text:
It's My Birthday
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For other uses, see It's My Birthday (disambiguation).
"It's My Birthday"
Single by will.i.am and Cody Wise
Released
May 27, 2014
Recorded
2014
Genre
Electro-hop
tamil
worldbeat
Length
4:14
Label
Interscope[1]
Songwriter(s)
William Adams
A. R. Rahman
Keith Harris
Cody Wise
Producer(s)
will.i.am
DJ Ammo
will.i.am singles chronology
"Feelin' Myself"
(2013) "It's My Birthday"
(2014) "Home"
(2014)
"Feelin' Myself"
(2013) "It's My Birthday"
(2014) "Home"
(2014)
Cody Wise singles chronology
"It's My Birthday"
(2014) It's My Birthday2014 "I'm So Excited"
(2014) I'm So Excited2014
"It's My Birthday" is a song by American hip hop recording artist and DJ will.i.am and American singer Cody Wise, who is signed to Interscope Records through will.i.am's imprint.[2] The song was recorded in 2014 and released as a single on May 27, 2014. It samples the Tamil song "Urvasi Urvasi" from the soundtrack of 1994 Indian film Kadhalan, composed by the Indian composer A. R. Rahman.
"It's My Birthday" topped the charts in the United Kingdom, becoming will.i.am's tenth chart-topper there (including five as a member of The Black Eyed Peas). The song also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, as well as the top 30 in Belgium, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland.
Contents
1 Background
2 Critical reception
3 Chart performance
4 Music video
5 Live performances
6 Charts and certifications
6.1 Weekly charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Release history
8 References
Background[edit]
The song was co-written with A. R. Rahman, composer of "Urvasi Urvasi", from the soundtrack of 1994 Tamil Indian film Kadhalan, sampled in the song. "It's My Birthday" also samples the popular Jamaican songs "Pull Up to Mi Bumper" by Konshens & J Capri, "Fi Di Jockey" by Aidonia and Bounty Killer chanting 'Big Ship Sailing'.
Critical reception[edit]
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a moderate review stating, saying: "The final result doesn't wander too far away from his recent successful offerings, but with a hint of the new here and there, will.i.am proves once again he can have his cake and eat it whether it's his birthday or not." [3]
Chart performance[edit]
"It's My Birthday" topped the charts in the United Kingdom―where will.i.am appears as a coach on The Voice UK―becoming will.i.am's tenth chart-topper there (including five as a member of The Black Eyed Peas), as well as Wise's first chart success in that country. "It's My Birthday" also became the second Rahman-related song to peak inside the top ten of the charts in the United Kingdom, the first being "Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)" alongside The Pussycat Dolls which peaked at number three there in April 2009. "It's My Birthday" also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, as well as the top 30 of the charts in Belgium, New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland.
Music video[edit]
The music video was uploaded to YouTube on May 28, 2014, using the Apple and Twitter software Vine. The video also features popular Viners such as Alphacat, Jerry Purpdrank, Liane V, King Bach and DeStorm Power. The video was credited to Interscope Productions and Maker Studios artists.
Live performances[edit]
will.i.am and Wise performed the song in the United Kingdom on May 29, 2014, appearing on the fourth semi-final of the eighth season of Britain's Got Talent. On July 21, 2014 the duo performed it with virtual body doubles on The Voice Australia, which was said to be "one of the biggest performances of the whole night".[4] On July 29, 2014, they sang it on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[5] They appeared on Good Morning America the next day.
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[6]
4
Belgium (Ultratip Flanders)[7]
34
Belgium (Ultratop Flanders Urban)[7]
25
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[8]
71
France (SNEP)[9]
167
Germany (Official German Charts)[10]
41
Ireland (IRMA)[11]
25
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[12]
16
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[13]
2
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[14]
58
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[15]
1
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[16]
1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2014)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[17]
74
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[18]
51
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[19]
Platinum 70,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[20]
Gold 400,000
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[1][21]
May 29, 2014 Digital download Interscope Records
June 24, 2014 Rhythmic contemporary
United Kingdom[22]
July 6, 2014 Digital download
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "It's My Birthday (feat. Cody Wise) – Single by will.i.am". iTunes Store (US). Apple. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "This Week's Fresh Music Top 20". 8 June 2014. 4Music. Missing or empty |series= (help)
Jump up ^ Corner, Lewis (July 3, 2014). "will.i.am ft. Cody Wise: 'It's My Birthday' single review". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Will.I.Am and Cody Wise perform 'It's My Birthday' LIVE on The Voice Finale!". Take 40 Australia. Retrieved July 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Payne, Chris. "Will.i.am & Cody Wise Talk Making of 'It's My Birthday' on 'Fallon' & Jam With the Roots". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – will.i.am & Cody Wise – It's My Birthday". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ultratop.be – will.i.am & Cody Wise – It's My Birthday" (in Dutch). Ultratip. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Digital Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201431 into search. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – will.i.am & Cody Wise – It's My Birthday" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – will.i.am & Cody Wise – It's My Birthday". GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 28, 2014". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – will.i.am & Cody Wise – It's My Birthday". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201432 into search. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014". ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved February 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Copsey, Rob (December 31, 2014). "The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved June 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2014 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – will.i.am – It's My Birthday". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved June 19, 2015. Select singles in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter It's My Birthday in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "Top 40 Rhythmic Future Releases". All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on June 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's My Birthday (feat. Cody Wise) – Single by will.i.am". iTunes Store (GB). Apple. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
hide
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will.i.am
Discography
Production discography
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Must B 21
Songs About Girls
#willpower
Singles
"I Got It from My Mama"
"The Girl Is Mine 2008"
"Heartbreaker"
"One More Chance"
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"Scream & Shout"
"#thatPOWER"
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"It's My Birthday"
"Boys & Girls"
Featured singles
"Beep"
"I Love My Bitch"
"Fergalicious"
"Hip Hop Is Dead"
"A Dream"
"Baby Love"
"Wait a Minute (Just a Touch)"
"Be OK"
"I Want You"
"In the Ayer"
"What's Your Name"
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"Work Bitch"
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"Forever"
"Free"
"Hall of Fame"
"In My City"
"Crazy Kids"
"Something Really Bad"
"Home"
"Ew!"
"I'm So Excited"
Promotional singles
"Here I Come"
"Yes We Can"
"It's a New Day"
"America's Song"
"I Wanna Go Crazy"
"Reach for the Stars (Mars Edition)"
Other songs
"Big Fat Bass"
Related articles
The Black Eyed Peas
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text:
Pericardium
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the Traditional Chinese medicine description, see Pericardium (Chinese medicine).
"Pericard" redirects here. For the footballer, see Vincent Pericard.
Pericardium
Walls of the heart, showing pericardium at right.
Cutaway illustration of pericardial sac
Details
Artery
Pericardiacophrenic artery
Nerve
Phrenic nerve
Identifiers
Latin
Pericardium
Greek
περίκάρδιον
MeSH
D010496
TA
A12.1.08.001
FMA
9869
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The pericardium is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. The pericardial sac has two layers, a serous layer and a fibrous layer. It encloses the pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid.
The pericardium fixes the heart to the mediastinum, gives protection against infection, and provides the lubrication for the heart. It receives its name from Ancient Greek peri (περί; "around") and cardion (κάρδιον; "heart").
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Fibrous pericardium
1.2 Serous pericardium
1.3 Anatomical relationships
2 Function
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Structure[edit]
The pericardium is a tough double layered fibroserous sac which covers the heart.[1] The space between the two layers of serous pericardium (see below), the pericardial cavity, is filled with serous fluid which protects the heart from any kind of external jerk or shock. There are two layers to the pericardial sac: the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium.
Fibrous pericardium[edit]
The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium. It is made up of dense and loose connective tissue,[2] which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood. It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels.
Serous pericardium[edit]
The serous pericardium, in turn, is divided into two layers, the parietal pericardium, which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium, which is part of the epicardium. Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity.
The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels (the large blood vessels serving the heart) becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. This happens at two areas: where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart.[3]
In between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity, which contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid known as the pericardial fluid.
When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart (not the great vessels) it is known as the epicardium. The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper (the myocardium).[3] The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface.
Anatomical relationships[edit]
A transverse section of the thorax, showing the contents of the middle and the posterior mediastinum. The pleural cavity and the pericardial cavity are exaggerated since normally there is no space between the pleurae or between the pericardium and heart. Pericardium is also known as cardiac epidermis.
The pericardial cavity in this image is labeled d and is part of the inferior mediastium. Here we can see its relation to the superior mediastinum a, the pleural cavities c, and the diaphragm e.

Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta.
Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall.
The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium.
The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle.
Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium.
Function[edit]
Sets heart in mediastinum and limits its motion
Protects it from infections coming from other organs (such as lungs)
Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload
Lubricates the heart
Clinical significance[edit]
Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis. This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back that is worsened by lying flat. In patients suffering with pericarditis, a pericardial friction rub can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Pericarditis and is often caused by a viral infection (glandular fever, cytomegalovirus, or coxsackievirus), or more rarely with a bacterial infection, but may also occur following a myocardial infarction. Pericarditis is usually a short-lived condition that can be successfully treated with painkillers, anti-inflammatories, and colchicine. In some cases, pericarditis can become a long-term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart's movement, known as constrictive pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a pericardiectomy.[4]
Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack, referred to as a pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis, kidney failure, or tumours and frequently do not cause any symptoms. However, large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade, causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure. Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis.[5] For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion, an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed, known as a pericardial fenestration.
Additional images[edit]
Fibrous pericardium
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Pericardial sinus
Pericardiocentesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dorland's (2012). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (32nd ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 1412. ISBN 978-1-4160-6257-8.
Jump up ^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Nielsen, Mark T. (2009). Principles of Human Anatomy (11th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 84–5. ISBN 978-0-471-78931-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Laizzo, P.A. (2009). Handbook of Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Devices (2nd ed.). Humana Press. pp. 125–8. ISBN 978-1-60327-371-8.
Jump up ^ Byrne, John G; Karavas, Alexandros N; Colson, Yolonda L; Bueno, Raphael; Richards, William G; Sugarbaker, David J; Goldhaber, Samuel Z (2002). "Cardiac Decortication (Epicardiectomy) for Occult Constrictive Cardiac Physiology After Left Extrapleural Pneumonectomy". Chest. 122 (6): 2256–9. doi:10.1378/chest.122.6.2256. PMID 12475875.
Jump up ^ Davidson's 2010, pp. 638–639.
External links[edit]
Anatomy photo:21:st-1500 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "Mediastinum: Pericardium (pericardial sac)"
thoraxlesson4 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (heartpericardium)
Atlas image: ht_pericard2 at the University of Michigan Health System - "MRI of chest, lateral view"
hide
Anatomy of the heart
General
Surface
base
apex
sulci
coronary
interatrial
anterior interventricular
posterior interventricular
borders
right
left
Internal
atria
interatrial septum
pectinate muscles
terminal sulcus
ventricles
interventricular septum
trabeculae carneae
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
valves
cusps
atrioventricular septum
cardiac skeleton
intervenous tubercle
Chambers
Right heart
(venae cavae, coronary sinus) → right atrium (atrial appendage, fossa ovalis, limbus of fossa ovalis, crista terminalis, valve of inferior vena cava, valve of coronary sinus) → tricuspid valve → right ventricle (infundibulum, moderator band/septomarginal trabecula, crista supraventricularis), → pulmonary valve → (pulmonary artery and pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
(pulmonary veins) → left atrium (atrial appendage) → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve (aortic sinus) → (aorta and systemic circulation)
Layers
Endocardium
heart valves
Myocardium
Conduction system
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
Bachmann's bundle
AV node
bundle of His
bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Pericardial cavity
pericardial sinus
Pericardium
fibrous pericardium
sternopericardial ligaments
serous pericardium
epicardium/visceral layer
fold of left vena cava
Blood supply
Circulatory system
Coronary circulation
Coronary arteries
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pericardium&oldid=837486357"
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Little brown bat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Little brown bat
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Myotis
Species: M. lucifugus
Binomial name
Myotis lucifugus
(LeConte, 1831)
The little brown bat (sometimes called little brown myotis) (Myotis lucifugus) is a species of the genus Myotis (mouse-eared bats), one of the most common bats of North America. It has been a model organism for the study of bats (chiropterology).
Contents
[hide]
1 Description
2 Range and ecology
2.1 Habitat and roosting
2.2 Diet
2.3 Mortality
2.4 Sleep
3 Behavior
3.1 Echolocation and communication
3.2 Mating and reproduction
4 Genome projects
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Description[edit]
As suggested by the bat’s name, its fur is uniformly dark brown and glossy on the back and upper parts with slightly paler, greyish fur underneath.[2] Wing membranes are dark brown on a typical wingspan of 22–27 cm (8.7–10.6 in). Ears are small and black with a short, rounded tragus. Adult bats are typically 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) long and weigh 5–14 grams (0.2–0.5 oz). Females tend to be larger than males. The fore and hind limbs have five metapodials. The skull of the brown bat lacks a sagittal crest. Its rostrum is shortened and has upslope profile of the forehead. Its braincase flattened and sub-circular when observed dorsally. The bat has 38 teeth all of which, including molars, are relatively sharp, as is typical for an insectivore, and canines are prominent to enable grasping hard-bodied insects in flight.
The little brown bat can be distinguished from the Indiana bat by the absence of a keel on the calcar and long hairs on the hind feet that stretch longer than the toes. Compared to the long-legged bat, the brown bat has a shorter tibia and lesser amounts of ventral wing hair in addition to the lack of a keel on the calcar.[3]
Range and ecology[edit]
The little brown bat lives throughout much of North America.[4] It is most common in the northern half of the continental United States and southern Canada. Most specimens from the northern edge of its range are males although nursery roosts have been found in the Yukon. Brown bats have been found in Iceland, Alaska, and Kamchatka, likely due to accidental ship transportation by humans.[4]
Habitat and roosting[edit]
The little brown bat lives in three different roosting sites: day roosts, night roosts, and hibernation roosts.[4] Bats use day and night roosts during spring, summer, and fall while hibernacula are used in winter. Day roosts are usually in buildings or trees, under rocks or wood piles, and sometimes in caves. Nursery roosts are in natural hollows and buildings (or at least close to them). They have been found under the sheet metal roofs of trappers' caches[5] and attics of buildings.[6] Night roosts tend to be in the same buildings as day roosts, but these roosts tend to be in different spots that are more constrained; the bats pack together for warmth. Bats rest in night roosts after feeding in the evening which may serve to keep their feces away from the day roosts and thus less noticeable to predators.[4] Brown bats typically hibernate in caves and perhaps unused mines. Northern populations of bats enter hibernation in early September and end in mid-May while southern populations enter in November and ends mid-March.[4] Little brown bats are true hibernators.[7] As observed in the Mid-Atlantic States during periods of warming during the winter, typically over 50 degrees (F), little brown bats emerge from their winter torpor and hunt insects that have emerged as well in response to the warmer conditions.[citation needed]
Diet[edit]
Little brown bats are insectivores, eating moths, wasps, beetles, gnats, mosquitoes, midges and mayflies, among others.[8] Since many of their preferred meals are insects with an aquatic life stage, such as mosquitoes, they prefer to roost near water. Brown bats forage near bodies of water and move in and out of adjacent vegetation.[9] Evening forages are done in groups and above the water. They echolocate to find their prey. They are particularly good at hunting insects when they are at close range and packed together. When hunting, little brown bats capture prey both by gleaning and by catching them in the air.[10] When in flight, bats scoop up the prey with their wings, while prey above water is directly grabbed with the mouth.
Brown bats do not claim feeding areas like a territory, however individuals frequently return to the same feeding sites where they have previously made successful catches.[4] When hunting swarms, brown bats usually select no more than two species. They feed on more species when they are scattered. If they do not catch any food, they will enter a torpor similar to hibernation that day, awakening at night to hunt again.
The bats' diet makes this species beneficial to agriculture as it eats many species of agricultural pests.[citation needed]
Mortality[edit]
Little brown bat with white-nose syndrome
Brown bats live approximately 6 to 7 years and often live well beyond 10 years. Little brown bats are preyed on by a variety of animals, including small carnivores, birds, rats and snakes. Many predators target bats when they are packed together in roosts.[4] Martens and fishers will snatch young or hibernating individuals that have fallen to the ground. Brown bats are also hosts for various parasites such as fleas, bat bugs and lice.[4] Bats are killed by accidents more often than predators or parasites.[11] They can get impaled on barbed wire and burdocks or drown in floods during hibernation. Pesticides can also kill them. However DDT has little effect on the bats.[12] They also seem to have low levels of rabies.[13]
Little brown bats are now at a higher threat due to white-nose syndrome (WNS) in eastern North America.[14] White-nose syndrome is caused by the fungus, Pseudogymnoascus destructans, which affects bats during hibernation. " WNS is estimated to have killed more than 5.5 million bats in the Northeast and Canada. In some sites, 90 to 100 percent of bats have died (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services, 2015)." [15] Many states have made special considerations with respect to the disease, including listing them as a sensitive or protected species. Canada has listed them as an endangered species. It is estimated that 94% of the population in the eastern half of the country has died over the last few years from WNS, and the disease is moving westward at a rate that may see them extirpated within as little as 12 years. It is expected that the tri-colored bat will also be listed in a few years due to WNS, and the northern long-eared bat was recently federally listed as threatened due to WNS.
Sleep[edit]
Further information: Sleep (non-human)
In the wild, little brown bats can be very active during the day in the spring months, where they can be heard loudly squeaking, shuffling position and seen hanging out the bottom of the bat house during all hours of the daytime. The average sleep time of a little brown bat in captivity is said to be 19.9 hours per day. This long period of sleep is thought to be a way of conserving energy, by only hunting for a few hours each night when their insect prey are available.[16]
Behavior[edit]
As with most bats, the little brown bat is mostly active at night and leaves its roost at dusk and the next two or three hours are peak activity periods. They are also active before dawn. Since little brown bats live in a temperate zone, they must find some way of dealing with winter. Most temperate bats either migrate or hibernate, but little brown bats do both. In summer, the males and females live apart, the females raise the young. When fall comes, both sexes fly south to a hibernaculum, where they mate and then hibernate. Little brown bats undergo a prolonged period of hibernation during the winter due to the lack of food. They hibernate in caves as a community.
Echolocation and communication[edit]
Little brown bats produce calls that are high intensity frequency modulated (FM) and that last from less than one millisecond (ms) to about 5 ms and have a sweep rate of 80–40 kHz, with most of their energy at 45 kHz.[9] Bats usually emit 20 calls per second when in flight.[4][9] When pursuing prey, a bat emits 200 calls per second. It also emits a high-pulse repetitive call if it wants to land.[9]
Bats that are in danger of colliding will reduce the terminal portion of their sweep calls to 25 kHz, creating a "honking" sound.[9] The bats also find roosting sites by listening to the echolocation calls of other individuals.[17] Some complex vocalizations are used by mothers and their pups.
Mating and reproduction[edit]
Applying a wing band to help biologists and researchers identify individual bats from year to year.
Brown bat mating occurs in two phases, active and passive. In the active phase, both partners are awake and alert. In the passive state, active males try to mate with torpid bats regardless of their sex.[17] Active phase matings are more common as there are peaks in testosterone. There is some conflicting reports on whether active females store sperm.[4] Active mating is at its highest in August but passive mating lasts until winter.[4] During mating, the male mounts the female from the rear and may use a copulation call to calm her so she won't struggle.[18] Bats mate promiscuously.[17] Neither sex is selective of their mates and males can't monopolize females when torpid.[4]
When they arise in the spring, the females go to nursery colonies which may often be the same place where they were born. These nursery colonies consist mainly of adult females and their young and can be located in the attics of warm buildings where there is high humidity. These colonies sometimes reach numbers of bats as great as 1,000 per cave/forest. Gestation lasts 50–60 days.[4] They usually have one baby per female each year, sometimes twins, born sometime from late May to early July. The young are born in an altricial state with their eyes closed and will hang in the nursery while their mothers forage at night. Their eyes open on their second day. They cling to a nipple constantly until they are two weeks old. At three weeks, they learn to fly. By four weeks, they are adult sized.[4] Females may be sexually mature in the fall after their birth, but males may take a year longer. About half of females and most males breed during their first autumn.
Genome projects[edit]
The genome of M. lucifugus has been sequenced at 7x coverage for the Mammalian Genome Project. The full sequence and annotation is available on the Ensembl Genome Browser. This species is also part of the ENCODE comparative sequencing project.
See also[edit]
Bats of Canada
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arroyo-Cabrales, J. & Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. (2008). "Myotis lucifugus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T14176A4415629. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14176A4415629.en. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Ohio DNR: Little Brown Bat Archived 3 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Barbour, R., W. Davis. (1969) Bats of America, Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fenton, M., R. Barclay. (1980) "Myotis lucifugus", Mammalian Species, 142: 1-8.
Jump up ^ Youngman, P. M. (1975) "Mammals of the Yukon Territory". Nat. Mus. Canada, Publs. Zool., 10:1-192.
Jump up ^ Davis, W.H., and H.B. Hitchcock. (1965) "Biology and migration of the bat, Myotis lucifigus, in New England", Journal of Mammalogy, 46:296-313.
Jump up ^ Macrae, Maria. "Little Brown Bat". Hinterland Who's Who. Canadian Wildlife Federation. http://cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/fauna/mammals/little-brown-bat.html?referrer=https://www.google.ca/#. 14 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Belwood, J., M. Fenton. (1976) "Variation in the diet of Myotis lucifugus (Chiroptera:Vespertilionidae)", Canadian Journal of Zoology, 54: 1674-1678.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Fenton, M., G. Bell. (1979) "Echolocation and feeding behaviour in four species of Myotis (Chiroptera)", Canadian Journal of Zoology, 57: 1271-1277.
Jump up ^ Ratcliffe, J., J. Dawson. (2003) "Behavioural flexibility: the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, and the northern long-eared but, M. septentrionalis, both glean and hawk prey". Animal Behaviour, 66: 847-856.
Jump up ^ Richard H. MANVILLE, (1963) "ACCIDENTAL MORTALITY IN BATS", Mammalia, 27(3):361–366
Jump up ^ KUNZ, T. H., E. L. P. ANTHONY, AND W. T. RUMAGE. III, (1977) "Mortality of little brown bats following multiple pesticide applications", J. Wildl. Manage, 41:476-483
Jump up ^ Trimarchi, C. V., (1978) "Rabies in insectivorous temperate-zone bats", Bat Research News 9(1):7-12
Jump up ^ BBC News, "disease 'killed one million bats'", 5 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "White- Nose Syndrome" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. November 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "40 Winks?" Jennifer S. Holland, National Geographic Vol. 220, No. 1. July 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Donald W. Thomas, M. Brock Fenton and Robert M. R. Barclay, (1979) "Social Behavior of the Little Brown Bat, Myotis lucifugus: I. Mating Behavior", "Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology", 6(2): 129-136.
Jump up ^ Robert M. R. Barclay and Donald W. Thomas, (1979) "Copulation Call of Myotis lucifugus: A Discrete Situation-Specific Communication Signal", Journal of Mammalogy, 60(3): 632-634.
Eisenberg, John F. The Mammalian Radiations: An Analysis of Trends in Evolution, Adaptation, and Behavior. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1981.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myotis lucifugus.
Wikispecies has information related to Myotis lucifugus
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Myotis lucifugus
Ohio Department of Natural Resources Life History Notes: Little Brown Bat
Wild About Gardening.org's page on Little Brown Bats
BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Little brown bat
Little Brown Bat - Colorado Division of Wildlife
Bat Man vs. White Nose, article with video, Sept 10, 2009
Information on Bat Control
View the Microbat genome in Ensembl.
hide
v
t
e
Species of genus Myotis
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Subfamily: Myotinae
M. adversus
M. aelleni
M. albescens
M. alcathoe
M. altarium
M. anjouanensis
M. annamiticus
M. annatessae
M. annectans
M. atacamensis
M. ater
M. auriculus
M. australis
M. austroriparius
M. badius
M. bechsteinii
M. blythii
M. bocagii
M. bombinus
M. brandtii
M. bucharensis
M. californicus
M. capaccinii
M. chiloensis
M. chinensis
M. ciliolabrum
M. cobanensis
M. csorbai
M. dasycneme
M. daubentonii
M. davidii
M. dieteri
M. diminutus
M. dominicensis
M. elegans
M. emarginatus
M. escalerai
M. evotis
M. fimbriatus
M. findleyi
M. flavus
M. formosus
M. fortidens
M. frater
M. gomantongensis
M. goudoti
M. grisescens
M. hajastanicus
M. handleyi
M. hasseltii
M. hermani
M. horsfieldii
M. ikonnikovi
M. indochinensis
M. insularum
M. izecksohni
M. keaysi
M. keenii
M. laniger
M. lavali
M. leibii
M. levis
M. longipes
M. lucifugus
M. macrodactylus
M. macropus
M. macrotarsus
M. martiniquensis
M. melanorhinus
M. midastactus
M. moluccarum
M. montivagus
M. morrisi
M. muricola
M. myotis
M. mystacinus
M. nattereri
M. nesopolus
M. nigricans
M. nipalensis
M. nyctor
M. occultus
M. oreias
M. oxygnathus
M. oxyotus
M. peninsularis
M. pequinius
M. petax
M. phanluongi
M. planiceps
M. pruinosus
M. punicus
M. ricketti
M. ridleyi
M. riparius
M. rosseti
M. ruber
M. schaubi
M. scotti
M. septentrionalis
M. sibiricus
M. sicarius
M. siligorensis
M. simus
M. sodalis
M. stalkeri
M. taiwanensis
M. thysanodes
M. tricolor
M. velifer
M. vivesi
M. volans
M. welwitschii
M. yanbarensis
M. yumanensis
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q746127
Wikispecies: Myotis lucifugus
ARKive: myotis-lucifugus
EoL: 327247
EPPO: MYOTLU
Fossilworks: 48914
GBIF: 2432406
iNaturalist: 40346
IRMNG: 11184425
ITIS: 179988
IUCN: 14176
MSW: 13802460
NBN: NHMSYS0000528029
NCBI: 59463
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_brown_bat&oldid=846988391"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Mouse-eared bats
Bats of Canada
Mammals of North America
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Gene mapping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Thomas Hunt Morgan's Drosophila melanogaster genetic linkage map. This was the first successful gene mapping work and provides important evidence for the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory of inheritance. The map shows the relative positions of allelic characteristics on the second Drosophila chromosome. The distance between the genes (map units) are equal to the percentage of crossing-over events that occurs between different alleles. [1]
Gene mapping describes the methods used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes.[2]
The essence of all genome mapping is to place a collection of molecular markers onto their respective positions on the genome. Molecular markers come in all forms. Genes can be viewed as one special type of genetic markers in the construction of genome maps, and mapped the same way as any other markers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gene mapping vs. physical mapping
1.1 Gene mapping
1.2 Physical mapping
1.3 Genome sequencing
2 Use of gene mapping
2.1 Disease association
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Gene mapping vs. physical mapping[edit]
There are two distinctive types of "Maps" used in the field of genome mapping: genetic maps and physical maps. While both maps are a collection of genetic markers and gene loci, genetic maps' distances are based on the genetic linkage information, while physical maps use actual physical distances usually measured in number of base pairs. While the physical map could be a more "accurate" representation of the genome, genetic maps often offer insights into the nature of different regions of the chromosome, e.g. the genetic distance to physical distance ratio varies greatly at different genomic regions which reflects different recombination rates, and such rate is often indicative of euchromatic (usually gene-rich) vs heterochromatic (usually gene poor) regions of the genome.
Gene mapping[edit]
Researchers begin a genetic map by collecting samples of blood or tissue from family members that carry a prominent disease or trait and family members that don't. Scientists then isolate DNA from the samples and closely examine it, looking for unique patterns in the DNA of the family members who do carry the disease that the DNA of those who don't carry the disease don't have. These unique molecular patterns in the DNA are referred to as polymorphisms, or markers.[3]
The first steps of building a genetic map are the development of genetic markers and a mapping population. The closer two markers are on the chromosome, the more likely they are to be passed on to the next generation together. Therefore, the "co-segregation" patterns of all markers can be used to reconstruct their order. With this in mind, the genotypes of each genetic marker are recorded for both parents and each individual in the following generations. The quality of the genetic maps is largely dependent upon these factors: the number of genetic markers on the map and the size of the mapping population. The two factors are interlinked, as a larger mapping population could increase the "resolution" of the map and prevent the map being "saturated".
In gene mapping, any sequence feature that can be faithfully distinguished from the two parents can be used as a genetic marker. Genes, in this regard, are represented by "traits" that can be faithfully distinguished between two parents. Their linkage with other genetic markers are calculated same way as if they are common markers and the actual gene loci are then bracketed in a region between the two nearest neighbouring markers. The entire process is then repeated by looking at more markers which target that region to map the gene neighbourhood to a higher resolution until a specific causative locus can be identified. This process is often referred to as "positional cloning", and it is used extensively in the study of plant species.
Physical mapping[edit]
Since actual base-pair distances are generally hard or impossible to directly measure, physical maps are actually constructed by first shattering the genome into hierarchically smaller pieces. By characterizing each single piece and assembling back together, the overlapping path or "tiling path" of these small fragments would allow researchers to infer physical distances between genomic features. The fragmentation of the genome can be achieved by restriction enzyme cutting or by physically shattering the genome by processes like sonication. Once cut, the DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis. The resulting pattern of DNA migration (i.e. its genetic fingerprint) is used to identify what stretch of DNA is in the clone. By analyzing the fingerprints, contigs are assembled by automated (FPC) or manual means (pathfinders) into overlapping DNA stretches. Now a good choice of clones can be made to efficiently sequence the clones to determine the DNA sequence of the organism under study.
In physical mapping, there are no direct ways of marking up a specific gene since the mapping does not include any information that concerns traits and functions. Genetic markers can be linked to a physical map by processes like in situ hybridization. By this approach, physical map contigs can be "anchored" onto a genetic map. The clones used in the physical map contigs can then be sequenced on a local scale to help new genetic marker design and identification of the causative loci.
Macrorestriction is a type of physical mapping wherein the high molecular weight DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme having a low number of restriction sites.
There are alternative ways to determine how DNA in a group of clones overlaps without completely sequencing the clones. Once the map is determined, the clones can be used as a resource to efficiently contain large stretches of the genome. This type of mapping is more accurate than genetic maps.
Genome sequencing[edit]
Genome sequencing is sometimes mistakenly referred to as "genome mapping" by non-biologists. The process of "shotgun sequencing" resembles the process of physical mapping: it shatters the genome into small fragments, characterizes each fragment, then puts them back together (more recent sequencing technologies are drastically different). While the scope, purpose and process are totally different, a genome assembly can be viewed as the "ultimate" form of physical map, in that it provides in a much better way all the information that a traditional physical map can offer.
Use of gene mapping[edit]
Identification of genes is usually the first step in understanding a genome of a species; mapping of the gene is usually the first step of identification of the gene. Gene mapping is usually the starting point of many important downstream studies.
Disease association[edit]
The process to identify a genetic element that is responsible for a disease is also referred to as "mapping". If the locus in which the search is performed is already considerably constrained, the search is called the fine mapping of a gene. This information is derived from the investigation of disease manifestations in large families (genetic linkage) or from populations-based genetic association studies.
See also[edit]
Genome project
Human Genome Project
Quantitative trait locus
Genetic fingerprinting
Genetic linkage
Sulston score
Optical mapping
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mader, Sylvia (2007). Biology Ninth Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-07-325839-3.
Jump up ^ "Gene mapping - Glossary Entry". Genetics Home Reference. Bethesda, MD: Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications, an Intramural Research Division of the U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2013-09-03. Retrieved 2013-09-06. External link in |work= (help)
Jump up ^ https://www.genome.gov/10000715
Brown, Terry A. (2007). Genomes 3. New York, NY: Garland Science Publishing. ISBN 9780815341383. OCLC 444522997.
External links[edit]
"Genetic Mapping Fact Sheet". Bethesda, MD: National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
"Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre". Vancouver, British Columbia. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gene_mapping&oldid=803463378"
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