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L (Death Note)
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L
Death Note character
L, drawn by Takeshi Obata
First appearance
Chapter 1: "Boredom" (退屈, Taikutsu)
Created by
Tsugumi Ohba
Takeshi Obata
Voiced by
Kappei Yamaguchi (Japanese, anime)
Shinichiro Miki (Japanese, American film)
Alessandro Juliani (English)
Portrayed by
Kenichi Matsuyama (films)
Kento Yamazaki (TV series)
Teppei Koike (musical)
Kim Junsu (musical)
Lakeith Stanfield (American film)
Profile
Aliases
Lind L. Tailor
Hideki Ryuga (流河 旱樹, Ryūga Hideki)
Ryuzaki (竜崎, Ryūzaki)
Eraldo Coil
Deneuve
L-Prime (in L: Change the World)
Yoshio Anderson (in the TV drama)
Relatives
Quillish Wammy (handler)
L Lawliet (Japanese: エル・ローライト, Hepburn: Eru Rōraito)[1] is a fictional character in the manga series Death Note, created by Tsugumi Ohba and Takeshi Obata. He is an eccentric genius and international private detective, reputed to be the world's greatest, who takes on cases that have stymied national governments and Interpol. He opposes the series' main character Light Yagami by trying to prove his suspicion that Light is the mass-murderer called "Kira" who is attempting to create and rule a world "cleansed of evil" as its "God". He basically serves as the archenemy of Kira/Light.
In the anime adaptation, he is voiced by Kappei Yamaguchi in Japanese,[2] and by Alessandro Juliani in English.[3] He is portrayed by Kenichi Matsuyama in the live-action film series, and by Kento Yamazaki in the TV drama. His counterpart in the American film is portrayed by Lakeith Stanfield.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and conception
1.1 Film adaptations
2 Appearances
2.1 In Death Note
2.2 In film
2.3 In other media
3 Reception
4 See also
5 References
Creation and conception[edit]
Tsugumi Ohba, the writer of the series, created L as a young adult, since he believed the story would not hold much interest if L were significantly older than his opponent, Light. For L's name, he wanted to use a single letter with a lot of significance; he considered "I" and "J", but eventually he chose "L" after careful consideration.[4] Ohba left most of L's character design to Takeshi Obata, artist of the series. Obata asked Ohba if L could be "unattractive". Afterwards Ohba included ideas in his thumbnails, including L's manner of sitting, "he's English", and "he's listless". Ohba added details regarding L's mannerisms and his interests in sweets. Ohba credits Obata for the character designs.[5] Obata commented that L's thumbnails by Ohba had no bags under his eyes, and that he had a "plain face with no expression" which was very useful. Obata drew L as an "attractive young man" until chapter 11, when the character appeared in person. After chapter 11, Obata and Ohba agreed to contrast his appearance with Light's.[6]
During the development of the early manga chapters, Obata feared L would appear "so suspicious that Light would know instantly it was L if they ever met". When Obata's editor told him that he wanted L to have a face "looking cool based on the angle", Obata added black bags under L's eyes. Obata cited Devilman's Akira Fudou when stating that he believed that black bags were appealing. In addition, Obata thought of a "dead eyes" concept, which involved L having "all-black eyes" and "mostly no eyebrows". Obata believes that black eyes usually makes a character goofier, but the bags "sharpen the character's gaze". Obata believes that the design evokes "a feeling of mystery" and that the reader cannot determine L's true thoughts. Obata also said that the bags under L's eyes were useful for inspiring speculation about his lifestyle and background. The outfit Obata designed for L was a "simple" white, long-sleeved shirt and jeans, to convey that L does not put thought into choosing his clothing. In Death Note 13: How to Read, Ohba presented an initial rough draft of L and said that, with a "cool expression" and without the bags under his eyes, L looked like a different person.[6]
Obata stated that the peculiar traits exhibited by L are best revealed "gradually". Obata added that if he drew L eating "mountains of sweets" before revealing his face, he would not have "much credibility as a super detective" and people would ask if he was "crazy".[7] Both Ohba and Obata chose L as their favorite character from the series, with the former noting him as the "strongest" character in the series besides Light, and the latter due to "appearance, personality, everything". Obata said that he could never have created a character like L and that he enjoyed drawing him.[8] Obata added that because of this, L was not "real" to him and that he liked that aspect of the character.[9]
L's fighting style has been described as similar to capoeira. However, Obata has denied considering this when drawing L's fights, saying that he was thinking of the most effective way to kick someone whilst handcuffed. He added that if the style resembles capoeira, then this "adds another element to it" and "that makes me happy".[6] When designing color book covers Obata assigned colors to characters to "get the atmosphere right"; gold was assigned to L.[10]
Film adaptations[edit]
Matsuyama had trouble portraying L and worried about his performance. He reasoned that L rarely interacted with others, and so portrayed him as if he did not "quite understand other people on an emotional level". Describing himself as "not very flexible physically", Matsuyama had trouble emulating L's postures.[11] He also ate sweets like those that L would eat, and considered the details of L's signature gestures.[12] Matsuyama said that he and Tatsuya Fujiwara, the actor portraying Light, became "so immersed" in their character portrayals that they did not speak to one another while on the set; when filming ceased they conversed and "went out for a drink or two".[11] Hideo Nakata, the director of L: Change the World, told The Daily Yomiuri that he wanted to exhibit L's "human side" that was not exhibited in the Death Note series.[13]
Appearances[edit]
In Death Note[edit]
L uses a single, capital blackletter "L" to represent himself.
L, who also uses the aliases Hideki Ryuga (流河 旱樹, Ryūga Hideki), Ryuzaki (竜崎, Ryūzaki), Eraldo Coil (エラルド＝コイル, Erarudo Koiru), and Deneuve (ドヌーヴ, Donūvu), the latter two for which he has developed reputations as the second- and third-best detectives in the world, is quite secretive and only communicates with the world through his assistant Watari. He never shows his face to the world, instead representing himself with a capital L in Cloister Black font. His real name, L Lawliet, is only revealed in the guidebook Death Note 13: How to Read.[14] When asked about L's ethnicity, Ohba responded saying "I think of him as a quarter Japanese, a quarter English, a quarter Russian, a quarter French or Italian, like that".[4] After revealing himself to the Kira investigation team, he requests that the task force refer to him as Ryuzaki for discretion. Ohba said that L is the most intelligent character in the entire Death Note series because "the plot requires it".[15] He added that he personally views L as "slightly evil".[16]
L's disheveled and languid appearance masks his great powers of deduction and insight. He tends to second-guess everything he is presented with, and is extremely meticulous and analytical. He has several quirks such as preferring to crouch rather than sit, eating only sweet foods like desserts, candy and fruits, and holding items very delicately using his thumb and index finger. L stayed in England for five years, and during that time he was the champion in tennis for the England Junior Cup, and he is still a good player, suggesting he might still practice. He plays tennis with Light, who used to be a champion himself. In chapter 38 of the manga, L suggests that even though he eats only sweet foods, he remains underweight because the brain uses the most calories of any organ in the body. He also says that if he sits normally, his reasoning ability would drop 40%.[17] Whenever L gives percentages to indicate how much he suspects a person of committing a crime, such as "five percent", in reality he means over 90 percent; Ohba said about L, "The truth is, he's a liar [laughs]".[14]
L suspects early in the investigation that Light Yagami is Kira, but cannot obtain any concrete evidence. In several situations, Light seems to be proven innocent by the circumstances, but L remains skeptical. If Light were Kira, the case would be solved, and L has trouble letting go of this simple and complete solution, finding Light "too perfect" and noting how close his age and intelligence match his exact concept for what Kira must be like. L can easily present his conclusions publicly at any time, and with his reputation, is taken seriously. He also intends to tell Light that he can "take the offensive".[18] After capturing a man who also has a Death Note, Light tricks Rem, the Shinigami owner of a Death Note that she gives to Misa, into killing L for his own personal gain, making her believe that she must kill him for the sake of Misa's life. L's last sight before death is Light triumphantly smiling over him, and in his last moment L confirms to himself that he was right about Light being the first Kira. Light then takes over L's identity and uses it to his advantage.[19] However, when one of L's true successors, Near, begins to suspect that Light is Kira, Light remains haunted by the memory of L and feels as though he is still battling against him each time he and Near communicate. In the anime series, when Light himself dies, an apparition of L is shown standing over him, mirroring Light standing over L at his own death.[20]
In film[edit]
Kenichi Matsuyama and Lakeith Stanfield act as L in the Eastern and Western films based on the series, respectively.
L is portrayed by Kenichi Matsuyama in the live-action films that adapt the Death Note manga, with his portrayal and characterization of the character receiving wide praise for being earnestly faithful to his original manga counterpart. Unlike the manga, in the second film, his "death", caused by Rem writing his name in her Death Note, does not take effect, as L had written his own name in Misa's Death Note earlier. It is his self-sacrifice that allows himself to stay alive for a longer duration (as he supposed Kira would kill him on that day), and allows the investigation team to apprehend Light. However, he reveals he was shocked when Watari was killed, having not expected anyone else but himself to be a target and regarding it as his "last mistake". After Ryuk kills Light, Ryuk offers L the Death Note, but L refuses. Twenty-three days after writing his name in the Death Note, burning all the remaining Death Notes, and having a conversation with Soichiro, L dies peacefully while eating a chocolate bar.[21]
In L: Change the World, which takes place in the 23 days that L has left before he dies, L decides to solve one last case. He tries to stop a bio-terrorist organization led by "K" from spreading a deadly virus around the world, along the way he meets a girl named Maki, FBI agent Suruga and a boy who he names Near.[22] The light novel adaptation of L: Change the World has many creative changes. For example, instead of discovering him during his final 23-days of living, L has long since claimed Near as his successor. Furthermore, details concerning L's character are revealed during the course of the novel by delving deeper into L's relationship with Watari and exploring L's personal demons. Rather than end abruptly after L drops off Near in the orphanage like in the film, the novel ends with L imagining himself playing chess with Light moments before the Death Note takes effect.[23]
In Death Note: Light Up the New World, Kenichi Matsuyama reprises his role as L. He makes a cameo appearance with child Ryuzaki, who inherits his DNA, giving him a lollipop and telling him to not use the Death Note as Ryuzaki promises not to. He is also seen in a CG video that Ryuzaki created.
Lakeith Stanfield[24] portrays L in the American film adaptation, as an enigmatic and highly-intelligent FBI investigator, who only takes up on crime cases that interest him. A number of changes were made to this version of the character, though his quirky, eccentric and socially awkward personality, fondness for sweets, preference to crouch than sit and genius-level intellect remain the same. He is shown to be of African-American origin, is a lot more aggressive, emotional and quick-tempered than his manga counterpart, wears a dark-colored hoodie and jeans, is more prone to aggressive outbursts, is less morally rooted and emotionally insecure, and has a willingness to kill "Kira", after his assistant and foster-father, Watari, meets his end at the hands of the serial-killer, despite his early moral code to never kill criminals. Although L initially suspects that high school student, Light Turner, is the world-famous serial-killer, "Kira", he is unable to detain him due to lack of evidence and the fact that one of the co-investigators and Light's father, Seattle detective James Turner, refuses to believe that his son is a serial-killer, with the rest of the film following L's efforts to prove that Light is "Kira", and comes to a climax when L goes on his own manhunt to apprehend Light, but is outwitted by Light in the end and is forced to leave Seattle. In the end, after L learns the involvement of Light's deceased girlfriend, Mia Sutton, in the serial-killings and uncovers a hidden page of the Death Note in her room, he contemplates writing Light's name in the Death Note page out of anger and thirst for vengeance, while the Death Note's original owner, Ryuk, learns of what L has done and simply comments to a bed-ridden Light in his hospital room, "You humans are so interesting", with a sinister grin in his face, possibly due to the fact that L had written down Light's name in the Death Note page.[25][26]
In other media[edit]
In the light novel Another Note: The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases, L recruits FBI agent Naomi Misora to investigate a series of murders. While the story includes several phone discussions with him from Misora's perspective, he only appears in person at the end of the novel, when he goes by the name "Ryuzaki" - an alias he appropriates from the novel's serial murderer, Beyond Birthday, who masquerades as L under the alias "Rue Ryuzaki". The light novel also says that L won the aliases Eraldo Coil and Deneuve in a "detective war" with the real Coil and Deneuve.[27]
In the musical adaptation, L is portrayed by Teppei Koike in the Japanese version and Kim Junsu in the Korean version.
In the live-action TV drama, L is portrayed by Kento Yamazaki. A few differences with different attitude has made to this character. White shirt and white trouser is his all-time outfit. While capturing Higuchi, Light saves L's life from Higuchi's gunshot. Later, while confessing Light, with a fake death note, Mikami kills him. Then Near takes L's place and follows the videos left by L. L's funeral is shown at the end of the series.
Reception[edit]
Alessandro Juliani's work as L's English voice actor has received praise.
Publications from manga and anime have commented on L's character. Tom S. Pepirium of IGN describes L as "the coolest, most well developed character in anime today".[28] Pepirium said that the "excellent translation" is responsible for L being a "success" in the English-language dub of Death Note.[29] Anime News Network's Theron Martin found that the mental duels between L and Light are appealing to viewers of the series due to how each attempts to discover the identity of the other while at the same time wanting to hide their own.[30] The Hyper staff and Mania Entertainment's Julie Rosato agreed with Martin, with the latter commenting that L's and Light's rivalry as one of the best parts from the series to the point of being something "unique" in a manga.[31][32] Although PopCultureShock writer Carlos Alexandre also praised their rivalry, he still found L to be "too smart" noting that "some careful listening and application of critical thinking will make apparent the holes in L’s supposedly superhuman logic, holes that simply, given L’s character, should not be there".[33] While reviewing the manga's third volume, Rosato concludes the article by saying that L "wins this volume; he really drove it forward" due to how close he gets to Light in such little time, which makes Light lose his temper after meeting him despite how calm he normally is.[34] Pepirium adds that Alessandro Juliani, L's voice actor, portrays his slurping and gulping sweets as "somehow non-irritating".[35] Theron Martin has also repeatedly praised Juliani's work, noting that he "captures the eccentric brilliance of L".[30][36] IGN ranked him as the 19th greatest anime character of all time, saying that "Every good lead character needs a challenge, and L provided the opposition that the Death Note series required to captivate fans."[37]
In January 2007, Oricon made a poll in which they asked Japanese fans from manga and anime which characters from any series they would most like to see in spinoff series. The overall winner from the poll was L, who also ranked first in the women's poll and second in the men's poll.[38] In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards (SPJA) from 2008 Alessandro Juliani was the winner in the category "Best Voice Actor (English)" for his work as L.[39] Kappei Yamaguchi was the winner in the category "Best Voice Actor (Japanese)" from the 2009 SPJA Industry Awards for his work as L. L also won in the category "Best Male Character".[40] In the NEO Awards 2007 from Neo, L won in the category "Best Manga Character".[41]
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to L Lawliet.
Anime and manga portal
Fictional characters portal
List of Death Note characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi and Takeshi Obata. "Character File 2: L." Death Note: How to Read 13. Viz Media. 10.
Jump up ^ Madhouse (October 10, 2006). "l対決". Death Note. Episode 2. Nippon Television.
Jump up ^ Madhouse (October 28, 2007). "Confrontation". Death Note. Episode 2. Cartoon Network.
^ Jump up to: a b Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 61. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 62. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 127. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 119. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 190. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 181. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 117. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "The stars." The Star. Sunday October 29, 2006. Retrieved on December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "CAST." Sinchew. Retrieved on December 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kan, Saori. "23 days to live Archived 2008-05-02 at Archive.is." The Star. Sunday March 23, 2008. Retrieved on January 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 10. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 191. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 69. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2006). "Chapter 21". Death Note, Volume 3. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0170-8.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2008). Death Note 13: How to Read. Viz Media. p. 70. ISBN 1-4215-1888-0.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2006). "Chapter 58". Death Note, Volume 7. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-0628-9.
Jump up ^ Ohba, Tsugumi (2007). Death Note A Animation Official Analysis Guide. Shueisha. p. 100. ISBN 4-08-874197-8. ISBN 978-4-08-874197-0.
Jump up ^ Death Note II: The Last Name (DVD). Viz Media. 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Death Note 3: L, Change the World (DVD). Viz Media. 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ M (2009). L: Change the World. Viz Media. ISBN 978-1-4215-3225-7.
Jump up ^ "Lakeith Stanfield". IMDb. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (June 10, 2016). "'Short Term 12's' Keith Stanfield to Star With Nat Wolff in Netflix's 'Death Note'". Variety. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.christiantoday.com/article/death.note.netflix.movie.official.cast.revealed.production.begings/89833.htm
Jump up ^ Isin, Nisio (2008). Death Note Another Note: The Los Angeles BB Murder Cases. Viz Media. ISBN 1-4215-1883-X.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Matsuda" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Unraveling" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, Theron (2007-12-27). "Death Note DVD 1". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ "Death Note: Volume 1". Hyper. Next Media (173): 79. March 2008. ISSN 1320-7458.
Jump up ^ Rosato, Julie (2006-09-05). "Death Note Vol. #07". Mania Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Alexandre, Carlos (2008-03-10). "Anime Review: Death Note, Vol. 3". PopCultureShock. Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Rosato, Julie (2006-01-11). "Death Note Vol. #03". Mania Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Pepirium, Tom S. "Death Note: "Ally" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
Jump up ^ Martin, Theron (2009-06-10). "Death Note DVD - Box Set 2". Anime News Network. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ Isler, Ramsey (February 4, 2014). "Top 25 Greatest Anime Characters". IGN. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Oricon: Fans Want L, Char Aznable Spinoffs". Anime News Network. 2007-01-08. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Anime Expo 2008 Announces the 2008 SPJA Award Winners". Anime News Network. July 4, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
Jump up ^ "SPJA Industry Award Winners Announced at Anime Expo". Anime news Network. July 3, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ "NEO Awards 2007". NEO Magazine, Issue 40. Uncooked Media: 06–11. January 2007. ISSN 1744-9596.
[hide]
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Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)
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"Hold My Hand"
Single by Michael Jackson and Akon
from the album Michael
Released
November 15, 2010
Format
CD single, digital download
Recorded
2008 (basic tracks)
2010 (additional overdubs & mixing)
Genre
R&B
Length
3:32
Label
Epic
Songwriter(s)
Aliaune Thiam, Giorgio Tuinfort, Claude Kelly
Producer(s)
Akon, Giorgio Tuinfort, Michael Jackson (co-producer)
Michael Jackson singles chronology
"Mind Is the Magic"
(2010) "Hold My Hand"
(2010) "Hollywood Tonight"
(2011)
"Mind Is the Magic"
(2010) "Hold My Hand"
(2010) "Hollywood Tonight"
(2011)
Akon singles chronology
"Move That Body"
(2010) Move That Body2010 "Hold My Hand"
(2010) Hold My Hand2010 "Kush"
(2010) Kush2010
Michael track listing
"Hold My Hand"
(1) "Hollywood Tonight"
(2)
Music video
"Hold My Hand" on YouTube
Audio sample
file
help
"Hold My Hand" is a duet performed by American recording artist Michael Jackson and Senegalese-American singer-songwriter Akon, from Jackson's first posthumous album Michael.[1] The song was originally recorded by Akon and Jackson in 2008. The song was an international top 10 hit in nations such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Music video
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Track listing
6 Chart performance
6.1 Charts
6.2 Year-end charts
6.3 Certifications
7 Release history
8 Personnel
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background[edit]
Co-writer Claude Kelly told HitQuarters that "Hold My Hand" was originally written with Whitney Houston in mind.[2] Akon and Kelly had been in the studio working on songs for Houston's I Look to You album and while on his own Kelly completed the song from a track Akon had left. After hearing the song later, Akon said that he loved it and wanted to keep it for himself, so he wanted to record his own version of it. Shortly afterwards Akon went to Las Vegas to work on what would have been Michael Jackson's next album. While there Jackson heard the song and loved it, and decided he wanted to contribute to it. When Kelly was asked what he thought it was about the song that struck a chord with both Akon and Jackson, he said that it was the song's theme of friendship and togetherness.[2] "Hold My Hand" was recorded by Jackson and Akon in 2008.[1] Akon finished the rest of his vocals for the song in 2010, a few days before the release.[1] A handwritten note from Jackson belonging to his Estate indicated his desire that “Hold My Hand” be the first single on his next project.[1] However, in its unfinished state, the song leaked out in 2008.[1] This would be the last new song leaked during Jackson's lifetime. Due to the leak, the song was subsequently pulled from Akon's track listing for his 2008 album, Freedom.[3][4]
Akon commented, “The world was not ready to hear ‘Hold My Hand’ when it leaked a couple years ago. We were devastated about it. But its time has definitely come; now in its final state, it has become an incredible, beautiful, anthemic song. I’m so proud to have had the chance to work with Michael, one of my all time idols.”[1] Before the official release of the song, Akon stated on Twitter that the final version would have more of Jackson's vocals. The song was released globally on Monday, November 15, 2010, at 12:01am EST. It was available to stream from Jackson's official website.[1] Jackson's nephew, Taj Jackson, posted a message saying that his uncle was proud of the song. "I'll never forget that smile he had on his face as the song played through the speakers [in his room] at the Palms Hotel in Vegas."[5] The song is the second collaboration between the two artists and the second consecutive duet single release for Jackson, following "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008". That song proved a commercial success and charted within the top 20 in several countries.[6]
Music video[edit]
On Monday, November 22, 2010, the filming for the official video began in Tustin, California, a main filming location being the airship hangars at Marine Corps Air Station Tustin. There was a casting call posted up on Jackson's official website, saying that they were "looking for his fans of all ages who want to be a part of this iconic event."[7] On December 4, 2010, a 30-second teaser of the video was released on Michael Jackson's official YouTube channel and the official website. It featured clips from Jackson's Live in Bucharest: The Dangerous Tour DVD and clips of fans dancing.[8] The video debuted at midnight December 9, 2010 on worldwide websites, including MichaelJackson.com.[9] The video showed Jackson in concert (from Dangerous World Tour in Bucharest and HIStory World Tour in Munich), Akon singing and children dancing in the dress of Jackson, as well as sentimental scenes of children, families, and elderly people holding hands and a woman weeping.[9] The video was directed by Mark Pellington.
Critical reception[edit]
The song received mostly positive reviews in contrast to the negative reviews of the previous promotional single "Breaking News."[10] Ashante Infantry, entertainment reporter for the Toronto Star, called it a "catchy, well-meaning addition to Jackson's catalog." She also wrote, "Buoyed by strings and a backing chorus, the singer applies his angelic tenor to soaring phrasing that models the uplifting purport of the tune’s love and unity lyrics in the spirit of 1995’s "You Are Not Alone", Jackson’s last No. 1 hit."[11] Huffington Post commentator Joe Vogel praised it as "a simple, but powerful song that embodies so much of what fans loved about Michael Jackson... making the personal something more profound and universal", and Vogel stated as well that "With its catchy chorus and majestic crescendo it has all the makings of a big hit." Vogel also noted the first line of the song, "This life don't last forever," was a "poignant reminder of the transience of life."[12] MTV's Gil Kaufman stated that "the uplifting 'Hold My Hand' is one of Jackson's classic love ballads, a heart-stirring call to unity," and that it ended with "a majestic feel."[13] Newsday music critic Glenn Gamboa said that the tune "finds Jackson in fine voice." He also remarked, "Now this is more like it."[14] Gerrick D. Kennedy of the Los Angeles Times music blog wrote that the "mid-tempo uplifting track is classic M.J."[15]
Negative reviews however came from Yahoo! Music, where commentator Chris Willman argued that the single stole elements from the Hootie & the Blowfish song of the same name,[16] and Minneapolis City Pages where commentator Ray Cummings said "there's no way to reasonably avoid being disappointed and dispirited by its thinness."[17] Boston Herald critic Jed Gottlieb described the song as "an average, Auto-Tuned Akon croon" without "the snap, crackle and pop of a finished King of Pop product." Gottlieb also wrote, "Jackson is grumbling from his grave."[18] Jason Lipshutz from Billboard said, it "isn't a classic Jackson single," but Michael Jackson's "diehards should delight in hearing a stylish pop production that doesn't dwell on the singer's troubled life."[19]
Commercial performance[edit]
The song debuted at number 53 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart the week of November 27, 2010.[20][21] It also became Michael Jackson's 48th hit on Billboard Hot 100, and debuted at number 84.[22] It debuted on the Adult R&B chart at number 16 as the chart's highest start in 2010 the same week.[23] The song is Jackson's first top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 since 2002's "Butterflies". The song debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Jazz Songs Chart on the week of January 15, 2011, as Jackson's first single on this chart, it peaked at number 16.[24] According to SoundScan, the song has sold 304,000 copies by the middle of January 2011.[25]
Track listing[edit]
European CD Single[26]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hold My Hand" 3:32
2. "Hold My Hand" (Vocals & Orchestra) 3:44
3. "Hold My Hand" (Alternative Mix) 3:48
4. "Hold My Hand" (Instrumental) 3:32
Total length: 13:56
Promotional CD Single
No.
Title
Length
1. "Hold My Hand" 3:32
Total length: 3:32
Chart performance[edit]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2010–11)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[27] 37
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[28] 9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29] 10
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[30] 8
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[31] 16
Czech Airplay Chart (IFPICR)[32] 13
Denmark (Tracklisten)[33] 3
Finland (IFPI)[34] 16
France (SNEP)[35] 27
Germany (Media Control Charts)[36] 7
Germany (Airplay Chart)[37] 1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[38] 10
Ireland (IRMA)[39] 21
Italy (FIMI)[40] 4
Japan (Billboard Japan Hot 100)[41] 13
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[42] 28
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[43] 6
Norway (VG-lista)[44] 9
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100) [45] 2
Polish Dance Chart (ZPAV)[46] 40
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[47] 17
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[48] 7
Spain (Airplay Chart)[49] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50] 8
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51] 9
UK R&B (Official Charts Company)[52] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[53] 10
US Billboard Hot 100[23] 39
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[23] 33
US Billboard Pop Songs[54] 38
US Billboard Jazz Songs[24] 16
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2010)
Position
German Singles Chart 91
UK Singles Chart[55] 168
Chart (2011)
Position
Hungarian Airplay Chart[56] 28
Spanish Singles Chart[57] 35
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[58]
Gold 15,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[59]
Gold 7,500*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]
Gold 20,000^
Sweden (GLF)[61]
Platinum 20,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
Label
Austria November 15, 2010 Digital download Sony Music
France[62]
New Zealand[63]
Australia[64]
Italy
Belgium[65]
Sweden[65]
Germany[66]
Denmark[67]
Spain[68]
China[69] November 17, 2010
Poland[70] November 18, 2010
United States[71] Epic
Austria December 3, 2010 CD single Sony Music
Germany[72]
United Kingdom[26][73] December 5, 2010 Digital download Epic
December 6, 2010 CD single
France[74] Sony Music
Personnel[edit]
Written by Aliaune Thiam, Giorgio Tuinfort and Claude Kelly
Produced by Akon and Giorgio Tuinfort
Co-produced by Michael Jackson
Vocals recorded by Mack Woodward, Justin Pintar, Matt Paul, Miguel Scott, Kory Aaron, Eelco Bakker and Ryan Wiese
Mixed by Serban Ghenea
Orchestra recording and mixing by Wessel Oltheten
Programming and Finisher: Akon, Giorgio Tuinfort
Arrangement by Franck van der Heijden
Orchestra by Dennis Krijnen
Violin: Arlia de Ruiter, Pauline Terlouw, Erica Korthals-Altes, Vera Laporeva, Sarah Koch, Linda Dumessie, Dennis Koenders, Seija Teeuwen, David Peijnenborgh, Wim Kok, Elizabeth Liefkes Cats, Feyona van Iersel, Vera van der Brie and Erik Jan Kromhout
Grand Piano: Giorgio Tuinfort
Alt Violin: Mieke Honingh, Isabella Petersen, Iris Schut, Rani Kumar and Arjen de Graaf
Celli: Emile Visser, Maarten Jansen, Michiel Weidner and Jascha Albracht
Contrabas: Erik Winkelman
Horns: Pierre Buizer and Iris Oltheten
Choir: Alan Austin, Anthony Brice, Antoria Caston, Richard Dale, Eric Echols, Charlene Gillead, Valencia Green, Cynthia Jones, Iris McGhee, Felicia Peavy, Michelle Roberts, Gina Taylor, Leo Wheat Jr, Dana Widener, Terance Wilson and Sandra Wright
Choir Director: Leo Wheat Jr
String Arrangement: Franck van der Heijden
See also[edit]
List of unreleased Michael Jackson material
Death of Michael Jackson
List of works published posthumously
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "MICHAEL Press Release". Sony Music Entertainment. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Interview with Claude Kelly". HitQuarters. 24 May 2010. Retrieved 24 Nov 2010.
Jump up ^ "Akon's New Album "Freedom" tracklisting is out". Retrieved 2010-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jackson Cameo Shocks Akon Songwriter". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jackson duet with Akon released online". CNN. 2010-11-15.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jackson - Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008 (chanson)". LesCharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 2010-02-27.
Jump up ^ "Casting Call for the "Hold My Hand" Music Video". Michaeljackson.com. 2010-11-19. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Hold My Hand Music Video 30 Second Teaser". MichaelJackson.com. 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Deutsch, Linda (2010-12-07). "Jackson's first posthumous video hits the Web, Video for album's first single, 'Hold My Hand,' to officially debut Thursday". Associated Press via MSNBC.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "New Michael Jackson Song Released, Gathers Buzz". ABC News. November 15, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Infantry, Ashante (November 15, 2010). "Review: Michael Jackson back to form with Akon duet". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Vogel, Joe (November 15, 2010). "Review: "Hold My Hand" (Michael Jackson and Akon)". Huffington Post. Retrieved November 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gil Kaufman (2010-11-15). "Jackson's 'Hold My Hand' Debuts Online - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV. Retrieved 2010-12-05.
Jump up ^ 'Hold My Hand,' featuring Jackson and Akon, released
Jump up ^ "Pop & Hiss". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ Michael Jackson and Akon Get Hootie-esque and Hold Hands On New Single - Stop The Presses!
Jump up ^ Michael Jackson/Akon duet "Hold My Hand" less fake than "Breaking News" but bogus nonetheless - Minneapolis / St. Paul Music - Gimme Noise
Jump up ^ Gottlieb, Jed (November 24, 2010). "'Hold My Hand' (Epic): C+". Boston Herald. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz (2010-11-19). "Michael Jackson (Duet with Akon), "Hold My Hand"". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-12-03.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jackson Music News & Info". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-11-17.
Jump up ^ Gary Trust (2010-11-18). "Weekly Chart Notes: 'Glee,' Black Eyed Peas, Susan Boyle". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
Jump up ^ Silvio Pietroluongo (2010-11-24). "Rihanna's 'Only Girl' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gary Trust (2010-11-24). "Weekly Chart Notes: Rihanna, Gwyneth Paltrow, the Beatles". Billboard. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chart Highlights: Pop. Rock, Dance/Club Play Songs & More". Billboard.com. January 3, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Gail (2011-01-21). "Michael Jackson's 'Michael' Album Sales Pale Next to 'This Is It'". Billboard. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Uk Single Download Release Date (Sun 5th Dec.) CD Single (Mon 6th Dec.)". MichaelJackson.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-26.
Jump up ^ "Australian-charts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". ARIA Top 50 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand" (in French). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ "IFPICR week 2010/49".
Jump up ^ "Danishcharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". Tracklisten.
Jump up ^ Suomen virallinen lista - ylex.yle.fi Archived 2012-03-15 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ "Classement des ventes de titres téléchargés en France du 15 novembre au 21 novembre 2010" (in French). Chartsinfrance.net. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
Jump up ^ ":: MTV | Hitlist Germany KW 7 | charts". Mtv.de. 2012-02-17. Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ "Airplay Charts Deutschland – Woche 52/2010". German Charts. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
Jump up ^ "Chart Track: Week 50, 2010". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Italiancharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". Top Digital Download.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 - Japan Chart - December 6, 2010". Billboard Japan. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
Jump up ^ "Dance Chart :: Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. 2010-12-16. Archived from the original on 2011-10-02. Retrieved 2011-09-23.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand" Canciones Top 50.
Jump up ^ "Promusicae (Week: January 1, 2011)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Michael Jackson with Akon – Hold My Hand". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Pop Songs". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-02-21.
Jump up ^ "End Of Year Charts: 2010" (PDF). UKChartsPlus. Retrieved 2011-08-10.
Jump up ^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2011" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-26. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Michael Jackson and Akon – Hold My Hand" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Jump up ^ THE FIELD id (chart number) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Michael Jackson – Hold My Hand" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Retrieved 2 January 2012. Select single under "Chart", enter ' in the field "Year". Select ' in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts"
Jump up ^ NO certyear WAS PROVIDED for SWEDISH CERTIFICATION.
Jump up ^ Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single de Michael Jackson - Télécharger Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single sur iTunes
Jump up ^ "Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single by Michael Jackson - Download Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single on iTunes". Itunes.apple.com. 2010-11-15. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single
^ Jump up to: a b Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single by Michael Jackson - Download Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single on iTunes
Jump up ^ Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single von Michael Jackson - Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single bei iTunes laden
Jump up ^ Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single by Michael Jackson - Download Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single on iTunes
Jump up ^ Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single de Michael Jackson - Descarga Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon) - Single en iTunes
Jump up ^ 单曲 - Hold My Hand(Hold My Hand (Single)) - 谷歌音乐搜索 Archived 2010-12-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ News | The Official Michael Jackson Site Archived 2010-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Amazon.com: Hold My Hand (Duet with Akon): Michael Jackson Duet with Akon: MP3 Downloads
Jump up ^ "Hold My Hand (Duet With Akon): Michael Jackson Duet With Akon: Amazon.de: Musik". Amazon.de. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Music CDs, DVDs, Games & More". hmv.com. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Hold My Hand : Michael Jackson & Akon: Amazon.fr: Musique". Amazon.fr. Retrieved 2010-12-09.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
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1970s songs
"Ain't No Sunshine"
"I Wanna Be Where You Are"
"Got to Be There"
"Rockin' Robin"
"Love Is Here and Now You're Gone"
"You've Got a Friend"
"Ben"
"Everybody's Somebody's Fool"
"My Girl"
"Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day"
"We've Got a Good Thing Going"
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"All the Things You Are"
"Happy"
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"Doggin' Around"
"Music and Me"
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"You've Really Got a Hold on Me"
"Here I Am (Come and Take Me)"
"I Hear a Symphony"
"Lonely Teardrops"
"That's What Love Is Made Of"
"I Was Made to Love Her"
"Bad"
"The Way You Make Me Feel"
"Speed Demon"
"Liberian Girl"
"Just Good Friends"
"Another Part of Me"
"Man in the Mirror"
"I Just Can't Stop Loving You"
"Dirty Diana"
"Smooth Criminal"
"Leave Me Alone"
"Twenty-Five Miles"
1990s songs
"Jam"
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"Remember the Time"
"Can't Let Her Get Away"
"Heal the World"
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"Who Is It"
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"Will You Be There"
"Gone Too Soon"
"Dangerous"
"Someone Put Your Hand Out"
"Scream"
"They Don't Care About Us"
"Stranger in Moscow"
"This Time Around"
"Earth Song"
"D.S."
"Come Together"
"You Are Not Alone"
"Childhood"
"Tabloid Junkie"
"HIStory"
"Smile"
"Mind Is the Magic"
"Blood on the Dance Floor"
"Ghosts"
"Is It Scary"
"On the Line"
2000s songs
"Heaven Can Wait"
"You Rock My World"
"Butterflies"
"Speechless"
"Cry"
"One More Chance"
"Cheater"
"Fall Again"
"The Girl Is Mine 2008"
"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing) 2008"
"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008"
"Beat It 2008"
"Billie Jean 2008"
"This Is It"
2010s songs
"Hold My Hand"
"Hollywood Tonight"
"(I Like) The Way You Love Me"
"Monster"
"Breaking News"
"(I Can't Make It) Another Day"
"Behind the Mask"
"Immortal Megamix: Can You Feel It/Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough/Billie Jean/Black or White (Immortal Version)"
"Don't Be Messin' 'Round"
"Price of Fame"
"Bad (Afrojack Remix) (DJ Buddha Edit)"
"Love Never Felt So Good"
"Chicago"
"Loving You"
"A Place with No Name"
"Slave to the Rhythm"
"Blue Gangsta"
"Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous (The White Panda Mash-Up)"
Other
"We Are the World"
"What More Can I Give"
"We Are the World 25 for Haiti"
Featured
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"Get It"
"2300 Jackson Street"
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"Whatzupwitu"
"Why"
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Trouble
"Locked Up"
"Ghetto"
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"Belly Dancer (Bananza)"
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"Smack That"
"I Wanna Love You"
"Don't Matter"
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"Sorry, Blame It on Me"
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"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008"
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"Get Low Wit It"
"Out Here Grindin"
"Wake It Up"
"Body on Me"
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"Stuck with Each Other"
"Silver & Gold"
"One"
"Just Go"
"Overtime"
"All Up 2 You"
"Sexy Bitch"
"Let's Get Crazy"
"On Top"
"Shut It Down"
"Push Push"
"Body Bounce"
"Move That Body"
"Hold My Hand"
"Kush"
"I Just Had Sex"
"Who Dat Girl"
"Boomerang"
"Chop My Money"
"Like Money"
"Play Hard"
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"Heatwave"
Promotional singles
"Holla Holla"
"Troublemaker"
"Dirty Work"
Other songs
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Categories:
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Nephron
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the drug with trade name Nephron, see Epinephrine.
For the journal, see Nephron (journal).
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Juxtamedullary nephron. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2017.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Nephron
Diagram (left) of a long juxtamedullary nephron and (right) of a short cortical nephron.
Details
Precursor
Metanephric blastema (intermediate mesoderm)
System
Urinary system
Identifiers
Latin
Nephroneum
MeSH
D009399
FMA
17640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The nephron (from Greek νεφρός – nephros, meaning "kidney") is the microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and an encompassing Bowman's capsule. The renal tubule extends from the capsule. The capsule and tubule are connected and are composed of epithelial cells with a lumen. A healthy adult has 0.8 to 1.5 million nephrons in each kidney. Blood is filtered as it passes through three layers: the endothelial cells of the capillary wall, its basement membrane, and between the foot processes of the podocytes of the lining of the capsule. The tubule has adjacent peritubular capillaries that run between the descending and ascending portions of the tubule. As the fluid from the capsule flows down into the tubule, it is processed by the epithelial cells lining the tubule: water is reabsorbed and substances are exchanged (some are added, others are removed); first with the interstitial fluid outside the tubules, and then into the plasma in the adjacent peritubular capillaries through the endothelial cells lining that capillary. This process regulates the volume of body fluid as well as levels of many body substances. At the end of the tubule, the remaining fluid—urine—exits: it is composed of water, metabolic waste, and toxins.
Bowman's capsule has a space that collects the filtrate, called Bowman's space; the filtering capillaries of the glomerulus, and the mesangial cells supporting these capillaries. These components function as the filtration unit and make up the renal corpuscle. The filtering structure (glomerular filtration barrier) has three layers composed of endothelial cells, a basement membrane, and podocytes (foot processes). The tubule has five anatomically and functionally different parts: the proximal tubule, which has a convoluted section the proximal convoluted tubule followed by a straight section (proximal straight tubule); the loop of Henle, which has two parts, the descending loop of Henle ("descending loop") and the ascending loop of Henle ("ascending loop"); the distal convoluted tubule ("distal loop"); the connecting tubule, and the collecting ducts. Nephrons have two lengths with different urine concentrating capacities: long juxtamedullary nephrons and short cortical nephrons.
The four mechanisms used to create and process the filtrate (the result of which is to convert blood to urine) are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Filtration occurs in the glomerulus and is largely passive: it is dependent on the intracapillary blood pressure. About one-fifth of the plasma is filtered as the blood passes through the glomerular capillaries; four-fifths continues into the peritubular capillaries. Normally the only components of the blood that are not filtered into Bowman's capsule are blood proteins, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Over 150 liters of fluid enter the glomeruli of an adult every day: 99% of the water in that filtrate is reabsorbed. Reabsorption occurs in the renal tubules and is either passive, due to diffusion, or active, due to pumping against a concentration gradient. Secretion also occurs in the tubules and is active. Substances reabsorbed include: water, sodium, chloride, glucose, amino acids, lactate, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and bicarbonate. Substances secreted include urea, creatinine, potassium, hydrogen, and uric acid. Some of the hormones which signal the tubules to alter the reabsorption or secretion rate, and thereby maintain homeostasis, include (along with the substance affected) antidiuretic hormone (water), aldosterone (sodium, potassium), parathyroid hormone (calcium, phosphate), atrial natriuretic peptide (sodium) and brain natriuretic peptide (sodium). A countercurrent system in the renal medulla provides the mechanism for generating a hypertonic interstitium, which allows the recovery of solute-free water from within the nephron and returning it to the venous vasculature when appropriate.
Some diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis and polycystic kidney disease.
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Renal corpuscle
1.2 Glomerulus
1.3 Bowman's capsule
1.4 Renal tubule
1.5 Types by length
2 Function
2.1 Proximal convoluted tubule
2.2 Loop of Henle
2.3 Distal convoluted tubule
2.4 Connecting tubule
2.5 Collecting duct system
2.6 Juxtaglomerular apparatus
3 Clinical significance
4 Additional images
5 See also
6 References
Structure[edit]
Fig.1) Schematic diagram of the nephron (yellow), relevant circulation (red/blue), and the four methods of altering the filtrate.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.[1] Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle, the initial filtering component; and a renal tubule that processes and carries away the filtered fluid.[2]
Renal corpuscle[edit]
Fig.2) Schematic of the glomerular filtration barrier (GFB). A. The endothelial cells of the glomerulus; 1. endothelial pore (fenestra).
B. Glomerular basement membrane: 1. lamina rara interna 2. lamina densa 3. lamina rara externa
C. Podocytes: 1. enzymatic and structural proteins 2. filtration slit 3. diaphragm
The renal corpuscle is the site of the filtration of blood plasma. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, and the glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule.[3] The renal corpuscle has two poles – a vascular pole and a urinary pole.[citation needed]
The arterioles from the renal circulation enter and leave the glomerulus at the vascular pole. The glomerular filtrate leaves the Bowman's capsule at the renal tubule at the urinary pole.
Glomerulus[edit]
Main article: Glomerulus
The glomerulus is the network known as a tuft, of filtering capillaries located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle in Bowman's capsule. Each glomerulus receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation. The glomerular blood pressure provides the driving force for water and solutes to be filtered out of the blood plasma, and into the space in Bowman's capsule called Bowman's space.
Only about a fifth of the plasma is filtered in the glomerulus. The rest passes into an efferent arteriole. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than that of the afferent, and this difference increases the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus.
Bowman's capsule[edit]
The Bowman's capsule, also called the glomerular capsule, surrounds the glomerulus. It is composed of a visceral inner layer formed by specialized cells called podocytes, and a parietal outer layer composed of simple squamous epithelium. Fluids from blood in the glomerulus are filtered through the visceral layer of podocytes, resulting in the glomerular filtrate.[citation needed]
The glomerular filtrate next moves to the renal tubule, where it is further processed to form urine. The different stages of this fluid are collectively known as the tubular fluid.
Renal tubule[edit]
The renal tubule is the portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus.[4] After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system. [5]
The components of the renal tubule are:
Proximal convoluted tubule (lies in cortex and lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush borders which help to increase the area of absorption greatly.)
Loop of Henle (hair-pin like, i.e. U-shaped, and lies in medulla)
Descending limb of loop of Henle
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
The ascending limb of loop of Henle is divided into 2 segments: Lower end of ascending limb is very thin and is lined by simple squamous epithelium. The distal portion of ascending limb is thick and is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium.
Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle
Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle (enters cortex and becomes - distal convoluted tubule.)
Distal convoluted tubule
Connecting tubule
Blood from the efferent arteriole, containing everything that was not filtered out in the glomerulus, moves into the peritubular capillaries, tiny blood vessels that surround the loop of Henle and the proximal and distal tubules, where the tubular fluid flows. Substances then reabsorb from the latter back to the blood stream.
The peritubular capillaries then recombine to form an efferent venule, which combines with efferent venules from other nephrons into the renal vein, and rejoins the main bloodstream.
Types by length[edit]
Cortical nephrons (the majority of nephrons) start high in the cortex and have a short loop of Henle which does not penetrate deeply into the medulla. Cortical nephrons can be subdivided into superficial cortical nephrons and midcortical nephrons.[6]
Juxtamedullary nephrons start low in the cortex near the medulla and have a long loop of Henle which penetrates deeply into the renal medulla: only they have their loop of Henle surrounded by the vasa recta. These long loops of Henle and their associated vasa recta create a hyperosmolar gradient that allows for the generation of a concentrated urine.[7]
Function[edit]
Fig.3) Secretion and reabsorption of various substances throughout the nephron.
The nephron uses four mechanisms to convert blood into urine: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of numerous substances. The structure and function of the epithelial cells lining the lumen change during the course of the nephron, and have segments named by their location and which reflects their different functions.[citation needed]
Fig.4) Diagram outlining movement of ions in nephron, with the collecting ducts on the right.
Fig.5) Proximal tubule cell showing pumps involved in acid base balance, left is the lumen of tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule[edit]
The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron can be divided into an initial convoluted portion and a following straight (descending) portion.[8] Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries, including approximately two-thirds of the filtered salt and water and all filtered organic solutes (primarily glucose and amino acids).[citation needed]
Loop of Henle[edit]
The loop of Henle is a U-shaped tube that extends from the proximal tubule. It consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. It begins in the cortex, receiving filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule, extends into the medulla as the descending limb, and then returns to the cortex as the ascending limb to empty into the distal convoluted tubule. The primary role of the loop of Henle is to concentrate the salt in the interstitium, the tissue surrounding the loop.[citation needed]
Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. As the filtrate descends deeper into the hypertonic interstitium of the renal medulla, water flows freely out of the descending limb by osmosis until the tonicity of the filtrate and interstitium equilibrate. The hypertonicity of the medulla (and therefore concentration of urine) is determined in part by the size of the loop of Henle.[citation needed]
Unlike the descending limb, the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the countercurrent exchange mechanism employed by the loop. The ascending limb actively pumps sodium out of the filtrate, generating the hypertonic interstitium that drives countercurrent exchange. In passing through the ascending limb, the filtrate grows hypotonic since it has lost much of its sodium content. This hypotonic filtrate is passed to the distal convoluted tubule in the renal cortex.[citation needed]
Distal convoluted tubule[edit]
The distal convoluted tubule has a different structure and function to that of the proximal convoluted tubule. Cells lining the tubule have numerous mitochondria to produce enough energy (ATP) for active transport to take place. Much of the ion transport taking place in the distal convoluted tubule is regulated by the endocrine system. In the presence of parathyroid hormone, the distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs more calcium and secretes more phosphate. When aldosterone is present, more sodium is reabsorbed and more potassium secreted. Atrial natriuretic peptide causes the distal convoluted tubule to secrete more sodium.
Connecting tubule[edit]
This is the final segment of the tubule before it enters the collecting duct system.
Collecting duct system[edit]
Main article: Collecting duct system
Fig.6) Cross-sectional histologic preparation showing (b)small connecting tubules with simple columnar epithelium and (a) large connecting tubules with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Each distal convoluted tubule delivers its filtrate to a system of collecting ducts, the first segment of which is the connecting tubule. The collecting duct system begins in the renal cortex and extends deep into the medulla. As the urine travels down the collecting duct system, it passes by the medullary interstitium which has a high sodium concentration as a result of the loop of Henle's countercurrent multiplier system.[citation needed]
Because it has a different origin during the development of the urinary and reproductive organs than the rest of the nephron, the collecting duct is sometimes not considered a part of the nephron. Instead of originating from the metanephrogenic blastema, the collecting duct originates from the ureteric bud.[citation needed]
Though the collecting duct is normally impermeable to water, it becomes permeable in the presence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH affects the function of aquaporins, resulting in the reabsorption of water molecules as it passes through the collecting duct. Aquaporins are membrane proteins that selectively conduct water molecules while preventing the passage of ions and other solutes. As much as three-quarters of the water from urine can be reabsorbed as it leaves the collecting duct by osmosis. Thus the levels of ADH determine whether urine will be concentrated or diluted. An increase in ADH is an indication of dehydration, while water sufficiency results in a decrease in ADH allowing for diluted urine.[citation needed]
Fig.7) Cross-sectional diagram of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and adjacent structures: 1) top, yellow - distal convoluted tubule; 2) top, brown -macula densa cuboidal cells surrounding arterioles; 3) small blue cells - juxtaglomerular cells; 4) large blue cells - mesangial cells; 5) tan - podocytes lining Bowman's capsule adjacent to capillaries, and parietal layer of capsule, 6)center - five glomerular capillaries, and the 6)bottom, purple - exiting tubule. Structures (2), (3), and (4) constitute the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Lower portions of the collecting organ are also permeable to urea, allowing some of it to enter the medulla of the kidney, thus maintaining its high concentration (which is very important for the nephron).[citation needed]
Urine leaves the medullary collecting ducts through the renal papillae, emptying into the renal calyces, the renal pelvis, and finally into the urinary bladder via the ureter.[citation needed]
Juxtaglomerular apparatus[edit]
Main article: Juxtaglomerular apparatus
The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized region associated with the nephron, but separate from it. It produces and secretes into the circulation the enzyme renin (angiotensinogenase), which cleaves angiotensinogen and results in the ten amino acid substance angiotensin-1 (A-1). A-1 is then converted to angiotensin-2, a potent vasoconstrictor, by removing two amino acids: this is accomplished by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). This sequence of events is referred to as the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) or renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The JGA is located between the thick ascending limb and the afferent arteriole. It contains three components: the macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells.[citation needed]
Clinical significance[edit]
Diseases of the nephron predominantly affect either the glomeruli or the tubules. Glomerular diseases include diabetic nephropathy, glomerulonephritis and IgA nephropathy; renal tubular diseases include acute tubular necrosis, renal tubular acidosis, and polycystic kidney disease.
Additional images[edit]
Distribution of blood vessels in cortex of kidney. (Although the figure labels the efferent vessel as a vein, it is actually an arteriole.)
Glomerulus is red; Bowman's capsule is white.
Kidney tissue
Glomerulus
This image shows the types of cells present in the glomerulus part of a kidney nephron. Podocytes, Endothelial cells, and Glomerular mesangial cell are present.
See also[edit]
Nephrology
Urology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pocock, Gillian; Richards, Christopher D. (2006). Human physiology : the basis of medicine (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-19-856878-0.
Jump up ^ J., Tortora, Gerard (2010). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Derrickson, Bryan. (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1024. ISBN 9780470233474. OCLC 192027371.
Jump up ^ J., Tortora, Gerard (2010). Principles of anatomy and physiology. Derrickson, Bryan. (12th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1027. ISBN 9780470233474. OCLC 192027371.
Jump up ^ Ecology & Evolutionary Biology - University of Colorado at Boulder. "The Kidney Tubule I: Urine Production." URL: http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/web_resources/cartoons/nephrex1.html. Accessed on: March 6, 2007. Archived October 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hook, Jerry B. & Goldstein, Robin S. (1993). Toxicology of the Kidney. Raven Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-88167-885-6. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch03/7ch03p16 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Jameson, J. Larry & Loscalzo, Joseph (2010). Harrison's Nephrology and Acid-Base Disorders. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-07-166339-7. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Walter F. Boron. Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 743. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
show
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Anatomy of the urinary system
Kidneys
Layers
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column
Medulla
sinus
pyramids
medullary interstitium
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interlobar
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male
female
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show
v
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Physiology of the kidneys and acid-base physiology
Renal function
Secretion
clearance
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sodium
chloride
urea
glucose
oligopeptides
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Hormones
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Aldosterone
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Acid-base balance
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Darrow Yannet diagram
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Extracellular fluid
(Interstitial fluid
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Base excess
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Winters' formula
Buffering
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Respiratory compensation
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Other
Fractional sodium excretion
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Natriuresis
Urine
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