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Not Going Out
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Not Going Out
Created by
Lee Mack
Written by
Lee Mack
Andrew Collins
Daniel Peak
Sarah Morgan
Directed by
Alex Hardcastle (2006–07)
Nick Wood (2006–)
Ed Bye (2013)
Starring
Lee Mack
Sally Bretton
Francesca Newman
Max Pattison
Finley Southby
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of series
9
No. of episodes
69 (list of episodes)
Production
Location(s)
Teddington Studios (Series 1–3, 6–7)
BBC Television Centre (Series 4–5)
Wimbledon (2015 Special)
Elstree Studios (Series 8)
Pinewood Studios (Series 9–)
Running time
58x 30 minutes
3x 45 minutes
1x 40 minutes
Production company(s)
Avalon Television
Arlo Productions (Series 5–)
Release
Original network
BBC One
Original release
6 October 2006 (2006-10-06) – present
Chronology
Related shows
The Sketch Show
External links
Website
Not Going Out is a British television sitcom that has aired on BBC One since 2006, currently starring Lee Mack, Sally Bretton, Finley Southby, Max Pattison and Francesca Newman. The series has previously starred Megan Dodds, Miranda Hart, Tim Vine and Katy Wix.
The recurring cast currently includes Geoffrey Whitehead, Deborah Grant, Bobby Ball, Hugh Dennis and Abigail Cruttenden. Mack and Andrew Collins were the initial writers for the show, with Paul Kerensa, Simon Evans and Daniel Peak joining the writing staff in later series. Mack is the last remaining actor from the original cast, and the only actor to appear in every episode.
The show was cancelled by the BBC in 2009, whilst the third series was still airing, but the decision was later reversed due to a combination of strong DVD sales and an online petition. This led to the show receiving a renewal for a fourth series which aired from 6 January 2011.[1] A fifth series began airing on 13 April 2012 and ended on 18 May 2012. A sixth series began airing on 5 April 2013 and ended on 31 May 2013, with a Christmas special following later that year.[2]
A seventh series comprising ten episodes began airing on 17 October 2014 and ended with a Christmas special on 24 December.[3] A further Christmas special, which was shot at West London Film Studios, was aired on 24 December 2015. On 24 August 2016, it was confirmed that Not Going Out would return for an eighth series,[4] which began airing on 13 January 2017 and ended on 3 March 2017. On 14 November 2017, it was confirmed that a Christmas Special will air in 2017.[5] On 4 December 2017, it was confirmed that the Christmas Special will air on 24 December 2017.[6]
On 14 December 2016, it was announced that the show had been re-commissioned for a ninth and tenth series.[7] Series 9 began on 8 March 2018.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Production
3 Characters
4 Plot
4.1 Series 1 (2006)
4.2 Series 2 (2007)
4.3 Series 3 (2009)
4.4 Series 4 (2011)
4.5 Series 5 (2012)
4.6 Series 6 (2013)
4.7 Series 7 (2014)
4.8 Series 8 (2017)
4.9 Series 9 (2018)
4.10 Series 10 (2019)
5 DVD releases
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
The series focuses on Lee Mack, who plays a fictional version of himself: an unambitious man in his late thirties living as a lodger in a flat in London Docklands.[9] Originally from Chorley, Lancashire[10] (which is approximately 20 miles from Southport, from which Lee Mack originates in real life), Lee is a negligent, unmotivated layabout. Frequently between jobs, he spends most of his days on his sofa watching television or down at the local pub with his best friend, Tim Adams (Tim Vine), an accountant who owns the flat in which Lee is a lodger. He is also noted for his cheeky wit and for having a very troubled relationship with his father, with whom he shares many traits and who openly mentions that Lee was unplanned and resulted in the end of his marriage.
Very often, the only thing that can get Lee off his couch and active is his efforts to impress the girl of his dreams. In the first series, it is Kate (Megan Dodds), Lee's feisty American landlady, with whom he frequently has conflict but has an otherwise close relationship. Kate is Tim's ex-girlfriend, and he left her for a 23-year-old named Emma, but Lee and Kate suggest that she looked a lot younger. and the two frequently find themselves fighting for her attention.
In the second series, after Megan Dodds left the show, Kate moves back to the United States. Lee's affections soon turn to Tim's sister, Lucy (Sally Bretton), who buys the flat after having spent ten years living abroad, much to Tim's annoyance. Lucy shares Kate's feisty nature and quick wit, and her interaction with Lee is very similar. Although his frequent laziness annoys her, Lucy appears to enjoy Lee's presence in the flat, largely because of his company and his willingness to help her out of an awkward situation. Tim soon finds himself drawn into Lee's many schemes to impress Lucy, most of which backfire, fail to impress her or land them in trouble. Very often, Lee finds himself confiding in his friend, Barbara (Miranda Hart), the cleaner, about his many problems.
Later on in the series, Tim forms a relationship with Daisy (Katy Wix), an incredibly dimwitted young woman. In the third series, Daisy became a regular character, with her and Barbara in the same daft league. Over the series, Lucy considers marrying an Eastern European refugee until he marries Barbara instead. Later on, Lee's father returns to try to make amends with his son. In the midst of the fourth series, Lee continues his antics to impress Lucy. In the series finale, Lee gets hit by a car and falls into a coma. Lee's actions to impress Lucy continue well into the fifth series, when they both think they accidentally sleep together after drinking potato hooch.
In the sixth series, after Tim Vine quit the series, Tim was written out of the show. In the opening dialogue of the series, it is explained that he has been given a work placement in Germany. Daisy continues her friendship with Lucy and Lee, and her naivety often gets them in trouble. With Tim's absence, Lee often finds himself listening to suggestions from Daisy on how to impress Lucy, and they include acting as a test subject for her psychology course, which leads to Lee finding out that he was unplanned and held responsible for the breakdown in his parents' marriage, and getting a girlfriend, who develops a Fatal Attraction-esque crush on him.
He comes close to admitting his feelings to Lucy several times over the course of the series, particularly at the end of "Therapy" and "Play", but although she is receptive, he changes his mind each time. In the seventh series, however, neighbour Toby lies to him, saying Lucy has had a date, after which Lee tells Lucy that he loves her and asks Lucy to marry him, and she agrees. They get married in the finale of Series 7. In the 2015 Christmas Special, Lucy gives birth to her and Lee's first child.
In the eighth series, Lee and Lucy have been married for eight years (the series is set seven years after the 2015 Christmas Special), they have moved out of the flat and into a house in the suburbs, and they have three children, seven-year-old Charlie and five-year old twins, Benji and Molly. Daisy is no longer socialising with Lee and Lucy, but they remain friends with Toby and Anna and are in touch with Lucy's parents, Geoffrey and Wendy, and with Lee's feckless father, Frank.
Production[edit]
Most of each episode were shot on set in front of an audience at Teddington Studios. There are two main sets: the flat and the bar that Lee frequently visits. Outdoor shots and real indoor location shots have also been used on occasion. The fourth and fifth series were shot at the BBC Television Centre. The sixth and seventh series saw filming return to Teddington Studios. From Series 5 onwards, Not Going Out was produced in association with Lee Mack's own company, Arlo Productions (named after his son). After Teddington Studios closed, a new studio has not been found for future episodes. However, the 2015 Christmas special was filmed in Wimbledon and majority in St George's car park but this was probably just a one off as the location fitted with the episode's plot. This episode was not filmed in front of a live studio audience, although it was screened in London to record the laugh track. Series 8 was filmed at Elstree Studios and series 9 was filmed at Pinewood Studios.
The show is filmed in HDTV and, since series 4, airs simultaneously on BBC One HD. Previous to this, the show was not simulcast on BBC HD, but shown on BBC HD 30 minutes after the BBC One airing.
A lot of the humour is based on word play and double entendres delivered in a deadpan manner. This is the comedy style Lee Mack and Tim Vine have used both in stand-up and in The Sketch Show, to the extent that an occasional one-liner from their solo performances is slipped in. This is mostly one sided with Kate/Lucy typically being the victims of the joke. Sight gags are also frequently used, while gags and witticisms are incorporated into almost every line of script.
For the first series, episodes were written by Mack and Andrew Collins, with members of the cast credited for additional material. Because the eight episodes of the second season had to be written and filmed in a short space of time, Avalon Television brought in Nick Stacey, Paul Kerensa and Simon Evans to join the writing team. Mack, Collins and Stacey concentrated on writing the main body of the episodes whilst Kerensa and Evans were involved in storylining, rewriting and 'gagging up' the episodes. The third series saw the writing team expanded, with Darin Henry, Daniel Peak and Simon Dean contributing to the main episodes (all co-written with Mack); the "gag writing" team was also expanded, from two members to as many as eight, not counting the main writers, on a single episode with Milton Jones amongst the additional writers of the show.
In the original pilot of the series, which has not been aired, the part of Kate was played by Catherine Tate. However, due to the success of The Catherine Tate Show, her character was re-written for the American actress Megan Dodds.[citation needed]
The theme song is performed by Frank Sinatra impersonator Stephen Triffitt.[11]
The flat in which Lee and Kate/Lucy lived from 2006 to 2015 is No 17. In a DVD commentary for the first series, it was mentioned that "Number 17" was originally considered as a title for the series, before the name "Not Going Out" was decided on.
Characters[edit]
Episode count is as of 19 April 2018 (Series 9, Episode 7; most recent)
Character
Main Actor
Years
Series
Episode Count
Other Actors
Lee Lee Mack 2006– 1.1– 69 Thomas Gater (as a child)
Lucy Adams Sally Bretton 2007– 2.1– 63 Ruby Stokes (as a child)
Charlie Finley Southby 2017– 8.1– 12 N/A
Benji Max Pattison 2017– 8.1– 12 N/A
Molly Francesca Newman 2017– 8.1– 13 N/A
Geoffrey Adams Geoffrey Whitehead 2007– 2.8– 19 Timothy West
Wendy Adams Deborah Grant 2007– 2.8– 18 N/A
Frank Bobby Ball 2009– 3.8– 13 N/A
Toby Hugh Dennis 2014– 7.2– 20 N/A
Anna Abigail Cruttenden 2014– 7.2– 16 N/A
Jack Max Willis 2017– 8.2– 4 N/A
Daisy Katy Wix 2007–15 2.6–S.2 40 N/A
Timothy Gladstone Adams Tim Vine 2006–12, 2014 1.1–5.6, 7.10 35 N/A
Barbara Miranda Hart 2007–09 2.1–3.8 15 N/A
Kate Megan Dodds 2006 1.1–1.6 6 Catherine Tate (Unaired Pilot)
– Current Main Characters
– Current Recurring Characters
Plot[edit]
Main article: List of Not Going Out episodes
Series 1 (2006)[edit]
Lee is a juvenile and lazy slacker, who goes from one job to another, living off the good graces of his Californian landlady Kate (Megan Dodds), with whom he shares a flat in London. It is not long before they find that their friendship is changing into something more. The situation is somewhat complicated by the fact that Lee's best friend Timothy Gladstone Adams, an accountant from Henley, is Kate's ex-boyfriend (they broke up when he cheated on her with 23-year-old Emma) and he wants to repair their relationship. Lee is torn between pursuing his romantic feelings for Kate and remaining loyal to his increasingly paranoid best friend.
Series 2 (2007)[edit]
Kate has gone back to America leaving Tim with a flat and lodger he cannot afford to keep. Tim's sister Lucy Adams, a head hunter recently back from ten years abroad, buys the flat and becomes the new landlady and flatmate to Lee.[12] Tim also hires a cleaner, Barbara, to clean the flat. In "Gay", the series' second episode, 51-year-old Guy first appears and he soon becomes Lucy's boyfriend. Lee, now an ice-cream seller, later appears to fall for Lucy. In the last episode Tim and Lee are convinced Guy is a gangster and has been smuggling diamonds but it turns out that he was having a diamond engagement ring made for Lucy planning to propose on a romantic holiday. Lee leaves the airport thinking Lucy has said yes to Guy but she returns saying that she was too young to get married and that she had split up with Guy. There was also a Christmas Special in 2007 which introduced Tim and Lucy's parents for the first time. In episode 6, Lee meets a woman called Daisy at speed dating, who later appeared to fall for Tim. Although at the time it seems that she will be a one-time character, she reappears in the Christmas special as Tim's girlfriend and returns in Series Three.
Series 3 (2009)[edit]
The third series sees Lee trying to pursue Lucy, usually encouraged by Barbara he invariably ends up making things worse for himself. We also witness Lucy questioning her sexuality, which worries Lee. Tim's girlfriend Daisy also becomes more of a fixture in series three. In the last episode Lucy is about to marry Pavlov Petrietskivadorski the mechanic so he can stay in the country however she realises that she's made a mistake and Lee gets Barbara to marry Pavlov instead, the last scene is of them driving off together for their honeymoon in India. Barbara is seen back in the flat, wanting to go off with Lee's dad, Frank, who is seen in the last episode, which was broadcast as a Christmas Special on 23 December 2009. Lucy and Lee kiss under the mistletoe.
Series 4 (2011)[edit]
A fourth series of six episodes was filmed from late September to early November 2010. Miranda Hart did not return as Barbara, as filming of the second series of her own sitcom Miranda was also taking place.[13] The series began airing on 6 January 2011.[1] The series sees Lee and Tim thrown into a drugs deal after Tim accidentally takes someone else's coat in a nightclub, Lee and Tim discovering that either one of them could have a long-lost daughter, Lee accidentally agreeing to let a porn film be shot in his and Lucy's flat, Lee having to organise a fireworks display and return an elderly woman to her son, and Tim and Lucy's parents' rough patch in their 40-year marriage. The series finishes with a near death experience for Lee, who later organises a date with Lucy.
Series 5 (2012)[edit]
The fifth series, consisting of six episodes, was filmed between November and 22 December 2011 and aired on BBC One from 13 April 2012. A short Children in Need special featuring Sir Terry Wogan followed later in 2012.
Series 6 (2013)[edit]
The sixth series began airing on 5 April and ended on 31 May 2013. This was the first series since the departure of Tim. In this series Lucy accidentally kills two rabbits, Lee, Lucy and Daisy end up stuck in a ski lift with a heavily pregnant woman, Lee is stalked, Lucy and Lee host a children's party, and the main characters find themselves in another of Frank's schemes as he a deliberately sinks a boat for insurance purposes.
A Christmas special aired on 24 December 2013, with Mack's real-life son making a cameo appearance as a ghost.
Series 7 (2014)[edit]
On 5 April 2013, whilst promoting the sixth series of Not Going Out on The One Show, Lee Mack confirmed that a seventh series had been commissioned. Filming for this series began 23 May 2014, and later finished on 25 July 2014.[14]
The seventh series aired from 17 October 2014 to 24 December 2014 and consisted of ten episodes, making it the longest series to date.[3] Lee Mack, Sally Bretton, Katy Wix, Bobby Ball, Geoffrey Whitehead and Deborah Grant all reprise their roles as Lee, Lucy, Daisy, Frank, Geoffrey and Wendy respectively, whilst Hugh Dennis and Abigail Cruttenden join the cast as new neighbours Toby and Anna who soon struggle to share a building with Lee and Lucy.[3]
Lee and Lucy are mugged, attend a dinner party and try to conceive a baby together. In episode 5, they go on the BBC game show, Pointless. Hosts Alexander Armstrong and Richard Osman make appearances throughout the episode.
In Episode 9, Lee finally reveals his love for Lucy and asks her to marry him. Episode 10 features their wedding day and a guest appearance from Tim Vine, and a cameo appearance by Tommy Cannon.
An outtakes episode aired 27 December 2014. Hosted by Lee Mack, Sally Bretton and Katy Wix.
Lee Mack announced on Alan Carr: Chatty Man that there would be a Christmas Special in 2015 and possibly another series in 2016.[15]
Talking to BBC News, Mack gave an outline of the special; it follows on from the marriage of Lucy and Lee in "The Wedding", the most recent episode, and involved a gun. Mack also announced that the special would not be filmed before a studio audience, unlike past episodes, and that he had written its first scenes.[16]
The Christmas special aired on 24 December 2015, where the regular cast were involved in an armed robbery in a department store. Frank was working as an elf in the Christmas department, when Lee, Lucy and Daisy were with Toby and Anna who had sent their son away over Christmas. The two security guards were attacked by the armed robber who locked them all in the security room and Lee had a showdown with the armed robber, the episode ended with Lucy giving birth to the couple's first child.[17]
Series 8 (2017)[edit]
On 24 August 2016, it was confirmed that there would be an eighth series in 2017. It is set seven years after the events of the 2015 Christmas special and shows how Lee and Lucy cope being parents to three young children.[4] The series began airing on 13 January 2017,[18] and ended on 3 March 2017.
Not Going Out reached its highest ever audience in the opening episode, with a total of 5.52 million viewers.
On 14 November 2017, it was confirmed that a Christmas Special will air in 2017. The episode will feature Lee and Lucy facing a possible yuletide disaster when they discover the perfect present they have bought for their children has already been bought by grandparents.[5] On 4 December 2017, it was confirmed that the Christmas Special will air on 24 December 2017.[6]
Series 9 (2018)[edit]
At a press screening event for Series 8 on 14 December 2016, it was confirmed that a ninth and tenth series of Not Going Out had been ordered by the BBC.[7] The ninth series of Not Going Out began on 8 March 2018.[19]
In Series 9, two episodes were classically farcical; in Stolen, Lee and Lucy, having broken into their best friends' house, are forced to hide under their bed when their friends return unexpectedly early - and head straight for the bedroom - and in Pants on Fire, lies build upon lies, and embarrassment soars to a crescendo. In Pets and Lollipop Man, they deal with common parents' dilemmas and in Home Improvements and Escape Room they interact more with their parents - with, naturally, disastrous consequences. In Bust Up, Lucy contemplates having breast augmentation.
Series 10 (2019)[edit]
On Lee Mack’s appearance on BBC Two’s Top Gear Lee Mack tried to get Matt LeBlanc to appear in one of the episodes where he would be the American neighbour.[citation needed]
DVD releases[edit]
Although filmed and broadcast in HD, no Blu-rays have been released to date. All episodes up to the end of Series 4 feature different video post-production to the broadcast versions, giving them a US-style 'filmlook' effect, however this was dropped from the Series 5 DVD onwards. The episodes Movie and Drunk are slightly extended for DVD, featuring shots and lines cut or censored for their original BBC One transmission. Some music tracks are replaced by soundalikes for release.
DVD Title
No. of Discs
Special features
No. of Episodes
Release Dates
Region 2
Region 4
Series One 1 Audio commentary on episodes 1–3 by Lee Mack & producer/director Alex Hardcastle
Making Of documentary (including Lee and Tim interviewed on set, exclusive behind the scenes footage of Series Two, and clips from Series One, the pilot and The Sketch Show) (18 mins)
Photo gallery 6 22 October 2007 13 May 2009
Series Two 2 Audio commentaries on episodes 1, 4 & 6
Behind the scenes documentary (20 mins) 8 2 February 2009 9 December 2009
Not Going Out 3 2 Not Going Out On Location documentary (35 minutes) 8 27 September 2010[20] 5 May 2011
Not Going Out 4 2 Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (35 minutes of bloopers from series 1–4) 6 14 February 2011 —
Not Going Out 5 2 Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (25 minutes of bloopers from series 5) 6 21 May 2012[21] —
Not Going Out 6 2 Not Going Right – The Out-Takes (bloopers from series 6) 8 17 November 2014[22] —
Not Going Out 7 2 Behind the Scenes: A Day in the Life of Not Going Out 10 1 June 2015[23] —
The Christmas Specials 1 N/A 3 1 December 2014[24] —
Series One & Two 3 As per individual series DVDs 14 2 February 2009 —
Series One, Two & Three 5 As per individual series DVDs 22 27 September 2010[25] —
Series One, Two, Three & Four 7 As per individual series DVDs 28 14 November 2011[26] —
Series One, Two, Three, Four & Five 9 As per individual series DVDs 34 21 May 2012[27] —
The Complete Series 1–7 13 As per individual series DVDs 53 1 June 2015[28] —
Not Going Out 6 does not include the 2013 Christmas Special, "The House". It is however included on The Christmas Specials and The Complete Series 1–7.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Network TV BBC Week 1: New this week". BBC. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out - BBC One".
^ Jump up to: a b c "Not Going Out return date confirmed". 29 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Not Going Out returns for Series Eight on BBC One". BBC Media Centre. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Not Going Out – BBC reveals details of hit sitcom's Christmas plot". 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Not Going Out - Christmas Special". 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Guide, British Comedy (14 December 2016). "BBC orders two more series of Not Going Out".
Jump up ^ "BBC programme information". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Not Going Out, s2, e1
Jump up ^ Not Going Out, s2, e2&7
Jump up ^ "Stephen Triffitt, singer Print Version". Professionalpeople.org. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "You Ask Us". Radio Times. 4 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Miranda Hart to miss Not Going Out 4 British Comedy Guide 12 March 2010
Jump up ^ http://www.tvrecordings.com/shows/view/12
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out to return for Christmas special". comedy.co.uk. British Comedy Guide. 8 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lee Mack on his on-screen marriage". bbc.co.uk. BBC News. 2 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Christmas Shopping, Not Going Out - BBC One".
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out "Romance" Episode Guide". Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBC programme information". BBC Media Centre. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Series 3 DVD release". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out – Series 5 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out – Series Six [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out - Series 7". 1 June 2015 – via Amazon.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out – The Christmas Specials[DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Series 1–3 DVD release". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out – Series 1–4 Complete DVD". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out Series 1–5 [DVD]". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Not Going Out - Series 1-7 [DVD]". amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
External links[edit]
Not Going Out at BBC Programmes
Not Going Out on IMDb
Not Going Out at TV.com
Not Going Out at British Comedy Guide
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President pro tempore of the United States Senate
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President pro tempore of the United States Senate
Incumbent
Orrin Hatch (R)
since January 6, 2015
Style
Mr. President
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The Honorable
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Elected by the U.S. Senate
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At the pleasure of the Senate, and until another is elected or their term of office as a Senator expires
Constituting instrument
U.S. Constitution
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John Langdon
April 6, 1789
Formation
March 4, 1789
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Third[1]
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Any senator, typically a member of the majority party, designated by the President pro tempore
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The President pro tempore of the United States Senate (also president pro tem) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate. Article One, Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the Vice President of the United States is, despite not being a U.S. Senator, the President of the Senate, and mandates that the Senate must choose a President pro tempore to act in the Vice President's absence. Unlike the Vice President, the President pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate, able to speak or vote on any issue. Selected by the Senate at large, the President pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers.[2] During the Vice President's absence, the President pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions. In practice, neither the Vice President nor the President pro tempore usually presides; instead, the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. Senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure.[3]
Since 1890, the most senior U.S. Senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be President pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another. This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949.[4] Since enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947, the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the vice president and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the Secretary of State.[5] The automatic line of succession applies only to the presidency; the office of Vice President remains vacant until an appointment is made as provided in the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution.
The current President pro tempore of the Senate is Utah Republican Orrin Hatch. Elected on January 6, 2015,[6] he is the 90th person to serve in this office. On January 2, 2018, Hatch announced his pending retirement from the Senate, effective January 3, 2019.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Power and responsibilities
2 History
3 Related officials
3.1 Acting president pro tempore
3.1.1 Permanent acting president pro tempore
3.2 Deputy president pro tempore
3.3 President pro tempore emeritus
4 Salary
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Power and responsibilities[edit]
The office of president pro tempore is created by Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution:[8]
The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.
John Tyler is the only Senate president pro tempore to also become President of the United States.
Although the position is in some ways analogous to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the powers of the president pro tempore are far more limited. In the Senate, most power rests with party leaders and individual senators, but as the chamber's presiding officer, the president pro tempore is authorized to perform certain duties in the absence of the vice president, including ruling on points of order.[9] Additionally, under the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, the president pro tempore and the speaker are the two authorities to whom declarations must be transmitted that the president is unable to perform the duties of the office, or is able to resume doing so. The president pro tempore is third in the line of presidential succession, following the vice president and the speaker.[5][9] Additional duties include appointment of various congressional officers, certain commissions, advisory boards, and committees and joint supervision of the congressional page school.[9] The president pro tempore is the designated legal recipient of various reports to the Senate, including War Powers Act reports under which he or she, jointly with the speaker, may have the president call Congress back into session. The officeholder is an ex officio member of various boards and commissions. With the secretary and sergeant at arms, the president pro tempore maintains order in Senate portions of the Capitol and Senate buildings.[9][10]
History[edit]
Benjamin Wade came within one vote of being the first president pro tempore to succeed to the presidency after the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson in 1868
The office of president pro tempore was established by the Constitution of the United States in 1789. The first president pro tempore, John Langdon, was elected on April 6 the same year.[9] Originally, the president pro tempore was appointed on an intermittent basis when the vice president was not present to preside over the Senate. Until the 1960s, it was common practice for the vice president to preside over daily Senate sessions, so the president pro tempore rarely presided unless the vice presidency became vacant.[11] Until 1891, the president pro tempore served only until the return of the vice president to the chair or the adjournment of a session of Congress. Between 1792 and 1886, the president pro tempore was second in the line of presidential succession following the vice president and preceding the speaker, but as is the case today, the president pro tempore would not assume the vice presidency if it became vacant.[11] Before the ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, a vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled only by a regular election. There has never been a legal office of Acting Vice President.
On three occasions during the 19th century, the Senate was without both a president and a president pro tempore:
July 9–11, 1850, following Millard Fillmore's accession to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor, until William R. King was elected president pro tempore;
September 19–October 10, 1881, following Chester Arthur's accession to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield, until Thomas F. Bayard was elected president pro tempore;
November 25–December 7, 1885, following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, until John Sherman was elected president pro tempore.
President pro tempore Robert Byrd and House Speaker Dennis Hastert presided over a special joint session following the September 11, 2001, attacks. Here President Bush shakes hands with Byrd.
When President Andrew Johnson, who had no vice president, was impeached and tried in 1868, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Franklin Wade was next in line to the presidency. Wade's radicalism is thought by many historians to be a major reason why the Senate, which did not want to see Wade in the White House, acquitted Johnson.[12] The President pro tempore and the Speaker of the House were removed from the presidential line of succession in 1886. Both were restored to it in 1947, though this time with the president pro tempore following the speaker.[9]
William P. Frye served as President pro tempore from 1896 to 1911 (54th–62nd Congress), a tenure longer than anyone else. He resigned from the position due to ill health a couple of months before his death. Electing his successor proved difficult, as Senate Republicans, then in the majority, were split between progressive and conservative factions, each promoting its own candidate. Likewise, the Democrats proposed their own candidate. As a result of this three-way split, no individual received a majority vote. It took four months for a compromise solution to emerge: Democrat Augustus Bacon would serve for a single day, August 14, 1911, during the vice president's absence. Thereafter, Bacon and four Republicans—Charles Curtis, Jacob Gallinger, Henry Cabot Lodge, and Frank Brandegee—would alternate as president pro tempore for the remainder of the Congress.[9]
In January 1945, the 79th Congress elected Kenneth McKellar, who at the time was the Senator with the longest continuous service, to be President pro tempore. Since then, it has become customary for the majority party's senior member to hold this position. Arthur Vandenberg (in 1947–1949) was the last president pro tempore not to be the senior member of the majority party, aside from the single day accorded Milton Young (in December 1980), who was the retiring senior member of the Republican Party, which would hold the majority in the incoming 97th Congress.[4]
Three presidents pro tempore subsequently became Vice President: John Tyler, William R. King and Charles Curtis. Tyler is the only one to become president (in April 1841, following the death of William Henry Harrison).
Related officials[edit]
Acting president pro tempore[edit]
President pro tempore Carl Hayden seated to the left of House Speaker John W. McCormick during a 1963 speech by President Lyndon B. Johnson to a joint session of Congress.
While the president pro tempore does have other official duties, the holders of the office have, like the vice president, over time ceased presiding over the Senate on a daily basis, owing to the mundane and ceremonial nature of the position.[11] Furthermore, as the president pro tempore is now usually the most senior senator of the majority party, he or she most likely also chairs a major Senate committee and has other significant demands on his or her time. Therefore, the president pro tempore has less time now than in the past to preside daily over the Senate. Instead, junior senators from the majority party are designated acting president pro tempore to preside over the Senate.[13] This allows junior senators to learn proper parliamentary procedure.[3] The acting president pro tempore is usually reappointed daily by the president pro tempore.[14]
Permanent acting president pro tempore[edit]
In June 1963, because of the illness of president pro tempore Carl Hayden, Senator Lee Metcalf was designated permanent acting president pro tempore. No term was imposed on this designation, so Metcalf retained it until he died in office in 1978.[10]
Deputy president pro tempore[edit]
Hubert Humphrey (D-Minnesota) was the first Deputy President pro tempore in 1977–1978
The ceremonial post of deputy president pro tempore was created for Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, in 1977 following his losing bid to become the Senate majority leader.[15] The Senate resolution creating the position stated that any former president or former vice president serving in the Senate would be entitled to this position, though none has served since Humphrey's death in 1978,[10] and former vice president Walter Mondale, who sought his former Senate seat in Minnesota in 2002, is the only one to have tried. Andrew Johnson is the only former president to have subsequently served in the Senate.
George J. Mitchell was elected deputy president pro tempore in 1987, because of the illness of president pro tempore John C. Stennis, similar to Metcalf's earlier designation as permanent acting president pro tempore. The office has remained vacant since 1989 and no senator other than Humphrey and Mitchell has held it since its creation.[10] Mitchell is the only person to have served as deputy president pro tempore who was neither a former president nor former vice president of the United States.
The post is largely honorary and ceremonial, but comes with a salary increase. By statute, the compensation granted to the position holder equals the rate of annual compensation paid to the president pro tempore, majority leader, and minority leader. (See 2 U.S.C. § 6112.)[10]
President pro tempore emeritus[edit]
Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont), former president pro tempore, and current president pro tempore emeritus.
Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001–2003), Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003–2007), Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007–2009) and Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015–present). From 2009 to 2015, no senator met the requirements for the position.
The position was created for Thurmond when the Democratic Party regained a majority in the Senate in June 2001.[16] With the change in party control, Democrat Robert Byrd of West Virginia replaced Thurmond as president pro tempore, reclaiming a position he had previously held from 1989 to 1995 and briefly in January 2001. Thurmond's retirement from the Senate on January 3, 2003, coincided with a change from Democratic to Republican control, making Stevens president pro tempore and Byrd the second president pro tempore emeritus. Byrd returned as president pro tempore, and Stevens became the third president pro tempore emeritus, when the Democrats gained control of the Senate in 2007.[10] While a president pro tempore emeritus has no official duties, he is entitled to an increase in staff[17] and advises party leaders on the functions of the Senate.
The office's accompanying budget increase was removed toward the end of the 113th Congress, shortly before Patrick Leahy was to become the first holder of the title in six years. Quoted in CQ Roll Call, Leahy commented, "[The Republicans] didn't keep their commitment. They want to treat us differently than we treated them, and so they've got that right. It seems kind of petty, but it really doesn't matter to me. I've got plenty of funding, plenty of good staff."[18]
Salary[edit]
The salary of the president pro tempore for 2012 was $193,400, equal to that of the majority leaders and minority leaders of both houses of Congress. If there is a vacancy in the office of vice president, then the salary would be the same as that of the vice president, $230,700.[10]
See also[edit]
List of Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Seniority in the United States Senate
Acting Vice President of the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act".
Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office; With a preface by Senator Robert C. Byrd, President pro tempore (2008). Erickson, Nancy (Secretary of the Senate), ed. Pro Tem: Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-16-079984-6. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hillary takes Senate gavel–for an hour". CNN. January 24, 2001. Archived from the original on January 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, Christopher M. (December 20, 2012). The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Mount, Steve. "Constitutional Topic: Presidential Line of Succession". USConstitution.net. Steve Mount. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Burr, Thomas (January 6, 2015). "Hatch now third in line for presidency as Senate president pro tem". The Salt Lake Tribune.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Sean; Scherer, Michael (January 2, 2018). "Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch of Utah will retire, opening door for a Romney candidacy". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kathy Gill. "US Senate Organization". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "President Pro Tempore". United States Senate. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Sachs, Richard C. (January 22, 2003). "The President Pro Tempore of the Senate: History and Authority of the Office" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved December 9, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Richard E. Berg-Andersson (June 7, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership". The Green Papers. Retrieved November 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Smith, Gene (1977). High Crimes and Misdemeanors: The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-688-03072-6.
Jump up ^ Gold, Martin B.; Gupta, Dimple. "The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Over Come the Filibuster*" (PDF). Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy. 28 (1): 211.
Jump up ^ "APPOINTMENT OF A SENATOR TO THE CHAIR - Rules of the Senate - United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration". Archived from the original on December 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hubert H. Humphrey". virtualology.com. Evisum Inc. 2000. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ S.Res. 103, adopted, June 6, 2001. "Thanking and Electing Strom Thurmond President pro tempore emeritus."
Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 32b
Jump up ^ Lesniewski, Niels (December 10, 2014). "Leahy: 'Kind of Petty' Not to Fund Emeritus Office in 'Cromnibus'". CQ Roll Call. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
External links[edit]
"President pro tempore". Official website of the United States Senate. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
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Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation, she is not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization) and thus ineligible for the Presidency.
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values: Präsident pro tempore des Senats der Vereinigten Staaten – German

values: Αναπληρωτής Πρόεδρος της Γερουσίας των ΗΠΑ – Greek

values: Presidente pro tempore del Senado de los Estados Unidos – Spanish

values: رئیس موقت سنای ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian

values: Président pro tempore du Sénat des États-Unis – French

values: 미국 상원 임시의장 – Korean

values: Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Serikat – Indonesian

values: Presidente pro tempore del Senato degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian

values: הנשיא הזמני של הסנאט של ארצות הברית – Hebrew

values: Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok Szenátusának pro tempore elnöke – Hungarian

values: Presiden Pro Tempore Senat Amerika Syarikat – Malay

values: President pro tempore van de Senaat – Dutch

values: アメリカ合衆国上院仮議長 – Japanese

values: President pro tempore i USAs senat – Norwegian

values: Przewodniczący pro tempore Senatu Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish

values: Presidente pro tempore do Senado dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese

values: Временный президент Сената США – Russian

values: President Pro Tempore of the Senate – Simple English

values: President pro tempore (Yhdysvaltain senaatti) – Finnish

values: President pro tempore of the United States Senate – Swedish

values: Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Senatosu pro tempore Başkanı – Turkish

values: Тимчасовий президент Сенату США – Ukrainian

values: Chủ tịch Thượng viện tạm quyền Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese

values: 美國參議院臨時議長 – Chinese

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