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RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)
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RuPaul's Drag Race
Season 1
Broadcast from
February 2 (2009-02-02) – March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23)
Judges
RuPaul
Santino Rice
Merle Ginsberg
Host(s)
RuPaul
Broadcaster
Logo
Competitors
9
Winner
BeBe Zahara Benet
Origin
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Runner-up
Nina Flowers
Chronology
Season 1
▶
The first season of RuPaul's Drag Race, later referred to as The Lost Season, premiered in the United States on February 2, 2009, on VH-1. Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming "America's Next Drag Superstar." The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008. The winner of the first season won $5,000 worth of MAC Cosmetics, was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign, joined the Logo Drag Race tour, and won a cash prize of $20,000. One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show's official website. The results were announced in early September 2008. The theme song playing during the runway every episode was "Cover Girl" from RuPaul's album Champion. This season and season one of All-Stars are the only seasons to not feature the "Snatch Game."
The winner of the first season of RuPaul's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet, with Nina Flowers being the runner-up.
In late 2013, Logo re-aired the first season, which was titled RuPaul's Drag Race: The Lost Season Ru-Vealed, and featured commentary from RuPaul.[1][2]
Nina Flowers, Shannel and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of All Stars. Nina and Tammie placed 9/10th overall together and Shannel finished in 3rd/4th with fellow season 2 contestant Jujubee.
Contents
[hide]
1 Contestants
2 Contestant progress
3 Lip-syncs
4 Episodes
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
Contestants[edit]
(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)
Contestant
Name
Age
Hometown
Outcome
BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 28 Minneapolis, Minnesota Winner
Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez 34 Bayamón, Puerto Rico Runner-up
Rebecca Glasscock Javier Rivera 26 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 3rd Place
Shannel Bryan Watkins 29 Las Vegas, Nevada 4th Place
Ongina Ryan Ong Palao[3] 26 Los Angeles, California 5th Place
Jade[a] David Sotomayor[4] 25 Chicago, Illinois 6th Place
Akashia Eric Flint 24 Cleveland, Ohio 7th Place
Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 29 Long Beach, California 8th Place
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker Victor Bowling 39 Raleigh, North Carolina 9th Place
Jump up ^ Jade Sotomayor is simply known as Jade on the show.
Contestant progress[edit]
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE BTM2 WIN Winner Guest
Nina Flowers WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE Runner-up Miss C
Rebecca Glasscock SAFE SAFE SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM2 Eliminated Guest
Shannel SAFE SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest
Ongina SAFE WIN SAFE WIN ELIM Z ! Guest
Jade SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest
Akashia BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Z ! Guest
Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest
Victoria "Porkchop" Parker ELIM Z ! Guest
The contestant won RuPaul's Drag Race.
The contestant was the runner-up of RuPaul's Drag Race.
The contestant was eliminated without qualifying to lip-sync in the finale.
The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers.
The contestant won a challenge.
The contestant received judges critiques but was ultimately chosen to be safe.
The contestant was in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated.
The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode.
Lip-syncs[edit]
Episode
Contestants
Song
Eliminated
1 Akashia vs. Victoria "Porkchop" Parker "Supermodel (You Better Work)"
(RuPaul) Victoria "Porkchop" Parker
2 Akashia vs. Tammie Brown "We Break the Dawn"
(Michelle Williams) Tammie Brown
3 Akashia vs. Shannel "Greatest Love of All"
(Whitney Houston) Akashia
4 Jade vs. Rebecca Glasscock "Would I Lie To You?"
(Eurythmics) Jade
5 BeBe Zahara Benet vs. Ongina "Stronger"
(Britney Spears) Ongina
6 Rebecca Glasscock vs. Shannel "Shackles (Praise You)"
(Mary Mary) Shannel
8 BeBe Zahara Benet vs. Nina Flowers "Cover Girl (Put the Bass in Your Walk)""
(RuPaul) Nina Flowers
The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two.
The contestant was eliminated after the final lip-sync.
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of RuPaul's Drag Race episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
1
1 "Drag On A Dime" February 2, 2009 (2009-02-02)
The nine contestants arrive in full drag and size up the competition. They are then immediately thrusted into a car wash photo shoot, portraying sex appeal while posing with two men, with Mike Ruiz as their photographer.
The first challenge involved them making an outfit out of thrift store clothes and accessories from a 99 cent store. At the judging session, which included Bob Mackie, Santino Rice, Mike Ruiz, Merle Ginsberg, and Ru herself as judges, the contestants are judged on their outfits and photos.
Guest Judges: Bob Mackie and Mike Ruiz
Mini-Challenge: Sexy car wash photo shoot
Main Challenge: Making an outfit out of thrift store clothes
Challenge Winner: Nina Flowers
Bottom Two: Akashia & Victoria "Porkchop" Parker
Lip-sync Song: "Supermodel (You Better Work)" by RuPaul
Eliminated: Victoria "Porkchop" Parker
2
2 "Girl Groups" February 9, 2009 (2009-02-09)
The eight remaining contestants were given a mini-challenge in which they acted out certain emotions and took pictures of themselves with a digital camera. RuPaul then deemed Akashia and Ongina the winners and made them the group leaders in the next challenge, a girl group battle. The groups were each responsible for their own hair, makeup, costumes, and choreography and they each had to perform to a Destiny's Child song.
Guest Judges: Frank Gatson and Michelle Williams
Mini-Challenge: Act out certain emotions
Mini-Challenge Winners: Akashia & Ongina
Main Challenge: Destiny's Child girl group battle
Challenge Winner: Ongina
Bottom Two: Akashia & Tammie Brown
Lip-sync Song: "We Break the Dawn" by Michelle Williams
Eliminated: Tammie Brown
3
3 "Queens of All Media" February 16, 2009 (2009-02-16)
This week's challenge was to channel Oprah Winfrey. Each contestant was allowed to pick a costume from a bin supplied for them, choose a costume they brought, or make their own on the spot. The challenge was in three parts, representing three stages of Oprah's career. The first task was a newscaster challenge where they had to read mock news stories from a teleprompter. The next task was to try to sell products, reminiscent of Oprah on her "My Favorite Things" specials. The third task was to interview Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott.
Guest judges: Howard Bragman and Debra Wilson
Main Challenge: Channeling Oprah in three stages of her career: A mock interview, selling products, and interview 2 people
Challenge Winner: BeBe Zahara Benet
Bottom Two: Akashia & Shannel
Lip-sync Song: "The Greatest Love of All" by Whitney Houston
Eliminated: Akashia
4
4 "Mac Viva-Glam Challenge" February 23, 2009 (2009-02-23)
For the mini-challenge, RuPaul paired everyone up and gave each person 30 minutes to do their partner's makeup, with Jade being declared the winner. The main challenge involved the girls putting together a commercial for Mac's Viva Glam makeup, a cosmetics line which Ru has once modeled for. The winner of the challenge would become the new face of Viva Glam. The girls are told they must use the commercial to explain who they are as queens, to explain why they are beautiful, and to inform people of Viva Glam's help for those living with HIV.
Guest judges: Gordon Espinet and Jenny Shimizu
Mini-Challenge: Give your partner a 30 minute makeover
Mini-Challenge Winner: Jade
Main Challenge: Mac-Viva Glam commercial
Challenge Winner: Ongina
Bottom Two: Jade & Rebecca Glasscock
Lip-sync Song: "Would I Lie To You?" by The Eurythmics
Eliminated: Jade
5
5 "Drag School of Charm" March 2, 2009 (2009-03-02)
For the episode's mini-challenge, Ru brought in five female fighters to put them through an exercise and endurance challenge. The last person standing would win the challenge, which was Rebecca.
Ru then told the contestants that their main challenge would be for each of them to make over one of the fighters in their own image and teach them the secrets of drag. Rebecca, who won the mini-challenge, got to select her partner and whom the others had to work with. They must also coach the fighters on how to give a lip sync performance, which they would have to do to Beyoncé's, "Freakum Dress".
Guest judges: Lucy Lawless and Robin Antin
Mini-Challenge: Outlast your opponents in an endurance challenge
Mini-Challenge Winner: Rebecca Glasscock
Main Challenge: Transforming a female fighter in their own image
Challenge Winner: Rebecca Glasscock
Bottom Two: BeBe Zahara Benet & Ongina
Lip-sync Song: "Stronger" by Britney Spears
Eliminated: Ongina
6
6 "Absolut Drag Ball" March 9, 2009 (2009-03-09) (March 9, 2009 (2009-03-09))
The contestants met Ru on the runway for a vogue battle mini-challenge, which Nina won. For their main challenge, each contestant has to come up with three looks: Swimsuit, Executive Realness, and Evening Wear. Ru also informed the girls that Absolut was sponsoring the event and thus, they had to each portray one of four pre-selected flavors: citron, mandarin, mango, and raspberry. As the winner of the mini-challenge, Nina selected her flavor and paired everyone else up. Ru later revealed that they must use their assigned fruits as part of their runway presentation.
Guest judges: Jeffrey Moran and María Conchita Alonso
Mini-Challenge: Vogue battle
Mini-Challenge Winner: Nina Flowers
Main Challenge: Drag Ball featuring three different looks - swimsuit, executive realness, and evening wear
Challenge Winner: BeBe Zahara Benet
Bottom Two: Rebecca Glasscock & Shannel
Lip-sync Song: "Shackles (Praise You)" by Mary Mary
Eliminated: Shannel
7
7 "Extra Special Edition" March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16) (March 16, 2009 (2009-03-16))
In this episode, RuPaul took a look back through the first season. Clips included unaired audition videos from the contestants who made it and some who didn't, backstage antics, and an inside look at the final three. Among those who didn't make it, Raven, Pandora Boxx, Sahara Davenport, Nicole Paige Brooks, Detox, Naysha Lopez, and Alaska were featured. Merle Ginsberg and Santino Rice were also on hand to deliver their Top 10 picks for the most memorable fashions of the season.
8
8 "Grand Finale" March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23) (March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23))
Merle and Santino came in to inform the final three that their last challenge would be to appear in RuPaul's latest video for her song, "Cover Girl (Put The Bass In Your Walk)." They would do a group dance, record a verse with rapper Cazwell, and film a solo for Ru's video. To get them prepared, choreographer Ryan Heffington took the final three through the planned dance routine. None of them adapted easily, but Rebecca in particular, struggled with the dancing required. Afterward, each queen got an impromptu sit-down with Ru.
Main Challenge: Recording a verse and filming a spot for RuPaul's latest video "Cover Girl (Put the Bass in Your Walk)"
Eliminated: Rebecca Glasscock
Top Two: BeBe Zahara Benet & Nina Flowers
Lip Sync Song: "Cover Girl (Put the Bass in Your Walk)" by RuPaul
Runner-up: Nina Flowers
Winner of RuPaul's Drag Race Season One: BeBe Zahara Benet
9
9 "Re-United!" March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23) (March 23, 2009 (2009-03-23))
The nine contestants gathered once again to chat about the season behind them and their current lives with RuPaul, Merle, and Santino with questions from the viewers.
Miss Congeniality: Nina Flowers
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shumaker, Jason; Jake Slane (August 18, 2013). "Gentlemen, Re-Start Your Engines...and May the Best Woman Win...Again!". Logo Press Room. Logo. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Callie, dear.." RuPaul's Drag Race Facebook page. September 23, 2013. Retrieved September 29, 2013. Callie, dear...
Jump up ^ "About". Ongina Facebook page. Retrieved 2017-08-28.
Jump up ^ Virtel, Louis (March 14, 2013). "The 10 Hottest "RuPaul's Drag Race" Contestants Out of Drag". NewNowNext.com (Logo TV / Viacom International. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website (U.S.)
RuPaul's Drag Race on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
RuPaul's Drag Race
Seasons
Original
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
All Stars
1
2
3
Contestants
Winners
Original
BeBe Zahara Benet
Tyra Sanchez
Raja
Sharon Needles
Jinkx Monsoon
Bianca Del Rio
Violet Chachki
Bob the Drag Queen
Sasha Velour
All Stars
Chad Michaels
Alaska
Miss Congeniality
Nina Flowers
Pandora Boxx
Yara Sofia
Latrice Royale
Ivy Winters
BenDeLaCreme
Katya
Cynthia Lee Fontaine
Valentina
Related articles
RuPaul's Drag U
Snatch Game
Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul
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Zambezi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Zambezi (disambiguation).
Zambezi
Zambesi, Zambeze
River
The Zambezi River at the junction of Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana
Nickname: Besi
Countries
Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique
Source
Zambezi Source National Forest
- location Ikelenge District, North-Western Province, Zambia
- elevation 1,500 m (4,921 ft)
- coordinates 11°22′11″S 24°18′30″E / 11.36972°S 24.30833°E / -11.36972; 24.30833
Mouth
Indian Ocean
- coordinates 18°34′14″S 36°28′13″E / 18.57056°S 36.47028°E / -18.57056; 36.47028Coordinates: 18°34′14″S 36°28′13″E / 18.57056°S 36.47028°E / -18.57056; 36.47028
Length
2,574 km (1,599 mi)
Basin
1,390,000 km2 (536,682 sq mi) [1][2]
Discharge
- average 3,400 m3/s (120,070 cu ft/s) [1][2]
- max 18,600 m3/s (656,853 cu ft/s)
- min 920 m3/s (32,489 cu ft/s)
The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa, the longest east-flowing river in Africa and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi),[1][2] slightly less than half of the Nile's. The 2,574-kilometre-long river (1,599 mi) rises in Zambia and flows through eastern Angola, along the eastern border of Namibia and the northern border of Botswana, then along the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe to Mozambique, where it crosses the country to empty into the Indian Ocean.
The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls. Other notable falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls, near Sioma in Western Zambia.
There are two main sources of hydroelectric power on the river, the Kariba Dam, which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe, and the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique, which provides power to Mozambique and South Africa. There is also a smaller power station at Victoria Falls.
Contents
[hide]
1 Course of the river
1.1 Sources
1.2 Upper Zambezi
1.3 Middle Zambezi
1.4 Lower Zambezi
1.5 Delta
1.5.1 Ecology of the delta
2 Climate
3 Wildlife
4 Tributaries
5 Geological history
6 History
6.1 Etymology
6.2 Exploration of the river
7 Economy
8 Transport
9 Ecology
9.1 Pollution
9.2 Effects of dams
9.3 Conservation measures
9.4 Fish stocks management
9.5 EUS outbreak
10 Major towns
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Course of the river[edit]
Sources[edit]
The Zambezi and its river basin
The river rises in a black marshy dambo in dense undulating miombo woodland 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga and 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Ikelenge in the Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.[3] The area around the source is a national monument, forest reserve and Important Bird Area.[4]
Eastward of the source, the watershed between the Congo and Zambezi basins is a well-marked belt of high ground, running nearly east-west and falling abruptly to the north and south. This distinctly cuts off the basin of the Lualaba (the main branch of the upper Congo) from that of the Zambezi. In the neighborhood of the source the watershed is not as clearly defined, but the two river systems do not connect.[5]
The region drained by the Zambezi is a vast broken-edged plateau 900–1200 m high, composed in the remote interior of metamorphic beds and fringed with the igneous rocks of the Victoria Falls. At Shupanga, on the lower Zambezi, thin strata of grey and yellow sandstones, with an occasional band of limestone, crop out on the bed of the river in the dry season, and these persist beyond Tete, where they are associated with extensive seams of coal. Coal is also found in the district just below Victoria Falls. Gold-bearing rocks occur in several places.[citation needed]
Upper Zambezi[edit]
The river flows to the south-west into Angola for about 240 kilometres (150 mi), then is joined by sizeable tributaries such as the Luena and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north-west.[5] It turns south and develops a floodplain, with extreme width variation between the dry and rainy seasons. It enters dense evergreen Cryptosepalum dry forest, though on its western side, Western Zambezian grasslands also occur. Where it re-enters Zambia it is nearly 400 metres (1,300 ft) wide in the rainy season and flows rapidly, with rapids ending in the Chavuma Falls, where the river flows through a rocky fissure. The river drops about 400 metres (1,300 ft) in elevation from its source at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to the Chavuma Falls at 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), in a distance of about 400 kilometres (250 mi). From this point to the Victoria Falls, the level of the basin is very uniform, dropping only by another 180 metres (590 ft) in a distance of around 800 kilometres (500 mi).
The first of its large tributaries to enter the Zambezi is the Kabompo River in the north-western province of Zambia. A major advantage of the Kabompo River was irrigation. Civilization was built on farming, and the surplus of crops. [5] The savanna through which the river has flowed gives way to a wide floodplain, studded with Borassus fan palms. A little farther south is the confluence with the Lungwebungu River. This is the beginning of the Barotse Floodplain, the most notable feature of the upper Zambezi, but this northern part does not flood so much and includes islands of higher land in the middle.
Thirty kilometres below the confluence of the Lungwebungu the country becomes very flat, and the typical Barotse Floodplain landscape unfolds, with the flood reaching a width of 25 km in the rainy season. For more than 200 km downstream the annual flood cycle dominates the natural environment and human life, society and culture.
Eighty kilometres further down, the Luanginga, which with its tributaries drains a large area to the west, joins the Zambezi. A few kilometres higher up on the east the main stream is joined in the rainy season by overflow of the Luampa/Luena system.[5]
A short distance downstream of the confluence with the Luanginga is Lealui, one of the capitals of the Lozi people who populate the Zambian region of Barotseland in Western Province. The chief of the Lozi maintains one of his two compounds at Lealui; the other is at Limulunga, which is on high ground and serves as the capital during the rainy season. The annual move from Lealui to Limulunga is a major event, celebrated as one of Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka.
After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km. Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip.[5] The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi.
Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due east. Here, the river is broad and shallow, and flows slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge.
Middle Zambezi[edit]
Victoria Falls, the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi
The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820 ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge, the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described[citation needed] as one of the world's most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 metres (820 ft).
At this point, the river enters Lake Kariba, created in 1959 following the completion of the Kariba Dam. The lake is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and the hydroelectric power-generating facilities at the dam provide electricity to much of Zambia and Zimbabwe.
The Luangwa and the Kafue are the two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about 180 metres (590 ft) wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique.[citation needed]

The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam.[citation needed]
Lower Zambezi[edit]
The lower Zambezi's 650 km from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable, although the river is shallow in many places during the dry season. This shallowness arises as the river enters a broad valley and spreads out over a large area. Only at one point, the Lupata Gorge, 320 km from its mouth, is the river confined between high hills. Here it is scarcely 200 m wide. Elsewhere it is from 5 to 8 km wide, flowing gently in many streams. The river bed is sandy, and the banks are low and reed-fringed. At places, however, and especially in the rainy season, the streams unite into one broad fast-flowing river.[citation needed]

About 160 km from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River. On approaching the Indian Ocean, the river splits up into a delta.[5] Each of the four primary distributaries, Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation. 100 km further north is a river called the Quelimane, after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives the overflow of the Zambezi in the rainy season.
Delta[edit]
The delta of the Zambezi is today about half as broad as it was before the construction of the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams controlled the seasonal variations in the flow rate of the river.[citation needed]

Before the dams were built seasonal flooding of the Zambezi had quite a different impact on the ecosystems of the delta from today as it brought nutritious fresh water down to the Indian Ocean coastal wetlands. The lower Zambezi experienced a small flood surge early in the dry season as rain in the Gwembe catchment and north-eastern Zimbabwe rushed through while rain in the Upper Zambezi, Kafue, and Lake Malawi basins, and Luangwa to a lesser extent, is held back by swamps and floodplains. The discharge of these systems contributed to a much larger flood in March or April, with a mean monthly maximum for April of 6,700 cubic metres (240,000 cu ft) per second at the delta. The record flood was more than three times as big, 22,500 cubic metres (790,000 cu ft) per second being recorded in 1958. By contrast the discharge at the end of the dry season averaged just 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) per second.[1]
In the 1960s and 1970s the building of dams changed that pattern completely. Downstream the mean monthly minimum–maximum was 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) to 6,000 cubic metres (210,000 cu ft) per second; now it is 1,000 cubic metres (35,000 cu ft) to 3,900 cubic metres (140,000 cu ft) per second. Medium-level floods especially, of the kind to which the ecology of the lower Zambezi was adapted, happen less often and have a shorter duration. As with the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam's deleterious effects on the Kafue Flats, this has the following effects:
fish, bird and other wildlife feeding and breeding patterns disrupted
less grassland after flooding for grazing wildlife and cattle
traditional farming and fishing patterns disrupted.[citation needed]

Ecology of the delta[edit]
Annotated view of the Zambezi river delta from space.[6]
As well as the Zambezi this section applies to the Buzi, Pungwe, and Save rivers which also drain the Zambezi basin. Together the floodplains of these four rivers make up the World Wildlife Fund's Zambezian coastal flooded savanna ecoregion. They are a mixture of open grassland and freshwater swamp inland from the Indian Ocean in Mozambique.
Although the dams have stemmed some of the annual flooding of the lower Zambezi and caused the area of floodplain to be greatly reduced they have not removed flooding completely. They cannot control extreme floods, they have only made medium-level floods less frequent. When heavy rain in the lower Zambezi combines with good runoff upstream, massive floods still happen and the wetlands are still an important habitat. However, as well as the shrinking of the wetlands further severe damage to wildlife was caused by uncontrolled hunting of animals such as buffalo and waterbuck during the Mozambique Civil War and now the conflict has ceased it is likely the floodplains will become more populated, and further damming has also been discussed. The only protected area of floodplain is the Marromeu Game Reserve near the city of Beira.[citation needed]

Although the region has seen a reduction in the populations of the large mammals, it is still home to some including the reedbuck and migrating eland. Carnivores found here include lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and side-striped jackal (Canis adustus). The floodplains are a haven for migratory waterbirds including pintails, garganey, African openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus), saddle-billed stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), wattled crane ("Bugeranus carunculatus"), and great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus).[citation needed]

Reptiles include Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus) and African rock python (Python sebae), the endemic Pungwe worm snake (Leptotyphlops pungwensis) and three other snakes that are nearly endemic; floodplain water snake (Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris), dwarf wolf snake (Lycophidion nanus) and eyebrow viper (Proatheris).
There are a number of endemic butterflies.
NASA false-colour image of the upper Zambezi and Barotse (Balozi) floodplain during an extreme flood in 2003.
The Zambezi's delta.
The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia.
Water is black in this false-colour image of the Zambezi flood plain.
This highly detailed true-colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain.
Climate[edit]
The north of the Zambezi basin has mean annual rainfall of 1100 to 1400 mm which declines towards the south, reaching about half that figure in the south-west. The rain falls in a 4-to-6-month summer rainy season when the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone moves over the basin from the north between October and March. Evaporation rates are high (1600 mm-2300 mm) and much water is lost this way in swamps and floodplains, especially in the south-west of the basin.[7]
Wildlife[edit]
The river supports large populations of many animals. Hippo are abundant along most of the calm stretches of the river, as well as Nile crocodiles. Monitor lizards are found in many places. Birds are abundant, with species including heron, pelican, egret and African fish eagle present in large numbers. Riverine woodland also supports many large animals, such as buffalo, zebras, giraffes, elephants.[citation needed]

The Zambezi also supports several hundred species of fish, some of which are endemic to the river. Important species include cichlids which are fished heavily for food, as well as catfish, tigerfish, yellowfish and other large species. The bull shark is sometimes known as the Zambezi shark after the river, but is found around the world.
Tributaries[edit]
Upper Zambezi: 507,200 km2, discharges 1044 m3/s at Victoria Falls, comprising:
Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570 km2, 850 m3/s at Lukulu:
Chifumage River: Angolan central plateau
Luena River: Angolan central plateau
Kabompo River: 72,200 km2, NW highlands of Zambia
Lungwebungu River: 47,400 km2, Angolan central plateau
Central Plains catchment, 284,630 km2, 196 m3/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):
Luanguingu River: 34,600 km2, Angolan central plateau
Luampa River: 20,500 km2, eastern side of Zambezi
Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200 km2, Angolan S plateau & Caprivi
Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000 km2, 2442 m3/s, measured at Cahora Bassa Gorge
(Middle section by itself: 542,800 km2, discharges 1398 m3/s (C. Bassa–Victoria Falls)
Gwembe Catchment, 156,600 km2, 232 m3/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls):
Gwayi River: 54,610 km2, NW Zimbabwe
Sengwa River: 25,000 km2, North-central Zimbabwe
Sanyati River: 43,500 km2, North-central Zimbabwe
Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km2, 1166 m3/s (C. Bassa–Kariba Gorge):
Kafue River: 154,200 km2, 285 m3/s, West-central Zambia & Copperbelt
Luangwa River: 151,400 km2, 547 m3/s, Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW of it
Panhane River: 23,897 km2, North-central Zimbabwe plateau
Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000 km2, 3424 m3/s, measured at Marromeu
(Lower section by itself: 328,000 km2, 982 m3/s (Marromeu–C. Bassa))
Luia River: 28,000 km2, Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi
Luenha River/Mazoe River: 54,144 km2, 152 m3/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe
Shire River , 154,000 km2, 539 m3/s, Lake Malawi basin
Zambezi Delta, 12,000 km2
Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000 km2, 3424 m3/s discharged into delta
Source: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001)[1] The Okavango Basin is not included in the figures because it only occasionally overflows to any extent into the Zambezi.
Due to the rainfall distribution, northern tributaries contribute much more water than southern ones, for example: the Northern Highlands catchment of the upper Zambezi contributes 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa and Shire Rivers 16% each, total 65% of Zambezi discharge. The large Cuando basin in the south-west on the other hand contributes only about 2 m3/s because most is lost through evaporation in its swamp systems. The 1940s and 1950s were particularly wet decades in the basin. Since 1975, it has been drier, the average discharge being only 70% of that for the years 1930 to 1958.[1]
Geological history[edit]
More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi river used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan to the Limpopo River. The land around the pan experienced tectonic uplift (perhaps as part of the African superswell) and a large lake formed, and extended east.
Meanwhile, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) east, a western tributary of the Shire River in the East African Rift's southern extension through Malawi eroded a deep valley on its western escarpment. At the rate of a few cm per year, this river, the Middle Zambezi, started cutting back the bed of its river towards the west, aided by grabens (rift valleys) forming along its course in an east-west axis. As it did so it captured a number of south-flowing rivers such as the Luangwa and Kafue.
Eventually the large lake trapped at Makgadikgadi (or a tributary of it) was captured by the Middle Zambezi cutting back towards it, and emptied eastwards. The Upper Zambezi was captured as well. The Middle Zambezi was about 300 metres (980 ft) lower than the Upper Zambezi, and a high waterfall formed at the edge of the basalt plateau across which the upper river flows. This was the first Victoria Falls, somewhere down the Batoka Gorge near where Lake Kariba is now.[8]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The first European to come across the Zambezi river was Vasco da Gama, in January 1498, who anchored at what he called Rio dos Bons Sinais ("River of Good Omens"), now the Quelimane or Quá-Qua, a small river on the northern end of the delta, which at that time was connected by navigable channels to the Zambezi river proper (the connection silted up by the 1830s). In a few of the oldest maps, the entire river is denoted as such. But already by the early 1500s, a new name emerged, the Cuama river (sometimes "Quama" or "Zuama"). Cuama was the local name given by the dwellers of the Swahili Coast for an outpost located on one the southerly islands of the delta (near the Luabo channel). Most old nautical maps denote the Luabo entry as Cuama, the entire delta as the "rivers of Cuama" and the Zambezi river proper as the "Cuama River".[citation needed]

Nonetheless, already in 1552, Portuguese chronicler João de Barros notes that the same Cuama river was called Zembere by the inland people of Monomatapa.[9] The Portuguese Dominican friar João dos Santos, visiting Monomatapa in 1597, reported it as Zambeze (Bantu languages frequently shifts between z and r) and inquired into the origins of the name; he was told it was named after a people.
Map by Willem Janszoon Blaeu, dated 1635, showing the course of the Zambezi, and its source in a great lake.
"The River Cuama is by them called Zambeze; the head whereof is so farre within Land that none of them know it, but by tradition of their Progenitors say it comes from a Lake in the midst of the continent which yeelds also other great Rivers, divers ways visiting the Sea. They call it Zambeze, of a Nation of Cafres dwelling neere that Lake which are so called." —J. Santos Ethiopia Oriental, 1609[10]
Thus the term "Zambezi" is after a people who live by a great lake to the north. The most likely candidates are the "M'biza", or Bisa people (in older texts given as Muisa, Movisa, Abisa, Ambios and other variations), a Bantu people who live in what is now central-eastern Zambia, between the Zambezi River and Lake Bangweolo (at the time, before the Lunda invasion, the Bisa would have likely stretched further north, possibly to Lake Tanganyika). The Bisa had a reputation as great cloth traders throughout the region.[11]
In a curious note, the Goese-born Portuguese trader Manuel Caetano Pereira, who traveled to the Bisa homelands in 1796 was surprised to be shown a second, separate river referred to as the "Zambezi".[12] This "other Zambezi" that puzzled Pereira is most likely what modern sources spell the Chambeshi River in northern Zambia.
The Monomatapa notion (reported by Santos) that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes. One of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was "Lake Zambre" (probably a corruption of "Zambezi"), possibly because Lake Malawi is connected to the lower Zambezi via the Shire River. The Monomatapa story resonated with the old European notion, drawn from classical antiquity, that all the great African rivers—the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi, too—were all sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo "river" (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi, Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay). As a result, several old maps depict the Zambezi and the "Espirito Santo" rivers converging deep in the interior, at the same lake.
However, the Bisa-derived etymology is not without dispute. In 1845, W.D. Cooley, examining Pereira's notes, concluded the term "Zambezi" derives not from the Bisa people, but rather from the Bantu term "mbege"/"mbeze" ("fish"), and consequently it probably means merely "river of fish".[13] David Livingstone, who reached the upper Zambezi in 1853, refers to it as "Zambesi" but also makes note of the local name "Leeambye" used by the Lozi people, which he says means "large river or river par excellence". Livingstone records other names for the Zambezi—Luambeji, Luambesi, Ambezi, Ojimbesi and Zambesi—applied by different peoples along its course, and asserts they "all possess a similar signification and express the native idea of this magnificent stream being the main drain of the country".[14]
In Portuguese records, the "Cuama River" term disappeared and gave way to the term "Sena River" (Rio de Sena), a reference to the Swahili (and later Portuguese) upriver trade station at Sena. In 1752, the Zambezi delta, under the name "Rivers of Sena" (Rios de Sena) formed a colonial administrative district of Portuguese Mozambique. But common usage of "Zambezi" led eventually to a royal decree in 1858 officially renaming the district "Zambézia".
Exploration of the river[edit]
Satellite image showing Victoria Falls and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges
The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa, and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa, were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from Arab information.[15]
The first European to visit the inland Zambezi river was the Portuguese degredado António Fernandes in 1511 and again in 1513, with the objective of reporting on commercial conditions and activities of the interior of Central Africa. The final report of these explorations revealed the importance of the ports of the upper Zambezi to the local trade system, in particular to East African gold trade.[16]
The first exploration of the upper Zambezi was made by David Livingstone in his exploration from Bechuanaland between 1851 and 1853. Two or three years later he descended the Zambezi to its mouth and in the course of this journey discovered the Victoria Falls. During 1858–60, accompanied by John Kirk, Livingstone ascended the river by the Kongone mouth as far as the Falls, and also traced the course of its tributary the Shire and reached Lake Malawi.[15]
For the next 35 years very little exploration of the river took place. Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto examined some of the western tributaries of the river and made measurements of the Victoria Falls in 1878.[15] In 1884 the Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot traveled over the height of land between the watersheds of the Zambezi and the Congo, and identified the source of the Zambezi.[17] He considered that the nearby high and cool Kalene Hill was a particularly suitable place for a mission.[18] Arnot was accompanied by the Portuguese trader and army officer António da Silva Porto.[19] In 1889 the Chinde channel north of the main mouths of the river was discovered. Two expeditions led by Major A. St Hill Gibbons in 1895 to 1896 and 1898 to 1900 continued the work of exploration begun by Livingstone in the upper basin and central course of the river.[15]
Two local people in the Zambezi river near Victoria falls, Zambia.
Economy[edit]
The population of the Zambezi river valley is estimated to be about 32 million. About 80% of the population of the valley is dependent on agriculture, and the upper river's flood plains provide good agricultural land.[citation needed]

Communities by the river fish it extensively, and many people travel from far afield to fish. Some Zambian towns on roads leading to the river levy unofficial 'fish taxes' on people taking Zambezi fish to other parts of the country. As well as fishing for food, game fishing is a significant activity on some parts of the river. Between Mongu and Livingstone, several safari lodges cater for tourists who want to fish for exotic species, and many also catch fish to sell to aquaria.[citation needed]

The river valley is rich in mineral deposits and fossil fuels, and coal mining is important in places. The dams along its length also provide employment for many people near them, in maintaining the hydroelectric power stations and the dams themselves. Several parts of the river are also very popular tourist destinations. Victoria Falls receives over 1.5 million visitors annually, while Mana Pools and Lake Kariba also draw substantial tourist numbers.[citation needed]
Transport[edit]
1975 photo of Victoria Falls Bridge
The river is frequently interrupted by rapids and so has never been an important long-distance transport route. David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition attempted to open up the river to navigation by paddle steamer, but was defeated by the Cahora Bassa rapids. Along some stretches, it is often more convenient to travel by canoe along the river rather than on the unimproved roads which are often in very poor condition due to being regularly submerged in flood waters, and many small villages along the banks of the river are only accessible by boat. In the 1930s and 40s a paddle barge service operated on the stretch between the Katombora Rapids, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) upstream from Livingstone, and the rapids just upstream from Katima Mulilo. However, depending on the water level, boats could be paddled through—Lozi paddlers, a dozen or more in a boat, could deal with most of them—or they could be pulled along the shore or carried around the rapids, and teams of oxen pulled barges 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) over land around the Ngonye Falls.[20]
Road, rail and other crossings of the river, once few and far between, are proliferating. They are, in order from the source:
Cazombo road bridge, Angola, bombed in the civil war and not yet reconstructed[21]
Chinyingi suspension footbridge near the town of Zambezi, a 300-metre (980 ft) footbridge built as a community project
Katima Mulilo road bridge, 900 metres (3,000 ft), between Namibia and Sesheke in Zambia, opened 2004, completing the Trans–Caprivi Highway connecting Lusaka in Zambia with Walvis Bay on the Atlantic coast
Kazungula Bridge—in August 2007 a deal was announced to replace the Kazungula Ferry, one of the largest river ferries in Southern Africa, with a road bridge where the river is 430 metres (1,410 ft) wide
Victoria Falls Bridge (road and rail), the first to be built, completed in April 1905 and initially intended as a link in Cecil Rhodes' scheme to build a railway from Cape Town to Cairo: 250 metres (820 ft) long
Kariba Dam carries the paved Kariba/Siavonga highway across the river
Tourist boat on the Zambezi River, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, Zambia. 1971 photo.
Otto Beit Bridge at Chirundu, road, 382 metres (1,253 ft), 1939
Second Chirundu Bridge, road, 400 metres (1,300 ft), 2002
Cahora Bassa Dam is in a remote area and does not carry a highway across the river
Tete Suspension Bridge, 1-kilometre (1,000 m) road bridge (1970s)
Dona Ana Bridge, originally railway but converted to single-lane road, (1935), the longest at 3 kilometres (1.9 mi), since late 2009 it is again a railway bridge, passenger and freight trains are again running across it and from 2011 on the railway line over this bridge may convey several million of tonnes of Tete coal to the port of Beira.
Caia Bridge—construction started in 2007 of a 2.3-kilometre (1.4 mi) road bridge to replace the Caia ferry, which, with Kazungula, is the largest ferry across the river
There are a number of small pontoon ferries across the river in Angola, western Zambia, and Mozambique, notably between Mongu and Kalabo. Above Mongu in years following poor rainy seasons the river can be forded at one or two places. In tourist areas, such as Victoria Falls and Kariba, short-distance tourist boats take visitors along the river.
Ecology[edit]
Lake Cahora Bassa in Mozambique, one of the river's major sources of hydroelectric energy
Pollution[edit]
Sewage effluent is a major cause of water pollution around urban areas, as inadequate water treatment facilities in all the major cities of the region force them to release untreated sewage into the river. This has resulted in eutrophication of the river water and has facilitated the spread of diseases of poor hygiene such as cholera, typhus and dysentery.[citation needed]
Effects of dams[edit]
The construction of two major dams regulating the flow of the river has had a major effect on wildlife and human populations in the lower Zambezi region. When the Cahora Bassa Dam was completed in 1973, its managers allowed it to fill in a single flood season, going against recommendations to fill over at least two years. The drastic reduction in the flow of the river led to a 40% reduction in the coverage of mangroves, greatly increased erosion of the coastal region and a 60% reduction in the catch of prawns off the mouth due to the reduction in emplacement of silt and associate nutrients. Wetland ecosystems downstream of the dam shrank considerably. Wildlife in the delta was further threatened by uncontrolled hunting during the civil war in Mozambique.[citation needed]
Conservation measures[edit]
The Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area will cover parts of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, including the famous Okavango Delta in Botswana and Mosi-oa-Tunya (The Smoke That Thunders, or Victoria Falls). It is thought that the cross-border park will help with animal migration routes and assist in the preservation of wetlands which clean water, as sewage from communities is a problem.[citation needed]

Funding was boosted for cross-border conservation along the Zambezi in 2008. The Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project—which follows the Zambezi River and stretches across Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe—has received a grant of €8 million from a German nongovernmental organisation. Part of the funds will be used for research in areas covered by the project. However, Angola has warned that landmines from their civil war may impede the project.[22]
The river currently passes through Ngonye Falls National Park, Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park, and Lower Zambezi National Park (in Zambia), and Zambezi National Park, Victoria Falls National Park, Matusadona National Park, Mana Pools National Park, and the Middle Zambezi Biosphere Reserve (in Zimbabwe).[citation needed]
Fish stocks management[edit]
As of 2017 the situation of overfishing in the upper Zambezi and its tributaries was considered dire, in part due to weak enforcement of the respective fisheries acts and regulations. The fish stocks of Lake Liambezi in the eastern Caprivi were found to be totally depleted, and surveys indicated a decline in the whole Zambezi-Kwando-Chobe river system. Illegal fishing (i.a. by foreign nationals employed by Namibians) and commercially minded individuals, exploited the resources to the detriment of local markets and the communities whose culture and economy depend on these resources.[23]
Namibian officials have consequently banned monofilament nets, and imposed a closing period of about 3 months every year to allow the fish to breed. They also appointed village fish guards and the Kayasa channel in the Impalila conservancy area was declared a fisheries reserve. The Namibian ministry also promotes aquaculture and plans to distribute thousands of fingerlings to registered small-scale fish farmers of the region.[23]
EUS outbreak[edit]
On 14 September 2007, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) killed hundreds of sore-covered fish in the river. Zambia Agriculture Minister Ben Kapita asked experts to investigate the outbreak to probe the cause to find out if the disease can be transmitted to humans.[24]
Major towns[edit]
Along much of the river's length, the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following:
Katima Mulilo (Namibia)
Mongu, Lukulu, Livingstone and Sesheke (Zambia)
Victoria Falls and Kariba (Zimbabwe)
Songo and Tete (Mozambique)
See also[edit]
Africa portal
2007 Mozambican flood
Nyami Nyami
Zambezian flooded grasslands
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Monogram for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001). Estimated mean flow rate 3424 m³/s Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c International Network of Basin Organisations/Office International de L'eau: Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. "Développer les Compétences pour mieux Gérer l'Eau: Fleuves Transfrontaliers Africains: Bilan Global." (2002). Estimated annual discharge 106 km3, equal to mean flow rate 3360 m3/s
Jump up ^ "Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC". muvitv.com. Muvi TV. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "ZM002 Source of the Zambezi". birdlife.org. Birdlife International. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85
Jump up ^ NASA - Zambezi
Jump up ^ Richard Beilfuss & David dos Santos: Patterns of Hydrological Change in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique. Archived 2 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Working Paper No 2 Program for the Sustainable Management of Cahora Bassa Dam and The Lower Zambezi Valley (2001)
Jump up ^ AWF Four Corners Biodiversity Information Package No 2: Summary of Technical Reviews Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 1 March 2007.(dead link)
Jump up ^ Barros, Da Asia, Dec. I, Lib. X, vol. 2, p.374)
Jump up ^ Fr. J. dos Santos (1609), Ethiopia Oriental e varia historia de cousas Notaveis do Oriente, Pt. III. English translation is from Samuel Purchas's 1625 Haklyutus Posthumus, (1905) ed., Glasgow, vol. 10: p.220-21
Jump up ^ The connection between Santos/Monomatapa "Zambezi" and the "M'biza" is suggested in Cooley (1845).
Jump up ^ "Notícias dadas por Manoel Caetano Pereira, comerciante, que se entranhou pelo interior da África", as published in José Acúrsio das Neves (1830) Considerações Políticas e Comerciais sobre os Descobrimentos e Possessões na África e na Ásia. Lisbon: Imprensa Regia. p.373
Jump up ^ W.D. Cooley (1845) "The Geography of N'yassi, or the Great Lake of Southern Africa, investigated, with an account of the overland route from the Quanza in Angola to the Zambezi in the government of Mozambique", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, p.185-235.
Jump up ^ David Livingstone (1857) Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa (p.208)
^ Jump up to: a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cana, Frank (1911). "Zambezi". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–953.
Jump up ^ Newitt, Malyn (2005). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400-1668. Routlege. p. 81. ISBN 0-203-32404-8.
Jump up ^ Howard, Dr. J. Keir (2005). "Arnot, Frederick Stanley". Dictionary of African Christian Biography. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Pritchett, James Anthony (2007). Friends for life, friends for death: cohorts and consciousness among the Lunda-Ndembu. University of Virginia Press. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-8139-2624-6.
Jump up ^ Fish, Bruce; Fish, Becky Durost (2001). Angola, 1880 to the present: slavery, exploitation, and revolt. Infobase Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 0-7910-6197-3.
Jump up ^ (On www.nrzam.org.uk website accessed 26 February) E. C. Mills: "Overlanding Cattle from Barotse to Angola", The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 1 No 2, pp 53–63 (1950).
Jump up ^ Visible on Google Earth at latitude -11.906 longitude 22.831.
Jump up ^ "Funding boost for cross-border conservation project".
^ Jump up to: a b Kooper, Lugeretzia (2017-06-23). "Zambezi fishermen warned against overfishing". namibian.com.na. The Namibian. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zambia warns against fish killed by mysterious disease". AFP. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.
Further reading[edit]
Bento C.M., Beilfuss R. (2003), Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique, report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project.
Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), Case study: Zambezi river basin, ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04
Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), "Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River," Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 27, 1–9
Dunham KM (1994), The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526
Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). World reference atlas. New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7566-0481-8
Wynn S. (2002), "The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism", International Journal of Wilderness, 8, 34.
H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora.
Funding boost for cross-border conservation project
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zambezi.
Information and a map of the Zambezi's watershed
Zambezi Expedition - Fighting Malaria on the "River of Life"
"Home Page". Zambezi River Authority. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
The Zambezi Society
Map of Africa's river basins
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Peace Palace Library
The Nature Conservancy's Great Rivers Partnership works to conserve the Zambezi River
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