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Double (basketball)
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In basketball, a double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in one of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. Multiple players usually score double-digit points in any given basketball game; the double nomenclature is usually reserved for when a player has double-digit totals in more than one category.
A double-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in two of the statistical five categories in a game. The most common double-double combination is points-rebounds, followed by points-assists. Since the 1983–84 season, Tim Duncan leads the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the points-rebounds combination with 840, and John Stockton leads the points-assists combination with 714.
A triple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in three of the five categories in a game. The most common way to achieve a triple-double is through points, rebounds, and assists. Oscar Robertson leads the all-time NBA list with 181 career triple-doubles and is, with Russell Westbrook, one of only two players ever to average a triple-double for a season. Westbrook currently holds the record for most triple-doubles in a season with 42.
A quadruple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in four of the five categories in a game. This has occurred four times in the NBA.
A quintuple-double is the accumulation of a double-digit number total in all five categories in a game. Two quintuple-doubles have been recorded at the high school level, by Tamika Catchings and Aimee Oertner, but none have occurred in a college or professional game.[1] A similar accomplishment is the five-by-five, which is the accumulation of at least five points, five rebounds, five assists, five steals, and five blocks in a game. In the NBA, only Hakeem Olajuwon and Andrei Kirilenko have accumulated multiple five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Double-double
1.1 NBA
1.1.1 Double-double leaders (in regular season)
1.1.2 Facts
2 Triple-double
2.1 NBA
2.1.1 Triple-double leaders (in regular season)
2.1.2 Facts
2.2 NCAA Division I
3 Quadruple-double
3.1 NBA
3.2 Other men's basketball
3.3 Women's basketball
4 Quintuple-double
5 Five-by-five
5.1 NBA
5.2 Facts
6 References
Double-double[edit]
"Double-double" redirects here. For other uses, see Double-double (disambiguation).
A double-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in two of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common double-double combination is points and rebounds, followed by points and assists.[2] Double-doubles are fairly common in the NBA. During the 2008–09 season, 69 players who were eligible for leadership in the main statistical categories recorded at least 10 double-doubles during the season.[3]
Special double-doubles are rare. One such double-double is called double double-double (also referred to as 20–20 or Double-20). It occurs when a player accumulates 20 or more in two different statistical categories in a game.[4][5][6] Another such double-double is called a triple double-double (also referred to as 30–30).[7] The only player in NBA history to record a 40-40 is Wilt Chamberlain, who achieved the feat eight times in his career. Of the five instances, four were recorded in his rookie season, and the fifth was achieved the following year where he recorded 78 points and 43 rebounds in a game. Wilt Chamberlain also holds the record for most career double-doubles (regular season and playoffs) with 1111. Tim Duncan is second with 1005, followed by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar with 1004.
NBA[edit]
Karl Malone (left) and John Stockton (right) were once teammates on the Utah Jazz in the 1990s. Malone is second in the point-rebound list, Stockton first in points and assists.

Tim Duncan is first in points and rebounds.
Double-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]
The following is a list of regular season double-double leaders since the 1983–84 season:
^ Denotes active player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Point-rebound[8]
Rank
Name
Total
1 Duncan, TimTim Duncan 841
2 Malone, KarlKarl Malone* 811
3 Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon* 774
4 Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett 741
5 O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* 727
6 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley* 706
7 Howard, DwightDwight Howard^ 665
8 Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing* 580
9 Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson* 543
10 Gasol, PauPau Gasol^ 510
Point-assist[9]
Rank
Name
Total
1 Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton* 714
2 Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* 441
3 Nash, SteveSteve Nash 436
4 Paul, ChrisChris Paul^ 404
5 Kidd, JasonJason Kidd 402
6 Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas* 377
7 Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson 319
8 Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway 279
9 Williams, DeronDeron Williams^ 275
10 Strickland, RodRod Strickland 271
Facts[edit]
Longest continuous streak of double-doubles: According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Wilt Chamberlain holds the record with 227 consecutive double-doubles from 1964 to 1967.[10] Chamberlain also holds the second and third longest continuous streaks of double-doubles with 220 and 133.[10] This record is before the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. The longest streak of double-doubles since the merger was 53 games, achieved by Kevin Love, then of the Minnesota Timberwolves.[11]
Triple-double[edit]
Oscar Robertson has the most NBA regular season triple doubles with 181, and is one of the two players to average a triple double over an entire season, the other being Russell Westbrook in the 2016-2017 NBA regular season.
Jason Kidd was one of the most successful players at accumulating triple doubles with 107.
A triple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in three of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game. The most common way for a player to achieve a triple-double is with points, rebounds, and assists, though on occasion players may record 10 or more steals or blocked shots in a game.[12] The origin of the term "triple-double" is unclear. Some sources claim that it was coined by former Los Angeles Lakers public relations director Bruce Jolesch in the 1980s in order to showcase Magic Johnson's versatility,[13][14] while others claim that it was coined by then Philadelphia 76ers media relations director Harvey Pollack in 1980.[15][16] The triple-double became an officially recorded statistic during the 1979–80 season.
There has been occasional controversy surrounding triple-doubles made when a player achieves the feat with a late rebound. Players with nine rebounds in a game have sometimes been accused of deliberately missing a shot late in the game in order to recover the rebound; a few have even gone so far as shooting off their opponent's basket trying to score a triple-double. To deter this, NBA rules allow rebounds to be nullified if the shot is determined not to be a legitimate scoring attempt.[17]
NBA[edit]
Russell Westbrook is the only person to have recorded a perfect triple double (no missed shots and no missed free throws) in NBA history[18]
From the 1990–91 to the 2010–11 season, the NBA averaged 34.5 triple-doubles per season, roughly 1 in every 36 games.[19]
Triple-double leaders (in regular season)[edit]
The following is a list of regular season triple-double leaders:
All-time triple-double leaders (regular season) (Player must have at least 20 triple doubles)
Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
1 Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson* 181[20]
2 Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* 138[20]
3 Kidd, JasonJason Kidd 107[21][22]
4 Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^ 79[23]
5 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 78[20]
6 Bird, LarryLarry Bird* 59[20]
7 James, LeBronLeBron James^ 55[24]
8 Lever, FatFat Lever 43[20]
9 Cousy, BobBob Cousy* 33[25]
10 Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek* 31[26]
Harden, JamesJames Harden^ 31[27]
12 Hill, GrantGrant Hill 29[28]
Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^ 29[29]
14 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 28[20]
15 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor* 26[30]
16 Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler* 25[20]
17 Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier* 23
18 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 21
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar* 21[31]
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson 21
Webber, ChrisChris Webber 21
22 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley* 20[32]
^ Denotes active player
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Facts[edit]
First triple-double in league history: According to the Harvey J. Pollack NBA Statistical Yearbook, Dolph Schayes (Syracuse Nationals) might have logged the league's first triple-double on February 8, 1951, versus the New York Knicks. He had 18 points, 22 rebounds and 13 assists.[33]
Averaging a triple-double in a single season: Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati Royals) and Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) are the only players in NBA history to achieve this feat.[13][34] During the 1961–62 season, Robertson averaged 30.8 points, 12.5 rebounds, and 11.4 assists per game.[13][35] Although Robertson only achieved the feat for a full season once, his cumulative stats over his first 5 seasons gave him an average of 30.3 points, 10.4 rebounds, and 10.6 assists per game.[35] Westbrook finished the 2016–17 season averaging 31.6 points, 10.7 rebounds, and 10.4 assists.[36]
Most triple-doubles in a single season: In 2016–17, Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 42 triple-doubles.[34][37]
Most triple-doubles in road games in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded 17 of 42 triple-doubles in away games.[38]
Most 50-point triple-doubles in a single season: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) recorded three 50-point triple-doubles in the 2016–17 season. James Harden is the other player to record more than one 50-point triple double with two in the same season.[38] It is more than likely that Wilt Chamberlain recorded many 50-point triple-doubles during his historic 1961-62 NBA season, but they remain unofficial, as steals and blocked shots were not yet recorded as official statistics.[33]
Most triple-doubles in a single season
Rank
Name
Triple-doubles
Team
NBA season
1 Russell Westbrook 42 Oklahoma City Thunder 2016–17
2 Oscar Robertson 41 Cincinnati Royals 1961–62
3 Wilt Chamberlain 31 Philadelphia 76ers 1967–68
4 Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1960–61
Robertson 26 Cincinnati Royals 1963–64
6 Robertson 22 Cincinnati Royals 1964–65
Chamberlain 22 Philadelphia 76ers 1966–67
James Harden 22 Houston Rockets 2016–17
9 Robertson 20 Cincinnati Royals 1962–63
10 Magic Johnson 18 Los Angeles Lakers 1981–82
Westbrook 18 Oklahoma City Thunder 2015–16
12 Johnson 17 Los Angeles Lakers 1988–89
13 Fat Lever 16 Denver Nuggets 1985–86
14 Michael Jordan 15 Chicago Bulls 1988–89
15 Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1987–88
Johnson 13 Los Angeles Lakers 1990–91
Grant Hill 13 Detroit Pistons 1996–97
Jason Kidd 13 New Jersey Nets 2007–08
Draymond Green 13 Golden State Warriors 2015–16
LeBron James 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 2016–17
20 Kidd 12 New Jersey Nets 2006–07
Most triple-doubles in NBA playoffs: Magic Johnson recorded 30 playoff triple-doubles over his career; LeBron James is second with 19.[39]
Most triple-doubles in NBA Finals: James recorded 9 Finals triple-doubles over his career.
Averaging a triple-double in an NBA Finals: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), in the 2017 Finals, averaged 33.6 points, 12.0 rebounds, and 10.0 assists per game.
Youngest player: James (Cleveland Cavaliers), aged 20 years and 20 days, logged a triple-double on January 19, 2005, versus the Portland Trail Blazers. He had 27 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[40]
Oldest player: Karl Malone (Los Angeles Lakers), aged 40 years and 127 days—the only 40-year-old player to do so—logged a triple-double on November 28, 2003, versus the San Antonio Spurs. He had 10 points, 11 rebounds, and 10 assists.[41]
Fastest triple-double: Jim Tucker (Syracuse Nationals), holds the record for the fastest triple double. On February 20, 1955, Tucker, in his rookie year, recorded the mark in just 17 minutes. He finished the game with 12 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists in a 104-84 win over the New York Knicks.[42]
Double-triple-double[43] (at least 20 of any 3 statistics): Wilt Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) is the only player to have accomplished this; in a February 2, 1968 game versus Detroit Pistons, Chamberlain tallied 22 points, 25 rebounds, and 21 assists.[44]
Most points scored in a triple-double: Russell Westbrook (Oklahoma City Thunder) holds the record for the most points scored in a triple-double with 57 points, 13 rebounds, and 11 assists on March 29, 2017 against the Orlando Magic in overtime. The previous record was 53 points, by both Wilt Chamberlain and James Harden.[45]
Triple-double not including points: The only such triple-double occurred on February 10, 2017, when Draymond Green (Golden State Warriors) scored only 4 points, but collected 12 rebounds, 10 assists, and 10 steals against the Memphis Grizzlies.[46]
Longest continuous streak of triple-doubles: Chamberlain (Philadelphia 76ers) holds the record for the most consecutive triple-doubles. In 1968, from March 8 to March 20, he recorded a triple-double in nine straight games.[47] The second longest streak is seven, a record jointly held by Robertson, Michael Jordan, and Westbrook.[48][49][50]
Triple-doubles by teammates: Has occurred three times in the NBA.
March 14, 1964, Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher had 19 points, 15 rebounds, and 15 assists and Ray Scott had 23 points, 20 rebounds, and 11 assists against the New York Knicks.[51]
January 3, 1989, Chicago Bulls Michael Jordan had 41 points, 11 assists, and 10 rebounds and Scottie Pippen had 15 points, 12 assists, and 10 rebounds against the Los Angeles Clippers.[52]
April 7, 2007, New Jersey Nets Vince Carter had 46 points, 16 rebounds, and 10 assists and Jason Kidd had 10 points, 16 rebounds, and 18 assists against the Washington Wizards.[53]
Triple-doubles by opponents: This has occurred only ten times since 1983–84, four times involving Jason Kidd (while playing for three different teams):[33]
Magic Johnson and Jeff Ruland (Los Angeles at Washington, February 10, 1984)[54]
Kidd and Clyde Drexler (Dallas at Houston, April 11, 1995)[55]
Kidd and Drexler (Phoenix at Houston, March 22, 1997)[56]
Gary Payton and Chris Webber (Seattle at Sacramento, April 18, 2000)[57]
Kidd and Jay Williams (New Jersey at Chicago, November 9, 2002)[58]
Kidd and Tracy McGrady (New Jersey at Orlando, February 23, 2003)[59]
Caron Butler and Baron Davis (Washington at Golden State, November 23, 2007)[60]
Victor Oladipo and Michael Carter-Williams (Orlando at Philadelphia, December 3, 2013 (2 OT))[61]
Oladipo and Carter-Williams were both rookies when accomplishing the feat, marking the first and only time in NBA history that two rookies have recorded triple-doubles in the same game. These were the first career triple-doubles for both players. The last time that two players had recorded their first career triple-doubles in the same game was when Detroit Pistons Donnie Butcher and Ray Scott did it on March 14, 1964 (they were not rookies).[62]
Russell Westbrook and Giannis Antetokounmpo (Oklahoma City at Milwaukee, March 6, 2016)[63]
LeBron James and Stephen Curry (Cleveland at Golden State, June 4, 2017)
NCAA Division I[edit]
Most triple-doubles in a career:
Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU) with 12 — six in 2014–15 and six again as a senior in 2015–16.[64] Prior to the triple-double being tracked as an NCAA statistic, Oscar Robertson (Cincinnati) had 10—five in 1958–59 and five in 1959–60.[65]
Women's: Suzie McConnell (Penn State, 1984–88) and Louella Tomlinson (Saint Mary's, 2007–11), each with 7.[66]
Consecutive triple-doubles in a single season: David Edwards (Texas A&M), Penny Hardaway (Memphis State), Tony Lee (Robert Morris), Gerald Lewis (SMU), Shaquille O’Neal (LSU), and Kevin Roberson (Vermont) each recorded two consecutive games with a triple-double.[67]
Hardaway had back-to-back triple-doubles for Memphis State (now Memphis) during the 1992–93 season. He recorded 21 points, 15 assists, and 14 rebounds against Georgia State on January 4, 1993 and then recorded 26 points, 12 rebounds, and 10 assists against Vanderbilt on January 6, 1993.[68]
Most triple-doubles in a single season:
Men's: Kyle Collinsworth (BYU), with six – performed twice: in the 2014–15 season, and again in 2015–16.[64]
Women's: Danielle Carson (Youngstown State), also with six in the 1985–86 season.[66]
Triple-doubles in NCAA tournament history: The NCAA began keeping track of assists for men's basketball in 1984, then blocks and steals in 1986, so officially this has occurred eight times. However, many tournaments had included assists, steals and blocks in their official boxscores prior to that time, so unofficially this has occurred sixteen times.[69] Only three pre-1986 triple-doubles are included below.
Name
Team
Score
Opponent
Round
Date
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson Cincinnati 98–85 Louisville Third place 000000001959-03-21-0000March 21, 1959 39 39 17 10 — — [70]
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson Michigan State 95–64 Lamar Second round 000000001979-03-10-0000March 10, 1979 35 13 17 10
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson Michigan State 101–67 Penn Final Four 000000001979-03-24-0000March 24, 1979 35 29 10 10 3 0 [70]
Grant, GaryGary Grant Michigan 97–109 North Carolina Second round 000000001987-03-14-0000March 14, 1987 39 24 10 10 1 0 [71]
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal LSU 94–83 BYU First round 000000001992-03-19-0000March 19, 1992 31 26 13 4 1 11 [70]
Cain, DavidDavid Cain St. John's 85–67 Texas Tech First round 000000001993-03-18-0000March 18, 1993 37 12 11 11 1 0 [72]
Miller, AndreAndre Miller Utah 76–51 Arizona Elite Eight 000000001998-03-21-0000March 21, 1998 36 18 14 13 2 1 [70]
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade Marquette 83–69 Kentucky Elite Eight 000000002003-03-29-0000March 29, 2003 35 29 11 11 1 4 [70]
Aldrich, ColeCole Aldrich Kansas 60–43 Dayton Second round 000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009 31 13 20 1 0 10 [73]
Green, DraymondDraymond Green Michigan State 76–78 UCLA First round 000000002011-03-17-0000March 17, 2011 37 23 11 10 4 0 [74]
Green, DraymondDraymond Green Michigan State 89–67 Long Island Second round 000000002012-03-16-0000March 16, 2012 35 24 12 10 1 0 [75]
Others
Kalara McFadyen of the Memphis Lady Tigers achieved perhaps the most unusual triple-double in history, and she did it without scoring a point or even attempting a shot. On February 3, 2002, in a women's Division I game against Charlotte, she had 12 assists, 10 steals, and 10 rebounds.[76][77]
Quadruple-double[edit]
Center David Robinson is the most recent NBA player to accomplish the feat of a quadruple-double by recording at least 10 points, rebounds, assists, and blocks in a game.
A quadruple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double digit number total in four of five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—in a game.[78] This feat is extremely rare:[78][79] only four players have officially recorded a quadruple-double in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The first American male player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Nate Thurmond, who achieved this feat in 1974 while playing for the NBA's Chicago Bulls. The first American female player above the high school level to officially record a quadruple-double was Ann Meyers, who achieved this feat in 1978 while playing for the UCLA Bruins, when women's college sports were under the auspices of the AIAW.[80] The first male player in NCAA Division I history to record a quadruple-double was Lester Hudson in 2007.[81] The first Division I women's player to have officially recorded a quadruple-double since the NCAA began sponsoring women's sports in 1981–82 was Veronica Pettry of Loyola of Chicago in 1989; only two other women have done so since, and none since 1993. An earlier player, Jackie Spencer of Louisville, accomplished the feat against Cincinnati during the 1984–85 season, but the NCAA did not record assists and steals throughout Division I women's basketball at that time. The Metro Conference, then home to both schools, did officially record these statistics, but the NCAA did not start doing so until 1985–86 for assists and 1987–88 for steals.[66]
NBA[edit]
Quadruple-doubles have only been possible since the 1973–74 season, when the NBA started recording both blocked shots and steals. It is often speculated by observers that other all-time greats, namely Oscar Robertson (all time triple-doubles leader with 181[82][83]), Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell and Jerry West could conceivably have had quadruple-doubles.[79] West's biography at NBA.com claims that he once recorded an unofficial quadruple-double with 44 points, 12 rebounds, 10 assists and 10 blocks.[84] A biography of Wilt Chamberlain claims that he also recorded an unofficial quadruple-double in Game 1 of the 1967 Eastern Division Finals against the Boston Celtics, when he had 24 points, 32 rebounds, 13 assists and 12 blocks.[85]
The reason why [the quadruple-double] is such a hard thing to accomplish is because it requires a player to be completely dominant on both ends of the court without being too selfish—so he can get the assists—and without fouling out trying to block every shot or grab every rebound. A lot of guys can get the points, rebounds and assists, but it's the defensive stuff that messes everybody up. You have to love defense to get a quadruple-double. There's no way around it.
— Nate Thurmond, [86]
The four players listed below are the only players who have officially recorded a quadruple-double in an NBA game. Except for Thurmond, who retired before the award was established in 1983, all of them have won NBA Defensive Player of the Year at least once.[86]
* Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Name
Date
Team
Score
Opponent
Min
Points
Reb
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Ref
Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond* 000000001974-10-18-0000October 18, 1974 Chicago Bulls 120–115 Atlanta Hawks 45 22 14 13 0 or 1 12 Yes (OT) [87]
Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson 000000001986-02-18-0000February 18, 1986 San Antonio Spurs 120–114 Phoenix Suns 36 20 11 10 10 0 No [88]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon* 000000001990-03-29-0000March 29, 1990 Houston Rockets 120–94 Milwaukee Bucks 40 18 16 10 1 11 No [89]
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson* 000000001994-02-17-0000February 17, 1994 San Antonio Spurs 115–96 Detroit Pistons 43 34 10 10 2 10 No [90]
Only seven other players (one did it twice) have managed to finish with triple-doubles and a total of 9 in a fourth statistical category (statistical categories in which they fell short are in bold):
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Minutes
played
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference
Barry, RickRick Barry* 000000001974-10-29-0000October 29, 1974 Golden State Warriors Buffalo Braves 43 30 10 11 9 — No [91][92]
Steele, LarryLarry Steele 000000001974-11-16-0000November 16, 1974 Portland Trail Blazers Los Angeles Lakers 44 12 11 9 10 — No [93][94]
Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore 000000001985-01-08-0000January 8, 1985 San Antonio Spurs Golden State Warriors 36 26 11 13 9 — No [95]
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*[a] 000000001985-02-18-0000February 18, 1985 Boston Celtics Utah Jazz 33 30 12 10 9 — No [96][97]
Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson 000000001985-10-30-0000October 30, 1985 New Jersey Nets Indiana Pacers 54 38 11 11 9 — Yes (3 OT) [98]
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler* 000000001986-01-10-0000January 10, 1986 Portland Trail Blazers Milwaukee Bucks 42 26 9 11 10 — No [94]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b] 000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990 Houston Rockets Golden State Warriors 40 29 18 9[b] 5 11 No [99]
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler* 000000001996-11-01-0000November 1, 1996 Houston Rockets Sacramento Kings 42 25 10 9 10 — No [100]
Notes
a Bird sat out the entire fourth quarter. After three quarters, head coach K. C. Jones informed Bird that he was one steal away from a quadruple-double and asked if he wanted to stay in the game. Bird declined, saying that he "already did enough damage."[101][102]
b Olajuwon was credited with 9 assists in the original box score. However, after Rockets officials reviewed the game tape and discovered what they believe was an uncredited assist in the first quarter, they revised the box score, crediting Olajuwon with 10 assists and the third quadruple-double in NBA history. NBA's director of operations, Rod Thorn, requested to review the tape. After reviewing the tape, the league disallowed Olajuwon's quadruple-double and announced that his original line—with 9 assists—is official.[103][104]
Other men's basketball[edit]
Accurate as of April 2017[update]
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference
French National League Lewis, DerrickDerrick Lewis[c] 000000001990-02-24-0000February 24, 1990 Reims Lorient 20 11 — 12 10 No [105]
National Basketball League (Australia) Rowe, DarenDaren Rowe[d] 000000001990-01-01-00001990 Geelong Supercats North Melbourne Giants 25 17 11 — 11 No [106]
Chinese Basketball Association Hu Xuefeng 000000002004-12-08-0000December 8, 2004 Jiangsu Dragons Yunnan Bulls 16 10 12 10 — No [107]
FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship Rubio, RickyRicky Rubio 000000002006-08-19-0000August 19, 2006 Spain Croatia 19 10 13 11 — No [108]
Metropolitan Basketball Association Belano, DonbelDonbel Belano 000000001999-08-14-0000August 14, 1999 Davao Eagles Nueva Ecija Patriots 19 11 11 10 — No [108]
American Basketball Association (2000–) Staten, JamelJamel Staten 000000002007-02-02-0000February 2, 2007 Minnesota Ripknees St. Louis Stunners 17 11 11 10 — No [109]
NCAA Division I men Hudson, LesterLester Hudson[e] 000000002007-11-13-0000November 13, 2007 UT Martin Central Baptist 25 12 10 10 1 No [81][110]
Continental Basketball Association Blackburn, JermaineJermaine Blackburn 000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008 East Kentucky Miners West Virginia Wild 22 10 14 10 — No [111]
High school boys Benimon, JerrelleJerrelle Benimon 000000002009-02-17-0000February 17, 2009 Fauquier HS Osbourn HS 13 17 11 — 10 No [112]
Chinese Basketball Association Williams, ChrisChris Williams 000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009 Qingdao Doublestar Dongguan Leopards 15 11 11 11 — No [113]
High school boys Isaiah Grant 000000002014-12-06-0000December 6, 2014 Sequoia Pathway Academy Berean Academy 11 10 10 10 – No [114]
NJCAA Clifford Wilson 000000001979-02-14-0000February 14, 1979 Fulton-Montgomery Hudson Valley 31 18 10 — 15 No
NJCAA Monroe Pippins 000000001995-02-09-0000February 9, 1995 Fulton-Montgomery Herkimer 34 17 10 11 — No
Ukrainian First league Vitaliy Bykov 000000002016-12-17-0000December 17, 2016 BC Zaporizhya-2 BC Kramatorsk 14 13 11 12 — No [115]
Liga Super Basketball U-18 Natan Oliveira 000000002017-04-08-0000April 8, 2017 Colégio Sul Americano Rappers 32 11 10 16 — No [116]
Notes
c This is the only quadruple-double in French National League history.[105]
d This is the only quadruple-double in National Basketball League history.[106]
e This is the only quadruple-double in NCAA Division I men's basketball history.[81] The opponent, Central Baptist, plays in the NAIA.
Women's basketball[edit]
Accurate as of June 2016
League
Name
Date
Team
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Reference
American Basketball League Black, DebbieDebbie Black 000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996 Colorado Xplosion Atlanta Glory 10 14 12 10 — [117][118]
Israeli Basketball Super League Brown, EdwinaEdwina Brown 000000002008-12-01-0000December 2008 Ramat Hen Hapoel Holon 22 10 10 10 — [119]
Greek Women's Basketball League Dimitrakou, ZoiZoi Dimitrakou 000000002009-03-22-0000March 22, 2009 G.S. Megas Alexandros Aris Holargou 49 18 10 12 — [120]
Russian Premier League Kalmykova, MariaMaria Kalmykova 000000002001-01-21-0000January 21, 2001 Chevakata Vologda Dynamo Kursk 20 15 11 — 11 [121]
European U16 Championship Verameyenka, AnastasiyaAnastasiya Verameyenka 000000002003-04-20-0000April 20, 2003 Belarus U16 NT Czech U16 NT 21 10 — 10 12 [122]
AIAW Division I women Meyers, AnnAnn Meyers 000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978 UCLA Stephen F. Austin 20 14 10 10 — [80]
NCAA Division I women Pettry, VeronicaVeronica Pettry 000000001989-03-04-0000March 4, 1989 Loyola (Chicago) Detroit 12 10 22 11 — [123]
NCAA Division I women Jones, RamonaRamona Jones 000000001991-01-14-0000January 14, 1991 Lamar UCF 10 10 10 12 — [123]
NCAA Division I women Tate, SonjaSonja Tate 000000001993-01-27-0000January 27, 1993 Arkansas State Mississippi Valley State 29 14 10 10 — [123]
NCAA Division III women Esteves, EvitaEvita Esteves 000000002004-02-05-0000February 5, 2004 Emmanuel (MA) Johnson & Wales 10 10 11 13 — [124][125]
NCAA Division III women Purnell, DannaDanna Purnell 000000002007-02-10-0000February 10, 2007 SUNY-Old Westbury New Rochelle 14 10 11 13 — [124][126]
NCAA Division III women Williams, LatiquaLatiqua Williams 000000002008-11-16-0000November 16, 2008 Bard New Rochelle 21 13 10 11 — [127]
Ukrainian Professional Basketball League Iagupova, AlinaAlina Iagupova 000000002011-05-15-0000May 15, 2011 BC Dnipro Luhanski Lastivky 28 15 13 10 — Stats
Quintuple-double[edit]
A quintuple-double is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a double-digit number total in all five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocked shots—-in a single game.[128] There are only two known quintuple-doubles, both only done at the high-school level. The first was recorded by Tamika Catchings of Duncanville High School (Duncanville, Texas) with 25 points, 18 rebounds, 11 assists, 10 steals and 10 blocks in 1997.[129] The second was by Aimee Oertner of Northern Lehigh High School (Slatington, Pennsylvania), who had 26 points, 20 rebounds, 10 assists, 10 steals, and 11 blocks on January 7, 2012.[130]
Five-by-five[edit]
A five-by-five is defined as a performance in which a player accumulates a total of five in five statistical categories—points, rebounds, assists, steals, and blocks—in a single game.[131] Statistics for steals and blocks were not kept in the NBA until the 1973–74 season, so NBA five-by-fives were only possible from that season onward. Hakeem Olajuwon (six times) and Andrei Kirilenko (three times) are the only players to have recorded multiple five-by-fives (based on records since the 1984–85 season).[131] Both are also the only players to record five-by-sixes (at least six in all five statistical categories).[131] Only twice has a five-by-five coincided with a triple-double (both by Olajuwon) and only three times has a player recorded a five-by-five without registering at least a double-double (two by Kirilenko and one by Marcus Camby).
NBA[edit]
The following is a list of known five-by-fives. Note the list contains all five-by-fives since the 1984–85 season, as well as one before. There may be other five-by-fives in the NBA that occurred before the 1984–85 season.
Name
Date
Age
Team
Score
Opponent
Points
Rebounds
Assists
Steals
Blocks
Overtime
Reference
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving 000000001979-12-05-0000December 5, 1979 7004108780000000000♠29 years, 286 days Philadelphia 76ers 132–120 San Antonio Spurs 28 7 10 5 5 No [132][133][134]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001987-03-10-0000March 10, 1987 7003881400000000000♠24 years, 48 days Houston Rockets 127–136 Seattle SuperSonics 38 17 6 7 12 Yes (2OT) [135]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001990-03-03-0000March 3, 1990 7003990300000000000♠27 years, 41 days Houston Rockets 129–109 Golden State Warriors 29 18 9 5 11 No [99]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001992-04-11-0000April 11, 1992 7004106730000000000♠29 years, 81 days Houston Rockets 92–99 Dallas Mavericks 19 13 6 5 5 No [136]
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson 000000001992-11-10-0000November 10, 1992 7003995800000000000♠27 years, 96 days San Antonio Spurs 104–98 Milwaukee Bucks 29 9 5 5 10 No [137]
Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman 000000001993-01-15-0000January 15, 1993 7003934000000000000♠25 years, 208 days New Jersey Nets 110–105 Philadelphia 76ers 21 10 7 5 5 Yes (OT) [138]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001993-04-22-0000April 22, 1993 7004110490000000000♠30 years, 91 days Houston Rockets 112–110 Minnesota Timberwolves 33 13 5 5 5 Yes (OT) [139]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001993-11-05-0000November 5, 1993 7004112460000000000♠30 years, 288 days Houston Rockets 110–88 New Jersey Nets 24 19 6 5 5 No [140]
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon 000000001993-12-30-0000December 30, 1993 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days Houston Rockets 110–104 Minnesota Timberwolves 34 10 5 5 8 No [141]
Divac, VladeVlade Divac 000000001995-02-22-0000February 22, 1995 7003988100000000000♠27 years, 19 days Los Angeles Lakers 112–100 Philadelphia 76ers 19 12 8 5 5 No [142]
Tinsley, JamaalJamaal Tinsley 000000002001-11-16-0000November 16, 2001 7003866200000000000♠23 years, 261 days Indiana Pacers 113–120 Minnesota Timberwolves 12 9 15 6 5 Yes (2OT) [143]
Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko 000000002003-12-03-0000December 3, 2003 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days Utah Jazz 101–107 Houston Rockets 19 5 7 8 5 Yes (OT) [144]
Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko 000000002003-12-10-0000December 10, 2003 7003833000000000000♠22 years, 295 days Utah Jazz 95–73 New York Knicks 10 12 6 6 5 No [145]
Camby, MarcusMarcus Camby 000000002004-01-09-0000January 9, 2004 7004108850000000000♠29 years, 293 days Denver Nuggets 106–96 Utah Jazz 8 11 5 5 8 No [146]
Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko 000000002006-01-03-0000January 3, 2006 7003908500000000000♠24 years, 319 days Utah Jazz 90–80 Los Angeles Lakers 14 8 9 6 7 No [147]
Batum, NicolasNicolas Batum 000000002012-12-16-0000December 16, 2012 7003876800000000000♠24 years, 2 days Portland Trail Blazers 95–94 New Orleans Hornets 11 5 10 5 5 No [148]
Green, DraymondDraymond Green 000000002015-12-11-0000December 11, 2015 7003941300000000000♠25 years, 282 days Golden State Warriors 124–119 Boston Celtics 24 11 8 5 5 Yes (2OT) [149]
Facts[edit]
All facts based on data since 1985–86:
Greatest five-by-fives (most of each stat): Hakeem Olajuwon, on March 10, 1987, became the first in NBA history to record a five-by-six (at least 6 each of all five statistics: points, rebounds, assists, blocks, steals).[150] It took nearly twenty years for the second official occurrence in NBA history. Andrei Kirilenko, on January 3, 2006, recorded a five-by-six against the Lakers. Though his numbers were not quite as impressive as Olajuwon's, Kirilenko performed the feat in regulation.
Most five-by-fives in a career: Hakeem Olajuwon leads all players with 6 career five-by-fives.[131] Andrei Kirilenko, with 3, is the only other player with more than one career five-by-five.
Most five-by-fives in the same season: Only twice has a player recorded two five-by-fives in a season. Olajuwon in the 1993–94 season, and Kirilenko in the 2003–04 season.
Quickest pair of five-by-fives: Kirilenko performed a five-by-five on December 3, 2003, and completed another just a week later, on December 10, 2003. The second quickest five-by-fives were completed by Olajuwon on November 5, 1993 and another, 55 days later, on December 30, 1993.
Youngest player: Kirilenko's first NBA five-by-five came on December 3, 2003, making him the youngest to record a five-by-five at age 7003832300000000000♠22 years, 288 days.
Oldest player: Olajuwon is the oldest player to record a five-by-five. His last career five-by-five came on December 30, 1993, at which time he was 7004113010000000000♠30 years, 343 days old.
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Jump up ^ "Houston Rockets at Minnesota Timberwolves Boxscore, December 30, 1993". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Philadelphia 76ers at Los Angeles Lakers Boxscore, February 22, 1995". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Timberwolves at Indiana Pacers Boxscore, November 16, 2001". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz at Houston Rockets Boxscore, December 3, 2003". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "New York Knicks at Utah Jazz Boxscore, December 10, 2003". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz at Denver Nuggets Boxscore, January 9, 2004". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Lakers at Utah Jazz Boxscore, January 3, 2006". basketball-reference.com. Archived from the original on 2009-06-11. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
Jump up ^ "New Orleans Hornets vs. Portland Trail Blazers – Box Score – December 16, 2012". espn.go.com. ESPN. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Golden State Warriors vs. Boston Celtics – Box Score – December 11, 2015". espn.go.com. ESPN. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Dime". ESPN.com. January 12, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2008.
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Linnaean taxonomy
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The title page of Systema Naturae, Leiden (1735)
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts:
the particular form of biological classification (taxonomy) set up by Carl Linnaeus, as set forth in his Systema Naturae (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species), with an additional rank lower than species.
a term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based scientific classification. This term is especially used as opposed to cladistic systematics, which groups organisms into clades. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification (it goes back to Plato and Aristotle) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.
Linnaean name also has two meanings: depending on the context, it may either refer to a formal name given by Linnaeus (personally), such as Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus, 1758, or a formal name in the accepted nomenclature (as opposed to a modernistic clade name).
Contents
[hide]
1 The taxonomy of Linnaeus
1.1 Classification for plants
1.2 Classification for animals
1.3 Classification for minerals
2 Rank-based scientific classification
2.1 Alternatives
3 See also
4 References
5 Bibliography
6 External links
The taxonomy of Linnaeus[edit]
In his Imperium Naturae, Linnaeus established three kingdoms, namely Regnum Animale, Regnum Vegetabile and Regnum Lapideum. This approach, the Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms, survives today in the popular mind, notably in the form of the parlour game question: "Is it animal, vegetable or mineral?". The work of Linnaeus had a huge impact on science; it was indispensable as a foundation for biological nomenclature, now regulated by the nomenclature codes. Two of his works, the first edition of the Species Plantarum (1753) for plants and the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1758), are accepted as part of the starting points of nomenclature; his binomials (names for species) and generic names take priority over those of others. However, the impact he had on science was not because of the value of his taxonomy.
Classification for plants[edit]
His classes and orders of plants, according to his Systema Sexuale, were never intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his ordines naturales in his Philosophia Botanica) but only for use in identification. They were used for that purpose well into the nineteenth century.[1] Within each class were several orders.
Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the Systema Naturae)
Kalmia is classified according to Linnaeus' sexual system in class Decandria, order Monogyna, because it has 10 stamens and one pistil
The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were:
Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen
Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens
Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens
Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens
Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens
Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens
Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352[2]
Hexandria polygynia pp. 342–343[3]
Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens
Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens
Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens
Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens
Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 12 stamens
Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens, perigynous
Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the receptacle
Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short
Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short
Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base
Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups
Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups
Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with 5 stamens, the anthers united at their edges
Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils
Classis 21. Monoecia: monoecious plants
Classis 22. Dioecia: dioecious plants
Classis 23. Polygamia: polygamodioecious plants
Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including ferns, fungi, algae, and bryophytes
The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g. Hexandria monogynia with six stamens and one pistil.[4]
Index to genera p. 1201[5]
Classification for animals[edit]
The 1735 classification of animals
Only in the Animal Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups. He divided the Animal Kingdom into six classes, in the tenth edition, of 1758, these were:
Classis 1. Mammalia
Classis 2. Aves
Classis 3. Amphibia
Classis 4. Pisces
Classis 5. Insecta
Classis 6. Vermes
Classification for minerals[edit]
His taxonomy of minerals has long since dropped from use. In the tenth edition, 1758, of the Systema Naturae, the Linnaean classes were:
Classis 1. Petræ
Classis 2. Mineræ
Classis 3. Fossilia
Classis 4. Vitamentra
Rank-based scientific classification[edit]
Main article: Taxonomy (biology)
This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of binomial nomenclature, the combination of a genus name and a second term, which together uniquely identify each species of organism within a kingdom. For example, the human species is uniquely identified within the animal kingdom by the name Homo sapiens. No other species of animal can have this same binomen (the technical term for a binomial in the case of animals). Prior to Linnaean taxonomy, animals were classified according to their mode of movement.
Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature was anticipated by the theory of definition used in Scholasticism. Scholastic logicians and philosophers of nature defined the species man, for example, as Animal rationalis, where animal was considered a genus and rationalis (Latin for "rational") the characteristic distinguishing man from all other animals. Treating animal as the immediate genus of the species man, horse, etc. is of little practical use to the biological taxonomist, however. Accordingly, Linnaeus's classification treats animal as a class including many genera (subordinated to the animal "kingdom" via intermediary classes such as "orders"), and treats homo as the genus of a species Homo sapiens, with sapiens (Latin for "knowing" or "understanding") playing a differentiating role analogous to that played, in the Scholastic system, by rationalis (the word homo, Latin for "human being", was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus).
A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living organisms, simply and practically. Every species can be given a unique (and, one hopes, stable) name, as compared with common names that are often neither unique nor consistent from place to place and language to language. This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working systematists (biologists specializing in taxonomy), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of these names, which are laid down in formal nomenclature codes.
Species can be placed in a ranked hierarchy, starting with either domains or kingdoms. Domains are divided into kingdoms. Kingdoms are divided into phyla (singular: phylum) — for animals; the term division, used for plants and fungi, is equivalent to the rank of phylum (and the current International Code of Botanical Nomenclature allows the use of either term). Phyla (or divisions) are divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, families, genera (singular: genus), and species (singular: species). There are ranks below species: in zoology, subspecies (but see form or morph); in botany, variety (varietas) and form (forma), etc.
Groups of organisms at any of these ranks are called taxa (singular: taxon) or taxonomic groups.
The Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance. However, although the number of ranks is unlimited, in practice any classification becomes more cumbersome the more ranks are added. Among the later subdivisions that have arisen are such entities as phyla, families, and tribes, as well as any number of ranks with prefixes (superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.). The use of newer taxonomic tools such as cladistics and phylogenetic nomenclature has led to a different way of looking at evolution (expressed in many nested clades) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks. An example of such complexity is the scheme for mammals proposed by McKenna and Bell.
Alternatives[edit]
Over time, the understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. Linnaeus could only base his scheme on the structural similarities of the different organisms. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of evolution as the mechanism of biological diversity and species formation, following the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. It then became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the phylogeny of organisms, their descent by evolution. This led to evolutionary taxonomy, where the various extant and extinct are linked together to construct a phylogeny. This is largely what is meant by the term 'Linnaean taxonomy' when used in a modern context.
In cladistics, originating in the work of Willi Hennig, 1950 onwards, each taxon is grouped so as to include the common ancestor of the group's members (and thus to avoid polyphyly). Such taxa may be either monophyletic (including all descendants) such as genus Homo, or paraphyletic (excluding some descendants), such as genus Australopithecus.
Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for Plants, Animals and an additional group for minerals, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: Monera, for prokaryotes (i.e., bacteria); Protista, for protozoans and most algae; and Fungi. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the genomes of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.[6]
Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships, especially given the wide acceptance of cladistic methodology and numerous molecular phylogenies that have challenged long-accepted classifications, within the framework of Linnaean taxonomy, is sometimes seen as problematic. Therefore, some systematists have proposed a PhyloCode to replace it.
See also[edit]
History of plant systematics
Phylogenetic tree – a way to express insights into evolutionary relationships
Zoology mnemonic for a list of mnemonic sentences used to help people remember the list of Linnaean ranks.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Comstock, J.L. (1837). An introduction to the study of botany: including a treatise on vegetable physiology, and descriptions of the most common plants in the middle and northern states. Robinson, Pratt & Co.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Hexandria polyynia pp. 342–343.
Jump up ^ "Linnaeus Sexual System". CronkLab. Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Linnaeus 1753, Index generum p. 1201.
Jump up ^ Embley, T. A. & Martin, W. (2006). "Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges.". Nature. 440. pp. 623–630. doi:10.1038/nature04546.
Bibliography[edit]
Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
Dawkins, Richard. 2004. The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-00583-8
Ereshefsky, Marc. 2000. The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fara, Patricia (2003). Sex, Botany and Empire: The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks. Cambridge: Icon Books. ISBN 9781840464443. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
George, Sam (June 2005). "‘Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen’: Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany". Comparative Critical Studies. 2 (2): 191–210. doi:10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
Gould, Stephen Jay. 1989. Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-02705-8
Pavord, Anna. The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants. Bloomsbury. ISBN 0-7475-7952-0
External links[edit]
Wikispecies
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Saint Louis Code), Electronic version
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code, 2011), Electronic version
ICZN website, for zoological nomenclature
Text of the ICZN, Electronic version
ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names
International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes for bacteria
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. By the International Union of Biological Sciences
ICTVdB website, for virus nomenclature by the International Union of Microbiological Societies
Tree of Life
European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French
[show]
v
t
e
List of systems of plant taxonomy
Pre-Linnaean
John Ray system (1686–1704)
A discourse on the seeds of plants
Methodus plantarum nova
De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis
Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-Darwinian
Linnaean system (1735–51)
Systema Naturae
Species Plantarum
Genera Plantarum
Philosophia Botanica
Adanson system (1763)
Familles naturelles des plantes
De Jussieu system (1789)
Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam
De Candolle system (1819–24)
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux
Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta
Berchtold and Presl
system (1820–1823)
O Prirozenosti Rostlin
Agardh system (1825)
Classes Plantarum
Gray system (1821)
The Natural Arrangement of British Plants
Dumortier system (1829)
Analyse des familles des plantes
Lindley system (1830–45)
An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany
The Vegetable Kingdom
Don system (1834)
General History of Dichlamydious Plants.
Bentham & Hooker system
(1862–83)
Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita.
Baillon system (1867–94)
Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)
Nineteenth century
Eichler system (1875–1886)
Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert
Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde
Engler system (1886–1924)
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Das Pflanzenreich
van Tieghem system (1891)
Traité de botanique
Twentieth century
Dalla Torre & Harms
system (1900–07)
Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta
Warming system (1912)
Haandbog i den systematiske botanik
Hallier system (1912)
L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes
Bessey system (1915)
The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants
Wettstein system (1901–35)
Handbuch der systematischen Botanik
Lotsy system (1907–11)
Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik.
Hutchinson system (1926–73)
The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny
Calestani system (1933)
Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme
Kimura system (1956)
Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones
Emberger system (1960)
Traité de Botanique systématique
Melchior system (1964)
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien
Takhtajan system (1966–97)
A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants
Flowering plants: origin and dispersal
Diversity and classification of flowering plants
Cronquist system (1968–81)
The evolution and classification of flowering plants
An integrated system of classification of flowering plants
Goldberg system (1986–89
Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons
Dahlgren system (1975–85)
The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy
Thorne system (1968–2000)
An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants
Kubitzki system (1990–)
The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants
Reveal system (1999)
Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
System (1998–2009)
An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III
An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also
Plantae at Wikispecies
Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Batsch and Grisebach.
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Carl Linnaeus
Published works
Linnaeus bibliography
The Study of Instinct (book)
Systema Naturae (1735)
Fundamenta Botanica (1736)
Bibliotheca Botanica (1736)
Musa Cliffortiania (1736)
Critica Botanica (1737)
Flora Lapponica (1737)
Genera Plantarum (1737)
General
Taxonomy (biology)
Linnaean taxonomy (Linnaean classification)
Botanical nomenclature
Zoological nomenclature
Binomial nomenclature
Taxa named by Linnaeus
Natural history
History of biology
History of botany
Historical race concepts
Related people
Carl Linnaeus the Younger
Elisabeth Christina von Linné
Apostles of Linnaeus
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Gaspard Bauhin
Johann Bauhin
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Recognitions
Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus
Expedition Linné
Linnaea
Linnaean Garden
Linnaeite
Linnaemya
Linnaemyini
7412 Linnaeus
Linnaeus Arboretum
The Linnaeus Museum
Linnaeus University
Linnaeus' Hammarby
Linné (crater)
Linnéa
Linnean Medal
Linnean Society of London
Swedish Linnaeus Society
Linnean Society of New South Wales
Linnean Tercentenary Medal
Linneus, Maine
Linneus, Missouri
Wikiquote
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