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Pro Football Hall of Fame
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Pro Football Hall of Fame
Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame
Established
1963
Location
2121 George Halas Dr NW, Canton, Ohio
Coordinates
40°49′16″N 81°23′52″W / 40.82111°N 81.39778°W / 40.82111; -81.39778Coordinates: 40°49′16″N 81°23′52″W / 40.82111°N 81.39778°W / 40.82111; -81.39778
Type
Professional sports hall of fame
Visitors
191,943 (2010)[1]
President
C. David Baker
Website
profootballhof.com
The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. As of 2017[update], there are a total of 310 members of the Hall of Fame.[2]
Part of the American football series on
History of American football
• Origins of American football
• Early history of American football
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• Close relations:
• Medieval football
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• Black players in professional American football
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• Rugby union comparison
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• Pro Football Hall of Fame
• College Football Hall of Fame
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American football Portal
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Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Inductees
2.1 Selection process
2.1.1 Selection Committee
2.1.2 Voting procedure
2.2 Enshrinement ceremony
3 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game
4 Criticism
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio
The community of Canton, Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons: first, the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association); second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, 1962. The original building contained just two rooms, and 19,000 square feet (1,800 m2) of interior space.[3]
In April 1970, ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed in May 1971. The size was increased to 34,000 square feet (3,200 m2) by adding another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games.[3]
Inside the original structure in 2008.
In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing US$1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet (4,690 m2), more than 2.5 times the original size.[3]
The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing US$9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed in October 1995. The building's size was increased to 82,307 square feet (7,647 m2). The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium, which shows an NFL Films production on a 20-foot (6.1 m) by 42-foot (13 m) Cinemascope screen.[3]
In July 2017, Hall of Fame President David Baker announced an $800 million expansion project leading up to the NFL's 100th season in 2020.[4]
Inductees[edit]
The Hall is made up of several sections, at heart is the display of inductees.
Main article: List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Through 2017, all inductees except one, played some part of their professional career in the NFL (the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his entire career in the American Football League (AFL) prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger). Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL, Canadian Football League, World Football League, United States Football League and Arena Football League experience, and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this, to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL, AFL or All-America Football Conference. For CFL stars, there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame; only one player (Warren Moon) and one coach (Bud Grant) are in both halls.
The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league's franchises with 32 enshrinees.[5]
Selection process[edit]
Selection Committee[edit]
For a more comprehensive list, see List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees § 2017 Finalists.
Enshrinees are selected by a 46-person committee, largely made up of media members, officially known as the Selection Committee.[6]
Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee. A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise. Usually, the representative is a beat writer for the major newspaper in that city, with some exceptions; for instance, the Atlanta Falcons are represented by Len Pasquarelli (who no longer writes for the Atlanta Journal-Constitution), and the Jacksonville Jaguars are represented by WJXT sports director Sam Kouvaris.[6]
There are also 13 at-large delegates (usually cities that lose NFL teams keep representation on the board; this category currently comprises St. Louis, Missouri and San Diego, California), and one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a two-year term, all other appointments are open-ended and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement, or resignation.[6]
Voting procedure[edit]
Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right
To be eligible for the nominating process, a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years. Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time.[7]
Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email. The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists: once in March, once in September, and once in October. In November, the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting. Nine members of the Selection Committee also serve as a subcommittee known as the Seniors Committee to screen candidates who finished their careers more than 25 years prior. The Seniors Committee then adds two finalists from that group which makes a final ballot of 17 nominees.[7] Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors.[8]
The Selection Committee then meets the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class. To be elected, a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board, with at least four, but no more than eight, candidates being elected annually. Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall, they cannot be banished and remain an inductee forever.[8]
According to staff, 46 members of the hall have been voted in with 100% of the vote; the most recent one being Brett Favre of the Green Bay Packers.
Enshrinement ceremony[edit]
A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class
The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August. An enshrinement festival is held throughout the week in Canton leading up to the enshrinement ceremony.[9]
Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team. Rather, all of an enshrinee's affiliations are listed equally.[7] While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club's cap (with a few exceptions, such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux), the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team. In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame, inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies.
Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day (Sunday from 1999–2005, Saturday in 2006), situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building. Starting in 2002, the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium, where it was held from 1963 to 1965. Since 2007, the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night before the Hall of Fame Game.[10]
Pro Football Hall of Fame Game[edit]
Main article: Pro Football Hall of Fame Game
The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, an annual NFL preseason opener is held the day after the enshrinement ceremony and officially kicks off the NFL Preseason.
Criticism[edit]
The "Other Leagues" display includes the USFL; inductee Jim Kelly's jersey is in the foreground.
The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees. This, along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year (six in certain years past), with a current maximum of two "senior" candidates and five "non-seniors," has been criticized by sports columnists, former players, and football fans.[9] Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors, rotating panel members on and off the selection committee, and allowing former players to participate in the voting.[11] The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player, with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular, special teams players, wide receivers, deserving players who primarily played on bad teams, and those from the "seniors" category, being slighted. This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot, also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position.[11] (At least two inductees, Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary, punted in addition to playing other positions.) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame. There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers.[12]
The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall; only one, 1966 inductee Hugh "Shorty" Ray, has been enshrined. The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members. In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off-field contributors, the Hall of Fame added a “Contributors” committee beginning with the class of 2015, which will nominate officials, general managers, owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large.[13]
Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports-journalist Howard Cosell, who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award despite his well-known association with Monday Night Football. An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been "blacklisted" by the NFL.[14][15]
In 2015, the exclusion of Marvin Harrison from the yearly induction caused some to question the effect politics[clarification needed] has on the induction process. Harrison ranks 3rd all-time in receptions, was selected to the Pro Bowl eight times among many other individual records. He was also named as the hardest receiver to cover by veteran corner backs Champ Bailey and Charles Tillman. The duo of Harrison and quarterback Peyton Manning also hold the record for most receptions, touchdowns, and yards between any quarterback and wide receiver combo. Critics argue the induction committee is allowing age and wait time to overshadow production.[16][better source needed] Harrison was inducted into the Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2016.
Pro Football Hall of Fame (old entrance).
See also[edit]
Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame
Canadian Football Hall of Fame
Arena Football Hall of Fame
Dick McCann Memorial Award—sometimes referred to as the "writer's wing" of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "List of Hall of Fame members". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Pro Football Hall of Fame: Then and Now". Pro Football Hall of Fame. January 1, 2005. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tendler, Alexandra. "$800 million 'Disneyland' for football will open in 2020, NFL Hall of Fame pres. says". FoxBusiness.com. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Bears: Team History". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Selection Process". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Selection Process FAQ". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson". ESPN.com. July 21, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Class of 2007 Presenters". Pro Football Hall of Fame. July 2, 2007. Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Joyner, K C (January 25, 2009). "A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Barall, Andy (February 16, 2012). "How to Fix Football's Hall of Fame Voting System". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ King, Peter (October 21, 2014). Behind the HOF’s New Contributor Committee. SI.com. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Billson, Marky (August 4, 2010). "As strange as it sounds, Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Researcher, NFL (February 4, 2013). "Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame?". NFL Sports Blog.
Jump up ^ "Marvin Harrison was snubbed simply because he hasn't waited long enough". Stampede Blue. Retrieved 2015-12-13.
External links[edit]
Official website
Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons
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Lee Baldwin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the ice hockey player, see Lee Baldwin (ice hockey).
Lee Baldwin
Peter Hansen
General Hospital character
Portrayed by
Ross Elliott (1963–65)
Peter Hansen (1965–2004)
Duration
1963–86
1989–90
1992–2004
First appearance
1963 (1963)
Last appearance
July 16, 2004 (July 16, 2004)
Created by
Frank and Doris Hursley
Introduced by
James Young (1963)
Joseph Hardy (1989)
Wendy Riche (1992, 1997)
Jill Farren Phelps (2004)
Spin-off
appearances
Port Charles
Classification
Former; regular
Profile
Occupation
Lawyer
[show]Family
Brothers
Tom Baldwin
Spouse
Meg Bentley (1966–73)
Caroline Chandler (1975–76)
Gail Adamson (1979–2017)
Adoptive sons
Scott Baldwin
Grandsons
Franco Baldwin
Logan Hayes
Granddaughters
Karen Wexler
Serena Baldwin
Christina Baldwin
Nephews
Tom Hardy
Lee Baldwin is a fictional character on the daytime dramas General Hospital and Port Charles.
Ross Elliott originated the role on General Hospital in 1963. Peter Hansen inherited the role in 1965 and played it until 1986 and again from 1989 to 1990 before returning permanently from 1992 to 2004. Lee Baldwin is the adoptive father of Scott Baldwin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Storylines
1.1 1963–1979
1.2 1980–2013
1.3 2017
2 References
3 External links
Storylines[edit]
1963–1979[edit]
A recovering alcoholic, Lee is a pillar in the community and has a thriving law practice. Scott has sometimes been a disappointment to Lee over the years but these days, Lee couldn't be more proud of Scott and the way he turned his life around. In 1964, as the painful memories of her past marriage to notorious Phil Brewer subsided, Jessie Brewer began to go out on tentative dates with her lawyer, Lee Baldwin. A lifelong bachelor and recovering alcoholic, Lee was a fixture on the seventh floor of General Hospital where he volunteered as an addiction counselor.
When Jessie discovered she was pregnant by Phil after Phil left town, Lee offered to marry Jessie in order to give her baby a name. Once Jessie's divorce from Phil was finalized, she would become Mrs. Lee Baldwin. But Phil found out about Jessie's pregnancy before they could wed and returned to Port Charles. Phil plead for one month's time to make it up to Jessie, but Jessie was afraid that if she left Lee, he'd be devastated and return to drinking. Jessie went forth with her plans to marry Lee, but on the eve of their wedding, Jessie went into labor! Phil was thrilled, since the divorce wasn't finalized, and the baby would be born with his name! Jessie gave birth to a beautiful daughter, Nancy Brewer, and Lee gallantly released Jessie from the "burden" of their engagement. Unfortunately, Nancy Brewer died of a heart condition in July 1966.
Lee was delighted by the arrival of nurse Meg Bentley that same year. Meg was a widow with a young son Scotty and teenage stepdaughter Brooke. Lee was forced to maintain a platonic relationship with Meg, since she was already engaged to Dr. Noel Clinton. Meg was devastated when Noel announced that he was leaving her for her stepdaughter Brooke! Meg turned to Lee, who helped her through the shocking crisis. The situation was difficult for young Scotty Bentley, who lost both his sister and the man he hoped would become his father, when Noel and Brooke ran off to get married. Lee became a surrogate father to Scotty, and Meg happily wed Lee in late 1966. Lee adopted Scotty shortly thereafter. Lee defended Jessie when she faced murder charges over her dead husband, Dr. John Prentice. Lee lost the case, and Jessie was sent to jail, but an eleventh hour confession by her stepdaughter Polly set her free.
In 1969, Lee and Meg's marriage began to come apart when Meg's old nursing school friend, Iris Fairchild, came to Port Charles and used alcohol to solve her life's problems. Lee intervened and counseled her, giving her a job as his secretary and a reason to go on. Meg grew jealous of Lee's friendship with Iris, and accused them of having an affair. Lee and Meg separated for a while over Meg's unfounded accusations, but came together again when Lee donated his kidney to save Scotty's life.
The following year, Brooke's marriage to Noel had fallen apart and Brooke returned to live with Meg and Lee. Meg was diagnosed with breast cancer, and after a radical mastectomy, Meg's insecurities about her appearance were magnified by the presence of sexy Brooke. Meg suffered a nervous breakdown from her jealousy and depression, and Lee was regrettably forced to institutionalize his wife. By 1971, Lee was thrilled to welcome Meg back from the mental institution, supposedly recovered from her mental breakdown. Now, Meg suffered from a severe case of hypertension. Dr. Lesley Williams, a strikingly beautiful doctor, was assigned to her case at General Hospital. The jealous Meg began to suspect—wrongly—that Lesley was trying to work her way into Lee's bed! During an argument with Lee, Meg suddenly died of a fatal stroke. Lee was devastated, but remained strong for Scotty.
Lee defended Jessie against murder charges again in 1974, when Jessie stood accused of her ex-husband Dr. Phil Brewer's murder. Jessie saddened Lee when she refused to cooperate in her own defense. Lee urged Jessie to fight the charges, letting his emotions run away with him and kissing her passionately! Lee proved Jessie's innocence, but they couldn't rekindle their old relationship. To Scotty's delight, Lee Baldwin found a soulmate in adoption agent Caroline Chandler. After a marriage and a short honeymoon, the newlyweds returned to town to face the disastrous news that Caroline's son, Bobby, an energetic med student, was suffering from an incurable case of Melenkoff's disease. Miraculously, Bobby's certain fate was reversed when Steve discovered that Bobby's fatal diagnosis was wrong! Rejoicing from the welcome news, Lee and Caroline joined Bobby in New York where he received treatment.
Lee Baldwin returned to Port Charles in 1977 after his wife died in an accident. Lee found comfort in long, warm and platonic evenings with Dr. Gail Adamson. Lee and Gail were good company for each other. Sensing his devastation, Gail secretly contacted Scotty Baldwin, Lee's stepson, urging the young law student to get in touch with the only father he'd ever known. Scotty had left Port Charles several years earlier and was now living in New York's Greenwich Village. Gail's mission worked when Scotty showed up in town. She smiled with satisfaction as father and son reunited. Scotty, agreeing to join the "establishment", accepted a clerking job at General Hospital, where he met and became instantly captivated by young Laura Webber.
In the spring of 1979, Scotty kept assuring Laura that he was doing everything in his power to bring a June wedding about, but she lost confidence that they would ever be together. Disillusioned, Laura returned her ring and set out to make new friends. Laura's disregard for his feelings sent Scotty into a tailspin. In despair, Scotty turned to drink. Thankfully, Lee, a recovering alcoholic, pulled his son out of the trap. Lee and Gail were married early in 1979, followed by Laura and Scotty a short time later. Gail and Lee were constantly wrapped up in Scotty's personal troubles. They stood by him through all the tumultuous twists and turns in Scotty's marriage to Laura which included her rape at the campus disco by Luke Spencer.
1980–2013[edit]
For much of 1980, Lee and Gail tried to help Laura and Scotty repair their damaged marriage which became strained because of Laura's rape. Scotty eventually found proof of who had raped Laura and showed up at Luke's wedding to Jennifer Smith, and punched Luke, sending him flying overboard the Smith yacht. Laura found Luke and disappeared from Port Charles, leaving Scotty very bitter towards life. He soon disappeared from Port Charles, leaving only a letter for Laura, denouncing her as a slut. Because he blamed her for Scotty's departure, Lee became antagonistic towards Laura, especially when they found themselves face to face at ELQ where Laura worked as a receptionist and Lee aided Edward Quartermaine in his legal issues. After Laura spent another summer on the run with Luke, she returned, determined to marry Scotty, and found him in Mexico where he promised to give her a divorce so she could marry Luke. The divorce papers ended up in Lee's hands, and he burned them, embittered over Laura's betrayal of his son. Gail feared that Lee would turn back to the bottle, but eventually Lee confessed what he had done and made amends with Laura, attending the wedding with no animosity from either Luke or Laura. When Scotty caught the bridal bouquet at the wedding and announced that he was contesting the divorce, Lee and Gail tried to talk some sense into him but were horrified to find out that he had returned to town a very embittered man. When Laura disappeared soon afterwards and was presumed dead, Lee and Gail mourned her but were relieved to find out that Scotty (who had shared a plane ride with her that very night) had nothing to do with her disappearance.
At Scotty's encouragement, Lee ran for Mayor in 1983, and his opponent was none other than Luke Spencer, the man who ruined Scotty and Laura's marriage! Scotty was managing Lee's campaign and using smear tactics to discredit Luke. Scotty even threatened to expose Luke's sister's past as a prostitute to get him to drop out of the race! When Lee found out what Scotty was up to, Lee fired Scotty and Scotty left town. Luke's campaign manager D.L. Brock used Lee's alcoholism against him but Luke demanded that he not pull stunts like what Scotty had done. Luke won the election but after Laura was revealed to be alive, he resigned and Lee took over, resigning at the end of 1985 and leaving town with Gail to travel in early 1986. In 1989, Gail visited Port Charles alone, informing Scott (who had returned) that Lee was busy with work. The next year, Lee paid a visit with Gail and was shocked to find him in bed with Tracy Quartermaine.
They returned to town for good in 1992 and supported Scotty when he married Dominique Taub who was dying. They were present at his wedding to Katherine Bell in late 1983 which was broken off when Lucy Coe revealed lies about Katherine's past. Scott left town shortly afterwards. Lee and Gail were surprised to learn they were grandparents, when it was revealed in 1994 that Scott fathered high school graduate Karen Wexler with his secretary Rhonda Wexler when he was a law student. The very same year, Lee defended old friend Edward Quartermaine on the charges of murdering his own illegitimate son Bradley Ward who had actually been killed by their old business acquaintance Jack Boland.
After several ups and downs with Scotty, Lee and Gail were thrilled when he returned to Port Charles in 1997 with his young daughter Serena. Dr. Julie Devlin called on Lee's legal services in 1998 when she stood accused of the General Homicide serial killings. Julie's murder trial began and Lee set out to make Dr. Eve Lambert look like the guilty party. Lee was successful in his defense of Julie, who was acquitted of all the charges against her. The killer was still at large, but the authorities now had a clue to go on as someone who resembled Eve was caught on tape by the surveillance camera on the roof of the hospital. At that same time, a woman wearing a very Eve-like wig was seen looking at herself in the mirror. When the woman turned around, it was revealed that Julie was the General Homicide killer!
As it turned out, Julie was really being controlled by evil Dr. Greg Cooper, and was doing his bidding. When Julie was finally caught, Lee Baldwin was appointed as her legal guardian, and Gail helped see to it that Julie was committed to Ferncliff psychiatric facility to get the therapy she needed. Chris and Julie schemed to have Lee replaced as Julie's guardian to further their plan to get Julie acquitted of the murder charges and released from Ferncliff.
Lee worried his loved ones in 1999 when he suffered a Pulmonary Embolism that nearly claimed his life, but with the love and support of his family rallying around him, Lee pulled through and is back to being a vital part of Port Charles. For months, DV Bordisso had made life a living hell for Scott and Lucy Coe. As it turned out, DV claimed to be Scott's biological father and he wanted to get revenge on Scott for what his mother, Meg, had done to him before Scott was even born! Scott, Lucy, Kevin, Eve and Victor all teamed up to beat DV at his own game and emerged victorious in the end. DV, however, managed to frame Scott for attempted murder, but an innocent Scott beat the charges. Scott faced some inner demons upon learning that DV was his biological father, but Lee helped Scott to see that no matter what Scott's biology, he was Lee's son, and was a good person.
Lee and Gail were devastated by the July 2003 death of their eldest granddaughter Karen, when she was hit by a car. Though Lee and Gail mourned her death, they took comfort in the fact that Karen's blood helped save Lucy's life. Lila Quartermaine quietly died in her sleep on the evening of Tuesday, July 13, 2004, and Lee and Gail paid their respects to the Quartermaines at the funeral that Friday. The sources of joy for Lee are his beloved wife Gail and granddaughter, Serena. Highly respected by everyone in the community, Lee always comes down on the right side of the law.
In May 2013, Scott opted not to invite Lee, Gail, & Serena to his & Laura's wedding, but rather keep it small and intimate. Their second attempt at marriage ended in divorce soon afterwards due to her pre-occupation with Luke's ongoing problems.
2017[edit]
On July 13, 2017, Lucy comes to Scott to report Lee's passing (actor Peter Hansen died on April 9).[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hansen_(actor)
External links[edit]
Lee Baldwin @ SoapCentral.Com
[show]
v
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e
General Hospital
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General Hospital characters (recurring cast)
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General Hospital characters (notable former characters)
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Valentin Cassadine
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Bobbie Spencer
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Lulu Spencer
Valerie Spencer
Damian Spinelli
Georgie Spinelli
Elizabeth Webber
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Nathan West
[show]
Past characters
Diego Alcazar
Lorenzo Alcazar
Lee Baldwin
Brenda Barrett
Jessie Brewer
Phil Brewer
Shawn Butler
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Holly Sutton-Scorpio
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Lucky Spencer
Luke Spencer
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Lesley Webber
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Baking stone
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A large baking stone inside an oven
A baking stone is a portable cooking surface used in baking. It may be made of ceramic, stone or, more recently, salt.[1][2] Food is put on the baking stone, which is then placed in the oven, though sometimes the stone is heated first.[3] Baking stones are used much like cookie sheets, but may absorb additional moisture for crispier food.[4][5] A pizza stone is a baking stone designed for cooking pizza.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Pizza stone
3 See also
4 References
Overview[edit]
Due to the thermal mass of baking stones and the material's property as a poor heat conductor, food is less likely to burn when one uses a baking stone instead of metal or glass bakeware. Baking stones are a variation on hot stone cooking, which is one of the oldest cooking techniques known. Some cooks recommend sprinkling corn meal or flour on the baking stone to prevent the crust from sticking or using parchment paper atop the stone.[6][7][8][9] Baking "stones" may be purchased as unglazed ceramic tiles, unglazed fired clay tiles and quarried tiles, from tile shops and hardware stores.[2][10][11]
To prevent fracturing of the stone by thermal shock, some bakers place the baking stone in a cold oven and heat it over at least 45 minutes,[2] then allow it to cool slowly inside the oven after switching it off. Because of the possibility of rapid temperature change, baking stones should not be left in an oven while it is in self cleaning mode.[12]
Baking stones can be cleaned with a dry brush or scouring pad followed by plain hot water.[12] Because it is porous, a baking stone will absorb any fluid which it comes into contact with,[5] including detergent. Use of any detergents may taint the stone, imparting the flavor of detergent to foods later cooked on the stone.[13]
Pizza stone[edit]
When designed for cooking pizzas, a baking stone is often referred to as a pizza stone. Using a pizza stone more or less mimics the effects of cooking a pizza in a masonry oven. The porous nature of the stone is commonly believed to absorb moisture; resulting in a crispier crust. Small pizza stones can be purchased to fit any conventional cooking oven or an enclosed barbecue-style grill. High-end ovens sometimes offer optional pizza stones that are specifically designed for each oven model and may include a specialized heating element. In addition to traditional methods, a pizza stone can also be made out of metal.[14][15]
A pizza atop a pizza stone
See also[edit]
Food portal
Masonry oven – colloquially known as a brick oven or stone oven
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bitterman, Mark (2010). Salted: A Manifesto on the World's Most Essential Mineral, with Recipes. Ten Speed Press. p. 271. ISBN 9781580082624.
^ Jump up to: a b c Fowler, D.L.; Stratton, A. (2005). Damon Lee Fowler's New Southern Baking: Classic Flavors for Today's Cook. Simon & Schuster. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7432-5058-0. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hitz, C. (2008). Baking Artisan Bread: 10 Expert Formulas for Baking Better Bread at Home. Quarry Books. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61673-526-5. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Orsini, G.; Orsini, J.E. (2007). Italian Baking Secrets. St. Martin's Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-312-35820-4. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Bridge, F.; Tibbetts, J.F. (1991). The well-tooled kitchen. Morrow. p. 136. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jordan, M. (2011). California Home Cooking: 400 Recipes that Celebrate the Abundance of Farm and Garden, Orchard and Vineyard, Land and Sea. America cooks. Harvard Common Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-55832-119-9. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brooks, M. (2006). The Guaranteed No Burnt Bottoms Cookies Cookbook. Monica's Best Bakes. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-615-13418-5. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reinhart, P.; Manville, R. (2011). The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread. The Bread Baker's Apprentice: Mastering the Art of Extraordinary Bread. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-60774-129-9. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Black, S. (2016). One Dough, Ten Breads: Making Great Bread by Hand. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-544-57933-0. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Reinhart, P.; Manville, R. (2007). Peter Reinhart's Whole Grain Breads: New Techniques, Extraordinary Flavor. Cookery, Food and Drink Series. Ten Speed Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-58008-759-9. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Alterman, T.; Nauman, T. (2015). Whole Grain Baking Made Easy: Craft Delicious, Healthful Breads, Pastries, Desserts, and More - Including a Comprehensive Guide to Grinding Grains. Voyageur Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-7603-4598-6. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Cook's Illustrated Cookbook: 2,000 Recipes from 20 Years of America's Most Trusted Food Magazine. America's Test Kitchen. 2011. p. 3463. ISBN 978-1-936493-13-5. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gemignani, T.; Morgan, D.; Peterson, S. (2012). Pizza: More than 60 Recipes for Delicious Homemade Pizza. Chronicle Books LLC. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4521-1276-3. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Russ (February 1, 2013). "A pizza stone of steel". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perry, Charles (February 22, 2006). "Soapstone: cookware that rocks". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-10-11.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baking_stone&oldid=840453485"
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Fartlek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Speedplay" redirects here. For the bicycle pedal, see Speedplay (bicycle pedal).
Fartlek, which means "speed play" in Swedish, is a training method that blends continuous training with interval training.[1] Fartlek runs are a very simple form of a long distance run. Fartlek training “is simply defined as periods of fast running intermixed with periods of slower running."[2] For some people, this could be a mix of jogging and sprinting, but for beginners it could be walking with jogging sections added in when possible. A simple example of what a runner would do during a fartlek run is “sprint all out from one light pole to the next, jog to the corner, give a medium effort for a couple of blocks, jog between four light poles and sprint to a stop sign, and so on, for a set total time or distance."[2] The variable intensity and continuous nature of the exercise places stress on both the aerobic and anaerobic systems. It differs from traditional interval training in that it is unstructured; intensity and/or speed varies, as the athlete wishes.[3][4] Fartlek training is generally associated with running, but can include almost any kind of exercise.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Gösta Holmér
1.2 First fartlek sessions
2 Fartlek variations
2.1 Mailbox version
2.2 Dog park version
2.3 Music version
2.4 Three speeds version
2.5 Mona fartlek
3 Benefits
3.1 Easily adjustable
3.2 Race day readiness
3.3 Body strengthening
3.4 Fat burn
3.5 Sports training variability
4 Comparing other running exercises
4.1 Tempo runs
4.2 Interval runs
4.3 Ladders
5 Disadvantages
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Gösta Holmér[edit]
Swedish coach Gösta Holmér developed fartlek in 1937, and, since then, many physiologists have adopted it. It was designed for the downtrodden Swedish cross country running teams that had been beaten throughout the 1920s by Paavo Nurmi and the Finns. Holmér's plan used a faster-than-race pace and concentrated on both speed and endurance training.[5]
First fartlek sessions[edit]
This is the first session that was designed by Gösta Holmér for a cross country (multi-terrain) runner.[6] This is also an example of what a fartlek session might look like, but fartlek sessions should be designed for an athlete's own event or sport, as well as catering to their individual needs. Sessions should be at an intensity that causes the athlete to work at 60% to 80% of his or her maximum heart rate. This should mean that the body will not experience too much discomfort while exercising. An athlete should also include a good warm up at the beginning of the session, and a cool down at the end of the session, to improve performance, minimize post-workout muscle soreness, to decrease the chances of injury and for other reasons.
Warm up: easy running for 5 to 10 minutes.
Steady, hard speed for 1.5–2.5 kilometres (0.9–1.6 mi); like a long repetition.
Recovery: rapid walking for about 5 minutes.
Start of speed work: easy running interspersed with sprints of about 50–60 metres (160–200 ft), repeated until a little tired.
Easy running with three or four "quick steps" now and then (simulating suddenly speeding up to avoid being overtaken by another runner).
Full speed uphill for 175–200 metres (570–660 ft).
Fast pace for 1 minute.
The whole routine is then repeated until the total time prescribed on the training schedule has elapsed.

Fartlek variations[edit]
Mailbox version[edit]
Runners hypothetically “run hard for two mailboxes, recover for three, run hard for three, recover for two." When executing this type, the runner continues like this for the allotted time or distance determined. [7]
Dog park version[edit]
Runners speed up when they get close to a dog in order to pass them; after passing the dog, they would then slow down for the recovery period. [7]
Music version[edit]
Many runners use music while they run. [8] Runners can use their music as a template for their fartlek run by changing their speed according to different parts of a song. For example, they can speed up during the chorus and slow down for the rest of the song.
Three speeds version[edit]
In order to add more variety, runners can add another speed into the run. Within any run, “there is no reason why three different paces should not be included."[9] This would change a normal fartlek by doing a jog, run, and a full out sprint.
Mona fartlek[edit]
Steve Moneghetti (Mona) devised this session with his coach Chris Wardlaw over the phone back in 1983 when he was just 20. He wanted a solid fartlek session, one that would help improve his speed as well as endurance and stimulate an ability to change pace mid-run, something that helped later on his career when tackling the Africans, who had a habit of surging mid-race. A session would consist of: 2×90sec, 4×60sec, 4×30sec, 4×15sec with a slower tempo recovery of the same time between each repetition. The session takes 20 minutes in total.
Benefits[edit]
Easily adjustable[edit]
Since this workout is very easily manipulated, “fartlek training allows you to add an endless variety of intervals to your aerobic workouts, which helps to keep you stimulated."[10] A great plus to performing this workout is the variety it adds to fitness regimens; it is possible to change the amount of distance, time, fast bursts, recovery periods, and even the time at which you do each component.
Race day readiness[edit]
For competitive runners, fartleks and all other types of interval runs are the key for race day readiness. The alternating speeds that are the defining point of fartleks allow runners to work “both the aerobic and anaerobic training systems while simulating the ebb and flow nature of competitive running." [2]
Body strengthening[edit]
Fartleks keep runners' bodies at top shape so that they can keep racing. Putting fartlek runs in a workout routine keeps “muscles, tendons, nerves, etc. used in running going at top capacity."[11] In other words, regularly implementing fartleks keeps your body strong enough to maintain the mechanics of racing.
Fat burn[edit]
By alternating the “intensity of your workouts, you will burn more calories than you would by keeping a steady pace."[10] While running, the runner's body first burns the stored sugars and then begins to burn fat after the sugar is depleted. During a fartlek workout while the body is trying to replace the sugar storage, “fat stores are burned in a metabolic effect that lasts long after your workout."[2] Fartleks are a great option for people that run for their health because the fat burning portion makes it a very efficient exercise.
Sports training variability[edit]
Fartleks can be specially tailored to fit the needs of different types of athletes. An example includes basketball, where “you must exert maximum effort while running a fast break, while you exert very little effort while standing at the foul line."[10] It is possible to alter the type and timing of the fartlek in order to mimic the intensity of an average basketball game. This can be done for other sports such as tennis, soccer, and football as well.
Comparing other running exercises[edit]
Comparable runs include the traditional interval training, tempo runs, and ladders. These workouts are very similar to fartleks, but there are slight differences that distinguish one from another.
Tempo runs[edit]
Tempo runs are typically run for 20 to 25 minutes at a 6 or 7 RPE. [12] This exercise is “like an Oreo cookie, with the warmup and cooldown as the cookie, and a run at an effort at or slightly above your anaerobic threshold (the place where your body shifts to using more glycogen for energy) as the filling."[13] What runners do here is warm up at a slow and steady pace, then run harder than they would on a normal distance jog for an allotted amount of time, and then do a cool down with a very similar speed to the warm up.
Interval runs[edit]
Intervals “are short, intense efforts followed by equal or slightly longer recovery time."[13] By the end of a short burst of speed, the runner is barely able to keep up that pace. Unlike fartleks, interval runs are much more structured; usually running the fast and slow spurts at exact times or distances. Interval runs and tempo runs differ in the fact that tempo runs maintain a slightly fast pace for a set amount of time, while interval runs consist of alternating between sprints and slow sections instead of keeping one speed.
Ladders[edit]
This workout is defined as “a speed workout in which the fast parts vary in length." Basically, athletes will run a small amount at a hard pace, work their way up, and work their way back down with timed breaks in between. Ladders are similar to interval training in that they require more structure, but they are different because the faster speed sections vary in time or distance. Although ladders are most similar to interval runs, the fact that the portions performed at the faster speed vary in length or time mirrors fartlek runs.[14]
Disadvantages[edit]
Lack of proper training in increasing the pace and then lowering it back down can create cramps.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
High-intensity interval training
Hypoventilation training
Long-distance running
Long slow distance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ McArdle, William D.; Katch, Frank I.; Katch, Victor L. (2009) [1981]. "Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power". Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance (7th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-7817-9781-8. Retrieved May 7, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kerkman, Jill. "What the Fartlek?!" Breaking Muscle. Breaking Muscle, 2012. Web. http://breakingmuscle.com/running/what-the-fartlek
Jump up ^ Barker, Jill (29 March 2011). "Making the leap from lazy jogging to real racing". Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Lyle (1998). The Ketogenic Diet: A Complete Guide for the Dieter and Practitioner. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-9671456-0-0.
Jump up ^ Schatzle, Jr., Joe (November 2002). "Finding Fartlek: The history and how-to of speed play". Running Times Magazine.
Jump up ^ Schatzle, Jr., Joe (November 2002), Runner's World, "Finding Fartlek"
^ Jump up to: a b Shaw, Jené. "9 Ways To Fartlek." Triathlete.com. N.p., 11 Feb. 2014. Web. http://triathlon.competitor.com/2014/02/training/9-ways-to-fartlek_51140
Jump up ^ Bean, Adam. "Running With Music." Runner's World & Running Times. Runner's World, 1 Dec. 2010. Web. http://www.runnersworld.com/workout-music/running-music-0.
Jump up ^ Mackenzie, Brain. "Fartlek Training." BrainMac Sports Coach. N.p., 10 Oct. 2014. Web. http://www.brianmac.co.uk/fartlek.htm
^ Jump up to: a b c Hutchins, Michael. "What Are the Benefits of Fartlek Training?" LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 21 Oct. 2013. Web. http://www.livestrong.com/article/471208-what-are-the-benefits-of-fartlek-training/
Jump up ^ Galloway, Jeff. Cross-country Running. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2011. Print.
Jump up ^ Santos, Larissa (14 June 2016). "Which Is Better between Running Faster or Longer?". Avenue Form. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Hadfield, Jenny. "What's the Difference Between Fartlek, Tempo, and Interval Runs?" Runner's World & Running Times. N.p., 21 Nov. 2012. Web. http://www.runnersworld.com/race-training/whats-difference-between-fartlek-tempo-and-interval-runs
Jump up ^ Rodgers, Bill, and Scott Douglas. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Jogging and Running. New York, NY: Alpha, 1998. Print.
External links[edit]
What is Fartlek?
How do I do fartlek?
Fartlek workout example
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fartlek&oldid=821462840"
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/w/index.php?title=Fartlek&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
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values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

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/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Catalan
ca
ca
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values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Czech
cs
cs
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values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: אימון פארטלק – Hebrew

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlekas
Fartlekas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values: Фартлек – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fartlek
Fartlek – Swedish
sv
sv
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