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Parking meter
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A digital Duncan brand parking meter which accepts coins or credit cards
A parking meter is a device used to collect money in exchange for the right to park a vehicle in a particular place for a limited amount of time. Parking meters can be used by municipalities as a tool for enforcing their integrated on-street parking policy, usually related to their traffic and mobility management policies, but are also used for revenue.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Fully electrical
1.2 Security issues
1.3 Legality in the United States
2 Variable pricing
3 Alternatives
3.1 In-vehicle parking meters
4 See also
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
History[edit]
Parking meter ca. 1940
An early patent for a parking meter, US patent,[1] was filed by Roger W. Babson, on August 30, 1928. The meter was intended to operate on power from the battery of the parking vehicle and required a connection from the vehicle to the meter.
Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale designed the first working parking meter, the Black Maria, in 1935. The History Channel's... History's Lost and Found documents their success in developing the first working parking meter. Thuesen and Hale were engineering professors at Oklahoma State University and began working on the parking meter in 1933 at the request of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma lawyer and newspaper publisher Carl C. Magee.[2] The world's first installed parking meter was in Oklahoma City on July 16, 1935.[3][4][5] Magee received a patent for the apparatus on 24 May 1938.[6]
Industrial production started in 1936 and expanded until the mid-1980s. The first models were based on a coin acceptor, a dial to engage the mechanism and a visible pointer and flag to indicate expiration of paid period. This configuration lasted for more than 40 years, with only a few changes in the exterior design, such as a double-headed design (to cover two adjacent parking spaces), and the incorporation of new materials and production techniques.[7]
M.H. Rhodes Inc. of Hartford, Connecticut started making meters for Mark-Time Parking Meter Company of Miami, where the first Rhodes meters were installed in 1936. These were different from the Magee design because only the driver's action of turning a handle was necessary to keep the spring wound, while Magee's meters needed a serviceman to wind the spring occasionally.[8]
A fully mechanical Duncan brand parking meter which accepts U.S. pennies, nickels, and dimes
Upon insertion of coins into a currency detector slot or swiping a credit card or smartcard into a slot, and turning a handle (or pressing a key), a timer is initiated within the meter. Some locations now allow payment by mobile phone (to remotely record payments for subsequent checking and enforcement).[9] A dial or display on the meter indicates the time remaining. In many cities, all parking meters are designed to use only one type of coin. Use of other coins will fail to register, and the meter may cease to function altogether. For example, in Hackensack, New Jersey all parking meters are designed for quarters only.[10]
In 1960, New York City hired its first crew of "meter maids"; all were women. It was not until 1967 that the first man was hired.[11]
In the mid-1980s, a digital version was introduced, replacing the mechanical parts with electronic components: boards, keyboards and displays. This allowed more flexibility to the meter, as an EEPROM chip can be reconfigured more easily than corresponding mechanical components.
By the beginning of the 1990s, millions of parking meter units had been sold around the world, but the market was already looking into new solutions, like the collective pay and display machines and new forms of payment that appeared along with electronic money and communication technologies.
A modern pay and display parking meter in Melbourne, Australia.
Fully electrical[edit]
A solar-powered multi-space meter in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Similar meters are also used in White Rock, British Columbia,[12] and Houston, Texas.[13] Solar is optional.
More modern parking meters are generically called multispace meters (as opposed to single space meters) and control multiple spaces per block (typically 8-12) or lot (unlimited). While with these meters the parker may have to walk several car lengths to the meter, there are significant benefits in terms of customer service, performance and efficiency.[14] Multispace meters incorporate more customer-friendly features such as on-screen instructions and acceptance of credit cards for payment—no longer do drivers have to have pockets full of coins. While they still may be prone to coin jams and other types of vandalism, most of these meters are wireless and can report problems immediately to maintenance staff, who can then fix the meters so that they are not out of service for very long.
With pay by space meters, the driver parks in a space, goes to the meter and enters the space number and makes payment. The meter memorizes the time remaining, and enforcement personnel press the bay buttons to check for violations.
Parking meter in Downtown Austin Texas
Other advances with parking meters include vehicle detection technology, which allows the pay by space meters to know when there is a car parked in a space. This opens the door for benefits for parking managers, including providing way-finding (directing drivers to unoccupied spaces via the web or via street signs), enabling remote violation detection, and gathering vital statistics about parking supply and demand. Some meters allow payment for additional time by phone, and notify drivers when they are about to expire.[15] Parking meters in Santa Monica use vehicle detectors to prevent drivers from "feeding the meter" indefinitely, and to delete remaining time when a car departs so the next car cannot take any time without paying.[16] Meters in Madrid give discounted and free parking to drivers of hybrid and electric vehicles, respectively.[16] Drivers can reserve meters spots in Los Angeles by cellphone.[17]
Another advancement with parking meters are the new solar-powered meters that accept credit cards and still coins as well. The IPS Group, in San Diego, invented the credit card enabled solar powered “smart” single-space meter in 2007. IPS has continued to pioneer effective power management systems and now provides the best system on the market today. IPS offers a full parking solution, including a portfolio of multi-space and single-space smart meters that fully integrate with the IPS data management system. [18] They were installed in Los Angeles in 2010, and Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa stated "the city's Department of Transportation had projected the 10,000 Coin & Card parking meters installed over the last six months would generate 1-1.5 million in revenue each year".[19] These parking meters replace the top of the meter, but use the existing pole, and use solar power, which can help with sending technicians a wireless signal when in need
A basic model multi bay parking meter in Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia.
for repair. These credit card machines accept Visa, MasterCard, and American Express, and can vary at different locations. DDOT (the District of Columbia Department of Transportation) states that this new parking meter will provide: "better return on tax payer's investment, a variety of options, reduced maintenance, a variety of easy payment options, and increased reliability".[20]
New digital meters now account for all of New York City's 62,000 single-space parking meters, which are more accurate and more difficult to break into. New York City retired its last spring-loaded, single-space, mechanical parking meter – which was located at West 10th Street and Surf Avenue in Coney Island – on December 20, 2006. "The world changes. Just as the [subway] token went, now the manual meter has gone," said Iris Weinshall, the city's transportation commissioner, at a small ceremony marking the occasion, the New York Times reported.[21]
Security issues[edit]
A worker emptying cash from a parking meter in 1960.
Machines accept not only coins, but bills, credit, debit and prepaid cards.
Parking meters are exposed to the elements and to vandals so protection of the device and its cash contents is a priority. The meters are frequently targeted in areas where parking regulations and enforcement are widely perceived to be unfair and predatory.[22][23]
Some cities have learned the hard way that these machines must be upgraded regularly, essentially playing an arms race with vandals. In Berkeley, California, the cut-off remains of meter poles were a common sight during the late 1990s, and parking was largely free throughout the city until the city government installed digital parking meters with heavier poles in 2000 (which were eventually vandalized as well).[24]
Legality in the United States[edit]
Machine in Toronto
Parking meters installed by municipalities are considered legal if the parking meters are used for purposes of parking regulation and not for revenue purposes.[citation needed] In a 1937 case in Oklahoma,[25] H.E. Duncan contended that the ordinances impose a fee for the free use of the streets, which is a right of all citizens of the state granted by state law. The Courts ruled that free use of the streets is not an absolute right, but agreed with an unpublished[citation needed] 1936 Florida court decision that said, "If it had been shown that the streets on which parking meters have been installed under this ordinance are not streets where the traffic is sufficiently heavy to require any parking regulations of this sort, or that the city was making inordinate and unjustified profits by means of the parking meters, and was resorting to their use not for regulatory purposes but for revenue only, there might have been a different judgment."[26]
One of the first parking meter tickets resulted in the first court challenge to metered parking enforcement. Rev. C.H. North of Oklahoma's City's Third Pentecostal Holiness Church had his citation dismissed when he claimed he had gone to a grocery store to get change for the meter.[27]
The North Carolina Supreme Court judged that a city could not pledge on-street parking meter fee proceeds as security for bonds issued to build off-street parking decks. The court said, "Streets of a municipality are provided for public use. A city board has no valid authority to rent, lease or let a parking space on the streets to an individual motorist 'for a fee' or to charge a rate or toll therefor. Much less may it lease or let the whole system of on-street parking meters for operation by a private corporation or individual."[28]
A 2009 lawsuit filed by the Independent Voters of Illinois-Independent Precinct Organization (IVI-IPO) claimed the City of Chicago's 2008 concession agreement for the operation of its parking meters to a private company violated state law.[29] In November 2010, portions of the suit were thrown out by the Cook County Circuit Court, including the claim that the city was using public funds unlawfully to enforce parking regulations after it was decided by the presiding judge that the city retained its ability to write tickets and enforce parking laws.[30] However, the judge allowed other parts of the suit to stand, including an accusation that the city unlawfully conceded some of its policing power and its ability to set parking and traffic policy to the private company in the concession agreement.[30] As of January 2011, the suit remained active, with the City of Chicago maintaining that the city retains all policing power, maintains responsibility for traffic management, and, through the concession agreement, retains control over rates.[31][32]
Variable pricing[edit]
Dr. Donald Shoup argues that parking meters should have variable prices to maintain an 85 percent occupancy rate.[33] This would facilitate an optimum turnover of vehicles resulting in an optimum turnover of customers for roadside shops. It would also reduce the amount of time wasted looking for a place to park. The SFpark system in San Francisco follows this recommendation.
Alternatives[edit]
Parking meter with a digital display
In the US states of Texas, Maryland, California, Massachusetts, Utah, Virginia, and the whole of the European Union (except many private car parks in the UK and possibly elsewhere), holders of a Disabled parking permit are exempt from parking meter fees. In some other states handicapped parking meters exist, which not only must be paid at the same rate as regular meters, but one will also be subject to receiving a violation ticket if a valid handicap license plate or placard is not displayed on the vehicle.
Some cities have gone to a device called a Parkulator, in which the users purchase a display device, usually for $5 or $10, then load it with as much time as they care to purchase.[34] They then activate the device when they park at a location, and place the display device on their dashboard so it is visible from the front windshield. The device counts down the time remaining on the device while it remains activated. When they return, then the clock stops running, and the person does not overpay for time unused. In the UK, it is now possible to park and pay with credit or debit card through a dedicated telephone service.[35] Civil Enforcement Officers that patrol the parking area are automatically informed through their handheld devices.
In-vehicle parking meters[edit]
Main article: In-Vehicle Parking Meter
An example of an in-vehicle parking meter, the EasyPark device by Parx
An In-Vehicle Parking Meter (IVPM) (also known as in-vehicle personal meter, in-car parking meter, or personal parking meter) is a handheld electronic device, the size of a pocket calculator, that drivers display in their car windows either as a parking permit or as proof of parking payment.[36] Implementation of IVPM began in the late 1980s in Arlington, VA,[37] and is spreading to campuses and municipalities worldwide as a centralized method of parking management, revenue collection, and compliance enforcement. There have since been similar adaptations including the Comet and SmartPark by Ganis Systems,[38] EasyPark by Parx (a subsidiary of On Track Innovations),[39] ParkMagic by ParkMagic Ireland,[40] iPark by Epark, and AutoParq by Duncan Industries. Another technology offers the possibility of reloading money (parking time) to the device via a secure Internet site.
See also[edit]
Coupon parking
Ticket machine
Decriminalised parking enforcement
Disc parking
In-Vehicle Parking Meter
Parking attendant
Parking guidance and information
Parking violation
Parking Wars
Pay and display
Pay by phone parking
Valet parking
Automobile costs
People
Meade McClanahan, sued city of Los Angeles to block installation of parking meters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.pat2pdf.org/patents/pat1731839.pdf
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell. "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter." The New York Times. 20 December 2006
Jump up ^ "Inglewood Website - News Details". Cityofinglewood.org. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Park-O-Meter". Pom.com. 16 July 1935. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City" Popular Mechanics, October 1935 mid-right side of page article
Jump up ^ Tick, Tick, Tick, Smithsonian Magazine, May 2008, p. 18
Jump up ^ "How A Parking Meter Works." Popular Science, December 1959, pp. 138-139
Jump up ^ Leonard, Teresa (26 August 2015). "Parking meters found their way onto NC streets in 1930s, '40s". News & Observer. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Wisdom, Martin. "Pay For DC Parking Meters By Cell Phone". My FOX DC. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Traffic Division". City of Hackensack. Archived from the original on 4 November 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Dougherty, Conor (3 February 2007). "The Parking Fix". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Pay Parking | City of White Rock". Whiterockcity.ca. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Media:ParkingmeterDowntownHoustonTexas.JPG
Jump up ^ Kupferman, Dan. "Why Multi-Space parking meters?". Parking Network. Archived from the original on 14 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/breaking-news/os-smart-parking-meters-20141203-story.html
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2014/jun/13/smart-parking-meters-too-smart/
Jump up ^ http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2009-02-23-smartmeters_N.htm
Jump up ^ Mathis, Sommer. "D.C. Testing Solar-Powered, Credit Card Parking Meters". DCist. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Lovelace, Dennis. "New Credit Card-Use Parking Meters Raking In The Dough". My FOX LA. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "DDOT Starts Installation of New Solar-Powered Single Space Meters". District Department of Transportation. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Chan, Sewell (20 December 2006). "New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2015.
Jump up ^ lamag.com
Jump up ^ stuff.co.nz
Jump up ^ Demian Bulwa, "Chicanery tops meters in Berkeley: Vandals wanting to park free put city in yet another jam," San Francisco Chronicle, 25 January 2004, A21
Jump up ^ "OSCN Found Document:Ex parte DUNCAN". Oscn.net. 10 December 1936. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ STATE, EX REL. v. McCARTHY, casetext.com
Jump up ^ "Inc Magazine, 1 October 2002". Inc.com. 1 October 2002. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Britt v. Wilmington, 236 N.C. 446, 73 S.E.2d 289 (1952)
Jump up ^ "Independent Voters of Illinois Independent Precinct v. State of Illinois" (PDF). Circuit Court of Cook County, IL. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Dumke, Mick. "Parking Meter Lawsuit Allowed to Proceed". Chicago News Cooperative. Archived from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Saffold, CFO City of Chicago, Gene. "Letter Concerning IVI-IPO Lawsuit" (PDF). City of Chicago. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Baxter, Brian. "Chicago's $1.16 Billion Parking Meter Privatization 'A Watershed Event'". The AM Law Daily. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth Press (20 December 2007). "Illustrating Parking Reform with Dr. Shoup". Streetfilms. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Hill-Holtzman, Nancy (19 January 1992). "Portable Parking Meters a Tick Away". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Leyden, John. "Park and pay by mobile comes to London". The Register. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Parking Today". Parking Today. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Electronic iPark Devices Available Again". ARLnow.com. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Comet Personal Parking Meter". Ganisparking.com. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "EasyPark|Personal Parking Meter". EasyPark USA. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "New Customers". Bookings.parkmagic.net. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
Sources[edit]
Oklahoma City site of first parking meter. (Historic film)
"Parking Meters Yield $50,000 A Year" 1951 article with excellent illustration of coin-operated meters
Articles from the Wausau Daily Herald
Metergate from the SF Times (archived)
Brink's 1978 parking meter theft
Saskatoon, SK - the first Canadian City to offer cell phone parking payment option for its parking meters October 21, 2005
Parking meter payment by cell phone from Slashdot, June 26, 2006
Voice Of America Video
New Parking Meter, calls you when time is up - with Pictures
Sensor based parking meter with push enforcement, bike share, wayfinding, and validation
Secure Storage Technologies Smart Parking Meter
The Case of the Parking Meter Thief, FBI
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parking meters.
U.S. Patent 2,118,318 - Coin controlled parking meter
POM Parking Meters
The Parking Meter Page
http://antvprod.blogspot.nl/2012/04/25-minute-pilot-in-english-14-minute.html
Authority control
GND: 4173370-8
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parking_meter&oldid=817394661"
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Kunwar Singh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the former Governor of Bombay, see Raja Maharaj Singh.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kunwar Singh
"Kooer Sing", an illustration of Kunwar Singh in The History of the Indian Empire, c. 1858[1]
Maharaja of Jagdispur
Predecessor
Shabzada Singh
Successor
Amar Singh II
Born
1777
Jagdispur, Bihar
Died
April 26, 1858(1858-04-26) (aged 80–81)
Jagdispur, Bihar
House
Ujjainiya Parmar Rajput
Father
Raja Shabzada Singh
Mother
Rani Panchratan Kunwari Devi Singh
Kunwar Singh (1777 – 26 April 1858) was a notable leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He belonged to a royal Ujjainiya Rajput house of Jagdispur, currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. At the age of 80, he led a select band of armed soldiers against the troops under the command of the British East India Company. He was the chief organiser of the fight against the British in Bihar. He is popularly known as Veer Kunwar Singh.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Role in the 1857 rebellion
3 Death
4 Legacy
5 See also
6 References
Early life[edit]
Kunwar Singh was born in November 1777 to Maharaja Shahabzada Singh and Maharani Panchratan Devi, in Jagdispur of the Shahabad (now Bhojpur) District, in the state of Bihar.[citation needed] He belonged to the Ujjainiya Rajput clan which is a branch of the Parmars.[2][unreliable source?] He married the daughter of Raja Fateh Naraiyan Singh (a Mewari Sisodiya Rajput), a wealthy zamindar of Gaya district, Bihar, and a descendant of Maharana Pratap of Mewar.[citation needed]
Role in the 1857 rebellion[edit]
See also: Siege of Arrah
Kunwar Singh and his attendants
Singh led the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in Bihar. He was nearly eighty and in failing health when he was called upon to take up arms. He gave a good fight and harried British forces for nearly a year and remained invincible until the end. He was an expert in the art of guerilla warfare. His tactics left the British puzzled.[3]
Singh assumed command of the soldiers who had revolted at Danapur on 25 July. Two days later he occupied Arrah, the district headquarters. Major Vincent Eyre relieved the town on 3 August, defeated Singh's force and destroyed Jagdishpur. During the rebellion, his army had to cross the Ganges river. Douglas' army began to shoot at their boat. One of the bullets shattered Singh's left wrist. Singh felt that his hand had become useless and that there was the additional risk of infection due to the bullet-shot. He drew his sword and cut off his left hand near the elbow and offered it to the Ganges.[3][unreliable source?][4][unreliable source?]
Singh left his ancestral village and reached Lucknow in December 1857. In March 1858 he occupied Azamgarh.[citation needed] However, he had to leave the place soon. Pursued by Brigadier Douglas,[who?] he retreated towards his home in Ara, Bihar. On 23 April, Singh had a victory near Jagdispur over the force led by Captain le Grand (le gard in Hindi). On 26 April 1858 he died in his village. The mantle of the old chief now fell on his brother Amar Singh II who, despite heavy odds, continued the struggle and for a considerable time, running a parallel government in the district of Shahabad. In October 1859, Amar Singh II joined the rebel leaders in the Nepal Terai.[4][unreliable source?]
Death[edit]
In his last battle, fought on 23 April 1858, near Jagdispur, the troops under the control of the East India Company were completely routed. On 22 and 23 April being injured he fought bravely against the British Army and with the help of his army drove away the British Army, brought down the Union Jack from Jagdishpur Fort and hoisted his flag.[citation needed] He returned to his palace on 23 April 1858 and soon died on 26 April 1858.[3][unreliable source?][5][unreliable source?]
Legacy[edit]
To honour his memory and his contribution to India’s freedom movement, the Republic of India issued a commemorative stamp[6] on 23 April 1966. Named after him, Government of Bihar established Veer Kunwar Singh University, Arrah in 1992.[7]
A play by Jagdish Chandra Mathur titled Vijay Ki Vela (Moment of Victory) is based on the later part of Kunwar Singh's life. He is also mentioned in the poem "Jhansi Ki Rani" by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
History of Bihar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Martin, Robert Montgomery; Roberts, Emma (1858). The Indian empire : its history, topography, government, finance, commerce, and staple products : with a full account of the mutiny of the native troops ... 1. London ; New York : London Print. and Pub. Co.
Jump up ^ Paul, E. Jaiwant (2011). The Greased Cartridge: The Heroes and Villains of 1857-58. Chapter: Kunwar Singh: Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 9789351940104.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sarala, Śrīkr̥shṇa (1999). Indian Revolutionaries: A Comprehensive Study, 1957-1961, Volume 1. Bihar: Prabhat Prakashan. p. 73. ISBN 978-81-87100-16-4.
^ Jump up to: a b History of Bhojpur Archived 14 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine.. Bhojpur.bih.nic.in. Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ 1857 – A Story on Stamps. Indiapicks.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ Stamp at Indiapost. Indianpost.com (1966-04-23). Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
Jump up ^ Veer Kunwar Singh University. Vksu-ara.org (1992-10-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-12.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kunwar Singh.
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