text:
International rankings of New Zealand
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2011)
This is a list of New Zealand's international rankings on a range of social, economic and other criteria.
Contents
[hide]
1 Political and economic rankings
2 Health rankings
3 Other rankings
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Political and economic rankings[edit]
New Zealand is one of the least corrupt countries, according to Transparency International
World map of the Global Peace Index. Countries appearing more blue are ranked as more peaceful on the Index, countries appearing more red are ranked as less peaceful.
Map of countries by 2008 Economic Freedom of the World, published by the Fraser Institute
Ease Of Doing Business Index, ranked 2nd overall in 2016 out of 185 countries, 1st in the sub-categories of Starting a Business, Protecting Minority Investors, Registering Property and Getting Credit.[1]
Political freedom ratings – Free; political rights and civil liberties both rated 1 (the highest score available)
Press freedom – Ranked 8th for press freedom at 1.50.[2]
GDP per capita – 29th highest (2016), at I$36,172
Human Development Index – 9th highest (2015), at 0.913
Income Equality – 54th most equal, at 36.2 (Gini Index)
Literacy Rate – 10th equal at 99.0%
Unemployment rate – 48th lowest, at 4.0%.[3]
Global Peace Index – 4th at 1.221[4]
Corruption – Least corrupt, at 9.4 on Corruption Perceptions Index[5]
Economic Freedom – 4th freest, at 82.1 on Index of Economic Freedom, and 3rd, at 8.28 on Economic Freedom of the World index
Failed States Index, 172/177, being one of the few "sustainable" states in the world.[6]
Health rankings[edit]
Fertility rate- 155th most fertile, at 1.79 per woman
Birth rate – 140th most births, at 13.90 per 1000 people
Infant mortality – 169th most deaths, at 5.85 per 1000 live births
Death rate – 123rd highest death rate, at 7.52 per 1000 people
Life Expectancy – 17th highest, at 81.6 years (2015)
Suicide Rate – 72nd highest suicide rate, at 14.4 for males and 5.0 for females per 100,000 people (2014)
HIV/AIDS rate – 133rd highest percentage out of 162 countries, at 0.10%
In 2005 the International Agency for Research on Cancer found New Zealand men and women to have the third highest cancer rates in the world.[7][8]
In 2012, New Zealand had the 12th highest rate of cancer out of the 34 OECD countries.
Other rankings[edit]
CO2 emissions – 50th highest emissions, at 7.8 tonnes per capita
Electricity Consumption – 48th highest consumption of electricity, at 37,030,000,000 kWh
Broadband Internet access – 15th highest uptake in OECD, at 29.5%[9]
List of countries by beer consumption per capita – 32nd highest out of 58 countries, at 62.7 litres per capita (2014)
Environmental Performance Index – Comprising; Environmental health, air quality, water resources, biodiversity and habitat, productive natural resources, Sustainable energy – 7th out of 80 countries, at 88.9/100[10]
Legatum Global Prosperity Index – Ranked most prosperous country in the world (2016)[11]
Ease of paying tax – 9th easiest[12]
Imprisonment rate – 68th highest out of 217, at 202 prisoners per 100,000 people (2016)[13][14]
List of countries by intentional homicide rate - 191st out of 218 countries (27th lowest rate)
Victimisation rate – 3rd highest out of 30, with 21.5% of people aged 16 or more being victims[15][16]
Top Country Award – New Zealand has won the honor two years in a row (2007, 2008) by Wanderlust Magazine[17]
Good Country Index - Ranked 5th out of 195. Based on the Goodness of a nation[18]
Better Life Index - Ranked 7th (2016) of the 34 OECD countries based on statistics and perceptions of quality of life[19]
See also[edit]
List of international rankings
References[edit]
Jump up ^ url= "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Press Freedom Index 2010". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 5 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "CIA World Factbook".
Jump up ^ Global Peace Index Rankings
Jump up ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2009". Transparency International. 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
Jump up ^ "The Failed States Index 2011 Interactive Grid". The Fund for Peace. 2011.
Jump up ^ Levy, Danya (28 April 2005). "NZ third worst in world cancer table". The New Zealand Herald. NZPA. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Cancer in New Zealand: Trends and Projections
Jump up ^ "OECD Broadband Benchmarking results - June 2013". Chorus New Zealand. Chorus New Zealand. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
Jump up ^ The Economist. Pocket World in Figures, 2007 Edition. Profile Books Ltd. ISBN 1-86197-825-1
Jump up ^ http://www.prosperity.com/rankings
Jump up ^ Paying Taxes 2008 – The Global Picture, World Bank and PricewaterhouseCoopers.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Prison Stats Show New Zealanders Among The Most Imprisoned". LawFuel.co.nz. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Entire world – Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the national population". World Prison Brief. International Centre for Prison Studies, King's College London. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
Jump up ^ "NZ among worst countries for crime". Stuff. New Zealand. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
Jump up ^ van Dijk, Jan; van Kesteren, John; Smit, Paul (2007). Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective – Key findings from the 2004–2005 ICVS and EU ICS (PDF). Den Haag: Boom Juridische Uitgevers. ISBN 978-90-5454-965-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
Jump up ^ New Zealand Wins Top Country Award
Jump up ^ http://www.goodcountry.org/country/NZL
Jump up ^ http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/#/11111111111
External links[edit]
Bryant, Nick (15 May 2010). "Why New Zealand is a lifestyle superpower". BBC News.
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Adam G. Sevani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Adam G. Sevani
Sevani at the premiere of Step Up 2: The Streets on February 4, 2008
Born
Adam Manucharian
(1992-06-29) June 29, 1992 (age 26)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Dancer, actor
Adam G. Sevani (born June 29, 1992) is an American actor and dancer, known for playing Robert Alexander III / Moose in the Step Up film series.
Contents
1 Background
2 Acting career
2.1 Dancing
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Background[edit]
Sevani is the son of Gagik Sevani-Manucharian and Edita Manucharian and is of Armenian and Italian descent. When he was born, his original birth name was Adam Manucharian. He has an older brother named Vahe Sevani who was a member of the Boy Band NLT which he later choreographed for. Sevani was born on 29 June 1992 and raised in Los Angeles, California. He started dancing at 3 years old since his father was a choreographer. Then he enhanced his dancing skills at the Synthesis Dance Center, the dancing studio founded by his parents. At a young age, he was also in a group called FlyKidz, a singing/dancing group and children's television show on CBS the network.[1] Of course growing up, Sevani found and built new relationships with people on a personal level. In 2007, he had an encounter with Paige Ann Thorne for a while, although it did not last long. In 2008, he had a relationship with Miley Cyrus. After Miley Cyrus, he dated Montana Tucker on the same year (2008).
Acting career[edit]
In February 2008, Sevani appeared in the Touchstone Pictures dance drama film Step Up 2: The Streets, the second installment of the Step Up film series. The film centered on a group of students who form a dance troupe and battle on the streets. Sevani's performance as Robert "Moose" Alexander III was praised by critics, such as The New York Times, for portraying a character who "might be the baddest nerd in movie history".[2] The film, which received generally mixed reviews,[3][4] went on to gross over $150 million worldwide.[5] For his role in the film, Sevani received the "Best Scene Stealer" award at the 2008 Young Hollywood Awards.[6][7]
In May 2009 Sevani was confirmed to reprise the role of Moose in the planned third installment of the Step Up trilogy.[8] Filming took place in New York City[9] on a $30 million budget.[10] The film, Step Up 3D, centers on Moose and his best friend Camille Alyson Stoner moving to New York to start University until Sevani's character gets mixed up in the underground dance scene. The film was released in August 2010 to generally mixed reviews from critics.[11][12] As of August 2012, the film is the highest grossing installment of the trilogy, with over $159 million worldwide.[10] In July 2012, Sevani made a small appearance in the trilogy's fourth installment, Step Up: Revolution.[13] In 2014, Sevani once again reprised his role as Moose in the fifth installment of the Step Up film series, Step Up: All In.
In August 2010, Sevani was confirmed to star in the American remake of the 2008 French film LOL (Laughing Out Loud), alongside Miley Cyrus, Demi Moore and Ashley Greene.[14] The film centers on Cyrus's character finishing her final year of high school. In May 2012, the film received a limited US release, and was given bad reviews from critics.[15][16]
Dancing[edit]
Sevani has appeared in music videos such as: Mase's "Breathe, Stretch, Shake", Will Smith's "Switch", T-Pain's "Church" and a little part in NLT's "That Girl." He also did the choreography for NLT's music video for "Karma." He is credited as a back-up dancer for Kevin Federline's performance on the Teen Choice Awards in 2006. Adam also formed a dance crew with Jon Chu and several California area dancers with celebrity cameos in 2008 known as the AC/DC, or Adam/Chu Dance Crew. The crew had a highly publicized YouTube dance battle with Miley Cyrus. The battle ended with a final dance off between the two crews at the 2008 Teen Choice Awards.[17] In November 2008, he was featured in a tribute video to Michael Jackson's 25th Anniversary 'Thriller' video for Halloween, with Step Up series co-star Alyson Stoner.
Filmography[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2002 The Emperor's Club St. Benedict Student
2003 Learn to Hip Hop: Volume 2 Himself [Not Shown]
2005 FLY KIDZ Joey / Adam
2007 Superbad Izen Deleted scene
2008 Step Up 2: The Streets Robert "Moose" Alexander III
2009 Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory Himself
2010 Step Up 3D Robert "Moose" Alexander III
2012 Step Up: Revolution[18] Robert "Moose" Alexander III Special Appearance
2012 The First Time Wurtzheimer Guy
2012 LOL Wen
2014 Step Up: All In Robert "Moose" Alexander III
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biography on adamsevani.com.
Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz, Matt (2008-02-14). "Social Equality Comes With a Beat, Again". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Step Up 2 the Streets". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ Metacritic rating of 50.
Jump up ^ "Step Up 2 the Streets (2008)". Box Office Mojo. 2008-05-22. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood Life Magazine's 10th Annual Young Hollywood Awards Video - Adam G. Sevani Videos". Starpulse.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ Richlist.com listing.
Jump up ^ Topel, Fred (2009-04-08). "New Hotties Found for 'Step Up 3D'". Starpulse.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ editor, dumbonyc (May 19, 2009). "Dumbo NYC, Brooklyn " Archive " Filming: Step Up 3D (Wed May 20, 2009)". DumboNYC.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Step Up 3-D (2010)". Box Office Mojo. 2010-11-04. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ "Step Up 3-D". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ Metacritic rating 45 for Step Up 3D.
Jump up ^ "'Step Up 4' Teaser Premieres - Speakeasy - WSJ". The Wall Street Journal. 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ Nemiroff, Perri (2010-08-04). "Miley Cyrus And Ashley Greene's Teen LOL Goes Into Production". CinemaBlend.com. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ "LOL (2011)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2013-03-25.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Christopher (May 8, 2012). "'LOL': Miley Cyrus Movie Bombs At Box Office". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Julie Bloom (2010-06-24). "'Legion of Extraordinary Dancers,' Online Adventure". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
Jump up ^ Lanford Beard (2012-03-30). "'Step Up: Revolution' trailer: Occupy Ocean Drive -- VIDEO". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
External links[edit]
Adam G. Sevani on IMDb
Adam G. Sevani at AllMovie
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb162698406 (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 1887 4097
LCCN: no2010205260
SUDOC: 153803304
VIAF: 160538367
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adam_G._Sevani&oldid=862625917"
Categories:
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Holocene
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the geological epoch. For dating the Holocene Era, see Holocene calendar. For the Bon Iver song, see Holocene (song).
Subdivisions of the Quaternary System
System/
Period
Series/
Epoch
Stage/
Age
Age (Ma)
Quaternary Holocene 0 0.0117
Pleistocene 'Tarantian' 0.0117 0.126
'Chibanian' 0.126 0.781
Calabrian 0.781 1.80
Gelasian 1.80 2.58
Neogene Pliocene Piacenzian older
Subdivision of the Quaternary period
according to the ICS, as of 2017.[1] 'Chibanian' and 'Tarantian' are informal, unofficial names proposed to replace the also informal, unofficial 'Middle Pleistocene' and 'Upper Pleistocene' subseries/subepochs respectively.

In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into Preboreal, Boreal, Atlantic, Subboreal, and Subatlantic stages of the Blytt–Sernander time scale. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene; usually these represent locally recognized cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) periods. The last glacial period ends with the cold Younger Dryas substage.
Holocene Epoch
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↑ Pleistocene
Holocene
Preboreal (10.3–9 ka)
Boreal (9–7.5 ka)
Atlantic (7.5–5 ka)
Subboreal (5–2.5 ka)
Subatlantic (2.5 ka–present)
Look up Holocene in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Holocene ( /ˈhɒləˌsiːn, ˈhoʊ-/)[2][3] is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 years before present, after the last glacial period.[4] The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene[5] together form the Quaternary period. The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1, and is considered by some to be an interglacial period.
The Holocene has seen the growth and impacts of the human species worldwide, including all its written history, development of major civilizations, and overall significant transition toward urban living in the present. Human impacts on modern-era Earth and its ecosystems may be considered of global significance for future evolution of living species, including approximately synchronous lithospheric evidence, or more recently atmospheric evidence of human impacts.
The name Holocene comes from the Ancient Greek words ὅλος (holos, whole or entire) and καινός (kainos, new), meaning "entirely recent".[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Geology
3 Climate
4 Ecological developments
5 Human developments
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Overview[edit]
It is accepted by the International Commission on Stratigraphy that the Holocene started approximately 11,650 cal years BP.[4] The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy quotes Gibbard and van Kolfschoten in Gradstein Ogg and Smith in stating the term 'Recent' as an alternative to Holocene is invalid and should not be used and also observe that the term Flandrian, derived from marine transgression sediments on the Flanders coast of Belgium has been used as a synonym for Holocene by authors who consider the last 10,000 years should have the same stage-status as previous interglacial events and thus be included in the Pleistocene.[7] The International Commission on Stratigraphy however considers the Holocene an epoch following the Pleistocene and specifically the last glacial period. Local names for the last glacial period include the Wisconsinan in North America,[8] the Weichselian in Europe,[9] the Devensian in Britain,[10] the Llanquihue in Chile[11] and the Otiran in New Zealand.[12]
The Holocene can be subdivided into five time intervals, or chronozones, based on climatic fluctuations:[13]
Preboreal (10 ka–9 ka),
Boreal (9 ka–8 ka),
Atlantic (8 ka–5 ka),
Subboreal (5 ka–2.5 ka) and
Subatlantic (2.5 ka–present).
Note: "ka" means "thousand years" (non-calibrated C14 dates)
The Blytt–Sernander classification of climatic periods initially defined by plant remains in peat mosses, is currently being explored. Geologists working in different regions are studying sea levels, peat bogs and ice core samples by a variety of methods, with a view toward further verifying and refining the Blytt–Sernander sequence. They find a general correspondence across Eurasia and North America, though the method was once thought to be of no interest. The scheme was defined for Northern Europe, but the climate changes were claimed to occur more widely. The periods of the scheme include a few of the final pre-Holocene oscillations of the last glacial period and then classify climates of more recent prehistory.[citation needed]
Paleontologists have not defined any faunal stages for the Holocene. If subdivision is necessary, periods of human technological development, such as the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age, are usually used. However, the time periods referenced by these terms vary with the emergence of those technologies in different parts of the world.[citation needed]
Climatically, the Holocene may be divided evenly into the Hypsithermal and Neoglacial periods; the boundary coincides with the start of the Bronze Age in Europe. According to some scholars, a third division, the Anthropocene, has now begun.[14] The International Commission on Stratigraphy Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy’s working group on the 'Anthropocene' (a term coined by Paul Crutzen and Eugene Stoermer in 2000) note this term is used to denote the present time interval in which many geologically significant conditions and processes have been profoundly altered by human activities. The 'Anthropocene' is not a formally defined geological unit.[15]
Geology[edit]
Holocene cinder cone volcano on State Highway 18 near Veyo, Utah
3D
Current Earth - without water (click/enlarge to "spin" 3D-globe).
Continental motions due to plate tectonics are less than a kilometre over a span of only 10,000 years. However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 m (590 ft) due to post-glacial rebound over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today.[16]
The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known, for example, from Vermont and Michigan. Other than higher-latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain, and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely tectonic uplift of non-glacial origin.[citation needed]
Post-glacial rebound in the Scandinavia region resulted in the formation of the Baltic Sea. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.[citation needed]
Climate[edit]
Temperature variations during the Holocene
Paleogeographic reconstruction of the North Sea approximately 9,000 years ago during the early Holocene and after the end of the last ice age.
Climate has been fairly stable over the Holocene. Ice core records show that before the Holocene there was global warming after the end of the last ice age and cooling periods, but climate changes became more regional at the start of the Younger Dryas. During the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene, the Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal in the Southern Hemisphere began before the Younger Dryas, and the maximum warmth flowed south to north from 11,000 to 7,000 years ago. It appears that this was influenced by the residual glacial ice remaining in the Northern Hemisphere until the later date.[citation needed]
The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer. However, the warming was probably not uniform across the world. This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial. At that time, the climate was not unlike today's, but there was a slightly warmer period from the 10th–14th centuries known as the Medieval Warm Period. This was followed by the Little Ice Age, from the 13th or 14th century to the mid-19th century, which was a period of cooling.[citation needed]
Compared to glacial conditions, habitable zones have expanded northwards, reaching their northernmost point during the HCO. Greater moisture in the polar regions has caused the disappearance of steppe-tundra.[citation needed]
The temporal and spatial extent of Holocene climate change is an area of considerable uncertainty, with radiative forcing recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified in the North Atlantic region. Climate cyclicity through the Holocene (Bond events) has been observed in or near marine settings and is strongly controlled by glacial input to the North Atlantic.[17][18] Periodicities of ≈2500, ≈1500, and ≈1000 years are generally observed in the North Atlantic.[19][20][21] At the same time spectral analyses of the continental record, which is remote from oceanic influence, reveal persistent periodicities of 1000 and 500 years that may correspond to solar activity variations during the Holocene epoch.[22] A 1500-year cycle corresponding to the North Atlantic oceanic circulation may have had widespread global distribution in the Late Holocene.[22]
Ecological developments[edit]
Animal and plant life have not evolved much during the relatively short Holocene, but there have been major shifts in the distributions of plants and animals. A number of large animals including mammoths and mastodons, saber-toothed cats like Smilodon and Homotherium, and giant sloths disappeared in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene—especially in North America, where animals that survived elsewhere (including horses and camels) became extinct. This extinction of American megafauna has been explained as caused by the arrival of the ancestors of Amerindians; though most scientists assert that climatic change also contributed. In addition, a controversial bolide impact over North America has been hypothesized to have triggered the Younger Dryas.[23]
Throughout the world, ecosystems in cooler climates that were previously regional have been isolated in higher altitude ecological "islands".[24]
The 8.2 ka event, an abrupt cold spell recorded as a negative excursion in the δ18O record lasting 400 years, is the most prominent climatic event occurring in the Holocene epoch, and may have marked a resurgence of ice cover. It has been suggested that this event was caused by the final drainage of Lake Agassiz, which had been confined by the glaciers, disrupting the thermohaline circulation of the Atlantic.[25] Subsequent research however, suggested that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years and observed that the extent of the area affected was unclear.[26]
Human developments[edit]
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See also: Human history
Bronze bead necklace, Muséum de Toulouse
The beginning of the Holocene corresponds with the beginning of the Mesolithic age in most of Europe; but in regions such as the Middle East and Anatolia with a very early neolithisation, Epipaleolithic is preferred in place of Mesolithic. Cultures in this period include Hamburgian, Federmesser, and the Natufian culture, during which the oldest inhabited places still existing on Earth were first settled, such as Jericho in the Middle East.[27] There is also evolving archeological evidence of proto-religion at locations such as Göbekli Tepe, as long ago as the 9th millennium BCE.[28]
Both are followed by the aceramic Neolithic (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) and the pottery Neolithic. The Late Holocene brought advancements such as the bow and arrow and saw new methods of warfare in North America. Spear throwers and their large points were replaced by the bow and arrow with its small narrow points beginning in Oregon and Washington. Villages built on defensive bluffs indicate increased warfare, leading to food gathering in communal groups for protection rather than individual hunting.[29] In Mesoamerica, transformations of natural environments have been a common feature at least since the mid Holocene, mostly through the exploitation of wild plants and the establishment of crods. [30]
See also[edit]
8.2 kiloyear event
10th millennium BCE
Blytt–Sernander system
Holocene calendar
Holocene extinction
Neolithic Subpluvial
Older Peron
Outburst flood
Piora Oscillation
Quaternary extinction event
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fan, Junxuan; Hou, Xudong. "International Chronostratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Holocene". Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Holocene". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227.
Jump up ^ Fan, Junxuan; Hou, Xudong. "International Chronostratigraphic Chart". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Holocene". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Gibbard, P. L. (January 4, 2016). "History of the stratigraphical nomenclature of the glacial period". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Clayton, Lee; Moran, Stephen R. (1982). "Chronology of late wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America". Quaternary Science Reviews. 1 (1): 55–82. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(82)90019-1.
Jump up ^ Svendsen, John Inge; Astakhov, Valery I.; Bolshiyanov, Dimitri Yu.; Demidov, Igor; Dowdeswell, Julian A.; Gataullin, Valery; Hjort, Christian; Hubberten, Hans W.; Larsen, Eiliv; Mangerud, Jan; Melles, Martin; Moller, Per; Saarnisto, Matti; Siegert, Martin J. (March 1999). "Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian" (PDF). Boreas. 28 (1): 234–242. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00217.x.
Jump up ^ Eyles, Nicholas; McCabe, A. Marshall (1989). "The Late Devensian (<22,000 BP) Irish Sea Basin: The sedimentary record of a collapsed ice sheet margin". Quaternary Science Reviews. 8 (4): 307–351. doi:10.1016/0277-3791(89)90034-6.
Jump up ^ Denton, G. H.; Lowell, T. V.; Heusser, C. J.; Schluchter, C.; Andersern, B.G.; Heusser, Linda E.; Moreno, P.I.; Marchant, D.R. (1999). "Geomorphology, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon chronology of LlanquihueDrift in the area of the Southern Lake District, Seno Reloncavi, and Isla Grande de Chiloe, Chile" (PDF). Geografiska Annaler Series A Physical Geography. 81A (2): 167–229. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00057.x.
Jump up ^ Newnham, R. M.; Vandergoes, M. J.; Hendy, C. H.; Lowe, D. J.; Preusser, F. (February 2007). "A terrestrial palynological record for the last two glacial cycles from southwestern New Zealand". Quaternary Science Reviews. 26 (3-4): 517–535. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.05.005. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mangerud, Jan; Anderson, Svend T.; Berglund, Bjorn E.; Donner, Joakim J. (October 1, 1974). "Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden: a proposal for terminology and classification" (PDF). Boreas. 3: 109–128. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x.
Jump up ^ Pearce, Fred (March 15, 2007). With Speed and Violence. Beacon Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8070-8576-9.
Jump up ^ "Working Group on the "Anthropocene"". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. January 4, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gray, Louise (October 7, 2009). "England is sinking while Scotland rises above sea levels, according to new study". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bond, G.; et al. (1997). "A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates" (PDF). Science. 278 (5341): 1257–1266. Bibcode:1997Sci...278.1257B. doi:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27.
Jump up ^ Bond, G.; et al. (2001). "Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene". Science. 294 (5549): 2130–2136. Bibcode:2001Sci...294.2130B. doi:10.1126/science.1065680. PMID 11739949.
Jump up ^ Bianchi, G.G.; McCave, I.N. (1999). "Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland". Nature. 397: 515–517.
Jump up ^ Viau, A.E.; Gajewski, K.; Sawada, M.C.; Fines, P. (2006). "Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene". Journal of Geophysical Research. 111: D09102. Bibcode:2006JGRD..111.9102V. doi:10.1029/2005JD006031.
Jump up ^ Debret, M.; Sebag, D.; Crosta, X.; Massei, N.; Petit, J.-R.; Chapron, E.; Bout-Roumazeilles, V. (2009). "Evidence from wavelet analysis for a mid-Holocene transition in global climate forcing". Quaternary Science Reviews. 28: 2675–2688. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.005.
^ Jump up to: a b Kravchinsky, V.A.; Langereis, C.G.; Walker, S.D.; Dlusskiy, K.G.; White, D. "Discovery of Holocene millennial climate cycles in the Asian continental interior: Has the sun been governing the continental climate?". Global and Planetary Change. 110: 386–396. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.02.011.
Jump up ^ Dalton, Rex (May 17, 2007). "Blast from the Past? A controversial new idea suggests that a big space rock exploded on or above North America at the end of the last ice age" (PDF). Nature. 447 (7142): 256–257. doi:10.1038/447256a. PMID 17507957. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Singh, Ashbindu (2005). One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment. United Nations Environment Programme. p. 4. ISBN 9789280725711.
Jump up ^ Barber, D.C; Dyke, A.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Jennings, A. E.; Andrews, J. T.; Kerwin, M. W.; Bilodeau, G.; McNeely, R.; Southon, J.; Morehead, M. D.; Gagnon, J.-M. (July 22, 1999). "Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes" (PDF). Nature. 400 (6742): 344–348. doi:10.1038/22504. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rohling, Eelco J.; Pälike, Heiko (April 21, 2005). "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago" (PDF). Nature. 434 (7036): 975–979. doi:10.1038/nature03421. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kenyon, Kathleen Mary (1911). "Jericho". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ Curry, Andrew (November 2008). "Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved March 14, 2009.
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Jump up ^ Franco-Gaviria, Felipe. (2018). "The human impact imprint on modern pollen spectra of the Mayan lands" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 70: 61–78.
Further reading[edit]
Roberts, Neil (2014). The Holocene: an environmental history (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-5521-2.
Mackay, A. W.; Battarbee, R. W.; Birks, H. J. B.; et al., eds. (2003). Global change in the Holocene. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-76223-3.
Hunt CO and Rabett RJ. (2013). Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holocene.
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Cenozoic#Quaternary
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Holocene.
The Holocene epoch explained by the BBC
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Eras
Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)
Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)
Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)
Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)
Hadean eon² (4–4.6 Gya)
kya = thousands years ago. Mya = millions years ago. Gya = billions years ago.¹ = Phanerozoic eon. ² = Precambrian supereon.
Source: (2017/02). International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 July 2015. Divisions of Geologic Time—Major Chronostratigraphic and Geochronologic Units USGS Retrieved 10 March 2013.
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