text:
Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics
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Snowboarding
at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games

The pictograms for big air, halfpipe, parallel giant slalom, slopestyle, and snowboard cross events.
Venue
Bokwang Phoenix Park
Dates
10–24 February 2018
No. of events
10 (5 men, 5 women)
Competitors
248 from 30 nations
← 2014
2022 →
Snowboarding at the
2018 Winter Olympics
Qualification
Big air
men women
Halfpipe
men women
Parallel giant slalom
men women
Slopestyle
men women
Snowboard cross
men women
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Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Bokwang Phoenix Park in Pyeongchang, South Korea. A total of ten snowboarding events were scheduled to take place between 10 and 24 February 2018.[1]
The parallel slalom event, which made its debut four years earlier at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, was dropped from the games in 2018 in favour of a new big air event.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualification
2 Competition schedule
3 Medal summary
3.1 Medal table
3.2 Men's events
3.3 Women's events
4 Participating nations
5 References
6 External links
Qualification[edit]
Main article: Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Qualification
A total of 258 quota spots were available to athletes to compete at the games (142 men and 116 women). Each National Olympic Committee was permitted to enter a maximum of 26 athletes, with a maximum of 14 men or 14 women. Each event had its own maximum number of quota spots, however slopestyle and big air were calculated jointly per nation.[3]
Competition schedule[edit]
The following was the competition schedule for all ten events.[4]
Sessions that included the event finals are shown in bold.
All times are (UTC+9).
Date
Time
Event
10 February 10:00 Men's slopestyle
11 February 10:00 Men's slopestyle
13:30 Women's slopestyle
12 February 10:00 Women's slopestyle
13:30 Women's halfpipe
13 February 10:00 Women's halfpipe
13:00 Men's halfpipe
14 February 10:30 Men's halfpipe
15 February 11:00 Men's snowboard cross
16 February 10:00 Women's snowboard cross
19 February 10:00 Women's big air
21 February 09:30 Men's big air
22 February 09:30 Women's big air
24 February 09:00 Women's parallel giant slalom
Men's parallel giant slalom
10:00 Men's big air
13:30 Women's parallel giant slalom
Men's parallel giant slalom
Medal summary[edit]
Medal table[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 4 2 1 7
2 Canada (CAN) 1 2 1 4
3 France (FRA) 1 1 0 2
4 Czech Republic (CZE) 1 0 1 2
5 Austria (AUT) 1 0 0 1
Italy (ITA) 1 0 0 1
Switzerland (SUI) 1 0 0 1
8 Australia (AUS) 0 1 1 2
Germany (GER) 0 1 1 2
10 China (CHN) 0 1 0 1
Japan (JPN) 0 1 0 1
South Korea (KOR) 0 1 0 1
13 Finland (FIN) 0 0 1 1
Great Britain (GBR) 0 0 1 1
New Zealand (NZL) 0 0 1 1
Slovenia (SLO) 0 0 1 1
Spain (ESP) 0 0 1 1
Total
10
10
10
30
Men's events[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Big air[5]
details Sébastien Toutant
Canada 174.25 Kyle Mack
United States 168.75 Billy Morgan
Great Britain 168.00
Halfpipe[6]
details Shaun White
United States 97.75 Ayumu Hirano
Japan 95.25 Scotty James
Australia 92.00
Parallel giant slalom[7]
details Nevin Galmarini
Switzerland Lee Sang-ho
South Korea Žan Košir
Slovenia
Slopestyle[8]
details Redmond Gerard
United States 87.16 Max Parrot
Canada 86.00 Mark McMorris
Canada 85.20
Snowboard cross[9]
details Pierre Vaultier
France Jarryd Hughes
Australia Regino Hernández
Spain
Women's events[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Big air[10]
details Anna Gasser
Austria 185.00 Jamie Anderson
United States 177.25 Zoi Sadowski-Synnott
New Zealand 157.50
Halfpipe[11]
details Chloe Kim
United States 98.25 Liu Jiayu
China 89.75 Arielle Gold
United States 85.75
Parallel giant slalom[12]
details Ester Ledecká
Czech Republic Selina Jörg
Germany Ramona Theresia Hofmeister
Germany
Slopestyle[13]
details Jamie Anderson
United States 83.00 Laurie Blouin
Canada 76.33 Enni Rukajärvi
Finland 75.38
Snowboard cross[14]
details Michela Moioli
Italy Julia Pereira de Sousa-Mabileau
France Eva Samková
Czech Republic
Participating nations[edit]
A total of 248 athletes from 30 nations (including the IOC's designation of Olympic Athletes from Russia) were scheduled to participate (the numbers of athletes are shown in parentheses).[15]
Andorra (1)
Argentina (2)
Australia (11)
Austria (14)
Belgium (3)
Brazil (1)
Bulgaria (3)
Canada (21)
China (9)
Czech Republic (7)
Finland (8)
France (13)
Germany (13)
Great Britain (5)
Ireland (1)
Italy (12)
Japan (16)
Netherlands (3)
Norway (5)
New Zealand (4)
Olympic Athletes from Russia (16)
Poland (6)
Slovenia (7)
South Korea (10)
Spain (4)
Sweden (2)
Switzerland (24)
Slovakia (1)
Ukraine (1)
United States (25)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Schedule". POCOG. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Winter Olympics: Big air, mixed curling among new 2018 events". BBC Sport. BBC. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018" (PDF). International Ski Federation. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Schedule". Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Men's big air results
Jump up ^ Men's halfpipe results
Jump up ^ Men's parallel giant slalom results
Jump up ^ Men's slopestyle results
Jump up ^ Men's snowboard cross results
Jump up ^ Women's big air results
Jump up ^ Women's halfpipe results
Jump up ^ Women's parallel giant slalom results
Jump up ^ Women's slopestyle results
Jump up ^ Women's snowboard cross results
Jump up ^ Number of Entries by NOC pyeongchang2018.com
External links[edit]
Official Results Book – Snowboarding
[show]
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Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics (Pyeongchang)
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Curling
men
women
mixed doubles
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
men
women
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Speed skating
Chronological summary
Medal table
List of medalists
[show]
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Snowboarding at the Winter Olympics
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
List of medalists
List of venues
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snowboarding_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=841356617"
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text:
Svitava (river)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For a village in Herzegovina, see Svitava (Čapljina).
Svitava
Confluence of Svratka and Svitava (right) rivers
Country
Czech Republic
Physical characteristics
River mouth
Svratka
49°08′32″N 16°37′42″E / 49.1421°N 16.6282°E / 49.1421; 16.6282Coordinates: 49°08′32″N 16°37′42″E / 49.1421°N 16.6282°E / 49.1421; 16.6282
Length
98.4 km (61.1 mi)
Basin features
Progression
Svratka→ Thaya→ Morava→ Danube→ Black Sea
Basin size
1,149 km2 (444 sq mi)
The Svitava (German: Zwittawa) is a river in the Pardubice and South Moravian regions of the Czech Republic. The Svitava rises near Svitavy, passes through Blansko, and flows into the Svratka in the Moravian city of Brno. It is 98 kilometres (61 mi) long, and its basin area is 1,149 square kilometres (444 sq mi).[1]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Charakteristiky toků a povodí ČR - Svitava" (in Czech). VÚV TGM. Retrieved 2018-05-08.

This Pardubice Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Svitava_(river)&oldid=840196023"
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I Can Only Imagine (film)
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I Can Only Imagine
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Erwin Brothers
Produced by
Cindy Bond
Kevin Downes
Daryl Lefever
Mickey Liddell
Pete Shilaimon
Raymond Harris
Joe Knopp
Screenplay by
Jon Erwin
Brent McCorkle
Story by
Alex Cramer
Jon Erwin
Brent McCorkle
Based on
The life story of
Bart Millard
Starring
J. Michael Finley
Madeline Carroll
Trace Adkins
Priscilla Shirer
Cloris Leachman
Dennis Quaid
Music by
Brent McCorkle
Cinematography
Kristopher Kimlin
Edited by
Andrew Erwin
Brent McCorkle
Production
companies
Kevin Downes Productions
Mission Pictures International
Distributed by
Lionsgate
Roadside Attractions[1]
Release date
March 16, 2018 (2018-03-16)
Running time
110 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$7 million[2]
Box office
$83.9 million[2]
I Can Only Imagine is a 2018 American Christian drama film directed by the Erwin Brothers and written by Alex Cramer, Jon Erwin, and Brent McCorkle, based on the story behind the MercyMe song of the same name, the best-selling Christian single of all time.[3] The film stars J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard, the lead singer who wrote the song about his relationship with his father (Dennis Quaid). Madeline Carroll, Priscilla Shirer, Cloris Leachman, and Trace Adkins also star.
I Can Only Imagine was released in the United States on March 16, 2018. It has grossed $83 million worldwide against a production budget of $7 million, and is the third highest-grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States. Some critics praised it as inspiring and noted it as an improvement compared to other faith-based films, while others called it flat and by-the-numbers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Coming from a home with an abusive father, 10-year-old Bart Millard is dropped off at a Christian camp by his mother, where he meets Shannon. Upon his return from camp, Bart finds his mother has left and movers are removing her belongings, leading to a physical confrontation with his father Arthur, who takes custody of him.
Years later, Millard is in Lakeside high school and dating Shannon. Hoping to impress his father, he begins playing football. However, he is injured, breaking both ankles and ending his career. In order to make up the credits he would miss from football, he signs up for music class, the only available class left. Initially, Millard is assigned to be a sound technician. After the director catches him singing in the empty auditorium of Lakeside high school, she casts him as Curly, the lead role in the school production of Oklahoma. He doesn't tell his father of his role in the play, and while Bart has risen to the singing demands of the part, Arthur subsequently collapses with severe abdominal pain, but refuses to tell Bart or Shannon about his cancer diagnosis. The following morning, Millard voices his frustrations with his father and is assaulted by his father, who smashes a plate over his head. Shannon presses Bart to open up, but he responds by breaking up with her and leaving to seek his fortune in the city after graduation.
Millard then connects with the band who would become MercyMe, and eventually attracts the attention of Christian music producer Scott Brickell (Trace Adkins), who coaches Millard and gets them a showcase in Nashville, leading to meetings with Amy Grant (Nicole DuPort) and Michael W. Smith (Jake B. Miller). Millard has been unable to reconcile with Shannon, who rejects his invitation to tour with the band to their upcoming Nashville showcase. While the band felt their performance was the best of their career, industry representatives reject the band as not being good enough to sell records. In despair, Millard quits the band. After talking with Brickell, who encourages him to resolve his issues with his father, Millard rejoins the band but asks they wait for him to confront his father and settle the conflict before they play again.
Millard returns home and is greeted enthusiastically by his father, who prepares breakfast for him the next morning. His father claims to have become a Christian, but Bart is initially skeptical and rejects his father's offer to start over. In anger, Arthur takes a baseball bat and hits his old Jeep, which he had hoped to repair with his son. As Bart prepares to leave, he finds out his father has terminal cancer. Bart and his father reconcile and form a deep bond before Arthur dies of his illness.
After his father's funeral, Millard rejoins the band and writes "I Can Only Imagine". Brickell sends the demo tape to several artists, including Grant, who, deeply moved by the song, asks to record it herself as her next single. The band accepts Grant's offer. Millard is seated in the audience when Grant intends to unveil the song live in concert. However, Grant decides that Millard should be the one to sing the song, and offers it back to him, calling him to the microphone to sing it before the large audience. Millard's unexpected performance is wildly applauded and he reunites with Shannon, who had also been in attendance at the concert. The band releases the song as their first single, achieving success on Christian and mainstream radio.
Cast[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
J. Michael Finley as Bart Millard
Brody Rose as Young Bart
Dennis Quaid as Arthur Millard, Bart's father
Cloris Leachman as Meemaw, Bart's grandmother
Madeline Carroll as Shannon, Bart's girlfriend
Taegen Burns as Young Shannon
Trace Adkins as Scott Brickell, MercyMe's manager
Priscilla Shirer as Mrs. Fincher, Bart's teacher
Nicole DuPort as Amy Grant
Jake B. Miller as Michael W. Smith
Mark Furze as Nathan
Production[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)
The film was announced in December 2016.[4] Dennis Quaid joined the cast in January 2017.[5] Broadway actor J. Michael Finley makes his film debut as Bart Millard.[1] The same month, it was announced that the film was slated for release in the spring of 2018.[5] In August 2017, Lionsgate and Roadside Attractions signed on as distributors for the film for a nationwide release in the United States.[1][6]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of May 13, 2018[update], I Can Only Imagine has grossed $82.4 million in the United States, and Canada and $1.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $83.5 million, against a production budget of $7 million.[2] It is the third-highest grossing music biopic of all-time in the United States, behind Straight Outta Compton and Walk the Line.[7]
The film was released on March 16, 2018, alongside Tomb Raider and Love, Simon, and was originally projected to gross $2–4 million from 1,620 theaters in its opening weekend.[8] However, after making $6.2 million on its first day (including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews), weekend estimates were increased to $14 million.[9] It ended up grossing $17.1 million, exceeding expectations and finishing third at the box office behind Black Panther and Tomb Raider. 67% of the opening weekend audience was female while 80% was over the age of 35.[10] It was the fourth best-ever opening for a faith-based film, following The Passion of the Christ ($83.8 million), Son of God ($25.6 million) and Heaven Is for Real ($22.5 million).[11] In its second weekend the film was added to 624 additional theaters and dropped just 19% to $13.8 million, again finishing third.[12] It was added to another 395 venues and finished fourth in its third weekend, making $10.4 million (including $3 million on Easter Sunday).[13] The film will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store, June 5, 2018.
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 23 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "I Can Only Imagine's message will have the most impact among Christian audiences, but overall, its performances and storytelling represent a notable evolution in faith-based cinema."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 29 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score.[9]
The Arizona Republic's James Ward gave the film 4/5 stars and wrote, "Too often faith-based films — say anything with Kirk Cameron or the terrible God's Not Dead series — tend to preach to the choir or hector their audience. The Erwins’ films — I Can Only Imagine definitely among them — are more inclusive, charitable of spirit and hopeful, all qualities that are always appreciated, be they rooted in Christian faith or otherwise."[16] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C–" saying: "There’s a reason why all of these movies are so amateurishly made; why they all end with links to religious websites; why they all look like they were shot on an iPhone by a Walmart-brand Janusz Kaminski who lit each interior like the white light of heaven was streaming through every window...Art can be affirmation, but affirmation cannot be art."[17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Anita, Busch (August 14, 2017). "Faith-Based 'I Can Only Imagine' Picked Up By Lionsgate & Roadside Attractions". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "I Can Only Imagine (2018)". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved May 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Patrick (March 13, 2018). "How did 'I Can Only Imagine' become the biggest Christian hit ever (and inspire a movie)?". USA Today. Retrieved April 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Staff Reports (December 2, 2016). "MercyMe hit song turning into Okie production". NewsOK. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Anita (January 5, 2017). "Faith-Based Film 'I Can Only Imagine' With Dennis Quaid, Cloris Leachman And Trace Adkins Eyes Spring 2018 Release". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Galuppo, Mia (August 14, 2017). "Lionsgate, Roadside Acquire Faith-Based Drama 'I Can Only Imagine'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Biopic - Music Movies at the Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fuster, Jeremy (March 13, 2018). "Will 'Tomb Raider' Be the Movie to Finally Knock 'Black Panther' From Box Office Perch?". TheWrap. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 16, 2018). "'Black Panther' Poised For $460M+ In Profit; 'I Can Only Imagine' Surprises – Box Office Update". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 18, 2018). "'Black Panther' Keeps B.O. Treasure From 'Tomb Raider'; How 'I Can Only Imagine' Hit A $17M High Note". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Business Media. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Box Office: 'I Can Only Imagine' Revives Faith-Based Genre". The Hollywood Reporter. March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 25, 2018). "Does 'Pacific Rim: Uprising' Break Even At The Global B.O.?; 'Black Panther' Sets Marvel Record – Sunday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 1, 2018). "How Warner Bros. Sold 'Ready Player One' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53M+ 4-Day – Sunday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Can Only Imagine (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ "I Can Only Imagine Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ward, James (March 15, 2018). "Faith-based drama 'I Can Only Imagine' doesn't just preach to the choir". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (March 21, 2018). "'I Can Only Imagine' Review: A Christian Rock Biopic Shows Why Faith-Based Films Struggle to Convert Secular Audiences". IndieWire. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
I Can Only Imagine on IMDb
I Can Only Imagine at the TCM Movie Database
I Can Only Imagine at AllMovie
I Can Only Imagine at Box Office Mojo
I Can Only Imagine at History vs. Hollywood
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(film)&oldid=843658836"
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Nurse (Romeo and Juliet)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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character in Romeo and Juliet
Nurse
Romeo and Juliet character
Information
Family
Unnamed (husband)
Susan (daughter)
Other name(s)
Angelica (possible real name)
Associate(s)
Juliet (surrogate daughter)
The Nurse is a major character in William Shakespeare's classic drama Romeo and Juliet. She is the personal servant, guardian (and former wet nurse) of Juliet Capulet, and has been since Juliet was born. She had a daughter named Susan who died in infancy, and then became wetnurse to Juliet. As the primary person to like, she is therefore Juliet's foremost confidante. She is very important to Juliet and Juliet's life.
She is one of the few people, along with Friar Laurence, to be made aware of the blossoming romance between Romeo and Juliet. Her personal history outside of the Capulet estate is unknown, other than that she once had a husband and a daughter, both of whom are deceased. Juliet is considered by many, historians and fans alike, to be her surrogate daughter in many respects because she raised Juliet in Lady Capulet's absence.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Role in the play
3 Literary interpretations
4 Analysis
5 Performance history
6 Notes
7 References
Origins[edit]
The Nurse is a character in Arthur Brooke's poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet, as Shakespeare's main source text. She is like family to the Capulets. The Nurse plays a similar role in the poem by Brooke, though she is less critical of Paris and is banished for the events that took place.[1]
Role in the play[edit]
The Nurse tries to convince Juliet to marry Paris.
The Nurse delivering her "Yet I cannot choose but laugh" line in Act I scene III in an 1847 drawing
The Nurse is sent by Juliet in act two, scene four to seek out Romeo the night after their first kiss and exchange of vows. The Nurse finds Romeo and soon after returns to Juliet with news of Romeo's continued affection. It is because of the Nurse's approval that Juliet ultimately decides to go through with marrying Romeo.
Later, the Nurse is overcome with grief at the death of Tybalt, and she runs to Juliet and cries, "He's dead, he's dead, he's dead! We are undone, lady, we are undone! Alack the day, he's gone, he's killed, he's dead!"[2] The Nurse is the one to deliver the news of Romeo's banishment to Juliet; in spite of Tybalt's murder coming from Romeo's hands, Juliet bids the Nurse to seek out Romeo for her at Friar Laurence's cell for one final night with him before he flees to Mantua.
When Juliet learns that her parents expect her to marry Paris, the Nurse urges the girl to go ahead with the marriage. Even though Juliet was already married to Romeo, the Nurse felt that Juliet would never see her husband again. Following this, Juliet feels betrayed and decides never to share any more of her secrets with the Nurse.
The Nurse discovers Juliet under the spell of Friar Laurence's potion in act four, scene five, and the grief of her death as seriously as she mourned Tybalt. She is, finally, present at the real deathbed of Romeo, Juliet, and Paris, though speechless. Indeed, she loses perhaps the dearest friends of anyone, having suffered through the deaths of her husband, Susan, Tybalt, Romeo, and Juliet.
The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play; only the eponymous characters have more lines.[3]
Literary interpretations[edit]
In 2014, Simon & Schuster published Juliet's Nurse (ISBN 9781476757445), a novel by historian and former college professor Lois Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse.[3]
Analysis[edit]
In choosing forms, Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character that uses it. Friar Laurence, for example, uses sermon and sententiae forms, and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech.[4]
Friar Laurence agrees to marry Romeo to Juliet in an attempt to mend the dispute between the two families; the Nurse sees their union as one of legitimate romance. The Nurse recognizes that Juliet shows no interest in Paris' courting and is the only member of the older generation to take Juliet's feelings into consideration…that is, until she suddenly betrays Juliet's trust by saying that she should marry Paris. Only to the nurse does Juliet confide her feelings about both Paris and Romeo. The formal language Juliet uses around Paris, as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse, show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo.[5]
The Nurse also admits to being something of a fool, proclaiming, "were not I thine [Juliet's] only nurse, I would say thou hadst suck'd wisdom from thy teat."[6] She is implied to be ugly by Mercutio, who urges the Nurse's servant Peter to fetch her fan quickly, "to hide her face; for her fan's the fairer face." Mercutio also mentions her age, calling her an "ancient lady" as he exits from the same scene. Some illustrations even depict her as an obese or big boned woman, because of how Mercutio insults her. He calls "A sail! A sail!" Meaning he thinks that the nurse is as big as a ship.
The Nurse is also a frequent user of malapropisms. Her view of romance is very pragmatic, much like Mercutio's views. When Juliet says that marriage is an honour she did not yet think of, the nurse laughs and exclaims, what an honour it is. The nurse's humour is very crude, which is shown when she makes a rude joke about the way Juliet will 'fall down' when she is older.
The Nurse's given name may be Angelica. In Act 4, scene 4, Lord Capulet, alone with the Nurse and Lady Capulet, tells "good Angelica" to order baked meats for Juliet's upcoming wedding to Count Paris. It is unclear from the text whether he is addressing the Nurse or Lady Capulet.
Performance history[edit]
Edna May Oliver as the nurse in the 1936 film.
A short sample of famous Nurses follows:
Miriam Margolyes in Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet.
Pat Heywood in Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 film.
Edna May Oliver in the 1936 film.
Flora Robson in the 1954 film.
Debbie Rochon in Tromeo & Juliet.
Chita Rivera (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (1957 Original Broadway Cast)
Rita Moreno (as Anita) the Nurse role in "West Side Story (film)"
Karen Olivo (as Anita) the Nurse role in West Side Story (2009 Revival Original Broadway Cast)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Arthur J. Roberts (February 1902). "The Sources of Romeo and Juliet". Modern Language Notes. Modern Language Notes, Vol. 17, No. 2. 17 (2): 41–44. doi:10.2307/2917639. JSTOR 2917639.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet, Act 3, Scene 2
^ Jump up to: a b Simon & Schuster author page. Retrieved 19 April 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445
Jump up ^ Halio, 48–60.
Jump up ^ Halio, 20–30.
Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 67–68
References[edit]
Halio, Jay (1998). Romeo and Juliet. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-313-30089-5.
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William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
Characters
Romeo
Juliet
Mercutio
Tybalt
Benvolio
Friar Laurence
Nurse
Paris
Rosaline
Queen Mab
Atomy
Sources
The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet
Pyramus and Thisbe
Palace of Pleasure
Troilus and Criseyde
Ballets
Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev)
Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan)
Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev)
Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery)
Radio and Juliet (2005)
Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins)
Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor)
Operas
Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda)
Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli)
Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai)
I Capuleti e i Montecchi (1830, Bellini)
Gloria (1874, Cilea)
Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod)
A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius)
Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister)
Romeo und Julia (1943, Blacher)
Musicals
The Belle of Mayfair (1906)
West Side Story (1957)
Once on This Island (1990)
Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001)
Giulietta e Romeo (2007)
Classical
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800)
Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz)
Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky)
On screen
1900
1908
1916 Metro Pictures
1916 Fox
1936
1940
1953
1954
1955
1964
1968
1978 (TV)
1992 (TV)
1996
2006
2013
Film
adaptations
English
Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953)
Romanoff and Juliet (1961)
West Side Story (1961)
Gonks Go Beat (1965)
Lonesome Cowboys (1968)
Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979)
The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982)
Valley Girl (1983)
Bullies (1986)
China Girl (1987)
Romeo.Juliet (1990)
Tromeo and Juliet (1996)
Love Is All There Is (1996)
Rose by Any Other Name... (1997)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Shakespeare in Love (1998)
The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999)
Romeo Must Die (2000)
Brooklyn Babylon (2001)
Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005)
West Bank Story (2005)
Life and Lyrics (2006)
Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006)
Rome & Jewel (2006)
David & Fatima (2008)
The Cross Road (2008)
Vicious Circle (2008)
Gnomeo & Juliet (2011)
Private Romeo (2011)
Warm Bodies (2013)
Make Your Move (2013)
Romeo & Juliet (2013)
Hindi
Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981)
Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988)
Saudagar (1991)
Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (2002)
Bollywood Queen (2002)
Ishaqzaade (2012)
Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela (2013)
Issaq (2013)
Telugu
Maro Charitra (1978)
Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (1996)
Kalisundam Raa (2000)
Maro Charitra (2010)
Spanish
Romeo and Juliet (1940)
Los Tarantos (1963)
30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995)
Amar te duele (2002)
Italian
Fury of Johnny Kid (1967)
Ma che musica maestro (1971)
Portuguese
Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (1979)
O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta (2005)
Other
Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937)
Les amants de Vérone (French 1949)
Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960)
The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995)
Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000)
Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003)
Mamay (Ukrainian 2003)
The District! (Hungarian 2004)
In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet (2006)
The Bubble (Hebrew/Arabic 2006)
Priyatama (Marathi 2014)
Arshinagar (Bengali 2015)
Eeda (Malayalam 2017)
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Compliance buyout
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Compliance buyouts (sometimes referred to as amnesty buyouts) allow National Hockey League (NHL) teams to buy-out a player's contract by paying him two-thirds of the remaining value of a contract over twice the remaining length of the contract. If the player is under 26 years old, then the team may pay the player just one-third of the remaining contract value.[1] In ordinary-course buyouts, the team's NHL salary cap hit for the player is stretched over a period of twice the remaining length of the contract. Compliance buyouts follow the same formula as ordinary-course buyouts but do not count against the cap.
Due to the 2012–13 NHL lockout, the salary cap was not to increase to the projected $70.2 million, so each team was therefore granted two compliance buyouts to be exercised after the 2012–13 season and/or after the 2013–14 season that would not count against the salary cap in any further year in order to better comply with a lower than expected cap value, regardless of the player's age. After using an compliance buyout on a player, that player is prohibited from rejoining the team that bought him out for one year; the NHL deemed that the re-signing of a player following a trade and a subsequent compliance buyout would be ruled as cap circumvention.[2]
Following the 2012–13 NHL lockout each team was granted one accelerated compliance buyout in order for teams to meet the lowered salary cap. This could be used on a player with a salary cap hit of US$3 million or more before the regular season began. If an accelerated compliance buyout is used, that team will only have one more compliance buyout left, and they must use it after the completion of the 2012–13 season (and before the start of 2013–14 season). The player's cap hit is applied in full to the team's salary cap for the 2012–13 season, but for no season after, regardless of contract length.
Available during the off-season in 2013 and 2014, amnesty buyouts begin 48 hours after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup Finals.
In 2013, it began 48 hours after the conclusion of the Stanley Cup, and ended on July 4, 2013. The second NHL compliance buyout period opened on June 16, 2014, and ran through June 30, 2014, with 26 teams having one or more compliance buyout available to be used.[3]
List of compliance buyouts[edit]
The following is an unofficial list of all the compliance buyouts that have been used:[4][5]
Team
Player
Date
Length
Amount
References
Buffalo Sabres
Leino, VilleVille Leino 000000002014-06-18-0000June 18, 2014 06 !6 years $7,333,333 [6]
Ehrhoff, ChristianChristian Ehrhoff 000000002014-06-29-0000June 29, 2014 14 years $12,000,000 [7]
Calgary Flames
O'Brien, ShaneShane O'Brien 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014 02 !2 years $1,466,667 [8]
Chicago Blackhawks
Montador, SteveSteve Montador 000000002013-06-27-0000June 27, 2013 04 !4 years $2,733,333 [9]
Olesz, RostislavRostislav Olesz 000000002013-06-27-0000June 27, 2013 02 !2 years $2,833,333 [10]
Dallas Stars
Rome, AaronAaron Rome 000000002014-06-17-0000June 17, 2014 02 !2 years $1,066,667 [11]
Detroit Red Wings
Colaiacovo, CarloCarlo Colaiacovo 000000002013-07-03-0000July 3, 2013 02 !2 years $1,900,000 [12]
Tootoo, JordinJordin Tootoo 000000002014-06-18-0000June 18, 2014 02 !2 years $1,333,333 [13]
Edmonton Oilers
Belanger, EricEric Belanger 000000002013-07-04-0000July 4, 2013 02 !2 years $833,333 [14]
Florida Panthers
Jovanovski, EdEd Jovanovski 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014 02 !2 years $2,666,667 [15]
Minnesota Wild
Gilbert, TomTom Gilbert 000000002013-07-03-0000July 3, 2013 02 !2 years $2,000,000 [16]
Montreal Canadiens
Gomez, ScottScott Gomez1 000000002013-01-15-0000January 15, 2013 03 !3 years $3,000,000 [17]
Kaberle, TomasTomas Kaberle 000000002013-06-28-0000June 28, 2013 02 !2 years $3,000,000 [18]
New Jersey Devils
Hedberg, JohanJohan Hedberg 000000002013-07-04-0000July 4, 2013 02 !2 years $933,333 [19]
Volchenkov, AntonAnton Volchenkov 000000002014-06-30-0000June 30, 2014 04 !4 years $5,666,667 [8]
New York Islanders
DiPietro, RickRick DiPietro 000000002013-07-03-0000July 3, 2013 16 years $24,000,000 [20]
New York Rangers
Redden, WadeWade Redden1 000000002013-01-17-0000January 17, 2013 03 !3 years $3,333,333 [21]
Richards, BradBrad Richards 000000002014-06-20-0000June 20, 2014 12 years $20,666,667 [22]
Philadelphia Flyers
Briere, DanielDaniel Briere 000000002013-06-26-0000June 26, 2013 04 !4 years $3,333,333 [23]
Bryzgalov, IlyaIlya Bryzgalov 000000002013-06-26-0000June 26, 2013 14 years $23,000,000 [24]
San Jose Sharks
Havlat, MartinMartin Havlat 000000002014-06-27-0000June 27, 2014 02 !2 years $4,000,000 [25]
Tampa Bay Lightning
Lecavalier, VincentVincent Lecavalier 000000002013-06-27-0000June 27, 2013 14 years $32,666,667 [26]
Malone, RyanRyan Malone 000000002014-06-25-0000June 25, 2014 02 !2 years $1,666,667 [27]
Toronto Maple Leafs
Komisarek, MikeMike Komisarek 000000002013-07-02-0000July 2, 2013 02 !2 years $2,333,333 [28]
Grabovski, MikhailMikhail Grabovski 000000002013-07-04-0000July 4, 2013 08 !8 years $14,333,333 [29]
Vancouver Canucks
Ballard, KeithKeith Ballard 000000002013-07-03-0000July 3, 2013 04 !4 years $5,600,000 [30]
Booth, DavidDavid Booth 000000002014-06-17-0000June 17, 2014 02 !2 years $3,166,667 [31]
Washington Capitals
Schultz, JeffJeff Schultz 000000002013-07-03-0000July 3, 2013 02 !2 years $2,000,000 [32]
Notes
Accelerated compliance buyout
References[edit]
Jump up ^ NHL's compliance buyouts are similar to NBA's amnesty concept
Jump up ^ Brooks, Larry (June 26, 2013). "NHL trips up buyouts". New York Post.
Jump up ^ "Compliance buyout period opens on Monday". USA Today. June 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/feature/?id=99026
Jump up ^ http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/countdown-to-nhl-buyout-season-what-we-know/
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=722919
Jump up ^ http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=455997
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=456069
Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/chicago/nhl/story/_/id/9429042/steve-montador-rostislav-olesz-bought-chicago-blackhawks
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=675474
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=722818
Jump up ^ St. James, Helene (July 3, 2013). "Red Wings to buy out Carlo Colaiacovo". USA Today.
Jump up ^ Roose, Bill (June 18, 2014). "Red Wings place Tootoo on waivers". NHL.com. Retrieved June 18, 2014.
Jump up ^ http://oilonwhyte.com/2013/07/04/oilers-waive-eric-belanger-will-use-compliance-buyout/
Jump up ^ http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=724649
Jump up ^ http://wild.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=676371
Jump up ^ http://www.sbnation.com/nhl/2013/1/15/3879834/nhl-compliance-buyouts-2013-scott-gomez-wade-redden
Jump up ^ http://canadiens.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=675543
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=676559
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=676367
Jump up ^ "Rangers buy out Wade Redden's contract". CBC News. January 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ Hascup, Jimmy (June 20, 2014). "Brad Richards bought out by Rangers". USA Today.
Jump up ^ http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=425925
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=675174
Jump up ^ http://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/san-jose-sharks-using-buyout-on-martin-havlat/
Jump up ^ http://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=426423
Jump up ^ "LIGHTNING USE COMPLIANCE BUYOUT ON F MALONE". TSN.ca. 2014-06-25. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
Jump up ^ "Maple Leafs use compliance buyout on Mike Komisarek". CBC News. July 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=676521
Jump up ^ http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2013/07/03/canucks-inform-ballard-that-contract-will-be-bought-out/
Jump up ^ "CANUCKS PLACE BOOTH ON WAIVERS FOR EVENTUAL BUYOUT". Tsn.ca. The Canadian Press. Retrieved June 17, 2014. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ Carrera, Katie (July 3, 2013). "Capitals buy out Jeff Schultz". The Washington Post.
NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement reference: Section 50.5 (c-iii-A )(P. 205-208)
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Big Bear Lake
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This article is about the lake. For the city, see Big Bear Lake, California. For the adjacent unincorporated town, see Big Bear City, California.
Not to be confused with Great Bear Lake.
Big Bear Lake
Looking east from China Island
Big Bear Lake
Location of Big Bear Lake in California
Location
San Bernardino Mountains, San Bernardino County, California
Coordinates
34°14′31″N 116°58′37″W / 34.24194°N 116.97694°W / 34.24194; -116.97694Coordinates: 34°14′31″N 116°58′37″W / 34.24194°N 116.97694°W / 34.24194; -116.97694
Lake type
Reservoir
Basin countries
United States
Max. length
7 mi (11 km)
Max. width
2.5 mi (4.0 km)
Max. depth
72 ft (22 m)
Water volume
73,320 acre·ft (0.09044 km3)
Big Bear Lake is a reservoir in the San Bernardino Mountains, in San Bernardino County, California, United States. At a surface elevation of 6,750 ft (2,060 m), it has an east–west length of approximately 7 mi (11 km) and is approximately 2.5 mi (4.0 km) at its widest measurement, though the lake's width mostly averages a little more than 1 mi (1.6 km). These approximations are based on the lake having an optimum retainable water level. At dam's end Big Bear measures its deepest water at 72 ft (22 m). It is a completely snow-fed lake, having no other means of tributary or mechanical replenishment.
Located 100 miles (160 km) east of Los Angeles and surrounded by the San Bernardino National Forest, Big Bear Lake is accessible via four scenic highways: Highway 330 from Highland, Highway 38 from Redlands, Highway 18 from Victorville, and Highway 18 from San Bernardino.
Contents
[hide]
1 Defining surroundings
2 Climate
3 History
4 Lake activities
5 Points of interest
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Defining surroundings[edit]
Big Bear Lake is geophysically defined by its North Shore and its South Shore. Big Bear Boulevard follows the South Shore and leads into the Big Bear Valley as a continuation of Highway 18 (the so-called Rim of the World Highway, which approaches from the west). Big Bear Boulevard winds east through Papoose Bay, Boulder Bay and Metcalf Bay, then leads directly east to the city of Big Bear Lake. At a point called The Village, the road turns toward the lake and then curves eastward to Moonridge, the ski resorts at Snow Summit and Bear Mountain, and Stanfield Cutoff, a causeway located near the east end of the lake. Big Bear Boulevard then continues east into Big Bear City, which is an unincorporated community despite its name. Bear Creek and Siberia Creek flow into the lake and Bear Creek flows out of the lake, traveling about 9 miles (14 km) southwest to the Santa Ana River.
North Shore (Highway 38) begins at the Dam Junction of Highway 18. It travels east past the historic location of Gray's Landing, a famous 1920s fishing camp. It turns north around Grout Bay and travels through the small unincorporated town of Fawnskin. The road meanders across North Shore through Forestry lands, past the Big Bear Solar Observatory, past the Big Bear Discovery Center, past the Serrano Campground (U.S.F.S), accessing the public boat launch, and Stanfield Cutoff. North Shore Drive continues east into Big Bear City and Baldwin Lake.
The primary approach to Big Bear is via Highway 330 out of San Bernardino through Running Springs where it intersects Highway 18. Highway 18 proceeds past Arrowbear and Snow Valley, over 7,200 ft (2,190 m) Lake Vista Summit and across the 15 mi (24 km) "Arctic Circle" for a total distance of 33 mi (53 km). Big Bear Lake can also be accessed by Hwy 38 (referred to as 'The Backside') at the San Bernardino (10) Freeway near Redlands, and takes a 52 mi (84 km) mile route that passes through Big Bear City on the east. From north of Lucerne Valley, it can be accessed by Highway 18 over the pass into Baldwin Lake and through the north side, into Big Bear City.
Climate[edit]
Big Bear Lake in the San Bernardino Mountains, with Lucerne Dry Lake visible in the Mojave Desert beyond, seen from an airliner on approach to Los Angeles.
According to the National Weather Service, the warmest month at Big Bear is July, with a daily average temperature of 64.7 °F (18.2 °C). The coolest month is January, with a daily average temperature of 34.1 °F (1.2 °C). There are an average of 1.7 days each year with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher. Freezing temperatures have occurred in every month and occur on an average of 186 days each year, on average from September 24 to June 4. With a period of record dating only back to 1960, the highest temperature recorded was 94 °F (34 °C), last recorded on July 15, 1998, while lowest was −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 29, 1979.
View from Boulder Bay Park
Due to the 6,790 to 7,200 ft (2,070 to 2,190 m) elevation of the weather station, precipitation is greater than in the lowlands of San Bernardino County, averaging 21.15 in (537 mm) a year. The maximum 24-hour precipitation was 9.43 in (240 mm) on December 6, 1966. Measurable precipitation normally occurs 44.9 days a year. Mountain thunderstorms occasionally produce heavy rainfall, even in midsummer (when most southern California lowland locations are quite dry). Big Bear Lake's climate is Csb (Warm-summer Mediterranean) under the Köppen climate classification.
In contrast to most of southern California, the Big Bear Lake region normally receives significant winter snow because of its high elevation. Snowfall, as measured at lake level, averages 72 in (180 cm) per season; upwards of 100 in (250 cm) can accumulate on the forested ridges bordering the lake, at elevation above 8,000 ft (2,400 m). In February 1990, 59.5 in (151 cm) of snow were recorded. The most snow in 24 hours was 27.0 in (69 cm) on March 27, 1991. The greatest snow depth was 58 in (150 cm) on February 3, 1979. Snow has fallen in every month except July and August. There are normally 18 days each year with measurable snow of .1 in (0.25 cm) or more.
[hide]Climate data for Big Bear Lake, California (1981–2010 normals)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °F (°C)
47.0
(8.3) 47.1
(8.4) 52.1
(11.2) 58.7
(14.8) 68.1
(20.1) 76.2
(24.6) 81.2
(27.3) 79.8
(26.6) 74.1
(23.4) 64.0
(17.8) 54.4
(12.4) 47.6
(8.7) 62.53
(16.97)
Daily mean °F (°C)
34.1
(1.2) 34.6
(1.4) 38.6
(3.7) 43.9
(6.6) 51.9
(11.1) 59.0
(15) 64.7
(18.2) 63.6
(17.6) 57.9
(14.4) 48.5
(9.2) 40.3
(4.6) 34.5
(1.4) 47.63
(8.7)
Average low °F (°C)
21.2
(−6) 22.1
(−5.5) 25.0
(−3.9) 29.1
(−1.6) 35.7
(2.1) 41.8
(5.4) 48.2
(9) 47.4
(8.6) 41.6
(5.3) 33.0
(0.6) 26.2
(−3.2) 21.3
(−5.9) 32.72
(0.41)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
4.45
(113) 3.91
(99.3) 2.66
(67.6) .95
(24.1) .35
(8.9) .15
(3.8) .67
(17) 1.04
(26.4) .42
(10.7) .94
(23.9) 1.50
(38.1) 3.01
(76.5) 20.05
(509.3)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
16.5
(41.9) 18.1
(46) 14.7
(37.3) 4.1
(10.4) .5
(1.3) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) .1
(0.3) 1.2
(3) 4.7
(11.9) 12.3
(31.2) 72.3
(183.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
6.3 6.3 5.7 3.7 1.8 .8 2.6 3.2 2.2 2.7 3.1 5.1 43.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
3.8 3.8 3.4 1.5 .3 .1 0 0 0 .4 1.4 3.3 18.0
Source: NOAA[1]
History[edit]
Sailing, c. 1906
View from the village
The region now known as Big Bear Lake was populated by the indigenous Serrano Indian tribe for approximately 2,500 years. They referred to the territory as "Yuhaviat" which translates into "Pine Place". They inhabited small villages of 10 to 30 round buildings located along fresh water sources and subsisted on berries, nuts, tubers, acorns, and plentiful game harvested along the lush valley. The Serrano looked at the native grizzly bears as ancestors and did not eat the meat or wear the fur of these massive animals. Several contemporary communities in the area feature place names reflecting the Big Bear region's rich Native history. These include Yucaipa, Cucamonga, and Muscupiabe.[2]
The Big Bear Lake area was first discovered by European explorers when an Indian-hunting party was formed by Benjamin Wilson. Wilson moved to California during the days of Mexican territorial Alta California. He married into the Spanish landholder family, the Yorbas, and bought a portion of Rancho Jurupa (Riverside) from Juan Bandini. He became a local rancher statesman of great repute.
Wilson had signed on as Justice of the Peace of the Inland Territory and was commissioned by the territorial authorities to locate and pursue Native Americans suspected of raiding ranches in nearby Riverside. This group, led by the fierce Chief Walkara, drove the herd into the Lucerne Valley on the north side of the San Bernardinos. Wilson gathered a posse of 44 men, 22 of whom he sent through the Cajon Pass while he engineered a pincer movement with the other 22 men into the headwaters of the Santa Ana River, effectively cutting the Utes off at the other end of Lucerne.
On the trip Wilson came upon a broad watershed teeming with wildlife, particularly bear. His posse immediately became a hunting party where the men were split into 11 pairs, each pair bringing back a bear hide. Wilson dubbed the grassy expanse "Bear Valley" and one of the nearby shallow seasonal marshes "Big Bear Lake". This same ephemeral feature is today called Baldwin Lake after Elias J. "Lucky" Baldwin of Rancho Santa Anita fame, who bought the nearby Gold Mountain Mine that was renamed for him in 1876. On Wilson's return trip (the posse had presumably lost interest in tracking renegade Indians), the party took 11 more bear pelts.
Bear Valley Dam
In 1859, the newly discovered valley became a venue for gold prospectors. Mr. William F. Holcomb, a prospector from Indiana, moved to Los Angeles from the Northern California mines where he heard about the prospecting at Big Bear. He moved to Starvation Flats, where he had little luck the first winter. Because of his marksmanship, he was hired by several of the other miners to hunt bear for meat. With his Indian companion, Holcomb tracked, shot and wounded a grizzly bear one ridge north of Bear Valley. There he noticed a vein of quartz flecked with gold. When this discovery was revealed, the Southern California gold rush was on, and Holcomb Valley quickly became the largest populated area in San Bernardino County.
In 1884 marshy, nearly flat Bear Valley was dammed with a single arch granite impoundment, which held back some 25,000 acre feet (31,000 dam3) of water for irrigation purposes in the Redlands area. Redlands citrus growers found that the 1884 dam produced insufficient water. The Bear Valley Mutual Water Company (successor to Bear Valley Irrigation Company) hired John S. Eastwood to design a new dam. [3] In 1912 a 72 ft (22 m) multiple arch dam was constructed about 300 ft (91 m) downstream of the old dam and increased the lake capacity to 73,000 acre feet (90,000 dam3). The original granite dam still remains, usually under about 20 feet of water. A highway bridge (SR 18) was built over the arches of the new dam in 1923. A new bypass bridge was built next to the old bridge in 2009, and the old bridge on top of the new dam was removed (12). Elevation at the surface is 6,750 ft (2,060 m), but this level fluctuates according to annual snowmelt and runoff. Big Bear Municipal Water District acquired the dam and other assets from the Mutual Water Company in 1977.[4]
The unregulated hunting of grizzly bear in the San Bernardinos took a heavy toll upon the once significant native population, and by 1906 all the local Ursus californicus were killed off.
Tourism began with the onset of the automobile and the eventual establishment of highways accessing the seemingly remote area. Hollywood soon discovered Big Bear, and several movies, particularly westerns, have been filmed in the region.
Lake activities[edit]
Big Bear Lake provides an attractive setting for many outdoor activities, including fishing (trout, bluegill, crappie, catfish and largemouth bass), pleasure boating, and water skiing. Because of the very cold water and the presence of underwater obstacles near the shorelines, swimming is discouraged. The lake is patrolled by the BBMWD Lake Patrol.
Many lakeside residents have private docks, and visiting boaters obtain mooring in several of the marinas found on both shores. Big Bear Municipal Water District (a special district of the State of California) provides public launches on the east end and west end of North Shore. Local marinas rent various sport and pleasure boats, and parasailing is available.
Points of interest[edit]
North Shore (west to east)
Fawnskin (San Bernardino County uninc.)
Big Bear Solar Observatory (New Jersey Institute of Technology)
Big Bear Discovery Center
South Shore (west to east)
Snow Summit (skiing; snowboarding; mountain biking in summer; ski lift open in summer for sightseeing)
Bear Mountain (Ski Area) (skiing and snowboarding in winter; golfcourse in summer)
See also[edit]
Big Bear City, California, an unincorporated town east of Big Bear Lake
Big Bear Lake, California, for the incorporated city
List of people from Big Bear Lake, California
List of dams and reservoirs in California
List of lakes in California
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
Jump up ^ Big Bear Lake California History - History of Big Bear Lake
Jump up ^ Donald C. Jackson (2005). Building the Ultimate Dam: John S. Eastwood and the Control of Water in the West. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-8061-3733-9.
Jump up ^ "Lake History". BBMWD Lake Management. Big Bear Municipal Water District. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Big Bear Lake.
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