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Semi-acoustic guitar
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Fully hollow-body electric guitar Gibson ES-150, with a pair of f-holes visible.
Semi hollow-body electric guitar Gibson ES-335 has a "solid center block" inside a body.
A semi-acoustic guitar or hollow-body electric is a type of electric guitar that originates from the 1930s. It has both a sound box and one or more electric pickups. This is not the same as an acoustic-electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar with the addition of pickups or other means of amplification, added by either the manufacturer or the player.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Usage
3 Variations
4 Gallery
5 Examples
6 References
History[edit]
In the 1930s guitar players and manufacturers were attempting to increase the overall volume of the guitar, which had a hard time competing in loudness with other instruments—especially in large orchestras and jazz bands.[1] This led makers to try a series of designs that focused on amplifying a guitar electrically through a loudspeaker. In 1936, Gibson made their first production run of electric guitars. These guitars, known as ES-150s (Electric Spanish Series) were the first manufactured semi-acoustic guitars.[2]
Gibson based them on a standard production archtop, with f holes on the face of the guitar's soundbox. This model resembled traditional jazz guitars that were popular at the time. The soundbox on the guitar let limited sound emit from the hollow body of the guitar. These guitars, however, could be electrically amplified via a Charlie Christian pickup, a magnetic single-coil pickup that converted the energy of the vibrating strings into an electrical signal.[2] The clear sound of the pickups made the ES series immediately popular with jazz musicians.[1] The first semi-acoustic guitars are often thought of as an evolutionary step in the progression from acoustic guitars to full electric models.
However, Gibson made the ES-150 several years after Rickenbacker made the first solid-body electric guitar. The ES series was merely an experiment the Gibson company used to test the potential success of electric guitars. The experiment was a successful financial venture, and the ES series is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. The ES-150 was followed by the ES-250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the Gibson company.[3]
In 1949 Gibson released two new models: the ES-175 and ES-5. These guitars came standard with built-in electric pickups and are widely considered the first fully electric semi-acoustic guitars.[4] Prior models were not built with pickups; rather, they came as attachments. As the production and popularity of solid body electric guitars increased, there was still a market of guitar players who wanted to have the traditional look associated with the semi-acoustic guitars of the 1930s but also wanted the versatility and comfort of new solid body guitars. Several models, including the ES-350T by Gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate this growing demand by including a more comfortable version of the archtop model.[2]
Gibson and other makers followed these variations with an entirely new type of guitar that featured a block of solid wood between the front and back sections of the guitars cutaway. This guitar still functioned acoustically, but had a smaller resonant cavity inside, which makes less sound emit from the f holes. Gibson first manufactured this variant in 1958. It is commonly referred to as a semi-hollow body guitar, because of the smaller, less open body.[2]
Rickenbacker also began making semi-acoustic guitars in 1958. When the company changed ownership in 1954, they hired German guitar crafter, Roger Rossmiesl. He developed the 300 series for Rickenbacker, which was a wide semi-acoustic that did not use a traditional f hole. Rather it used a sleeker dash hole on one side of the guitar, the other side had a large pickguard. This model boasted a modern design with a unique Fireglo finish. It quickly became one of Rickenbacker's most popular series and became a strong competitor to Gibson's models.[5]
In addition to the main model variants of the guitar, Gibson made several small changes to the guitar, including a laminated top for the ES-175 model and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models, as opposed to Charlie Christian models from the 1930s.[1] While Gibson provided many of the innovations in semi-acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow archtop by Gretsch. The 6120 model by Gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from Gibson models.[6] Rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi-hollow body guitar. Gibson, Gretsch, Rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars, making slight variations on their yearly designs.
Usage[edit]
The semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars were generally praised for their clean and warm tones. This led to widespread use throughout the jazz communities in the 1930s. As new models came out with sleeker designs, the guitars began to make their way into popular circles. The guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. The guitars sometimes produced feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level. This made the guitars unpopular for bands that had to play loud enough to perform in large venues. As rock became more experimental in the late 60s and 70s, the guitar became more popular because players learned to use its feedback issues creatively.
Semi-hollow guitars share some of the tonal characteristics of hollow guitars, such as their praised warmth and clean tone. However, the addition of the central block helps to manage feedback and allows the guitar to be played normally at higher gain and higher volume. Semi-hollow guitars with a central block are also more durable than fully hollow guitars, whose sound is particularly popular with jazz, blues, rockabilly and psychobilly guitarists.
Today, semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars are still popular among many artists across various genres. Examples include Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys, renowned jazz guitarist George Benson, John Scofield, and pop rock guitartist Paul McCartney. Famous guitarists of the past who have used semi acoustic guitars include John Lennon of The Beatles and B.B. King. Semi-acoustic guitars have also been valued as good practice guitars because, when played "unplugged," they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid-body electric guitars because of their open cavity. This makes the guitar particularly useful when volume is an issue. They are also popular because the cavities reduce the weight of the guitar.[7]
With most solid-body guitars, the electronics are accessed, repaired, or replaced by removing either the pick guard or an access panel on the back of the guitar’s body. In a semi-acoustic guitar, where there is no solid body to create a chamber to house the electronics, these components are pushed or pulled through the lower f-hole of the guitar’s body.[8]
Variations[edit]
Other semi-acoustic instruments include basses and mandolins. These are similarly constructed to semi-acoustic guitars, and are used in the same ways and with the same limitations.
Some semi-acoustic models have a fully hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-175 and Epiphone Casino), others may have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called semi hollow body (for instance the Gibson ES-335).
Other guitars are borderline between semi-acoustic and solid body. For example, some Telecaster guitars have chambers built into an otherwise solid body to enrich the sound. This type of instrument can be referred to as a semi-hollow or a chambered body guitar. Players disagree on exactly where to draw the line between a constructed sound box and a solid wooden body (whose construction also affects the sound according to many players). Any of the following can be called semi-acoustic:
Instruments that start from a solid body blank that has been routed out to make a chambered body guitar
Instruments with semi-hollow bodies constructed from plates of wood around a solid core, with no soundholes, such as the Gibson Lucille or Brian May Red Special
Instruments with a solid core but hollow bouts and soundholes (usually f-holes), such as the Gibson ES-335. In these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sounding board, and the belly vibration is minimised much as in a solid body instrument
Thin-bodied archtop guitars, such as the Epiphone Casino, that have a sounding board and sound box, but purely to modify the sound transmitted to the pickups—still intended as purely electric instruments because of their weak acoustic sound
Full hollowbody semi-acoustic instruments, often called Jazz guitars, such as the Gibson ES-175; these have a full-size sound box, but are still intended to be played through an amplifier.
Sound Hole Variations:
Many hollow body guitars, both semi and full have Cat-Eyed or Cat Eye sound holes which are shaped like the eye of a cat instead of the traditional F Holes.
Gallery[edit]
B. B. King's Lucille
Epiphone Dot
Gibson ES-335
The Rickenbacker 330 JG
Examples[edit]
Some companies that have produced famous semi-acoustic guitars include: Gibson, Gretsch R M Olson and Rickenbacker. A variety of manufacturers now produce semi-acoustic model guitars: D'Angelico, Epiphone, Ibanez, etc.
Fully hollow body
Gibson L-5
Gibson ES-175
Epiphone Joe Pass Emperor II
Hofner 500/1
Thinline hollow body (thin body)
Epiphone Casino / Gibson ES-330
Gretsch White Falcon
Semi hollow body (with center block)
Gibson ES-335 / Epiphone Dot
Gibson ES-339
Duesenberg Guitars Fullerton Series
D'Angelico EX-DC
Semi hollow body (with center block, but no soundholes)
Gibson Lucille
Semi hollow body (solid-body with cavities)
Rickenbacker 330
Fender Telecaster Thinline
Guild Bluesbird
Gretsch Penguin
RM Oldon Ollandoc
Semi hollow body (solid body with cavities, but no soundholes)
Brian May Red Special
various types
Archtop guitars. Guitars with a fully hollow or semi-hollow body, with or without pickups.
Electro-acoustic guitars. Fully acoustic guitars with piezo pickups.
Hybrid guitars. Guitars with both magnetic and piezo pickups. Can be solid, semi-hollow or hollow bodied.
Silent guitars. Solid body guitars with a piezo pickups.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ingram, Adrian, A Concise History of the Electric Guitar, Melbay, 2001.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hunter, Dave, The Rough Guide to Guitar, Penguin Books, 2011.
Jump up ^ Miller, A.J., The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, Baltimore, MD, Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
Jump up ^ Martin A. Darryl, Innovation and the Development of the Modern Six-String, The Galpin Society Journal (Vol. 51), 1998.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Dave, 1958 Rickenbacker 330, http://www.premierguitar.com/Magazine/Issue/2009/Aug/1958_Rickenbacker_330.aspx, accessed 11 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Carter, William, The Gibson Guitar Book: Seventy Years of Classic Guitar, New York, NY, Backbeatbooks, 2007.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Dave (August 2012). "5 Things About Hollow, Semi-Acoustic, and Chambered Electric Guitars". Guitar Player. 46 (8): 146.
Jump up ^ "Wiring A Hollow Body Guitar the Easy Way | Seymour Duncan". www.seymourduncan.com. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
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Equinox
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about an astronomical event. For other uses, see Equinox (disambiguation).
For the celestial coordinates, see Equinox (celestial coordinates).
For the article about a specific equinox, see March equinox and September equinox.
UT date and time of
equinoxes and solstices on Earth[1]
event
equinox
solstice
equinox
solstice
month
March
June
September
December
year
day
time
day
time
day
time
day
time
2010
20 17:32 21 11:28 23 03:09 21 23:38
2011
20 23:21 21 17:16 23 09:04 22 05:30
2012
20 05:14 20 23:09 22 14:49 21 11:12
2013
20 11:02 21 05:04 22 20:44 21 17:11
2014
20 16:57 21 10:51 23 02:29 21 23:03
2015
20 22:45 21 16:38 23 08:21 22 04:48
2016
20 04:30 20 22:34 22 14:21 21 10:44
2017
20 10:28 21 04:24 22 20:02 21 16:28
2018
20 16:15 21 10:07 23 01:54 21 22:23
2019
20 21:58 21 15:54 23 07:50 22 04:19
2020
20 03:50 20 21:44 22 13:31 21 10:02
An equinox is commonly regarded as the moment in which the plane of Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun's disk,[2] which occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September. This simplified, but incorrect, understanding of Earth's orbital motion can lead to errors of up to 69 seconds from the actual time of equinox.
The instants of the equinoxes are currently defined to occur when the apparent ecliptic longitude of the Sun is either 0° or 180°.[3] As the true motion of the Earth in its orbit oscillates around the center of mass of the Terra-Luna binary, there are tiny (up to 1¼ arcsecond) variations of the Sun's apparent ecliptic latitude, which are discussed in section 1.6, that may mean the Sun's centre is not precisely over the equator at the moment of equinox.
On the day of an equinox, daylight and night time are of approximately equal duration all over the planet. They are not exactly equal, however, due to the angular size of the sun and atmospheric refraction. The word is derived from the Latin aequinoctium, from aequus (equal) and nox (genitive noctis) (night).
The sun at the equinox seen from the site of Pizzo Vento, Fondachelli-Fantina, Sicily
Contents
[hide]
1 Equinoxes on Earth
1.1 General
1.2 Date
1.3 Names
1.4 Length of equinoctial day and night
1.5 Geocentric view of the astronomical seasons
1.5.1 Day arcs of the Sun
1.6 Celestial coordinate systems
1.7 Cultural aspects
2 Effects on satellites
3 Equinoxes on other planets
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Equinoxes on Earth[edit]
General[edit]
The equinoxes are the only times when the solar terminator (the "edge" between night and day) is perpendicular to the equator. As a result, the northern and southern hemispheres are equally illuminated. The word comes from Latin equi or "equal" and nox meaning "night".
In other words, the equinoxes are the only times when the subsolar point is on the equator, meaning that the Sun is exactly overhead at a point on the equatorial line. The subsolar point crosses the equator moving northward at the March equinox and southward at the September equinox.
The equinoxes, along with solstices, are directly related to the seasons of the year. In the northern hemisphere, the vernal equinox (March) conventionally marks the beginning of spring in most cultures and is considered the New Year in the Persian calendar or Iranian calendars as Nowruz (means new day), while the autumnal equinox (September) marks the beginning of autumn.[4]
Illumination of Earth by the Sun at the March equinox
The Earth in its orbit around the Sun causes the Sun to appear on the celestial sphere moving over the ecliptic (red), which is tilted on the equator (white).
Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the north. Far right: December solstice.
Diagram of the Earth's seasons as seen from the south. Far left: June solstice.
Date[edit]
When Julius Caesar established the Julian calendar in 45 BC, he set 25 March as the date of the spring equinox. Because the Julian year is longer than the tropical year by about 11.3 minutes on average (or 1 day in 128 years), the calendar "drifted" with respect to the two equinoxes — such that in AD 300 the spring equinox occurred on about 21 March, and by AD 1500 it had drifted backwards to 11 March.
This drift induced Pope Gregory XIII to create a modern Gregorian calendar. The Pope wanted to continue to conform with the edicts concerning the date of Easter of the Council of Nicaea of AD 325, which means he wanted to move the vernal equinox to the date on which it fell at that time (21 March is the day allocated to it in the Easter table of the Julian calendar). However, the leap year intervals in his calendar were not smooth (400 is not an exact multiple of 97). This causes the equinox to oscillate by about 53 hours around its mean position. This in turn raised the possibility that it could fall on 22 March, and thus Easter Day might theoretically commence before the equinox. The astronomers chose the appropriate number of days to omit so that the equinox would swing from 19 to 21 March but never fall on the 22nd (although it can in a handful of years fall early in the morning of that day in the Far East).
Names[edit]
Vernal equinox and autumnal equinox: these classical names are direct derivatives of Latin (ver = spring and autumnus = autumn). These are the historically universal and still most widely used terms for the equinoxes, but are potentially confusing because in the southern hemisphere the vernal equinox does not occur in spring and the autumnal equinox does not occur in autumn. The equivalent common language English terms spring equinox and autumn (or fall) equinox are even more ambiguous.[5][6][7] It has become increasingly common for people to mistakenly refer to the September equinox in the southern hemisphere as the Vernal equinox.[8][9]
March equinox and September equinox: names referring to the months of the year they occur, with no ambiguity as to which hemisphere is the context. They are still not universal, however, as not all cultures use a solar-based calendar where the equinoxes occur every year in the same month (as they do not in the Islamic calendar and Hebrew calendar, for example).[10] Although the terms have become very common in the 21st century, they were sometimes used at least as long ago as the mid-20th century.[11]
Northward equinox and southward equinox: names referring to the apparent direction of motion of the Sun. The northward equinox occurs in March when the sun crosses the equator from south to north, and the southward equinox occurs in September when the sun crosses the equator from north to south. These terms can be used unambiguously for other planets. They are rarely seen, although were first proposed over 100 years ago.[12]
First Point of Aries and first point of Libra: names referring to the astrological signs the sun is entering. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, however, the constellations where the equinoxes are currently located are Pisces and Virgo, respectively.[13]
Length of equinoctial day and night[edit]
Contour plot of the hours of daylight as a function of latitude and day of the year, showing approximately 12 hours of daylight at all latitudes during the equinoxes
Day is usually defined as the period when sunlight reaches the ground in the absence of local obstacles.[citation needed] On the day of the equinox, the center of the Sun spends a roughly equal amount of time above and below the horizon at every location on the Earth, so night and day are about the same length. Sunrise and sunset can be defined in several ways, but a widespread definition is the time that the top limb of the sun is level with the horizon.[14] With this definition, the day is longer than the night at the equinoxes:[2]
From the Earth, the Sun appears as a disc rather than a point of light, so when the centre of the Sun is below the horizon, its upper edge is visible. Sunrise, which begins daytime, occurs when the top of the Sun's disk rises above the eastern horizon. At that instant, the disk's centre is still below the horizon.
The Earth's atmosphere refracts sunlight. As a result, an observer sees daylight before the top of the Sun's disk rises above the horizon.
In sunrise/sunset tables, the assumed semidiameter (apparent radius) of the Sun is 16 arcminutes and the atmospheric refraction is assumed to be 34 arcminutes. Their combination means that when the upper limb of the Sun is on the visible horizon, its centre is 50 arcminutes below the geometric horizon, which is the intersection with the celestial sphere of a horizontal plane through the eye of the observer.[15]
These effects make the day about 14 minutes longer than the night at the equator and longer still towards the poles. The real equality of day and night only happens in places far enough from the equator to have a seasonal difference in day length of at least 7 minutes,[16] actually occurring a few days towards the winter side of each equinox.
The times of sunset and sunrise vary with the observer's location (longitude and latitude), so the dates when day and night are equal also depend upon the observer's location.
A third correction for the visual observation of a sunrise (or sunset) is the angle between the apparent horizon as seen by an observer and the geometric (or sensible) horizon. This is known as the dip of the horizon and varies from 3 arcminutes for a sunbather stood on the sea shore to 160 arcminutes for a mountaineer on Everest.[17] The light path of such a large dip (over 2½°) accounts for the phenomenon of snow on a mountain peak turning gold in the sunlight long before the lower slopes are illuminated.
At the equinoxes, the rate of change for the length of daylight and night-time is the greatest. At the poles, the equinox marks the transition from 24 hours of nighttime to 24 hours of daylight (or vice versa).[citation needed]
The word equilux is sometimes (but rarely) used to mean a day in which the durations of light and darkness are equal.[18][note 1]
Geocentric view of the astronomical seasons[edit]
Main article: Sun path
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In the half-year centered on the June solstice, the Sun rises north of east and sets north of west, which means longer days with shorter nights for the northern hemisphere and shorter days with longer nights for the southern hemisphere. In the half-year centered on the December solstice, the Sun rises south of east and sets south of west and the durations of day and night are reversed.
Also on the day of an equinox, the Sun rises everywhere on Earth (except at the poles) at about 06:00 and sets at about 18:00 (local solar time). These times are not exact for several reasons:
The Sun is much larger in diameter than the Earth, so that more than half of the Earth could be in sunlight at any one time (due to unparallel rays creating tangent points beyond an equal-day-night line).
Most places on Earth use a time zone which differs from the local solar time by minutes or even hours. For example, if a location uses a time zone with reference meridian 15° to the east, the Sun will rise around 07:00 on the equinox and set 12 hours later around 19:00.
Day length is also affected by the variable orbital speed of the Earth around the sun. This combined effect is described as the equation of time. Thus even locations which lie on their time zone's reference meridian will not see sunrise and sunset at 6:00 and 18:00. At the March equinox they are 7–8 minutes later, and at the September equinox they are about 7–8 minutes earlier.
Sunrise and sunset are commonly defined for the upper limb of the solar disk, rather than its center. The upper limb is already up for at least a minute before the center appears, and the upper limb likewise sets later than the center of the solar disk. Also, when the Sun is near the horizon, atmospheric refraction shifts its apparent position above its true position by a little more than its own diameter. This makes sunrise more than two minutes earlier and sunset an equal amount later. These two effects combine to make the equinox day 12 h 7 min long and the night only 11 h 53 min. Note, however, that these numbers are only true for the tropics. For moderate latitudes, the discrepancy increases (e.g., 12 minutes in London); and closer to the poles it becomes very much larger (in terms of time). Up to about 100 km from either pole, the Sun is up for a full 24 hours on an equinox day.
Height of the horizon changes the day's length. For an observer atop a mountain the day is longer, while standing in a valley will shorten the day.
Day arcs of the Sun[edit]
Main article: Sun path
Some of the statements above can be made clearer by picturing the day arc (i.e., the path along which the Sun appears to move across the sky). The pictures show this for every hour on equinox day. In addition, some 'ghost' suns are also indicated below the horizon, up to 18° below it; the Sun in such areas still causes twilight. The depictions presented below can be used for both the northern and the southern hemispheres. The observer is understood to be sitting near the tree on the island depicted in the middle of the ocean; the green arrows give cardinal directions.
In the northern hemisphere, north is to the left, the Sun rises in the east (far arrow), culminates in the south (right arrow), while moving to the right and setting in the west (near arrow).
In the southern hemisphere, south is to the left, the Sun rises in the east (near arrow), culminates in the north (right arrow), while moving to the left and setting in the west (far arrow).
The following special cases are depicted:
Day arc at 0° latitude (equator)
The arc passes through the zenith, resulting in almost no shadows at high noon.
Day arc at 20° latitude
The Sun culminates at 70° altitude and its path at sunrise and sunset occurs at a steep 70° angle to the horizon. Twilight still lasts about one hour.
Day arc at 50° latitude
Twilight lasts almost two hours.
Day arc at 70° latitude
The Sun culminates at no more than 20° altitude and its daily path at sunrise and sunset is at a shallow 20° angle to the horizon. Twilight lasts for more than four hours.
Day arc at 90° latitude (pole)
If it were not for atmospheric refraction, the Sun would be on the horizon all the time.
Celestial coordinate systems[edit]
See also: Equinox (celestial coordinates)
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The vernal equinox occurs in March, about when the Sun crosses the celestial equator south to north. The term "vernal point" is used for the time of this occurrence and for the direction in space where the Sun is seen at that time, which is the origin of some celestial coordinate systems:
in the ecliptic coordinate system, the vernal point is the origin of the ecliptic longitude;
in the equatorial coordinate system, the vernal point is the origin of the right ascension.
Diagram illustrating the difference between the Sun's celestial longitude being zero and the Sun's declination being zero. The Sun's celestial latitude never exceeds 1.2 arcseconds, but is exaggerated in this diagram.
Strictly speaking, at the equinox the Sun's ecliptic longitude is zero. Its latitude will not be exactly zero since the Earth is not exactly in the plane of the ecliptic. Its declination will not be exactly zero either. (The ecliptic is defined by the center of mass of the Earth and Moon combined). The modern definition of equinox is the instants when the Sun's apparent geocentric longitude is 0° (northward equinox) or 180° (southward equinox).[19][20][21] See the adjacent diagram.
Because of the precession of the Earth's axis, the position of the vernal point on the celestial sphere changes over time, and the equatorial and the ecliptic coordinate systems change accordingly. Thus when specifying celestial coordinates for an object, one has to specify at what time the vernal point and the celestial equator are taken. That reference time is called the equinox of date.[22]
The autumnal equinox is at ecliptic longitude 180° and at right ascension 12h.
The upper culmination of the vernal point is considered the start of the sidereal day for the observer. The hour angle of the vernal point is, by definition, the observer's sidereal time.
Using the current official IAU constellation boundaries – and taking into account the variable precession speed and the rotation of the celestial equator – the equinoxes shift through the constellations as follows[23] (expressed in astronomical year numbering in which the year 0 = 1 BC, −1 = 2 BC, etc.):
The March equinox passed from Taurus into Aries in year −1865, passed into Pisces in year −67, will pass into Aquarius in year 2597, and then into Capricornus in year 4312. In 1489 it came within 10 arcminutes of Cetus without crossing the boundary.
The September equinox passed from Libra into Virgo in year −729, will pass into Leo in year 2439.
Cultural aspects[edit]
Main articles: March equinox § Human culture, and September equinox § Human culture
The equinoxes are sometimes regarded as the start of spring and autumn. A number of traditional (harvest) festivals are celebrated on the date of the equinoxes.
Effects on satellites[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
One effect of equinoctial periods is the temporary disruption of communications satellites. For all geostationary satellites, there are a few days around the equinox when the sun goes directly behind the satellite relative to Earth (i.e. within the beam-width of the ground-station antenna) for a short period each day. The Sun's immense power and broad radiation spectrum overload the Earth station's reception circuits with noise and, depending on antenna size and other factors, temporarily disrupt or degrade the circuit. The duration of those effects varies but can range from a few minutes to an hour. (For a given frequency band, a larger antenna has a narrower beam-width and hence experiences shorter duration "Sun outage" windows.)[citation needed]
Equinoxes on other planets[edit]
When the planet Saturn is at equinox, its rings reflect little sunlight, as seen in this image by Cassini in 2009.
Equinoxes occur on any planet with a tilted rotational axis. A dramatic example is Saturn, where the equinox places its ring system edge-on facing the Sun. As a result, they are visible only as a thin line when seen from Earth. When seen from above – a view seen during an equinox for the first time from the Cassini space probe in 2009 – they receive very little sunshine, indeed more planetshine than light from the Sun.[24] This phenomenon occurs once every 14.7 years on average, and can last a few weeks before and after the exact equinox. Saturn's most recent equinox was on 11 August 2009, and its next will take place on 6 May 2025.[25]
Mars's most recent equinox was on 5 May 2017 (northern spring), and the next will be on 22 May 2018 (northern autumn).
See also[edit]
Anjana (Cantabrian mythology) – fairies believed to appear on the spring equinox
Aphelion – occurs around 5 July (see formula)
Kōreisai
Lady Day
Nowruz
Solstice
Songkran
Sun outage – a phenomenon that occurs around the time of an equinox
Tekufah
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This meaning of "equilux" is rather modern (c. 1985 to 1986) and unusual. Technical references since the beginning of the 20th century (c. 1910) use the terms "equilux" and "isophot" to mean "of equal illumination" in the context of curves showing how intensely lighting equipment will illuminate a surface. See for instance John William Tudor Walsh, Textbook of Illuminating Engineering (Intermediate Grade), I. Pitman, 1947. The earliest confirmed use of the modern meaning was in a post on the Usenet group net.astro dated 14 March 1986 net.astro – Spring Equilux Approaches, which refers to "discussion last year exploring the reasons why equilux and equinox are not coincident". Use of this particular pseudo-latin protologism can only be traced to a extremely small (less than six) number of predominently US American people in such online media for the next 20 years until its broader adoption as a neologism (c. 2006), and then its subsequent use by more mainstream organisations (c. 2012) The Equinox and Solstice, UK Meteorological Office.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (21 September 2015). "Earth's Seasons: Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion, and Aphelion, 2000-2025". Retrieved 9 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Equinoxes". USNO Astronomical Information Center FAQ. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (2006). Astronomical Almanac 2008. Glossary Chapter.
Jump up ^ "March Equinox – Equal Day and Night, Nearly". Time and Date. 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Michelle Skye (2007). Goddess Alive!: Inviting Celtic & Norse Goddesses Into Your Life. Llewellyn Worldwide. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-7387-1080-8.
Jump up ^ Howard D Curtis (5 October 2013). Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 188–. ISBN 978-0-08-097748-5.
Jump up ^ Mohinder S. Grewal; Lawrence R. Weill; Angus P. Andrews (5 March 2007). Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 459–. ISBN 978-0-470-09971-1.
Jump up ^ Nathaniel Bowditch; National Imagery and Mapping Agency (2002). The American practical navigator : an epitome of navigation. Paradise Cay Publications. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-0-939837-54-0.
Jump up ^ Exploring the Earth. Allied Publishers. pp. 31–. ISBN 978-81-8424-408-3.
Jump up ^ Paula LaRocque (2007). On Words: Insights Into How Our Words Work – And Don't. Marion Street Press. pp. 89–. ISBN 978-1-933338-20-0.
Jump up ^ Popular Astronomy. 1945.
Jump up ^ Notes and Queries. Oxford University Press. 1895.
Jump up ^ Spherical Astronomy. Krishna Prakashan Media. pp. 233–. GGKEY:RDRHQ35FBX7.
Jump up ^ Forsythe, William C; Rykiel, Edward J; Stahl, Randal S; Wu, Hsin-i; Schoolfield, Robert M (1995). "A model comparison for daylength as a function of latitude and day of year". Ecological Modelling. 80: 87. doi:10.1016/0304-3800(94)00034-F.
Jump up ^ Seidelman, P. Kenneth, ed. (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 32. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Jump up ^ "Sunrise and Sunset". 21 October 2002. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Biegert, Mark (21 October 2015). "Correcting Sextant Measurements For Dip". Math Encounters (blog). Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Owens, Steve (20 March 2010). "Equinox, Equilux, and Twilight Times". Dark Sky Diary (blog). Retrieved 31 December 2010.
Jump up ^ United States Naval Observatory (2006). Astronomical Almanac 2008. Glossary Chapter.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (1997). Mathematical Astronomy Morsels.
Jump up ^ Meeus, Jean (1998). Astronomical Algorithms, Second Edition.
Jump up ^ Montenbruck, Oliver; Pfleger, Thomas. Astronomy on the Personal Computer. Springer-Verlag. p. 17. ISBN 0-387-57700-9.
Jump up ^ J. Meeus; Mathematical Astronomical Morsels; ISBN 0-943396-51-4.
Jump up ^ "PIA11667: The Rite of Spring". Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 21 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (7 July 2016). "Oppositions, conjunctions, seasons, and ring plane crossings of the giant planets". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 31 Jan 2017.
External links[edit]
Look up equinox in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Equinox.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Equinox
Day and Night World Map (night and day map on equinox)
Calculation of Length of Day (Formulas and Graphs)
Equinoctial Points – The Nuttall Encyclopædia
Table of times for Equinoxes, Solstices, Perihelion and Aphelion in 2000–2020
Table of times of Spring Equinox for a thousand years: 1452–2547
Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael. "Solstice and Equinox". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
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Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √A that aired January 8, 2015, to March 26, 2015, and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul:re, a split cour, who's first part aired from April 3, 2018, to June 12, 2018. Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul: JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul: Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO.
Contents
1 Episode list
1.1 Tokyo Ghoul
1.2 Tokyo Ghoul √A
1.3 Tokyo Ghoul:re
1.4 OVA
2 Home release
2.1 Tokyo Ghoul
3 Notes
4 References
Episode list[edit]
Tokyo Ghoul[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date[1]
English air date[2]
1
"Tragedy"
"Higeki" (悲劇) July 4, 2014 March 25, 2017[3]
Ken Kaneki is a young man who befriends the beautiful and enigmatic Rize Kamishiro, unaware that she is a ghoul. Rize reveals her intentions to eat Kaneki but by a stroke of luck Kaneki survives her attack but is mortally wounded. He is saved by an emergency operation, transferring Rize's organs into himself. This subsequently turns him into a half-ghoul half-human hybrid and Kaneki struggles to survive and cope by himself.
2
"Incubation"
"Fuka" (孵化) July 11, 2014 April 1, 2017
Kaneki struggles to adapt to his new nature with no success, until another ghoul, Nishiki Nishio, attempts to prey on his friend, Hideyoshi Nagachika, and he must fight to protect him.
3
"Dove"
"Shirohato" (白鳩) July 18, 2014 April 8, 2017
After saving his friend, Kaneki is taken in by Yoshimura, a ghoul who runs the Cafe "Anteiku", who teaches him to blend in human society while hiding his true nature. However, he gets bullied by another ghoul named Touka.
4
"Supper"
"Bansan" (晩餐) July 25, 2014 April 15, 2017[a]
A ghoul named Tsukiyama approaches Kaneki with unknown intentions and the two start hanging out. However, Tsukiyama has prepared a mortal trap where Kaneki is to be killed and eaten. Kaneki finds himself in an arena facing a giant ghoul executioner, Taro, but Tsukiyama intervenes and kills Taro as he wants Kaneki for himself.
5
"Scars"
"Zankon" (残痕) August 1, 2014 April 22, 2017
Intending to consume Kaneki himself, Tsukiyama prepares another trap, using Nishio's human girlfriend Nishino Kimi as a hostage. Kaneki confronts Tsukiyama and is assisted by Nishio and then Touka. They are no match for Tsukiyama as their kagune are not as strong because they do not consume human flesh, so Touka bites Kaneki, restoring her kagune.
6
"Cloudburst"
"Shūu" (驟雨) August 8, 2014 April 29, 2017
Tsukiyama is defeated by Touka with Nishio's help. Meanwhile, recent developments in the 20th ward draw the attention of the Commission of Counter Ghoul (CCG), who sends two of their investigators, Kureo Mado & Kōtarō Amon to hunt down all ghouls in the area. They find Hinami's father, Fueguchi and kill him. They then use some of Fueguchi's blood to attract ghouls and trap Hinami and her mother, Ryouko.
7
"Captivity"
"Yūshū" (幽囚) August 15, 2014 May 6, 2017
Hinami's mother Ryouka is killed by Mado. An angry and vengeful Touka attacks members of the CCG. She kills Kusaba and attacks Amon, but Mado intervenes, using his kagune-like quinque and wounds Touka. Kaneki tells Touka that he wants to fight the ghoul investigators, much to Touka's chagrin, and is given his mask by Uta.
8
"Circular"
"Enkan" (円環) August 22, 2014 May 13, 2017
Mado lures Hinami into a trap, but she is followed by Kaneki and Touka. Touka attacks Mado while Kaneki confronts Amon. During the fight with Amon, Kaneki realizes that he's the only one that understands the plight of both humans and ghouls. Kaneki bites Amon, releasing his kagune, but then tells Amon to escape, to his surprise. Meanwhile as Mado fights Touka, he reveals that the quinque used by the CCG are made from the kagune of dead ghouls. Hinami eventually uses her kagune to save Touka fatally wounding Mado, but refusing to kill him.
9
"Birdcage"
"Torikago" (鳥籠) August 29, 2014 May 20, 2017[b]
Amon recalls his early days in the CCG when he was partnered with the experienced Mado. Meanwhile, Touka looks after Hinami above the cafe. Still mourning the loss of his partner, Amon is relocated to the 11th ward, where the CCG have trouble facing dangerous ghouls who do not fear them.
10
"Aogiri" (青桐) September 5, 2014 June 3, 2017
In the 11th ward, Aogiri Tree ghouls attack a CCG branch and kill all the investigators, to the concern of Yoshimura and Yomo. Banjou Kazuichi from the 11th Ward comes to the cafe looking for Rize, then Touka's brother Ayato arrives, and then Yamori (Jason) who brutally beats and then kidnaps Kaneki. While the CCG plan an attack on the Aogiri Tree, Touka, Nishio and Hinami prepare to rescue Kaneki.
11
"High Spirits"
"Shōten" (衝天) September 12, 2014 June 10, 2017
As Kaneki is tortured mercilessly by Yamori, the CCG storm the Aogiri Tree hideout. Meanwhile the Anteiku group infiltrate the building to rescue Kaneki. The CCG gain the upper hand, but are then confronted by the One-Eyed Owl, the leader of Aogiri Tree.
12
"Ghoul"
"Kushu" (喰種) September 19, 2014 June 17, 2017
During the physical and mental tortures he suffers at the hands of Jason, Kaneki's hair turns white and he sees a vision of Rize. Eventually he comes to accept his ghoul-half and fights back and mortally wounds Yamori.
Tokyo Ghoul √A[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date[6]
English air date[2]
1
"New Surge"
"Shinkō" (新洸) January 9, 2015 June 24, 2017
An all-out battle takes place between the CCG and the Aogiri led by the One-Eyed Owl. Shinohara and Iwa take on the One-Eyed Owl using new quinque armour called aratas, but are unable to defeat him. As the building collapses, the CCG lose about half of their troops and suspect that it was a trap. Meanwhile, Touka fights her brother Ayato but she is badly injured and saved by Kaneki. To her surprise, Kaneki leaves the Anteiku group to join the Aogiri Tree.
2
"Dancing Flowers"
"Buka" (舞花) January 16, 2015 July 8, 2017
The 9th and 10th wards are lost to the Aogiri, apparently led by a ghoul with an eyepatch. Meanwhile Mado's daughter Akira, is assigned to become Amon's new partner. She suggests that a ghoul organization is in control of the 20th ward, but also causes some friction among the investigators because of her abrupt manner. Kaneki has now joined the Aogiri.
3
"Hangman"
"Tsurushibito" (吊人) January 23, 2015 July 15, 2017
Kaneki and Ayato lead an Aogiri attack on a CCG convoy to rescue Naki, one of Jason's old cohorts who is being taken to the maximum security prison for ghouls known as Cochlea. During the mission, they are attacked by two one-eyed ghouls in black and white striped masks. Touka pays a visit to the university which Kaneki used to attend, where she has an encounter with Hideyoshi Nagachika (Hide) who is now working as a messenger for the CCG.
4
"Deeper Layers"
"Shinsō" (深層) January 30, 2015 July 22, 2017
While Amon and Akira visit Cochlea prison to learn more about Aogiri's plan from Donato Porpora, the Aogiri commence their invasion of Cochlea and free a majority of the imprisoned ghouls. The two one-eyed ghouls, Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa, meet up with the idiosyncratic inspector Juzo Suzuya. Kaneki frees the powerful ghoul Matasaka Kamishiro, but is attacked by him and badly beaten.
5
"Rift"
"Sakeme" (裂目) February 6, 2015 July 29, 2017
The battle at Cochlea intensifies on several fronts. Juzo defeats Kurona and Nashiro Yasuhisa, and Shinohara in his arata armour almost kills Ayato. Kaneki undergoes a transformation, generating an additional kagune after consuming dead ghouls, however he is beaten by Amon. Amon recalls the time Kaneki spared him and so he hesitates, reluctant to kill Kaneki. At that moment, the One-Eyed-Owl arrives, grabs Ayato and Kaneki, then departs.
6
"Thousand Paths"
"Senro" (千路) February 13, 2015 August 5, 2017
Juzo recalls the time when he was known as Rei, an arena executioner for the ghoul Big Madam, and then his acceptance into the CCG by Shinohara. Amon and Akira spend some time together and develop a better understanding of each other. Meanwhile the CCG prepare a task force to combat the One-Eyed-Owl and the Aogiri. Kaneki painfully tries to gain control his new kagune.
7
"Permeation"
"Tōka" (透過) February 20, 2015 August 12, 2017
Hinami misses Kaneki but is uncertain what to do about it. Sen Takatsuki, Kaneki's and Hinami's favourite author, shows up at the Anteiku coffee shop and tells Hinami that in her current state, she cannot help her Onii-chan (Kaneki). Takatsuki visits the CCG, and tells Shinohara about Anteiku so he pays a visit with Juzo and meets Yoshimura. Later, Kaneki appears at Anteiku and although Touka rushes there to see him, she beats him up instead of revealing her true feelings for him.
8
"Old Nines"
"Kyūkyū" (旧九) February 27, 2015 August 19, 2017
Yoshimura tells Kaneki about his early life as the killer Kuzen and that the One-Eyed-Owl is actually his child, Eto, with a human woman, Ukina. Yoshimura then sends Touka and Hinami to safety with Yomo, suspecting that the CCG has discovered the truth about Anteiku and is planning an attack.
9
"City In Waiting"
"Gaibō" (街望) March 6, 2015 August 26, 2017[c]
The CCG staff prepare their testamentary notes in their own personal ways in preparation for a potentially fatal full scale assault on Anteiku. They launch the attack using conventional and specialized weapons and are greeted by the Devil Apes and Black Dober groups with Yoshimura and his friends - Yoshimura pretending to be the One-Eyed Owl. Despite being warned of the danger, Touka and Kaneki head to the 20th ward to assist their friends.
10
"Last Rain"
"Shūu" (終雨) March 13, 2015 September 9, 2017
Kaneki's friends from Anteiku are defeated one by one but he arrives to help them. Juzo, Shinohara and a few other investigators finally defeat Yoshimura after a long, fierce battle. Amon faces off against Kaneki, but with victory in sight for the CCG the real One-Eyed Owl appears before the investigators.
11
"Deluge of Flowers"
"Itsuka" (溢花) March 20, 2015 September 16, 2017
The One-Eyed Owl easily defeats Shinohara and Juzo, and when the Aogiri Tree joins the battle, the CCG is driven into a corner. Kaneki and Amon face off, and reluctantly engage in battle. Eventually the strongest investigator, Kishō Arima appears and attacks the One-Eyed Owl giving the CCG renewed hope to fight on. Badly wounded, the One-Eyed Owl consumes Yoshimura's body and escapes. Also wounded, Kaneki struggles towards Anteiku. He wakes up in the cafe and finds Hide trying to make coffee for him. In a post-credits scene, the Owl regurgitates a still alive Yoshimura behind an alley and goes back to her original form, revealing herself to be both Sen Takatsuki and the Owl/Eto.
12
"Ken" (研) March 27, 2015 September 23, 2017
Kaneki thinks back to happier times in Anteiku. Hide reveals that he knew Kaneki was a ghoul after Nishiki attacked the two of them. As they talk, Hide collapses from loss of blood and passes out in Kaneki's arms, having been mortally wounded on the battlefield. Touka sobs when she arrives to see Anteiku burning down. She chases after Kaneki when she sees him walking out, but is stopped by Yomo, who states that Yoshimura's last request to him was for him to protect her. Kaneki walks toward the CCG, carrying Hide's body in his arms, and comes face-to-face with Arima. At the next morning, both Kaneki and Amon have disappeared. After the credits, it is shown that Touka has opened up a new café.
Tokyo Ghoul:re[edit]
No.
Title
Original air date[8]
1
"START: Those Who Hunt"
"Karu Monotachi START" (狩る者たち　START) April 3, 2018
Quinx squad leader Kuki Urie and his frustrating underling Ginshi Shirazu are surveying Tokyo in search of the ghoul serial killer Torso, who has been killing women and eating their torsos but leaving the rest of their bodies. Eventually, they meet with photographer Chie Hori, who gives them valuable information in exchange for the underpants of senior Quinx Haise Sasaki. Hinami, now an Aogiri Tree member, warns Torso to be careful because they are close to catching him. Learning that the culprit is a taxi driver, Toru Mutsuki discovers him and is brutally attacked in his car. However, this allows Ginshi and Urie to locate the killer and lure him into a roadblock trap. While they face the killer, however, a mysterious and exceptionally strong ghoul named Orochi attacks, massacring all of the officers maintaining the roadblock, and allowing the taxi driver to escape. Sasaki appears and faces Orochi, but then suffers a hallucination of Ken Kaneki telling him to "accept" him in order to kill Orochi brutally. Sasaki then unleashes his kagune.
2
"member: Fragments"
"Kakera member" (欠片 member) April 10, 2018
When Sasaki removes Orochi's mask during their fight he is shocked to see the face of Nishio underneath, who calls him "Kaneki", prompting his memories to flicker back and forth and drive him insane. To prevent Sasaki from killing his fellow CCG agents, Akira Mado tranquilizes him. After returning to his senses, Sasaki demotes Urie for endangering his squadmates and promotes Ginshi to Quinx Squad leader. Sasaki then spars with Kisho Arima, before telling him that he was worried that the memories of his past self "Kaneki" were returning and that they might drive him away from his family with the Quinx Squad. Later, Torso meets with The Rabbit (Ayato Kirishima), to become a member of Aogiri Tree. Sasaki, Ginshi, and Mutsuki then begin investigating a ghoul nicknamed "Nutcracker" who has been crushing the testicles of her victims and stop by in the coffee shop :re. While at the shop, Sasaki recognizes and is recognized by Touka. After tasting the coffee she makes for him, he begins to cry, subconsciously recalling his time at Anteiku. He then thinks to himself that he had never before seen anyone so beautiful.
3
"fresh: Eve"
"Zen'yasai fresh" (前夜祭 fresh) April 17, 2018
Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki, but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he couldn't recognize the scent as Kaneki's. Later, the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted. At the nightclub, two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that "for Kaneki to come out, Sasaki will have to ‘die.’" The squad, alongside Juzo Suzuya, then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets.
Note: This episode features an insert song by popular American youtuber and singer Amanda Lee
4
"MAIN: Auction"
"Ōkushon MAIN" (オークション　MAIN) April 24, 2018
Kidnapped and entered into a circus-themed gourmet auction, Toru is sold off to Big Madam. However, Suzuya initiates an assault on the auction in which many ghouls and CCG operatives are killed. Eto watches the chaos from afar in amusement, and sends in a mysterious ghoul called Takizawa, who brutally kills a squad leader. During the fray, Torso and Kanae fight over who gets to keep Toru.
5
"PresS: Night of Scattering"
"Chiri Yuku Yoru Press" (散りゆく夜　Press) May 1, 2018
Takizawa, revealed to be former Investigator Takizawa, now a crazed one-eyed ghoul, slaughters an entire squad of CCG operatives, while another squad is killed by Nutcracker. Meanwhile, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad face off against Kanae, who furiously blames him for Tsukiyama's reduced mental state, but is critically injured and rescued by a mysterious ghoul named Matsumae. Big Madam and the other auctioneers are attacked by Suzuya and Urie, but mid-way through the fight, Urie is critically injured and swallowed by Big Madam. The episode ends with Takizawa leaping from above and attacking Sasaki, who is forced by his superiors to fight the SS-rated one-eyed ghoul alone.
6
"turn: In the End"
"Sono, Hate ni turn" (その、果てに turn) May 8, 2018
Sasaki suffers multiple hallucinations of Ken Kaneki, while Takizawa is beating him inside the auction room. Meanwhile, the Nutcracker is killed by Quinx Squad members Ginshi Shirazu and Saiko Yonebayashi. Big Madam fights both Urie, who nearly goes insane, and Mutsuki, who unleashes his kagune. She comes face to face with Juzo, who despite that he was tortured and emasculated by her, is unable to kill her. She is eventually wounded by fellow Suzuya squad member Hanbee Abara, who covers Juzo's ears while the CCG investigators kill her. Meanwhile, Hinami, realizing that Sasaki is Kaneki, and Saiko hearing Sasaki's screams, they both rush into the auction room, where Hinami fights Takizawa in order to save Sasaki. Sasaki fearfully accepts his Kaneki side and fights Takizawa. They both pierce each other with their kagunes and fall down.
7
"mind: Days of Recollections"
"Kokorooboe Arishi Hibi mind" (心覚え在りし日々 mind) May 15, 2018
Hinami is arrested by CCG operators led by Kisho Arima. Sasaki, having survived his encounter with Takizawa, saves her from execution by asking to take her into custody. She is imprisoned in Cochlea ghoul prison. In the following weeks after the operation, the members of the Quinx Squad are being promoted while Sasaki becomes senior investigator. At the next morning, he hallucinates that an investigator is Yamori. The same night,Sen Takatsuki(Eto) delivers him a package with Kaneki's old mask and a book signed by her in it. He goes to the :re cafe where he is served coffee by Touka. After he leaves, Touka, Uta, Yomo and Nishio discuss about Kaneki. Sasaki starts searching about Kaneki and then suffers a hallucination of Yoshimura and Anteiku. On the same night, Tsukiyama is in terrible pain despite eating many people.
8
"TAKe: One Who Writhes"
"Ugomeku Mono TAKe" (蠢くモノ TAKe) May 22, 2018
Tsukiyama is always hungry and can't control his kagune.In the meantime, Tatara refuses Ayato's request to rescue Hinami from Cochlea. Sasaki is approached by the ghoul investigators Nimura Furuta and Shiki Kijima who tell him that he is going to work them on the upcoming Rose Investigation. In CCG HQ, Sasaki and the Quinx Squad are informed by the investigator Kori Ui about the Rose ghoul gang (actually members of the Tsukiyama crime family), who attack Furuta and Kijima. They are saved by the investigator Hairu Ihei. Gang member Yuuma is arrested and tortured by Kijima in Cochlea. Sasaki visits Uta to learn more about the mask and Takatsuki's book. Uta lies about both of them. Sasaki then asks him to make him a new mask. Chie Hori delivers Sasaki's photos to Kanae von Rosewald and Tsukiyama recognizes him to be Kaneki.
9
"play: Departed Spirit"
"Bōrei play" (亡霊 play) May 29, 2018
Tsukiyama wants to make Sasaki remember that he is Kaneki. He and Kanae find him on the street, along with the Quinx Squad, and Tsukiyama runs towards him but fells down. Sasaki hears him saying "Kaneki" but he doesn't recognise him. Sasaki goes to Uta's shop and orders masks for the entire Quinx Squad, in order to impersonate ghouls for the upcoming Rose Investigation. Kori Ui rejects the plan, knowing that Sasaki is a ghoul. In the meantime, Kijima's video of him torturing Yuuma brutally and provoking Rose gang to kill him has gone viral. Tsukiyama plans to release him and to use Kaneki/Sasaki as a key person by restoring his memories. Tsukiyama makes many failed attempts to speak to Sasaki, so Kanae bribes some Aogiri members to attack the Squad in order to isolate Sasaki. However, Yamori's old gang attacks Sasaki by accident and Mutsuki battles with Torso but he is attacked by the ghoul Grave Robber. Sasaki kills his attackers with his kagune. Saiko is almost killed but she is saved by Amon Kotaru who is revealed to be alive. Eto watches the entire scene.
10
"think: Sway"
"Yureru think" (ゆれる think) June 5, 2018
Kanae comes face to face with Eto who first toys with him and then attacks him with her full power. It's revealed that Kanae loves Tsukiyama but he doesn't, so Kanae wishes he could kill Sasaki. Eto tells him that she will "be his god" and captures him. Back on the CCG HQ, Sasaki asks Ui to reconsider his plan about ghoul impersonation and Ui agrees. The same night, Sasaki wears Kaneki's mask and along with the Quinx Squad start a patrol. Sasaki is recognised by ghouls as Eyepatch, so he starts finding information about him. He learns that the Eyepatch was the one who "killed" Amon and he sees again a Kaneki hallucination crying about killing Amon. Tsukiyama meets again with Sasaki who asks him if he is a ghoul and if he knows Ken Kaneki. Tsukiyama refuses to tell him. CCG's chairman, Tsuneyoshi Washu, gives Ui permission to kill Tsukiyama's family. On the same night, Tsukiyama's father drugs him in order to keep him safe. The CCG are at the front of the Tsukiyama mansion ready to attack. Tsukiyama's father allows himself to be arrested while Tsukiyama takes control of the family as the CCG arrives in his hideout. In the meantime, Kanae is tortured and mutilated by Eto.
11
"writE: The Absent One"
"Ketsuraku-sha write" (欠落者 writE) June 12, 2018
Kijima, Nimura Furuta, Sasaki, and the Quinx Squad are killing ghouls on the Tsukiyama hideout. In the meantime, Tsukiyama says goodbye to his friends who tell him to go to the rooftop where a helicopter is going to take him away. Kori Ui sends Sasaki on the roof. Tsukiyama arrives there too and comes face to face with Sasaki. Sasaki tells Tsukiyama to surrender but Tsukiyama attacks him. Meanwhile, Kanae is now insane and attacks CCG investigators on the hideout. Hariu Ihei is wounded badly by Matsumae and makes a final stand but Matsumae decapitates her. Kijima arrives on the scene but Matsumae slices him up and cuts him in two with his own quinque killing him. Furuta protects himself from one of Matsumae's attacks by using another agent as a human shield, and then kills Matsumae with Kijima's quinque. The Quinx Squad come face to face with Noro. Sasaki fights with Tsukiyama and in a moment of weakness, he loses his hand by Kanae. Noro is destroyed by Ginshi Shirazu but he doesn't die. Kanae tries to kill Sasaki, who starts to remember that Arima was mocking him for his defeat at his hands. Sasaki escapes Kanae who is revealed to be a woman named Karren. Eto arrives on the scene with her form as the One-Eyed Owl.
12
"Beautiful Dream: Daybreak"
"Yoake Beautiful Dream" (夜明け Beautiful Dream) June 19, 2018
As the battle on the hideout still continues, Sasaki is attacked by Eto who reveals her identity as Sen Takatsuki to him and calls him Kaneki. She watches as Karren brutally attacks Sasaki and kicks him in the head multiple times. Inside his head, Sasaki sees a child version of Kaneki whom he strangles. As the child curses him, Sasaki realizes that he is Kaneki as he sees a memory of his mother abusing him. He remembers Hide and his battle with Arima who pierced him in the head with his quinque. With his memories back, and his hair completely black again, Kaneki ditches his Sasaki identity and cuts off Karren's arm. Meanwhile, Kori Ui and the rest of CCG find Furuta, who killed all the other CCG investigators that were there with him, claiming to be the sole survivor. Kaneki fights with Karen, piercing her mercilessly with his kagune as Tsukiyama watches. Although Kaneki recognizes Tsukiyama he stabs him. Meanwhile, Shirazu still fights Noro who remembers when Yoshimura gave him Eto to take care of her. Urie and Shirazu kill Noro but Shirazu also dies due to his injuries. Kaneki and Eto fight and Kaneki calls her a piece of trash who doesn't deserve to be saved. They run from the windows towards the roof of the hideout and Kaneki destroys her kakuja and her Owl form and she licks her blood from his face. Kaneki rips her apart and she falls from the building while declaring her love for him. Kori Ui finds Kaneki devouring Eto's kakuja on the roof. Kaneki pretends to still be Sasaki and throws Tsukiyama from the building. Karren falls along with him in order to save him. She does save him, however she falls down to her death. Kaneki meets the Quinx Squad and sees Shirazu's body. Kaneki coldly blames Urie for Shirazu's death and calls him weak. Tsukiyama is saved by Touka, Yomo and Chie Hori. Naki and other Aogiri Tree members steal Shirazu's corpse.
OVA[edit]
No.
Title
Release date
1
"Tokyo Ghoul: JACK"
"Tōkyō Gūru [JACK]" (東京喰種トーキョーグール [JACK]) September 30, 2015
The story features a serious young Special Investigator Kishou Arima at high school where he first meets the carefree Taishi Fura who joins him in hunting ghouls in the 13th ward. Later, they both become Special Investigators in the CCG, but retain their original opposite attitudes.
2
"Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO"
"Tōkyō Gūru [PINTO]" (東京喰種トーキョーグール [PINTO]) December 25, 2015
The story features Shuu Tsukiyama the "Gourmet" during his high school years and Chie Hori. They meet when she photographs Tsukiyama killing a jogger and then about to eat him because of the tone of his body. She being uninterested in exposing him as a Ghoul and seems completely lost in a world of her own, photographing anything that takes her interest.
Home release[edit]
The series was released to DVD and Blu-Ray format in four volumes.[9]
Tokyo Ghoul[edit]
TC Entertainment (Japan, Region 2/A)
Episodes
DVD/Blu-ray Release date[9]
Volume 1
1-3 September 26, 2014
Volume 2
4-6 October 31, 2014
Volume 3
7-9 November 28, 2014
Volume 4
10-12 December 26, 2014
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did air on Toonami the weekend of April 15–16, 2017 due to after special scheduling.[4]
Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul did not air on Toonami the weekend of May 27–28, 2017 due to a Samurai Jack marathon.[5]
Jump up ^ Tokyo Ghoul √A did not air on the weekend for September 2–3, 2017 due to a Dragon Ball Z Kai marathon.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "東京喰種 トーキョーグール". Media Artis Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Adult Swim Schedule". AdultSwim.com. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toonami". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22". animenewsnetwork.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toonami". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "東京喰種 トーキョーグール √A". Media Arts Database (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Toonami". www.facebook.com. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tōkyō Kushu:re no Hōsō Jōhō" 東京喰種:reの放送情報 [Tokyo Ghoul:re Broadcast Information]. Tokyo MX. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "TVアニメ『東京喰種トーキョーグール』公式サイト" [TV Anime Tokyo Ghoul Official Site - Products - Blu-ray & DVD]. Tokyo Ghoul Anime Official Site (in Japanese). Marvelous Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 17, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014.
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values: Lista de episódios de Tokyo Ghoul – Portuguese

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