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Lord of the Flies
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For the 1963 film, see Lord of the Flies (1963 film). For the 1990 film, see Lord of the Flies (1990 film). For other uses, see Lord of the Flies (disambiguation).
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Lord of the Flies
The original UK Lord of the Flies book cover
Author
William Golding
Cover artist
Anthony Gross[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Allegorical novel
Publisher
Faber and Faber
Publication date
17 September 1954
ISBN
0-571-05686-5 (first edition, paperback)
OCLC
47677622
Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize-winning British author William Golding. The book focuses on a group of British boys stranded on an uninhabited island and their disastrous attempt to govern themselves.
The novel has been critically well received.[citation needed] It was named in the Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 41 on the editor's list, and 25 on the reader's list. In 2003 it was listed at number 70 on the BBC's The Big Read poll, and in 2005 Time magazine named it as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Plot
3 Themes
4 Reception
5 In other media
5.1 Film
5.2 Stage
5.3 Radio
6 Influence
6.1 Film
6.2 Literature
6.3 Music
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background
Published in 1954, Lord of the Flies was Golding's first novel. Although it was not a great success at the time—selling fewer than three thousand copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print—it soon went on to become a best-seller. It has been adapted to film twice in English, in 1963 by Peter Brook and 1990 by Harry Hook, and once in Filipino (1975).
The book takes place in the midst of an unspecified war.[2] Some of the marooned characters are ordinary students, while others arrive as a musical choir under an established leader. With the exception of the choirboys, Sam, and Eric, they appear never to have encountered each other before. The book portrays their descent into savagery; left to themselves on a paradisiacal island, far from modern civilization, the well-educated children regress to a primitive state.
Golding wrote his book as a counterpoint to R.M. Ballantyne's youth novel The Coral Island (1858),[3] and included specific references to it, such as the rescuing naval officer's description of the children's pursuit of Ralph as "a jolly good show, like the Coral Island".[4] Golding's three central characters—Ralph, Piggy and Jack—have been interpreted as caricatures of Ballantyne's Coral Island protagonists.[5]
Plot
In the midst of a wartime evacuation, a British aeroplane crashes on or near an isolated island in a remote region of the Pacific Ocean. The only survivors are boys in their middle childhood or preadolescence. Two boys—the fair-haired Ralph and an overweight, bespectacled boy nicknamed "Piggy"—find a conch, which Ralph uses as a horn to convene all the survivors to one area. Ralph is optimistic, believing that grown-ups will come to rescue them but Piggy realizes the need to organize: ("put first things first and act proper"). Because Ralph appears responsible for bringing all the survivors together, he immediately commands some authority over the other boys and is quickly elected their "chief". He does not receive the votes of the members of a boys' choir, led by the red-headed Jack Merridew, although he allows the choir boys to form a separate clique of hunters. Ralph establishes three primary policies: to have fun, to survive, and to constantly maintain a smoke signal that could alert passing ships to their presence on the island and thus rescue them. The boys establish a form of democracy by declaring that whoever holds the conch shall also be able to speak at their formal gatherings and receive the attentive silence of the larger group.
Jack organises his choir into a hunting party responsible for discovering a food source. Ralph, Jack, and a quiet, dreamy boy named Simon soon form a loose triumvirate of leaders with Ralph as the ultimate authority. Upon inspection of the island, the three determine that it has fruit and wild pigs for food. The boys also use Piggy's spectacles to create a fire. Though he is Ralph's only real confidant, Piggy is quickly made into an outcast by his fellow "biguns" (older boys) and becomes an unwilling source of laughs for the other children while being hated by Jack. Simon, in addition to supervising the project of constructing shelters, feels an instinctive need to protect the "littluns" (younger boys).
The semblance of order quickly deteriorates as the majority of the boys turn idle; they give little aid in building shelters, spend their time having fun and begin to develop paranoias about the island. The central paranoia refers to a supposed monster they call the "beast", which they all slowly begin to believe exists on the island. Ralph insists that no such beast exists, but Jack, who has started a power struggle with Ralph, gains a level of control over the group by boldly promising to kill the creature. At one point, Jack summons all of his hunters to hunt down a wild pig, drawing away those assigned to maintain the signal fire. A ship travels by the island, but without the boys' smoke signal to alert the ship's crew, the vessel continues without stopping. Ralph angrily confronts Jack about his failure to maintain the signal; in frustration Jack assaults Piggy, breaking his glasses. The boys subsequently enjoy their first feast. Angered by the failure of the boys to attract potential rescuers, Ralph considers relinquishing his position as leader, but is convinced not to do so by Piggy, who both understands Ralph's importance and deeply fears what will become of him should Jack take total control.
One night, an aerial battle occurs near the island while the boys sleep, during which a fighter pilot ejects from his plane and dies in the descent. His body drifts down to the island in his parachute; both get tangled in a tree near the top of the mountain. Later on, while Jack continues to scheme against Ralph, the twins Sam and Eric, now assigned to the maintenance of the signal fire, see the corpse of the fighter pilot and his parachute in the dark. Mistaking the corpse for the beast, they run to the cluster of shelters that Ralph and Simon have erected to warn the others. This unexpected meeting again raises tensions between Jack and Ralph. Shortly thereafter, Jack decides to lead a party to the other side of the island, where a mountain of stones, later called Castle Rock, forms a place where he claims the beast resides. Only Ralph and a quiet suspicious boy, Roger, Jack's closest supporter, agree to go; Ralph turns back shortly before the other two boys but eventually all three see the parachutist, whose head rises via the wind. They then flee, now believing the beast is truly real. When they arrive at the shelters, Jack calls an assembly and tries to turn the others against Ralph, asking them to remove Ralph from his position. Receiving no support, Jack storms off alone to form his own tribe. Roger immediately sneaks off to join Jack, and slowly an increasing amount of older boys abandon Ralph to join Jack's tribe. Jack's tribe continues to lure recruits from the main group by promising feasts of cooked pig. The members begin to paint their faces and enact bizarre rites, including sacrifices to the beast. One night, Ralph and Piggy decide to go to one of Jack's feasts.
Simon, who faints frequently and is likely an epileptic,[6][7] has a secret hideaway where he goes to be alone. One day while he is there, Jack and his followers erect a faux sacrifice to the beast nearby: a pig's head, mounted on a sharpened stick and soon swarming with scavenging flies. Simon conducts an imaginary dialogue with the head, which he dubs the "Lord of the Flies". The head mocks Simon's notion that the beast is a real entity, "something you could hunt and kill", and reveals the truth: they, the boys, are the beast; it is inside them all. The Lord of the Flies also warns Simon that he is in danger, because he represents the soul of man, and predicts that the others will kill him. Simon climbs the mountain alone and discovers that the "beast" is the dead parachutist. He rushes down to tell the other boys, who are engaged in a ritual dance. The frenzied boys mistake Simon for the beast, attack him, and beat him to death. Both Ralph and Piggy participate in the melee, and they become deeply disturbed by their actions after returning from Castle Rock.
Jack and his rebel band decide that the real symbol of power on the island is not the conch, but Piggy's glasses—the only means the boys have of starting a fire. They raid Ralph's camp, confiscate the glasses, and return to their abode on Castle Rock. Ralph, now deserted by most of his supporters, journeys to Castle Rock to confront Jack and secure the glasses. Taking the conch and accompanied only by Piggy, Sam, and Eric, Ralph finds the tribe and demands that they return the valuable object. Confirming their total rejection of Ralph's authority, the tribe capture and bind the twins under Jack's command. Ralph and Jack engage in a fight which neither wins before Piggy tries once more to address the tribe. Any sense of order or safety is permanently eroded when Roger, now sadistic, deliberately drops a boulder from his vantage point above, killing Piggy and shattering the conch. Ralph manages to escape, but Sam and Eric are tortured by Roger until they agree to join Jack's tribe.
Ralph secretly confronts Sam and Eric, who warn him that Jack and Roger hate him and that Roger has sharpened a stick at both ends, implying the tribe intends to hunt him like a pig and behead him. The following morning, Jack orders his tribe to begin a hunt for Ralph. Jack's savages set fire to the forest while Ralph desperately weighs his options for survival. Following a long chase, most of the island is consumed in flames. With the hunters closely behind him, Ralph trips and falls. He looks up at a uniformed adult—a British naval officer whose party has landed from a passing warship to investigate the fire. Ralph bursts into tears over the death of Piggy and the "end of innocence". Jack and the other children, filthy and unkempt, also revert to their true ages and erupt into sobs. The officer expresses his disappointment at seeing British boys exhibiting such feral, warlike behaviour before turning to stare awkwardly at his own warship.
Themes
At an allegorical level, the central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization and social organization—living by rules, peacefully and in harmony—and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out, and how different people feel the influences of these form a major subtext of Lord of the Flies.[citation needed] The name "Lord of the Flies" is a literal translation of Beelzebub, from 2 Kings 1:2–3, 6, 16.
Reception
Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association's list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900–1999.[8]
It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 41 on the editor's list, and 25 on the reader's list.
In 2003, the novel was listed at number 70 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[9]
In 2005 the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.[10]
In other media
Film
There have been three film adaptations based on the book:
Lord of the Flies (1963), directed by Peter Brook
Alkitrang dugo (1975), a Filipino film, directed by Lupita A. Concio
Lord of the Flies (1990), directed by Harry Hook
A fourth adaptation, to feature an all-female cast, was announced by Warner Bros. in August 2017. Scott McGehee and David Siegel were slated to write and direct.[11]
Stage
Nigel Williams adapted the text for the stage. It was debuted by the Royal Shakespeare Company in July 1996. The Pilot Theatre Company has toured it extensively in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.
In October 2014 it was announced that the 2011 production [12] of Lord of the Flies would return to conclude the 2015 season at the Regent's Park Open Air Theatre ahead of a major UK tour. The production is to be directed by the Artistic Director Timothy Sheader who won the 2014 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best Play Revival for To Kill A Mockingbird.
Radio
In June 2013, BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a dramatization by Judith Adams in four 30-minute episodes directed by Sasha Yevtushenko.[13] The cast included Ruth Wilson as "The Narrator", Finn Bennett as "Ralph", Richard Linnel as "Jack", Caspar Hilton-Hilley as "Piggy" and Jack Caine as "Simon".
Fire on the Mountain
Painted Faces
Beast from the Air
Gift for Darkness
Influence
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015)
Many writers have borrowed plot elements from Lord of the Flies. By the early 1960s, it was required reading in many schools and colleges.[14]
Film
Stephen King's fictional town of Castle Rock, inspired by the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies, in turn inspired the name of Rob Reiner's production company, Castle Rock Entertainment, which produced the film Lord of the Flies (1990).[15]
Literature
Stephen King got the name Castle Rock from the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies and used the name to refer to a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels.[16] The book itself appears prominently in his novels Hearts in Atlantis (1999), Misery (1987), and Cujo (1981).[17]
Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies (2011) to mark the centenary of William Golding's birth in 2011.[15]
The novel Garden Lakes by Jaime Clarke is an homage to Lord of the Flies.
Music
The final song on U2's debut album Boy (1980) takes its title, "Shadows and Tall Trees", from Chapter 7 in the book.[18]
Iron Maiden wrote a song inspired by the book, included in their 1995 album The X Factor.[19]
Blues Traveler wrote a song called "Justify the Thrill", in which a small part of the lyrics are in reference to the book:[20]
"The pig's head on a stick does grin. As we teeter on the brink. He's singing you are all my children. My island's bigger than you think."
The Radiohead song "The Daily Mail" includes lyrics that make direct reference to the title of the novel.[21]
See also
A High Wind in Jamaica
Batavia (ship)
"Das Bus", an episode of The Simpsons with a similar plot[22]
Heart of Darkness (1899), short novel by Joseph Conrad
Island mentality
State of nature
The Cement Garden, a 1978 novel by Ian McEwan
The Coral Island: A Tale of the Pacific Ocean (1858), novel by R. M. Ballantyne with a similar premise but an opposite perspective
Two Years' Vacation (1888), adventure novel by Jules Verne
Robbers Cave Experiment
References
Jump up ^ "Bound books – a set on Flickr". Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Weiskel, Portia Williams, ed. (2010). "Peter Edgerly Firchow Examines the Implausible Beginning and Ending of Lord of the Flies". William Golding's Lord of the Flies. Bloom's Guides. Infobase. ISBN 9781438135397.
Jump up ^ Kundu, Rama (2006), New Perspectives on British Authors: From William Shakespeare to Graham Greene, Sarup & Sons, p. 219, ISBN 978-81-7625-690-2
Jump up ^ Reiff, Raychel Haugrud (2010), William Golding: Lord of the Flies, Marshall Cavendish, p. 93, ISBN 978-0-7614-4700-9
Jump up ^ Singh, Minnie (1997), "The Government of Boys: Golding's Lord of the Flies and Ballantyne's Coral Island", Children's Literature, 25: 205–213, doi:10.1353/chl.0.0478
Jump up ^ Baker, James Rupert; Ziegler, Arthur P., eds. (1983). William Golding's Lord of the Flies. Penguin. p. xxi.
Jump up ^ Rosenfield, Claire (1990). "Men of a Smaller Growth: A Psychological Analysis of William Golding's Lord of the Flies". Contemporary Literary Criticism. 58. Detroit, MI: Gale Research. pp. 93–101.
Jump up ^ "100 most frequently challenged books: 1990–1999". American Library Association. 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Big Read - Top 100 Books". BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev; Lacayo, Richard (6 October 2005). "ALL-TIME 100 Novels. Lord of the Flies (1955), by William Golding". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia. "Warner Bros. Plans Female-Led 'Lord of the Flies'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lord of the Flies, Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, review". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 May 2011. [not in citation given]
Jump up ^ "William Golding - Lord of the Flies". BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/teaching-the-lord-of-the-flies-with-the-new-york-times/?_r=0
^ Jump up to: a b King, Stephen (2011). "Introduction by Stephen King". Faber and Faber. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Beahm, George (1992). The Stephen King story (Revised ed.). Kansas City: Andrews and McMeel. p. 120. ISBN 0-8362-8004-0. Castle Rock, which King in turn had got from Golding's Lord of the Flies.
Jump up ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Stephen King". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Bailie, Stuart (13 June 1992). "Rock and Roll Should Be This Big!". NME. UK. Retrieved 28 November 2007.
Jump up ^ http://ilcala.blogspot.com/2013_08_01_archive.html
Jump up ^ http://www.bluestraveler.net/music/song_display.php?song_id=94
Jump up ^ https://genius.com/1962012
Jump up ^ Cohen, David (2006). The Simpsons The Complete Ninth Season DVD commentary for "Das Bus" (DVD). 20th Century Fox.
Golding, William (1958) [1954]. Lord of the Flies (Print ed.). Boston: Faber & Faber.
External links
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Lord of the Flies
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Lord of the Flies
Chapter 1: "The Sound of the Shell" of the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding on eNotes
Lord of the Flies student guide and teacher resources; themes, quotes, characters, study questions
Reading and teaching guide from Faber and Faber, the book's UK publisher
An interview with Judy Golding, the author's daughter, in which she discusses the inspiration for the book, and the reasons for its enduring legacy
William Golding official website run and administered by the William Golding Estate
[show]
v
t
e
Works by William Golding
Poems (1934)
Lord of the Flies (1954)
The Inheritors (1955)
Pincher Martin (1956)
The Brass Butterfly : a Play in Three Acts (1958)
Free Fall (1959)
The Spire (1964)
The Hot Gates, and Other Occasional Pieces (1965)
The Pyramid (1967)
The Scorpion God : Three Short Novels (1971)
Darkness Visible (1979)
Rites of Passage (1980)
A Moving Target (1982)
Nobel Lecture, 7 December 1983 (1984)
The Paper Men (1984)
An Egyptian Journal (1985)
Close Quarters (1987)
Fire Down Below (1989)
The Double Tongue (1995)
[show]
v
t
e
William Golding's Lord of the Flies
Films
Lord of the Flies (1963)
Alkitrang dugo (1975)
Lord of the Flies (1990)
Other
"Lord of the Flies (song)
Related
"Das Bus"
Exile
Authority control
BNF: cb11992683c (data)
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The enemy of my enemy is my friend
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The enemy of my enemy is my friend is an ancient proverb which suggests that two opposing parties can or should work together against a common enemy. The earliest known expression of this concept is found in a Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, the Arthashastra, which dates to around the 4th century BC, while the first recorded use of the current English version came in 1884.[1][2]
The proverb is sometimes phrased as "my enemy's enemy is my friend."[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 International policy
2 World War II
3 Cold War
4 Middle East
5 Balance theory
6 See also
7 References
International policy[edit]
In his Arthashastra: Book VI, "The Source of Sovereign States", Kautilya writes:[3]
The king who is situated anywhere immediately on the circumference of the conqueror's territory is termed the enemy.
The king who is likewise situated close to the enemy, but separated from the conqueror only by the enemy, is termed the friend (of the conqueror).
—  Kautilya, Arthasastra
World War II[edit]
The Allies of World War II at the Yalta Conference: Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin, 1945.
The idea that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" functioned in various guises as foreign policy by Allied powers during World War II. In Europe, tension was common between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. Despite their inherent differences, they recognized a need to work together to meet the threat of Nazi aggression under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. Both U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were wary of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin. However, both developed policies with an understanding that Soviet cooperation was necessary for the Allied war effort to succeed.[4] There is a quote from Winston Churchill made to his personal secretary John Colville on the eve of Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa). He was quoted as saying, "if Hitler invaded Hell, I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons."[5] The Soviet leader reciprocated these feelings towards his Western allies. He was distrustful and feared that they would negotiate a separate peace with Nazi Germany. However, he also viewed their assistance as critical in resisting the Nazi invasion.[6][page needed]
The doctrine of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" was employed by nation states in regions outside of the European theater as well. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, within the Pacific theater, an alliance was formed between Chinese Communists and Chinese Nationalists. Leading up to this, these forces had battled each other throughout the Chinese Civil War. However, they formed an alliance, the Second United Front in response to the mutual threat of Japanese aggression.[7] Similarly, the Malayan Communist Party and the British Empire agreed a truce for the Malayan Campaign and subsequent Japanese Occupation.
Cold War[edit]
The doctrine was also used extensively during the Cold War between Western Bloc nations and the Soviet Union. The Soviets and the Chinese aided North Korea during the Korean War as well as the Viet Cong/North Vietnamese during the Vietnam War to oppose American foreign policy goals.[8][clarification needed] Likewise, the United States and its allies supported the Afghan Mujahideen after the Soviet invasion in the hopes of thwarting the spread of Communism.[9] In the Third World, both superpowers supported regimes whose values were at odds with the ideals espoused by their governments. These ideals were capitalism and democracy in the case of the United States, and the Marxist–Leninist interpretation of Communism in the case of the Soviet Union. In order to oppose the spread of Communism, the United States government supported undemocratic regimes, such as Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire and Augusto Pinochet in Chile.[10][11]
The support provided by the Soviet Union towards nations with overtly anti-Communist governments, such as Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt, in order to oppose American influence, is another example of "the enemy of my enemy is my friend" as policy on an international scale.[12] The Soviets also backed India to counter both the pro-American Pakistani government and the People's Republic of China (following the Sino-Soviet split), despite the fact that India had a democratic government.[citation needed] Similarly, China, following the split, lent support to nations and factions that embraced an anti-Soviet, often Maoist form of Communism, but whose governments nonetheless embraced Sinophobic policies at home, such as the Khmer Rouge.[citation needed]
Middle East[edit]
In an example of this doctrine at work in Middle Eastern foreign policy, United States backed the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein during the Iran–Iraq War, as a strategic response to the anti-American Iranian Revolution of 1979.[13] A 2001 study of international relations in the Middle East used the proverb as the basis of its main thesis. The thesis examined how enmity between adverse nations evolve and alliances develop in response to common threats.[14]
Balance theory[edit]
Main article: Balance theory
In mathematical sociology a signed graph may be used to represent a social network that may or may not be balanced, depending upon the signs found along cycles. Fritz Heider considered a pair of friends with a common enemy as a balanced triangle. The full spectrum of changes induced by unbalanced networks was described by Anatol Rapoport:
The hypothesis implies roughly that attitudes of the group members will tend to change in such a way that one’s friends’ friends will tend to become one’s friends and one’s enemies’ enemies also one’s friends, and one’s enemies’ friends and one’s friends’ enemies will tend to become one’s enemies, and moreover, that these changes tend to operate even across several removes (one’s friends’ friends’ enemies’ enemies tend become friends by an iterative process).[15]
Frank Harary described how balance theory can predict coalition formation in international relations:[16]
One can draw the signed graph of a given state of events and examine it for balance. If it is balanced there will be a tendency for the status quo. If it is not balanced, one should examine each of the bonds between pairs of nations in a cycle with regard to relative strength in the situation. One might then predict that the weakest such bond will change sign.
Harary illustrated the method as a gloss on some events in the Middle East using several signed graphs, one of which represented eight nations.
See also[edit]
Frenemy
You're either with us, or against us
Law of excluded middle
Lesser of two evils principle
List of authoritarian regimes supported by the United States
Unholy alliance (geopolitical)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Rangarajan, L.N. (1992). The Arthashastra. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 520. ISBN 9780140446036. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Wickman, Forrest (2013-05-16). "Star Trek Into Darkness, fact-checked: Was the "Enemy of My Enemy" guy really killed by his friend?". Slate.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Project South Asia". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Stefan|Roosevelt & Stalin". Unc.edu. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Sir Winston Churchill: A biography – Churchill College". Chu.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Kenez, Peter (2006). A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521682967.
Jump up ^ John Pike. "Chinese Civil War". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Moscow on situation around Iraq - PravdaReport". English.pravda.ru. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
Jump up ^ "Mobutu Sese Seko, 66, Longtime Dictator of Zaire". Partners.nytimes.com. 1997-09-08. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Still Hidden: A Full Record Of What the U.S. Did in Chile". Hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Middle East: Anti-Communist Rally". TIME. 1961-06-23. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ Stuever, Hank (1970-01-01). "Washington Post: Breaking News, World, US, DC News & Analysis". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-07. Retrieved 2014-10-12.
Jump up ^ Anatol Rapoport (1963) "Mathematical models of social interaction", in Handbook of Mathematical Sociology, v. 2, pp 493–580, especially 541, editors: R.A. Galanter, R.R. Lace, E. Bush, John Wiley & Sons
Jump up ^ Harary, Frank (1 June 1961). "A structural analysis of the situation in the Middle East in 1956". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 5 (2): 167–178. doi:10.1177/002200276100500204. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
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values: عدو عدوي صديقي – Arabic

values: El enemigo de mi enemigo es mi amigo – Spanish

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values: Musuh dari musuhku adalah temanku – Indonesian

values: Il nemico del mio nemico è mio amico – Italian

values: O inimigo do meu inimigo é meu amigo – Portuguese

values: Ворог мого ворога мій друг – Ukrainian

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Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Day (disambiguation).
A day, a unit of time, is approximately the period of time during which the Earth completes one rotation with respect to the Sun (solar day).[1][2] In 1960, the second was redefined in terms of the orbital motion of the Earth in year 1900, and was designated the SI base unit of time. The unit of measurement "day", was redefined as 86 400 SI seconds and symbolized d. In 1967, the second and so the day were redefined by atomic electron transition.[3] A civil day is usually 86 400 seconds, plus or minus a possible leap second in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and occasionally plus or minus an hour in those locations that change from or to daylight saving time.
In common usage, it is either an interval equal to 24 hours[4] or daytime, the consecutive period of time during which the Sun is above the horizon. The word day may also refer to a day of the week or to a calendar date, as in answer to the question, "On which day?" The life patterns (circadian rhythms) of humans and many other species are related to Earth's solar day and the day-night cycle.
Contents
[hide]
1 Introduction
1.1 Apparent and mean solar day
1.2 Stellar day
1.3 Daytime
2 Etymology
3 International System of Units (SI)
3.1 Leap seconds
3.2 Civil day
3.3 Decimal and metric time
4 Colloquial
5 Boundaries
6 Midnight sun
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Introduction[edit]
Dagr, the Norse god of the day, rides his horse in this 19th-century painting by Peter Nicolai Arbo.
Apparent and mean solar day[edit]
Several definitions of this universal human concept are used according to context, need and convenience. Besides the day of 24 hours (86 400 seconds), the word day is used for several different spans of time based on the rotation of the Earth around its axis. An important one is the solar day, defined as the time it takes for the Sun to return to its culmination point (its highest point in the sky). Because celestial orbits are not perfectly circular, and thus objects travel at different speeds at various positions in their orbit, a solar day is not the same length of time throughout the orbital year. Because the Earth orbits the Sun elliptically as the Earth spins on an inclined axis, this period can be up to 7.9 seconds more than (or less than) 24 hours. In recent decades, the average length of a solar day on Earth has been about 86 400.002 seconds[5] (24.000 000 6 hours) and there are about 365.242 2 solar days in one mean tropical year.
Ancient custom has a new day start at either the rising or setting of the Sun on the local horizon (Italian reckoning, for example, being 24 hours from sunset, oldstyle).[6] The exact moment of, and the interval between, two sunrises or sunsets depends on the geographical position (longitude as well as latitude), and the time of year (as indicated by ancient hemispherical sundials).
A more constant day can be defined by the Sun passing through the local meridian, which happens at local noon (upper culmination) or midnight (lower culmination). The exact moment is dependent on the geographical longitude, and to a lesser extent on the time of the year. The length of such a day is nearly constant (24 hours ± 30 seconds). This is the time as indicated by modern sundials.
A further improvement defines a fictitious mean Sun that moves with constant speed along the celestial equator; the speed is the same as the average speed of the real Sun, but this removes the variation over a year as the Earth moves along its orbit around the Sun (due to both its velocity and its axial tilt).
Stellar day[edit]
A day, understood as the span of time it takes for the Earth to make one entire rotation[7]with respect to the celestial background or a distant star (assumed to be fixed), is called a stellar day. This period of rotation is about 4 minutes less than 24 hours (23 hours 56 minutes and 4.1 seconds) and there are about 366.242 2 stellar days in one mean tropical year (one stellar day more than the number of solar days). Other planets and moons have stellar and solar days of different lengths from Earth's.
Daytime[edit]
A day, in the sense of daytime that is distinguished from night-time, is commonly defined as the period during which sunlight directly reaches the ground, assuming that there are no local obstacles. The length of daytime averages slightly more than half of the 24-hour day. Two effects make daytime on average longer than nights. The Sun is not a point, but has an apparent size of about 32 minutes of arc. Additionally, the atmosphere refracts sunlight in such a way that some of it reaches the ground even when the Sun is below the horizon by about 34 minutes of arc. So the first light reaches the ground when the centre of the Sun is still below the horizon by about 50 minutes of arc[8]. Thus, daytime is on average around 7 minutes longer than 12 hours[9].
Etymology[edit]
The term comes from the Old English dæg, with its cognates such as dagur in Icelandic, Tag in German, and dag in Norwegian, Danish, Swedish and Dutch. All of them from the Indo-European root dyau which explains the similarity with Latin dies though the word is known to come from the Germanic branch. As of October 17, 2015[update], day is the 205th most common word in US English,[10] and the 210th most common in UK English.[10]
International System of Units (SI)[edit]
A day, symbol d, defined as 86 400 seconds, is not an SI unit, but is accepted for use with SI.[4] The Second is the base unit of time in SI units.
In 1967–68, during the 13th CGPM (Resolution 1),[11] the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) redefined a second as
… the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom.[12]
This makes the SI-based day last exactly 794 243 384 928 000 of those periods.
Leap seconds[edit]
Mainly due to tidal effects, the Earth's rotational period is not constant, resulting in minor variations for both solar days and stellar "days". The Earth's day has increased in length over time. This phenomenon is due to tides raised by the Moon which slow Earth's rotation. Because of the way the second is defined, the mean length of a day is now about 86 400.002 seconds, and is increasing by about 1.7 milliseconds per century (an average over the last 2 700 years). (See tidal acceleration for details.) The length of a day circa 620 million years ago has been estimated from rhythmites (alternating layers in sandstone) as having been about 21.9 hours. The length of day for the Earth before the moon was created is still unknown.[citation needed]
In order to keep the civil day aligned with the apparent movement of the Sun, a day according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) can include a negative or positive leap second. Therefore, although typically 86 400 SI seconds in duration, a civil day can be either 86 401 or 86 399 SI seconds long on such a day.
Leap seconds are announced in advance by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), which measures the Earth's rotation and determines whether a leap second is necessary. Leap seconds occur only at the end of a UTC-calculated month, and have only ever been inserted at the end of June 30 or December 31.[citation needed]
Civil day[edit]
For civil purposes, a common clock time is typically defined for an entire region based on the local mean solar time at a central meridian. Such time zones began to be adopted about the middle of the 19th century when railroads with regularly occurring schedules came into use, with most major countries having adopted them by 1929. As of 2015, throughout the world, 40 such zones are now in use: the central zone, from which all others are defined as offsets, is known as UTC±00, which uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
The most common convention starts the civil day at midnight: this is near the time of the lower culmination of the Sun on the central meridian of the time zone. Such a day may be referred to as a calendar day.
A day is commonly divided into 24 hours of 60 minutes, with each minute composed of 60 seconds.
Decimal and metric time[edit]
Main article: Metric time
In the 19th century, an idea circulated to make a decimal fraction (1⁄10 000 or 1⁄100 000) of an astronomical day the base unit of time. This was an afterglow of the short-lived movement toward a decimalisation of timekeeping and the calendar, which had been given up already due to its difficulty in transitioning from traditional, more familiar units. The most successful alternative is the centiday, equal to 14.4 minutes (864 seconds), being not only a shorter multiple of an hour (0.24 vs 2.4) but also closer to the SI multiple kilosecond (1 000 seconds) and equal to the traditional Chinese unit, ke.
Colloquial[edit]
The word refers to various similarly defined ideas, such as:
Full day
24 hours (exactly)
The full day covering both the dark and light periods, beginning from the start of the dark period or from a point near the middle of the dark period
A full dark and light period, sometimes called a nychthemeron in English, from the Greek for night-day[13]; or more colloquially the term 24 hours. In other languages, 24 hours is also often used. Other languages also have a separate word for a full day.
Daytime
The period of light when the Sun is above the local horizon (that is, the time period from sunrise to sunset)
The time period from 06:00–18:00 (6:00 am – 6:00 pm) or 21:00 (9:00 pm) or another fixed clock period overlapping or offset from other time periods such as "morning", "evening", or "night".
The time period from first-light "dawn" to last-light "twilight".
Boundaries[edit]
Sun and Moon, Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493
For most diurnal animals, the day naturally begins at dawn and ends at sunset. Humans, with their cultural norms and scientific knowledge, have employed several different conceptions of the day's boundaries. Common convention among the ancient Romans[14], ancient Chinese[15] and in modern times is for the civil day to begin at midnight, i.e. 00:00, and last a full 24 hours until 24:00 (i.e. 00:00 of the next day).
Sunset
Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset each day during the month of Ramadan. The Jewish day begins at either sunset or nightfall (when three second-magnitude stars appear). The "Damascus Document", copies of which were also found among the Dead Sea scrolls, states regarding the observance of the Sabbath that "No one is to do any work on Friday from the moment that the Sun's disk stands distant from the horizon by the length of its own diameter," presumably indicating that the monastic community responsible for producing this work counted the day as ending shortly before the Sun had begun to set.[citation needed]
Medieval Europe also followed this tradition, known as Florentine reckoning: in this system, a reference like "two hours into the day" meant two hours after sunset and thus times during the evening need to be shifted back one calendar day in modern reckoning. Days such as Christmas Eve, Halloween, and the Eve of Saint Agnes are remnants of the older pattern when holidays began during the prior evening. Prior to 1926, Turkey had two time systems: Turkish (counting the hours from sunset) and French (counting the hours from midnight).
Sunrise
In ancient Egypt, the day was reckoned from sunrise to sunrise. In many cultures, nights are named after the previous day. For example,"Friday night" usually means the entire night between Friday and Saturday. This difference from the civil day often leads to confusion. Events starting at midnight are often announced as occurring the day before. TV-guides tend to list nightly programs at the previous day, although programming a VCR requires the strict logic of starting the new day at 00:00 (to further confuse the issue, VCRs set to the 12-hour clock notation will label this "12:00 AM"). Expressions like "today", "yesterday" and "tomorrow" become ambiguous during the night. Because Jews and Muslims begin their days at nightfall, "Saturday" night, for example, is what most people would call Friday night.
Validity of tickets, passes, etc., for a day or a number of days may end at midnight, or closing time, when that is earlier. However, if a service (e.g., public transport) operates from for example, 6:00 to 1:00 the next day (which may be noted as 25:00), the last hour may well count as being part of the previous day. For services depending on the day ("closed on Sundays", "does not run on Fridays", and so on) there is a risk of ambiguity. For example, a day ticket on the Nederlandse Spoorwegen (Dutch Railways) is valid for 28 hours, from 0:00 to 28:00 (that is, 4:00 the next day); the validity of a pass on Transport for London (TfL) services is until the end of the "transport day"—that is to say, until 4:30 am on the day after the "expiry" date stamped on the pass.
Midnight sun[edit]
In places which experience the midnight sun (polar day), daytime may extend beyond one 24 hour period and could even extend to months
See also[edit]
Calculating the day of the week
Daylight
Daytime
Holiday
ISO 8601
Meteorological day
N-day period
Nychthemeron
Season, for a discussion of daylight and darkness at various latitudes
Synodic day
Sidereal time
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (2007). "Solar Day". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
Jump up ^ Weisstein, Eric W. (2007). "Day". Retrieved 2011-05-31.
Jump up ^ BIPM (2014) [2006]. "Unit of time (second)". SI Brochure (8th ed.).
^ Jump up to: a b BIPM (2014) [2006]. "Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI, and units based on fundamental constants". SI Brochure (8th ed.).
Jump up ^ The average over the last 50 years is about 86 400.002. The yearly average over that period has ranged between about 86 400 and 86 400.003, while the length of individual days has varied between about 86 399.999 and 86 400.004 seconds. See this graph: (data from "EARTH ORIENTATION PARAMETERS". International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. ).
Jump up ^ L. Holford-Stevens, The History of Time (Oxford 2005) p. 6
Jump up ^ Certain authors caution against identifying "day" with rotation period. For example: Courtney Seligman. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Retrieved 2011-06-03. A Cautionary Note: Because the rotation period of the Earth is almost the same as the length of its day, we sometimes get a bit sloppy in discussing the rotation of the sky, and say that the stars rotate around us once each day. In a similar way, it is not unusual for careless people to mix up the rotation period of a planet with the length of its day, or vice versa.
Jump up ^ 32′⁄2 + 34′ = 50′
Jump up ^ 50°/60 ÷ 360° × 2(for sunrise and set) × 24 hours ≈ 7 min
^ Jump up to: a b "English Words". Oxford Dictionaries Online (ODO). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
Jump up ^ "SI Unit of Time (Second)". Resolution 1 of the 13th CGPM (1967/68). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Retrieved 2015-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Unit of Time (Second)". SI Brochure: The International System of Units (SI) (8 ed.). Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). 2014 [2006]. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
Jump up ^ "Definition of NYCHTHEMERON". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
Jump up ^ See Plutarch, Quaestiones Romanae, 84.
Jump up ^ s:zh:清史稿/卷48: 起子正，盡夜子初。
External links[edit]
Media related to Day at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of day at Wiktionary
Quotations related to Day at Wikiquote
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GND: 4230857-4
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https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umunsi
Umunsi – Kinyarwanda
rw
rw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siku
Siku – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jou_(Tan)
Jou (Tan) – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roj_(dem)
Roj (dem) – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
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display: none;

values: Сутка – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: Кечӹ (календарь) – Western Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia
Dia – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies
Dies – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diennakts
Diennakts – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daag
Daag – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ln
display: none;

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djedi
djedi – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AC
Dì – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari
Hari – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk
Nĭk – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Ши (пингонь вал) – Moksha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonalli
Tonalli – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Low Saxon
nds-NL
nds-NL
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5
日 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juorne
Juorne – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai
Dai – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouo
Jouo – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorn
Jorn – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutka
Sutka – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia
Dia – Papiamento
pap
pap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ps
display: none;

values:
https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die
Die – Jamaican Creole English
jam
jam
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di
Di – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/De
De – Tok Pisin
tpi
tpi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag
Dag – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba
Doba – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia
Dia – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahana
Mahana – Tahitian
ty
ty
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ty
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi
Zi – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values: Күн (кэм) – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values: अहोरात्रः – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day
Day – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dita
Dita – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornu
Jornu – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day
Day – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values: ڏينهن – Sindhi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%88
Deň – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan
Dan – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalin
Maalin – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan
Dan – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A9
Poé – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dygn
Dygn – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: நாள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Тәүлек – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCn
Gün – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esso
Esso – Buginese
bug
bug
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoenz
Ngoenz – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%A0y
Ngày – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del
Del – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djo%C3%BB
Djoû – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9s
Bés – Wolof
wo
wo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5
日 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dty
display: none;

values:
https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evemiye
Evemiye – Kabiye
kbp
kbp
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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display: none; font-size: 13px;

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