text:
Jennie Linden
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Jennie Linden
Born
(1939-12-08) 8 December 1939 (age 78)
Worthing, Sussex, England, UK
Alma mater
Central School of Speech and Drama
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1956–present
Spouse(s)
Chris Mann
Children
Rupert Mann
Parent(s)
Marcus and Frieda Fletcher
Website
www.jennielinden.com
Jennie Linden (born 8 December 1939) is an English film and television actress. She is best known for her role in the film Women in Love (1969).[1]
Contents
1 Life and career
2 Partial filmography
3 References
4 External links
Life and career[edit]
Linden was born in Worthing to Marcus and Freida Fletcher, an architect and housewife.[2] She attended the Central School of Speech and Drama at the age of 17 on a scholarship.[2] Her classmates included Julie Christie and Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave.[2]
Her earliest film appearances were as the heroine in Hammer Film's Nightmare (1964) and Barbara in Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965). Her most widely known film role was as Ursula in Women in Love (1969), for which she received a BAFTA nomination,[2] and she also appeared opposite Lee Remick and Ian Holm in the film version of Iris Murdoch's novel A Severed Head (1970). Her later film appearances included Vampira (1974), Hedda (1975), Valentino (1977), and Charlie Muffin (1979).
Wanting to raise her son in England, Linden decided not to pursue a career in Hollywood.[2] She was considered for The Lion in Winter (1968) and The Go-Between (1970); the latter was for the lead role of Lady Marian Trimingham, for which Christie was later cast.[2] She turned down the role of Amy in Sam Peckinpah's Straw Dogs (1971).
Linden toured in Trevor Nunn's Royal Shakespeare Company production of Hedda Gabler for two years playing Thea Elvsted, with Glenda Jackson in the title role; they later appeared together in the 1975 film adaptation.
Linden's television credits include The Avengers (episode: Lobster Quadrille, 1964), Sherlock Holmes (1965) with Douglas Wilmer and Nigel Stock, The Saint (1966), The Persuaders! (episode: To the Death, Baby, 1970), The Rivals (1970), The Adventures of Black Beauty (episode "Foul Play" in 1973), Little Lord Fauntleroy (1976), Lillie (1978) as Patsy Cornwallis-West, Chancer (1990), and Trainer (1991). She continues to do different roles and can be found on TV and stage. She is married to Chris Mann and they have a son, Rupert.
Partial filmography[edit]
Nightmare (1964) - Janet
Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965) - Barbara
Women in Love (1969) - Ursula Brangwen
A Severed Head (1970) - Georgie Hands
Pogled iz potkrovlija (1974) - Linda Channing
Vampira (1974) - Angela
Hedda (1975) - Thea Elvsted
Valentino (1977) - Agnes Ayres
Charlie Muffin (1979) - Edith
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevens, Christopher (2010). Born Brilliant: The Life of Kenneth Williams. John Murray. p. 401. ISBN 1-84854-195-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "I Never Wanted to Be a Woman In Love: As the BBC Updates a Classic Drama, Jennie Linden Reveals Why...", Daily Mail, 27 March 2011.
External links[edit]
Official website
Jennie Linden on IMDb
Jennie Linden(Aveleyman)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb14199539b (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 7841 2081
LCCN: n87838410
SUDOC: 059781769
VIAF: 85079348
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennie_Linden&oldid=842366704"
Categories:
1939 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Sussex
Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
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Demand deposit
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Demand deposits, bank money or scriptural money are funds held in demand deposit accounts in commercial banks.[1] These account balances are usually considered money and form the greater part of the narrowly defined money supply of a country.[2] Simply put, these would be funds like those held in a checking account.
Contents
1 History
2 Money supply
3 See also
4 References
History[edit]
U.S. demand deposits at commercial banks, 1995-2012
In the United States, demand deposits arose following the 1865 tax of 10% on the issuance of state bank notes; see history of banking in the USA.
In the U.S., demand deposits only refer to funds held in checking accounts (or cheque offering accounts) other than NOW accounts; however, in a 1970s and 1980s response to the 1933 promulgation of Regulation Q in the U.S., demand deposits in some cases came to allow easier access to funds from other types of accounts (e.g. savings accounts and money market accounts). For the historical basis of the distinction between demand deposits and NOW accounts in the U.S., see Negotiable order of withdrawal account#History.
Money supply[edit]
Demand deposits are usually considered part of the narrowly defined money supply, as they can be used, via checks and drafts, as a means of payment for goods and services and to settle debts. The money supply of a country is usually held to consist of currency plus demand deposits. In most countries, demand deposits account for a majority of the money supply.[2]
During times of financial crisis, bank customers will withdraw their funds in cash, leading to a drop in demand deposits and a shrinking of the money supply. Economists have speculated that this effect contributed to the severity of the Great Depression.[3]
This did not happen, however, in the financial crisis that began in 2008. In fact, demand deposits in the U.S. increased dramatically, from around $310bn in August 2008 to a peak of around $460bn in December 2008.[4]
See also[edit]
Liquidity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bank Money: Merriam-Webster Dictionary". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Krugman, Paul R., and Robin Wells. Economics. New York: Worth, 2006. Print.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Milton (1 November 1971). Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00354-8.
Jump up ^ "Federal Reserve Bank statistics". www.federalreserve.gov. Retrieved 18 March 2010.
Business and economics portal
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Southend Airport railway station
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Southend Airport
The station in 2012
Location
Place
London Southend Airport
Local authority
Rochford
Coordinates
51°34′07″N 0°42′19″E / 51.5687°N 0.7052°E / 51.5687; 0.7052Coordinates: 51°34′07″N 0°42′19″E / 51.5687°N 0.7052°E / 51.5687; 0.7052
Grid reference
TQ875890
Operations
Station code
SIA
Managed by
Stobart Rail
Number of platforms
2
Live arrivals/departures, station information and onward connections
from National Rail Enquiries
Annual rail passenger usage*
2011/12
56,834 (station opened during year)
2012/13
340,814
2013/14
408,430
2014/15
510,448
2015/16
425,160
History
Original company
Network Rail
18 July 2011
Opened
National Rail – UK railway stations
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at Southend Airport from Office of Rail and Road statistics. Methodology may vary year on year.
UK Railways portal
Southend Airport railway station is on the Shenfield to Southend Line in the East of England, serving London Southend Airport, the village of Sutton and northern parts of Southend-on-Sea. It is 39 miles 44 chains (63.6 km) down the line from London Liverpool Street and is situated between Rochford and Prittlewell. The station is managed by Stobart Rail (Stobart Aviation operates the airport) but the trains serving it are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia.[1] Its three-letter station code is SIA.
The station was opened by the Transport Minister Theresa Villiers in 2011; it was designed by Atkins and constructed by Birse Rail.[2] A new terminal building adjoining the station opened in 2012. Passengers requiring the airport previously had to alight at Rochford and then take road transport.[3][4]
Services[edit]
The typical Monday-Saturday off-peak service is:
2 trains per hour (tph) to London Liverpool Street, calling at all stations to Shenfield then Stratford and Liverpool Street.
1 tph to London Liverpool Street, calling at all stations to Shenfield then Romford, Stratford and Liverpool Street.
3 tph to Southend Victoria, calling at Prittlewell and Southend Victoria.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Airport rail station to open next week". Echo Newspapers. Stobart, not National Express, will employ the staff who man the station and meet passengers getting off the train
Jump up ^ "Birse Rail joins forces with Stobart Rail to construct new railway station at Southend Airport". BalfourBeattyRail. Retrieved 28 July 2011. Birse Rail is working with Stobart Rail, part of Stobart Group, to oversee the design and construction management of a new railway station at London Southend Airport.
Jump up ^ "New London Southend Airport Railway Station Officially Opens" (PDF). London Southend Airport. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "London Southend Airport opens station and control tower". BBC News. 18 July 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
External links[edit]
Media related to Southend Airport railway station at Wikimedia Commons
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Rochford Greater Anglia
Shenfield to Southend Line Prittlewell
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Cecum
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"Caecum" redirects here. For the genus of sea snails, see Caecum (genus). For other taxonomic uses, see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names.
Not to be confused with sacrum.
Cecum or caecum
Drawing of colon seen from front
(cecum colored red)
Superior ileocecal fossa
(cecum labeled at bottom left)
Details
Precursor
Midgut
System
Gastrointestinal
Identifiers
Latin
Caecum
MeSH
A03.556.124.526.209
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Caecum
TA
A05.7.02.001
FMA
14541
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Ileocecal junction (Cecum appear in orange color)
The cecum or caecum (/ˈsiːkəm/, plural ceca /ˈsiːkə/; from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is typically located on the right side of the body (the same side of the body as the appendix, to which it is joined).
It receives chyme from the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve (ICV) or Bauhin's valve. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. While the cecum is usually intraperitoneal, the ascending colon is retroperitoneal.[1]
In herbivores, the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose. This function no longer occurs in the human cecum (see appendix), so in humans it is simply a dead-end pouch forming a part of the large intestine.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Development
2 History
2.1 Etymology
3 Clinical significance
4 In animals
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Development[edit]
The cecum and appendix are formed by the enlargement of the postarterial segment of the midgut loop. The proximal part of the bud grows rapidly to form the cecum. The lateral wall of the cecum grows much more rapidly than the medial wall, with the result that the point of attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side.[citation needed]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The term cecum comes from the Latin caecum, literally "blind", here in the sense "blind gut" or "cul de sac".[citation needed]
In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures.[citation needed]
The junction between the small intestine and the colon, called the ileocecal valve, is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines. During a dissection, the colon could be traced from the rectum, to the sigmoid colon, through the descending, transverse, and ascending sections. The cecum is an end point for the colon with a dead-end portion terminating with the appendix.[2]
The connection between the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the start (as viewed from the perspective of food being processed) of the colon (cecum) is now clearly understood, and is called the ileocolic orifice. The connection between the end of the cecum and the beginning of the ascending colon is called the cecocolic orifice.
Clinical significance[edit]
A cecal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the cecum. An appendiceal carcinoid tumor (a carcinoid tumor of the appendix) is sometimes found next to a cecal carcinoid.[citation needed]
In animals[edit]
Gastric cecum of dissected cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm.
A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes.[3] Parrots do not have ceca.[4]
Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the appendix.[3] Mammalian species which do not develop a cecum include raccoons, bears, and the red panda. Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut flora are anaerobes,[5][6][7][8][9] but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.[5]
Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.[3] Some invertebrates, such as squid,[10] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.
Additional images[edit]
Illustration of the large intestine
Diagram of human gastrointestinal tract
Cecum and ileum
Ileo-cecal valve
Cecum
Ileocecal orifice
Location of McBurney's point (#1)
The superior mesenteric artery and its branches
Arteries of cecum and vermiform process
Inferior ileocecal fossa
Interior of the cecum and lower end of ascending colon, showing colic valve
Topography of thoracic and abdominal viscera
Endoscopic image of cecum with arrow pointing to ileocecal valve in foreground
See also[edit]
McBurney's point
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Large Intestine". VideoHelp.com.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Tim. "Anatomy and Physiology Instructor". InnerBody.com. Howtomedia, Inc. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 353–54. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Clench, Mary H.; Mathias, John R. (1995). The Avian Cecum: A Review. Ann Arbor, MI: Wilson Bulletin. pp. 93–121, vol. 107(1) March.
^ Jump up to: a b Guarner F, Malagelada JR (February 2003). "Gut flora in health and disease". Lancet. 361 (9356): 512–19. PMID 12583961. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0.
Jump up ^ Sears CL (October 2005). "A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora". Anaerobe. 11 (5): 247–51. PMID 16701579. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001.
Jump up ^ University of Glasgow. 2005. The normal gut flora. Available through web archive. Accessed May 22, 2008
Jump up ^ Beaugerie L, Petit JC (April 2004). "Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 18 (2): 337–52. PMID 15123074. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.002.
Jump up ^ Vedantam G, Hecht DW (October 2003). "Antibiotics and anaerobes of gut origin". Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 6 (5): 457–61. PMID 14572537. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.006.
Jump up ^ Williams, L. W. (1910). The anatomy of the common squid : Loligo pealii, Lesueur. American Museum Of Natural History.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cecum.
Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us
Anatomy figure: 37:03-08 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Abdominal organs in situ."
Anatomy figure: 37:06-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"The larger intestine."
Anatomy figure: 39:05-09 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"The cecum with the distal portion of the ileum."
Anatomy photo:39:14-0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center—"Incisions of the Cecum"
Cross section image: pelvis/pelvis-e12-2—Plastination Laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna
Video clip of worms in the Cecum
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract, excluding the mouth
Upper
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BCS National Championship Game
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
BCS National Championship Game
Stadium
Four-year rotation between:
University of Phoenix Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
Hard Rock Stadium
Rose Bowl
Location
Four-year rotation between:
Glendale, Arizona
New Orleans, Louisiana
Miami Gardens, Florida
Pasadena, California
Previous stadiums
Sun Devil Stadium (1999, 2003)
Previous locations
Tempe, Arizona (1999, 2003)
Operated
1999–2014
Payout
US$23,900,000 (2014 game[1])
Preceded by
Bowl Alliance (1995–97)
Bowl Coalition (1992–94)
Succeeded by
College Football Playoff National Championship (2015)
Sponsors
Tostitos (1999, 2003, 2007, 2011), Nokia (2000, 2004), FedEx (2001, 2005, 2009), AT&T (2002), Allstate (2008, 2012), Citi (2006, 2010), Discover (2013), Vizio (2014)
2014 matchup
No. 1 Florida State vs. No. 2 Auburn (Florida State 34–31)
The view from the 50-yard line for the 2010 BCS National Championship at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California (Alabama vs. Texas)
The BCS National Championship Game, or BCS National Championship, was a postseason college football bowl game, used to determine a national champion of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS), first played in the 1998 college football season as one of four designated bowl games, and beginning in the 2006 season as a standalone event rotated among the host sites of the aforementioned bowls.
The game was organized by a group known as the Bowl Championship Series, consisting of the Rose Bowl, Sugar Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Orange Bowl, which sought to match the two highest-ranked teams in a championship game to determine the best team in the country at the end of the season. The participating teams were determined by averaging the results of the final weekly Coaches' Poll, the Harris Poll of media, former players and coaches, and the average of six computer rankings. The Coaches' Poll was contractually required to name the winner of the game as its No. 1 team on the final postseason ranking; hence, the AFCA National Championship Trophy was presented to the winning team during a post-game ceremony.
The methodologies of the BCS system and its selections proved to be controversial. Although in most years the winner of the BCS National Championship would also be designated as the national champion by other organizations and polls (such as the Associated Press poll), the 2003 season was a major exception, as the BCS rankings chose the AP's No. 3-ranked team, the University of Oklahoma, over the No. 1-ranked team in that poll, the University of Southern California, to participate in the national title game (the Sugar Bowl) despite Oklahoma's loss to Kansas State University in the 2003 Big 12 Championship Game. That was the only season during the BCS era when the national championship was split, with Louisiana State University winning the BCS national championship and the University of Southern California winning the AP national championship, plus the football writers' national championship.
The BCS National Championship Game was played for the final time in 2014 after the same organizing group established a new system, the College Football Playoff, a four-team single elimination tournament, as the successor to the BCS.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Game results
3 Records by team
4 Records by conference
5 Game records
6 Heisman Trophy winners in BCS title games
7 Criticisms and controversy
8 Future
9 Media coverage
9.1 Television
9.1.1 Spanish
9.2 Radio
10 Related national championship selections
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)
The first BCS Championship Game was played at the conclusion of the 1998 college football season in accordance with an agreement by the Big Ten Conference, the Pac-10 Conference, and the Rose Bowl Game to join the "Bowl Alliance" system. The expanded format was called the Bowl Championship Series.
The Bowl Alliance and its predecessor, the Bowl Coalition, featured championship games in the 1992–1997 seasons. However, these could not always ensure a matchup between the top two ranked teams because of the lack of participation by the Big Ten and Pac-10.
The BCS National Championship Game was initially rotated among the four participating bowl games: the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, and Sugar Bowl. However, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game was added as a separate contest, played after New Year's Day. The game rotated its location among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, and Rose venues.
Game results[edit]
For Bowl Coalition championship game results from 1992–1994, see: Bowl Coalition
For Bowl Alliance championship game results from 1995–1997, see: Bowl Alliance
Season
Date
Winner
Score
Loser
Bowl Game
Site
MVP
1998 January 4, 1999 1 Tennessee
SEC Champs 23–16 2 Florida State
ACC Co-Champs 1999 Fiesta Bowl Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona Peerless Price
Dwayne Goodrich
1999 January 4, 2000 1 Florida State
ACC Champs 46–29 2 Virginia Tech
Big East Champs 2000 Sugar Bowl Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans Peter Warrick
2000 January 3, 2001 1 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs 13–2 2 Florida State
ACC Champs 2001 Orange Bowl Pro Player Stadium
Miami Torrance Marshall
2001 January 3, 2002 1 Miami (FL)
Big East Champs 37–14 2 Nebraska
At-large 2002 Rose Bowl Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California Ken Dorsey
Andre Johnson
2002 January 3, 2003 2 Ohio State
Big Ten Co-Champs 31–24 1 Miami (FL)
Big East Champs 2003 Fiesta Bowl Sun Devil Stadium
Tempe, Arizona Craig Krenzel
Mike Doss
2003 January 4, 2004 2 LSU
SEC Champs 21–14 1 Oklahoma
At-large 2004 Sugar Bowl Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans Justin Vincent
2004 January 4, 2005 1 USC†
Pac-10 Champs 55–19 2 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs 2005 Orange Bowl Pro Player Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida Matt Leinart
2005 January 4, 2006 2 Texas
Big 12 Champs 41–38 1 USC
Pac-10 Champs 2006 Rose Bowl Rose Bowl Stadium
Pasadena, California Vince Young (offense)
Michael Huff (defense)
2006 January 8, 2007 2 Florida
SEC Champs 41–14 1 Ohio State
Big Ten Champs 2007 BCS National Championship Game University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona Chris Leak (offense)
Derrick Harvey (defense)
2007 January 7, 2008 2 LSU
SEC Champs 38–24 1 Ohio State
Big Ten Champs 2008 BCS National Championship Game Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans Matt Flynn (offense)
Ricky Jean-Francois (defense)
2008 January 8, 2009 2 Florida
SEC Champs 24–14 1 Oklahoma
Big 12 Champs 2009 BCS National Championship Game Dolphin Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida Tim Tebow (offense)
Carlos Dunlap (defense)
2009 January 7, 2010 1 Alabama
SEC Champs 37–21 2 Texas
Big 12 Champs 2010 BCS National Championship Game Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California Mark Ingram (offense)
Marcell Dareus (defense)
2010 January 10, 2011 1 Auburn
SEC Champs 22–19 2 Oregon
Pac-10 Champs 2011 BCS National Championship Game University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona Michael Dyer (offense)
Nick Fairley (defense)
2011 January 9, 2012 2 Alabama
At-large 21–0 1 LSU
SEC Champs 2012 BCS National Championship Game Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana AJ McCarron (offense)
Courtney Upshaw (defense)
2012 January 7, 2013 2 Alabama
SEC Champs 42–14 1 Notre Dame
Independent 2013 BCS National Championship Game Sun Life Stadium
Miami Gardens, Florida Eddie Lacy (offense)
C.J. Mosley (defense)
2013 January 6, 2014 1 Florida State
ACC Champs 34–31 2 Auburn
SEC Champs 2014 BCS National Championship Game Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California Jameis Winston (offense)
P.J. Williams (defense)
Records by team[edit]
Appearances
School
Wins
Losses
Win Pct
Title Season(s)
4 Florida State 2 2 .500 1999, 2013
4 Oklahoma 1 3 .250 2000
3 Alabama 3 0 1.000 2009, 2011, 2012
3 LSU 2 1 .667 2003, 2007
3 Ohio State 1 2 .333 2002
2 Florida 2 0 1.000 2006, 2008
2 Auburn 1 1 .500 2010
2 Miami (FL) 1 1 .500 2001
2 Texas 1 1 .500 2005
2 USC 1† 1 .500 2004
1 Tennessee 1 0 1.000 1998
1 Nebraska 0 1 .000 -
1 Notre Dame 0 1 .000 -
1 Oregon 0 1 .000 -
1 Virginia Tech 0 1 .000 -
Records by conference[edit]
Conference
Appearances
Wins
Losses
Win Pct
# of Schools
School(s)
SEC 11 9** 2** .818 5 Alabama (3-0)
LSU (2-1)
Florida (2-0)
Auburn (1-1)
Tennessee (1-0)
Big 12 7 2 5 .286 3 Oklahoma (1-3)
Texas (1-1)
Nebraska (0-1)
ACC 4 2 2 .500 1 Florida State (2-2)
Big East* 3 1 2 .333 2 Miami (FL) (1-1)
Virginia Tech (0-1)
Big Ten 3 1 2 .333 1 Ohio State (1-2)
Pac-12 3 1† 2 .333 2 USC (1†-1)
Oregon (0-1)
Independent 1 0 1 .000 1 Notre Dame (0-1)
Note: Conference affiliations are contemporaneous with the game, which may differ from the current alignment.
* The American Athletic Conference was known as the Big East during the 1991–2012 seasons. Because of a split between the non-FBS schools and FBS schools, the conference adopted its present name for the 2013 season.
** Alabama's defeated fellow SEC member LSU in the 2012 BCS Championship Game, resulting in both a win and loss for the conference.
† USC vacated its win in the 2005 Orange Bowl.
Game records[edit]
Team
Performance vs. Opponent
Year
Most Points 55, USC vs. Oklahoma 2005
Fewest points allowed 0, Alabama vs. LSU 2011
Most Points Combined 79, Texas vs. USC 2006
First downs 30, Texas vs. USC 2006
Rushing yards 289, Texas (36 att.) vs. USC 2006
Passing yards 374, Oregon vs. Auburn 2011
Total yards 556, Texas (289 rush, 267 pass) vs. USC 2006
Total plays 85, Auburn vs. Oregon 2011
Largest comeback 18, Florida State vs. Auburn 2014
Individual
Performance, Team vs. Opponent
Year
Total offense 467, Vince Young, Texas (267 pass, 200 rush) vs. USC 2006
Rushing yards 200, Vince Young (QB), Texas (19 att.) vs. USC 2006
Rushing TDs 3, Vince Young (QB), Texas vs. USC 2006
Passing yards 363, Darron Thomas, Oregon vs. Auburn (28-41-2, 2 TD) 2011
Passing TDs 5, Matt Leinart, USC vs. Oklahoma 2005
Receptions 11, Kellen Winslow Jr., Miami vs. Ohio State (122 yards, 1 TD) 2003
Receiving yards (tie) 199, Peerless Price, Tennessee vs. Florida State (4 rec., 1 TD) 1999
Receiving yards (tie) 199, Andre Johnson, Miami vs. Nebraska (7 rec., 2 TD) 2002
Receiving TDs 3, Steve Smith, USC vs. Oklahoma 2005
Field goals 5, Jeremy Shelley, Alabama vs. LSU 2012
Tackles 18, James Laurinaitis, Ohio State vs. LSU 2008
Sacks 3, Derrick Harvey, Florida vs. Ohio State 2007
Interceptions 2, Sean Taylor, Miami vs. Ohio State 2003
Long Plays
Performance, Team vs. Opponent
Year
Touchdown run 65, Chris "Beanie" Wells, Ohio State vs. LSU 2008
Touchdown pass 79, Tee Martin to Peerless Price, Tennessee vs. Florida State 1999
Kickoff return 100, Levante Whitfield, Florida State vs. Auburn (TD) 2014
Punt return 71, DeJuan Groce, Nebraska vs. Miami (TD) 2002
Interception return 54, Dwayne Goodrich, Tennessee vs. Florida State (TD) 1999
Punt 63, A.J. Trapasso, Ohio State vs. LSU 2008
Field goal 46, David Pino, Texas vs. USC 2006
Pass 81, Darron Thomas to Jeff Maehl, Oregon vs. Auburn 2011
Heisman Trophy winners in BCS title games[edit]
Season
Player
School
Result
Stats
Notes
2000 Chris Weinke Florida State L 51-25-2 274, 0 TD; 4-7 rush
2001 Eric Crouch Nebraska L 15-5-1 62, 0 TD; 22-114 rush
2003 Jason White Oklahoma L 37-13-2, 102, 0 TD; 7-(-46) rush
2004 Matt Leinart USC W 35-18-0 332, 5 TD; 2-(-11) rush Win later vacated
2005 Reggie Bush USC L 13-82 1 TD; 6-95, 0 TD rec Heisman later vacated
2006 Troy Smith Ohio State L 14-4-1, 35, 0 TD; 10-(-29) rush
2008 Sam Bradford Oklahoma L 41-26-2, 256, 2 TD; 2-(-18) rush
2009 Mark Ingram Alabama W 22-116, 2 TD
2010 Cam Newton Auburn W 34-20-1, 265, 2 TD; 22-64 rush
2013 Jameis Winston Florida State W 35-20-0, 237, 2 TD; 11-26 rush
Criticisms and controversy[edit]
Main articles: College football playoff debate and BCS controversies
Critics of the BCS National Championship argued against the internal validity of a so-called national championship being awarded to the winner of a single postseason game. Critics lamented that the participants were selected based upon polls, computer rankings, popularity and human biases, and not by on-field competition, as in other major sports and all other levels of college football, which employed tournament-format championships. Often, the BCS system led to controversies in which multiple teams finished the season with identical records, and voters distinguished the worthiness of their participation in the BCS National Championship with no set of formal criteria or standards. The end of the 2010 season was one of the best examples of this. Without any objective criteria for evaluation of the teams, the BCS forced voters to impose their own standards and tiebreakers. Critics noted that the system inherently fostered selection bias, and therefore lacked both internal validity and external validity.[2]
Controversies surrounding teams' inclusion in the BCS National Championship Game were numerous. In 2001, Oregon, ranked second in the AP poll, was bypassed in favor of Nebraska despite Nebraska's 62-36 blowout to Colorado in its final regular season game. In 2003, USC was not included in the championship game, but beat Michigan in the Rose Bowl and ended up No. 1 in the final AP poll. The following season, undefeated Auburn, Boise State, and Utah teams were left out of the national title game (the Orange Bowl). In 2008, the University of Utah was excluded from the BCS championship for a second time despite being the only undefeated FBS team and finished second in the final AP poll behind Florida. In 2009, five schools finished the regular season undefeated: Alabama, Texas, Cincinnati, TCU, and Boise State; however, the BCS formula selected traditional powers Alabama and Texas to participate in the BCS National Championship Game.
In 2010, three teams, Oregon, Auburn, and TCU, all finished the year with undefeated records. While TCU statistically led the other two teams in all three major phases of the game[3] (1st in defense, 14th in offense [4] and 13th in special teams [5]) the teams from the two automatic qualifying conferences, Oregon (Pac-12) and Auburn (SEC), were selected over the Horned Frogs for the 2011 national title game. Many voters cited TCU's membership in the non-automatic qualifying Mountain West Conference, perceived as having weaker teams, as one significant reason for their exclusion, despite TCU's undefeated regular-season records in both 2010 and the previous year.[6] Adding to the controversy were comments made by the president of Ohio State University, Gordon Gee, who said that teams which played "the little sisters of the poor" instead of the "murderer's row" of teams in the automatic qualifier conferences did not deserve any national title game consideration. Gee retracted his statement and apologized after TCU defeated Wisconsin in the 2011 Rose Bowl (the Badgers had convincingly defeated Ohio State during the regular season).
Many critics of the Bowl Championship Series favored a tournament with eight to sixteen teams, similar to those administered by the NCAA for its Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), Division II, and Division III football championships. Others favored adopting the incremental step of adding a single post-bowl championship game between the winners of two BCS games among the top four ranked teams in the BCS standings, a so-called "plus one" option. On June 24, 2009, the BCS presidential oversight committee rejected the Mountain West Conference's proposed eight-team playoff plan.[7]
In 2009, the NCAA ruled that former USC running back Reggie Bush was retroactively ineligible for the 2004 BCS National Championship, the 2005 Orange Bowl vs. Oklahoma, for receiving various illegal benefits. In May 2011, the NCAA rejected all appeals of USC's penalties, which included Bush's ineligibility and a two-year bowl ban. On June 6, 2011, USC became the first school to lose a Bowl Championship Series national title due to NCAA sanctions when the BCS presidential oversight committee stripped the school of its 2004 title. As a result, there is no 2004 BCS champion, although USC retained its 2004 AP national title. Additionally, the BCS also nullified USC's participation in the 2006 Rose Bowl. (See attributions 1 and 2.)[citation needed]
Future[edit]
During 2012, the BCS actively considered changes to the format for the 2014 football season, to either to extend the season by one game by establishing a four-school semifinal round or by selecting the participants in the national championship game after the season's bowl games were completed.[8] On June 26, 2012, the BCS presidential oversight committee approved a four-school playoff format, in which the participants are determined by a selection committee. The semifinals are played as existing bowl games on or around New Year's Eve and New Year's Day. The championship game is played approximately a week later at a neutral site selected through a competitive bidding process. [9] The new format, known as the College Football Playoff is to be in effect from the 2014 college football season through the 2025 season.
Media coverage[edit]
Television[edit]
From 1999 through 2005, ABC broadcast eight BCS National Championship Games pursuant to broadcasting rights negotiated with the BCS and the Rose Bowl, whose rights were offered separately. Beginning with the 2006 season, FOX obtained the BCS package, consisting of the Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, Sugar Bowl, and the BCS National Championship Games hosted by these bowls, with ABC retaining the rights to the Rose Bowl and BCS National Championship Games hosted by the Rose Bowl.
On November 18, 2008, the BCS announced that ESPN had won the television rights to the BCS National Championship Game, as well as the other four BCS bowls, for 2011–2014.[10]
Year
Network(s)
Bowl
Play-by-play announcer
Color analyst(s)
Sideline reporter(s)
Studio host(s)
Studio analyst(s)
TV Rating[11]
1999 ABC Fiesta Bowl Keith Jackson Bob Griese Lynn Swann John Saunders Todd Blackledge 17.2
2000 ABC Sugar Bowl Brent Musburger Gary Danielson Lynn Swann and Jack Arute John Saunders Terry Bowden 17.5
2001 ABC Orange Bowl Brad Nessler Bob Griese Lynn Swann and Jack Arute John Saunders Terry Bowden 17.8
2002 ABC Rose Bowl Keith Jackson Tim Brant Lynn Swann and Todd Harris John Saunders Terry Bowden 13.9
2003 ABC Fiesta Bowl Keith Jackson Dan Fouts Lynn Swann and Todd Harris John Saunders Terry Bowden 17.2
2004 ABC Sugar Bowl Brent Musburger Gary Danielson Lynn Swann and Jack Arute John Saunders Terry Bowden and Craig James 14.5
2005 ABC Orange Bowl Brad Nessler Bob Griese Lynn Swann and Todd Harris John Saunders Craig James and Aaron Taylor 13.7
2006 ABC Rose Bowl Keith Jackson Dan Fouts Todd Harris and Holly Rowe John Saunders Craig James and Aaron Taylor 21.7
2007 FOX 2007 BCS National Championship Game Thom Brennaman Barry Alvarez and Charles Davis Chris Myers Chris Rose Emmitt Smith, Eddie George and Jimmy Johnson 17.4
2008 FOX 2008 BCS National Championship Game Thom Brennaman Charles Davis Chris Myers Chris Rose Eddie George, Urban Meyer and Jimmy Johnson 17.4
2009 FOX 2009 BCS National Championship Game Thom Brennaman Charles Davis Chris Myers Chris Rose Eddie George, Barry Switzer and Jimmy Johnson 15.8
2010 ABC 2010 BCS National Championship Game Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Lisa Salters and Tom Rinaldi Chris Fowler and Rece Davis Lee Corso, Desmond Howard, Pete Carroll, Lou Holtz and Mark May 17.2
2011 ESPN
ESPN 3D 2011 BCS National Championship Game Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi Chris Fowler Desmond Howard, Urban Meyer and Nick Saban 16.1
2012 ESPN 2012 BCS National Championship Game Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Erin Andrews and Tom Rinaldi Chris Fowler Lee Corso, Gene Chizik and Chip Kelly 14.0
2013 ESPN 2013 BCS National Championship Game Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Heather Cox and Tom Rinaldi Chris Fowler Urban Meyer and Desmond Howard 17.5
2014 ESPN 2014 BCS National Championship Game Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Heather Cox and Tom Rinaldi Chris Fowler Lee Corso, Nick Saban and Desmond Howard 15.7 [1]
Spanish[edit]
As part of ESPN's contract with the BCS, ESPN Deportes provided the first Spanish-language U.S. telecast of the BCS National Championship Game in 2012.
Radio[edit]
From 1999 to 2014, the BCS National Championship Game was broadcast on ESPN Radio.
Year
Network
Play-by-play announcer
Color analyst(s)
Sideline Reporter
1999 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2000 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2001 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2002 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2003 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2004 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Adrian Karsten
2005 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Mike Gottfried Erin Andrews
2006 ESPN Radio Ron Franklin Bob Davie Dave Ryan
2007 ESPN Radio Brent Musburger Bob Davie and Todd Blackledge Lisa Salters
2008 ESPN Radio Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Lisa Salters
2009 ESPN Radio Brent Musburger Kirk Herbstreit Lisa Salters
2010 ESPN Radio Mike Tirico Jon Gruden and Todd Blackledge Wendi Nix
2011 ESPN Radio Mike Tirico Jon Gruden Joe Schad
2012 ESPN Radio Mike Tirico Todd Blackledge Holly Rowe
2013 ESPN Radio Mike Tirico Todd Blackledge Holly Rowe and Joe Schad
2014 ESPN Radio Mike Tirico Todd Blackledge Holly Rowe and Joe Schad
Related national championship selections[edit]
See also: College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
During the BCS era, there was no NCAA Division I FBS playoff, and the BCS National Championship Game was just one of several national championship selection processes in existence.
The American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) participated in a weekly Coaches' Poll published by USA Today; for its final poll of the season, the AFCA was contractually bound to select the BCS National Champion as its No. 1 team.[12] Thus, the winner of the game was awarded the AFCA National Championship Trophy in a postgame ceremony.
The BCS National Champion was also automatically awarded the National Football Foundation's MacArthur Trophy.[13]
The Associated Press and the Football Writers Association of America were independent of the BCS system; their national championship trophies could have been awarded to a school other than the BCS National Championship Game winner.
See also[edit]
College football portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ College Football Bowl Schedule. Collegefootballpoll.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ Pat Forde (May 20, 2008). "Eight-team playoff would be ideal for college football". ESPN. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Innovative Statistics, Intelligent Analysis | 2010 FEI RATINGS, SPECIAL TEAMS. Football Outsiders. Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ FEI Offensive Rankings By Team, FBS, 2010 http://www.footballoutsiders.com/stats/feist2010
Jump up ^ FEI Special Teams Rankings By Team, FBS, 2010 http://www.footballoutsiders.com/stats/feist2010
Jump up ^ TCU lost the highly controversial 2010 Fiesta Bowl to Boise State, in which two non-AQ teams were paired against each other to avoid the possibility of two AQ teams losing to "BCS Busters"[citation needed]
Jump up ^ College football: BCS presidents reject playoff plan, Los Angeles Times, June 25, 2009
Jump up ^ BCS Playoff TV Deal Worth At Least $3 Billion. Forbes (2012-05-29). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ BCS presidents approve four-team major college playoff –. Usatoday.com (2012-06-27). Retrieved on 2014-05-24.
Jump up ^ ESPN, BCS agree to four-year deal for television, radio, digital rights
Jump up ^ bcsfootball.org – TV Ratings Archived October 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Thomas. (January 14, 2009) Role of coaches' poll in BCS under review. Usatoday.Com. Retrieved on 2010-11-21.
Jump up ^ MacArthur Trophy Archived July 2, 2005, at Archive.is at the National Football Foundation
External links[edit]
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