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Government shutdowns in the United States
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Government shutdowns: 1980
1990
1995–1996
2013
2018
Terminology[show]
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In United States politics, a government shutdown occurs when Congress fails to pass or the President fails to sign appropriations: legislation funding federal government operations and agencies. In this case, the current interpretation of the Antideficiency Act requires that the federal government begin a "shutdown" of the affected activities involving the furlough of non-essential personnel and curtailment of agency activities and services. Since 1976, when the current budget and appropriations process was enacted, there have been twenty gaps in budget funding, eight of which led to federal employees being furloughed. Prior to 1990, funding gaps did not always lead to government shutdowns, but since 1990 the practice has been to shut down the government for all funding gaps. Shutdowns have also occurred at the state, territorial and local levels of government.
During the Ronald Reagan administration, there were three funding gaps leading to shutdowns lasting one day or less. A funding gap in 1990 during the George H. W. Bush administration caused a weekend shutdown. During the Bill Clinton administration, there were two full government shutdowns during 1995 and 1996 lasting five and twenty-one days respectively, based on disagreement on whether to cut government services, leading to furloughs and significant disruption. During the Barack Obama administration, a government shutdown occurred during October 1–16, 2013. The primary dispute was the Republicans' desire to delay or defund the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, known colloquially as Obamacare.[1] Under the Donald Trump administration, a shutdown occurred from January 20–22, 2018, and then a funding gap occurred overnight for the first part of the day on 9 February 2018 that did not result in workers being furloughed.[2][3]
Government shutdowns have the effect of disruption to government services and increased cost to the government due to lost labor. During the 2013 shutdown, Standard & Poor's, the financial ratings agency, stated on October 16 that the shutdown had "to date taken $24 billion out of the economy," and "shaved at least 0.6 percent off annualized fourth-quarter 2013 GDP growth."[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanism
2 Effects
3 List of federal shutdowns
3.1 1980
3.2 1981, 1984, and 1986
3.3 1990
3.4 1995–1996
3.5 2013
3.6 2018
4 State and territory governments
5 County governments
6 See also
6.1 U.S.
7 References
8 External links
Mechanism[edit]
Under the separation of powers created by the United States Constitution, the United States Congress has the sole power of the purse and responsibility for appropriating government funds. The appropriations bills must start in the House of Representatives and then be approved by the Senate, and—upon passage of a final version by both houses—then go to the President of the United States. If the President signs the bills, they become law. If instead the President vetoes them, they go back to Congress, where the veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote.
Government shutdowns tend to occur when the President and one or both of the chambers of Congress are unable to resolve disagreements over budget allocations before the existing budget cycle ends.[5]
Initially, many federal agencies continued to operate during shutdowns, while minimizing all nonessential operations and obligations, believing that Congress did not intend that agencies close down while waiting for the enactment of annual appropriations acts or temporary appropriations. In 1980 and 1981, however, Attorney General Benjamin Civiletti issued two opinions that more strictly interpreted the Antideficiency Act in the context of a funding gap, along with its exceptions. The opinions stated that, with some exceptions, the head of an agency could avoid violating the Act only by suspending the agency’s operations until the enactment of an appropriation. In the absence of appropriations, exceptions would be allowed only when there is some reasonable and articulable connection between the function to be performed and the safety of human life or the protection of property.[6] However, even after the Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, only four led to furloughs.[7]
Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United States are nearly impossible in other forms of government. Under the parliamentary system used in most European nations, the executive and legislative branch are not separate, with the parliament designating all executive officials, typically called "ministers", and typically an election is triggered if a budget fails to pass. Even without an approved budget, the one from the previous year is usually used automatically. In many other non-parliamentary democracies, a strong executive branch typically has the authority to keep the government functioning even without an approved budget.[8]
Effects[edit]
Units of the National Park System are closed during a federal government shutdown. Shown here is the National Mall closed during the 2013 shutdown.
While government shutdowns prior to the 1995–1996 shutdowns had very mild effects, a full federal government shutdown causes a large number of civilian federal employees to be furloughed. During a government shutdown, furloughed government employees are prohibited from even checking their e-mail from home. To enforce this prohibition, many agencies require employees to return their government-issued electronic devices for the duration of the shutdown.[9]
Economic data shows that despite the inconvenience arising from a protracted government shutdown (such as the one seen in 2013), any GDP damage or falling job market confidence that results can be managed with relative ease. For example, despite seeing payment delayed to 1.3 million workers, and 800,000 employees locked out,[10] confidence in the job market recovered within a month of the 2013 shutdown,[11][12] and GDP growth slowed only 0.1–0.2%.[10] Still, the loss of GDP from a shutdown is a bigger sum than it would cost to keep the government open.[13]
However, the complete effects of a shutdown are often clouded by missing data that cannot be collected while specific government offices are closed.[10]
Additionally, some effects of the shutdown are difficult to directly measure, and are thought to cause residual impacts in the months following a shutdown. Some examples include destroyed scientific studies, lack of investment, and deferred maintenance costs.[14][15]
The exact details of which government functions stop during a shutdown is determined by the Office of Management and Budget.[16] "Emergency personnel" continue to be employed, including the active duty (Title 10) military, federal law enforcement agents, doctors and nurses working in federal hospitals, and air traffic controllers.[16] For the Department of Defense, at least half of the civilian workforce, and the full-time, dual-status military technicians in the US National Guard and traditional Guardsmen (those on Title 32 status) are furloughed and not paid while the shutdown is in effect.[17][18] Members of Congress continue to be paid, because their pay cannot be altered except by direct law.[19] Mail delivery is not affected as it is self-funded and the funds are not appropriated by Congress.[20] Programs that are funded by laws other than annual appropriations acts (like Social Security) also may be affected by a funding gap, if program execution relies on activities that receive annually appropriated funding.[6]
Shutdowns in the past have also affected the Washington, D.C. municipal government, closing schools and suspending utilities such as garbage collection.[21]
List of federal shutdowns[edit]
See also: List of United States federal funding gaps
This list includes only funding gaps that led to actual employee furloughs. Not all funding gaps have led to shutdowns, even after the Civiletti opinions of 1980 and 1981.[7] For example, a brief funding gap in 1982 did not involve furloughs, with nonessential workers told to report to work but to cancel meetings and not perform their ordinary duties;[22] a three-day funding gap in November 1983 reportedly led to no disruption to government services;[7] and in 1984 it was considered rare for a funding gap to cause federal employees to be actually ordered to cease work.[23]
1980[edit]
Main article: United States federal government shutdown of 1980
On May 1, 1980, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) was shut down for one day after Congress failed to pass an appropriations bill for the agency. It occurred just days after the issuance of Civiletti's opinion on April 25.[24] This was the first time a federal agency shut down due to a budget dispute.[25] Federal Marshals were deployed to some FTC facilities to enforce the shutdown.[26] 1,600 workers were furloughed, and the shutdown cost $700,000.[24][27]
1981, 1984, and 1986[edit]
A recorded message used by the White House telephone switchboard during the 1981 shutdown
On November 23, 1981, 241,000 federal employees were furloughed for one day.[28] The shutdown occurred because President Ronald Reagan vetoed a spending bill that contained a smaller set of spending cuts than he had proposed.[29] The shutdown was estimated to cost taxpayers $80–90 million in back pay and other expenses.[28] Not all government departments shut down during the funding gap.[30]
On October 4, 1984, 500,000 federal employees were furloughed for one afternoon.[28] This shutdown occurred due to the inclusion of a water projects package and a civil rights measure that Reagan opposed. The bill was passed the following day after Congress removed these programs, and also included a compromise on funding of the Nicaraguan Contras.[29] The shutdown only covered nine out of the 13 appropriations bills that had not been passed at that point.[23] Back pay was estimated at $65 million.[28]
On October 17, 1986, 500,000 federal employees were furloughed for one afternoon over a wide range of issues.[28][29] The cost was estimated at $62 million in lost work.[28]
1990[edit]
Main article: United States federal government shutdown of 1990
The 1990 shutdown occurred over Columbus Day weekend, from Saturday, October 6 through Monday, October 8.[28] The shutdown stemmed from the fact that a deficit reduction package negotiated by President George H. W. Bush contained tax increases, despite his campaign promise of "read my lips: no new taxes",[31] leading to a revolt led by then House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich that defeated the initial appropriations package.[32][33] Because the shutdown occurred over a weekend, the effects of the shutdown were lessened, with the National Parks and the Smithsonian museums being the most visible closures.[28] Around 2,800 workers were furloughed, with the government losing $2.57 million in lost revenue and back wages.[34]
1995–1996[edit]
Main article: United States federal government shutdowns of 1995–1996
The two shutdowns of 1995 and 1995–96 were the result of conflicts between Democratic President Bill Clinton and the Republican Congress over funding for Medicare, education, the environment, and public health in the 1996 federal budget. The government shut down after Clinton vetoed the spending bill the Republican Party-controlled Congress sent him. Government workers were furloughed and non-essential services suspended during November 14–19, 1995, and from December 16, 1995, to January 6, 1996, for a total of 27 days. The major players were President Clinton and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Newt Gingrich.
The first of the two shutdowns caused the furlough of about 800,000 workers, while the second caused about 284,000 workers to be furloughed.[6]
2013[edit]
Main article: United States federal government shutdown of 2013
Letter from President Barack Obama to US Government employees affected by the shutdown in 2013
The 2013 shutdown lasted 16 days, beginning on October 1, 2013. During the shutdown, approximately 800,000 federal employees were furloughed for 16 days, while another 1.3 million were required to report to work without known payment dates.[35] The deadlock centered on the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014. The Republican-led House of Representatives, in part encouraged by conservative senators such as Ted Cruz[36] and conservative groups such as Heritage Action,[37][38][39] offered several continuing resolutions with language delaying or defunding the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (commonly known as "Obamacare"). The Democratic-led Senate passed several amended continuing resolutions for maintaining funding at then-current sequestration levels with no additional conditions. Political fights over this and other issues between the House on one side and President Barack Obama and the Senate on the other led to a budget impasse which threatened massive disruption.[40][41][42] Late in the evening of October 16, 2013, Congress passed the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, and the President signed it shortly after midnight on October 17, ending the government shutdown and suspending the debt limit until February 7, 2014.[43]
2018[edit]
Main article: United States federal government shutdowns of 2018
The first shutdown of 2018 began at midnight EST on January 20. On January 19, a bill failed to pass the Senate 50–49 with the majority of Democrats voting "no".[44] Five Republicans voted "no" and five Democrats voted "yes" in the Republican majority senate (60 votes were required for passage). Senate Democrats insisted that the issue of immigration, specifically the funding of DACA, be addressed in the budget. Republicans refused to include the issue, saying that the deadline for DACA and immigration was not until mid-March.[45][46] A stop-gap that would fund the government for four weeks passed the House of Representatives, and Republican Senator Mitch McConnell proposed a three-week stop-gap.[44] The government reopened on January 23.[47]
The second funding gap of 2018 began at midnight EST on February 9. It was the second shutdown in a month. [48] President Trump in the morning hours of February 9, signed the bill into law, stopping the second government shutdown. The spending bill included an increase to the country's borrowing limit and funded the government through March 23, 2018, disaster relief for Texas, Florida and Puerto Rico and a $300 billion for the other programs over two years, including the military. [49]
State and territory governments[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Year
Start date
End date
Total days
Location
References
1991 07-01 !Jul 1 07-17 !Jul 17 17 Maine [50]
1991 07-01 !Jul 1 08-23 !Aug 23 54 Connecticut [50]
1991 07-02 !Jul 2 08-03 !Aug 4 34 Pennsylvania [50]
1992 07-01 !Jul 1 09-01 !Sep 1 63 California [51]
2002 07-01 !Jul 1 07-03 !Jul 3 03 !3 Tennessee [52][50]
2005 07-01 !Jul 1 07-09 !Jul 9 09 !9 Minnesota [53]
2006 05-01 !May 1 05-13 !May 13 13 Puerto Rico
2006 07-01 !Jul 1 07-08 !Jul 8 08 !8 New Jersey [54]
2007 10-01 !Oct 1 10-01 !Oct 1 01 !1 Michigan [55]
2007 07-11 !Jul 11 07-12 !Jul 12 01 !1 Pennsylvania [56][57]
2009 10-01 !Oct 1 10-01 !Oct 1 01 !1 Michigan [58]
2011 07-01 !Jul 1 07-20 !Jul 20 20 Minnesota
2015 07-01 !Jul 1 07-06 !Jul 6 06 !6 Illinois
2017 07-01 !Jul 1 07-04 !Jul 4 03 !3 New Jersey [59][60]
2017 07-01 !Jul 1 07-04 !Jul 4 04 !4 Maine [61]
County governments[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Year
Start date
End date
Total days
Location
References
2005 02-07 !Feb 7 02-07 !Feb 7 1 Erie County, New York [62][63][64]
See also[edit]
Politics portal
Loss of supply
Budget deficit
Fiscal policy
Generational accounting
Lockout
U.S.[edit]
Deficit hawk
Taxation in the United States
Fiscal policy in the United States
National debt by U.S. presidential terms
Starve the beast
United States federal budget
United States public debt
Appropriations bill (United States)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Curry, Tom (September 29, 2013). "Chances of averting government shutdown appear slim". NBC News. Retrieved October 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Kaplan, Thomas (January 21, 2018). "Government Shutdown Begins as Budget Talks Falter in Senate". Retrieved January 21, 2018 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ CNN, Lauren Fox, Phil Mattingly, Ted Barrett, Daniella Diaz and Deirdre Walsh,. "Government shuts down as lawmakers still searching for a deal". Retrieved January 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walshe, Shushannah (October 17, 2013). "The Costs of the Government Shutdown". Archived from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Wearden, Graeme (September 30, 2013). "US Shutdown: A Guide for Non-Americans – The American Government Has Begun Shutting Its Non-Essential Services. Why? And What Will It Mean?". The Guardian. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Brass, Clinton T. (November 30, 2017). "Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects" (PDF). Congressional Research Service (via Federation of American Scientists). Retrieved December 2, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tollestrup, Jessica (October 11, 2013). "Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview". Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Retrieved May 14, 2017. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Zurcher, Anthony (October 1, 2013). "US Shutdown Has Other Nations Confused and Concerned". BBC News. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Liberto, Jennifer (September 25, 2013). "Federal workers: Hand over BlackBerry during shutdown". CNNMoney.com. CNN. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Economist, The (October 5, 2013). "Closed until further notice". The Economist. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Randstad USA. "U.S. Worker Confidence Level Weakens Amid Government Shutdown". www.randstadusa.com. Randstad USA. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Randstad USA. "Employee Confidence Rebounds in Month Following Shutdown". www.randstadusa.com. Randstad USA. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rand Paul rightly says the government shutdown was more expensive than keeping it open". @politifact. Retrieved 2018-01-21.
Jump up ^ Coggan, Philip (October 21, 2013). "Main Street's Revenge". The Economist. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Cross, Tim (October 16, 2013). "Robot-Aided, Mass-Murder Jellyfish Orgy". The Economist. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Keefe, Ed; Kane, Paul (April 2, 2011). "Government Shutdown: Frequently Asked Questions". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2013. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Riley, Charles (April 6, 2011). "Shutdown: 800,000 Federal Workers in the Dark". CNN Money. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Paletta, Damian (April 6, 2011). "Government Prepares for Shutdown". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shear, Michael (April 7, 2011). "Will Members of Congress Get Paid in a Shutdown?". The Caucus (blog of The New York Times). Retrieved April 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kolawole, Emi (April 8, 2011). "Government Shutdown 2011: Will I Get Paid? What Will Be Open? What Can I Expect?". Federal Eye (blog of The Washington Post). Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Jouvenal, Justin (April 8, 2011). "Government Shutdown Could Prove Smelly for D.C". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tolchin, Martin (October 1, 1982). "Conferees Adopt Stopgap Fund Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Pear, Robert (October 4, 1984). "Senate Works Past Deadline On Catchall Government Spending Bill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Barringer, Felicity (November 24, 1981). "Behind the Shutdown, a Long-Dormant Law". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Merrill (May 1, 1980). "FTC Temporarily Closed in Budget Dispute". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Merrill (May 2, 1980). "Congress Revives FTC With an Injection of Funds". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ Cass, Connie (September 30, 2013). "A Complete Guide To Every Government Shutdown In History". Business Insider. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Borkowski, Monica (1995-11-11). "Looking back: Previous Government Shutdowns". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-04-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Matthews, Dylan (September 25, 2013). "Wonkblog: Here is every previous government shutdown, why they happened and how they ended". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Office (December 10, 1981). "Cost of the Recent Partial Shutdown of Government Offices". U.S. General Accounting Office (PAD-82-24).
Jump up ^ "The Budget Battle: Countdown to Crisis: Reaching a 1991 Budget Agreement". The New York Times. October 9, 1990. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Yang, John E.; Kenworthy, Tom (October 5, 1990). "House Rejects Deficit-Reduction Agreement: Federal Shutdown Looms After Budget Vote". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ Woodward, Bob (December 24, 2011). "In his debut in Washington's power struggles, Gingrich threw a bomb". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Government Shutdown: Data on Effects of 1990 Columbus Day Weekend Funding Lapse". U.S. General Accounting Office. October 19, 1990. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plumer, Brad (September 30, 2013). "Absolutely everything you need to know about how the government shutdown will work". Wonk Blog, The Washington Post. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Barro, Josh (September 17, 2013). "Ted Cruz Is Making Life Miserable For House Republicans". Business Insider.
Jump up ^ Moody, Chris (October 9, 2013). "Meet one of the conservative advocacy groups behind the GOP's government shutdown strategy". Yahoo! News.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Cameron (October 9, 2013). "Heritage Action leader: Paul Ryan's shutdown offer off-target". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Miller, Zeke J (September 30, 2013). "Hidden Hand: How Heritage Action Drove DC To Shut Down". Time.
Jump up ^ House passes spending bill to defund Obamacare, Stephen Dinan, The Washington Times, September 20, 2013
Jump up ^ House GOP launches shutdown battle by voting to defund Obamacare, Tom Cohen, CNN, September 20, 2013
Jump up ^ Espo, David (September 30, 2013). "Republican Unity Frays As Government Shutdown Looms". Huffington Post. AOL. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Tom (October 17, 2013). "House approves bill to end shutdown". CNN International. Retrieved October 17, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Times, The New York (2018). "Government Shuts Down as Bill to Extend Funding Is Blocked; Senate Adjourns for the Night". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ Shaw, Adam (2018-01-20). "Government braces for shutdown as Senate fails to meet deadline for spending deal". Fox News. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ Ferrechio, Susan. "Democrats under pressure to block spending bill over Dreamers". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
Jump up ^ CNN, Ted Barrett, Dana Bash, Daniella Diaz and Ashley Killough,. "Congress approves plan to end shutdown, reopen government". CNN. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Andrew. "Congress stumbles into gov't shutdown, budget deal stalled". Associated Press. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Brown, Michael. "Trump signs $400 billion spending deal reached by Congress". Fox News. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scheck, Tom (July 8, 2011). "Shutdown Day 8: All quiet as record book awaits". Minnesota Public Radio.
Jump up ^ "Senate, Assembly OK Budget; Wilson Awaits Final Package". Los Angeles Times. August 30, 1992.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee Government in Partial Shutdown". Free Republic. Associated Press. July 1, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Minnesota Experiences Unprecedented Government Shutdown Due to a Budget Deadlock". OMB Watch. 6 (14). July 11, 2005. Archived from the original on February 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ Richard C. Jones (July 7, 2006). "Deal on Sales Tax Ends Shutdown in New Jersey". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nick Bunkley (October 1, 2007). "Michigan Government Shutdown Ends". New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pa. State Agencies Back in Operation After Budget Deal Struck".
Jump up ^ "Central PA Local News –". Pennlive.com. Retrieved September 27, 2013. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Jonathan Oosting (October 6, 2013). "Government shutdown? Michigan has been there, done that and moved on". M-Live. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ Corasaniti, Nick (June 30, 2017). "New Jersey Government Shuts Down Over Budget Standoff" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "It's a done deal: Christie will end state shutdown in time for July 4, sources say".
Jump up ^ "With no budget deal, Maine partially shuts its government". Boston Globe. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Budget Mess Hits Cultural Groups". The Buffalo News. February 7, 2005.
Jump up ^ "County Leaders Brace for Closings". The Buffalo News. February 21, 2005.
Jump up ^ "Services Shut Down as County Fails to Pay Up". The Buffalo News. July 3, 2005.
External links[edit]
Congressional Research Service: Shutdown of the Federal Government: Causes, Processes, and Effects
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Government shutdowns in the United States
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List of federal funding gaps
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Lackland Air Force Base
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lackland Air Force Base
Joint Base San Antonio
Part of Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
Located in Bexar County, Texas
Military Training Instructors and trainees participating in the Basic Military Training graduation parade.
Coordinates
29°23′17″N 98°37′15″W / 29.3880°N 98.6207°W / 29.3880; -98.6207
Type
Air Force Base
Site information
Controlled by
United States Air Force
Site history
Built
1941
In use
1941–present
Garrison information
Garrison
802d Mission Support Group
Airfield information
IATA: SKF
ICAO: KSKF
Summary
Elevation AMSL
691 ft / 211 m
Coordinates
29°23′03″N 98°34′52″W / 29.38417°N 98.58111°W / 29.38417; -98.58111
Website
www.basictraining.af.mil
Map
KSKF
Location of Lackland Air Force Base
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
15/33 11,550 3,529 Concrete
Lackland Air Force Base (IATA: SKF, ICAO: KSKF, FAA LID: SKF) is a United States Air Force base located in Bexar County, Texas. The base is under the jurisdiction of the 802d Mission Support Group, Air Education and Training Command (AETC) and an enclave of the city of San Antonio. It is the only entry processing station for Air Force enlisted Basic Military Training (BMT).
Lackland AFB is part of Joint Base San Antonio, an amalgamation of the United States Army Fort Sam Houston, the United States Air Force Randolph Air Force Base and Lackland Air Force Base, which were merged on 1 October 2010.[1] Joint Base San Antonio (JBSA), which includes Lackland Air Force Base, was established in accordance with congressional legislation implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The legislation ordered the consolidation of the three facilities which were adjoining, but separate military installations, into a single joint base – one of 12 joint bases formed in the United States as a result of the law.
Contents
[hide]
1 Units
2 Training Mission
2.1 Basic training (enlisted)
2.2 Officer Training
2.3 Technical training
3 History
3.1 World War II
3.2 Cold War
3.3 Air Defense Command
3.4 Post Cold War era
3.5 Sexual assault scandal
3.6 2016 shooting
4 Airlines and destinations
4.1 Cargo
5 Census information
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Units[edit]
502d Installation Support Group
A unit of the JBSA 502d Air Base Wing, the 502d ISG is the focal point for all base activities, serving and supporting the 37th and 737th Training Groups and all of its mission partners as well as the more than 24,000 retirees living in the local area.
37th Training Wing
37th Training Group
Provides professional, military and technical training in the knowledge and skills needed for graduates to perform their jobs worldwide. Joint service training for Air Force, Army, Navy and Marine personnel is provided in numerous courses, such as the military working dog program and security and law enforcement
737th Training Group
Provides Air Force Basic Military Training for all enlisted people entering the Air Force, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard, earning Lackland the nickname, "Gateway to the Air Force."
Inter-American Air Forces Academy
Fostering enduring Inter-American engagement through education and training. Teaches 37 technical courses, in Spanish and in English, to students from more than 22 countries every year.
Defense Language Institute
Primary mission was to teach English to Allied pilot candidates. In 1966, its mission expanded to include other career fields, and the school moved under the DoD with the U.S. Army as the executive agent.
Twenty-Fifth Air Force
Organizes, trains, equips and presents assigned forces and capabilities to conduct intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance for combatant commanders and the nation. It also implements and oversees the execution of Air Force policies intended to expand ISR capabilities.
Twenty-Fourth Air Force
Extends, operates and defends the Air Force portion of the Department of Defense network and provide full spectrum capabilities for the Joint warfighter in, through, and from cyberspace.
624th Operations Center
Interfaces with theater and functional Air Operations Centers to establish, plan, direct, coordinate, assess, and command & control cyber operations in support of AF and Joint warfighting requirements.
Lackland AFB hosts a collection of vintage military aircraft on static display on its parade grounds, including a Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II, Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, B-29 Superfortress, C-121 Constellation, Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and a B-25 Mitchell.
Training Mission[edit]
Lackland Air Force Base is home to the 37th Training Wing (37 TRW) which operates a variety of training squadrons. Within the 37th TRW is the 37th Training Group (37 TRG) which oversees the 5 technical training schools on the base, and the 737 TRG which oversees the Basic Military Training squadrons.
Basic training (enlisted)[edit]
Main article: United States Air Force Basic Military Training
A Staff Sergeant Military Training Instructor (TI) at Lackland in 2009. RH&T dormitories in background.
A group of Airmen taking part in the Airman's Run, the final run before graduation.
Lackland is best known for its role in being the sole location for U.S. Air Force enlisted Basic Military Training (BMT) for the active duty Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard. BMT is organized into 9 basic training squadrons, each with their own training site on the base. Each squadron is equipped with either a dining facility or a medical clinic. Some BMT squadrons share dining facilities if they are located close enough together and the same is true for medical clinics. Each squadron also has a specific exercise area where basic trainees conduct physical readiness training (PRT). Also, AFOSI anti-terrorism teams are trained here.
In October 2008 the BMT was expanded an extra two weeks to implement more air base defense training as well as other rudimentary skills. The BMT course of training is at 8 1⁄2 weeks.
Officer Training[edit]
Prior to 22 September 1993, Lackland AFB's Medina Annex was also home to Air Force Officer Training School (OTS), one of three USAF officer accession and commissioning sources in addition to the U.S. Air Force Academy and Air Force ROTC. On 25 September 1993, OTS permanently relocated to Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
Technical training[edit]
Lackland, like many other Air Education and Training Command (AETC) bases, trains enlisted airmen out of basic training in a specific specialty via various "tech schools." Lackland currently has six technical training squadrons on base training multiple airmen in various Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSCs).
The 37th Training Group supports the following five training squadrons and also trains technical training instructors, military training instructors and military training leaders.
The 341st Training Squadron trains military working dogs and handlers for the entire Department of Defense and several federal agencies.
The 342nd Training Squadron teaches Pararescuemen, Combat Controllers, Special Operations Weathermen, Tactical Air Control Party members, Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) Specialists, and a variety of advanced Security Forces courses.
The 343rd TRS trains airmen to become Security Forces members in a 13-week academy.
The 344th TRS provides technical training for more than 10,000 active duty, Reserve, Guard, international and civilian students annually in Career Enlisted Aviator, Vehicle Maintenance, Logistics Readiness Officer, Logistics Plans, Materiel Management, Contracting, Recruiting, Safety, Cryptological, and TEMPEST courses.
The 345th TRS trains, develops and educates technical training students into skilled graduates in the Services, Air Transportation, Hazardous Material Transportation School (HAZMAT) and Traffic Management Office career fields..
History[edit]
World War II[edit]
Construction on Lackland Air Force Base began on 15 Jun, 1941, and it was originally part of Kelly Field. One year later, it became an independent organization—the San Antonio Aviation Cadet Center. On 8 January 1943, the War Department constituted and activated the 78th Flying Training Wing (Preflight) at San Antonio and assigned it to the AAF Central Flying Training Command. The 78th Wing provided aviation cadets the mechanics and physics of flight and required the cadets to pass courses in mathematics and the hard sciences. Then the cadets were taught to apply their knowledge practically by teaching them aeronautics, deflection shooting, and thinking in three dimensions. Once completed, the graduates were designated as aviation cadets and were sent to one of the primary flight schools for pilot training.
Cold War[edit]
On 3 Feb 1948, the facility was named Lackland AFB after Brigadier General Frank Lackland, who was commissioned into the regular Army after serving in the National Guard, District of Columbia. It shared Basic Military Training status temporarily with Sampson Air Force Base during the Korean War and Amarillo Air Force Base during the Vietnam War until Amarillo AFB's closure in 1968.
As a result of the Korean War, training populations at Lackland soared to 28 basic military training squadrons (BMTS) within the 3700th Military Training Wing. Temporary facilities, to include 129 "I dormitories", were hastily erected as a quick fix to replace tents cities housing recruits. In 1955 the number of BMTS was reduced to 16, where it remained for the next two decades.
The Vietnam War buildup necessitated a "split-phase" training from August 1965 to April 1966. This program provided for 22 days at Lackland and 8 days at a technical school, with directed duty assignees receiving the full 30 days at Lackland. When BMT returned to a single phase on 1 April 1966, it was briefly cut back to 24 days from April to July 1966. After that, basic training stabilized at a length of six weeks. This was the same length as the program used by the Army Air Forces when Lackland opened as a basic training base 20 years before. Training requirements also expanded to include teaching English to Allied military members from foreign countries.
No other item in the 1960s compared to the incident that occurred at Lackland in February 1966 with the death of a basic trainee. An airman died of spinal meningitis and while ten other cases were confirmed, no other deaths were reported. Virtually all non-essential activities requiring gatherings of basic trainees were canceled. To control the issue further, a cadre of personnel was assigned to activate the 3330th Basic Military Training School at Amarillo Air Force Base in Amarillo, Texas, in February 1966. As a result of the continuing expansion of the USAF, Amarillo AFB continued to conduct basic training until December 1968.
During the 1960s, more permanent facilities were constructed, including four 1,000-person steel and brick Recruit Housing and Training (RH&T) dormitories built between 1966 and 1970 for basic military training by the Lackland Military Training Center. These state-of-the-art buildings included living space, dining halls, and training areas for four basic training squadrons under one roof. Eventually six full-size dormitories, and two 600-person facilities, were constructed, enabling excess space to be converted to classroom use.
Air Defense Command[edit]
In late 1951 Air Defense Command selected Lackland Air Force Base as one of twenty-eight radar stations built as part of the second segment of the permanent radar surveillance network. Prompted by the start of the Korean War, on 11 July 1950, the Secretary of the Air Force asked the Secretary of Defense for approval to expedite construction of the second segment of the permanent network. Receiving the Defense Secretary’s approval on 21 July, the Air Force directed the Corps of Engineers to proceed with construction.
On 1 February 1953 the 741st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was activated at Lackland (P-75) 29°23′16.4″N 98°37′59.9″W / 29.387889°N 98.633306°W / 29.387889; -98.633306 (P-75) with an AN/FPS-3 search radar and an AN/FPS-4 height-finder radar. In 1958 the AN/FPS-4 height-finder radar was replaced by AN/FPS-6 and AN/FPS-6A sets.
By late 1959 Lackland was also performing air-traffic-control duties for the Federal Aviation Administration. At this time the site hosted an AN/FPS-20A radar. One AN/FPS-6 was retired by 1963. On 31 July 1963, the site was redesignated as NORAD ID Z-75.
In addition to the main facility, Lackland operated an AN/FPS-14 Gap Filler site:
Schulenburg, TX (P-75A): 30°33′45″N 099°26′50.2″W / 30.56250°N 99.447278°W / 30.56250; -99.447278 (P-75A)
In 1965 AN/FPS-20A was upgraded to an AN/FPS-91A radar, then in 1969 it was modified to an AN/FPS-66A. The 741st Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron was inactivated in December 1969, and the FAA assumed control of the radar site.
In September 1972, the Houston-based 630th Radar Squadron sent a detachment (OL-D) to this FAA-operated site to set up an AN/FPS-6 height-finder radar to join the AN/FPS-66A search radar already in place (Z-241). The Air Force ceased using the Lackland AFB radar site on 30 September 1976.[2][3][4]
Today the Lackland ADC site has been taken over by the FAA (also known as 'San Antonio') and remains in operation. This now-FAA long-range radar site is now data-tied into the Joint Surveillance System. The site still operates the AN/FPS-66A search radar.
Post Cold War era[edit]
From the end of the Cold War, Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) actions in the 1990s relocated several specialized training programs at Lackland. This included Air Education and Training Command's relocation of Air Force Officer Training School (OTS) from Lackland to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama.
Lackland gained a flying mission when adjacent Kelly Air Force Base closed in 2001. The two-mile-long runway is now a joint-use facility between Lackland AFB and the city of San Antonio. The portion of the former Kelly AFB still under USAF control is now known as Lackland AFB/Kelly Field Annex and its permanently based flying units include the Air Force Reserve Command's (AFRC) 433d Airlift Wing, an Air Mobility Command (AMC)-gained unit flying the C-5 Galaxy and the 149th Fighter Wing of the Texas Air National Guard, an AETC-gained unit flying the F-16 Fighting Falcon. The civilian side of the former Kelly AFB is now known as Port San Antonio and hosts numerous major DoD defense contractors such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin, many of which directly or indirectly support major overhaul and repair of military aircraft previously conducted, and in facilities previously occupied, by the Air Force's former San Antonio Air Logistics Center (SA-ALC) when Kelly was an active Air Force Logistics Command (AFLC) and Air Force Material Command (AFMC) installation.
In addition, with the closure of Kelly AFB Lackland gained the section of base known as Security Hill. Security Hill is home to numerous units such as Air Force Space Command's 24th Air Force and 67th Network Warfare Wing and the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency. All units on Security Hill are considered tenant units.
Lackland now consists of the Kelly airstrip, Security Hill, main base Lackland, and the old Medina officer training base now named Medina/Lackland Training Annex. With the exception of a few buildings most of the old Kelly air base including the housing has been turned over to civilian jurisdiction.
On 15 May 2009, Air Force officials announced that Lackland is the preferred alternative location for the 24th Air Force.[5]
In winter of 2009 it was decided to combine all the military bases in San Antonio into one large base named Joint Base San Antonio.[6][7]
In April 2012 Lackland served as an overflow shelter for an influx of illegal immigrant minors after the Administration for Children and Families determined that all other local shelters were filled to capacity.[8]
On October 28, 2013, the Military Working Dog Teams National Monument was unveiled during a dedication ceremony with full military fanfare.[9][10] The U.S. National Monument was authorized with the passage of Public Law 110-181, Section 2877,[11] (having been introduced to Congress by Rep. Walter B. Jones) which was passed by the United States Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The monument was built next to the Basic Military Training Parade Field, that location being chosen due to the historical significance of the base as the training center and headquarters of the United States Department of Defense Military Working Dog Program.
Sexual assault scandal[edit]
In the sexual assault scandal at the training centre, dozens of female and male recruits said that they were sexually harassed or raped by their instructors from 2010 onward.[12][13]
2016 shooting[edit]
On April 8, 2016, an airman on the base shot and killed a squadron commander, then killed himself.[14][15]
Airlines and destinations[edit]
Cargo[edit]
Airlines
Destinations
Amazon Prime Air
operated by Atlas Air and ABX Air Baltimore, Cincinnati, Ontario
Census information[edit]
Trey Soule, center, launches his model rocket during STARBASE Kelly, a five-day summer camp providing math, science and technology education to fourth, fifth and sixth-graders.
Location of Lackland AFB in Bexar County
The U.S. Census Bureau counts the base as a census-designated place, with a population at the 2010 census of 9,918.[16]
As of the census[17] of 2000, there are 7,123 people, 174 households, and 152 families residing on the base. The population density is 642.6/km² (1,662.6/mi²). There are 412 housing units at an average density of 37.2/km² (96.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 65.20% White, 19.01% Black or African American, 0.86% Native American, 3.64% Asian, 0.32% Pacific Islander, 2.20% from other races, and 8.77% from two or more races. 13.77% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 174 households out of which 79.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% are married couples living together, 9.2% have a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% are non-families. 12.1% of all households are made up of individuals. The average household size is 3.49 and the average family size is 3.78.
On the base the population is spread out with 5.3% under the age of 18, 79.8% from 18 to 24, 14.5% from 25 to 44, 0.4% from 45 to 64, and none who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 20 years. For every 100 females there are 256 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 267.3 males.
The median income for a household in the base is $32,250, and the median income for a family is $31,923. Males have a median income of $16,435 versus $15,572 for females. The per capita income for the base is $10,048. 7.3% of the population and 6.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 7.3% of those under the age of 18 are living below the poverty line.
See also[edit]
United States Air Force portal
Military of the United States portal
World War II portal
433rd Security Forces Squadron
Texas Cryptology Center
Texas World War II Army Airfields
Air Training Command
Twenty-Fourth Air Force
List of USAF Aerospace Defense Command General Surveillance Radar Stations
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
Jump up ^ Joint Base San Antonio 502d ABW
Jump up ^ A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
Jump up ^ Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
Jump up ^ Information for Lackland AFB, TX
Jump up ^ Lackland chosen as cyber numbered Air Force headquarters
Jump up ^ Joint Base San Antonio MOA becomes official
Jump up ^ Joint Base San Antonio is largest installation
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Manny (28 April 2012). "Base Serves as Home for Children Caught at Border". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ U.S. Military Dedicates First National Monument to Combat Dogs, Yahoo News, October 28, 2013
Jump up ^ New MWD monument meaningful to fallen handler's family, JBSA Lackland Public Affairs, November 7, 2013
Jump up ^ Public Law 110-181, Public Law 110-181, January 28, 2008
Jump up ^ "Air Force anti-assault officer Krusinski 'groped woman'". BBC News. 7 May 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.salon.com/2013/02/27/survivor_of_sexual_violence_at_lackland_air_force_base_speaks_out/
Jump up ^ "Air Force anti-assault officer Krusinski 'groped woman'Sheriff: At least 1 dead in shooting at Lackland Air Force base in Texas; gunman still active". Daily Herald. April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Two Dead At Lackland Air Force Base In Texas". YouTube. FOX 10 Phoenix. Retrieved April 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Lackland AFB CDP, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lackland Air Force Base.
Lackland AFB official site
Lackland AFB Personnel Locator
USAF: A Narrative History of Lackland Air Force Base
USAF Airman Heritage Museum
USAF BMT Flight Photograph Project
802nd Force Support Squadron (formerly Lackland Services) Website
Unofficial website
Lackland Air Force Base at LacklandAFB.com (Comprehensive Lackland AFB Directory)
BRAC 2005: Closings, Realignments to Reshape Infrastructure
Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Colonel Edward B. Westermann from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
Military Working Dog Teams National Monument official site
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[show]
v
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[show]
v
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Nickname: Alamo City
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See also: List of museums in Central Texas
Entertainment
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Companies
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Firstmark Credit Union
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Valero
Research
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Military
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Brooks City-Base
Camp Bullis
Fort Sam Houston
Lackland Air Force Base
Pershing House
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Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center
Parks
Acequia Park
Brackenridge Park
Denman Estate Park
Dwight D. Eisenhower Park
Friedrich Wilderness Park
Government Canyon State Natural Area
Hardberger Park
Mahncke Park
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Japanese Tea Garden
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Travis Park
Restaurants
and shopping
Bill Miller Bar-B-Q Enterprises
Buckhorn Saloon & Museum
Don Pedro Mexican Restaurant
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Guenther House
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[show]
v
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Municipalities and communities of Bexar County, Texas, United States
County seat: San Antonio
Cities
Alamo Heights
Balcones Heights
Castle Hills
Cibolo‡
Converse
Elmendorf‡
Fair Oaks Ranch‡
Grey Forest
Helotes
Hill Country Village
Kirby
Leon Valley
Live Oak
Lytle‡
Olmos Park
San Antonio‡
Sandy Oaks
Schertz‡
Selma‡
Shavano Park
Somerset
Terrell Hills
Universal City‡
Von Ormy
Windcrest
Towns
China Grove
Hollywood Park
St. Hedwig
CDPs
Cross Mountain
Lackland AFB
Macdona
Randolph AFB
Scenic Oaks
Timberwood Park
Other
unincorporated
communities
Adkins
Atascosa
Leon Springs
Losoya
Martinez
Sayers
Wetmore
Footnotes
‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lackland_Air_Force_Base&oldid=799464643"
Categories:
Bases of the United States Air Force
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