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Sri Rakum School for the Blind
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Sri Rakum School for the Blind
Address
No 421, Sri Krishna Temple Road, Indiranagar
Bangalore, Karnataka
India
Information
Type
Private School
Established
1998
Principal
Acharya Sri Rakum
Number of students
LKG to Post Graduation
Information
+91 80 25215253 / 25215705
Website
http://www.rakum.org
Sri Rakum School for the Blind is a blind school in the city of Bangalore, India. It offers free education to blind students from kindergarten to post-graduation. The training imparted includes reading and writing through Braille and mobility training for totally blind children. Pre-school age students with the single disability of blindness are trained early on to prepare them for their eventual completion of school, college and vocational education.[1]
The school offers free accommodation for its students. It extends its services to sighted but destitute children. The school has an integrated approach where sighted and blind children live and study in the same environment, which gives a boost and emotional moral support to the blind children that they are not left out. By admitting able-bodied (and underprivileged) students, the school creates a unique atmosphere for the disabled students where they can mingle, interact and help each other. This helps develop their social skills and confidence. The school houses more than 500 students.
Contents
[hide]
1 Founder
2 Branches
3 Extracurricular activities
4 Elderly pension
5 Unemployed blind student pension
6 References
7 External links
Founder[edit]
The school was started by Acharya Sri Rakum in June 1998. He left behind a career in martial arts in Japan and India to pursue what he calls the "creative use of his power". He is now the principal. The realization that children who were born blind were shunned and denied opportunities to grow inspired him to start the school. The children hail from villages and tribal belts and come from very poor families. The school is a unique non-governmental organization running entirely on support by patrons and donations by the general public and corporate organizations.
Branches[edit]
The school has three branches:
The Indiranagar School is the main branch of Sri Rakum School for the Blind. It is home to about 150 underprivileged, sighted and visually impaired boys and girls, from five years to twenty-six years of age. The school provides them free food, clothing, shelter and education.
The Devanahalli School was started in 2003. The Devanahalli area is surrounded by quarries employing stone cutters. The school offers free education, lunch and tea-snacks to the children of the stone cutters who would otherwise never go to school. These children make it to school from the surrounding 21 villages. To this date, the school supports about 300 children and about 20 inmates. The Devanahalli School also runs a Goshala (cow shed). At present, the Goshala is home to 30 cows and calves, donated by the public on special occasions. The Acharya Sri Rakum Health Care Centre is located in Devanahalli. It was inaugurated in 2005. The hospital caters to the needs of women and children in the villages of Devanahalli and the surrounding areas. Patients are given free health care and medicines. Since the Devanahalli school is in a village, there are lots of arable regions and the school is planning to cultivation by drip irrigation, which has proved to be a very effective method. Due to the unavailability of power in the area, it is planning to become self-reliant by harvesting solar and wind energy. The school aspires to set up a bio-friendly environment where the children can conduct studies and become responsible citizens of India.
The Arkavathy School houses the nursery, LKG and UKG kids from the age group of 2.5 years to 5 years. The school is running under a total campus area of 7200 sq ft, with two small sheds in an area called Arkavathy Layout. Each shed is 500 square feet (46 m2), and they are used as classrooms. Plans are to slowly expand to construct more sheds and a proper building.
Extracurricular activities[edit]
The school's curriculum focuses on the acquisition of life skills as many extracurricular activities like karate, yoga, music, dance, fine arts and crafts are encouraged. The school has a computer training center equipped with screen-reading software to assist and enable the visually impaired to work with computers.
Elderly pension[edit]
Indiranagar, the locality of Rakum School, is surrounded by areas where old women with no means of employment or any regular income to support them live. Acharya Rakum is now helping them to help. On the first day of every month, the school organizes an event called the Seva Day, where more than 200 old women from the neighborhood draw a monthly pension of Rs 100/- each along with food rations for a month. To qualify for this scheme, a woman is required to be more than 65 years of age, with no dependents. They require a doctor's certificate confirming the age and the local corporation's letter stating that they are a resident of a slum.
Unemployed blind student pension[edit]
Blind students educated at the Rakum Schools and other blind schools are often unemployed. While some have been lucky with employment, a plethora of young men and women remain unemployed. In a country that is yet waking up to the reality of the blind, many face unemployment and have no means to survive until they can support themselves. Taking a benevolent hand in the matter, Acharya Rakum has instituted a pension for blind youth who are unemployed and are above the age of 30. These people are given a monthly pension of Rs 100/- so that they can support themselves.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
External links[edit]
http://www.rakum.org/
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/a-school-that-teaches-them-lessons-on-life/articleshow/680222631.cms
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-06-29/bangalore/27220877_1_rau-food-destitute-children
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-07/bangalore/28346726_1_sharada-visually-impaired-wings
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-07-24/bangalore/27165002_1_anish-underprivileged-children-parents
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-01-19/bangalore/28329519_1_karate-blue-belt-brown-belt
http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-03/bangalore/27843815_1_deepa-groom-normal-students
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text:
Serenity Prayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Serenity Prayer is the common name for a prayer written by the American theologian Reinhold Niebuhr[1][2] (1892–1971). The best-known form is:
God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change,
Courage to change the things I can,
And wisdom to know the difference.
Niebuhr, who first wrote the prayer for a sermon at Heath Evangelical Union Church in Heath, Massachusetts,[3] used it widely in sermons as early as 1934[1] and first published it in 1951 in a magazine column.[1][4] The prayer spread both through Niebuhr's sermons and church groups in the 1930s and 1940s and was later adopted and popularized by Alcoholics Anonymous and other twelve-step programs.
Contents
1 Versions
2 Early history
3 Precursors
3.1 Genuine precursors
3.2 Spurious attributions
4 Use by twelve-step recovery programs
5 References
6 External links
Versions[edit]
The prayer has appeared in many versions. Reinhold Niebuhr's versions of the prayer were always printed as a single prose sentence; printings that set out the prayer as three lines of verse modify the author's original version. The most well-known form is a late version, as it includes a reference to grace not found before 1951:[1]
God, give me grace to accept with serenity
the things that cannot be changed,
Courage to change the things
which should be changed,
and the Wisdom to distinguish
the one from the other.

Living one day at a time,
Enjoying one moment at a time,
Accepting hardship as a pathway to peace,
Taking, as Jesus did,
This sinful world as it is,
Not as I would have it,
Trusting that You will make all things right,
If I surrender to Your will,
So that I may be reasonably happy in this life,
And supremely happy with You forever in the next.

Amen.
A version (apparently quoted from memory) appeared in the "Queries and Answers" column in The New York Times Book Review, July 2, 1950, p. 23, asking for the author of the quotation. A reply in the same column in the issue for August 13, 1950, p. 19, attributed the prayer to Niebuhr, quoting it as follows:
O God and Heavenly Father,
Grant to us the serenity of mind to accept that which cannot be changed; courage to change that which can be changed, and wisdom to know the one from the other, through Jesus Christ our Lord, Amen.
Serenity prayer on a medallion
Some twelve-step recovery programs use a slightly different version:
God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change,
Courage to change the things I can,
and the Wisdom to know the difference.[5]
Early history[edit]
The earliest recorded reference to the prayer is a diary entry from 1932 by Winnifred Crane Wygal, a pupil and collaborator of Reinhold Niebuhr, quoting the prayer and attributing it to Niebuhr.[1] Several versions of the prayer then appeared in newspaper articles in the early 1930s written by, or reporting on talks given by, Wygal.[1] In 1940, Wygal included the following form of the prayer in a book on worship, attributing it to Niebuhr:[6]
O God, give us the serenity to accept what cannot be changed, the courage to change what can be changed, and the wisdom to know the one from the other.
Wygal was a longtime YWCA official and all early recorded usages were from women involved in volunteer or educational activities connected to the YWCA.[1][4]:3
The earliest printed reference, in 1936, mentions that during a speech, a Miss Mildred Pinkerton "quotes the prayer," as if to indicate it was already in a circulation known to the reporter, or that Pinkerton relayed it as a quote, without mentioning its authorship. A 1937 Christian student publication attributed the prayer to Niebuhr in the following form, which matches the other earliest published forms in requesting "courage to change" before petitioning for serenity:
Father, give us courage to change what must be altered, serenity to accept what cannot be helped, and the insight to know the one from the other.
Various other authors also cited Niebuhr as the source of the prayer from 1937 on.[1] The Federal Council of Churches (NCC) included the prayer in a book for army chaplains and servicemen in 1944 and the USO circulated the prayer (with Niebuhr's permission) to soldiers on printed cards during World War Two.[3][7] In 1950, in response to questions about the already quite widely known prayer's provenance, Niebuhr wrote that the prayer "may have been spooking around for years, even centuries, but I don't think so. I honestly do believe that I wrote it myself."[8][9] He confirmed this in 1967.[7] His daughter, Elisabeth Sifton, thought that Niebuhr had first written it in 1943,[10]:277 while Niebuhr's wife Ursula believed it had been written in 1941 or '42, adding that it may have been used in prayers as early as 1934.[1]
The Serenity Prayer will be listed under Niebuhr’s name in the next edition of the Yale Book of Quotations, whose author Fred R. Shapiro had first raised doubts about, but was later instrumental in confirming Niebuhr's authorship.[11]
Precursors[edit]
Numerous statements of more or less similar sentiments by other authors have been identified and it is likely that more will be found. The prayer has also been falsely attributed to a variety of other authors.
Genuine precursors[edit]
Epictetus wrote: "Make the best use of what is in your power, and take the rest as it happens. Some things are up to us [eph' hêmin] and some things are not up to us. Our opinions are up to us, and our impulses, desires, aversions—in short, whatever is our own doing. Our bodies are not up to us, nor are our possessions, our reputations, or our public offices, or, that is, whatever is not our own doing."[12]
The 8th-century Indian Buddhist scholar Shantideva of the ancient Nalanda University suggested:[13]
If there's a remedy when trouble strikes,
What reason is there for dejection?
And if there is no help for it,
What use is there in being glum?
The 11th-century Jewish philosopher Solomon ibn Gabirol wrote:[14]
And they said: At the head of all understanding – is realizing what is and what cannot be, and the consoling of what is not in our power to change.
The philosopher W.W. Bartley juxtaposes without comment Niebuhr's prayer with a Mother Goose rhyme (1695) expressing a similar sentiment:[15]
For every ailment under the sun
There is a remedy, or there is none;
If there be one, try to find it;
If there be none, never mind it.
Friedrich Schiller advocated the first part in 1801: "Blessed is he, who has learned to bear what he cannot change, and to give up with dignity, what he cannot save."[16]
Spurious attributions[edit]
The prayer has been variously attributed (without evidence) to Thomas Aquinas, Cicero, Augustine, Boethius, Marcus Aurelius,[17] Francis of Assisi,[18][better source needed] and Thomas More[citation needed], among others.
Theodor Wilhelm, a professor of education at the University of Kiel, published a German version of the prayer under the pseudonym "Friedrich Oetinger".[19] Wilhelm's plagiarized version of the prayer became popular in West Germany, where it was widely but falsely attributed to the 18th-century philosopher Friedrich Christoph Oetinger.[10]:343
Use by twelve-step recovery programs[edit]
The prayer became more widely known after being brought to the attention of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1941 by an early member.[20] AA's co-founder and staff liked the prayer and had it printed in modified form and handed around. It has been part of Alcoholics Anonymous ever since, and has also been used in other twelve-step programs. Grapevine, The International Journal of Alcoholics Anonymous, identified Niebuhr as the author (January 1950, pp. 6–7), and the AA web site continues to identify Niebuhr as the author.[9]
The original text for this adapted prayer was:
Father, give us courage to change what must be altered,
serenity to accept what cannot be helped,
and the insight to know the one from the other.
A slightly different version of the prayer has been widely adopted by twelve-step groups:
God grant us the serenity to accept the things we cannot change,
the courage to change the things we can,
and the wisdom to know the difference.[21]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Shapiro, Fred R. (April 28, 2014). "Who Wrote the Serenity Prayer?". The Chronicle Review.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, Justin, ed. (2002). Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (17th ed.). p. 735. (attributing the prayer to Niebuhr in 1943)
^ Jump up to: a b Zaleski, Philip; Zaleski, Carol (2005). Prayer: A History. Houghton Mifflin. p. 127. ISBN 9780618152889.
^ Jump up to: a b Shapiro, Fred R. (July–August 2008). "Who Wrote the Serenity Prayer". Yale Alumni Magazine.
Jump up ^ Littleton, Jeanett Gardner; Bell, James Stuart (2008). Living the Serenity Prayer: True Stories of Acceptance, Courage, and Wisdom. Avon, Massachusetts: Adams Media. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59869-116-0.
Jump up ^ Wygel, We Plan Our Own Worship Services: Business girls practice the act and the art of group worship, New York, The Woman's Press: 1940
^ Jump up to: a b Niebuhr, Reinhold (September 10, 1987). Brown, Robert McAfee, ed. The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses (New ed.). Yale University Press. p. 251.
Jump up ^ "The Serenity Prayer". The Grapevine, The International Journal of Alcoholics Anonymous. January 1950.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Origin of our Serenity Prayer". AAHistory.com. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Sifton, Elisabeth (January 30, 2005). The Serenity Prayer: Faith and Politics in Times of Peace and War. W. W. Norton & Company.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Fred R. (January–February 2010). "You Can Quote Them". Yale Alumni Magazine.
Jump up ^ Epictetus (1983), Handbook. Trans. Nicholas White. Indianapolis: Hackett. Section 1.1
Jump up ^ Shantideva, Padmakara Translation Group, "The Way of the Bodhisattva", p. 130, Ch. 6, verse 10, Shambhala Publications, (October 14, 2008)
Jump up ^ 'Choice of Pearls' (Chapter 17 'Consciousness' 2nd verse)
Jump up ^ Bartley, W. W. (April 1990). The Retreat to Commitment (New; first 1962 ed.). Open Court Publishing Company. p. 35.
Jump up ^ Schiller, Friedrich. Über das Erhabene (in German). Wohl dem Menschen, wenn er gelernt hat, zu ertragen, was er nicht ändern kann, und preiszugeben mit Würde, was er nicht retten kann.
Jump up ^ Zaleski, Philip; Zaleski, Carol (2006). Prayer: A History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 126–127.
Jump up ^ "Alexander Dubcek – Introduzione". Almapress.unibo.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2004-09-13. Retrieved 2013-03-14.
Jump up ^ Oetinger, Friedrich (1951). "The Full Serenity Prayer & Its Meaning". Wendepunkt der poltitischen Erziehung – via SubstanceAbuseCounselor.us.
Jump up ^ "Stalking the Wild Serenity Prayer", Appendix B in: Wing, Nell. Grateful to Have Been There: My 42 Years with Bill and Lois, and the Evolution of Alcoholics Anonymous. p. 167. ISBN 1-56838-064-X.
Jump up ^ NA White Booklet, Narcotics Anonymous, 1976
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Serenity Prayer
The Essential Reinhold Niebuhr: Selected Essays and Addresses, editor: Robert McAfee Brown [1]
"Transcending and Transforming the World," in Niebuhr, Reinhold (1927). Does Civilization Need Religion? A Study in the Social Resources and Limitations of Religion in Modern Life. , especially pages 179–81.
Elisabeth Sifton, The Serenity Prayer: Faith and Politics in Times of Peace and War, New York, Norton, 2003 [2]. Elizabeth Sifton is Reinhold Niebuhr's daughter.
The Serenity Prayer: Faith in Times of Peace and War, National Public Radio interview with Elisabeth Sifton (20 mins) January 14, 2005. [3]
Archives of Grapevine: [4]
Full documentation (in German) of false claims of authorship
The Serenity Prayer origin at Alcoholics Anonymous; same text also at The Origin of our Serenity Prayer at Alcoholics Anonymous
A Buddhist version of the Serenity Prayer
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text:
Sailing into the wind
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: article contains tautology, needs syntax check, why a "discussion"? Please help improve this article if you can. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sailing into the wind is a sailing expression that refers to a sail boat's ability to move forward despite being headed into (or very nearly into) the wind. A sailboat cannot make headway by sailing directly into the wind (see "Discussion," below), so the point of sail into the wind is called "close hauled", and is 22° to the apparent wind.
Sailing into the wind is possible when the sail is angled in a slightly more forward direction than the sail force. In this aspect, the boat will move forward because the keel (centerline), of the boat acts to the water in as the sail acts to the wind. The heeling force of the sail is balanced by the force of the keel. This keeps the boat from moving in the direction of the sail force. Although total sail force is to the side when sailing into the wind, a proper angle of attack moves the boat forward.[1]
Another way of stating this is as follows:
“ The farther the sail is angled from the centerline of the hull, the more the force points forward rather than to the side. Combine that slight adjustment in forward force with the opposition of water to air, and we have a boat shooting windward because it is now the course of least resistance.[1] ”
Alternately, sailing in the direction from which the wind is coming is possible through sailing at forty five degree angles to the oncoming wind and alternating the direction of those angles. This is called "tacking." Although this method requires the boat to physically move farther to reach a given point, it is often the quickest way to move in a given direction overall.
Discussion[edit]
Further information: Points of sail
The points of sail clarify the realities of sailing into the wind. One of the points of sail is "Head to Wind." A boat turns through this point on each tack. It is the point at which the boat is neither on port tack or starboard tack and is headed directly into the wind. However, a boat cannot sail directly into the wind, thus if it comes head to the wind it loses steerage and is said to be "in irons." Thus boats sailing into the wind are actually sailing "Close Hauled" (i.e., with sails tightly trimmed).
When one "sails too close to the wind" it is called "pinching."[2] This phrase is also a colloquial expression meaning "to be reckless."
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sailing: From Work to Fun[permanent dead link]. SEED, Schlumberger Excellence in Educational Development, Inc. Retrieved on: 2010-06-11
Jump up ^ Dryden, R. Glossary Archived 2008-03-28 at the Wayback Machine.
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text:
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Map of the United States with names and borders of states
The order in which the original 13 states ratified the 1787 Constitution, then the order in which the others were admitted to the union
A state of the United States is one of the 50 constituent entities that shares its sovereignty with the federal government. Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside, due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government.[1] Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names.
States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles, and government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[2]
All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[3] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.[4]
Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Each new state has been admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[5]
The following table is a list of all 50 states and their respective dates of statehood. The first 13 became states in July 1776 upon agreeing to the United States Declaration of Independence, and each joined the first Union of states between 1777 and 1781, upon ratifying the Articles of Confederation, its first constitution.[6] (A separate table is included below showing AoC ratification dates.) These states are presented in the order in which each ratified the 1787 Constitution, thus joining the present federal Union of states. The date of admission listed for each subsequent state is the official date set by Act of Congress.[a]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of U.S. states
2 Articles of Confederation ratification dates
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
List of U.S. states[edit]
State
Date
(admitted or ratified)
Formed from
1 Delaware 000000001787-12-07-0000December 7, 1787[8]
(ratified) Colony of Delaware[b]
2 Pennsylvania 000000001787-12-12-0000December 12, 1787[10]
(ratified) Proprietary Province of Pennsylvania
3 New Jersey 000000001787-12-18-0000December 18, 1787[11]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New Jersey
4 Georgia 000000001788-01-02-0000January 2, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Georgia
5 Connecticut 000000001788-01-09-0000January 9, 1788[12]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Connecticut
6 Massachusetts 000000001788-02-06-0000February 6, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Massachusetts Bay
7 Maryland 000000001788-04-28-0000April 28, 1788[8]
(ratified) Proprietary Province of Maryland
8 South Carolina 000000001788-05-23-0000May 23, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of South Carolina
9 New Hampshire 000000001788-06-21-0000June 21, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New Hampshire
10 Virginia 000000001788-06-25-0000June 25, 1788[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony and Dominion of Virginia
11 New York 000000001788-07-26-0000July 26, 1788[13]
(ratified) Crown Colony of New York
12 North Carolina 000000001789-11-21-0000November 21, 1789[14]
(ratified) Crown Colony of North Carolina
13 Rhode Island 000000001790-05-29-0000May 29, 1790[8]
(ratified) Crown Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
14 Vermont 000000001791-03-04-0000March 4, 1791[15]
(admitted) Vermont !Vermont Republic[c]
15 Kentucky 000000001792-06-01-0000June 1, 1792[16]
(admitted) Virginia (nine counties in its District of Kentucky[d])
16 Tennessee 000000001796-06-01-0000June 1, 1796[18]
(admitted) Southwest Territory
17 Ohio 000000001803-03-01-0000March 1, 1803[19][e]
(admitted) Northwest Territory (part)
18 Louisiana 000000001812-04-30-0000April 30, 1812[21]
(admitted) Orleans !Territory of Orleans
19 Indiana 000000001816-12-11-0000December 11, 1816
(admitted) Indiana Territory
20 Mississippi 000000001817-12-10-0000December 10, 1817[22]
(admitted) Mississippi Territory
21 Illinois 000000001818-12-03-0000December 3, 1818[23]
(admitted) Illinois Territory (part)
22 Alabama 000000001819-12-14-0000December 14, 1819[24]
(admitted) Alabama Territory
23 Maine 000000001820-03-15-0000March 15, 1820[25]
(admitted) Massachusetts (District of Maine[f])
24 Missouri 000000001821-08-10-0000August 10, 1821[26]
(admitted) Missouri Territory (part)
25 Arkansas 000000001836-06-15-0000June 15, 1836[27]
(admitted) Arkansas Territory
26 Michigan 000000001837-01-26-0000January 26, 1837[28]
(admitted) Michigan Territory
27 Florida 000000001845-03-03-0000March 3, 1845
(admitted) Florida Territory
28 Texas 000000001845-12-29-0000December 29, 1845
(admitted) Texas !Republic of Texas
29 Iowa 000000001846-12-28-0000December 28, 1846
(admitted) Iowa Territory (part)
30 Wisconsin 000000001848-05-29-0000May 29, 1848[29]
(admitted) Wisconsin Territory (part)
31 California 000000001850-09-09-0000September 9, 1850[30]
(admitted) Unorganized !unorganized territory (part)
32 Minnesota 000000001858-05-11-0000May 11, 1858[31]
(admitted) Minnesota Territory (part)
33 Oregon 000000001859-02-14-0000February 14, 1859
(admitted) Oregon Territory (part)
34 Kansas 000000001861-01-29-0000January 29, 1861[32]
(admitted) Kansas Territory (part)
35 West Virginia 000000001863-06-20-0000June 20, 1863[33]
(admitted) Virginia (50 Trans-Allegheny region counties[g])
36 Nevada 000000001864-10-31-0000October 31, 1864
(admitted) Nevada Territory
37 Nebraska 000000001867-03-01-0000March 1, 1867
(admitted) Nebraska Territory
38 Colorado 000000001876-08-01-0000August 1, 1876[36]
(admitted) Colorado Territory
39[h] North Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
40 South Dakota 000000001889-11-02-0000November 2, 1889[38][i]
(admitted) Dakota Territory (part)
41 Montana 000000001889-11-08-0000November 8, 1889[39]
(admitted) Montana Territory
42 Washington 000000001889-11-11-0000November 11, 1889[40]
(admitted) Washington Territory
43 Idaho 000000001890-07-03-0000July 3, 1890
(admitted) Idaho Territory
44 Wyoming 000000001890-07-10-0000July 10, 1890
(admitted) Wyoming Territory
45 Utah 000000001896-01-04-0000January 4, 1896[41]
(admitted) Utah Territory
46 Oklahoma 000000001907-11-16-0000November 16, 1907[42]
(admitted) Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory
47 New Mexico 000000001912-01-06-0000January 6, 1912
(admitted) New Mexico Territory
48 Arizona 000000001912-02-14-0000February 14, 1912
(admitted) Arizona Territory
49 Alaska 000000001959-01-03-0000January 3, 1959
(admitted) Alaska !Territory of Alaska
50 Hawaii 000000001959-08-21-0000August 21, 1959
(admitted) Hawaii !Territory of Hawaii
Articles of Confederation ratification dates[edit]
The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. On March 4, 1789, the general government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the present Constitution.[43]
State
Date
13 !1 Virginia 000000001777-12-16-0000December 16, 1777
12 !2 South Carolina 000000001778-02-05-0000February 5, 1778
08 !3 New York 000000001778-02-06-0000February 6, 1778
11 !4 Rhode Island 000000001778-02-09-0000February 9, 1778
01 !5 Connecticut 000000001778-02-12-0000February 12, 1778
03 !6 Georgia 000000001778-02-26-0000February 26, 1778
06 !7 New Hampshire 000000001778-03-04-0000March 4, 1778
10 !8 Pennsylvania 000000001778-03-05-0000March 5, 1778
05 !9 Massachusetts 000000001778-03-10-0000March 10, 1778
09 !10 North Carolina 000000001778-04-05-0000April 5, 1778
07 !11 New Jersey 000000001778-11-19-0000November 19, 1778
02 !12 Delaware 000000001779-02-01-0000February 1, 1779
04 !13 Maryland 000000001781-02-02-0000February 2, 1781
See also[edit]
North America portal
United States portal
Enabling Act of 1802, authorizing residents of the eastern portion of the Northwest Territory to form the state of Ohio
Missouri Compromise, 1820 federal statute enabling the admission of Missouri (a slave state) and Maine (a free state) into the Union
Toledo War, 1835–36 boundary dispute between Ohio and the adjoining Michigan Territory, which delayed Michigan's admission to the Union
Texas annexation, the 1845 incorporation of the Republic of Texas into the United States as a state in the Union
Legal status of Texas
Compromise of 1850, a package of congressional acts, one of which provided for the admission of California to the Union
Bleeding Kansas, a series of violent conflicts in Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions in the years preceding Kansas statehood, 1854–61
Enabling Act of 1889, authorizing residents of Dakota, Montana, and Washington territories to form state governments (Dakota to be divided into two states) and to gain admission to the Union
Enabling Act of 1906 authorizing residents of Oklahoma, Indian, New Mexico, and Arizona territories to form state governments (Indian and Oklahoma territories to be combined into one state) and to gain admission to the Union
Alaska Statehood Act, admitting Alaska as a state in the Union as of January 3, 1959
Legal status of Alaska
Hawaii Admission Act, admitting Hawaii as a state in the Union as of August 21, 1959
Legal status of Hawaii
List of states and territories of the United States
Federalism in the United States
Proposals for a 51st state
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ This list does not account for the secession of 11 states (Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas) during the Civil War to form the Confederate States of America, nor for the subsequent restoration of those states to the Union, or each state's "readmission to representation in Congress" after the war, as the federal government does not give legal recognition to their having left the Union. Also, the Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede from the Union, but the Supreme Court held that a state cannot unilaterally do so in Texas v. White (1869).[7]
Jump up ^ Also known as the "Three Lower Counties Upon Delaware". Delaware became a state on June 15, 1776, when the Delaware Assembly formally adopted a resolution declaring an end to Delaware's status as a colony of Great Britain and establishing the three counties as an independent state under the authority of "the Government of the Counties of New Castle, Kent and Sussex Upon Delaware".[9]
Jump up ^ Between 1749 and 1764 the provincial governor of New Hampshire, Benning Wentworth, issued approximately 135 grants for unoccupied land claimed by New Hampshire west of the Connecticut River (in what is today southern Vermont), territory that was also claimed by New York. The resulting "New Hampshire Grants" dispute led to the rise of the Green Mountain Boys, and the later establishment of the Vermont Republic. New Hampshire's claim upon the land was extinguished in 1764 by royal order of George III, and in 1790 the State of New York ceded its land claim to Vermont for 30,000 dollars.
Jump up ^ The Virginia General Assembly adopted legislation on December 18, 1789 separating its "District of Kentucky" from the rest of the State and approving its statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ The exact date upon which Ohio became a state is unclear. On April 30, 1802 the 7th Congress had passed an act "authorizing the inhabitants of Ohio to form a Constitution and state government, and admission of Ohio into the Union" (Sess. 1, ch. 40, 2 Stat. 173). On February 19, 1803 the same Congress passed an act "providing for the execution of the laws of the United States in the State of Ohio" (Sess. 2, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201). Neither act, however, set a formal date of statehood. An official statehood date for Ohio was not set until 1953, when the 83rd Congress passed a Joint resolution "for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union", (Pub.L. 83–204, 67 Stat. 407, enacted August 7, 1953) which designated March 1, 1803, as that date.[20]
Jump up ^ The Massachusetts General Court passed enabling legislation on June 19, 1819 separating the "District of Maine" from the rest of the State (an action approved by the voters in Maine on July 19, 1819 by 17,001 to 7,132); then, on February 25, 1820, passed a follow-up measure officially accepting the fact of Maine's imminent statehood.[17]
Jump up ^ On May 13, 1862, the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia passed an act granting permission for creation of West Virginia.[34] Later, by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia (1871), the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents necessary to become a separate state.[35]
Jump up ^ When President Benjamin Harrison signed the statehood proclamations for North and South Dakota he shuffled the papers on his desk and covered up all but the signature line of the documents. No one knows which state he signed into existence first. North Dakota's proclamation was published first in the Statutes at Large, as it is first in alphabetical order.[37]
^ Jump up to: a b Brought into existence within moments of each other on the same day, North and South Dakota are the nation's only twin-born states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Erler, Edward. "Essays on Amendment XIV: Citizenship". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About the Minnesota Legislature". Minnesota State Legislature.
Jump up ^ Kristin D. Burnett. "Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)" (PDF). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration.
Jump up ^ Elhauge, Einer R. "Essays on Article II: Presidential Electors". The Heritage Foundation.
Jump up ^ "Doctrine of the Equality of States". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ Jensen, Merrill (1959). The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. xi, 184. ISBN 978-0-299-00204-6.
Jump up ^ "Texas v. White 74 U.S. 700 (1868)". Justia.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Vile, John R. (2005). The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (Volume 1: A-M). ABC-CLIO. p. 658. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
Jump up ^ "Delaware Government". Delaware.gov. Government Information Center, Delaware Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Overview of Pennsylvania History - 1776-1861: Independence to the Civil War". PA.gov. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission.
Jump up ^ "1787 Convention Minutes". NJ.gov. New Jersey Department of State.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 9". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: July 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 21". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "The 14th State". Vermont History Explorer. Vermont Historical Society.
Jump up ^ "Constitution Square Historic Site". Danville/Boyle County Convention and Visitors Bureau. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories". TheGreenPapers.com.
Jump up ^ "State History Timeline". TN.gov. Tennessee Department of State. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010.
Jump up ^ Clearing up the Confusion surrounding Ohio's Admission to Statehood
Jump up ^ "About Louisiana: quick facts". louisiana.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Welcome from the Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission". Mississippi Bicentennial Celebration Commission. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: December 3". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Alabama History Timeline: 1800-1860". alabama.gov. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: March 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 10". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 15". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 26". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "California Admission Day September 9, 1850". CA.gov. California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: May 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: January 29". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: June 20". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ "A State of Convenience: The Creation of West Virginia, Chapter Twelve, Reorganized Government of Virginia Approves Separation". Wvculture.org. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
Jump up ^ "Virginia v. West Virginia 78 U.S. 39 (1870)". Justia.com.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: August 1". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ MacPherson, James; Burbach, Kevin (November 2, 2014). "At 125 years of Dakotas statehood, rivalry remains". Bismarck Tribune.
^ Jump up to: a b "Today in History: November 2". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Wishart, David J. (ed.). "Montana". Encyclopedia of the Great Plains. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 11". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Thatcher, Linda Thatcher (2016). "Struggle For Statehood Chronology". historytogo.utah.gov. State of Utah.
Jump up ^ "Today in History: November 16". loc.gov. Library of Congress.
Jump up ^ Rodgers, Paul (2011). United States Constitutional Law: An Introduction. McFarland. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-7864-6017-5.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutstatehoodat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Learning resources from Wikiversity
"U.S. States Videos". History.com.
"Dates of statehood". 50states.com.
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List of most followed users on Instagram
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This list of most followed users on Instagram contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of October 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with more than 226 million followers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Top users
1.1 All-time
1.2 By country
2 See also
3 References
Top users
All-time
The most followed accounts on Instagram.
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers (millions)
Profession
Country
1. @instagram[2] Instagram 226 Social media platform United States
2. @selenagomez[3] Selena Gomez 128 Musician and actress
3. @arianagrande[4] Ariana Grande 114
4. @cristiano[5] Cristiano Ronaldo 112 Footballer Portugal
5. @beyonce[6] Beyoncé 107 Musician United States
6. @taylorswift[7] Taylor Swift 104 Musician and Actress
7. @kimkardashian[8] Kim Kardashian 103 Reality TV personality
8. @kyliejenner[9] Kylie Jenner 98.4
9. @therock[10] Dwayne Johnson 94.2 Actor, professional wrestler
10. @justinbieber[11] Justin Bieber 92 Musician Canada
11. @kendalljenner[12] Kendall Jenner 83.8 Model United States
12. @nickiminaj[13] Nicki Minaj 83.5 Musician Trinidad and Tobago
13. @neymarjr[14] Neymar 82.2 Footballer Brazil
14. @natgeo[15] National Geographic 81.7 Magazine United States
15. @leomessi[16] Lionel Messi 81 Footballer Argentina
16. @nike[17] Nike 74.6 Sportswear Multinational corporation United States
17. @mileycyrus[18] Miley Cyrus 72.1 Musician and actress
18. @khloekardashian[19] Khloé Kardashian 69.3 Reality TV personality
19. @jlo[20] Jennifer Lopez 69.2 Musician and actress
20. @katyperry[21] Katy Perry 67.6 Musician
21. @ddlovato[22] Demi Lovato 61.2 Musician and actress
22. @kourtneykardash[23] Kourtney Kardashian 58.8 Reality TV personality
23. @victoriassecret[24] Victoria's Secret 57.1 Lingerie Retailer
24. @badgalriri[25] Rihanna 57.1 Musician Barbados
25. @kevinhart4real[26] Kevin Hart 54.7 Comedian United States
26. @realmadrid[27] Real Madrid C.F. 53 Football club Spain
27. @fcbarcelona[28] FC Barcelona 52.4
28. @theellenshow[29] The Ellen Show 48.1 Comedian United States
29. @justintimberlake[30] Justin Timberlake 46.2 Musician and actor
30. @zendaya[31] Zendaya 44.7 Actress
31. @vindiesel[32] Vin Diesel 44.1 Actor
32. @shakira[33] Shakira 42.7 Musician Colombia
33. @9gag[34] 9GAG 42 Social media platform Hong Kong
34. @caradelevingne[35] Cara Delevingne 40.6 Model and actress United Kingdom
35. @davidbeckham[36] David Beckham 40.3 Footballer
36. @chrisbrownofficial[37] Chris Brown 40.2 Musician United States
37. @emmawatson[38] Emma Watson 40 Actress United Kingdom
38. @champagnepapi[39] Drake 37.9 Musician Canada
39. @gigihadid[40] Gigi Hadid 35.9 Model United States
40. @jamesrodriguez10[41] James Rodríguez 33.2 Footballer Colombia
41. @kingjames[42] LeBron James 32.9 Basketballer United States
42. @garethbale11[43] Gareth Bale 31.4 Footballer United Kingdom
43. @zacefron[44] Zac Efron 30.6 Actor United States
44. @adele[45] Adele 30.2 Musician United Kingdom
45. @nikefootball[46] Nike 30.2 Sportswear Multinational corporation United States
46. @maluma[47] Maluma 28.7 Musician Colombia
47. @iamzlatanibrahimovic[48] Zlatan Ibrahimović 28 Footballer Sweden
48. @nasa[49] NASA 27.7 Government space agency United States
49. @vanessahudgens[50] Vanessa Hudgens 27 Actress and musician
50. @ronaldinho[51] Ronaldinho 26.6 Footballer Brazil
As of October 4, 2017
By country
Rank
Country
Account name
Owner
Followers (millions)
Profession
1. United States @instagram[2] Instagram 226 Social media platform
2. Portugal @cristiano[5] Cristiano Ronaldo 112 Footballer
3. Canada @justinbieber[11] Justin Bieber 92 Musician
4. Trinidad and Tobago @nickiminaj[13] Nicki Minaj 83.5
5. Brazil @neymarjr[14] Neymar 82.2 Footballer
6. Argentina @leomessi[16] Lionel Messi 81
7. Barbados @badgalriri[25] Rihanna 57.1 Musician
8. Spain @realmadrid[27] Real Madrid C.F. 53 Football club
9. Colombia @shakira[33] Shakira 42.7 Musician
10. Hong Kong @9gag[34] 9GAG 42 Social media platform
11. United Kingdom @caradelevingne[35] Cara Delevingne 40.6 Model
12. Sweden @iamzlatanibrahimovic[48] Zlatan Ibrahimović 28 Footballer
13. Uruguay @luissuarez9[52] Luis Suárez 24.7
14. France @chanelofficial[53] Chanel 24.2 Clothing Retailer
15. Germany @adidasfootball[54] Adidas 22.7 Sportswear Multinational corporation
16. Indonesia @ayutingting92[55] Ayu Ting Ting 22 Musician
17. Ireland @thenotoriousmma[56] Conor McGregor 20.4 Mixed Martial Artist
18. India @deepikapadukone[57] Deepika Padukone 19.8 Actress
19. Italy @gucci[58] Gucci 17.8 Fashion line
As of October 4, 2017
See also
List of most liked Instagram pictures
List of most followed users on Twitter
List of most subscribed users on YouTube
List of most viewed YouTube videos
List of most streamed songs on Spotify
References
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers- Socialblade Instagram Stats | Instagram Statistics". Socialblade. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@instagram". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@selenagomez". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@arianagrande". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@cristiano". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@beyonce". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@taylorswift". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kimkardashian". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kyliejenner". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@therock". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@justinbieber". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kendalljenner". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@nickiminaj". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@neymarjr". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@natgeo". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@leomessi". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@nike". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@mileycyrus". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@khloekardashian". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@jlo". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@katyperry". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@ddlovato". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kourtneykardash". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@victoriassecret". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@badgalriri". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kevinhart4real". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@realmadrid". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@fcbarcelona". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@theellenshow". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@justintimberlake". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@zendaya". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@vindiesel". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@shakira". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@9gag". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@caradelevigne". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@davidbeckham". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@chrisbrownofficial". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@emmawatson". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@champagnepapi". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@gigihadid". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@jamesrodriguez10". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@kingjames". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@garethbale11". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@zacefron". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@adele". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@nikefootball". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@maluma". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "@iamzlatanibrahimovic". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@nasa". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@vanessahudgens". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@ronaldinho". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@luissuarez9". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@chanelofficial". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@adidasfootball". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@ayutingting92". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@thenotoriousmma". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@deepikapadukone". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "@gucci". Instagram. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
[show]
v
t
e
Facebook
Website
Features
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EdgeRank
Platform
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products
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followed users
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Business
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