text:
Bank of England £5 note
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"£5" and "£5 note" redirect here. For other uses, see List of £5.
Five pounds
(United Kingdom)
Value
£5
Width
125 mm
Height
65 mm
Security features
See-through window, finely detailed metallic image, coloured border which changes from purple to green when the note is tilted, silver foil patch, microlettering, textured print
Paper type
Polymer
Years of printing
1793-present
Obverse
Design
Queen Elizabeth II
Design date
13 September 2016
Reverse
Design
Winston Churchill
Design date
13 September 2016 [a]
The Bank of England £5 note, also known as a fiver, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. In September 2016, a new polymer note was introduced, featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse. The old paper note, first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse, was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Restriction period
1.3 Move away from gold standard
1.4 2002 Varnish Issue[12][13]
1.5 Moving to polymer
1.5.1 Controversy
2 Design
2.1 List of historical designs
2.2 Current designs
3 Circulation
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Introduction[edit]
Five pound notes (£5) were introduced by the Bank of England in 1793, following the ten pound note which had been introduced in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years' War.[2] The 5 pound note was introduced again, due to gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and was the lowest denomination of note issued until 1797.[3] The earliest notes were handwritten and were issued to individuals as needed. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date and the signature of the issuing cashier.[4]
Restriction period[edit]
In 1797, due to the extra money need to fund the war and the uncertainty caused as Britain declared war on France, a series of bank runs drained the Bank of England of its gold supply.[3] The Bank was forced to stop exchanging gold for notes and to issue notes of £1 and £2 denominations. This was known as the 'restriction period', as the exchange of notes for their value in gold was restricted.[5]
The Restriction Period ended in 1821 as the Government had to anchor the value of the currency to gold in order to control sharply rising inflation and national debt. After a brief period to offset any sudden deflation, the UK returned to the gold standard on 1 May 1821.[6][7] These notes could again be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank.[8] If redeemed in part, the banknote would be marked to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of five pounds" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[9]
Move away from gold standard[edit]
A white £5 note, issued in 1935
The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931, when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[10] Metal thread was introduced on the £5 note in 1945 as a security feature. The printed black and white notes were replaced from 1957 onward by new, two-sided notes. The first two-sided £5 notes (series B) were blue and featured a bust of Britannia on the front and a lion on the back. Series C notes, first introduced in 1963, were the first notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front, with Britannia being relegated to the back. From 1971 onward, with the introduction of series D, a British historical figure was portrayed on the reverse: the soldier and statesman the Duke of Wellington in this case. Series E notes, first issued in 1990, are multicoloured, although they are predominantly turquoise-blue. These notes feature a portrait of railway pioneer George Stephenson, as well as for the first time 'windowed' metal thread; this thread appears as a dashed line, yet forms a single line when held up to the light.[11]
2002 Varnish Issue[12][13][edit]
In 2002, a problem was identified in which the serial numbers could be rubbed off of some notes. The problem was highlighted after six members of the public complained to The Bank of England; the notes were stopped being distributed by the banks as of request by the Bank of England as well the Post Offices to stop issuing the new £5 notes. The Bank said the move was a "precautionary measure while we carry out further tests and investigative work into what might have caused the fault and how widespread the problem is". The bank consequently did rigorous testing and found the problem to be that the serial numbers were printed over the varnish rather than under it allowing the ink to be removed if enough force was applied. The Bank started to varnish the notes in an attempt to make them last longer than previous notes which only had an estimated lifespan of nine months.
A spokesman for the Bank of England said: "The notes are still legal tender and the public shouldn't have a problem spending them in the shops. As long as shopkeepers check the anti-counterfeit measures, then the lack of serial numbers is not a problem.
"If members of the public are concerned, then they should take the notes back to the bank where they will be exchanged."
Moving to polymer[edit]
In April 2013 Sir Mervyn King announced on behalf of the bank that Elizabeth Fry would be replaced by Winston Churchill on the next £5 note[14] which would enter circulation in 2016.[15] It was also announced that the images featured on the reverse would include a 1941 portrait of Churchill by Yusuf Karsh, a view of the Houses of Parliament, a quote by Churchill ("I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat") and a background image of Churchill's Nobel Prize in Literature, while the obverse would feature an image of Queen Elizabeth II.[16]
In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £5 note would be printed on a polymer, rather than cotton paper.[17] The bank cited that they would be "cleaner, more secure and more durable".[18] It was also said that the new polymer notes would be more environmentally friendly, lasting 2.5 times as long as cotton paper notes, according to the Bank's own environmental testing.[19]
The note was introduced on 13 September 2016,[20] with an initial print run of 440 million notes (worth £2.2 billion), over the period of co-circulation.[21] It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes, and then on 5 May 2017, the series E would cease to be legal tender. However, as with all Bank of England notes, they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future.[22]
Controversy[edit]
In November 2016 there was controversy when the Bank of England confirmed that the new notes contain traces of tallow in the new notes.[23] According to an online petition on this issue, this is unacceptable to vegans, vegetarians, Hindus, Sikhs, Jains and other groups in the UK,[24] and one Cambridge cafe boycotted the new note.[25] The note's manufacturer, Innovia Security, is looking into changing the recipe for the polymer used, so as to contain no animal products, which are added to polymer pellets at an early stage of production.[26][27] However, on 10 August 2017 the Bank of England announced that all future notes, including future £5 note prints would continue the use of traces of tallow.[28]
Design[edit]
List of historical designs[edit]
Note
First issued
Last issued
Ceased to be
legal tender
Colour
Size
Design
Additional information
White (1793) 1793 1944 1 March 1946 Monochrome
(printed on one side only) 200mm x 113mm
(may vary)
White (1945) 1945 1957 13 March 1961 Monochrome
(printed on one side only) 211mm x 133mm Incorporated metal thread for first time:
permanent feature until the series G polymer note
Series B 21 February 1957 1963 27 June 1967 Blue 158mm x 90mm Front: Helmeted Britannia
Back: Lion Saint George and the Dragon, with Britannia on the front
Series C 21 February 1963 1971 31 August 1973 Blue 140mm x 85mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Seated Britannia First £5 note to carry portrait of monarch
Series D 11 November 1971 1990 29 November 1991 Predominantly blue 145mm x 78mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Duke of Wellington
Series E 7 June 1990 July 2002 21 November 2003 Multicoloured (predominantly turquoise-blue) 135mm x 70mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: George Stephenson Notes issued from March 1993 featured the
denomination symbol "£5" in bolder colours
Series E (variant) 21 May 2002 2016 5 May 2017 Multicoloured (predominantly green) 135mm x 70mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Elizabeth Fry
Series G (polymer) 13 September 2016 Multicoloured (greeny - blue) 125mm x 65mm Front: Queen Elizabeth II
Back: Winston Churchill First Bank of England note in polymer
Sources from the Bank of England:[9][11][29]
Current designs[edit]
The series G (polymer) note is the only £5 note that is currently legal tender. The old paper series E was withdrawn, following a co-circulation period with both notes being legal tender which ended on 5 May 2017.[22]
Circulation[edit]
The Bank of England is responsible for printing and issuing notes to ensure a smooth monetary supply across the United Kingdom.[30] It reports the number of notes in circulation at any given time. As of the end of February 2016, there were £1,645,000,000 worth of £5 notes in circulation, which is equivalent to 329,000,000 individual notes.[31]
Year
Value of notes (£)
Number in circulation
2004 1,025,000,000 205,000,000
2005 1,054,000,000 211,000,000
2006 1,051,000,000 210,000,000
2007 1,100,000,000 220,000,000
2008 1,242,000,000 248,000,000
2009 1,342,000,000 260,000,000
2010 1,245,000,000 249,000,000
2011 1,355,000,000 271,000,000
2012 1,477,000,000 295,000,000
2013 1,526,000,000 305,000,000
2014 1,540,000,000 308,000,000
2015 1,601,000,000 320,000,000
2016 1,645,000,000 329,000,000
Table sources from the Bank of England Statistics
See also[edit]
Bank of England note issues
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Data is for the newer polymer series G banknote.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ £5 note: Deadline looms for digging out old paper fivers BBC (www.bbc.com) 4 May 2017. Retrieved on 5 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Chan, Szu Ping (10 September 2016). "History of British Banknotes". The Telegraph. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Allen, Katie (10 September 2013). "Banknotes: A Short History". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBC - A History of the World - Object : 1793 £5 Note". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Dunn, Daisy. "From Paper to the 5 pound polymer". The Spectator. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Crosby, Mark. "The Bank Restriction Act (1797) and Banknote Forgery". Branch Collective.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Edward Victor (1943). The Theory and Practice of Central Banking, 1797-1913. CUP.
Jump up ^ Newby, Elisa (2007). "The Suspension of cash payments as a monetary reigime" (PDF). Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis. The University of St. Andrews.
^ Jump up to: a b "A brief history of banknotes". Bank of England. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Kitson, Michael (2012). "End of an Epoch: Britain’s Withdrawal from the Gold Standard" (PDF). University of Cambridge. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Withdrawn banknotes reference guide" (PDF). Bank of England. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2010738.stm "Bank suspends new �5 notes"]. news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-09-06. replacement character in |title= at position 19 (help)
Jump up ^ Moore, By Malcolm. "New fiver's numbers can rub off". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-09-06.
Jump up ^ King, Mervyn (26 April 2016). "Speech from Mervyn King on New 5 Pound Note Character" (PDF). Bank of England. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sir Winston Churchill to feature on new banknote". BBC News. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "News Release - Sir Winston Churchill: the historical figure on the next banknote". Bank of England. 26 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "New banknotes to be printed on polymer". Bank of England. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Why Polymer". Bank of England. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Life Cycle Assessment of Paper and Polymer Notes" (PDF). Bank of England. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "The New Fiver is issued today - Bank of England". Bank of England.
Jump up ^ Butterly, Ameilia (13 September 2016). "New polymer £5 note is out today - here's where you're likely to see it first". BBC Newsbeat. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Polymer FAQ". Bank of England. Retrieved 6 December 2016. How long can I continue to use paper £5 notes? You can continue to use the paper £5 note until its legal tender status is withdrawn on 5 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bank of England urged to make new £5 note vegan-friendly". The Guardian. 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Petroff, Alanna (29 November 2016). "The U.K.'s new £5 notes contain animal fat". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ "Cambridge Rainbow vegetarian cafe refuses new £5 note - BBC News". BBC Online. 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bank Of England's Note Supplier Working On 'Potential Solutions' To Animal Fat Fivers". The Huffington Post. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Butler, Katie (1 December 2016). "Bank of England will look at making new fivers vegan-friendly". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Peachey, Kevin (2017-08-10). "Animal fat to stay in future banknotes, Bank of England concludes". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-12.
Jump up ^ "The New Fiver". Bank of England. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "What we do - Banknotes". Bank of England. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Banknote Statistics". Bank of England. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Bank of England website
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National Institute of Mental Health
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the institute in the United States of America. It is not to be confused with the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.
National Institute of Mental Health
Agency overview
Formed
April 15, 1949; 68 years ago (1949-04-15)
Headquarters
Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Annual budget
$1.5 billion (2016)
Agency executives
Joshua A. Gordon, Director
Shelli Avenevoli, Acting Deputy Director
Parent agency
National Institutes of Health
Website
www.nimh.nih.gov
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH, in turn, is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research.
NIMH is the largest research organization in the world specializing in mental illness. Joshua A. Gordon is the current Director of NIMH. The institute was first authorized by the U.S. Government in 1946, when then President Harry Truman signed into law the National Mental Health Act, although the institute was not formally established until 1949.[1]
NIMH is a $1.5 billion enterprise, supporting research on mental health through grants to investigators at institutions and organizations throughout the United States and through its own internal (intramural) research effort. The mission of NIMH is "to transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure".[2]
In order to fulfill this mission, NIMH "must foster innovative thinking and ensure that a full array of novel scientific perspectives are used to further discovery in the evolving science of brain, behavior, and experience. In this way, breakthroughs in science can become breakthroughs for all people with mental illnesses."[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Research priorities
2 History
3 Noted researchers
4 NIMH directors
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Further reading
9 External links
Research priorities[edit]
NIMH has identified four overarching strategic objectives for itself:
Promote discovery in the brain and behavioral sciences to fuel research on the causes of mental disorders
Chart mental illness trajectories to determine when, where and how to intervene
Develop new and better interventions that incorporate the diverse needs and circumstances of people with mental illnesses
Strengthen the public health impact of NIMH-supported research[4]
History[edit]
Mental health has traditionally been a state responsibility, but after World War II there was increased lobbying for a federal (national) initiative. Attempts to create a National Neuropsychiatric Institute failed. Robert H. Felix, then head of the Division of Mental Hygiene, orchestrated a movement to include mental health policy as an integral part of federal biomedical policy. Congressional subcommittees hearings were held and the National Mental Health Act was signed into law in 1946. This aimed to support the research, prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness, and called for the establishment of a National Advisory Mental Health Council (NAMHC) and a National Institute of Mental Health. On April 15, 1949, the NIMH was formally established, with Felix as director. Funding for the NIMH grew slowly and then, from the mid-1950s, dramatically. The institute took on a highly influential role in shaping policy, research and communicating with the public, legitimizing the importance of new advances in biomedical science, psychiatric and psychological services, and community-based mental health policies.[5]
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In 1955 the Mental Health Study Act called for "an objective, thorough, nationwide analysis and reevaluation of the human and economic problems of mental health."[citation needed] The resulting Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health prepared a report, "Action for Mental Health", resulting in the establishment of a cabinet-level interagency committee to examine the recommendations and determine an appropriate federal response.
In 1963, Congress passed the Mental Retardation Facilities and Community Mental Health Centers Construction Act, beginning a new era in Federal support for mental health services. NIMH assumed responsibility for monitoring the Nation's community mental health centers (CMHC) programs.
During the mid-1960s, NIMH launched a campaign on special mental health problems. Part of this was a response to President Lyndon Johnson's pledge to apply scientific research to social problems. The Institute established centers for research on schizophrenia, child and family mental health, suicide, as well as crime and delinquency, minority group mental health problems, urban problems, and later, rape, aging, and technical assistance to victims of natural disasters.
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism did not receive full recognition as a major public health problem until the mid-1960s, when the National Center for Prevention and Control of Alcoholism was established as part of NIMH; a research program on drug abuse was inaugurated within NIMH with the establishment of the Center for Studies of Narcotic and Drug Abuse.
In 1967, NIMH separated from NIH and was given Bureau status within PHS. However, NIMH's intramural research program, which conducted studies in the NIH Clinical Center and other NIH facilities, remained at NIH under an agreement for joint administration between NIH and NIMH. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare John W. Gardner transferred St. Elizabeths Hospital, the Federal Government's only civilian psychiatric hospital, to NIMH.
In 1968, NIMH became a component of PHS's Health Services and Mental Health Administration (HSMHA).
In 1970 the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act (P.L. 91-616) established the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism within NIMH.
In 1972, the Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act established a National Institute on Drug Abuse within NIMH.
In 1973, NIMH went through a series of organizational moves. The Institute temporarily rejoined NIH on July 1 with the abolishment of HSMHA. Then, the DHEW secretary administratively established the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) – composed of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and NIMH – as the successor organization to HSMHA. ADAMHA was officially established in 1974.
The President's Commission on Mental Health in 1977 reviewed the mental health needs of the nation and to make recommendations to the President as to how best meet these needs in 1978.
In 1980 The Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study, an unprecedented research effort that entailed interviews with a nationally representative sample of 20,000 Americans was launched. The field interviews and first wave analyses were completed in 1985. Data from the ECA provided a picture of rates of mental and addictive disorders and services usage.
The Mental Health Systems Act of 1980 – based on recommendations of the President's Commission on Mental Health and designed to provide improved services for persons with mental disorders – was passed. NIMH participated in development of the National Plan for the Chronically Mentally Ill, a sweeping effort to improve services and fine-tune various Federal entitlement programs for those with severe, persistent mental disorders.
In 1987, Administrative control of St. Elizabeth's Hospital was transferred from the NIMH to the District of Columbia. NIMH retained research facilities on the grounds of the hospital. The NIMH Neuroscience Center and the NIMH Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital, located on the grounds of St. Elizabeth's Hospital, were dedicated in 1989.
In 1992, Congress passed the ADAMHA Reorganization Act, abolishing ADAMHA. The research components of NIAAA, NIDA and NIMH rejoined NIH, while the services components of each institute became part of a new PHS agency, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The return to NIH and the loss of services functions to SAMHSA necessitated a realignment of the NIMH extramural program administrative organization. New offices were created for research on Prevention, Special Populations, Rural Mental Health and AIDS.
In 1994 The House Appropriations Committee mandated that the director of NIH conduct a review of the role, size, and cost of all NIH intramural research programs (IRP). NIMH and the National Advisory Mental Health Council (NAMHC) initiated a major study of the NIMH Intramural Research Program. The planning committee recommended continued investment in the IRP and recommended specific administrative changes; many of these were implemented upon release of the committee's final report; other changes — for example, the establishment of a major new program on Mood and Anxiety Disorders — have been introduced in the years since.
In 1996 NIMH, with the NAMHC, initiated systematic reviews of a number of areas of its research portfolio, including the genetics of mental disorders; epidemiology and services for child and adolescent populations; prevention research; clinical treatment and services research. At the request of the National Institute for Mental Health director, the NAMH Council established programmatic groups in each of these areas. NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) continued to implement recommendations issued by these Workgroups.
In 1997, NIMH realigned its extramural organizational structure to capitalize on new technologies and approaches to both basic and clinical science, as well as changes that had occurred in health care delivery systems, while retaining the Institute's focus on mental illness. The new extramural organization resulted in three research divisions: Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Research; Services and Intervention Research; and Mental Disorders, Behavioral Research and AIDS.
Between 1997 and 1999 NIMH refocused career development resources on early careers and added new mechanisms for clinical research.
In 1999 The NIMH Neuroscience Center/Neuropsychiatric Research Hospital was relocated from St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Washington, D.C. to the NIH Campus in Bethesda, Maryland, in response to the recommendations of the 1996 review of the NIMH (National Institute of Mental Health) Intramural Research Program by the IRP Planning Committee.
The first White House Conference on Mental Health, held June 7, in Washington, D.C., brought together national leaders, mental health scientific and clinical personnel, patients, and consumers to discuss needs and opportunities. The National Institute on Mental Health developed materials and helped organize the conference.
U.S. Surgeon General David Satcher released The Surgeon General's Call To Action To Prevent Suicide, in July, and the first Surgeon General's Report on Mental Health, in December. NIMH, along with other Federal agencies, collaborated in the preparation of both of these landmark reports.
Since the appointment of Thomas R. Insel as Director of NIMH in 2002, the institute has undergone organizational changes to better target mental health research needs (the expansion from three extramural divisions to five divisions, with the two new divisions focusing on adult and child translational research). NIMH also weathered several years of controversy due to conflict of interest and ethics violations by some of its intramural investigators. This situation cast light on an area that affected all of NIH, and resulted in more stringent rules about conflict of interest for all of NIH. Recently, Congressional interest turned to ethics and conflict of interest concerns with external investigators who receive NIMH or other NIH support. Current federal law has responsibility for managing and monitoring conflict of interests for external investigators with their home institutions/organizations. NIH responded to these new concerns by initiating a formal process for seeking public input and advice that will likely result in a change to the rules for monitoring and managing conflict of interest concerns for externally supported investigators. Finally, the past decade has also been marked by exciting scientific breakthroughs and efforts in mental illness research, as new genetic advances and bioimaging methodologies have increased understanding of mental illnesses. Two notable consequences of these advances are the Institute's collaboration with the Department of Army to launch the Study To Assess Risk and Resilience in Service Members (STARRS), a Framingham-like effort scheduled to last until 2014 and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) effort, which seeks to define basic dimensions of functioning (such as fear circuitry or working memory) to be studied across multiple levels of analysis, from genes to neural circuits to behaviors, cutting across disorders as traditionally defined.[6][7]
A collection of interviews with directors and individuals significant in the foundation and early history of the institute conducted by Dr. Eli A. Rubenstein between 1975 and 1978 is held at the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.[8]
Noted researchers[edit]
In 1970, Julius Axelrod, a NIMH researcher, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research into the chemistry of nerve transmission for "discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation." He found an enzyme that terminated the action of the nerve transmitter, noradrenaline in the synapse and which also served as a critical target of many antidepressant drugs.
In 1984, Norman E. Rosenthal, a psychiatrist and NIMH researcher, pioneered seasonal affective disorder, coined the term SAD, and began studying the use of light therapy as a treatment.[9][10][11][12] He received the Anna Monika Foundation Award for his research on seasonal depression.[13]
Louis Sokoloff, a NIMH researcher, received the Albert Łasker award in Clinical Medical Research for developing a new method of measuring brain function that contributed to basic understanding and diagnosis of brain diseases. Roger Sperry, a NIMH research grantee, received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology for discoveries regarding the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres, or the "left" and "right" brain.
Eric Kandel and Paul Greengard, each of whom have received NIMH support for more than three decades, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sweden's Arvid Carlsson. Kandel received the prize for his elucidating research on the functional modification of synapses in the brain. Initially using the sea slug as an experimental model but later working with mice, he established that the formation of memories is a consequence of short and long-term changes in the biochemistry of nerve cells Greengard was recognized for his discovery that dopamine and a number of other transmitters can alter the functional state of neuronal proteins, and also that such changes could be reversed by subsequent environmental signals.
Nancy Andreasen, a psychiatrist and long-time NIMH grantee, won the National Medal of Science for her groundbreaking work in schizophrenia and for joining behavioral science with neuroscience and neuroimaging. The Presidential Award is one of the nation's highest awards in science.
Aaron Beck, a psychiatrist, received the 2006 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research. Often called "America's Nobels", the Laskers are the nation's most distinguished honor for outstanding contributions to basic and clinical medical research. Beck developed cognitive therapy—a form of psychotherapy—which transformed the understanding and treatment of many psychiatric conditions, including depression, suicidal behavior, generalized anxiety, panic attacks and eating disorders.[14]
In 2010, Mortimer Mishkin was awarded the National Medal of Science. Mishkin is chief of the NIMH's Section on Cognitive Neuroscience, and acting chief of its Laboratory of Neuropsychology. He is the first NIMH intramural scientist to receive the medal. Due in part to work spearheaded by Mishkin, science now understands much about the pathways for vision, hearing and touch, and about how those processing streams connect with brain structures important for memory.[15]
NIMH directors[edit]
Name
Years served
Robert H. Felix 1949–1964
Stanley F. Yolles 1964–1970
Bertram S. Brown 1970–1977
Herb Pardes 1977–1984
Shervert H. Frazier 1984–1986
Lewis L. Judd 1988–1992
Frederick K. Goodwin 1992–1994
Rex William Cowdry (acting) 1994–1996
Steven Hyman 1996–2001
Richard K. Nakamura (acting) 2001–2002
Thomas R. Insel 2002 – 2015
Bruce Cuthbert (acting) 2015 – 2016
Joshua A. Gordon 2016 – Present
In popular culture[edit]
A children's novel Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH by Robert C. O'Brien, published in 1971, features a society of intelligent rats that had presumably escaped from a laboratory at NIMH. The novel was later adapted into a critically acclaimed animated feature film entitled The Secret of NIMH by animator and director Don Bluth. The book was followed by a sequel in 1986, Racso and the Rats of NIMH.
See also[edit]
National Mental Health Act
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ "National Institute of Mental Health : Important Events in NIMH History". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10.
Jump up ^ "About NIMH". National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The National Institute of Mental Health Strategic Plan". National Institute of Mental Health (United States). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "NIMH » The National Institute of Mental Health Strategic Plan". www.nimh.nih.gov.
Jump up ^ Grob, GN. (1996) Creation of the National Institute of Mental Health. Public Health Reports. 1996 Jul–Aug; 111(4): 378–381.
Jump up ^ "NIMH » Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS): A Partnership Between NIMH and the U.S. Army". www.nimh.nih.gov.
Jump up ^ "NIMH » Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)". www.nimh.nih.gov.
Jump up ^ "National Institute of Mental Health Oral History Collection 1975-1978". National Library of Medicine.
Jump up ^ Psych Central, Book Review June 2011 [1] Retrieved July 2011
Jump up ^ NY Times, Health Scientists Find Ways to Reset Biological Clocks in Dim Winter, Jane E. Brody, Dec 29 1993 [2] Retrieved July 2011
Jump up ^ CNN, Insiders Guide: Season Affective Disorder, Paul Sussman, Nov 2 2007 [3] Retrieved July 2011
Jump up ^ [4] The blue season, January 03, 2000, Chris Cosgrove, Retrieved July 2011
Jump up ^ Self Pub Bio, retrieved July 2011
Jump up ^ "09/26/06, Lasker Award: Aaron Beck - Almanac, Vol. 53, No. 5". www.upenn.edu.
Jump up ^ "NIMH » NIMH's Dr. Mortimer Mishkin to be Awarded National Medal of Science". www.nimh.nih.gov.
Further reading[edit]
Psychology and the National Institute of Mental Health: A Historical Analysis of Science, Practice, and Policy, Edited by Wade E. Pickren, PhD and Stanley F. Schneider, PhD, American Psychological Association, 2004, ISBN 1-59147-164-8
External links[edit]
Official website
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA)
Mental Health: A Report from the Surgeon General 2001
Culture, Race and Ethnicity: A Supplement to the Surgeon General's Report
World Health Organization: Global Burden of Disease Study
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Jugular venous pressure
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A man with congestive heart failure and marked jugular venous distention. External jugular vein marked by an arrow; however, JVP is not measured by looking at the external jugular vein even but is instead measured by pulsations of the skin from the internal jugular vein, which is not visible in this image.
The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections and two downward deflections have been described.
The upward deflections are the "a" (atrial contraction), "c" (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and "v" = venous filling
The downward deflections of the wave are the "x" (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the "y" descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).
Contents
[hide]
1 Method
1.1 Visualization
1.2 Differentiation from the carotid pulse
1.3 JVP waveform
1.4 Quantification
1.5 Moodley's Sign
1.6 Abdominojugular test
2 Interpretation
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Method[edit]
Visualization[edit]
The veins of the neck, viewed from in front.
The patient is positioned at a 45° incline, and the filling level of the external jugular vein determined. Visualize the internal jugular vein when looking for the pulsation. In healthy people, the filling level of the jugular vein should be less than 3 centimetres vertical height above the sternal angle. A pen-light can aid in discerning the jugular filling level by providing tangential light.
The JVP is easiest to observe if one looks along the surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, as it is easier to appreciate the movement relative to the neck when looking from the side (as opposed to looking at the surface at a 90 degree angle). Like judging the movement of an automobile from a distance, it is easier to see the movement of an automobile when it is crossing one's path at 90 degrees (i.e., moving left to right or right to left), as opposed to coming toward one.
Pulses in the JVP are rather hard to observe, but trained cardiologists do try to discern these as signs of the state of the right atrium.
Differentiation from the carotid pulse[edit]
The JVP and carotid pulse can be differentiated several ways:
multiphasic - the JVP "beats" twice (in quick succession) in the cardiac cycle. In other words, there are two waves in the JVP for each contraction-relaxation cycle by the heart. The first beat represents that atrial contraction (termed a) and second beat represents venous filling of the right atrium against a closed tricuspid valve (termed v) and not the commonly mistaken 'ventricular contraction'. These wave forms may be altered by certain medical conditions; therefore, this is not always an accurate way to differentiate the JVP from the carotid pulse. The carotid artery only has one beat in the cardiac cycle.
non-palpable - the JVP cannot be palpated. If one feels a pulse in the neck, it is generally the common carotid artery.
occludable - the JVP can be stopped by occluding the internal jugular vein by lightly pressing against the neck. It will fill from above.
varies with head-up-tilt (HUT) - the JVP varies with the angle of neck. If a person is standing, his JVP appears to be lower on the neck (or may not be seen at all because it is below the sternal angle). The carotid pulse's location does not vary with HUT.
varies with respiration - the JVP usually decreases with deep inspiration. Physiologically, this is a consequence of the Frank–Starling mechanism as inspiration decreases the thoracic pressure and increases blood movement into the heart (venous return), which a healthy heart moves into the pulmonary circulation.
JVP waveform[edit]
The Jugular Venous Pressure Waveform
The jugular venous pulsation has a biphasic waveform.
The " a " wave corresponds to right Atrial contraction and ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse. The peak of the 'a' wave demarcates the end of atrial systole.
The " c " wave corresponds to right ventricular Contraction causing the triCuspid valve to bulge towards the right atrium.
The " x' " (x prime) descent follows the 'c' wave and occurs as a result of the right ventricle pulling the tricuspid valve downward during ventricular systole. (As stroke volume is ejected, the ventricle takes up less space in pericardium, allowing relaXed atrium to enlarge). The x' (x prime) descent can be used as a measure of right ventricle contractility.
The " x " descent follows the 'a' wave and corresponds to atrial relaXation and rapid atrial filling due to low pressure.
The " v " wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return - this occurs during and following the carotid pulse.
The " y " descent corresponds to the rapid emptYing of the atrium into the ventricle following the opening of the tricuspid valve.
Quantification[edit]
A classical method for quantifying the JVP was described by Borst & Molhuysen in 1952.[1] It has since been modified in various ways. A venous arch may be used to measure the JVP more accurately.
Moodley's Sign[edit]
This sign is used to determine which waveform you are viewing. Feel the radial pulse while simultaneously watching the JVP. The waveform that is seen immediately after the arterial pulsation is felt is the 'v wave' of the JVP[citation needed].
Abdominojugular test[edit]
Main article: Abdominojugular test
The term "hepatojugular reflux" was previously used as it was thought that compression of the liver resulted in "reflux" of blood out the hepatic sinusoids into the great veins[disambiguation needed], thereby elevating right atrial pressure and visualized as jugular venous distention. The exact physiologic mechanism of jugular venous distention with a positive test is much more complex and the commonly accepted term is now "abdominojugular test".
In a prospective randomized study involving 86 patients who underwent right and left cardiac catheterization, the abdominojugular test was shown to correlate best with the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure. Furthermore, patients with a positive response had lower left ventricular ejection fractions and stroke volumes, higher left ventricular filling pressure, higher mean pulmonary arterial, and higher right atrial pressures.[2]
The abdominojugular test, when done in a standardized fashion, correlates best with the pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and therefore, is probably a reflection of an increased central blood volume. In the absence of isolated right ventricular failure, seen in some patients with right ventricular infarction, a positive abdominojugular test suggests a pulmonary artery wedge pressure of 15 mm Hg or greater.[2]
Interpretation[edit]
Certain wave form abnormalities, include Cannon a-waves, or increased amplitude 'a' waves, are associated with AV dissociation (third degree heart block), when the atrium is contracting against a closed tricuspid valve, or even in ventricular tachycardia. Another abnormality, "c-v waves", can be a sign of tricuspid regurgitation. The absence of 'a' waves may be seen in atrial fibrillation.[3]
An elevated JVP is the classic sign of venous hypertension (e.g. right-sided heart failure). JVP elevation can be visualized as jugular venous distention, whereby the JVP is visualized at a level of the neck that is higher than normal. The paradoxical increase of the JVP with inspiration (instead of the expected decrease) is referred to as the Kussmaul sign, and indicates impaired filling of the right ventricle. The differential diagnosis of Kussmaul's sign includes constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy, pericardial effusion, and severe right-sided heart failure.
An exaggerated "x" wave or diastolic collapse of the neck veins from constrictive pericarditis is referred to as Friedreich's sign.
Raised JVP, normal waveform
Bradycardia
Fluid overload
Heart Failure
Raised JVP, absent pulsation
Superior vena cava syndrome
Large 'a' wave (increased atrial contraction pressure)
Tricuspid stenosis
Right heart failure
Pulmonary hypertension
Cannon 'a' wave (atria contracting against closed tricuspid valve)
Atrial flutter
Premature atrial rhythm (or tachycardia)
Third degree heart block
Ventricular ectopics
Ventricular tachycardia
Absent 'a' wave (no unifocal atrial depolarisation)
Atrial fibrillation
Large 'v' wave (c-v wave)
Tricuspid regurgitation
Absent 'x' descent
Tricuspid regurgitation (sometimes 'x' wave is replaced by a positive wave)
Prominent 'x' descent
Constrictive pericarditis
Slow 'y' descent
Tricuspid stenosis
Cardiac tamponade
Prominent & Deep 'y' descent
Constrictive pericarditis
Parodoxical JVP (Kussmaul's sign: JVP rises with inspiration, drops with expiration)
Pericardial effusion
Constrictive pericarditis
Pericardial tamponade
An important use of the jugular venous pressure is to assess the central venous pressure in the absence of invasive measurements (e.g. with a central venous catheter, which is a tube inserted in the neck veins). A 1996 systematic review concluded that a high jugular venous pressure makes a high central venous pressure more likely, but does not significantly help confirm a low central venous pressure. The study also found that agreement between doctors on the jugular venous pressure can be poor.[4]
See also[edit]
Wiggers diagram
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Borst J, Molhuysen J (1952). "Exact determination of the central venous pressure by a simple clinical method". Lancet. 2 (7): 304–9. PMID 14955978. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(52)92474-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Ewy GA (September 1988). "The abdominojugular test: technique and hemodynamic correlates". Annals of Internal Medicine. 109 (6): 456–60. PMID 3415106. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-6-456.
Jump up ^ Conover, Mary Boudreau (2003). "Bedside Diagnosis". Understanding electrocardiography. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 82. ISBN 0-323-01905-6.
Jump up ^ Cook DJ, Simel DL (February 1996). "The Rational Clinical Examination. Does this patient have abnormal central venous pressure?". JAMA. 275 (8): 630–4. PMID 8594245. doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530320054034.
External links[edit]
Clinical Examination page on JVP
JVP (GPnotebook)
Normal jugular vein waves - Merck Manual
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Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/
Hemodynamics
Blood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell
[show]
v
t
e
Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system (R00–R03, 785)
Chest pain
Referred pain
Angina
Aerophagia
Auscultation
Heart sounds
Split S2
S3
S4
Gallop rhythm
Heart murmur
Systolic
Diastolic
Continuous
Pericardial friction rub
Heart click
Bruit
carotid
Pulse
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Pulsus tardus et parvus
Pulsus paradoxus
doubled
Pulsus bisferiens
Dicrotic pulse
Pulsus bigeminus
Pulsus alternans
Pulse deficit
Vascular disease
Gangrene
Other
Palpitations
Apex beat
Cœur en sabot
Jugular venous pressure
Cannon A waves
Hyperaemia
Shock
Cardiogenic
Hypovolemic
Distributive
Septic
Neurogenic
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