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List of sovereign states by date of formation
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For a list of U.S. states and the date each joined the federal Union, see List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union.
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Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent. This list includes the 195 states which currently are undisputedly sovereign; it does not include List of former sovereign states or states with limited recognition.[1] For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements. Micronations are not included in this list.
Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to the UK in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1792 (technically, France currently refers to the French Fifth Republic, formed in 1958).
An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).
Independence dates for widely recognised states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognise nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.
Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formation of an ethnic identity. Such dates reflect not the formation of a state (an independent political entity), but of a nation (an ethnic or cultural grouping), terms that are often conflated in the context of nation states.
The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of those events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history please see the main article for each country.
Contents
1 List
1.1 Africa
1.2 Americas
1.3 Asia
1.4 Europe
1.5 Oceania
1.6 Transcontinental states
2 Sortable list
3 See also
4 Notes
List[edit]
Africa[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Most recent significant territorial modification
Algeria 000000001963-01-01-00001963 Adoption of the present constitution. 000000001962-07-03-0000July 3, 1962 French recognition of Algerian referendum on independence held two days earlier 000000001962-07-05-0000July 5, 1962 Algeria gains sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France.
Angola 000000001975-01-01-00001975 000000001975-11-11-0000November 11, 1975 Independence from Portugal
Benin 000000001960-08-01-0000August 1, 1960 Independence from France 000000001894-01-15-0000January 15, 1894 Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War
Botswana 000000001966-09-30-0000September 30, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001999-12-13-0000December 13, 1999 Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice.
Burkina Faso 000000001960-08-05-0000August 5, 1960 Independence from France
Burundi 000000001966-11-28-0000November 28, 1966 Monarchy replaced by republic 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 Independence from Belgium
Cape Verde 000000001975-07-05-0000July 5, 1975 Independence from Portugal
Cameroon 000000001960-01-01-0000January 1, 1960 Independence from France 000000001961-10-01-0000October 1, 1961 Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
Central African Republic 000000001979-09-21-0000September 21, 1979 Monarchy replaced by republic 000000001960-08-13-0000August 13, 1960 Independence from France
Chad 000000001960-08-11-0000August 11, 1960 Independence from France 000000001997-02-03-0000February 3, 1997 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
Comoros 000000001975-07-06-0000July 6, 1975 Independence from France declared
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 000000001997-05-17-0000May 17, 1997 000000001960-06-30-0000June 30, 1960 Independence from Belgium
Congo, Republic of the 000000001960-08-15-0000August 15, 1960 Independence from France
Ivory Coast 000000001958-12-04-0000December 4, 1958 Autonomous republic within French Community
000000001960-08-07-0000August 7, 1960 Independence from France
Djibouti 000000001977-06-27-0000June 27, 1977 Independence from France
Egypt 000000001953-06-18-0000June 18, 1953 Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared 000000001922-02-28-0000February 28, 1922 Britain ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt 000000001925-01-01-00001925 The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
Equatorial Guinea 000000001968-10-12-0000October 12, 1968 Independence from Spain
Eritrea 000000001993-05-24-0000May 24, 1993 Independence from Ethiopia declared 000000002002-04-01-0000April 1, 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Ethiopia 000000001975-03-21-0000March 21, 1975 Monarchy abolished and replaced by republic -999999999020-01-01-0000980 BC Formation of the state of Dʿmt 000000002002-04-01-0000April 1, 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Gabon 000000001960-08-17-0000August 17, 1960 Independence from France
Gambia 000000001965-02-18-0000February 18, 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom
Ghana 000000001957-03-06-0000March 6, 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001956-12-13-0000December 13, 1956 Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast
Guinea 000000001958-10-02-0000October 2, 1958 Independence from France
Guinea-Bissau 000000001973-09-24-0000September 24, 1973 Independence from Portugal declared
000000001974-09-10-0000September 10, 1974 Independence from Portugal recognized
Kenya 000000001963-12-12-0000December 12, 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom
Lesotho 000000001966-10-04-0000October 4, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001868-03-12-0000March 12, 1868 Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule
Liberia 000000001847-07-26-0000July 26, 1847 Independence from American Colonization Society 000000001986-01-06-0000January 6, 1986 Current constitution came into effect
Libya 000000002014-08-04-0000August 4, 2014 Council of Deputies takes power.[2] 000000001951-12-24-0000December 24, 1951 Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947) 000000001984-02-13-0000February 13, 1984 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad.
Madagascar 000000001958-10-14-0000October 14, 1958 The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community
000000001960-06-26-0000June 26, 1960 France recognizes Madagascar's independence
Malawi 000000001964-07-06-0000July 6, 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom
Mali 000000001958-11-25-0000November 25, 1958 French Sudan gains autonomy 000000001960-08-20-0000August 20, 1960 Senegal secedes from Mali Federation
000000001960-09-22-0000September 22, 1960 Independence from France
Mauritania 000000001960-11-28-0000November 28, 1960 Independence from France 000000001979-08-11-0000August 11, 1979 Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara)
Mauritius 000000001968-03-12-0000March 12, 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001965-01-01-00001965 Separation of Chagos Archipelago
Morocco 000000000789-02-05-0000February 5, 789 Enthronement of Idris I in Volubilis 000000001955-11-18-0000November 18, 1955 Protectorate abolished 000000001969-01-04-0000January 4, 1969 Internationally recognized :
Return of Ifni to Morocco
000000001666-01-01-00001666 Enthronement of Al-Rashid ibn Sharif in Fez 000000001956-04-07-0000April 7, 1956 Return of Spanish Morocco to Morocco 000000001987-04-01-0000April 1987 Disputed, de facto under Moroccan control :
Completion of the Moroccan Wall in Western Sahara
Mozambique 000000001975-06-25-0000June 25, 1975 Independence from Portugal
Namibia 000000001990-03-21-0000March 21, 1990 Independence from South African rule 000000001997-03-01-0000March 1, 1997 Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia
Niger 000000001958-12-04-0000December 4, 1958 Autonomy within French Community
000000001960-08-03-0000August 3, 1960 Independence from France
Nigeria 000000001960-10-01-0000October 1, 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001970-01-15-0000January 15, 1970 Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria
000000001961-06-01-0000June 1, 1961 Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
Rwanda 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 Independence from Belgium
São Tomé and Príncipe 000000001975-07-12-0000July 12, 1975 Independence from Portugal
Senegal 000000001960-08-20-0000August 20, 1960 Independence from France
Seychelles 000000001976-06-29-0000June 29, 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom
Sierra Leone 000000001961-04-27-0000April 27, 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom
Somalia 000000002012-08-20-0000August 20, 2012 Federal Government of Somalia established.[3] 000000001960-07-01-0000July 1, 1960 Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) 000000001991-05-18-0000May 18, 1991 (disputed) Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state.
South Africa 000000001961-05-31-0000May 31, 1961 Republic declared 000000001931-12-11-0000December 11, 1931 Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK 000000001997-04-27-0000April 27, 1997 Reincorporation of the nominally independent bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
000000001910-05-31-0000May 31, 1910 Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River
South Sudan 000000002011-07-09-0000July 9, 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011 000000002011-07-09-0000July 9, 2011 Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan
Sudan 000000002010-04-15-0000April 15, 2010 First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War 000000001956-01-01-0000January 1, 1956 Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule 000000002011-07-09-0000July 9, 2011 South Sudan secedes from Sudan
Swaziland 000000002006-02-08-0000February 8, 2006 Constitution of Swaziland 000000001968-09-06-0000September 6, 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom
Tanzania 000000001991-07-01-0000July 1, 1991 Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party state 000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom 000000001964-04-26-0000April 26, 1964 Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
Togo 000000001958-08-30-0000August 30, 1958 Autonomy within French Union
000000001960-04-27-0000April 27, 1960 Independence from France
Tunisia 000000002014-01-26-0000January 26, 2014 Constitution of Tunisia following the Tunisian Revolution 000000001956-03-20-0000March 20, 1956 Independence from France
Uganda 000000001962-03-01-0000March 1, 1962 Self-government granted
000000001962-10-09-0000October 9, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
Zambia 000000001964-10-24-0000October 24, 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom
Zimbabwe 000000001987-12-22-0000December 22, 1987 Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency.[4] 000000001965-11-11-0000November 11, 1965 Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia 000000001901-01-01-00001901 BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
000000001980-04-18-0000April 18, 1980 Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe
Americas[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Date of most recent significant territorial modification
Antigua and Barbuda 000000001981-11-01-0000November 1, 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom
Argentina 000000001853-05-01-0000May 1, 1853 The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force 000000001810-05-25-0000May 25, 1810 May Revolution installs first local government 000000001884-10-18-0000October 18, 1884 Conquest of the Desert
000000001816-07-09-0000July 9, 1816 Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain.
Bahamas 000000001964-01-07-0000January 7, 1964 Internal self-governance granted
000000001973-07-10-0000July 10, 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom
Barbados 000000001966-11-30-0000November 30, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom
Belize 000000001981-09-21-0000September 21, 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom 000000001859-01-01-00001859 Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala
000000001964-01-01-0000January 1, 1964 Self-governing colony
Bolivia 000000001809-05-25-0000May 25, 1809 000000001825-08-06-0000August 6, 1825 Bolivian War of Independence from Spain. 000000001903-11-11-0000November 11, 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre
Brazil 000000001889-11-15-0000November 15, 1889 Proclamation of the Republic 000000001822-09-07-0000September 7, 1822 Independence from Portugal declared 000000001903-11-11-0000November 11, 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso
000000001825-08-29-0000August 29, 1825 Independence recognized by Portugal
Canada 000000001867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867 Dominion of Canada established as a federation 000000001867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) April 1, 1999 Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories.
000000001931-12-11-0000December 11, 1931 Statute of Westminster
Chile 000000001989-08-17-0000August 17, 1989 Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship 000000001810-09-18-0000September 18, 1810 First Government Junta 000000001929-07-03-0000July 3, 1929 Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima
000000001818-01-01-0000January 1, 1818 Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
000000001844-04-25-0000April 25, 1844 Independence recognized by Spain
Costa Rica 000000001949-11-07-0000November 7, 1949 Constitution of Costa Rica 000000001821-09-15-0000September 15, 1821 Costa Rica declared independence from Spain 000000001824-07-25-0000July 25, 1824 Partido de Nicoya
000000001838-11-15-0000November 15, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Cuba 000000001959-01-01-0000January 1, 1959 Cuban Revolution 000000001898-10-10-0000October 10, 1898 Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution.
000000001898-12-10-0000December 10, 1898 Spain loses the war against United States and the military occupation of Cuba by USA begins.
000000001902-05-20-0000May 20, 1902 United States military occupation ends[5]
Dominica 000000001978-11-03-0000November 3, 1978 Constitution of Dominica 000000001967-02-27-0000February 27, 1967 Became an associated state of the United Kingdom
000000001978-11-03-0000November 3, 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom
Dominican Republic 000000001966-11-28-0000November 28, 1966 Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War.[6] 000000001844-02-27-0000February 27, 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti 000000001936-05-09-0000May 9, 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
Ecuador 000000001809-08-10-0000August 10, 1809 000000001822-05-24-0000May 24, 1822 Independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part 000000001942-02-26-0000February 26, 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru
000000001830-05-13-0000May 13, 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
El Salvador 000000001821-09-15-0000September 15, 1821 El Salvador becomes province in First Mexican Empire, which declared independence from Spain
000000001823-07-01-0000July 1, 1823 El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America
000000001841-02-18-0000February 18, 1841 Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent
Grenada 000000001967-02-27-0000February 27, 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
000000001974-02-07-0000February 7, 1974 Full independence from the United Kingdom
Guatemala 000000001821-09-15-0000September 15, 1821 Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
000000001839-04-17-0000April 17, 1839 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared
Guyana 000000001966-05-26-0000May 26, 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom
Haiti 000000001987-03-01-0000March 1987 Constitution of 1987 (superseded) 000000001804-01-01-0000January 1, 1804 The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti 000000001844-02-27-0000February 27, 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
000000001936-05-09-0000May 9, 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
Honduras 000000001821-09-15-0000September 15, 1821 Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain 000000001972-09-01-0000September 1, 1972 Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
000000001838-10-26-0000October 26, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Jamaica 000000001962-08-06-0000August 6, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
Mexico 000000001917-01-01-00001917 Constitution of Mexico 000000001810-09-16-0000September 16, 1810 Independence from Spain declared 000000001853-12-30-0000December 30, 1853 Gadsden Purchase
000000001821-09-27-0000September 27, 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
Nicaragua 000000001821-09-15-0000September 15, 1821 Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
000000001838-11-05-0000November 5, 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Panama 000000001903-11-03-0000November 3, 1903 Independence from Colombia 000000001999-12-31-0000December 31, 1999 Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States
Paraguay 000000001992-06-01-0000June 1992 Democratic Constitution of Paraguay 000000001811-05-14-0000May 14, 1811 Independence from Spain declared 000000001938-01-01-00001938 Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War
Peru 000000001821-07-28-0000July 28, 1821 Independence from Spain declared 000000001942-02-26-0000February 26, 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador
000000001879-01-01-00001879 Independence from Spain recognized
Saint Kitts and Nevis 000000001967-02-27-0000February 27, 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom 000000001980-12-19-0000December 19, 1980 Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
000000001983-09-19-0000September 19, 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Lucia 000000001967-02-27-0000February 27, 1967 Associated statehood
000000001979-02-22-0000February 22, 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 000000001969-10-27-0000October 27, 1969 Associated statehood
000000001979-10-27-0000October 27, 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
Suriname 000000001954-12-15-0000December 15, 1954 Self-government granted
000000001975-11-25-0000November 25, 1975 Independence from Netherlands
Trinidad and Tobago 000000001962-08-31-0000August 31, 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
United States 000000001787-09-17-0000September 17, 1787 Ratification of the United States Constitution replaced the previous Articles of Confederation creating a new system of government 000000001776-07-04-0000July 4, 1776 Independence from Great Britain declared 000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959 United States territory:
Territory of Hawaii joins as the state of Hawaii
000000001783-09-03-0000September 3, 1783 Independence from Great Britain recognized 000000001981-09-07-0000September 7, 1981 Insular area:
The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
Uruguay 000000001996-12-08-0000December 8, 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum, 1996 000000001825-08-25-0000August 25, 1825 Independence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the River Plate (current Argentina).
000000001828-08-27-0000August 27, 1828 Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
Venezuela 000000001999-12-20-0000December 20, 1999 New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic 000000001810-04-19-0000April 19, 1810[7] Independence from Spain declared 000000001899-10-03-0000October 3, 1899 Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of Guayana Esequiba to British Guyana.
000000001830-01-13-0000January 13, 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Asia[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Date of most recent significant territorial modification
Afghanistan 000000002004-01-26-0000January 26, 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan establishes Islamic Republic -999999996800-01-01-00003200 BC 3200–2700 BC: Part of Proto-Elamite 000000001747-01-01-00001747 Durrani Empire 1893 Durand-Line through Pashtunistan, because of the Durand-Treaty
Bahrain 000000001971-08-15-0000August 15, 1971 End of treaties with the United Kingdom 000000001521-07-01-0000July 1, 1521 Portuguese conquest of current territory
Bangladesh 000000001972-11-04-0000November 4, 1972 De jure: Constitution of Bangladesh 000000001971-03-26-0000March 26, 1971 Independence from Pakistan declared 000000002015-07-31-0000July 31, 2015 India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
000000001991-02-27-0000February 27, 1991 De facto: First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy.
Bhutan 000000002008-03-24-0000March 24, 2008 First elections to the National Assembly 000000001885-01-01-00001885 Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan 000000001865-11-11-0000November 11, 1865 Treaty of Sinchula
Brunei 000000001959-09-29-0000September 29, 1959 De jure: Constitution of Brunei 000000001984-01-01-0000January 1, 1984 Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 000000001841-08-18-0000August 18, 1841 Kingdom of Sarawak founded
000000001962-12-12-0000December 12, 1962 De facto: Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
Cambodia 000000001993-09-21-0000September 21, 1993 Constitution of Cambodia 000000001953-09-09-0000September 9, 1953 France grants Cambodia independence
000000001989-09-26-0000September 26, 1989 Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
China 000000001949-10-01-0000October 1, 1949 Establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the Chinese Civil War nears its end -999999998200-01-01-00001800 BC Beginning of the Shang dynasty 000000002011-10-06-0000October 6, 2011 Tajikistan ceded to China 1158 square kilometers
India 000000001950-01-26-0000January 26, 1950 De jure: Constitution of India -999999998150-01-01-00001850 BC Bharatvarsha (The Vedic Janapadas) 000000001947-08-15-0000August 15, 1947 Independence from British Empire
Iran 000000001979-02-11-0000February 11, 1979 Iranian Revolution ends monarchism and establishes an Islamic Republic -999999996800-01-01-00003200 BC 3200–2700 BCE: Part of Proto-Elamite 000000001828-02-22-0000February 22, 1828 Signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia, Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)), and Igdir are ceded to Russia
Iraq 000000002005-10-15-0000October 15, 2005 Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War[8] 000000001932-10-03-0000October 3, 1932 Kingdom of Iraq 000000001991-02-28-0000February 28, 1991 Kuwait liberated.[8]
Israel 000000001948-05-14-0000May 14, 1948 Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel 000000001948-05-14-0000May 14, 1948 Independence from the British Mandate of Palestine 000000002005-09-12-0000September 12, 2005 Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
Japan 000000001947-05-03-0000May 3, 1947 Coming into force of the current Constitution of Japan, whereby the emperor was deprived of his powers and a liberal democracy was established -999999999340-01-01-0000660 BC (Traditional) Victory of Emperor Jimmu, and the capital established in Yamato. 000000001972-05-15-0000May 15, 1972 Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
Jordan 000000001952-01-01-0000January 1, 1952 Constitution of Jordan 000000001946-05-25-0000May 25, 1946 End of the British Mandate for Palestine 000000001997-10-26-0000October 26, 1997 Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
000000002011-06-12-0000June 12, 2011 The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[9]
North Korea 000000001948-09-09-0000September 9, 1948 Kim Il-sung declared Premier of North Korea, establishing the still-ruling Kim dynasty. 000000001948-09-09-0000September 9, 1948 Declaration of creation of North Korea 000000001953-07-27-0000July 27, 1953 Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the southern border along the Military Demarcation Line
000000001972-12-25-0000December 25, 1972 Constitution of North Korea replaces Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy.[10]
South Korea 000000001948-08-15-0000August 15, 1948 First Republic of Korea established 000000000676-01-01-0000676 Korean monarch establishes kingdom over north Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria (Silla) 000000001953-07-27-0000July 27, 1953 Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line
000000001987-10-29-0000October 29, 1987 Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule
Kuwait 000000001962-11-11-0000November 11, 1962 Constitution of Kuwait 000000001991-02-28-0000February 28, 1991 End of Iraqi occupation (Gulf War) 000000001969-12-18-0000December 18, 1969 Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
Kyrgyzstan 000000002010-06-10-0000June 10, 2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system. 000000001991-08-31-0000August 31, 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[11] 000000001936-12-05-0000December 5, 1936 Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
Laos 000000001975-12-02-0000December 2, 1975 Lao PDR formed 000000001953-10-22-0000October 22, 1953 Independence from France
Lebanon 000000001926-05-23-0000May 23, 1926 Lebanese Republic formed 000000001941-11-26-0000November 26, 1941 Independence from France declared 000000001920-09-01-0000September 1, 1920 France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
000000001943-11-22-0000November 22, 1943 Independence from France recognized
Malaysia 000000001963-09-16-0000September 16, 1963 Formation of Malaysia[12][13] 000000001957-08-31-0000August 31, 1957 Malayan Independence[14] from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) 000000001965-08-09-0000August 9, 1965 Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia[15][16][17]
000000001963-09-16-0000September 16, 1963 Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.[12][18]
Maldives 000000001968-11-11-0000November 11, 1968 Declaration of Republic 000000001965-07-26-0000July 26, 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom
Mongolia 000000001992-02-12-0000February 12, 1992 Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy. -999999999791-01-01-0000209 BC Xiongnu Empire formed
000000001911-12-29-0000December 29, 1911 Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty
Myanmar 000000002011-03-30-0000March 30, 2011 The military junta is replaced by an elected government 000000001948-01-04-0000January 4, 1948 Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire 000000001956-01-01-00001956 Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
Nepal 000000002008-05-28-0000May 28, 2008 Formation of Republic 000000001768-12-21-0000December 21, 1768 Nepali unification 000000001815-12-02-0000December 2, 1815 Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War
Oman 000000001749-06-10-0000June 10, 1749 Beginning of the Al Said dynasty, current absolute monarchical line of Oman. 000000001650-01-26-0000January 26, 1650 Expulsion of the Portuguese 000000001958-12-08-0000December 8, 1958 Gwadar sold to Pakistan
000000001996-01-01-00001996 Basic Law of Oman
Pakistan 000000001973-08-14-0000August 14, 1973 Constitution of Pakistan 000000001947-08-14-0000August 14, 1947 Independence from British India in the Partition 000000001971-12-16-0000December 16, 1971 De facto: Province of East Pakistan dissolved following the surrender of the Pakistani Army at the end of the Bangladesh Liberation War
000000001974-02-22-0000February 22, 1974 De jure: Recognition by Pakistan of Bangladesh as an independent country, whereby Pakistan definitely surrenders claims over the former province of East Pakistan
Palestine[a] 000000001994-05-04-0000May 4, 1994 Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area 000000001988-11-15-0000November 15, 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence 000000002007-06-15-0000June 15, 2007 Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
Philippines[b] 000000001935-11-30-0000November 30, 1935 The Commonwealth of the Philippines was established through provisions of the Tydings–McDuffie Act. 000000001898-06-12-0000June 12, 1898 The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.[19][20][21] 000000001930-01-01-00001930[23][24] Under a 1930 maritime boundary treaty[25] between the United States and the United Kingdom seven islands in the Turtle Islands group and the two islands of the Mangsee Islands group were demarcated as forming part of the Philippine Archipelago, U.S. territory at the time. Administration of those islands was transferred by the United Kingdom to the Republic of the Philippines on 16 October 1947.[26]
000000001946-07-04-0000July 4, 1946 The United States recognises independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when the Marcos regime promulgated a new a newer one, in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution.
Qatar 000000001971-09-03-0000September 3, 1971 Independence from the United Kingdom
Saudi Arabia 000000001932-09-23-0000September 23, 1932 Regions of Al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia 000000001744-01-01-00001744 Establishment of the First Saudi State [27] 000000002000-06-12-0000June 12, 2000 Border with Yemen finalized by Treaty of Jeddah (2000)
Singapore 000000001965-08-09-0000August 9, 1965[15] Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia 000000001959-06-03-0000June 3, 1959 Self-government under the United Kingdom 000000001965-08-09-0000August 9, 1965 Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[17]
000000001965-08-09-0000August 9, 1965 separate from and independent of Malaysia[15][16]
Sri Lanka 000000001972-05-22-0000May 22, 1972 Constitution of Sri Lanka 000000001948-02-04-0000February 4, 1948 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001815-02-14-0000February 14, 1815 De jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon
000000002009-05-18-0000May 18, 2009 De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Syria 000000002012-02-27-0000February 27, 2012 Constitution of Syria[28] 000000001961-09-28-0000September 28, 1961 End of the United Arab Republic 000000001941-11-08-0000November 8, 1941 Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon[28]
Taiwan (Republic of China) 000000001911-10-10-0000October 10, 1911 After the Xinhai Revolution the Republic of China formally replaced the Qing Dynasty 000000001949-12-07-0000December 7, 1949[29] Republic of China government moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War[30] 000000001955-02-25-0000February 25, 1955 Withdrawal of the Republic of China from the Dachen Archipelago
Tajikistan 000000001991-09-09-0000September 9, 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[11] 000000001929-12-05-0000December 5, 1929 Establishment of the Tajik SSR
Thailand 000000002017-04-06-0000April 6, 2017 Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017 000000001767-11-06-0000November 6, 1767 Salvage independence by Great king Taksin consist of Expulsion of Burmese and Establish a new kingdom together with reunification of Thailand 000000001909-03-10-0000March 10, 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Timor-Leste 000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002 Constitution of East Timor 000000001975-11-28-0000November 28, 1975 East Timor declares its independence but was suppressed by the Indonesian invasion 000000001914-01-01-00001914 The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed.[31]
000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002 Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999
Turkmenistan 000000002008-09-28-0000September 28, 2008 Constitution of Turkmenistan 000000001991-10-27-0000October 27, 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[11] 000000001921-08-07-0000August 7, 1921 Establishment of the Turkmen SSR
United Arab Emirates 000000001971-12-02-0000December 2, 1971 End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom 000000001972-02-11-0000February 11, 1972 Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
Uzbekistan 000000001991-08-31-0000August 31, 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared[11] 000000001924-10-24-0000October 24, 1924 Establishment of the Uzbek SSR
Vietnam 000000001959-12-31-0000December 31, 1959 North Vietnam declared a socialist republic 000000001945-09-02-0000September 2, 1945 withdrawal of the Japanese after WWII 000000001976-07-02-0000July 2, 1976 Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam
000000002014-01-01-0000January 1, 2014 Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Yemen 000000001990-05-22-0000May 22, 1990 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen 000000001990-05-22-0000May 22, 1990 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen
Table notes
^ Palestine: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
^ Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty.
Europe[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Date of most recent significant territorial modification
Albania 000000001991-04-29-0000April 29, 1991 Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania. 000000001190-01-01-00001190 c. Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon. 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia
000000001912-11-28-0000November 28, 1912 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire
000000001944-11-28-0000November 28, 1944 Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
Andorra 000000001993-04-28-0000April 28, 1993 Current Constitution of Andorra entered force 000000001813-01-01-00001813 Reversal of annexation of Andorra by the Napoleonic Empire, through the Peninsular War 000000002001-08-28-0000August 28, 2001 The Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge
Austria 000000001918-11-12-0000November 12, 1918 Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria 000000001955-05-15-0000May 15, 1955 Austrian Independence Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state 000000001921-12-14-0000December 14, 1921 City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite
000000001156-09-17-0000September 17, 1156 Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire
000000001804-08-11-0000August 11, 1804 Proclamation of the Austrian Empire
Belarus 000000001996-11-28-0000November 28, 1996 Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly 000000001990-07-27-0000July 27, 1990 Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Curzon Line
000000001991-08-25-0000August 25, 1991 Independence recognized by Soviet Union[11]
Belgium 000000001831-07-21-0000July 21, 1831 King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy 000000001830-10-04-0000October 4, 1830 Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government 000000001919-06-28-0000June 28, 1919 Belgian proper:
Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons
000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 Belgian colonial empire:
Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi.
Bosnia and Herzegovina 000000001992-03-03-0000March 3, 1992 Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia 000000001154-01-01-00001154 Formation of the Banate of Bosnia 000000001943-11-25-0000November 25, 1943 Establishment of SR Bosnia in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Bulgaria 000000001989-11-10-0000November 10, 1989 People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria 000000000632-01-01-0000632 Formation of Old Great Bulgaria 000000001940-09-07-0000September 7, 1940 Under the First and Second Vienna Awards, Southern Dobruja was returned to Kingdom of Bulgaria
000000000681-01-01-0000681 First Bulgarian Empire formed
000000001185-01-01-00001185 Second Bulgarian Empire formed
000000001878-07-13-0000July 13, 1878 Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin
000000001908-09-22-0000September 22, 1908 Independence from Ottoman Empire
Croatia 000000001991-10-08-0000October 8, 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia 000000000626-01-01-0000626 Formation of Duchy of Croatia[32][33][34][35][36] 000000001947-02-10-0000February 10, 1947 Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
000000000925-01-01-0000925 Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
Czech Republic 000000001993-01-01-0000January 1, 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czech Republic and Slovakia 000000000895-01-01-0000895 Independence from Great Moravia
Denmark 000000001953-06-05-0000June 5, 1953 Constitutional Act of Denmark 000000000935-01-01-0000935 (Or prior) The Jelling stones, a pair of rune stones considered to be the "birth certificate" of Denmark reads: "King Haraldr ordered this monument made ... who won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian." 000000001920-06-15-0000June 15, 1920 Denmark proper:
Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.[37]
000000001944-06-17-0000June 17, 1944 Danish Realm:
Kingdom of Iceland secedes from the union.
Estonia 000000001918-02-24-0000February 24, 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared 000000001918-02-24-0000February 24, 1918 Independence declared from the Russian Empire 000000001920-07-01-0000July 1, 1920 De jure: Signing of the Estonia–Latvia Border Treaty whereby Valga proper was ceded to Estonia
000000001991-08-20-0000August 20, 1991 Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[38] 000000001945-01-01-0000January 1, 1945 De facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR
Finland 000000001809-03-29-0000March 29, 1809 Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire 000000001917-12-06-0000December 6, 1917 Independence from Russian Empire declared 000000001956-01-26-0000January 26, 1956 Porkkala returned from Soviet control
000000001918-01-03-0000January 3, 1918 Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
France 000000001958-10-05-0000October 5, 1958 Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic 000000000843-01-01-0000843 Creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun 000000001947-02-10-0000February 10, 1947 Metropolitan France:
Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[39][40]
000000001962-07-05-0000July 5, 1962 Overseas France:
Loss of the French departments in Algeria following the latter's independence.
Germany 000000001949-05-23-0000May 23, 1949 The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. 000000001871-01-18-0000January 18, 1871 German Realm (Empire) founded 000000001990-10-03-0000October 3, 1990 Reunification of West Germany and East Germany
000000001954-01-01-00001954 German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany) declared fully sovereign
000000001955-05-05-0000May 5, 1955 Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign
000000001991-05-15-0000May 15, 1991 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation.
Greece 000000001975-06-11-0000June 11, 1975 Third Hellenic Republic 000000001821-03-25-0000March 25, 1821 (Traditional)
000000001821-02-23-0000February 23, 1821 (Actual)
Greek Revolution starts, various regional administrations established during 1821 000000001947-02-10-0000February 10, 1947 Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
000000001822-01-01-0000January 1, 1822 First Hellenic Republic proclaimed
000000001832-03-04-0000March 4, 1832 Independence recognized (as Kingdom of Greece)
Hungary 000000001989-10-23-0000October 23, 1989 People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary 000000000895-01-01-0000895 Principality of Hungary formed 000000001947-02-10-0000February 10, 1947 With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1921 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
000000001000-01-01-00001000 Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary.
Iceland 000000000930-01-01-0000930 The Icelandic Commonwealth established and first meeting held of the Althingi (Parliament). 000000001918-12-01-0000December 1, 1918 Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark. 000000001972-09-01-0000September 1, 1972 No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
000000001845-07-01-0000July 1, 1845 The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799. 000000001944-06-17-0000June 17, 1944 Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic.
Ireland 000000001919-01-21-0000January 21, 1919 Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom 000000001922-12-06-0000December 6, 1922 Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire 000000001922-12-08-0000December 8, 1922 De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
000000001931-12-11-0000December 11, 1931 Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom
000000001937-12-29-0000December 29, 1937 Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language). 000000001949-04-18-0000April 18, 1949 Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland’s diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King’s dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation. 000000001999-12-02-0000December 2, 1999 De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland.[41]
Italy 000000001948-01-01-0000January 1, 1948 Constitution of Italy creating the Italian Republic 000000001861-03-17-0000March 17, 1861 Italian unification
000000000476-08-23-0000August 23, 476 Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state created after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
000000000888-01-02-0000January 2, 888 c. Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state of the dissolved Carolingian Empire
000000001945-04-25-0000April 25, 1945 Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored 000000001948-01-01-0000January 1, 1948 The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
Latvia 000000001922-11-07-0000November 7, 1922 Constitution of Latvia enforced 000000001918-11-18-0000November 18, 1918 Independence declared from Russia 000000001944-01-01-00001944 Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
000000001990-05-04-0000May 4, 1990 Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted[38]
Liechtenstein 000000002003-03-16-0000March 16, 2003 The Liechtenstein constitutional referendum, 2003 increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy[42] 000000001813-10-19-0000October 19, 1813 Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine 000000001719-01-23-0000January 23, 1719 Purchase of Vaduz
Lithuania 000000001990-03-11-0000March 11, 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[38] 000000001253-01-01-00001253 Coronation of King Mindaugas (state established some time earlier, perhaps in the 1230s) 000000001939-10-27-0000October 27, 1939 and
000000001940-08-03-0000August 3, 1940 Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
000000001918-02-16-0000February 16, 1918 Independence declared from Germany and Russia
Luxembourg 000000001890-11-23-0000November 23, 1890 Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right 000000001945-01-01-00001945 End of German occupation during World War II 000000001839-04-19-0000April 19, 1839 Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
Macedonia 000000001991-11-17-0000November 17, 1991 Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia 000000001991-09-08-0000September 8, 1991 After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia 000000001944-08-02-0000August 2, 1944 Establishment of SR Macedonia
Malta 000000001974-12-13-0000December 13, 1974 The State of Malta became a republic 000000001964-09-21-0000September 21, 1964 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001801-08-20-0000August 20, 1801 Gozo rejoined Malta
Moldova 000000001997-08-27-0000August 27, 1997 Constitution of Moldova (1997) 000000001991-08-27-0000August 27, 1991 Independence from Soviet Union[11] 000000001940-08-02-0000August 2, 1940 De jure: Moldavian SSR formed
000000001990-09-02-0000September 2, 1990 De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member, but has de facto control over the Transnistria region.
Monaco 000000001962-12-17-0000December 17, 1962 Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council 000000001861-01-01-00001861 Franco-Monegasque Treaty confirms Monaco's sovereignty (formerly a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia) 000000001848-01-01-00001848 Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
Montenegro 000000002007-10-22-0000October 22, 2007 Constitution of Montenegro 000000001077-01-01-00001077 Formation of Kingdom of Duklja/Zeta by King Mihajlo I 000000001943-11-25-0000November 25, 1943 Establishment of SR Montenegro
000000001878-07-13-0000July 13, 1878 Independence officially confirmed by Ottoman Empire internationally by the Treaty of Berlin other countries recognized earlier.
000000002006-06-03-0000June 3, 2006 Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro.
Netherlands 000000001815-08-24-0000August 24, 1815 Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 000000001581-07-26-0000July 26, 1581 Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain 000000001839-03-16-0000March 16, 1839 European Netherlands:
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839).
000000001954-12-15-0000December 15, 1954 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed 000000001945-05-05-0000May 5, 1945 Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands 000000001975-11-25-0000November 25, 1975 Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Suriname declares independence.
Norway 000000001814-01-01-00001814 Constitution of Norway 000000000872-01-01-0000872 King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway. 000000001930-02-27-0000February 27, 1930 Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
000000001814-01-01-00001814 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark.
000000001905-06-07-0000June 7, 1905 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
000000001945-05-08-0000May 8, 1945 German occupying forces surrender.
Poland 000000001989-06-04-0000June 4, 1989 The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination 000000000966-01-01-0000966 adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I. 000000001951-02-15-0000February 15, 1951 Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
000000001025-01-01-00001025 formation of the Kingdom of Poland by Mieszko's son Bolesław I Chrobry.
Portugal 000000001976-04-02-0000April 2, 1976 Constitution of Portugal 000000001139-07-26-0000July 26, 1139 County of Portugal becomes independent from the Kingdom of León after the Battle of Ourique as part of the Reconquista. Recognized by León in 1143 and by the Pope in 1179. 000000001801-06-06-0000June 6, 1801 Continental Portugal:
Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges.
000000001999-12-20-0000December 20, 1999 Portuguese Overseas:
De facto: Portuguese Macau transferred to the People's Republic of China
000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002 Portuguese Overseas:
De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor.[43]
Romania 000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989 Romanian Revolution of 1989 000000001877-05-21-0000May 21, 1877 Independence declared from the Ottoman Empire 000000001947-02-10-0000February 10, 1947 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
000000001878-07-13-0000July 13, 1878 International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
San Marino 000000001600-01-01-00001600 Constitution of San Marino 000000000301-09-03-0000September 3, 301 Traditional founding 000000001463-01-01-00001463 Added Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano
000000001243-01-01-00001243 Formation of republican government
Serbia 000000002006-06-08-0000June 8, 2006 Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. 000000000768-01-01-0000768[44] Independence of Serbian Principality from the Byzantine Empire. 000000002008-02-17-0000February 17, 2008 (disputed)[45] The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 108 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province.
Slovakia 000000001993-01-01-0000January 1, 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 000000001993-01-01-0000January 1, 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Slovakia and Czech Republic
Slovenia 000000001991-12-13-0000December 13, 1991 Constitution of Slovenia 000000001991-06-25-0000June 25, 1991 Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia
000000001991-06-25-0000June 25, 1991
Spain 000000001978-12-06-0000December 6, 1978 Spanish Constitution 000000000809-01-01-0000809 Successively recognition of autonomous governments with the establishment of the Kingdom of the Suebi (in present day Portugal and in the future Kingdom of Galicia), the Kingdom of the Alans, Kingdom of the Asdingi Vandals (in presnt day Andalusia) and later the Kingdom of the Visigoths (in parts of present day Portugal) on Hispania as foederati of the Roman Empire about half a millennium before the establishments of Portugal, Leon, Navaree, Castille, Andorra and Asturias and 1500 years before the loss by Castille-Aragon of Gibraltar Sardinia, Sicily and South Italy and its conquest of Olivença from Portugal and the annexation of the Couto Mixto microstate (independent since the marly middle ages). Spain itself dating from 1977. Or its first national government from 1822 (before annexing Couto Mixto. This makes Spain the youngest nation in Western Europe after Iceland and Ireland which are usually considered to be both Western and Northern European nationformer Iron Curtain s and one of the youngest West of the 000000001976-02-26-0000February 26, 1976 Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords
000000001479-01-01-00001479 1479: Territorial and religious unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (heirs to the Visigoth Kingdom) by the Catholic Monarchs and later on under the House of Austria with their grandson the Emperor Charles (1516). The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other to the present day; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[46]
000000001707-01-01-00001707~000000001716-01-01-00001716 De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
000000001831-01-01-00001831 Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
Sweden 000000001974-01-01-0000January 1, 1974 Instrument of Government 000000000970-01-01-0000970 (Or prior) Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king. 000000001809-03-29-0000March 29, 1809 Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia.
000000001523-06-06-0000June 6, 1523 Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union.
Switzerland 000000001848-11-12-0000November 12, 1848 Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war 000000001291-01-01-00001291 Traditional founding 000000001815-01-01-00001815 The cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva join the Swiss Confederation.
000000001815-08-07-0000August 7, 1815 Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Ukraine 000000001991-08-24-0000August 24, 1991 Independence from Soviet Union 999999999999-99-99-0000 000000002014-03-18-0000March 18, 2014 Annexation of Crimea by Russia
000000001918-01-25-0000January 25, 1918 Independence of Ukrainian People's Republic from Russian Republic declared.
000000001991-08-24-0000August 24, 1991 Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.[11]
United Kingdom 000000001800-01-01-0000January 1, 1800 The Acts of Union united the two kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[47][48][49] 000000000927-01-01-0000927 Kingdom of Wessex
Kingdom of England
United with Scotland in 1707 (devolved Parliament as of 1999)
000000001922-12-06-0000December 6, 1922
then 000000001922-12-08-0000December 8, 1922 Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, and Northern Ireland opts to exclude itself from the Free State two days later.[39]
000000000843-01-01-0000843 Kingdom of Scotland
United with England in 1707
000000001707-05-01-0000May 1, 1707 Kingdom of Great Britain 000000001997-07-01-0000July 1, 1997 British Overseas Territories:
Hong Kong is transferred to the People's Republic of China
000000001171-01-01-00001171 then
000000001542-01-01-00001542 Lordship of Ireland
Kingdom of Ireland
000000001216-01-01-00001216 Principality of Wales
United with or annexed to England in 1542
Vatican City 000000001274-01-01-00001274 Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 000000001929-06-07-0000June 7, 1929 Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign State 000000001929-02-11-0000February 11, 1929 Signing of the Lateran Treaty
Oceania[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Date of most recent significant territorial modification
Australia 000000001901-01-01-0000January 1, 1901 Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. 000000001901-01-01-0000January 1, 1901 Independence from United Kingdom. 000000001975-09-16-0000September 16, 1975 Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
Fiji 000000001970-10-10-0000October 10, 1970 Independence from United Kingdom
Kiribati 000000001979-07-12-0000July 12, 1979 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001975-10-01-0000October 1, 1975 Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
Marshall Islands 000000001979-05-01-0000May 1, 1979 Constitution and local government established 000000001986-10-21-0000October 21, 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States
Federated States of Micronesia 000000001979-05-10-0000May 10, 1979 Constitution ratified 000000001986-11-03-0000November 3, 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States 000000001979-05-10-0000May 10, 1979 Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru 000000001968-01-31-0000January 31, 1968 Independence from UN Trusteeship (Australian, British and New Zealand administration ends)
New Zealand 000000001840-02-06-0000February 6, 1840 Treaty of Waitangi between the British Crown and the indigenous Māori tribes cedes kawanatanga of New Zealand to Queen Victoria. 000000001853-01-17-0000January 17, 1853 Self-Government 000000001962-06-01-0000June 1, 1962 Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent.
000000001856-04-18-0000April 18, 1856 Responsible Government
000000001907-09-26-0000September 26, 1907 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status).
000000001926-10-25-0000October 25, 1926 Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are “autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs”
000000001938-07-27-0000July 27, 1938 Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King.
000000001947-11-25-0000November 25, 1947 Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request
000000001947-12-10-0000December 10, 1947 Full power to amend own constitution
000000001967-12-01-0000December 1, 1967 Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment
Palau 000000001981-01-01-0000January 1, 1981 Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution 000000001994-10-01-0000October 1, 1994 Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).
Papua New Guinea 000000001973-12-01-0000December 1, 1973 Self-governing territory
000000001975-09-16-0000September 16, 1975 Independence from Australia
Samoa 000000001962-06-01-0000June 1, 1962 Independence from New Zealand
Solomon Islands 000000001976-01-02-0000January 2, 1976 Self-government granted by United Kingdom
000000001978-07-07-0000July 7, 1978 Independence from United Kingdom
Tonga 000000001970-07-04-0000July 4, 1970 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001845-12-04-0000December 4, 1845 Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
Tuvalu 000000001975-10-01-0000October 1, 1975 Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) 000000001978-10-01-0000October 1, 1978 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001979-02-07-0000February 7, 1979 Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls
Vanuatu 000000001980-07-30-0000July 30, 1980 Independence from joint British-French condominium[50]
Transcontinental states[edit]
Country
Date
Birth of current form of government
Date
Date of acquisition of sovereignty
Date
Date of most recent significant territorial modification
Armenia 000000002015-12-06-0000December 6, 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum, 2015 creates a parliamentary republic 000000001918-05-28-0000May 28, 1918 Establishment of the Republic of Armenia.[11] 000000001936-12-05-0000December 5, 1936 Establishment of the Armenian SSR
000000001991-09-21-0000September 21, 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
Azerbaijan 000000001991-10-18-0000October 18, 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union 000000001918-05-28-0000May 28, 1918 Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[11] 000000001920-04-28-0000April 28, 1920 Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
Colombia 000000001886-08-04-0000August 4, 1886 Creation of the Republic of Colombia 000000001810-07-20-0000July 20, 1810 Independence declared from Spain 000000001903-11-03-0000November 3, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia
000000001819-08-07-0000August 7, 1819 Independence recognized by Spain
000000001830-01-01-00001830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Cyprus 000000001960-08-16-0000August 16, 1960 Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963.[51][52][53] 000000001960-08-16-0000August 16, 1960 Independence from United Kingdom 000000001974-07-23-0000July 23, 1974 Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
000000001983-11-15-0000November 15, 1983 (disputed) Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognised by Turkey
Egypt 000000001952-07-23-0000July 23, 1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952 000000001922-02-28-0000February 28, 1922 Unilateral recognition of independence by the United Kingdom but continued British military occupation 000000001982-04-25-0000April 25, 1982 Withdrawal of last Israeli troops and settlers from Sinai as agreed upon in the peace treaty with Israel
000000002014-01-18-0000January 18, 2014 New Egyptian constitution enters force following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état 000000001956-06-18-0000June 18, 1956 Withdrawal of last British troops from the Suez Canal Zone
000000001961-09-28-0000September 28, 1961 De facto disestablishment of the United Arab Republic following a military coup in Damascus
Georgia 000000001991-04-09-0000April 9, 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 000000001918-05-26-0000May 26, 1918 Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia[11] 000000001992-07-23-0000July 23, 1992 Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence
000000001991-11-28-0000November 28, 1991 South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence
Indonesia 000000001945-08-18-0000August 18, 1945 Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence 000000001945-08-17-0000August 17, 1945 Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands 000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002 Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia
000000001949-12-27-0000December 27, 1949 Independence from the Netherlands recognized
Kazakhstan 000000001995-08-30-0000August 30, 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan 000000001991-12-16-0000December 16, 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union[11] 000000001936-12-05-0000December 5, 1936 Establishment of the Kazakh SSR
000000001993-03-30-0000March 30, 1993 (disputed) Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.[54]
Panama 000000001903-11-03-0000November 3, 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain 000000001979-10-01-0000October 1, 1979 Panama Canal Zone
Russia 000000001993-12-25-0000December 25, 1993 Russian constitutional referendum, 1993 replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power. 000000001480-01-01-00001480 Grand Duchy of Muscovy secures its independence from the Golden Horde 000000002014-03-18-0000March 18, 2014 (disputed) Annexation of Crimea by Russia
000000001990-06-12-0000June 12, 1990 Russian SFSR declares sovereignty over its own territory[11]
Turkey 000000001923-10-29-0000October 29, 1923 Turkey transitions into a republic from empire. 000000001299-01-01-00001299 The foundation of the Turkish State of the Ottoman Empire. 000000001939-06-29-0000June 29, 1939 Turkey annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay.
Sortable list[edit]
In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).
Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.
In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[55]
Country
Continent
First acquisition
of sovereignty
Date of last
subordination
Previous governing power
Notes
Afghanistan Asia -999999996800-01-01-00003200 BC 000000001823-01-01-00001823 Qajar dynasty
Albania Europe 000000001912-11-28-0000Nov 28, 1912 000000001944-11-01-0000Nov 1944[56] Germany 1992–present: Republic of Albania
1944–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
1928–44: Albanian Kingdom (de facto protectorate of Italy 1928-1939; occupied by Italy 1939-43; occupied by Germany 1943-44)
1925–28: Albanian Republic (de facto protectorate of Italy)
1914–25: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence)
1912–14: Provisional Government of Albania
1479–1912: Part of Ottoman Empire
1444–79: League of Lezhë
1190–1444: Various Albanian principalities
Before 1190: Part of Byzantine Empire
Algeria Africa 000000001962-07-03-0000Jul 3, 1962[57] 000000001962-07-03-0000Jul 3, 1962 France 1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords)
1830–1962: integral part of France (as French Algeria)
1556–1830: part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Eyalet of Algiers)
Andorra Europe 000000001278-09-07-0000Sep 7, 1278[58][59] 000000001944-11-01-0000Nov 1944[60] France 1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812-13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)
Angola Africa 000000001975-11-11-0000Nov 11, 1975[61] 000000001975-11-11-0000Nov 11, 1975 Portugal 1992–present: Republic of Angola
1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement)
1575–1975: Portuguese Angola (colony of Portugal)
Antigua and Barbuda The Americas 000000001981-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1981[62] 000000001981-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1981 United Kingdom 1981–present: Antigua and Barbuda
1632–1981: Colony of England/Great Britain/United Kingdom (ruled by France in 1666)
Before 1632: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Argentina The Americas 000000001810-05-25-0000May 25, 1810 000000001816-07-09-0000July 9, 1816[63] Spain 1861–present: Argentine Republic
1831–1861: Argentine Confederation
1810–1831: United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (via the 1810 May Revolution; on 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence)
1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (colony of Spain)
1542–1824: Part of Viceroyalty of Peru (colony of Spain)
1528–1542: Part of Spanish colony
Before 1528: Inhabited by indigenous peoples of the Americas, including the Inca Empire
Armenia Transcontinental - Asia/Europe -999999997508-01-01-00002492 BC 000000001991-09-23-0000Sep 23, 1991[64] Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Armenia
1920–1991: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918–1920: Democratic Republic of Armenia
1829–1918: Part of Russian empire
Before 1829: Part of Ottoman Empire
321 BC–AD 428: First independent as Kingdom of Armenia
549 BC–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
860 BC–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat
1114 BC–860 BC: Nairi
1300 BC–1190 BC: Arme-Shupria
1500 BC–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi
2492 BC: Traditional foundation
Australia Oceania 000000001901-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1901 000000001942-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1942 United Kingdom 1901–present: Commonwealth of Australia (via Constitution of Australia[65])
1788–1901: Part of British empire
Before 1788: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians
Austria Europe 000000001918-11-12-0000Nov 12, 1918[66] 000000001955-05-15-0000May 15, 1955[67] World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria) 1955–present: Republic of Austria (via Austrian State Treaty)
1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria
1938–45: Occupied by Nazi Germany
1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy)
1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain)
1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I)
1867–1918: Austria-Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1804–67: Austrian Empire
1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
1156–1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
Azerbaijan Transcontinental - Asia/Europe 000000001918-05-28-0000May 28, 1918 000000001991-08-30-0000Aug 30, 1991 Soviet Union 1995–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1995)
1920-1995: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
1918-1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1824-1918: Part of Russian Empire
1796–1824: Part of Qajar Empire
1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Dynasty
(1760–1794): Part of Zand Dynasty
1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Dynasty
1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Dynasty
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Dynasty
1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid Dynasty
1335–1357: Part of Chobanid Dynasty
1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate Empire
1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Empire
1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Empire
875–999: Part of Samanid Dynasty
934–1055: Part of Buyid Dynasty
867–1002: Part of Saffarid Dynasty
928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Dynasty
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire
247 BCE – 224 CE: Part of Parthian Empire
312–63 BCE: Part of Seleucid Empire
550–330 BCE: Part of Achaemenid Empire
(652–625 BCE): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BCE: Part of Median Empire
850–616 BCE: Part of Mannaeans
2700–539 BCE: Part of Elam
3200–2700 BCE: Part of Proto-Elamite
Bahamas The Americas 000000001973-07-10-0000July 10, 1973[68] 000000001973-07-10-0000July 10, 1973 United Kingdom 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas(Self-government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973)
1718-1973: Part of the British West Indies
1492-1718: Part of the Spanish Empire
500to 800-1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans
Bahrain Asia 000000001971-12-16-0000Dec 16, 1971 000000001971-12-16-0000Dec 16, 1971 United Kingdom 1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain
1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship
1783–1861: Ruled by the Bani Utbah
1717–1783: Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion
1602–1717: Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty
1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire
Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty
1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the usfurid dynasty
1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid dynasty
976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate
899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatians
3rd Century CE–899: Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia
130 BCE–3rd Century BCE: Ruled by the Parthians
6th Century BCE–3rd Century BCE: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids
4th millennium BCE–6th century BCE: Dilmun civilization
Bangladesh Asia 000000001971-03-26-0000Mar 26, 1971[69] 000000001971-12-16-0000Dec 16, 1971 Pakistan 1972–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh
1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan)
1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan)
1858–1947: Part of the British Raj
1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey)
1576–1717: Part of the Mughal Empire
1556–1576: Ruled by the Karrani Dynasty
1540–1556: Ruled by the Sur dynasty
1538–1540: Part of the Mughal Empire
1494–1538: Ruled by the Hussain Shahi Dynasty
1414–1494: Ruled by the Ganesha Dynasty
1342–1487: Shamsuddin lliyas Shah ruled an independent city-state within modern Bangladesh
Barbados The Americas 000000001966-11-30-0000Nov 30, 1966 000000001966-11-30-0000Nov 30, 1966 United Kingdom
Belarus Europe 000000001990-07-27-0000Jul 27, 1990 000000001991-08-25-0000Aug 25, 1991 Soviet Union 1990-present: Republic of Belarus
1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1941–1943: Occupation by Nazi Germany
1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR as part of Soviet Union (USSR)
1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1919: Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1795–1919: Part of the Russian Empire as Belarusian People's Republic
1569–1795: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1236–1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania
987: Principality of Polotsk
Belgium Europe 000000001830-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1830 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Germany 1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium
1813–1830: Part of the Netherlands
1795–1813: Ruled by France
1713–1795: Austrian Netherlands
1581–1714: Spanish Netherlands
Belize The Americas 000000001981-09-21-0000Sep 21, 1981[70] 000000001981-09-21-0000Sep 21, 1981 United Kingdom
Benin Africa 000000001960-08-01-0000Aug 1, 1960[71] 000000001960-08-01-0000Aug 1, 1960 France 1990–present: Republic of Benin
1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin
1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony)
1904–1958: French Dahomey (as part of French West Africa)
1894–1904: Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate)
1904–c.1600: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)
Bhutan Asia 000000001634-01-01-00001634 000000001634-01-01-00001634 (none) Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[72] Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[73]
Bolivia The Americas 000000001825-08-06-0000Aug 6, 1825 000000001825-08-06-0000Aug 6, 1825 Spain 1836–39 as dominant partner in Peru–Bolivian Confederation, governed from Tacna, Peru.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 000000001377-01-01-00001377 000000001992-03-03-0000Mar 3, 1992 Yugoslavia 1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina
1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1945–1992: Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion)
1918–1941: Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1878–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary Empire
1463–1878: Part of Ottoman Empire
1377–1463: Kingdom of Bosnia
1154-1377: Banate of Bosnia (subject to Kingdom of Hungary)
Botswana Africa 000000001966-09-30-0000Sep 30, 1966[74] 000000001966-09-30-0000Sep 30, 1966 United Kingdom
Brazil The Americas 000000001822-09-07-0000Sep 7, 1822[75] 000000001822-09-07-0000Sep 7, 1822 United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1500–1815: Part of the Portuguese Empire
1815–1822: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves
1822–1889: Empire of Brazil
Brunei Asia 000000001984-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1984 000000001984-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1984 United Kingdom Previously occupied by Japan
Bulgaria Europe 000000000681-01-01-0000681[76] 000000001908-10-05-0000Oct 5, 1908 Ottoman Empire Occupied by Byzantine Empire 1018–1185 and Ottoman Empire 1393–1878.
Burkina Faso Africa 000000001960-08-05-0000Aug 5, 1960[77] 000000001960-08-05-0000Aug 5, 1960 France
Burundi Africa 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 Belgium
Cambodia Asia 000000000802-01-01-0000802 000000001953-11-09-0000Nov 9, 1953[78] France Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription
Cameroon Africa 000000001960-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1960 000000001961-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1961 United Kingdom French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.
Canada The Americas 000000001867-07-01-0000July 1, 1867 000000001931-12-11-0000Dec 11, 1931 United Kingdom Dominion status 1867, Statute of Westminster 1931.[79]
Cape Verde Africa 000000001975-07-05-0000July 5, 1975 000000001975-07-05-0000July 5, 1975[80] Portugal
Central African Republic Africa 000000001960-08-13-0000Aug 13, 1960 000000001960-08-13-0000Aug 13, 1960 France
Chad Africa 000000001960-08-11-0000Aug 11, 1960 000000001960-08-11-0000Aug 11, 1960 France
Chile The Americas 000000001810-09-18-0000Sep 18, 1810 000000001818-02-12-0000Feb 12, 1818 Spain
China, People's Republic of
China, Republic of Asia 000000001911-10-10-0000Oct 10, 1911 000000001949-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1949
000000001945-10-25-0000Oct 25, 1945 China
Japan(only ruled Taiwan)
1949–present: People's Republic of China
1912–present: Republic of China (1912-49) Taiwan
1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan
1895: Republic of Formosa
1644–1912: Qing dynasty
1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa
1368–1644: Ming dynasty
1271–1368: Yuan dynasty
960–1279: Song dynasty
907–1125: Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty
618–907: Tang dynasty
581–618: Sui dynasty
420–589: Northern and Southern dynasties
265–420: Jin dynasty
220–280: Three Kingdoms
206 BC–220 AD: Han dynasty
221–206 BC: Qin dynasty
c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty
c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty
c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty
c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic
Note: Although the Mongol's Yuan Dynasty and the Manchu's Qing Dynasty were considered foreign by many Han Chinese in their times, current Chinese official position considers these two dynasties as Chinese, as they were established by Chinese ethnic minorities and had their capitals in present-day Beijing. The PRC government considers itself the successor of the Republic of China.
Colombia The Americas 000000001810-07-20-0000Jul 20, 1810 000000001819-08-07-0000Aug 7, 1819 Spain 1886–present: Republic of Colombia
1863–1886: United States of Colombia
1858–1863: Granadine Confederation
1831–1858: Republic of New Granada
1819–1831: Gran Colombia
1810–1816: United Provinces of New Granada
1739–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada
1723–1739: New Kingdom of Granada
1717–1723: Viceroyalty of New Granada
1550–1717: New Kingdom of Granada
Comoros Africa 000000001975-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1975 000000001975-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1975 France
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Africa 000000001885-01-01-00001885 000000001960-06-30-0000Jun 30, 1960 Belgium 1885 Berlin Conference established Congo Free State as sovereign entity (private domain of King Leopold of Belgium); annexed to Belgium 1908–1960.
Congo, Republic of the Africa 000000001960-08-15-0000Aug 15, 1960 000000001960-08-15-0000Aug 15, 1960 France
Costa Rica The Americas 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 000000001838-01-01-00001838 Federal Republic of Central America Previously part of Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821.
Côte d'Ivoire Africa 000000001960-08-07-0000Aug 7, 1960 000000001960-08-07-0000Aug 7, 1960 France
Croatia Europe 000000000879-05-21-0000May 21, 879[81] 000000001991-10-08-0000Oct 8, 1991 Yugoslavia 1991–present: Republic of Croatia
1945–1991: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1941–1945: Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion)
1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1868–1918: Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
1527–1868: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary)
1102–1526: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary)
925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia
Cuba The Americas 000000001902-05-20-0000May 20, 1902 000000001902-05-20-0000May 20, 1902 United States A colony of Spain until 1898, then occupied but not annexed by United States 1899–1902.
Cyprus Europe 000000001960-08-16-0000Aug 16, 1960 000000001960-08-16-0000Aug 16, 1960 United Kingdom
Czech Republic Europe 000000000870-01-01-0000870 000000001993-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1993 Czechoslovakia Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia ca. 870; unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935. Later part of Austria-Hungary until 1918 independence as Czechoslovakia. Occupied by Germany in 1938, by WWII Allies in 1945, and by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968.
Denmark Europe 000000000980-01-01-0000980 000000001945-05-05-0000May 5, 1945 Germany Unified ca 980 by Harald Bluetooth.
Djibouti Africa 000000001977-06-27-0000Jun 27, 1977 000000001977-06-27-0000Jun 27, 1977 France
Dominica The Americas 000000001978-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1978 000000001978-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1978 United Kingdom
Dominican Republic The Americas 000000001821-01-01-00001821 ( Republic of Spanish Haiti) 000000001844-02-27-0000Feb 27, 1844 Haiti Previously occupied by Spain, France, and Haiti
Ecuador The Americas 000000001822-05-24-0000May 24, 1822 000000001830-05-13-0000May 13, 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain
Egypt Transcontinental - Africa/Asia -999999996900-01-01-00003100 BC 000000001922-02-28-0000Feb 28, 1922 United Kingdom Unified in 3100 BC by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty. Conquered at various times by Achaemenid, Macedonian, Roman, Arab/Islamic, Ottoman, and Napoleonic Empires.
El Salvador The Americas 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 000000001898-11-21-0000Nov 21, 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Previously a part of the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821.
Equatorial Guinea Africa 000000001968-10-12-0000Oct 12, 1968 000000001968-10-12-0000Oct 12, 1968 Spain
Eritrea Africa 000000001137-01-01-00001137 000000001993-05-24-0000May 24, 1993 Ethiopia Independent 1137–1889 as Medri Bahri kingdom. Occupied 1889 by Italy, 1941 by Britain. Ruled 1952-1993 by Ethiopia.
Estonia Europe 000000001918-02-24-0000Feb 24, 1918[82] 000000001991-08-20-0000Aug 20, 1991 Soviet Union Previously ruled by Sweden and occupied by Denmark, Poland, Russia, and Germany.
Ethiopia Africa 000000000050-01-01-000050 980 BC Italy Aksumite Empire founded ca 50. Occupied 1936–1941 by Italy. on 5 May 1941 the ousted Emperor of Ethiopia restored its power.[83]
Fiji Oceania 000000001970-10-10-0000Oct 10, 1970 000000001970-10-10-0000Oct 10, 1970 United Kingdom
Finland Europe 000000001917-12-06-0000Dec 6, 1917 000000001918-01-04-0000Jan 4, 1918 Russia Previously ruled by Sweden.
France Europe 000000000843-01-01-0000843 000000001944-01-01-00001944 Germany 843 Treaty of Verdun established West Francia. Occupied by Germany in WWII.
Gabon Africa 000000001960-08-17-0000Aug 17, 1960 000000001960-08-17-0000Aug 17, 1960 France
Gambia Africa 000000001965-02-18-0000Feb 18, 1965 000000001965-02-18-0000Feb 18, 1965 United Kingdom
Georgia Transcontinental - Asia/Europe -999999998700-01-01-00001300 BC 000000001991-04-08-0000Apr 8, 1991 Soviet Union 1991–Present: Republic of Georgia
1921–1991: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918–1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia
1801–1918: Part Of Russian Empire
1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms – Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, (Mingrelia), Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe
978–1490: Kingdom of Georgia
Germany Europe 000000001871-01-18-0000Jan 18, 1871 000000001991-03-15-0000March 15, 1991 West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin Unified in 1871. Occupied 1945–1955 until ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions. Become fully sovereign on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect.
Ghana Africa 000000001957-03-06-0000Mar 6, 1957 000000001957-03-06-0000Mar 6, 1957 United Kingdom
Greece Europe -999999999200-01-01-0000800 BC 000000001822-01-01-00001822 Ottoman Empire Previously occupied jointly by Italy, Germany and Bulgaria; before 1821 by Ottoman Empire.
Grenada The Americas 000000001974-02-07-0000Feb 7, 1974 000000001974-02-07-0000Feb 7, 1974 United Kingdom
Guatemala The Americas 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 000000001838-01-01-00001838 Federal Republic of Central America Republic of Guatemala: 1838–present
Federal Republic of Central America: 1823–1838
First Mexican Empire: 1821–1823
Spanish Empire: 1519–1821
Guinea Africa 000000001958-10-02-0000Oct 2, 1958 000000001958-10-02-0000Oct 2, 1958 France
Guinea-Bissau Africa 000000001973-09-24-0000Sep 24, 1973 000000001974-09-10-0000Sep 10, 1974 Portugal
Guyana The Americas 000000001966-05-26-0000May 26, 1966 000000001966-05-26-0000May 26, 1966 United Kingdom Previously colonized by Dutch
Haiti The Americas 000000001804-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1804 000000001804-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1804 France Previously a colony of France.
Honduras The Americas 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 000000001838-01-01-00001838 Greater Republic of Central America Occupied several times by United States.[citation needed] Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23 and a colony of Spain before 1821.
Hungary Europe 000000000895-01-01-0000895 000000001918-01-01-00001918 Austria-Hungary Principality of Hungary founded 895. Ruled by Austria 1526/1699–1867, part of Austria-Hungary 1867–1918.
Iceland Europe 000000000930-01-01-0000930 000000001918-12-01-0000Dec 1, 1918 Denmark Icelandic Commonwealth formed 930. Ceded to Norway 1262; Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark, Republic of Iceland founded 1944.
India Asia -999999998000-01-01-00002000 BC 000000001947-08-15-0000Aug 15, 1947 United Kingdom India's local name Bhārat derives from the scriptural Bharata, held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC. Modern Indian subcontinent was united by Mahajanapadas in 600 BC. Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya's founding of the Mauryan Empire in 322 BC, followed by the Gupta Empire of 320 AD and Maratha Empire in 1674 before era of the Mughals and then British Raj from 1857 to Independence in 1947.
Indonesia Asia 000000001945-08-17-0000Aug 17, 1945 000000001949-12-27-0000Dec 27, 1949 Netherlands 1949–present: Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI)
1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence
1942–1945: Part of Japan in World War II
1816–1942: Part of Dutch East Indies
1812–1816: Part of British India (following Dutch-French defeat in the Napoleonic War)
1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleon French)
1619–1802: Under Administration of VOC
15th–17th Century: Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Mataram, Demak, and Banten in Java; Malaka, Johor-Riau, Minang and Aceh in Sumatra; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, Makassar in Sulawesi, and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas
1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk
4th Century–13th Century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th Century AD
4th Century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan
2nd Century: Alleged Indian Kingdom of Salakanagara in Java
Iran Asia -999999996800-01-01-00003200 BC 000000001925-01-01-00001925 Pahlavi dynasty 1980–present: Part of Islamic Republic
1979–1980: Part of Interim Government
1925–1979: Part of Pahlavi Dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941-1946)
1796–1925: Part of Qajar Empire
1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Dynasty
(1760–1794): Part of Zand Dynasty
1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Dynasty
1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Dynasty
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Dynasty
1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid Dynasty
1335–1357: Part of Chobanid Dynasty
1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate Empire
1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Empire
1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Empire
875–999: Part of Samanid Dynasty
934–1055: Part of Buyid Dynasty
867–1002: Part of Saffarid Dynasty
928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Dynasty
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire
247 BCE – 224 CE: Part of Parthian Empire
312–63 BCE: Part of Seleucid Empire
550–330 BCE: Part of Achaemenid Empire
(652–625 BCE): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BCE: Part of Median Empire
850–616 BCE: Part of Mannaeans
2700–539 BCE: Part of Elam
3200–2700 BCE: Part of Proto-Elamite
Iraq Asia 000000001926-04-26-0000Apr 26, 1926 000000001926-04-26-0000Apr 26, 1926 Ottoman Empire founded in 4000 BC by Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world), and then unified under Sargon of Akkad the founder of Akkadian Empire, but Iraq was part of Persian Empire (Iran), and Ottoman Empire (until 1922). see History of Iraq. Occupied by United States 2003–2004[84]
Ireland Europe 000000001171-10-18-0000Oct 18, 1171 000000001931-12-11-0000Dec 11, 1931 United Kingdom Independence declared 1919, Dominion status 1922, Statute of Westminster 1931, abolishes British king from its constitution 1936, adopts current republican constitution 1937, United Kingdom drop claim that it is a British dominion, 1949.
Israel Asia -999999998700-01-01-00001300 BC 000000001948-05-14-0000May 14, 1948 United Kingdom The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948.
Italy Europe 000000001861-03-17-0000Mar 17, 1861 000000001861-03-17-0000Mar 17, 1861 Sardinia
Lombardy–Venetia
Papal States Unified in 1861.
Jamaica The Americas 000000001962-08-06-0000Aug 6, 1962 000000001962-08-06-0000Aug 6, 1962 United Kingdom Previously a Spanish colony
Japan Asia 000000000400-01-01-0000400 000000001952-04-28-0000April 28, 1952 Allied occupation of Japan Founded 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu according to legend. Unified state emerged during the Kofun period c. 400 AD. 1952 Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation.
Jordan Asia 000000001946-05-25-0000May 25, 1946 000000001958-08-02-0000Aug 2, 1958 Arab Federation Part of Arab Federation Feb–Aug 1958 governed from Baghdad, Iraq. Previously ruled by Persian, Roman, Islamic, and Ottoman Empires; UK, etc.
Kazakhstan Transcontinental - Asia/Europe 000000001991-12-16-0000Dec 16, 1991 000000001991-12-16-0000Dec 16, 1991 Soviet Union Russian Empire
Ottoman Empire
Timurid dynasty
Mongol Empire
Various Turkic tribes.
Kenya Africa 000000001963-12-12-0000Dec 12, 1963 000000001963-12-12-0000Dec 12, 1963 United Kingdom Various nomadic tribes.
Kiribati Oceania 000000001979-07-12-0000Jul 12, 1979 000000001979-07-12-0000Jul 12, 1979 United Kingdom
Kuwait Asia 000000001961-06-19-0000Jun 19, 1961 000000001991-02-01-0000Feb 1991 Iraq Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire and United Kingdom.
Kyrgyzstan Asia 000000001991-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1991 000000001991-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1991 Soviet Union
Laos Asia 000000001354-01-01-00001354 000000001953-10-22-0000Oct 22, 1953 France Occupied by Japan during World War II
Latvia Europe 000000001918-11-18-0000Nov 18, 1918[85] 000000001990-05-04-0000May 4, 1990 Soviet Union Previously ruled by Lithuania, Sweden, and Russia
Lebanon Asia 000000001943-11-08-0000Nov 8, 1943 000000001946-12-31-0000Dec 31, 1946 France Previously ruled by Ottoman Empire
Lesotho Africa 000000001822-01-01-00001822 000000001966-10-04-0000Oct 4, 1966 United Kingdom
Liberia Africa 000000001847-07-26-0000Jul 26, 1847 000000001847-07-26-0000Jul 26, 1847 American Colonization Society Settled but not claimed by United States[86]
Libya Africa 000000001951-12-24-0000Dec 24, 1951 000000001951-12-24-0000Dec 24, 1951 Cyrenaica Emirate
France
United Kingdom Previously occupied by Italy and by Ottoman Empire
Liechtenstein Europe 000000001719-01-23-0000Jan 23, 1719 000000001719-01-23-0000Jan 23, 1719 (Lordship of) Schellenberg
(Principality of) Vaduz Previously subject to the Confederation of the Rhine. Formed 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg, but under the Holy Roman Empire.
Lithuania Europe 000000001253-01-01-00001253[87] 000000001990-03-11-0000Mar 11, 1990 Soviet Union Kingdom of Lithuania; Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania
Luxembourg Europe 000000001815-01-01-00001815 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Germany Independent from France 1815 but in personal union with Netherlands until 1890
Macedonia Europe 000000001991-09-08-0000Sep 8, 1991 000000001991-09-08-0000Sep 8, 1991 Yugoslavia
Madagascar Africa 000000001787-01-01-00001787 000000001960-06-26-0000Jun 26, 1960 France
Malawi Africa 000000001964-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1964 000000001964-07-06-0000Jul 6, 1964 United Kingdom
Malaysia Asia 000000001957-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1957[14] 000000001957-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1957 United Kingdom The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia.[12] Singapore became independent in 1965.
Maldives Asia 000000001140-01-01-00001140 000000001965-07-26-0000Jul 26, 1965 United Kingdom Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate.
Mali Africa 000000001230-01-01-00001230 000000001960-09-22-0000Sep 22, 1960 France Mali Empire ca. 1230. A colony of France 1890–1960, then part of Mali Federation governed from Dakar, Senegal.
Malta Europe 000000001964-09-21-0000Sep 21, 1964 000000001964-09-21-0000Sep 21, 1964 United Kingdom 1974–present: Republic of Malta
1964-1974: State of Malta
1813-1964: Crown Colony of Malta
1800-1813: Protectorate of Malta
1798-1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo
1530-1798: Order of Saint John
1130-1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily
1091-1130: part of the County of Sicily
909-1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate
870-909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate
395-870: part of the Byzantine Empire
218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia
480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire
800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire
Marshall Islands Oceania 000000001986-10-21-0000Oct 21, 1986 000000001986-10-21-0000Oct 21, 1986 United States Compact of Free Association
Mauritania Africa 000000001960-11-28-0000Nov 28, 1960 000000001960-11-28-0000Nov 28, 1960 France Various Tuareg and Berber tribes.
Mauritius Africa 000000001968-03-12-0000Mar 12, 1968 000000001968-03-12-0000Mar 12, 1968 United Kingdom Previously controlled by the Netherlands and France.
Mexico The Americas 000000001810-09-16-0000Sep 16, 1810 000000001864-01-01-00001864 Spain Mexico: 1867–present
Second Mexican Empire: 1864–1867
Second Federal Republic of Mexico: 1846–1863
Centralist Republic of Mexico: 1835–1846
First Mexican Republic: 1824–1835
Provisional Government of Mexico: 1823–1824
First Mexican Empire: 1821–1823
Spanish Empire: 1519–1821
Aztec Empire: 1421-1521
Teotihuacan: 100-700 AD
Zapotec Empire: 1300 BCE-1521 AD
Olmec: 1300-1100 BCE
Micronesia, Federated States of Oceania 000000001986-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1986 000000001986-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1986 United States Compact of Free Association
Moldova Europe 000000001991-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1991 000000001991-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1991 Soviet Union
Monaco Europe 000000001297-01-01-00001297 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Germany Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861.
Mongolia Asia -999999999791-01-01-0000209 BC 000000001921-03-13-0000Mar 13, 1921 Republic of China Xiongnu Empire formed 209 BC;

Various nomadic Mongol states;
occupied by the Qing Dynasty (1699–1911) and the Republic of China (1919–1921)
Montenegro Europe 000000001042-01-01-00001042 000000002006-05-21-0000May 21, 2006 (independence referendum)
000000002006-06-03-0000June 3, 2006 Serbia and Montenegro 2006–present: Montenegro
2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro
1992–2003: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with Serbia)
1945–1991: Part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1943–1945: Occupied by the Nazi Germany
1941–1943: Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy
1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1910–1918: Kingdom of Montenegro
1852–1910: Principality of Montenegro
1514–1852: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
1499–1514: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1356–1499: Principality of Zeta
1217–1356: Part of Kingdom of Serbia
1042-1189: Kingdom of Duklja
625–1042: Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)
Morocco Africa 000000000789-02-05-0000February 5, 789 000000001956-04-07-0000Apr 7, 1956 France/ Spain 000000000789-02-05-0000February 5, 789 : Induction of Idris I[88]
789-974 : Idrisid dynasty
974-1060 : Disputed between the Fatimid Caliphate and the Caliphate of Córdoba, divided into several Zenata principalities
1061-1147 : Almoravid dynasty
1147-1244 : Almohad dynasty
1244-1465 : Marinid dynasty
1465-1472 : Idrisid dynasty, Joutey branch
1472-1554 : Wattasid dynasty
1554-1659 : Saadi dynasty
1664–present: Alaouite dynasty
Under French and Spanish protectorate (1912–1956).
Mozambique Africa 000000001975-06-25-0000Jun 25, 1975 000000001975-06-25-0000Jun 25, 1975 Portugal Portuguese colony from 1498
Myanmar Asia 000000000849-01-01-0000849 000000001948-01-04-0000Jan 4, 1948 United Kingdom Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945
Namibia Africa 000000001990-03-21-0000Mar 21, 1990 000000001990-03-21-0000Mar 21, 1990 South Africa German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915-1990
Nauru Oceania 000000001968-01-31-0000Jan 31, 1968 000000001968-01-31-0000Jan 31, 1968 Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942-45
Nepal Asia 000000001768-01-01-00001768 000000001768-01-01-00001768 (none) Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[89] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.[citation needed]
Netherlands Europe 000000001581-07-26-0000Jul 26, 1581 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Spain Independent from Spain in 1581; occupied by France under Napoleon.
New Zealand Oceania 000000001907-09-25-0000Sep 25, 1907 000000001947-11-25-0000Nov 25, 1947 United Kingdom Dominion status 1907, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947.[90]
Maori tribesmen (iwi)
Nicaragua The Americas 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 000000001821-09-15-0000Sep 15, 1821 Federal Republic of Central America Previously a part of the Greater Republic of Central America 1896–98, the Federal Republic of Central America 1823–38, Mexico 1822–23, and a colony of Spain before 1821.
Niger Africa 000000001960-08-03-0000Aug 3, 1960 000000001960-08-03-0000Aug 3, 1960 France
Nigeria Africa 000000001960-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1960 000000001960-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1960 United Kingdom
North Korea Asia -999999997667-01-01-00002333 BC 000000001948-09-09-0000Sep 9, 1948 Soviet Union Gojoseon founded 2333 BC by Dangun according to legend. Modern state established 1946 after Soviet Civil Administration since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945)..
Norway Europe 000000000872-01-01-0000872 000000001814-01-01-00001814 Denmark–Norway Unified ca 872 at Battle of Hafrsfjord. For a long time in unions with Denmark and with Sweden (until 1905). Occupied by Germany 1940–45.
Oman Asia 000000000751-01-01-0000751 000000001743-01-01-00001743 Persia Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
Pakistan Asia 000000001947-08-14-0000Aug 14, 1947 000000001956-03-23-0000Mar 23, 1956 United Kingdom Previously a colony of the British Empire.
British Raj
Mughal Empire
Palau Oceania 000000001994-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1994 000000001994-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1994 United States Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.
Palestine Asia -999999998700-01-01-00001300 BC 000000001988-11-15-0000November 15, 1988 United Kingdom
Israel The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule. On 15 November 1988, the Palestinian Liberation Organization proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967.
Panama The Americas 000000001821-11-28-0000Nov 28, 1821 000000001903-11-03-0000Nov 3, 1903 Colombia A colony of Spain until 1821, then a dependency of Colombia until 1903. Occupied by United States 1989–90.
Papua New Guinea Oceania 000000001975-09-16-0000Sep 16, 1975 000000001975-09-16-0000Sep 16, 1975 Australia Papuan, Polynesians, and Melanesians before then.
Paraguay The Americas 000000001811-05-14-0000May 14, 1811 000000001876-01-01-00001876 Empire of Brazil Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[91] Colony of Spain before 1811.
Peru The Americas 000000001821-07-28-0000July 28, 1821 000000001839-08-25-0000Aug 25, 1839 North Peru
South Peru Independent from Spain 1821; part of Peru–Bolivian Confederation 1836-39.
New Spain
Inca Empire
Philippines Asia 000000001402-01-01-00001402 000000001946-07-04-0000July 4, 1946[92] United States 1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic
1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic
1973 - 1981: Philippines in the Martial Law
1946–1972: Third Philippine Republic
1942–1943: A puppet state of the Japanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic).
1898–1942, 1943–1946: Part of the United States
1535–1898: A colony of Spain
Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. In Luzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and the Tondo Dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas. Lastly, in Mindanao, there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.
Poland Europe 000000000960-01-01-0000960 000000001945-01-01-00001945 Polish tribes Unified ca 960 by Mieszko I. Rise of power in the 16th century. Occupied by Germany and the USSR during WWII.
Portugal Europe 000000001139-07-25-0000July 25, 1139 000000001139-07-25-0000July 25, 1139 Kingdom of León The County of Portugal becomes fully independent after the Battle of Ourique, from the Kingdom of León. Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized. Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal and Spain had the same King, Filipe I in Portugal and Filipe II in Spain.
Qatar Asia 000000001971-09-03-0000Sep 3, 1971 000000001971-09-03-0000Sep 3, 1971 United Kingdom Ottoman Empire
Abassid Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate
Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that.
Romania Europe 000000001878-07-13-0000Jul 13, 1878 000000001878-07-13-0000Jul 13, 1878 United Principalities 1944–1958.
Ottoman Empire
Wallachia
Russia Transcontinental - Asia/Europe 000000000860-01-01-0000860 000000001991-12-26-0000Dec 26, 1991
000000001993-12-12-0000Dec 12, 1993 Soviet Union
Rurik Dynasty founded ca 860. Great stand on the Ugra river in 1480 marked end of Mongol/Tatar rule.
Kievan Rus'
1721-1917: Russian Empire
1917-1918: Soviet Russian Republic
1918-1936: Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1922-1991: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
1936-1991: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1991-1993: Russian Federation (with the 1978 constitution)
1993–present: Russian Federation
Rwanda Africa 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 000000001962-07-01-0000July 1, 1962 Belgium
Saint Kitts and Nevis The Americas 000000001983-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1983 000000001983-09-19-0000Sep 19, 1983 United Kingdom
Saint Lucia The Americas 000000001979-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1979 000000001979-02-22-0000Feb 22, 1979 United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The Americas 000000001979-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1979 000000001979-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1979 United Kingdom
Samoa Oceania 000000001962-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1962 000000001962-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1962 Samoa German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.
San Marino Europe 000000000301-09-03-0000Sep 3, 301 000000000301-09-03-0000Sep 3, 301 Roman Empire Previously part of the Roman Empire, and briefly by Rimini (1503), and Papal States (1739).
São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 000000001975-07-12-0000Jul 12, 1975 000000001975-07-12-0000Jul 12, 1975 Portugal
Saudi Arabia Asia 000000001744-01-01-00001744 000000001919-01-01-0000Jan 1919 Ottoman Empire First Saudi State independent 1744–1818; last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz 1919; Hejaz incorporated 1926 into Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia
Senegal Africa 000000001960-06-20-0000Jun 20, 1960 000000001960-06-20-0000Jun 20, 1960 France Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires.
Serbia Europe 000000000768-01-01-0000768 000000002006-06-03-0000June 3, 2006 Serbia and Montenegro 2006–present: Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro)
2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1992–2003: Part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1946–1992: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1943–1946: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
1929–1943: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1882–1918: Kingdom of Serbia
1815–1882: Principality of Serbia
1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire)
1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1402–1459: Serbian Despotate
1371–1402: Moravian Serbia
1346–1371: Serbian Empire
1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia
768–1217: Principality of Serbia
520s–768: Serbian Sklavinia
Seychelles Africa 000000001976-06-29-0000Jun 29, 1976 000000001976-06-29-0000Jun 29, 1976 United Kingdom Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794
Sierra Leone Africa 000000001961-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1961 000000001961-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1961 United Kingdom
Singapore Asia 000000001963-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1963[93] 000000001965-08-09-0000Aug 9, 1965 Malaysia British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia[12][18] from 1963 until 1965.[15][17]
Slovakia Europe 000000001939-03-14-0000Mar 14, 1939 000000001993-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1993 Czechoslovakia
Slovenia Europe 000000001991-06-25-0000Jun 25, 1991 000000001991-06-25-0000Jun 25, 1991 Yugoslavia 1991–present: Republic of Slovenia
1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1918–1945: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918–1918: Part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
1806–1918: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Austria-Hungary Empire)
976–1086: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire)
889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire)
Solomon Islands Oceania 000000001978-07-07-0000Jul 7, 1978 000000001978-07-07-0000Jul 7, 1978 United Kingdom
Somalia Africa -999999999800-01-01-0000200 BC 000000001960-07-01-0000Jul 1, 1960 United Kingdom and Italy 1 July 1960: Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland)
19th century: Part of Sultanate of Hobyo
18th century: Part of Majeerteen Sultanate
15th century: Part of Adal Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ajuran Sultanate
13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ifat Sultanate
10th century: Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu
200 BCE: Somali city-states
South Africa Africa 000000001910-05-31-0000May 31, 1910 000000001910-05-31-0000May 31, 1910 United Kingdom Dominion status 1910, Statute of Westminster 1931.
Orange Free State 1881-1902
Zulu Empire
Various Bantu (Zulu, Xhosa and Swazi) and Khoikhoi tribesmen (San Bushmen)
South Korea Asia 000000001948-08-15-0000Aug 15, 1948 000000001948-08-15-0000Aug 15, 1948 United States Gojoseon founded 2333 BC by Dangun according to legend. Modern state established 1948 after U.S. Army Military Government since 1945. Previously occupied by Japan (1910–1945).
South Sudan Africa 000000002011-07-09-0000Jul 9, 2011 000000002011-07-09-0000Jul 9, 2011 Sudan
Spain Europe 000000001516-01-01-00001516 000000001516-01-01-00001516 Crown of Castile
Crown of Aragon Founding of the Spanish Monarchy by Charles I of Spain in 1476 when he united the Catholic Monarchy (Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon) among other territories. Occupied by France 1808-1813. Between 1580 and 1640 Portugal and all its colonies were integrated into an Iberian Union under the king Felipe II, however both nations remained distinct.
Sri Lanka Asia -999999999623-01-01-0000377 BC 000000001948-02-04-0000Feb 4, 1948 United Kingdom Unified as Anuradhapura Kingdom 377 BC – 1017. Conquered by Indian kingdoms, Portuguese, Dutch, and British.
Sudan Africa -999999998930-01-01-00001070 BC 000000001956-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1956 United Kingdom
Egypt Kingdom of Kush 1070 BC – 350 AD. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.
Suriname The Americas 000000001975-11-25-0000Nov 25, 1975 000000001975-11-25-0000Nov 25, 1975 Kingdom of the Netherlands
Swaziland Africa 000000001968-09-06-0000Sep 6, 1968 000000001968-09-06-0000Sep 6, 1968 United Kingdom
Sweden Europe unknown[94] 000000001523-06-06-0000Jun 6, 1523 Denmark No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. In Kalmar Union 1397–1523.
Switzerland Europe 000000001291-01-01-00001291 000000001815-01-01-00001815 Austria Old Swiss Confederacy formed 1291. Occupied by France 1798, then Austria 1813. 1815 Congress of Vienna restored independence.
Syria Asia 000000001946-04-17-0000Apr 17, 1946 000000001961-09-28-0000Sep 28, 1961 United Arab Republic Ottoman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Tajikistan Asia 000000001991-09-09-0000Sep 9, 1991 000000001991-09-09-0000Sep 9, 1991 Soviet Union
Tanzania Africa 000000001961-12-09-0000Dec 9, 1961 000000001961-12-09-0000Dec 9, 1961 United Kingdom Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963.
Thailand Asia 000000001238-01-01-00001238 000000001945-01-01-00001945 - Independent from Khmer Empire in 1238. Briefly conquered by Burma in 1767. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.
Timor-Leste Asia 000000001975-11-28-0000Nov 28, 1975 000000002002-05-20-0000May 20, 2002 United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor Ruled by Portugal 1515–1975, occupied by Indonesia 1975–1999, administered by U.N. 1999–2002.
Togo Africa 000000001960-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1960 000000001960-04-27-0000Apr 27, 1960 France
Tonga Oceania 000000001845-01-01-00001845 000000001970-06-04-0000Jun 4, 1970 United Kingdom United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.
Trinidad and Tobago The Americas 000000001962-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1962 000000001962-08-31-0000Aug 31, 1962 United Kingdom
Tunisia Africa 000000001956-03-20-0000Mar 20, 1956 000000001956-03-20-0000Mar 20, 1956 France Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France
Turkey Asia and Europe 000000001299-01-01-00001299 000000001923-01-01-00001923 Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire was founded in 1299 as the Turkish State.
Turkmenistan Asia 000000001991-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1991 000000001991-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1991 Soviet Union
Tuvalu Oceania 000000001978-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1978 000000001978-10-01-0000Oct 1, 1978 United Kingdom
Uganda Africa 000000001962-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1962 000000001962-10-09-0000Oct 9, 1962 United Kingdom
Ukraine Europe 000000000860-01-01-0000860 000000001991-08-24-0000Aug 24, 1991 Soviet Union 860-1240 - Kievan Rus'
1199-1340 - Kingdom of Rus
1648-1764 - Cossack Hetmanate
1917-20 - Ukrainian People's Republic
1918 - Ukrainian State
United Arab Emirates Asia 000000001971-12-02-0000Dec 2, 1971 000000001971-12-02-0000Dec 2, 1971 United Kingdom
United Kingdom Europe 000000001707-05-01-0000May 1, 1707 000000001801-01-01-0000Jan 1, 1801 Kingdom of England
Kingdom of Scotland Kingdom of England (10th century- 1707), Kingdom of Scotland (9th century- 1707), Great Britain (1707–1800), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801-1922)
United States The Americas 000000001776-07-04-0000Jul 4, 1776 000000001781-10-19-0000Oct 19, 1781 Great Britain Independence declared 1776; British surrender 1781; U.S. recognized by Treaty of Paris 1783.
New France, New Spain, Indian tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Uruguay The Americas 000000001815-01-01-00001815 000000001828-08-27-0000Aug 27, 1828 Empire of Brazil Independent 1815–1820 as Liga Federal; occupied 1820 by Portugal/Brazil until 1828 Treaty of Montevideo.
Uzbekistan Asia 000000001924-10-27-0000Oct 27, 1924 000000001991-09-01-0000Sep 1, 1991 Soviet Union
1924-1936: Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic
1936-1992: Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic
1992–present: Republic of Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992)
Vanuatu Oceania 000000001980-07-30-0000July 30, 1980 000000001980-07-30-0000July 30, 1980 United Kingdom, France Governed 1906–1980 as the New Hebrides condominium.
Vatican City Europe 000000000756-01-01-0000756 000000001929-02-11-0000Feb 11, 1929 Italy Independent as Papal States 756–1870; part of Italy until 1929 Lateran Treaty
Venezuela The Americas 000000001811-07-05-0000Jul 5, 1811 000000001830-01-13-0000Jan 13, 1830 Gran Colombia Previously a colony of Spain
Vietnam Asia -999999997121-01-01-00002879 BC 000000001976-07-02-0000July 2, 1976 North Vietnam
South Vietnam Văn Lang confederacy arose 2879 BC under Kinh Dương Vương, founder of the Hồng Bàng Dynasty. Several periods of Chinese domination. French occupation from 1887 until Geneva Conference (1954), interrupted by Japanese occupation (1940–1945).
Yemen Asia 000000001918-11-01-0000Nov 1, 1918 000000001967-11-30-0000Nov 30, 1967 United Kingdom North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990
Zambia Africa 000000001964-10-24-0000Oct 24, 1964 000000001964-10-24-0000Oct 24, 1964 United Kingdom
Zimbabwe Africa 000000001965-11-11-0000Nov 11, 1965 000000001980-04-18-0000Apr 18, 1980 United Kingdom The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.
See also[edit]
Declaration of independence
List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
List of national independence days
List of wars of independence (national liberation)
List of former European colonies
List of former national capitals
List of sovereign states
Timeline of country and capital changes
List of national constitutions
Succession of states
List of world map changes
Notes[edit]
^ listed are the five UN member states with limited recognition: Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey); "China" has universal recognition, but the UN is unclear on which of the Chinas (People's Republic or Republic) this refers to.
^ Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups, and foreign groups such as ISIL.
^ With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
^ A new constitution was approved in 2013, but most changes will not enter effect for another decade.
^ Country Profile: Cuba, September 2006, U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division.
^ In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
^ "19 de abril de 1810". Venezuela Tuya.
^ a b Following the Northern Iraq offensive in June 2014, large areas of Iraq are de facto under the control of Iraqi Kurds or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
^ "Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets". BBC News. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
^ This constitution cut North Korean ties with the Soviet Union. Several new constitutions and amendments have followed (most recently in 2013), creating new titles for the national leader such as Eternal President and Chairman of the National Defence Commission. However, power has remained with the Kim dynasty since 1948.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The Republics of the Soviet Union were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state.
^ a b c d Malaysia Act 1963
^ United Nations Member States
^ a b Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
^ a b c d Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
^ a b Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
^ a b c Singapore Act 1966
^ a b Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore
^ "The World Factbook".
^ "Country Profile: Philippines" (PDF). U.S. Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. March 2006. says, "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and from the United States on July 4, 1946.", implying that the cession of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain on December 10, 1898 via the Treaty of Paris was invalid. Other sources (e.g. The CIA Factbook Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine.) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish–American War.
^ Republic of the Philippines, Philippine Government website.
^ "Convention regarding the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago and the State of North Borneo" (PDF). United Nations Treaty Collection. January 2, 1930 and July 6, 1932. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Bautista, Lowell B. (3 September 2009). "The Historical Context and Legal Basis of the Philippine Treaty Limits" (PDF). Aegean Review of the Law of the Sea and Maritime Law. 1: 21. doi:10.1007/s12180-009-0003-5. ISSN 1864-9610. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2010. The Boundaries Treaty of 1930 clarifies those islands in the region belonging to U.S. and those to the State of North Borneo and delimits the boundary between the Philippine Archipelago (under U.S. sovereignty) and the State of North Borneo (under British protection). [...] When the Boundaries Treaty of 1930 was finalized, an exchange of notes supplemented the Treaty. Pursuant to the notes, sovereignty over these islands was transferred to the U.S., and it was agreed that Great Britain should continue to administer these islands until the U.S. gave notice to the contrary. [22]
^ United States. Dept. of State; Charles Irving Bevans (1968). Treaties and other international agreements of the United States of America, 1776-1949. Dept. of State; for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 473–476.
^ Exchange of Notes between the United States and the United Kingdom done at Washington on 2 January 1930
^ Exchange of Notes between the Government of the United Kingdom and the Government of the Republic of the Philippines regarding the transfer of the administration of the Turtle and Mangsee Islands to the Philippine Republic; Cmd 8320
^ "History of the Kingdom". mofa.gov.sa. Retrieved 2017-09-23.
^ a b Due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War, large areas of Syria are de facto under the control of other parties such as the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
^ The government of the Republic of China, which currently administers Taiwan, was the generally recognized sovereign power over Mainland China beginning on 1 January 1912 (also the first year of the Taiwanese calendar "民國"). Sovereign control of Taiwan by this government began on 25 October 1945 (Retrocession Day).
^ The PRC acquired de facto control in Mainland China on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China continued to be generally recognized as the legitimate government of China until 25 October 1971, when the PRC was admitted to the United Nations. Currently, due to the PRC's One-China policy, only 25 states recognize the Republic of China, although many more retain unofficial relations.
^ Deeley, Furness, and Schofield (2001) The International Boundaries of East Timor p. 8
^ "Hrvatska povijest". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "Grboslovlje u Hrvata >> Krunisani". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "Hrvatski Vladari / Croatian rulers - Geni". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "TOPLI DOM JADRANA - PRIMORSKA HRVATSKA - Visite Croatia - Stema Guide". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ "Croatia - World Leaders Index". Retrieved 6 July 2017.
^ The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries with home rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
^ a b c The annexation of the Baltic republics in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current Baltic governments and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The Baltic republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state.
^ a b The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on October 31, 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France (May 01, 1994, Under the Channel, traffic soon to roll, Baltimore Sun) However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
^ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
^ Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
^ "Liechtenstein prince wins powers". BBC News. 2003-03-16. Retrieved 2015-10-26.
^ East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
^ Đerdapski ribolovi u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti, Volume 41 Mihailo Petrović Izd. Zadužbine Mikh. R. Radivojeviča, 1941
^ Rettman, Andrew (6 February 2013). "Kosovo: EU meeting is 'de facto recognition' by Serbia". EUobserver. Brussels. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
^ La Extranjería en la Historia Del Derecho Español
^ "Background Note: United Kingdom". bbc.co.uk Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom.
^ Allan I. Macinnes (2007). Union and empire: the making of the United Kingdom in 1707. Cambridge University Press.
^ David Armitage, Michael J. Braddick (2002). The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 20.
^ Profile: Republic of Vanuatu, U.S. Department of State
^ Wolff, Stefan (2004). Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement. Berghahn Books. pp. 30–31.
^ Wippman, David (1998). "Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing". In Wippman, David. International Law and Ethnic Conflict. Cornell University Press. p. 220.
^ Bahcheli, Tozun; Noel, Sid (2005). "Power Sharing for Cyprus (Again)? European Union Accession and the Prospects for Reunification". In Noel, Sid. Relations of Ruling: Class and Gender in Postindustrial Societies. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 215.
^ Baikonur is treated as a federal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries. Katya Kumkova (29 January 2013). "Russia and Kazakhstan: What's Behind the Baikonur Spat?". EurasiaNet.org. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
^ Christopher A Whatley (2001). Bought and Sold for English Gold: The Union of 1707 (Tuckwell Press, 2001)
^ An Outline of the People's Republic of Albania. 8 Nëntori. 1978. p. 47.
^ Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African history. CRC Press. p. 60. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.
^ Blaustein, Albert P.; Jay A. Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977). Independence documents of the world. Brill Archive. p. 11. ISBN 0-379-00794-0.
^ Whittlesey, Derwent (June 1934). "Andorra's Autonomy". The Journal of Modern History. 6 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1086/236113.
^ Archambault, G.H. (Nov 16, 1944). "Andorra Occupied by French Police; De Gaulle Acts Under Historic Authority to Keep Order in Pyrenees Republic". New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved April 25, 2009.
^ "1975: Divided Angola gets independence". BBC On This Day. 1975-11-11. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ "Background Note: Antigua and Barbuda". US Department of State. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ "Congress of Tucumán". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
^ "Armenia: Independence". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
^ "Australia's federation". Australian Government. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^ "Austria". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ "Vienna". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
^ Kurian, George Thomas (1987). The Encyclopedia of the Third World. 1 (3rd ed.). Facts on File. p. 115. ISBN 0-8160-1118-4.
^ "Bangladesh". Encyclopedia.com.
^ "Background Note: Belize". US Department of State.
^ "Background Note: Benin". US Department of State.
^ Rose, Leo E. (1977). The Politics of Bhutan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8014-0909-8. [T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there.
^ Bisht, Ramesh Chandra (2008). International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas. 2. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 12. ISBN 81-8324-265-0.
^ "Botswana". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
^ "Brazil". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
^ "Bulgaria". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ "Burkina Faso". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
^ Tucker, Spencer (1999). Vietnam. Routledge. pp. 196–197. ISBN 1-85728-922-6.
^ "Statute of Westminster: Canada's Declaration of Independence". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^ "Background Note: Cape Verde". U.S. Department of State. June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2009.
^ "1131 years since the first international recognition of Croatia". Katarina Tadić. May 14, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ "Estonian Declaration of Independence, 24 February 1918". President of the Republic of Estonia. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ A. Berhe.2003.Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia: the Patriots' Movement (1936-1941) and the redefinition of post-war Ethiopia. African dynamics, ISSN 1568-1777 ; vol. 2. Brill, Leiden, ISBN Number 90-04-12624-4
^ Campbell Robertson; Stephen Farrell (December 31, 2008), "Green Zone, Heart of U.S. Occupation, Reverts to Iraqi Control", The New York Times
^ "November 18, 1918 – Proclamation of Latvia's independence". LETA. Archived from the original on October 29, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ "Colonization". The African-American Mosaic. Library of Congress. July 5, 2005. Retrieved 2009-04-25. Liberia … was neither a sovereign power nor a bona fide colony of any sovereign nation. … the United States refused to claim sovereignty over Liberia.
^ "About Lithuania". Embassy of the Republic of Lithuania to the United States of America. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
^ (in French) André Larané, 5 février 789 : Idriss, premier roi du Maroc on herodote.net [1]
^ Rose, Leo E.; Margaret W. Fisher (1970). The Politics of Nepal. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-8014-0574-2. Nepal is of special interest, partly because it is an Asian country that was never reduced to colonial status.
^ "New Zealand Parliament – New Zealand sovereignty: 1857, 1907, 1947, or 1987?". New Zealand Parliament Research Papers. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
^ "Paraguay". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).
^ Leitch Lepoer, Barbara (1989). "Singapore as Part of Malaysia". Library of Congress Country Studies. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 29 January 2011. [permanent dead link]
^ Hadenius, S; Nilsson, T and Åselius, G. (1996). Sveriges historia: vad varje svensk bör veta (Swedish history: what every Swede Should Know), p. 13: "Hur och när det svenska riket uppstod vet vi inte. Först under 1100-talet börjar skriftliga dokument produceras i Sverige i någon större omfattning […]" "How and when the Swedish kingdom appeared is not known. It is not until the 12th century that written documents begin to be produced in Sweden in any larger extent […]"
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