text:
Rory McCann
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Irish cricketer, see Rory McCann (cricketer).
Rory McCann
McCann, San Diego Comic Con International (2014)
Born
(1969-04-24) 24 April 1969 (age 48)
Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1999–present
Height
6 ft 6 in (198 cm)[1]
Relatives
Sally-Gay McCann (sister)
Jaquie McCann (2nd cousin)
Rory McCann (born 24 April 1969) is a Scottish actor and musician, best known for portraying Sandor Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright's crime-comedy Hot Fuzz.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
McCann was born in Glasgow, Scotland.[2] He has a sister, Sally-Gay McCann, born in 1972.[3]
Before becoming an actor, McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness. He also worked as a bridge painter (on the Forth Road Bridge), landscape gardener and carpenter.[4] Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer-artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor's Workshop, Glasgow. 1998.
Career[edit]
McCann's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow (1988). He was fired because he laughed during the takes.[5] He appeared in an advertisement for Scott's Porage Oats, dressed in a vest and kilt.[5] As his first major acting role, McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group, winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002.[6]
Since then, he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play, Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise, and a priest in the award-winning British comedy drama series Shameless.
He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander, which required the actors to go through a boot-camp in the African desert, and included shooting in Thailand, Morocco as well as a London studio.[7] In 2007, he appeared as Michael "Lurch" Armstrong in Hot Fuzz. In 2008, he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains.
McCann portrays Sandor "The Hound" Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones.[8][9][10]
Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished, set in Australia in the 18th century.[11] McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston.
Personal life[edit]
McCann's younger sister, Sally-Gay McCann, works on costumes for film and television; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones.[3] McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party, and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast.[12]
In 1990, McCann broke multiple bones in a near-fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire.[13]
McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup.[7] He plays the piano, guitar, banjo and mandolin.[14]
McCann is known for living a solitary, transient lifestyle.[5] He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences.[15][16]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Pasty Faces Goon
2003 The Devil's Tattoo Eric
2003 Young Adam Sam
2004 Alexander Craterus
2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca
2006 Sixty Six Policeman
2007 Hot Fuzz Michael "Lurch" Armstrong
2008 The Crew Moby
2009 Solomon Kane McNess
2010 Clash of the Titans Belo
2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann
2015 Slow West John Ross
2017 XXX: Return of Xander Cage Tennyson "The Torch"
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film
2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode: "Mental Apparition Disorder"
2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No. 1.6
2002 London's Burning Keith Episode No. 14.7
2002–2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role; 12 episodes
2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1; uncredited[citation needed]
2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role; 6 episodes
2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film
2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes
2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode: "Attila the Hun"
2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role (season 2); 5 episodes
2011–present Game of Thrones Sandor "The Hound" Clegane Main role (seasons 1–4, 6–present); 33 episodes
2015 Banished Marston Main role; 4 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Collins, Sean (7 April 2014). "'Game of Thrones' Q&A: Rory McCann on 'The Hound' and Season Four". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Scott (15 September 2006). "Exclusive Interview: Rory McCann (‘Shameless’, Beowulf & Grendel’, "Alexander’)". Monsters and Critics. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rory McCann – What I know about women". The Scotsman. 12 January 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
Jump up ^ McIver, Brian (31 March 2014). "Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star". Daily Record. Glasgow: Trinity Mirror. ISSN 0956-8069. OCLC 500344244. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyer, Jen (25 April 2013). "‘Game of Thrones': Meet the Hound, Scottish actor Rory McCann". LA Times. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ MacLaren, Lorna (29 January 2003). "Why he's always up for it: From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials, Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move". Herald Scotland. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b English, Paul (1 January 2005). "Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned; Scott's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike.". Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones: Cast". HBO. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Towers, Andrea (4 April 2014). "'Game of Thrones': Rory McCann teases road trip of 'death and destruction' in season 4". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant-Première de "Game of Thrones" à New York, le Mardi 18 ...". Pure/Trend. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Davey, Cathie (18 March 2014). "Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern’s epic new series, Banished, for BBC Two". BBC. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party (11 April 2007). "First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007". YouTube. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Fulton, Rick (28 March 2002). "I fell into acting says Oats hunk; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life.". Daily Record (Scotland). Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Flett, Michael (19 March 2012). "Rory McCann - Sandor "The Hound" Clegane, Game of Thrones". Geek Chocolate. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Virtue, Graeme (19 March 2013). "Game Of Thrones' Hound on bumfluff, hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Lash, Jolie (23 February 2013). "Access Countdown To 'Game Of Thrones' Season 2: Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane (The Hound)". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
External links[edit]
Rory McCann on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 107576464
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=798915607"
Categories:
1969 births
Living people
Scottish male television actors
Scottish male film actors
20th-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male actors
Male actors from Glasgow
Hidden categories:
EngvarB from April 2014
Use dmy dates from April 2014
Articles with hCards
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Latina
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 September 2017, at 15:20.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

value: tr

attrs: href class

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/San_Diego_Comic_Con_International
mw-redirect
San Diego Comic Con International

value: td

values:
/wiki/State_of_Play_(TV_serial)
mw-redirect
State of Play (TV serial)

values:
/wiki/Atilla_the_Hun
mw-redirect
Atilla the Hun

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/XXX:_Return_of_Xander_Cage
mw-redirect
XXX: Return of Xander Cage

values: Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) (2000 TV series)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Attila_the_Hun
mw-redirect
Attila the Hun

values:
/wiki/Glasgow,_Scotland
mw-redirect
Glasgow, Scotland

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-8069

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/500344244

values:
/wiki/Herald_Scotland
mw-redirect
Herald Scotland

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0564920/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/107576464

values: Category:Scottish male television actors

values: Category:20th-century Scottish male actors

values: Category:21st-century Scottish male actors

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Rory_McCann
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: روري ماكان – Arabic

values: Рори Маккан – Bulgarian

values: روری مک‌کین – Persian

values: רורי מק'קאן – Hebrew

values: ロリー・マッキャン – Japanese

values: Макканн, Рори – Russian

values: Рорі Макканн – Ukrainian

values: 罗伊·麦克凯恩 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rory_McCann rootpage-Rory_McCann skin-vector action-view


text:
Cocktail (1988 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For the 2012 film, see Cocktail (2012 film).
Cocktail
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Roger Donaldson
Produced by
Ted Field
Robert W. Cort
Screenplay by
Heywood Gould
Based on
Cocktail
by Heywood Gould
Starring
Tom Cruise
Bryan Brown
Elisabeth Shue
Music by
J. Peter Robinson
Cinematography
Dean Semler
Edited by
Neil Travis
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Silver Screen Partners III
Interscope Communications
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
July 29, 1988 (1988-07-29)
Running time
103 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$20 million[2]
Box office
$171.5 million[3]
Cocktail is a 1988 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Roger Donaldson and written by Heywood Gould, whose screenplay was based on his book of the same name. The film tells the story of a young New York City business student, Brian Flanagan, who takes up bartending in order to make ends meet. The film stars Tom Cruise, Bryan Brown, and Elisabeth Shue. Released by Touchstone Pictures, the film features an original music score composed by J. Peter Robinson.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Script
3.2 Casting
3.3 Production
3.4 Post Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box Office
4.2 Critical
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Chart positions
5.2 Certifications
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Brian Flanagan gets a part-time job as a bartender at night while studying for a business degree by day. Over time, he learns the tricks of the trade, including flairing, from his mentor, Doug Coughlin. His advice usually begins with "Coughlin's Law". Brian has high personal aspirations, but Doug is leery of the two starting their own bar together. Doug intends to call his bar "Cocktails & Dreams".
Eventually, Brian and Doug's bartending act becomes popular and they end up working at a trendy nightclub. As their popularity rises, Brian becomes the focus of attention from a brunette named Coral. Doug is alarmed that Coral is coming between their partnership and bets Brian that Coral will leave by week's end. Unknown to Brian, Doug tricks Coral into sleeping with him. He secures his bet by sharing a kiss with Coral in front of Brian. Brian and Doug get into a fight, ending their partnership.
Three years later, Brian takes a job in Jamaica as a bartender to raise money for his own place. He finds a romantic partner in Jordan Mooney, an aspiring artist and waitress. Doug shows up in Jamaica, now married to Kerry, a wealthy woman who openly flirts with other men. Doug bets Brian to show how he can 'pick up' a new customer named Bonnie, a wealthy older woman. Brian accepts the challenge and wins Bonnie over. As they go back to Bonnie's room, Jordan sees them. Devastated, she takes a plane back to New York.
The next morning, Brian regrets sleeping with Bonnie. He goes to find Jordan but learns that she's gone. Doug teases Brian about the situation but Brian decides to upstage Doug by returning to New York with Bonnie. He reluctantly assumes a role of kept-boy and grows annoyed by her lifestyle. They have a blow-up during an art exhibit when Brian gets into a fight with the artist.
Brian shows up at the diner where Jordan works. She rejects his flirting but agrees to listen to his apology after work. They talk but Brian keeps saying the wrong things and Jordan repeatedly tells him to leave. Then, to his surprise, she tells him she is pregnant with his child. He decides to prove to her that, despite being a bartender, he would make a worthy father.
Brian learns that her family is wealthy, and goes to her parents' Park Avenue penthouse to speak with her. Jordan's father attempts to buy Brian off, but he refuses the money. Jordan refuses his advances, not wanting to be hurt again.
Brian meets up with Doug, who confides that his wife's money is nearly gone, lost in the commodities market. Doug is unwilling to admit to his bride the precarious position they are in. Later, Kerry makes Brian take her home when Doug is too drunk. Once inside her apartment, she attempts to seduce him. Brian stops it from going any further out of respect for his friendship with Doug. Kerry is angry at being rejected and calls Brian a coward.
Brian goes to check on Doug and discovers he has slashed his throat and wrists with a broken bottle. After the funeral, Kerry sends Brian a letter, which is revealed to be Doug's suicide note. Brian realizes that Doug killed himself because his life was a sham.
Reeling from losing his friend to suicide, he returns to Jordan's parents' home and begs her again for forgiveness. He tells her that Doug killed himself because he was too proud to ask for help and that Brian doesn't want to make the same mistake. He promises to take care of her and their child. Brian and Jordan leave together, with her father pledging not to give a dime to the couple.
Brian and Jordan get married and have their wedding reception at his Uncle Pat's bar in Queens. Uncle Pat lends Brian the money to open a neighborhood bar called "Flanagan's Cocktails & Dreams". At the Grand Opening, Jordan reveals that she is pregnant with twins. Brian offers free drinks to celebrate, much to his Uncle Pat's chagrin.
Cast[edit]
Tom Cruise as Brian Flanagan
Bryan Brown as Doug Coughlin
Elisabeth Shue as Jordan Mooney
Lisa Banes as Bonnie
Laurence Luckinbill as Mr. Mooney
Kelly Lynch as Kerry Coughlin
Gina Gershon as Coral
Ron Dean as Uncle Pat
Ellen Foley as Eleanor
Production[edit]
Script[edit]
The film was based on Heywood Gould's semi-autobiographical[4] novel published in 1984. Gould had worked as a bartender in New York from 1969 to 1981 to support his writing career. Gould said he "Met a lot of interesting people behind the bar and very rarely was it someone who started out wanting to be a bartender. They all had ambitions, some smoldering and some completely forgotten or suppressed."[5]
Gould says the lead character "is a composite of a lot of people I met, including myself in those days. I was in my late 30s, and I was drinking pretty good, and I was starting to feel like I was missing the boat. The character in the book is an older guy who has been around and starting to feel that he's pretty washed-up."[5]
Film rights were bought by Universal. Gould wrote the script, changing it from his novel. He says the studio put the project in turnaround "because I wasn't making the character likable enough."[5] Disney picked up the project "and I went through the same process with them. I would fight them at every turn, and there was a huge battle over making the lead younger, which I eventually did."[5]
Gould later admitted that the people who wanted him to make changes "were correct. They wanted movie characters. Characters who were upbeat and who were going to have a happy ending and a possible future in their lives. That's what you want for a big commercial Hollywood movie. So I tried to walk that thin line between giving them what they wanted and not completely betraying the whole arena of saloons in general."[5]
Tom Cruise expressed interest in playing the role, which helped get it financed.
"There were a lot of bartenders around like Tom Cruise, younger guys who came on and were doing this for a while — and then 10 years later, still doing it," said Gould. "It wasn't as if I was betraying the character. It was a matter of making the character more idealistic, more hopeful — he's got his life ahead of him. He turns on the charm, without the cynical bitter edge of the older guys."[5]
Bryan Brown later said the original script "was one of the very best screen plays I had ever read. Very dark... about the cult of celebrity and everything about it.... Tom Cruise is a very sweet man, he was then and still is. But when Tom came in, the movie had to change. The studio made the changes to protect the star and it became a much slighter movie because of it."[6]
Casting[edit]
Bryan Brown was cast on the strength of his performance in F/X.[7]
Production[edit]
Gould says the tricks involving throwing bottles was not in the book, but something he showed Cruise and Bryan Brown. They used it and it became a prominent feature of the film.[5]
Post Production[edit]
A music score was originally done by Maurice Jarre. A new score was added at the last minute.[8]
Kelly Lynch later said the film "was actually a really complicated story about the ’80s and power and money, and it was really re-edited where they completely lost my character’s backstory—her low self-esteem, who her father was, why she was this person that she was—but it was obviously a really successful movie, if not as good as it could’ve been." She claimed Disney reshot "about a third of the film... and turned it into flipping the bottles and this and that.... But we had a really great time. And Tom was so much fun, just a ball to work with, both on and off camera."[9]
Reception[edit]
Box Office[edit]
Cocktail was a financial success, earning $78.2 million at the North American box office, and $93.3 million globally to a total of $171.5 million worldwide.[3][10]
Critical[edit]
The film received negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 5% of 39 film critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 3.9 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "There are no surprises in Cocktail, a shallow, dramatically inert romance that squanders Tom Cruise's talents in what amounts to a naive barkeep's banal fantasy."[11] It won two Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Screenplay while Tom Cruise was nominated as Worst Actor and Roger Donaldson as Worst Director.[12] The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made.[13]
Vincent Canby of The New York Times gave Cocktail a negative review, calling it "an upscale, utterly brainless variation on those efficient old B-movies of the 1930s and 40s about the lives, loves and skills of coal miners, sand hogs and telephone linemen, among others."[14] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times was also critical of the film, explaining that "the more you think about what really happens in Cocktail, the more you realize how empty and fabricated it really is."[15]
Gould said "I was not happy with the final product. It got so savaged by the critics... I was accused of betraying my own work, which is stupid. So I was pretty devastated. I literally couldn't get out of bed for a day. The good thing about that experience is that it toughened me up."[5]
In 1992, Tom Cruise admitted the film "was not a crowning jewel" in his career.[16]
Soundtrack[edit]
Cocktail (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
August 2, 1988 (US)
Genre
Pop
rock
Length
35:27
Label
Elektra
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic
Chart positions[edit]
Weekly
Chart (1988–89)
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[17]
1
Austrian Albums Chart[18]
3
Canadian Albums Chart[19]
1
Dutch Albums Chart[20]
22
German Albums Chart[21]
4
New Zealand Album Charts[22]
2
Swedish Albums Chart[23]
3
Swiss Album Charts[24]
3
US Billboard 200[25]
2
Year-end
Chart (1989)
Peak
position
Australian Albums Chart[26]
19
Austrian Albums Chart[27]
26
Canadian Albums Chart[28]
31
Swiss Albums Chart[29]
27
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[30]
2× Platinum 200,000^
Sweden (GLF)[31]
Gold 50,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[32]
Gold 25,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[33]
Gold 100,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Cocktail (15)". British Board of Film Classification. September 8, 1988. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Box Office Champs, Chumps : The hero of the bottom line was the 46-year-old 'Bambi'". latimes.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cocktail (1988)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved November 12, 2011.
Jump up ^ Brown, Derek (July 5, 2013). "Cocktail at 25: Heywood Gould on Tom Cruise, flair, and barman poets". Table Matters.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Metz, Nina (March 21, 2013). "Toss up a bottle for the author of 'Cocktail'". Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ "Film: AN INTERVIEW WITH BRYAN BROWN". Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Cocktail Exclusive: Director Roger Donaldson on Blu-Ray Debut". June 5, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Filmzene.net - J. Peter Robinson: Between East and West (interview)". www.filmzene.net. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Harris, Will. "Kelly Lynch on Magic City, John Hughes, and playing a drag king". Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Easton, Nina J. (January 5, 1989). "Roger Rabbit' Hops to Box-Office Top; 'Coming to America' Hits 2nd". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cocktail". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (August 23, 2000). "The Razzie Awards – 1988 Archive". Golden Raspberry Award. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Wilson, John (2005). The Official Razzie Movie Guide: Enjoying the Best of Hollywood's Worst. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0-446-69334-0.
Jump up ^ Canby, Vincent (July 29, 1988). "Movie Review – Cocktail". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger (July 29, 1988). "Cocktail :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews". The Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tom Cruise". Rolling Stone. May 1992.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail". Australian Charts Portal. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail" (in German). Austrian Charts Portal. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 48, No. 26, October 15, 1988". RPM. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail" (in Dutch). Dutch Charts Portal. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack, Cocktail" (in German). charts.de. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail". New Zealand Charts Portal. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail". Swedish Charts Portal. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack - Cocktail". Swiss Charts Portal. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 : Oct 29, 1988". Billboard Magazine. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "End Of Year Charts - Top 50 Albums 1989". ARIA Charts. Archived from the original on June 11, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "JAHRESHITPARADE ALBEN 1989" (in German). Austrian Charts Portal. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Top Albums/CDs - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989". RPM. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "SCHWEIZER JAHRESHITPARADE 1989" (in German). Swiss Charts Portal. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – Various – Cocktail OST". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat − År 1987−1998" (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Various; 'Cocktail OST')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – Various – cOCKTAIL OST". British Phonographic Industry. Select albums in the Format field. Select Gold in the Certification field. Enter cOCKTAIL OST in the search field and then press Enter.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cocktail (1988 film)
Cocktail on IMDb
Cocktail at the TCM Movie Database
Cocktail at Box Office Mojo
Cocktail at Rotten Tomatoes
Cocktail at Metacritic
Preceded by
Leonard Part 6 Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture
9th Golden Raspberry Awards Succeeded by
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Roger Donaldson
Sleeping Dogs (1977)
Nutcase (1980)
Smash Palace (1981)
The Bounty (1984)
Marie (1985)
No Way Out (1987)
Cocktail (1988)
Cadillac Man (1990)
White Sands (1992)
The Getaway (1994)
Species (1995)
Dante's Peak (1997)
Thirteen Days (2000)
The Recruit (2003)
The World's Fastest Indian (2005)
The Bank Job (2008)
Seeking Justice (2011)
The November Man (2014)
show
v
t
e
Heywood Gould
Films
One Good Cop (1991)
Trial by Jury (1994)
Mistrial (1996)
Double Bang (2001)
Screenplays
Rolling Thunder (1977)
The Boys from Brazil (1978)
Fort Apache, The Bronx (1981)
Streets of Gold (1986)
Cocktail (1988)
show
v
t
e
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture
Can't Stop the Music (1980)
Mommie Dearest (1981)
Inchon (1982)
The Lonely Lady (1983)
Bolero (1984)
Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985)
Howard the Duck / Under the Cherry Moon (1986)
Leonard Part 6 (1987)
Cocktail (1988)
Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989)
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane / Ghosts Can't Do It (1990)
Hudson Hawk (1991)
Shining Through (1992)
Indecent Proposal (1993)
Color of Night (1994)
Showgirls (1995)
Striptease (1996)
The Postman (1997)
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn (1998)
Wild Wild West (1999)
Battlefield Earth (2000)
Freddy Got Fingered (2001)
Swept Away (2002)
Gigli (2003)
Catwoman (2004)
Dirty Love (2005)
Basic Instinct 2 (2006)
I Know Who Killed Me (2007)
The Love Guru (2008)
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009)
The Last Airbender (2010)
Jack and Jill (2011)
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012)
Movie 43 (2013)
Saving Christmas (2014)
Fantastic Four / Fifty Shades of Grey (2015)
Hillary's America: The Secret History of the Democratic Party (2016)
The Emoji Movie (2017)
Book
show
v
t
e
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay
1980–2000
Can't Stop the Music – Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr (1980)
Mommie Dearest – Frank Yablans, Frank Perry, Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell (1981)
Inchon – Robin Moore and Laird Koenig (1982)
The Lonely Lady – John Kershaw, Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard (1983)
Bolero – John Derek (1984)
Rambo: First Blood Part II – Sylvester Stallone, James Cameron and Kevin Jarre (1985)
Howard the Duck – Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz (1986)
Leonard Part 6 – Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby (1987)
Cocktail – Heywood Gould (1988)
Harlem Nights – Eddie Murphy (1989)
The Adventures of Ford Fairlane – Daniel Waters, James Cappe & David Arnott (1990)
Hudson Hawk – Steven E. de Souza, Daniel Waters, Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft (1991)
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot – Blake Snyder, William Osborne and William Davies – (1992)
Indecent Proposal – Amy Holden Jones (1993)
The Flintstones – Jim Jennewein, Steven E. de Souza, Tom S. Parker and various others (1994)
Showgirls – Joe Eszterhas (1995)
Striptease – Andrew Bergman (1996)
The Postman – Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland (1997)
An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn – Joe Eszterhas (1998)
Wild Wild West – Jim Thomas, John Thomas, S. S. Wilson, Brent Maddock, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman (1999)
Battlefield Earth – Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro (2000)
2001–present
Freddy Got Fingered – Tom Green & Derek Harvie (2001)
Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones – George Lucas and Jonathan Hales (2002)
Gigli – Martin Brest (2003)
Catwoman – Theresa Rebeck, John Brancato, Michael Ferris and John Rogers (2004)
Dirty Love – Jenny McCarthy (2005)
Basic Instinct 2 – Leora Barish and Henry Bean (2006)
I Know Who Killed Me – Jeffrey Hammond (2007)
The Love Guru – Mike Myers & Graham Gordy (2008)
Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen – Ehren Kruger, Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci (2009)
The Last Airbender – M. Night Shyamalan (2010)
Jack and Jill – Steve Koren and Adam Sandler, story by Ben Zook (2011)
That's My Boy - David Caspe (2012)
Movie 43 - Steve Baker, Ricky Blitt, Will Carlough, Tobias Carlson, Jacob Fleisher, Patrik Forsberg, Will Graham, James Gunn, Claes Kjellstrom, Jack Kukoda, Bob Odenkirk, Bill O'Malley, Matthew Alec Portenoy, Greg Pritikin, Rocky Russo, Olle Sarri, Elizabeth Wright Shapiro, Jeremy Sosenko, Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark (2013)
Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey (2014)
Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel (2015)
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer (2016)
The Emoji Movie - Tony Leondis, Eric Siegel and Mike White (2017)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cocktail_(1988_film)&oldid=847208122"
Categories:
1988 films
English-language films
American films
1980s comedy-drama films
1980s romantic drama films
American buddy films
American comedy-drama films
American romantic drama films
Bartending
Films directed by Roger Donaldson
Films set in Jamaica
Films set in New York City
Films set in restaurants
Suicide in films
Interscope Communications films
Touchstone Pictures films
Elektra Records soundtracks
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
Use mdy dates from October 2012
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Certification Table Entry usages for Canada
Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden
Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland
Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Български
Català
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
14 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 23 June 2018, at 17:32 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: i

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

attrs: colspan class style

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Silver_Screen_Partners_III
mw-redirect
Silver Screen Partners III

values:
/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)
mw-redirect
Park Avenue (Manhattan)

values:
/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Picture
mw-redirect
Razzie Award for Worst Picture

values:
/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Actor
mw-redirect
Razzie Award for Worst Actor

values:
/wiki/Razzie_Award_for_Worst_Director
mw-redirect
Razzie Award for Worst Director

values:
/wiki/Golden_Raspberry_Award
mw-redirect
Golden Raspberry Award

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: float:right;clear:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values: Australian Recording Industry Association

values:
/wiki/Austrian_Albums_Chart
mw-redirect
Austrian Albums Chart

values:
/wiki/Dutch_Albums_Chart
mw-redirect
Dutch Albums Chart

values:
/wiki/German_Albums_Chart
mw-redirect
German Albums Chart

values:
/wiki/Swedish_Albums_Chart
mw-redirect
Swedish Albums Chart

values:
/wiki/Swiss_Music_Charts
mw-redirect
Swiss Music Charts

values: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

values:
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: International Federation of the Phonographic Industry

values: wikitable sortable plainrowheaders jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/The_Chicago_Sun-Times
mw-redirect
The Chicago Sun-Times

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1989

values:
nofollow
https://www.bpi.co.uk/brit-certified/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094889/
external text

values: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template:Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture

values: Template talk:Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture

values: An Alan Smithee Film: Burn Hollywood Burn

values: The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2

values: Book:Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
2
background: #EEDD82

values: Template:Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay

values: Template talk:Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay

values: Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;background: #EEDD82

values: Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones

values: Category:Films directed by Roger Donaldson

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2012

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Canada

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland

values: Category:Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cocktail_(1988_film)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: كوكتيل (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Коктейл (филм) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: کوکتل (فیلم ۱۹۸۸) – Persian

values: קוקטייל (סרט) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კოქტეილი (ფილმი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Коктейль (фильм) – Russian

values: Коктел (филм из 1988) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cocktail_1988_film rootpage-Cocktail_1988_film skin-vector action-view


text:
History of cotton
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Cotton
History
Terminology
Cash crop
Commodity
Cottonopolis
Cotton Belt
Cotton diplomacy
King Cotton
Types
Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium barbadense
Gossypium arboreum
Gossypium herbaceum
Production
Cotton-spinning machinery
Cotton gin
Cotton mill
Cotton picker
Mercerised cotton
Spinning jenny
Spinning mule
Spinning wheel
Water frame
Fabric
Cambric
Chino
Corduroy
Denim
Seersucker
Terrycloth
v
t
e
The history of cotton can be traced to domestication. Cotton played an important role in the history of India, the British Empire, and the United States, and continues to be an important crop and commodity.
The history of the domestication of cotton is very complex and is not known exactly.[1] Several isolated civilizations in both the Old and New World independently domesticated and converted cotton into fabric. All the same tools were invented, including combs, bows, hand spindles, and primitive looms.[2]:11–13
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history
1.1 America
1.2 Indian subcontinent
2 Middle Ages
2.1 Eastern world
2.2 Western world
3 Early modern period
3.1 Mughal India
3.2 Western world
3.3 Egypt
4 British Empire
4.1 East India Company
4.2 Britain
5 United States of America
5.1 Pre–Civil War
6 Modern history
6.1 Boll weevils
6.2 Africa and India
6.3 Decline in the British cotton industry
6.4 Economy
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Early history[edit]
The oldest cotton textiles were found in graves and city ruins of civilizations from dry climates, where the fabrics did not decay completely.[3]
America[edit]
Some of the oldest cotton bolls were discovered in a cave in Tehuacán Valley, Mexico, and were dated to approximately 5500 BCE, but some doubt has been cast on these estimates. Seeds and cordage dating to about 2500 BCE have been found in Peru.[1] By 3000 BCE cotton was being grown and processed in Mexico, and Arizona. Pre-Incan cotton grave cloths were found in Huaca Prieta in Peru, and date back to 2500 BCE.[4]
Indian subcontinent[edit]
The Indus Valley civilization started cultivating cotton by 2500 BCE. Cotton was mentioned in Hindu hymns in 1500 BCE.[4]
Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, mentions Indian cotton in the 5th century BCE as "a wool exceeding in beauty and goodness that of sheep." When Alexander the Great invaded India, his troops started wearing cotton clothes that were more comfortable than their previous woolen ones.[5] Strabo, another Greek historian, mentioned the vividness of Indian fabrics, and Arrian told of Indian–Arab trade of cotton fabrics in 130 CE.[6]
Middle Ages[edit]
Eastern world[edit]
Egyptians grew and spun cotton from 6–700 CE.[4]
Handheld roller cotton gins had been used in India since the 6th century, and was then introduced to other countries from there.[7] Between the 12th and 14th centuries, dual-roller gins appeared in India and China. The Indian version of the dual-roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century. This mechanical device was, in some areas, driven by water power.[8]
The spinning wheel was invented in India, between 500 and 1000 AD.[9] The earliest clear illustrations of the spinning wheel come from the Islamic world in the eleventh century.[10]
Western world[edit]
Cotton was a common fabric during the Middle Ages, and was hand-woven on a loom. Cotton manufacture was introduced to Europe during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily. The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century, when Sicily was conquered by the Normans, and consequently to the rest of Europe. The spinning wheel, introduced to Europe circa 1350, improved the speed of cotton spinning.[11] By the 15th century, Venice, Antwerp, and Haarlem were important ports for cotton trade, and the sale and transportation of cotton fabrics had become very profitable.[5]
Christopher Columbus, in his explorations of the Bahamas and Cuba, found natives wearing cotton ("the costliest and handsomest... cotton mantles and sleeveless shirts embroidered and painted in different designs and colours"), a fact that may have contributed to his incorrect belief that he had landed on the coast of India.[2]:11–13
Early modern period[edit]
Mughal India[edit]
Main articles: Mughal economy and Muslin trade in Bengal
Further information: Economic history of India
A woman in Dhaka clad in fine Bengali muslin, 18th century.
Under the Mughal Empire, which ruled in the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th century to the early 18th century, Indian cotton production increased, in terms of both raw cotton and cotton textiles. The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms such as a new revenue system that was biased in favour of higher value cash crops such as cotton and indigo, providing state incentives to grow cash crops, in addition to rising market demand.[12]
The largest manufacturing industry in the Mughal Empire was cotton textile manufacturing, which included the production of piece goods, calicos, and muslins, available unbleached and in a variety of colours. The cotton textile industry was responsible for a large part of the empire's international trade.[13] India had a 25% share of the global textile trade in the early 18th century.[14] Indian cotton textiles were the most important manufactured goods in world trade in the 18th century, consumed across the world from the Americas to Japan.[15] The most important center of cotton production was the Bengal Subah province, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka.[16]
Bengal accounted for more than 50% of textiles imported by the Dutch from Asia,[17] Bengali cotton textiles were exported in large quantities to Europe, Indonesia, and Japan,[18] and Bengali muslin textiles from Dhaka were sold in Central Asia, where they were known as "daka" textiles.[16] Indian textiles dominated the Indian Ocean trade for centuries, were sold in the Atlantic Ocean trade, and had a 38% share of the West African trade in the early 18th century, while Indian calicos were a major force in Europe, and Indian textiles accounted for 20% of total English trade with Southern Europe in the early 18th century.[19]
The worm gear roller cotton gin, which was invented in India during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th–14th centuries, came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century,[20] and is still used in India through to the present day.[7] Another innovation, the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin, first appeared in India some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.[21] The production of cotton, which may have largely been spun in the villages and then taken to towns in the form of yarn to be woven into cloth textiles, was advanced by the diffusion of the spinning wheel across India shortly before the Mughal era, lowering the costs of yarn and helping to increase demand for cotton. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin, led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era.[22]
It was reported that, with an Indian cotton gin, which is half machine and half tool, one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day. With a modified Forbes version, one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day. If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines, and a few people's labour was used to feed them, they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly.[23]
Western world[edit]
Cotton cloth started to become highly sought-after for the European urban markets during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment.[citation needed] Vasco da Gama (d. 1524), a Portuguese explorer, opened Asian sea trade, which replaced caravans and allowed for heavier cargo. Indian craftspeople had long protected the secret of how to create colourful patterns. However, some converted to Christianity and their secret was revealed by a French Catholic priest, Father Coeurdoux (1691–1779). He revealed the process of creating the fabrics in France, which assisted the European textile industry.[24]
In early modern Europe, there was significant demand for cotton textiles from Mughal India.[13] European fashion, for example, became increasingly dependent on Mughal Indian textiles.[citation needed] From the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Mughal India accounted for 95% of British imports from Asia, and the Bengal Subah province alone accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia.[17] In contrast, there was very little demand for European goods in Mughal India, which was largely self-sufficient, thus Europeans had very little to offer, except for some woolens, unprocessed metals and a few luxury items. The trade imbalance caused Europeans to export large quantities of gold and silver to Mughal India in order to pay for South Asian imports.[13]
Egypt[edit]
Main article: Egypt under Muhammad Ali
Egypt under Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century had the fifth most productive cotton industry in the world, in terms of the number of spindles per capita.[25] The industry was initially driven by machinery that relied on traditional energy sources, such as animal power, water wheels, and windmills, which were also the principle energy sources in Western Europe up until around 1870.[26] It was under Muhammad Ali of Egypt in the early 19th century that steam engines were introduced to the Egyptian cotton industry.[26]
British Empire[edit]
Main article: Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution
East India Company[edit]
Cotton's rise to global importance came about as a result of the cultural transformation of Europe and Britain's trading empire.[6] Calico and chintz, types of cotton fabrics, became popular in Europe, and by 1664 the East India Company was importing a quarter of a million pieces into Britain.[24] By the 18th century, the middle class had become more concerned with cleanliness and fashion, and there was a demand for easily washable and colourful fabric. Wool continued to dominate the European markets, but cotton prints were introduced to Britain by the East India Company in the 1690s.[6] Imports of calicoes, cheap cotton fabrics from Kozhikode, then known as Calicut, in India, found a mass market among the poor. By 1721 these calicoes threatened British manufacturers, and Parliament passed the Calico Act that banned calicoes for clothing or domestic purposes. In 1774 the act was repealed with the invention of machines that allowed for British manufacturers to compete with Eastern fabrics.[27]
Indian cotton textiles, particularly those from Bengal, continued to maintain a competitive advantage up until the 19th century. In order to compete with India, Britain invested in labour-saving technical progress, while implementing protectionist policies such as bans and tariffs to restrict Indian imports.[28] At the same time, the East India Company's rule in India contributed to its deindustrialization, opening up a new market for British goods,[28] while the capital amassed from Bengal after its 1757 conquest was used to invest in British industries such as textile manufacturing and greatly increase British wealth.[29][30][31] British colonization also forced open the large Indian market to British goods, which could be sold in India without tariffs or duties, compared to local Indian producers who were heavily taxed, while raw cotton was imported from India without tariffs to British factories which manufactured textiles from Indian cotton, giving Britain a monopoly over India's large market and cotton resources.[32][28][33] India served as both a significant supplier of raw goods to British manufacturers and a large captive market for British manufactured goods.[34] Britain eventually surpassed India as the world's leading cotton textile manufacturer in the 19th century.[28]
The cotton industry grew under the British commercial empire. British cotton products were successful in European markets, constituting 40.5% of exports in 1784–1786. Britain's success was also due to its trade with its own colonies, whose settlers maintained British identities, and thus, fashions. With the growth of the cotton industry, manufacturers had to find new sources of raw cotton, and cultivation was expanded to West India.[6] High tariffs against Indian textile workshops, British power in India through the East India Company,[24] and British restrictions on Indian cotton imports[35] transformed India from the source of textiles to a source of raw cotton.[24] Cultivation was also attempted in the Caribbean and West Africa, but these attempts failed due to bad weather and poor soil. The Indian subcontinent was looked to as a possible source of raw cotton, but intra-imperial conflicts and economic rivalries prevented the area from producing the necessary supply.[6]
Britain[edit]
A spinning jenny, originally invented by James Hargreaves
Cotton's versatility allowed it to be combined with linen and be made into velvet. It was cheaper than silk and could be imprinted more easily than wool, allowing for patterned dresses for women. It became the standard fashion and, because of its price, was accessible to the general public. New inventions in the 1770s—such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the spinning mule—made the British Midlands into a very profitable manufacturing centre. In 1794–1796, British cotton goods accounted for 15.6% of Britain's exports, and in 1804–1806 grew to 42.3%.[6]
The Lancashire textile mills were major parts of the British industrial revolution. Their workers had poor working conditions: low wages, child labour, and 18-hour work days. Richard Arkwright created a textile empire by building a factory system powered by water, which was occasionally raided by the Luddites, weavers put out of business by the mechanization of textile production. In the 1790s, James Watt's steam power was applied to textile production, and by 1839 200,000 children worked in Manchester's cotton mills. Karl Marx, who frequently visited Lancashire, may have been influenced by the conditions of workers in these mills in writing Das Kapital.[24]
United States of America[edit]
Pre–Civil War[edit]
Eli Whitney's patent for the modern cotton gin
Anglo-French warfare in the early 1790s restricted access to continental Europe, causing the United States to become an important—and temporarily the largest—consumer for British cotton goods.[6] In 1791, U.S. cotton production was small, at only 900,000 kilograms. Several factors contributed to the growth of the cotton industry in the U.S.: the increasing British demand; innovations in spinning, weaving, and steam power; inexpensive land; and a slave labour force.[36] The modern cotton gin, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, enormously grew the American cotton industry, which was previously limited by the speed of manual removal of seeds from the fibre,[37] and helped cotton to surpass tobacco as the primary cash crop of the South.[38] By 1801 the annual production of cotton had reached over 22 million kilograms, and by the early 1830s the United States produced the majority of the world's cotton. Cotton also exceeded the value of all other United States exports combined.[36] The need for fertile land conducive to its cultivation lead to the expansion of slavery in the United States and an early 19th-century land rush known as Alabama Fever.[39][40]
Cultivation of cotton using black slaves brought huge profits to the owners of large plantations, making them some of the wealthiest men in the U.S. prior to the Civil War. In the non-slave-owning states, farms rarely grew larger than what could be cultivated by one family due to scarcity of farm workers. In the slave states, owners of farms could buy many slaves and thus cultivate large areas of land. By the 1850s, slaves made up 50% of the population of the main cotton states: Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Slaves were the most important asset in cotton cultivation, and their sale brought profits to slaveowners outside of cotton-cultivating areas. Thus, the cotton industry contributed significantly to the Southern upper class's support of slavery. Although the Southern small-farm owners did not grow cotton due to its lack of short-term profitability, they were still supportive of the system in the hopes of one day owning slaves.[36]
Cotton's central place in the national economy and its international importance led Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina to make a famous boast in 1858:
Without firing a gun, without drawing a sword, should they make war on us, we could bring the whole world to our feet... What would happen if no cotton was furnished for three years?... England would topple headlong and carry the whole civilized world with her save the South. No, you dare not to make war on cotton. No power on the earth dares to make war upon it. Cotton is king.[41]
Cotton diplomacy, the idea that cotton would cause Britain and France to intervene in the Civil War, was unsuccessful.[42] It was thought that the Civil War caused the Lancashire Cotton Famine, a period between 1861–1865 of depression in the British cotton industry, by blocking off American raw cotton. Some, however, suggest that the Cotton Famine was mostly due to overproduction and price inflation caused by an expectation of future shortage.[43]
Picking cotton in Oklahoma in the 1890s
Prior to the Civil War, Lancashire companies issued surveys to find new cotton-growing countries if the Civil War were to occur and reduce American exports. India was deemed to be the country capable of growing the necessary amounts. Indeed, it helped fill the gap during the war, making up only 31% of British cotton imports in 1861, but 90% in 1862 and 67% in 1864.[44]
Additionally, the main purchasers of cotton, Britain and France, began to turn to Egyptian cotton. The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.
The South continued to be a one-crop economy until the 20th century, when the New Deal and World War II encouraged diversification.[38] Many ex-slaves as well as poor whites worked in the sharecropping system in serf-like conditions.[citation needed]
Modern history[edit]
Boll weevils[edit]
A boll weevil
“
The farmer said to the merchant
I need some meat and meal.
Get away from here, you son-of-a-gun,
You got boll weevils in your field.
Going to get your home, going to get your home.
”
— Carl Sandburg's version of "The Boll Weevil Song", 1920
Boll weevils, insects that entered the United States from Mexico in 1892, created 100 years of problems for the U.S. cotton industry. Many consider the boll weevil almost as important as the Civil War as an agent of change in the South, forcing economic and social changes. In total, the boll weevil is estimated to have caused $22 billion in damages. In the late 1950s, the U.S. cotton industry faced economic problems, and eradication of the boll weevil was prioritized. The Agricultural Research Service built the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory, which came up with detection traps and pheromone lures. The program was successful, and pesticide use reduced significantly while the boll weevil was eradicated in some areas.[45]
Africa and India[edit]
After the Cotton Famine, the European textile industry looked to new sources of raw cotton. The African colonies of West Africa and Mozambique provided a cheap supply. Taxes and extra-market means again discouraged local textile production. Working conditions were brutal, especially in the Congo, Angola, and Mozambique. Several revolts occurred, and a cotton black market created a local textile industry. In recent history, United States agricultural subsidies have depressed world prices, making it difficult for African farmers to compete.[24]
India's cotton industry struggled in the late 19th century because of unmechanized production and American dominance of raw cotton export. India, ceasing to be a major exporter of cotton goods, became the largest importer of British cotton textiles.[46] Mohandas Gandhi believed that cotton was closely tied to Indian self-determination. In the 1920s he launched the Khadi Movement, a massive boycott of British cotton goods. He urged Indians to use simple homespun cotton textiles, khadi. Cotton became an important symbol in Indian independence. During World War II, shortages created a high demand for khadi, and 16 million yards of cloth were produced in nine months. The British Raj declared khadi subversive; damaging to the British imperial rule. Confiscation, burning of stocks, and jailing of workers resulted, which intensified resistance.[2]:309–311 In the second half of the 20th century, a downturn in the European cotton industry led to a resurgence of the Indian cotton industry. India began to mechanize and was able to compete in the world market.[46]
Decline in the British cotton industry[edit]
Play media
British textile mills in 1913
In 1912, the British cotton industry was at its peak, producing eight billion yards of cloth. In World War I, cotton couldn't be exported to foreign markets, and some countries built their own factories, particularly Japan. By 1933 Japan introduced 24-hour cotton production and became the world's largest cotton manufacturer. Demand for British cotton slumped, and during the interwar period 345,000 workers left the industry and 800 mills closed.
India's boycott of British cotton products devastated Lancashire, and in Blackburn 74 mills closed in under four years.
In World War II, the British cotton industry saw an upturn and an increase in workers, with Lancashire mills being tasked with creating parachutes and uniforms for the war.
In the 1950s and '60s, many workers came from the Indian sub-continent and were encouraged to look for work in Lancashire. An increase in the work force allowed mill owners to introduce third (night) shifts. This resurgence in the textile industry did not last long, and by 1958, Britain had become a net importer of cotton cloth.
Modernization of the industry was attempted in 1959 with the Cotton Industry Act.
Mill closures occurred in Lancashire, and it was failing to compete with foreign industry. During the 1960s and '70s, a mill closed in Lancashire almost once a week. By the 1980s, the textile industry of North West Britain had almost disappeared.[47]
Economy[edit]
Textile mills have moved from Western Europe to, more recently, lower-wage areas. Industrial production is currently mostly located in countries like India, Bangladesh, China, and in Latin America. In these regions labour is much less expensive than in the first world, and attracts poor workers.[24] Biotechnology plays an important role in cotton agriculture as genetically modified cotton that can resist Roundup, a herbicide made by the company Monsanto, as well as repel insects.[2]:277 Organically grown cotton is becoming less prevalent in favour of synthetic fibres made from petroleum products.[2]:301
The demand for cotton has doubled since the 1980s.[48] The main producer of cotton, as of December 2016, is India, at 26%, past China at 20% and the United States at 16%.[49] The leading cotton exporter is the United States, whose production is subsidized by the government, with subsidies estimated at $14 billion between 1995 and 2003. The value of cotton lint has been decreasing for sixty years, and the value of cotton has decreased by 50% in 1997–2007. The global textile and clothing industry employs 23.6 million workers, of which 75% are women.[48]
Max Havelaar, a fair trade association, launched a fair trade label for cotton in 2005, the first for a non-food commodity. Working with small producers from Cameroon, Mali, and Senegal, the fair trade agreement increases substantially the price paid for goods and increases adherence to World Labour Organization conventions. A two-year period in Mali has allowed farmers to buy new agricultural supplies and cattle, and enroll their children in school.[50]
See also[edit]
Diplomacy of the American Civil War#Cotton and the British economy
History of agriculture
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Huckell, Lisa W. (1993). "Plant Remains from the Pinaleño Cotton Cache, Arizona". Kiva, the Journal of Southwest Anthropology and History. 59 (2): 148–149.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Yafa, Stephen (2005). Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber. Penguin Group.
Jump up ^ Harry Bates Brown and Jacob Osborn Ware (1958). Cotton (third ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. p. 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Roche, Julian (1994). The International Cotton Trade. Cambridge, England: Woodhead Publishing Ltd. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b Volti, Rudi (1999). "cotton". The Facts On File Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Society.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Schoen, Brian (2009). The Fragile Fabric of Union: Cotton, Federal Politics, and the Global Origins of the Civil War. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 26–31.
^ Jump up to: a b Lakwete, Angela (2003). Inventing the Cotton Gin: Machine and Myth in Antebellum America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–6. ISBN 9780801873942.
Jump up ^ Baber, Zaheer (1996). The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 57. ISBN 0-7914-2919-9.
Jump up ^ Smith, C. Wayne; Cothren, J. Tom (1999). Cotton: Origin, History, Technology, and Production. 4. John Wiley & Sons. pp. viii. ISBN 978-0471180456. The first improvement in spinning technology was the spinning wheel, which was invented in India between 500 and 1000 A.D.
Jump up ^ Pacey, Arnold (1991) [1990]. Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History (First MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Jump up ^ Backer, Patricia. "Technology in the Middle Ages". History of Technology. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ John F. Richards (1995), The Mughal Empire, page 190, Cambridge University Press
^ Jump up to: a b c Karl J. Schmidt (2015), An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History, page 100, Routledge
Jump up ^ Angus Maddison (1995), Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992, OECD, p. 30
Jump up ^ Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011), Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850, Cambridge University Press, p. 2, ISBN 978-1-139-49889-0
^ Jump up to: a b Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204-1760, page 202, University of California Press
^ Jump up to: a b Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237-240, World History in Context, accessed 3 August 2017
Jump up ^ John F. Richards (1995), The Mughal Empire, page 202, Cambridge University Press
Jump up ^ Jeffrey G. Williamson & David Clingingsmith, India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries, Global Economic History Network, London School of Economics
Jump up ^ Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, page 53, Pearson Education
Jump up ^ Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, pages 53-54, Pearson Education
Jump up ^ Irfan Habib (2011), Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500, page 54, Pearson Education
Jump up ^ Karl Marx (1867). Chapter 16: "Machinery and Large-Scale Industry." Das Kapital.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Cotton – a history". New Internationalist. 399. 1 April 2007.
Jump up ^ Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870. Librairie Droz. p. 181.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Batou (1991). Between Development and Underdevelopment: The Precocious Attempts at Industrialization of the Periphery, 1800-1870. Librairie Droz. pp. 193–196.
Jump up ^ "colonialism, Western". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya. "Cotton textiles and the great divergence: Lancashire, India and shifting competitive advantage, 1600-1850" (PDF). International Institute of Social History. Department of Economics, University of Warwick. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Junie T. Tong (2016), Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets, page 151, CRC Press
Jump up ^ John L. Esposito (2004), The Islamic World: Past and Present 3-Volume Set, page 190, Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Ray, Indrajit (2011). Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857), Routledge, ISBN 1136825525
Jump up ^ James Cypher (2014). The Process of Economic Development. Routledge.
Jump up ^ Paul Bairoch (1995). Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes. University of Chicago Press. p. 89.
Jump up ^ Henry Yule, A. C. Burnell (2013). Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Collingridge, Vanessa. "Gandhi in Britain". BBC – Radio 4 Making History. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oyangen, Knut. "The Cotton Economy of the Old South". American Agricultural History Primer. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "cotton gin". Encyclopædia Britannica.
^ Jump up to: a b "King Cotton". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ LeeAnna Keith (13 October 2011). "Alabama Fever". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Auburn University. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Thomas W. Oliver (15 August 2007). "King Cotton in Alabama: A Brief History". Alabama Heritage. University of Alabama, et al. Archived from the original on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
Jump up ^ TeachingAmericanHistory.org "Cotton is King" http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1722
Jump up ^ "The Civil War Era (1850–1877)". Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. 2008.
Jump up ^ Brady, Eugene A. (1963). "A Reconsideration of the Lancashire "Cotton Famine"". Agricultural History. 37 (3): 156–157.
Jump up ^ Logan, Frenise A. (1958). "India—Britain's Substitute for American Cotton, 1861–1865". The Journal of Southern History. 24 (4): 472–476. doi:10.2307/2954674.
Jump up ^ "We Don't Cotton to Boll Weevil 'Round Here Anymore". Agricultural Research Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cotton – history". Plant Cultures. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Boom to Bust – The Decline of the Cotton Industry". Nation on Film. BBC. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Cotton Chain – The Facts". New Internationalist. 399. 1 April 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cotton: World Markets and Trade" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fair Trade Cotton Market". United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Yafa, Stephen (2006). Cotton: The Biography of a Revolutionary Fiber. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143037224.
Beckert, Sven (2014). Empire of Cotton: A Global History. Knopf. ISBN 978-0375414145.
[show]
v
t
e
Fibers
Natural
Plant
Abacá
Bagasse
Bamboo
Coir
Cotton
Fique
Flax
Linen
Hemp
Jute
Kapok
Kenaf
Piña
Pine
Raffia
Ramie
Rattan
Sisal
Wood
Animal
Alpaca
Angora
Byssus
Camel hair
Cashmere
Catgut
Chiengora
Guanaco
Hair
Llama
Mohair
Pashmina
Qiviut
Rabbit
Silk
Tendon
Spider silk
Wool
Vicuña
Yak
Mineral
Asbestos
Man-made
Regenerated
Art silk
Semi-synthetic
Acetate
Diacetate
Lyocell
Modal
Rayon
Triacetate
Synthetic
Mineral
Glass
Carbon
Tenax
Basalt
Metallic
Polymer
Acrylic
Aramid
Twaron
Kevlar
Technora
Nomex
Microfiber
Modacrylic
Nylon
Olefin
Polyester
Polyethylene
Dyneema
Spectra
Spandex
Vinylon
Vinyon
Zylon
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Agriculture
General
Agribusiness
Agricultural supplies
Agricultural science
Agricultural engineering
Agroforestry
Agronomy
Animal husbandry
Animal-free agriculture
Extensive farming
Farm
Free range
Intensive farming
Intensive animal farming
Mechanised agriculture
Organic farming
Permaculture
Sustainable agriculture
Universities and colleges
Urban agriculture
History
Prehistoric
Neolithic Revolution
Agriculture in Mesoamerica
Ancient
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
Medieval
Arab Agricultural Revolution
Modern
British Agricultural Revolution
Green Revolution
Organic
Types
Aquaculture
Cattle
Dairy farming
Goat farming
Grazing
Hydroponics
Livestock
Pig farming
Orchards
Poultry farming
Sheep farming
Categories
Agriculture by country
Agriculture companies
Biotechnology
Livestock
Meat industry
Poultry farming
Category
Portal
Wikiproject
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_cotton&oldid=829735584"
Categories:
Cotton
History of agriculture
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011
Articles with attributed pull quotes
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Français
Edit links
This page was last edited on 10 March 2018, at 14:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/File:CottonPlant.JPG
image
Balls of cotton ready for harvest

value: li

values:
/wiki/Cotton_Belt_(region)
mw-redirect
Cotton Belt (region)

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley civilization

values:
/wiki/Mughal_economy
mw-redirect
Mughal economy

values:
/wiki/Manufactured_goods
mw-redirect
Manufactured goods

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Mughal_India
mw-redirect
Mughal India

values:
/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali
mw-redirect
Egypt under Muhammad Ali

values:
/wiki/Animal_power
mw-redirect
Animal power

values:
/wiki/Calico_(textile)
mw-redirect
Calico (textile)

values:
/wiki/British_Midlands
mw-redirect
British Midlands

values:
/wiki/Das_Kapital
mw-redirect
Das Kapital

values:
/wiki/American_South
mw-redirect
American South

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/Egyptian_cotton
mw-redirect
Egyptian cotton

values: I've seen this the other way round with the South suffering because British interests in Egypt persisted and they liked the product better (September 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: border: none; padding-right: 4%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi
mw-redirect
Mohandas Gandhi

values: Edit section: Decline in the British cotton industry

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv/384px--Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:384px;height:288px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="57.04" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 384 × 288 (800 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="384" data-height="288" data-bandwidth="799889" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="131448" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3c/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv/Milnrow_and_Newhey_Gazette.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="256976" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Genetically_modified
mw-redirect
Genetically modified

values:
/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)
mw-redirect
Roundup (herbicide)

values:
/wiki/John_L._Esposito
mw-redirect
John L. Esposito

values:
/wiki/A._C._Burnell
mw-redirect
A. C. Burnell

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F2954674

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Mineral_fiber
mw-redirect
Mineral fiber

values:
/wiki/Man-made_fiber
mw-redirect
Man-made fiber

values:
/wiki/Regenerated_fiber
mw-redirect
Regenerated fiber

values:
/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber
mw-redirect
Semi-synthetic fiber

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: List of agricultural universities and colleges

values: navigation navbox Agriculture padding:3px

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011

values: Category:Articles with attributed pull quotes

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/History_of_cotton
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Histoire de la culture du coton – French

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-History_of_cotton rootpage-History_of_cotton skin-vector action-view


text:
Leanna Creel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Leanna Creel
Creel at the 41st Annual Emmy Awards, 1989
Born
Leanna Creel
(1970-08-27) August 27, 1970 (age 48)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress, film producer, film director, screenwriter, photographer
Years active
1987–present
Spouse(s)
Rinat Greenberg (m. 2008)
Children
2
Relatives
Monica Lacy (Identical triplet sister)
Joy Creel (Identical triplet sister)
Leanna Creel (born August 27, 1970 in Los Angeles) is an American actress, film producer, film director, screenwriter and photographer.
Creel is an identical triplet who, along with her sisters Joy and Monica, started acting in the late 1980s. They appeared together in two television movies aired on The Wonderful World of Disney: Parent Trap III and Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon. In 1992, Creel had a guest role in an episode of Beverly Hills, 90210, alongside Monica. That same year, she landed the role of Tori in Saved by the Bell. Following her stint on Saved by the Bell, Creel had guest roles on One West Waikiki and Ned & Stacey.
She attended UCLA and received a bachelor's degree in history, and then a master's degree in film and television.[1]
Creel produced her first film in 1994, helping out a friend whose producer had been involved in a car accident. She also worked for the game Hollywood Stock Exchange (HSX). In 1998 she founded a film production company, Ignite Entertainment, with HSX's Michael Burns as President of Production.[1] Creel now runs Creel Studio, a production company specializing in food, travel and lifestyle content and is an award winning photographer and filmmaker.
Creel married Rinat Greenberg on June 17, 2008, when California legalized same-sex marriages.[2][3][4] Creel and Greenberg have two sons.
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1996 Freeway Twin No. 2
1997 Mixed Signals - Producer
1998 Dancer, Texas Pop. 81 - Executive producer
Possums - Producer
Desert Blue - Executive producer
Six-String Samurai - Producer
1999 The Suburbans - Producer
But I'm a Cheerleader - Producer
2000 The Cell Mother
Queen for a Day - Producer
2001 Get Over It - Co-producer
Offside - Director, writer
2005 Promtroversy - Director
2009 Boutonniere - Executive producer
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1987 Growing Pains Schwartz Twins 1 episode
1989 Parent Trap III Lisa Wyatt Television movie
CBS Schoolbreak Special Susan 1 episode
Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon Lisa Wyatt Television movie
1991 Parker Lewis Can't Lose Kandy 1 episode
Perry Mason: The Case of the Fatal Fashion Shannon Wilson Television movie
Anything But Love 2 episodes
1992 Beverly Hills, 90210 Claire 1 episode
1992–1993 Saved by the Bell Tori Scott 10 episodes
1996 One West Waikiki Marisa Coppage 1 episode
1997 Ned and Stacey Kim 1 episode
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Kaufman, Anthony. "From Website to Production Company: HSX Films Ignites". Archived from the original on August 11, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jul/03/local/me-beliefs3 Creel/Greenberg
Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-06-17-gay-marriage-la_N.htm Creel/Greenberg
Jump up ^ "An Unconventional Marriage: A Judeo-Christian "I Do"". Patheos. April 29, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2011.
External links[edit]
Leanna Creel on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb15531451k (data)
ISNI: 0000 0000 8388 4411
PIC: 388218
VIAF: 63791972

This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
v
t
e
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leanna_Creel&oldid=866465953"
Categories:
American child actresses
American film actresses
American film producers
American photographers
American screenwriters
American television actresses
American women film directors
Lesbian actresses
LGBT directors
LGBT screenwriters
LGBT people from California
Actresses from Los Angeles
Triplets
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American women screenwriters
1970 births
Living people
Film directors from California
LGBT entertainers from the United States
American women photographers
UCLA Film School alumni
American women film producers
American television actor, 1970s birth stubs
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from December 2015
Articles with hCards
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
All stub articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Հայերեն
Nederlands
Русский
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 14:21 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: span

values:
/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California
mw-redirect
Los Angeles, California

values:
/wiki/The_Wonderful_World_of_Disney
mw-redirect
The Wonderful World of Disney

values:
/wiki/Ned_%26_Stacey
mw-redirect
Ned & Stacey

values:
/wiki/Anything_But_Love
mw-redirect
Anything But Love

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0187252/
external text

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/0000000083884411

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/63791972

values: position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;

values:
metadata plainlinks stub
presentation
background:transparent

values: Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni

values: Category:LGBT entertainers from the United States

values: Category:American television actor, 1970s birth stubs

values: Category:Use mdy dates from December 2015

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Leanna_Creel
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Լինա Կրիլ – Armenian

values: Крил, Линна – Russian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Leanna_Creel rootpage-Leanna_Creel skin-vector action-view