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Crustacean
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Crustacean
Fossil range: 511–0 Ma
PreЄ
Є
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Cambrian to present

Abludomelita obtusata, an amphipod
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Included groups
Thylacocephala? †
Branchiopoda
Phyllopoda
Sarsostraca
Remipedia
Cephalocarida
Maxillopoda
Thecostraca
Tantulocarida
Branchiura
Pentastomida
Mystacocarida
Copepoda
Ostracoda
Myodocopa
Podocopa
Malacostraca
Phyllocarida
Hoplocarida
Eumalacostraca
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups
Hexapods
Crustaceans (Crustacea /krʌˈsteɪʃə/) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, woodlice, and barnacles.[1] The crustacean group is usually treated as a subphylum, and thanks to recent molecular studies it is now well accepted that the crustacean group is paraphyletic, and comprises all animals in the Pancrustacea clade other than hexapods.[2] Some crustaceans are more closely related to insects and other hexapods than they are to certain other crustaceans.
The 67,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at 0.1 mm (0.004 in), to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 3.8 m (12.5 ft) and a mass of 20 kg (44 lb). Like other arthropods, crustaceans have an exoskeleton, which they moult to grow. They are distinguished from other groups of arthropods, such as insects, myriapods and chelicerates, by the possession of biramous (two-parted) limbs, and by their larval forms, such as the nauplius stage of branchiopods and copepods.
Most crustaceans are free-living aquatic animals, but some are terrestrial (e.g. woodlice), some are parasitic (e.g. Rhizocephala, fish lice, tongue worms) and some are sessile (e.g. barnacles). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian, and includes living fossils such as Triops cancriformis, which has existed apparently unchanged since the Triassic period. More than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, the majority of it being shrimp and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but may be the animals with the greatest biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain. The scientific study of crustaceans is known as carcinology (alternatively, malacostracology, crustaceology or crustalogy), and a scientist who works in carcinology is a carcinologist.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
2 Ecology
3 Life cycle
3.1 Mating system
3.2 Eggs
3.3 Larvae
4 Classification
5 Fossil record
6 Consumption by humans
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Sources
9 External links
Structure[edit]
A shed carapace of a lady crab, part of the hard exoskeleton
Body structure of a typical crustacean – krill
The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head,[3] the thorax,[4] and the pleon or abdomen.[5] The head and thorax may be fused together to form a cephalothorax,[6] which may be covered by a single large carapace.[7] The crustacean body is protected by the hard exoskeleton, which must be moulted for the animal to grow. The shell around each somite can be divided into a dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and a lateral pleuron. Various parts of the exoskeleton may be fused together.[8]:289
Each somite, or body segment can bear a pair of appendages: on the segments of the head, these include two pairs of antennae, the mandibles and maxillae;[3] the thoracic segments bear legs, which may be specialised as pereiopods (walking legs) and maxillipeds (feeding legs).[4] The abdomen bears pleopods,[5] and ends in a telson, which bears the anus, and is often flanked by uropods to form a tail fan.[9] The number and variety of appendages in different crustaceans may be partly responsible for the group's success.[10]
Crustacean appendages are typically biramous, meaning they are divided into two parts; this includes the second pair of antennae, but not the first, which is usually uniramous, the exception being in the Class Malacostraca where the antennules may be generally biramous or even triramous.[11][12] It is unclear whether the biramous condition is a derived state which evolved in crustaceans, or whether the second branch of the limb has been lost in all other groups. Trilobites, for instance, also possessed biramous appendages.[13]
See also: Hemolymph
The main body cavity is an open circulatory system, where blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart located near the dorsum.[14] Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins.[15] The alimentary canal consists of a straight tube that often has a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food and a pair of digestive glands that absorb food; this structure goes in a spiral format.[16] Structures that function as kidneys are located near the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, and a collection of major ganglia is found below the gut.[17]
In many decapods, the first (and sometimes the second) pair of pleopods are specialised in the male for sperm transfer. Many terrestrial crustaceans (such as the Christmas Island red crab) mate seasonally and return to the sea to release the eggs. Others, such as woodlice, lay their eggs on land, albeit in damp conditions. In most decapods, the females retain the eggs until they hatch into free-swimming larvae.[18]
Ecology[edit]
The majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments, but a few groups have adapted to life on land, such as terrestrial crabs, terrestrial hermit crabs, and woodlice. Marine crustaceans are as ubiquitous in the oceans as insects are on land.[19][20] The majority of crustaceans are also motile, moving about independently, although a few taxonomic units are parasitic and live attached to their hosts (including sea lice, fish lice, whale lice, tongue worms, and Cymothoa exigua, all of which may be referred to as "crustacean lice"), and adult barnacles live a sessile life – they are attached headfirst to the substrate and cannot move independently. Some branchiurans are able to withstand rapid changes of salinity and will also switch hosts from marine to non-marine species.[21]:672 Krill are the bottom layer and the most important part of the food chain in Antarctic animal communities.[22]:64 Some crustaceans are significant invasive species, such as the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis,[23] and the Asian shore crab, Hemigrapsus sanguineus.[24]
Life cycle[edit]
Eggs of Potamon fluviatile, a freshwater crab
Zoea larva of the European lobster, Homarus gammarus
Mating system[edit]
The majority of crustaceans have separate sexes, and reproduce sexually.[25] A small number are hermaphrodites, including barnacles, remipedes,[26] and Cephalocarida.[27] Some may even change sex during the course of their life.[27] Parthenogenesis is also widespread among crustaceans, where viable eggs are produced by a female without needing fertilisation by a male.[25] This occurs in many branchiopods, some ostracods, some isopods, and certain "higher" crustaceans, such as the Marmorkrebs crayfish.
Eggs[edit]
In many groups of crustaceans, the fertilised eggs are simply released into the water column, while others have developed a number of mechanisms for holding on to the eggs until they are ready to hatch. Most decapods carry the eggs attached to the pleopods, while peracarids, notostracans, anostracans, and many isopods form a brood pouch from the carapace and thoracic limbs.[25] Female Branchiura do not carry eggs in external ovisacs but attach them in rows to rocks and other objects.[28]:788 Most leptostracans and krill carry the eggs between their thoracic limbs; some copepods carry their eggs in special thin-walled sacs, while others have them attached together in long, tangled strings.[25]
Larvae[edit]
Main article: Crustacean larvae
Crustaceans exhibit a number of larval forms, of which the earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. This has three pairs of appendages, all emerging from the young animal's head, and a single naupliar eye. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the zoea (pl. zoeæ or zoeas[29]). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species.[30] It follows the nauplius stage and precedes the post-larva. Zoea larvae swim with their thoracic appendages, as opposed to nauplii, which use cephalic appendages, and megalopa, which use abdominal appendages for swimming. It often has spikes on its carapace, which may assist these small organisms in maintaining directional swimming.[31] In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the mysis stage, and in others, by the megalopa stage, depending on the crustacean group involved.
Classification[edit]
The name "crustacean" dates from the earliest works to describe the animals, including those of Pierre Belon and Guillaume Rondelet, but the name was not used by some later authors, including Carl Linnaeus, who included crustaceans among the "Aptera" in his Systema Naturae.[32] The earliest nomenclaturally valid work to use the name "Crustacea" was Morten Thrane Brünnich's Zoologiæ Fundamenta in 1772,[33] although he also included chelicerates in the group.[32]
The subphylum Crustacea comprises almost 67,000 described species,[34] which is thought to be just 1⁄10 to 1⁄100 of the total number as the majority of species remain as yet undiscovered.[35] Although most crustaceans are small, their morphology varies greatly and includes both the largest arthropod in the world – the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of 3.7 metres (12 ft)[36] – and the smallest, the 1-micrometre-long (0.00004 in) Stygotantulus stocki.[37] Despite their diversity of form, crustaceans are united by the special larval form known as the nauplius.
The exact relationships of the Crustacea to other taxa are not completely settled as of April 2012[update]. Studies based on morphology led to the Pancrustacea hypothesis,[38] in which Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and allies) are sister groups. More recent studies using DNA sequences suggest that Crustacea is paraphyletic, with the hexapods nested within a larger Pancrustacea clade.[39][40]
Although the classification of crustaceans has been quite variable, the system used by Martin and Davis[41] largely supersedes earlier works. Mystacocarida and Branchiura, here treated as part of Maxillopoda, are sometimes treated as their own classes. Six classes are usually recognised:
Copepods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work Kunstformen der Natur
Decapods, from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 work Kunstformen der Natur
Class
Members
Orders
Photo
Branchiopoda brine shrimp
fairy shrimp
water fleas
tadpole shrimp
clam shrimp Anostraca
Lipostraca
Notostraca
Laevicaudata
Spinicaudata
Cyclestherida
Cladocera
Daphnia pulex (Cladocera)
Remipedia Nectiopoda
Speleonectes tanumekes (Speleonectidae)
Cephalocarida horseshoe shrimp Brachypoda
Maxillopoda barnacles
copepods Calanoida
Pedunculata
Sessilia
c. 20 others
Chthamalus stellatus (Sessilia)
Ostracoda seed shrimp Myodocopida
Halocyprida
Platycopida
Podocopida
Cylindroleberididae
Malacostraca crabs
lobsters
crayfish
shrimp
krill
mantis shrimp
woodlice
hooded shrimp
scuds
sandhoppers
etc. Decapoda
Isopoda
Amphipoda
Stomatopoda
c. 12 others
Gammarus roeseli (Amphipoda)
Fossil record[edit]
Eryma mandelslohi, a fossil decapod from the Jurassic of Bissingen an der Teck, Germany
Crustaceans have a rich and extensive fossil record, which begins with animals such as Canadaspis and Perspicaris from the Middle Cambrian age Burgess Shale.[42][43] Most of the major groups of crustaceans appear in the fossil record before the end of the Cambrian, namely the Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (including barnacles and tongue worms) and Malacostraca; there is some debate as to whether or not Cambrian animals assigned to Ostracoda are truly ostracods, which would otherwise start in the Ordovician.[44] The only classes to appear later are the Cephalocarida,[45] which have no fossil record, and the Remipedia, which were first described from the fossil Tesnusocaris goldichi, but do not appear until the Carboniferous.[46] Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards.[42]
Norway lobsters on sale at a Spanish market
Within the Malacostraca, no fossils are known for krill,[47] while both Hoplocarida and Phyllopoda contain important groups that are now extinct as well as extant members (Hoplocarida: mantis shrimp are extant, while Aeschronectida are extinct;[48] Phyllopoda: Canadaspidida are extinct, while Leptostraca are extant[43]). Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous,[49][50] as are the first true mantis shrimp.[51] In the Decapoda, prawns and polychelids appear in the Triassic,[52][53] and shrimp and crabs appear in the Jurassic;[54][55] however, the great radiation of crustaceans occurred in the Cretaceous, particularly in crabs, and may have been driven by the adaptive radiation of their main predators, bony fish.[55] The first true lobsters also appear in the Cretaceous.[56]
Consumption by humans[edit]
Many crustaceans are consumed by humans, and nearly 10,700,000 tons were produced in 2007; the vast majority of this output is of decapod crustaceans: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crawfish, and prawns.[57] Over 60% by weight of all crustaceans caught for consumption are shrimp and prawns, and nearly 80% is produced in Asia, with China alone producing nearly half the world's total.[57] Non-decapod crustaceans are not widely consumed, with only 118,000 tons of krill being caught,[57] despite krill having one of the greatest biomasses on the planet.[58]
See also[edit]
Pain in crustaceans
References[edit]
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Sources[edit]
Schram, Frederick (1986). Crustaceans. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503742-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crustacea.
Wikispecies has information related to Crustacea
Texts on Wikisource:
"Crustacea". Encyclopedia Americana. 8. 1920.
Clark, Hubert Lyman; Ingersoll, Ernest (1905). "Crustacea". New International Encyclopedia. 5.
Crustacea.net, an online resource on the biology of crustaceans
Crustacea: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
Crustacea: Tree of Life Web Project
The Crustacean Society
Natural History Collections: Crustacea: University of Edinburgh
Crustaceans (Crustacea) on the shore of Singapore
Crustacea(crabs, lobsters, shrimps, prawns, barnacles): Biodiversity Explorer
[hide]
v
t
e
Extant Arthropoda classes by subphylum
Kingdom Animalia
Subkingdom Eumetazoa
(unranked) Bilateria
(unranked) Protostomia
Superphylum Ecdysozoa
Chelicerata
Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
Euchelicerata
Merostomata (horseshoe crabs)¹
Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
Mandibulata
Myriapoda
Chilopoda (centipedes)
Diplopoda (millipedes)
Pauropoda (pauropods)
Symphyla (symphylans or garden centipedes)
Pancrustacea
(Crustacea +
+ Hexapoda)
Oligostraca
Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
Mystacocarida²
Ichthyostraca²
Pentastomida (tongue worms)
Branchiura (fish lice)
Altocrustacea
Multicrustacea
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
Copepoda (copepods)
Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives) + Tantulocarida
Allotriocarida
Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
Miracrustacea s.s./
Labiocarida
Remipedia
Hexapoda
Protura (coneheads)³
Collembola (springtails)³
Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)³
Insecta (insects)
¹contains the only extant order Xiphosura
²Maxillopoda
³Entognatha
italic are paraphyletic groups
Sources: Edgecombe et al. (2014), Petrunina (2012) for pancrustaceans.
Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q25364
ADW: Crustacea
BugGuide: 350294
EoL: 2598871
EPPO: 1CRUSQ
Fauna Europaea: 13251
Fossilworks: 82629
IRMNG: 11905093
ITIS: 83677
NCBI: 6657
NZOR: 2226aa46-23a5-436e-9d2e-94fc0f3998d1
WoRMS: 1066
Authority control
GND: 4073783-4
NDL: 00566248
Crustaceans portal
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values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovi
Rakovi – Serbo-Croatian
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sh
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values:
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values:
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values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacea
Crustacea – Tagalog
tl
tl
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values:
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values: ஓடுடைய இனங்கள் – Tamil

values:
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values: สัตว์พวกกุ้งกั้งปู – Thai

values:
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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values: Ракоподібні – Ukrainian

values:
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values: قشریات – Urdu

values:
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values:
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values:
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values:
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values:
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