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Amygdala
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For other uses, see Amygdala (disambiguation).
Amygdala
Location of the amygdalae in the human brain
Subdivisions of the amygdala
Details
Identifiers
Latin
corpus amygdaloideum
MeSH
D000679
NeuroNames
237
NeuroLex ID
birnlex_1241
TA
A14.1.09.402
FMA
61841
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
Human brain in the coronal orientation. Amygdalae are shown in dark red.
The amygdala (/əˈmɪɡdələ/; plural: amygdalae; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'Almond', 'tonsil'[1]) is one of two almond-shaped clusters of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.[2] Shown in research to perform a primary role in the processing of memory, decision-making and emotional responses (including fear, anxiety, and aggression), the amygdalae are considered part of the limbic system.[3]
Contents
1 Structure
1.1 Hemispheric specializations
2 Development
2.1 Sex distinction
3 Function
3.1 Connections
3.2 Emotional learning
3.3 Reward
3.4 Memory modulation
4 Neuropsychological correlates of amygdala activity
4.1 Sexual orientation
4.2 Social interaction
4.3 Aggression
4.4 Fear
4.5 Alcoholism and binge drinking
4.6 Anxiety
4.7 Posttraumatic stress disorder
4.8 Bipolar disorder
4.9 Political orientation
5 See also
6 Further reading
7 References
8 External links
Structure[edit]
Subdivisions of the mouse amygdala
The regions described as amygdala nuclei encompass several structures with distinct connectional and functional characteristics in humans and other animals.[4] Among these nuclei are the basolateral complex, the cortical nucleus, the medial nucleus, the central nucleus, and the intercalated cell clusters. The basolateral complex can be further subdivided into the lateral, the basal, and the accessory basal nuclei.[3][5][6]
MRI coronal view of the right amygdala
Anatomically, the amygdala,[7] and more particularly its central and medial nuclei,[8] have sometimes been classified as a part of the basal ganglia.
Hemispheric specializations[edit]
There are functional differences between the right and left amygdala. In one study, electrical stimulations of the right amygdala induced negative emotions, especially fear and sadness. In contrast, stimulation of the left amygdala was able to induce either pleasant (happiness) or unpleasant (fear, anxiety, sadness) emotions.[9] Other evidence suggests that the left amygdala plays a role in the brain's reward system.[10]
Each side holds a specific function in how we perceive and process emotion. The right and left portions of the amygdala have independent memory systems, but work together to store, encode, and interpret emotion.
The right hemisphere is associated with negative emotion.[citation needed] It plays a role in the expression of fear and in the processing of fear-inducing stimuli. Fear conditioning, which occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires aversive properties, occurs within the right hemisphere. When an individual is presented with a conditioned, aversive stimulus, it is processed within the right amygdala, producing an unpleasant or fearful response. This emotional response conditions the individual to avoid fear-inducing stimuli.
The right hemisphere is also linked to declarative memory, which consists of facts and information from previously experienced events and must be consciously recalled. It also plays a significant role in the retention of episodic memory. Episodic memory consists of the autobiographical aspects of memory, permitting you to recall your personal emotional and sensory experience of an event. This type of memory does not require conscious recall. The right amygdala plays a role in the association of time and places with emotional properties.[11]
Development[edit]
There is considerable growth within the first few years of structural development in both male and female amygdalae.[12] Within this early period, female limbic structures grow at a more rapid pace than the male ones. Amongst female subjects, the amygdala reaches its full growth potential approximately 1.5 years before the peak of male development. The structural development of the male amygdala occurs over a longer period than in women. Despite the early development of female amygdalae, they reach their growth potential sooner than males, whose amygdalae continue to develop. The larger relative size of the male amygdala may be attributed to this extended developmental period.
In addition to longer periods of development, other neurological and hormonal factors may contribute to sex-specific developmental differences. The amygdala is rich in androgen receptors – nuclear receptors that bind to testosterone. Androgen receptors play a role in the DNA binding that regulates gene expression. Though testosterone is present within the female hormonal systems, women have lower levels of testosterone than men. The abundance of testosterone in the male hormonal system may contribute to development. In addition, the grey matter volume on the amygdala is predicted by testosterone levels, which may also contribute to the increased mass of the male amygdala.
In addition to sex differences, there are observable developmental differences between the right and left amygdala in both males and females. The left amygdala reaches its developmental peak approximately 1.5–2 years prior to the right amygdala. Despite the early growth of the left amygdala, the right increases in volume for a longer period of time. The right amygdala is associated with response to fearful stimuli as well as face recognition. It is inferred that the early development of the left amygdala functions to provide infants the ability to detect danger.[12] In childhood, the amygdala is found to react differently to same-sex versus opposite-sex individuals. This reactivity decreases until a person enters adolescence, where it increases dramatically at puberty.[13]
Sex distinction[edit]
See also: Neuroscience of sex differences
The amygdala is one of the best-understood brain regions with regard to differences between the sexes. The amygdala is larger in males than females in children ages 7–11,[14] in adult humans,[15] and in adult rats.[16]
In addition to size, other functional and structural differences between male and female amygdalae have been observed. Subjects' amygdala activation was observed when watching a horror film and subliminal stimuli. The results of the study showed a different lateralization of the amygdala in men and women. Enhanced memory for the film was related to enhanced activity of the left, but not the right, amygdala in women, whereas it was related to enhanced activity of the right, but not the left, amygdala in men.[17] One study found evidence that on average, women tend to retain stronger memories for emotional events than men.[18]
The right amygdala is also linked with taking action as well as being linked to negative emotions,[9] which may help explain why males tend to respond to emotionally stressful stimuli physically. The left amygdala allows for the recall of details, but it also results in more thought rather than action in response to emotionally stressful stimuli, which may explain the absence of physical response in women.
Function[edit]
Connections[edit]
The amygdala sends projections to the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial thalamus, the thalamic reticular nucleus, the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve and the facial nerve, the ventral tegmental area, the locus coeruleus, and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus.[5] The basolateral amygdala projects to the nucleus accumbens, including the medial shell. [19][20]
Coronal section of brain through intermediate mass of third ventricle. Amygdala is shown in purple.
The medial nucleus is involved in the sense of smell and pheromone-processing. It receives input from the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.[21] The lateral amygdalae, which send impulses to the rest of the basolateral complexes and to the centromedial nuclei, receive input from the sensory systems. The centromedial nuclei are the main outputs for the basolateral complexes, and are involved in emotional arousal in rats and cats.[5][6][22]
Emotional learning[edit]
Main article: Emotion and memory
In complex vertebrates, including humans, the amygdalae perform primary roles in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events. Research indicates that, during fear conditioning, sensory stimuli reach the basolateral complexes of the amygdalae, particularly the lateral nuclei, where they form associations with memories of the stimuli. The association between stimuli and the aversive events they predict may be mediated by long-term potentiation,[23][24] a sustained enhancement of signaling between affected neurons.[25] There have been studies that show that damage to the amygdala can interfere with memory that is strengthened by emotion. One study examined a patient with bilateral degeneration of the amygdala. He was told a violent story accompanied by matching pictures and was observed based on how much he could recall from the story. The patient had less recollection of the story than patients with functional amygdala, showing that the amygdala has a strong connection with emotional learning.[26]
Emotional memories are thought to be stored in synapses throughout the brain. Fear memories, for example, are considered to be stored in the neuronal connections from the lateral nuclei to the central nucleus of the amygdalae and the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (part of the extended amygdala). Of course, these connections are not the sole site of fear memories given that the nuclei of the amygdala receive and send information to other brain regions that are important for memory such as the hippocampus. Some sensory neurons project their axon terminals to the central nucleus.[27] The central nuclei are involved in the genesis of many fear responses such as defensive behavior (freezing or escape responses), autonomic nervous system responses (changes in blood pressure and heart rate/tachycardia), neuroendocrine responses (stress-hormone release), etc. Damage to the amygdalae impairs both the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning, a form of classical conditioning of emotional responses.[25]
The amygdalae are also involved in appetitive (positive) conditioning. It seems that distinct neurons respond to positive and negative stimuli, but there is no clustering of these distinct neurons into clear anatomical nuclei.[28][29] However, lesions of the central nucleus in the amygdala have been shown to reduce appetitive learning in rats. Lesions of the basolateral regions do not exhibit the same effect.[30] Research like this indicates that different nuclei within the amygdala have different functions in appetitive conditioning.[31][32] Nevertheless, researchers found an example of appetitive emotional learning showing an important role for the basolateral amygdala: The naïve female mice are innately attracted to non-volatile pheromones contained in male-soiled bedding, but not by the male-derived volatiles, become attractive if associated with non-volatile attractive pheromones, which act as unconditioned stimulus in a case of Pavlovian associative learning.[33] In the vomeronasal, olfactory and emotional systems, Fos protein show that non-volatile pheromones stimulate the vomeronasal system, whereas air-borne volatiles activate only the olfactory system. Thus, the acquired preference for male-derived volatiles reveals an olfactory-vomeronasal associative learning. Moreover, the reward system is differentially activated by the primary pheromones and secondarily attractive odorants. Exploring the primary attractive pheromone activates the basolateral amygdala and the shell of nucleus accumbens but neither the ventral tegmental area nor the orbitofrontal cortex. In contrast, exploring the secondarily attractive male-derived odorants involves activation of a circuit that includes the basolateral amygdala, prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area. Therefore, the basolateral amygdala stands out as the key center for vomeronasal-olfactory associative learning.[34]
Reward[edit]
Glutaminergic neurons in the basolateral amygdala send projections to the nucleus accumbens(NAc) shell and core. Activation of these projections drive motivational salience. The ability of these projections to drive incentive salience is dependent upon dopamine receptor D1.[19][20]
Memory modulation[edit]
The amygdala is also involved in the modulation of memory consolidation. Following any learning event, the long-term memory for the event is not formed instantaneously. Rather, information regarding the event is slowly assimilated into long-term (potentially lifelong) storage over time, possibly via long-term potentiation. Recent studies suggest that the amygdala regulates memory consolidation in other brain regions. Also, fear conditioning, a type of memory that is impaired following amygdala damage, is mediated in part by long-term potentiation.[23][24]
During the consolidation period, the memory can be modulated. In particular, it appears that emotional arousal following the learning event influences the strength of the subsequent memory for that event. Greater emotional arousal following a learning event enhances a person's retention of that event. Experiments have shown that administration of stress hormones to mice immediately after they learn something enhances their retention when they are tested two days later.[35]
The amygdala, especially the basolateral nuclei, are involved in mediating the effects of emotional arousal on the strength of the memory for the event, as shown by many laboratories including that of James McGaugh. These laboratories have trained animals on a variety of learning tasks and found that drugs injected into the amygdala after training affect the animals' subsequent retention of the task. These tasks include basic classical conditioning tasks such as inhibitory avoidance, where a rat learns to associate a mild footshock with a particular compartment of an apparatus, and more complex tasks such as spatial or cued water maze, where a rat learns to swim to a platform to escape the water. If a drug that activates the amygdalae is injected into the amygdalae, the animals had better memory for the training in the task.[36] If a drug that inactivates the amygdalae is injected, the animals had impaired memory for the task.
Buddhist monks who do compassion meditation have been shown to modulate their amygdala, along with their temporoparietal junction and insula, during their practice.[37] In an fMRI study, more intensive insula activity was found in expert meditators than in novices.[38] Increased activity in the amygdala following compassion-oriented meditation may contribute to social connectedness.[39]
Amygdala activity at the time of encoding information correlates with retention for that information. However, this correlation depends on the relative "emotionalness" of the information. More emotionally arousing information increases amygdalar activity, and that activity correlates with retention. Amygdala neurons show various types of oscillation during emotional arousal, such as theta activity. These synchronized neuronal events could promote synaptic plasticity (which is involved in memory retention) by increasing interactions between neocortical storage sites and temporal lobe structures involved in declarative memory.[40]
Rorschach test blot 03
Research using Rorschach test blot 03 finds that the number of unique responses to this random figure links to larger sized amygdalae. The researchers note, "Since previous reports have indicated that unique responses were observed at higher frequency in the artistic population than in the nonartistic normal population, this positive correlation suggests that amygdalar enlargement in the normal population might be related to creative mental activity."[41]
Neuropsychological correlates of amygdala activity[edit]
Early research on primates provided explanations as to the functions of the amygdala, as well as a basis for further research. As early as 1888, rhesus monkeys with a lesioned temporal cortex (including the amygdala) were observed to have significant social and emotional deficits.[42] Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy later expanded upon this same observation by showing that large lesions to the anterior temporal lobe produced noticeable changes, including overreaction to all objects, hypoemotionality, loss of fear, hypersexuality, and hyperorality, a condition in which inappropriate objects are placed in the mouth. Some monkeys also displayed an inability to recognize familiar objects and would approach animate and inanimate objects indiscriminately, exhibiting a loss of fear towards the experimenters. This behavioral disorder was later named Klüver-Bucy syndrome accordingly,[43] and later research proved it was specifically due to amygdala lesions. Monkey mothers who had amygdala damage showed a reduction in maternal behaviors towards their infants, often physically abusing or neglecting them.[44] In 1981, researchers found that selective radio frequency lesions of the whole amygdala caused Klüver-Bucy syndrome.[45]
With advances in neuroimaging technology such as MRI, neuroscientists have made significant findings concerning the amygdala in the human brain. A variety of data shows the amygdala has a substantial role in mental states, and is related to many psychological disorders. Some studies have shown children with anxiety disorders tend to have a smaller left amygdala. In the majority of the cases, there was an association between an increase in the size of the left amygdala with the use of SSRIs (antidepressant medication) or psychotherapy. The left amygdala has been linked to social anxiety, obsessive and compulsive disorders, and post traumatic stress, as well as more broadly to separation and general anxiety.[46] In a 2003 study, subjects with borderline personality disorder showed significantly greater left amygdala activity than normal control subjects. Some borderline patients even had difficulties classifying neutral faces or saw them as threatening.[47] Individuals with psychopathy show reduced autonomic responses to instructed fear cues than otherwise healthy individuals.[48] In 2006, researchers observed hyperactivity in the amygdala when patients were shown threatening faces or confronted with frightening situations. Patients with severe social phobia showed a correlation with increased response in the amygdala.[49] Similarly, depressed patients showed exaggerated left amygdala activity when interpreting emotions for all faces, and especially for fearful faces. This hyperactivity was normalized when patients were administered antidepressant medication.[50] By contrast, the amygdala has been observed to respond differently in people with bipolar disorder. A 2003 study found that adult and adolescent bipolar patients tended to have considerably smaller amygdala volumes and somewhat smaller hippocampal volumes.[51] Many studies have focused on the connections between the amygdala and autism.[52]
Studies in 2004 and 2006 showed that normal subjects exposed to images of frightened faces or faces of people from another race will show increased activity of the amygdala, even if that exposure is subliminal.[53][54] However, the amygdala is not necessary for the processing of fear-related stimuli, since persons in whom it is bilaterally damaged show rapid reactions to fearful faces, even in the absence of a functional amygdala.[55]
Recent research suggests that parasites, in particular toxoplasma, form cysts in the brain of rats, often taking up residence in the amygdala. This may provide clues as to how specific parasites may contribute to the development of disorders, including paranoia.[56]
Future studies have been proposed to address the role of the amygdala in positive emotions, and the ways in which the amygdala networks with other brain regions.[57]
Sexual orientation[edit]
Recent studies have suggested possible correlations between brain structure, including differences in hemispheric ratios and connection patterns in the amygdala, and sexual orientation. Homosexual men tend to exhibit more feminine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual males do, just as homosexual females tend to show more masculine patterns in the amygdala than heterosexual women do. It was observed that amygdala connections were more widespread from the left amygdala in homosexual males, as is also found in heterosexual females. Amygdala connections were more widespread from the right amygdala in homosexual females, as in heterosexual males.[58][59]
Social interaction[edit]
Amygdala volume correlates positively with both the size (the number of contacts a person has) and the complexity (the number of different groups to which a person belongs) of social networks.[60][61] Individuals with larger amygdalae had larger and more complex social networks. They were also better able to make accurate social judgments about other persons' faces.[62] The amygdala's role in the analysis of social situations stems specifically from its ability to identify and process changes in facial features. It does not, however, process the direction of the gaze of the person being perceived.[63][64]
The amygdala is also thought to be a determinant of the level of a person's emotional intelligence. It is particularly hypothesized that larger amygdalae allow for greater emotional intelligence, enabling greater societal integration and cooperation with others.[65]
The amygdala processes reactions to violations concerning personal space. These reactions are absent in persons in whom the amygdala is damaged bilaterally.[66] Furthermore, the amygdala is found to be activated in fMRI when people observe that others are physically close to them, such as when a person being scanned knows that an experimenter is standing immediately next to the scanner, versus standing at a distance.[66]
Aggression[edit]
Animal studies have shown that stimulating the amygdala appears to increase both sexual and aggressive behavior. Likewise, studies using brain lesions have shown that harm to the amygdala may produce the opposite effect. Thus, it appears that this part of the brain may play a role in the display and modulation of aggression.[67]
Fear[edit]
There are cases of human patients with focal bilateral amygdala lesions due to the rare genetic condition Urbach-Wiethe disease.[68][69] Such patients fail to exhibit fear-related behaviors, leading one, S.M., to be dubbed the "woman with no fear". This finding reinforces the conclusion that the amygdala "plays a pivotal role in triggering a state of fear".[70]
Alcoholism and binge drinking[edit]
The amygdala appears to play a role in binge drinking, being damaged by repeated episodes of intoxication and withdrawal.[71] Alcoholism is associated with dampened activation in brain networks responsible for emotional processing[clarification needed], including the amygdala.[72] Protein kinase C-epsilon in the amygdala is important for regulating behavioral responses to morphine, ethanol, and controlling anxiety-like behavior. The protein is involved in controlling the function of other proteins and plays a role in development of the ability to consume a large amount of ethanol.[73][74]
Anxiety[edit]
There may also be a link between the amygdala and anxiety.[75] In particular, there is a higher prevalence of females that are affected by anxiety disorders. In an experiment, degu pups were removed from their mother but allowed to hear her call. In response, the males produced increased serotonin receptors in the amygdala but females lost them. This led to the males being less affected by the stressful situation.
The clusters of the amygdala are activated when an individual expresses feelings of fear or aggression. This occurs because the amygdala is the primary structure of the brain responsible for fight or flight response. Anxiety and panic attacks can occur when the amygdala senses environmental stressors that stimulate fight or flight response.
The amygdala is directly associated with conditioned fear. Conditioned fear is the framework used to explain the behavior produced when an originally neutral stimulus is consistently paired with a stimulus that evokes fear. The amygdala represents a core fear system in the human body, which is involved in the expression of conditioned fear. Fear is measured by changes in autonomic activity including increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, as well as in simple reflexes such as flinching or blinking.
The central nucleus of the amygdala has direct correlations to the hypothalamus and brainstem – areas directly related to fear and anxiety. This connection is evident from studies of animals that have undergone amygdalae removal. Such studies suggest that animals lacking an amygdala have less fear expression and indulge in non-species-like behavior. Many projection areas of the amygdala are critically involved in specific signs that are used to measure fear and anxiety.
Mammals have very similar ways of processing and responding to danger. Scientists have observed similar areas in the brain – specifically in the amygdala – lighting up or becoming more active when a mammal is threatened or beginning to experience anxiety. Similar parts of the brain are activated when rodents and when humans observe a dangerous situation, the amygdala playing a crucial role in this assessment. By observing the amygdala’s functions, people can determine why one rodent may be much more anxious than another. There is a direct relationship between the activation of the amygdala and the level of anxiety the subject feels.
Feelings of anxiety start with a catalyst – an environmental stimulus that provokes stress. This can include various smells, sights, and internal feelings that result in anxiety. The amygdala reacts to this stimuli by preparing to either stand and fight or to turn and run. This response is triggered by the release of adrenaline into the bloodstream. Consequently, blood sugar rises, becoming immediately available to the muscles for quick energy. Shaking may occur in an attempt to return blood to the rest of the body. A better understanding of the amygdala and its various functions may lead to a new way of treating clinical anxiety.[76]
Posttraumatic stress disorder[edit]
There seems to be a connection with the amygdalae and how the brain processes posttraumatic stress disorder. Multiple studies have found that the amygdalae may be responsible for the emotional reactions of PTSD patients. One study in particular found that when PTSD patients are shown pictures of faces with fearful expressions, their amygdalae tended to have a higher activation than someone without PTSD.[77]
Bipolar disorder[edit]
Amygdala dysfunction during face emotion processing is well-documented in bipolar disorder. Individuals with bipolar disorder showed greater amygdala activity (especially the amygdala/medial-prefrontal-cortex circuit).[78] [79]
Political orientation[edit]
Amygdala size has been correlated with cognitive styles with regard to political thinking. A study found that "greater liberalism was associated with increased gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, whereas greater conservatism was associated with increased volume of the right amygdala." These findings suggest that the volume of the amygdala and anterior cingulate gyrus may be associated with an individual's ability to tolerate uncertainty and conflict.[80]
See also[edit]
Amygdala hijack
BELBIC
List of regions in the human brain
Triune brain
Intercalated cells of the amygdala
Further reading[edit]
Amygdala Joseph E. LeDoux, Scholarpedia, 3(4):2698. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2698
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External links[edit]
Look up amygdala in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to amygdala at Wikimedia Commons
Stained brain slice images which include the "amygdala " at the BrainMaps project
international committee for amygdala and health studies
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Rostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structures
Basal ganglia
Grey matter
Striatum
Dorsal striatum
Putamen
Caudate nucleus
Ventral striatum
Nucleus accumbens
Olfactory tubercle
Globus pallidus
GPe
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Amygdala
Claustrum
White matter
Centrum semiovale
Internal capsule
Anterior limb
Genu
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Optic radiation
Corona radiata
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Extreme capsule
Pallidothalamic tracts: Thalamic fasciculus
Ansa lenticularis
Lenticular fasciculus
Subthalamic fasciculus
Rhinencephalon
Grey matter
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Anterior perforated substance
Olfactory bulb
White matter
Olfactory tract
Medial olfactory stria
Lateral olfactory stria
Olfactory trigone
Other basal forebrain
Grey matter
Substantia innominata
Nucleus basalis
Nucleus of diagonal band
White matter
Diagonal band of Broca
Stria terminalis
Archicortex:
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Hippocampus anatomy
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CA1
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Anatomy of smell
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glands
mucosa
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Mitral cells → Olfactory tract → Olfactory trigone
Lateral olfactory stria/
Primary olfactory cortex
Piriform cortex
EC-hippocampus system
Entorhinal cortex
Hippocampal formation
Prepyriform area
Periamygdaloid cortex
Stria medullaris → Habenular nuclei
Amygdala → Stria terminalis → Hypothalamus
Medial forebrain bundle → Hypothalamus
Medial olfactory stria
Anterior olfactory nucleus
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Puppy Dog Pals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Puppy Dog Pals
Genre
Adventure
Musical
Slice of life
Created by
Harland Williams
Directed by
Scott Bern
Trevor Wall
Voices of
Issac Ryan Brown
Harland Williams
Jessica DiCicco
Sam Lavagnino
Tom Kenny
Theme music composer
Andy Bean
Opening theme
"Main Title Theme"
by Andy Bean
Ending theme
"Main Title Theme" (Instrumental)
Composer(s)
Andy Bean
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
17 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Sean Coyle
Richard Marlis
Carmen Italia
Producer(s)
Harland Williams[1]
Running time
24 minutes
Production company(s)
DQ Entertainment
Snowball Studios
Wild Canary Animation[1]
Distributor
Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Disney Junior
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Audio format
Stereo
Original release
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) – present
External links
Website
puppydogpals.com
Puppy Dog Pals (previously titled Puppy Dog Tails[2]) is an American computer-animated children's television series created by Harland Williams. The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14, 2017.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Episodes
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers[1] Bingo and Rolly, two pug puppies who have fun travelling around their neighborhood when their owner Bob leaves home. They also have a cat sister named Hissy, and a robot dog named ARF.
Characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Bingo (voiced by Issac Ryan Brown) is a black 1-year-old dog with a blue collar. He is the leader of the two and is Rolly's older brother.
Rolly (voiced by Sam Lavagnino) is a light brown 1-year-old pup with a red collar. He isn't as smart as Bingo, and is very silly. He is Bingo's younger brother. In "Bob Loves Mona", he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find.
Bob (voiced by Harland Williams) is the owner of Bingo, Rolly, Hissy, and A.R.F. He works as an inventor.
Hissy (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is a sarcastic 1-year-old purple cat. In some episodes, she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions. These episodes are: "A Pyramaid Scheme", "Hissy's Big Day", "Bob Loves Mona, "Puzzling Pugs", "A Seat at the Theatre", and "Return to the Pumpkin Patch", but only Collared up on Puzzling Pugs and Return to the Pumpkin Patch. She is the first and currently only female character to sing.
A.R.F. (fully known as Auto-Doggy Robotic Friend; voiced by Tom Kenny) is a robotic dog that Bob invented. He first appears in the episode "A.R.F.". Later in the series, he is updated by Bob in "Go, Dog, Go!"
Recurring[edit]
Cupcake (voiced by Jill Talley) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly. She is the main antagonist of the series.
Rufus is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake and does not speak. He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times.
Baseball Announcer (voiced by Bob Uecker) is the announcer at the baseball game in the episode "Take Me to The Pug Game".
Captain Dog (voiced by Patrick Warburton) is the star of the pups' favorite television show.
Frank Exposition (voiced by Leslie David Baker) is a man that is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly's missions. In "A Pyramid Scheme" he gets tangled in ribbons, which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy.
Esther Exposition (voiced by Cheri Oteri) is Frank's wife. In "Hissy's Big Day", she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy.
Daisy (voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown) is a kind German Shepherd.
Bulworth (voiced by Huey Lewis) is the junkyard dog.
Hedgie the Hedgehog (voiced by Jack McBrayer)
The Go-Long Retriever (Voiced by Harland Williams) is the toy stick and one of Bob's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of. Its only phrase is "Play fetch with me!"
Johnathan (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's wisecracking seagull friend.
Cagey (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is Bingo and Rolly's hamster friend who lives in a cage at the pet store.
Crumpet (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is the royal dog.
Whaley (voiced by Jessica DiCicco) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped.
Nelly (voiced by Grey DeLisle) is a bluebird who Appears in "Polly Wants A Pug".
Snowflake (Meows provided by Alanna Ubach) is a kitten who becomes friends with Hissy.
Miss Mudge (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is Snowflake's owner.
Guard Dog (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth.
Chloe (voiced by Emma Shannon) is a little girl who is Bob's neighbor.
Chloe's Mom (Voiced by Tara Strong) is Chloe's Mom.
Bob's Mom (voiced by Tress MacNeille) is a old lady who appears in "Special Delivery" and "Your Royal Pug-Ness".
Bizzy the Beaver (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson) is a beaver who lives in the forest.
Strider the Sheepdog (vocied by Mo Collins) is a fast-talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes, "Counting Sheep" and "Rhapsody in Pug".
Shockero (voiced by Kevin Micheal Richaradson) is a lavender Scotty Dog.
Bark Knight (voiced by Gary Anthony Williams) is Captain Dog's sidekick.
Titus (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a leopard who now owns Hissy's squeaky toy.
Harriet (voiced by Mo Collins) is a smart African Elephant.
Barry (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is a giraffe who let Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy ride on his head.
Quinty Mcsquinty (voiced by Jeff Bennett) is an old Basset Hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol' Snapper.
Ol' Snapper (voiced by Tom Kenny) is a turtle mistaken as a monster.
Baby (barks provided by Jessica DiCocco) is a huge Great Dane puppy.
Queen Kazoo (voiced by Alanna Ubach) is the star of Bob's Favorite play.
Baboo (voiced by Gary Anothony Williams) is Queen Kazoo's dog.
Charlie (voiced by Jackson Dollinger) is a Crow.
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Storyboards by
Original air date
Prod.
code [4]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1a
"Hawaii Pug-Oh" Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 101 1.39[5]
When Bob says he'd love to feel the sand on his toes, pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii.
1b
"A.R.F." Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) 101 1.39[5]
Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F., a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes.
2a
"The French Toast Connection" Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) TBA 1.36[5]
Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast.
2b
"Take Me Out to the Pug Game" Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14) TBA 1.36[5]
The pugs chase Bob's prized baseball across the city.
3a
"The Go-Long Retriever" Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) TBA 0.99[6]
Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self-fetching stick that begins chasing them.
3b
"Pot O' Pugs" Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) TBA 0.99[6]
After Bob says he needs a pot of gold, the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow.
4a
"A Pyramid Scheme" Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) TBA 1.05[6]
Bongo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the Great Pyramids.
4b
"Special Delivery" Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21) TBA 1.05[6]
The pugs try to deliver a Mother's Day card for Bob.
5a
"Design-A-Dog" Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28) TBA 0.91[7]
Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob's childhood toy.
5b
"Ice, Ice Puggy" Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28) TBA 0.91[7]
When Bob's ice maker breaks, the pugs go to Antarctica to get him ice.
6a
"Free Whaley" Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05) 106 1.05[8]
Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family.
6b
"Putting It Together" Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05) 106 1.05[8]
The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob's unicycle.
7a
"Hissy's Big Day" Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) 107 1.05[9]
Bingo and Rolly try to make Hissy feel better by taking her to their favorite places.
7b
"Go, Dog. Go!" Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12) 107 1.05[9]
The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog isn't programmed to bring them back.
8a
"Pigs and Pugs" Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19) 108 1.04[10]
Bob mistakes a mud-covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm.
8b
"Bob Loves Mona" Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere (story)
Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19) 108 1.04[10]
The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa.
9a
"Don't Rain on my Pug-rade" Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) 109 1.59[11]
Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen.
9b
"Their Royal Pug-ness" Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16) 109 1.59[11]
When Bob can't leave his house to watch a parade, the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house.
10a
"Scuba-Doggies" Scott Bern Jessica Carleton (story)
Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23) 110 1.25[12]
An underwater adventure to get a package.
10b
"Walking the Bob" Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23) 110 1.25 [12]
Pups lead a blurry-visioned Bob home.
11a
"Hissy's Kitty" Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07) 111 1.21[13]
When Bob brings home a lost kitty, Bingo and Rolly try find her a home.
11b
"Polly Wants a Pug" Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7, 2017 (2017-07-07) 111 1.21[13]
While in Florida, Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob's.
12a
"Leave it to Beavers" Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) 112 1.35[14]
Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm.
12b
"Counting Sheep" Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14, 2017 (2017-07-14) 112 1.35[14]
When Bob says he'll count sheep to sleep, the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help.
13a
"Captain Rolly" Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 113 1.20[15]
The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party.
13b
"The Coolest Dogs in Town" Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28, 2017 (2017-07-28) 113 1.20[15]
A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool.
14a
"Puzzling Pugs" Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams & Michael Olson (story) Ashley Lenz August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) TBA 1.25[16]
Bingo, Rolly, and Hissy find a leopard for Bob's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up.
14b
"Rhapsody in Pug" Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11, 2017 (2017-08-11) TBA 1.25[16]
Bingo and Rolly go to a concert.
15a
"The Legend of Ol' Snapper" Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) TBA 0.84[17]
Bob's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature.
15b
"Adventures in Puppy-Sitting" Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25, 2017 (2017-08-25) TBA 0.84[17]
The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town.
16a
"Bye Bye, Butterfly" Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22) TBA 0.63[18]
Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family.
16b
"A Seat at the Theatre" Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22, 2017 (2017-09-22) TBA 0.63
Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time.
17a
"Return to the Pumpkin Patch"[citation needed] Scott Bern Bob Smiley (story)
Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) TBA 0.97[19]
Bingo, Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin to find Bingo's collar after he loses it in the maze.
17b
"Haunted Howl-oween"[citation needed] Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen (story)
Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01) TBA 0.97
Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe's Halloween Costume.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Puppy Dog Pals – Fact Sheet". Disney Junior Press. March 23, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan (March 4, 2016). "Disney Junior Announces ‘Vampirina,’ ‘Puppy Dog Tails’". Animation Magazine. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Puppy Dog Pals' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel". Animation World Network. March 30, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Puppy Dog Pals". Disney Junior Press. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (April 17, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.14.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Metcalf, Mitch (April 24, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.21.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (May 1, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 4.28.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (May 8, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.5.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (May 15, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 5.12.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (May 22, 2017). "UPDATED: SHOWBUZZDAILY’s Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals: 5.19.2017". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 16, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-16-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 23, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-6-23-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 7, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-7-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 14, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-14-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 28, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-7-28-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (Aug 11, 2017). "showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-8-11-2017". Showbuzz Daily.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 28, 2017). "Showbuzzdaily's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.25.2017". Showbuzz Daily.
Jump up ^ www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-friday-cable-originals-network-finals-9-22-2017.html
Jump up ^ www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-sunday-cable-originals-network-finals-10-1-2017.html
External links[edit]
USA portal
Television portal
Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb
Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior
Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior
[hide]
v
t
e
Disney Junior original programming
Original series
Doc McStuffins
The Lion Guard
Miles from Tomorrowland
Sofia the First
Goldie & Bear
Mickey and the Roadster Racers
Puppy Dog Pals
Vampirina
Acquired series
Kate & Mim-Mim
The Octonauts
P. King Duckling
PJ Masks
Re-running series
Special Agent Oso
Handy Manny
Henry Hugglemonster
Imagination Movers
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Jake and the Never Land Pirates
My Friends Tigger & Pooh
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Sheriff Callie's Wild West
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Nina Needs to Go!
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Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets
Returning short series
Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?
Cars Toons
Choo Choo Soul
Chuggington: Badge Quest
Go, Baby!
Handy Manny's School for Tools
Happy Monster Band
Tasty Time with ZeFronk
Where Is Warehouse Mouse?
Shanna's Show
Original future programming
Fancy Nancy
See also
Disney Junior – Live on Stage!
Disney movies
Disney Channel
Playhouse Disney
Soapnet
Disney Television Animation
List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puppy_Dog_Pals&oldid=804756435"
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2010s American animated television series
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Animated duos
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