater" to be figurative.[7] It is also uncertain what the "man-fish" in the text refers to, interpretation of the term varies from whale to walrus and other aquatic animals such as giant salamander.[8][9]
Before the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was completed, a peasant rebellion broke out during the late Qin dynasty. Zhang Han redeployed all the 700,000 people building the mausoleum to suppress the rebellion, so the construction of the mausoleum ceased. After Xiang Yu entered Xianyang, he is said to have looted the tomb. Afterwards, it is said that a shepherd unintentionally burnt down the tomb.[10] The story goes that he went into the dug pit of the mausoleum, dug by Xiang Yu, to look for his sheep with a torch in his hand, and a fire was started, burning away the tomb structures.[11][12] No solid evidence of the destruction of the tomb has been found, although evidence of fire damage has been found in the pits housing the Terracotta Army.[13] Some scholars think that the mausoleum did not suffer any large-scale destruction.
In 1987, the mausoleum, including the Terracotta Warriors, were listed as World Heritage Sites.[14]
Discovery of the Terracotta Warriors[edit]
General view of the pit n°1 in the museum of Xi'an
The first fragments of warriors and bronze arrowheads were discovered by Yang Zhifa, his five brothers, and Wang Puzhi who were digging a well in March 1974 in Xiyang, a village of the Lintong county.[15] At a depth of around two meters, they found hardened dirt, then red earthenware, fragments of terracotta, bronze arrowheads and terracotta bricks.[16] Yang Zhifa threw the fragments of terracotta in the corner of the field, and collected the arrowheads to sell them to a commercial agency. Other villagers took terracotta bricks to make pillows.[16] A manager in charge of the hydraulic works, Fang Shumiao, saw the objects found and suggested to the villagers that they sell them to the cultural centre of the district. Yang Zhifa received, for two carts of fragments of what would turn out to be terracotta warriors, the amount of 10 yuans.[16] Zhao Kangmin, responsible for the cultural centre, then came to the village and bought everything that the villagers uncovered, as well as re-purchasing the arrowheads sold to the commercial agency.
In May 1974, a team of archaeologists from Shaanxi went to the site to undertake the first excavations of what would later be designated Pit 1. In May 1976, Pit 2 was discovered by drilling and in July the Pit 3.[17] The excavations over an area of 20,000 square meters produced about 7,000 statues of terracotta warriors and horses, and about a hundred wooden battle chariots and numerous weapons.[17] Large structures have been erected to protect the pits; the first was finished in 1979. A larger necropolis of six hundred pits have been uncovered by 2008.[18] Some pits were found a few kilometers away from the mound of the tomb of Emperor Qin Shi Huang.[16]
Archaeological studies[edit]
Chariot found outside of the tomb mound
The necropolis complex of Qin Shi Huang is a microcosm of the Emperor's empire and palace, with the tomb mound at the center. There are two walls, the inner and outer walls, surrounding the tomb mound, and a number of pits containing figures and artifacts were found inside and outside the walls. To the west inside the inner wall were found bronze chariots and horses. Inside the inner wall were also found terracotta figures of courtiers and bureaucrats who served the Emperor. Outside of the inner wall but inside the outer wall, pits with terracotta figures of entertainers and strongmen, as well as a pit containing a stone suit of armour were found. To the north of the outer wall were found the imperial park with bronze cranes, swan and ducks with groups of musicians. Outside the outer walls were also found imperial stables where real horses were buried with terracotta figures of grooms kneeling beside them. To the west were found mass burial grounds for the labourers forced to build the complex. The Terracotta Army is about 1.5 km east of the tomb mound.[19][20]
The Terracotta Warriors
The tomb mound itself at present remains largely unexcavated, but a number of techniques were used to explore the site. The underground palace has been located at the center of the mound. Archaeological survey and magnetic anomaly studies indicate a 4-meter high perimeter wall, measuring 460 meters north to south and 390 meters east to west, which is made of bricks and serves as the wall of the underground palace. On top is an enclosing wall made of rammed earth of 30–40 meters in height. There are sloping passageways leading to the four walls. The west tomb passage is linked to a pit where the bronze chariots and horses were found. The tomb chamber itself is 80 meters long east to west, 50 meters north to south, and is about 15 meters high.[21] There are, however, disagreements among the academic community about the depth at which the palace lies, estimates ranging from 20 meters to 50 meters.
According to the scientific exploration and partial excavation, a significant amount of metal is present in the underground palace which has a very good drainage system. Sima Qian's text indicates that during its construction the tomb may have reached groundwater, and the water table is estimated to be at a depth of 30 meters. An underground dam and drainage system was discovered in 2000 and the tomb appeared not to have been flooded by the groundwater.[21] Anomalously high levels of mercury in the area of the tomb mound have been detected,[22] which gives credence to the Sima Qian's account that mercury was used to simulate waterways and the seas in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. However, some scholars believe that if the underground palace is excavated, the mercury would quickly volatilize. "A Preliminary Study of Mercury Buried in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor", an article published in Archaeology magazine, Volume 7, says that during the measuring of soil mercury content, one measured point reached 1440 parts per billion; the rest of 53 points reached an average content of around 205 ppb. There is also a claim that the mercury content is actually a result of local industrial pollution. It is reported in "Lintong County Annals" that from 1978 to 1980, according to general investigation on workers involved with benzene, mercury and lead, 1193 people from 21 factories were found poisoned."[23]
In December 2012, it was announced that the remains of an "imperial palace" of great size had been found at the site.[24] Based on its foundations, the courtyard-style palace was estimated to be 690 meters long and 250 meters wide, covering an area of 170,000 square meters, which is nearly a quarter of the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The palace included 18 courtyard houses and a main building that overlooked the houses. The archaeologists have been excavating the foundations since 2010 and have found walls, gates, stone roads, pottery shards and some brickwork.[25]
Opinions on possible excavation[edit]
Bronze swan
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
Beginning in 1976, various scholars proposed to explore the underground palace, citing the following main reasons:
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is in a seismic zone, so underground cultural relics need to be unearthed for protection;
to develop tourism; and
to prevent grave robbery.[26]
However, opponents of such excavations hold that China's current technology is not able to deal with the large scale of the underground palace yet. For example, in the case of the Terracotta Army, the archaeologists were initially unable to preserve the coat of paint on the surface of terracotta figures, which resulted in the rapid shedding of their painted decoration when exposed to air.[27][28] The State Administration of Cultural Heritage (SACH) indicated that research and evaluations should be conducted first so as to develop a protection plan for the underground palace, and rejected a proposal by archaeologists to excavate another tomb close by thought to belong to the Emperor's grandson over fears of possible damage to the main mausoleum itself.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Portal, Jane. "The first emperor of China: new discoveries & research: later this month the British Museum unveils an unprecedented loan exhibition of the terracotta warriors and other discoveries made at the 3rd-century BC tomb complex of Qin Shihuangdi, China's first emperor. Jane Portal, the exhibition's curator, explains the importance of the new finds." Apollo Sept. 2007: 54+. Academic OneFile. Web. 11 July 2016
Jump up ^ Liu Yuhan (30 April 2012). "New York City welcomes the Terracotta Warriors". China Daily. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Terra Cotta Warriors: Guardians of China's First Emperor".
Jump up ^ Li Xianzhi (13 October 2009). ""Teenage warriors" discovered in China's terracotta army". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ 司马迁 (1982). 史记. 卷六.秦始皇本纪: 中华书局. ISBN 9787101003048.
Jump up ^ Chinese Text Project Shiji, original text: 九月，葬始皇酈山。始皇初即位，穿治酈山，及并天下，天下徒送詣七十餘萬人，穿三泉，下銅而致槨，宮觀百官奇器珍怪徙臧滿之。令匠作機弩矢，有所穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海，機相灌輸，上具天文，下具地理。以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。二世曰：「先帝后宮非有子者，出焉不宜。」皆令從死，死者甚眾。葬既已下，或言工匠為機，臧皆知之，臧重即泄。大事畢，已臧，閉中羨，下外羨門，盡閉工匠臧者，無復出者。樹草木以象山。
Jump up ^ Portal, Jane (2007). The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0714124476.
Jump up ^ "史记·卷六 十二本纪 秦始皇本纪第六". www.ziyexing.com.
Jump up ^ Charles Higham (2004). Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations. Facts on File. p. 274. ISBN 978-0816046409.
Jump up ^ Tanner, Harold M. (2010). China : a history. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 424. ISBN 9781603842051.
Jump up ^ Zhewen, Luo (1993). China's imperial tombs and mausoleums (1 ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN 7119016199.
Jump up ^ Han Shu《汉书·楚元王传》：Original text: "项籍焚其宫室营宇，往者咸见发掘，其后牧儿亡羊，羊入其凿，牧者持火照球羊，失火烧其藏椁。" Translation: Xiang burned the palaces and buildings. Later observers witnessed the excavated site. Afterward a shepherd lost his sheep which went into the dug tunnel; the shepherd held a torch to look for his sheep, and accidentally set fire to the place and burned the concealed coffin.
Jump up ^ "China unearths 114 new Terracotta Warriors". BBC News. 2010-05-12. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor - UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Yu Fei (September 29, 2009). "Living with the Terra-cotta Army".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zhang Zhongli (1997), p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Zhang Zhongli (1997), p.19.
Jump up ^ (Danielle Elisseeff 2008, p. 193).
Jump up ^ Anthony Barbieri-Low. "The Necropolis of the First Emperor of Qin - Excerpt from lecture in History 1420: Ancient China". University of California, Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "The First Emperor - China's Terracotta Army" (PDF). British Museum.
^ Jump up to: a b Duan Qingbo. "Summary of scientific testing carried out on the Emperor's tomb to address various questions". In Jane Porter. The first emperor: China's Terracotta Army. pp. 205–207. ISBN 0714124478.
Jump up ^ Duan Qingbo. "Scientific Studies of High Level of Mercury in Qin Shihuangdi's tomb". In Jane Porter. The first emperor: China's Terracotta Army. p. 204. ISBN 0714124478.
Jump up ^ 常勇; 李同 (1983). "泰始皇陵中埋藏汞的初步研究". 考古.
Jump up ^ ""Imperial palace" found at first Chinese emperor's cemetery". Xinhuanet. December 1, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Kaiman (December 3, 2012). "China unearths ruined palace near terracotta army". Guardian. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ma Lie (27 November 2012). "Nine held over tomb robbery in Xi'an". China Daily. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Ma Lie (19 May 2010). "More Terracotta Warriors rise from the earth". China Daily. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Ma Lie (9 September 2012). "Terracotta army emerges in its true colors". China Daily. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Tang Danlu (26 February 2012). "No excavation for mysterious tomb near Qinshihuang Mausoleum". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 13 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Disputes over Possible Excavation
Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang (259 BC- 210 BC)
The Necropolis of the First Emperor of Qin Excerpt from lecture
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Shaanxi History Museum
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Qin dynasty
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