text:
Iberian Peninsula
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Iberia" redirects here. For other uses of "Iberia", see Iberia (disambiguation).
Iberian Peninsula
Native names[show]
Peninsula Iberica (Aragonese)
Península Ibérica (Asturian)
Iberiar Penintsula (Basque)
Península Ibèrica (Catalan)
Iberian Peninsula (English)
Péninsule Ibérique (French)
Península Ibérica (Galician)
Península Eibérica (Mirandese)
Peninsula Iberica (Occitan)
Península Ibérica (Portuguese)
Península Ibérica (Spanish)
Satellite image of the Iberian Peninsula.
Geography
Location
Southwestern Europe
Coordinates
40°30′N 4°00′W / 40.500°N 4.000°W / 40.500; -4.000Coordinates: 40°30′N 4°00′W / 40.500°N 4.000°W / 40.500; -4.000
Area
596,740 km2 (230,400 sq mi)
Highest elevation
3,478 m (11,411 ft)
Highest point
Mulhacén
Administration
Andorra
Capital and largest town
Andorra la Vella
Area covered
468 km2 (181 sq mi; 6999100000000000000♠0.1%)
Portugal
Capital and largest city
Lisbon
Area covered
89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi; 7001149000000000000♠14.9%)
Spain
Capital and largest city
Madrid
Area covered
492,175 km2 (190,030 sq mi; 7001825000000000000♠82.5%)
Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
Capital city
Gibraltar
Largest district
Westside
Area covered
7 km2 (2.7 sq mi; 5000000000000000000♠0%)
France
Largest commune
Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via
Area covered
33,563 km2 (12,959 sq mi; 7000560000000099999♠5.6%)
Demographics
Demonym
Iberian
Population
About 57,2 million
The Iberian Peninsula /aɪˈbɪəriən/,[a] also known as Iberia,[b] is located in the southwest corner of Europe. The peninsula is principally divided between Spain and Portugal, comprising most of their territory. It also includes Andorra, and a small part of France along the peninsula's northeastern edge, as well as Gibraltar on its south coast, a small peninsula that forms an overseas territory of the United Kingdom. With an area of approximately 596,740 km2 (230,400 sq mi)[1], it is the second largest European peninsula, after the Scandinavian.
Contents
1 Name
1.1 Greek name
1.2 Roman names
2 Etymology
3 Prehistory
3.1 Palaeolithic
3.2 Neolithic
3.3 Chalcolithic
3.4 Bronze Age
4 Proto-history
5 History
5.1 Roman rule
5.2 Germanic kingdoms
5.3 Islamic Caliphate
5.4 Reconquest
5.5 Post-reconquest
6 Geography and geology
6.1 Coastline
6.2 Rivers
6.3 Mountains
6.4 Geology
6.5 Climate
7 Major modern countries
7.1 Major urban areas
7.2 Major cities
8 Ecology
8.1 Forests
8.2 East Atlantic flyway
9 Languages
10 Economy
11 See also
12 Notes
13 References
14 External links
Name[edit]
Iberian Peninsula and southern France, satellite photo on a cloudless day in March 2014
Greek name[edit]
The word Iberia is a noun adapted from the Latin word "Hiberia" originated by the Ancient Greek word Ἰβηρία (Ibēríā) by Greek geographers under the rule of the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula.[2] At that time, the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people.[3] Strabo's 'Iberia' was delineated from Keltikē (Gaul) by the Pyrenees[4] and included the entire land mass southwest (he says "west") of there.[5] The noun "Hiberia" fell into disuse when the Romans decided to call the most western part of the peninsula "Lusitania" (today Portugal) and the remaining territory "Hispania" (modern Spain). With the fall of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the new Castillian language in Spain, the word "Iberia" appeared for the first time in use as a direct 'descendant' of the Greek word "Ἰβηρία" and the Roman word "Hiberia".
The ancient Greeks reached the Iberian Peninsula, of which they had heard from the Phoenicians, by voyaging westward on the Mediterranean.[6] Hecataeus of Miletus was the first known to use the term Iberia, which he wrote about circa 500 BC.[7] Herodotus of Halicarnassus says of the Phocaeans that "it was they who made the Greeks acquainted with... Iberia."[8] According to Strabo,[9] prior historians used Iberia to mean the country "this side of the Ἶβηρος (Ibēros)" as far north as the river Rhône in France, but currently they set the Pyrenees as the limit. Polybius respects that limit,[10] but identifies Iberia as the Mediterranean side as far south as Gibraltar, with the Atlantic side having no name. Elsewhere[11] he says that Saguntum is "on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia."
Strabo[12] refers to the Carretanians as people "of the Iberian stock" living in the Pyrenees, who are distinct from either Celts or Celtiberians.
Roman names[edit]
Main article: Hispania
According to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use Hispania and Hiberia (Greek: Iberia) as synonyms. The confusion of the words was because of an overlapping in political and geographic perspectives. The Latin word Hiberia, similar to the Greek Iberia, literally translates to "land of the Hiberians". This word was derived from the river Ebro, which the Romans called Hiberus. Hiber (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro.[4][13] The first mention in Roman literature was by the annalist poet Ennius in 200 BC.[14][15][16] Virgil refers to the Ipacatos Hiberos ("restless Iberi") in his Georgics.[17] The Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula Hispania.
As they became politically interested in the former Carthaginian territories, the Romans began to use the names Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior for 'near' and 'far' Hispania. At the time Hispania was made up of three Roman provinces: Hispania Baetica, Hispania Tarraconensis, and Hispania Lusitania. Strabo says[9] that the Romans use Hispania and Iberia synonymously, distinguishing between the near northern and the far southern provinces. (The name "Iberia" was ambiguous, being also the name of the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.)
Whatever language may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, which was preserved as a language isolate by the barrier of the Pyrenees.
Etymology[edit]
Northeast Iberian script from Huesca.
The Iberian Peninsula has always been associated with the Ebro, Ibēros in ancient Greek and Ibērus or Hibērus in Latin. The association was so well known it was hardly necessary to state; for example, Ibēria was the country "this side of the Ibērus" in Strabo. Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of Spain" Hiberia because of the Hiberus River.[18] The river appears in the Ebro Treaty of 226 BC between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. The fullest description of the treaty, stated in Appian,[19] uses Ibērus. With reference to this border, Polybius[20] states that the "native name" is Ibēr, apparently the original word, stripped of its Greek or Latin -os or -us termination.
The early range of these natives, which geographers and historians place from today's southern Spain to today's southern France along the Mediterranean coast, is marked by instances of a readable script expressing a yet unknown language, dubbed "Iberian." Whether this was the native name or was given to them by the Greeks for their residence on the Ebro remains unknown. Credence in Polybius imposes certain limitations on etymologizing: if the language remains unknown, the meanings of the words, including Iber, must also remain unknown. In modern Basque, the word ibar[21] means "valley" or "watered meadow", while ibai[21] means "river", but there is no proof relating the etymology of the Ebro River with these Basque names. In Serbia, there is river Ibar, but there is no proof relating the etymology of the Ebro River with this Serbian river name.
Prehistory[edit]
Main article: Prehistoric Iberia
Schematic rock art from the Iberian Peninsula.
Iberian Late Bronze Age since c. 1300 BC
Palaeolithic[edit]
The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited for at least 1.2 million years as remains found in the sites in the Atapuerca Mountains demonstrate. Among these sites is the cave of Gran Dolina, where six hominin skeletons, dated between 780,000 and one million years ago, were found in 1994. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, or a new species called Homo antecessor.
Around 200,000 BP, during the Lower Paleolithic period, Neanderthals first entered the Iberian Peninsula. Around 70,000 BP, during the Middle Paleolithic period, the last glacial event began and the Neanderthal Mousterian culture was established. Around 37,000 BP, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Châtelperronian cultural period began. Emanating from Southern France, this culture extended into the north of the peninsula. It continued to exist until around 30,000 BP, when Neanderthal man faced extinction.
About 40,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans entered the Iberian Peninsula from Southern France.[22] Here, this genetically homogeneous population (characterized by the M173 mutation in the Y chromosome), developed the M343 mutation, giving rise to Haplogroup R1b, still the most common in modern Portuguese and Spanish males.[23] On the Iberian Peninsula, modern humans developed a series of different cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, some of them characterized by the complex forms of the art of the Upper Paleolithic.
Neolithic[edit]
During the Neolithic expansion, various megalithic cultures developed in the Iberian Peninsula.[24] An open seas navigation culture from the east Mediterranean, called the Cardium culture, also extended its influence to the eastern coasts of the peninsula, possibly as early as the 5th millennium BC. These people may have had some relation to the subsequent development of the Iberian civilization.
Chalcolithic[edit]
In the Chalcolithic (c. 3000 BC), a series of complex cultures developed that would give rise to the peninsula's first civilizations and to extensive exchange networks reaching to the Baltic, Middle East and North Africa. Around 2800 – 2700 BC, the Beaker culture, which produced the Maritime Bell Beaker, probably originated in the vibrant copper-using communities of the Tagus estuary in Portugal and spread from there to many parts of western Europe.[25]
Bronze Age[edit]
Bronze Age cultures developed beginning c.1800 BC,[26] when the civilization of Los Millares was followed by that of El Argar.[27][28] From this centre, bronze technology spread to other cultures like the Bronze of Levante, South-Western Iberian Bronze and Las Cogotas.
In the Late Bronze Age, the urban civilisation of Tartessos developed in the area of modern western Andalusia, characterized by Phoenician influence and using the Southwest Paleohispanic script for its Tartessian language, not related to the Iberian language.
Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Pre-Celts and Celts migrated from Central Europe, thus partially changing the peninsula's ethnic landscape to Indo-European-speaking in its northern and western regions. In Northwestern Iberia (modern Northern Portugal, Asturias and Galicia), a Celtic culture developed, the Castro culture, with a large number of hill forts and some fortified cities.
Proto-history[edit]
Main article: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
By the Iron Age, starting in the 7th century BC, the Iberian Peninsula consisted of complex agrarian and urban civilizations, either Pre-Celtic or Celtic (such as the Lusitanians, Celtiberians, Gallaeci, Astures, Celtici and others), the cultures of the Iberians in the eastern and southern zones and the cultures of the Aquitanian in the western portion of the Pyrenees.
The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Around 1100 BC, Phoenician merchants founded the trading colony of Gadir or Gades (modern day Cádiz) near Tartessos. In the 8th century BC, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empúries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. The Greeks coined the name Iberia, after the river Iber (Ebro). In the sixth century BC, the Carthaginians arrived in the peninsula while struggling with the Greeks for control of the Western Mediterranean. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena, Spain).
History[edit]
Roman rule[edit]
Main articles: Lusitania and Hispania
Roman conquest: 220 BC - 19 BC
In 218 BC, during the Second Punic War against the Carthaginians, the first Roman troops invaded the Iberian Peninsula; however, it was not until the reign of Augustus that it was annexed after two centuries of war with the Celtic and Iberian tribes and the Phoenician, Greek and Carthaginian colonies. The result was the creation of the province of Hispania. It was divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior during the late Roman Republic, and during the Roman Empire, it was divided into Hispania Tarraconensis in the northeast, Hispania Baetica in the south and Lusitania in the southwest.
Hispania supplied the Roman Empire with silver, food, olive oil, wine, and metal. The emperors Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, and Theodosius I, the philosopher Seneca the Younger, and the poets Martial and Lucan were born from families living on the Iberian Peninsula.
Germanic kingdoms[edit]
Main articles: Visigothic Kingdom and Spania
Germanic and Byzantine rule c.560
In the early fifth century, Germanic peoples invaded the peninsula, namely the Suebi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Alans. Only the kingdom of the Suebi (Quadi and Marcomanni) would endure after the arrival of another wave of Germanic invaders, the Visigoths, who conquered all of the Iberian Peninsula and expelled or partially integrated the Vandals and the Alans. The Visigoths eventually conquered the Suebi kingdom and its capital city, Bracara (modern day Braga), in 584–585. They would also conquer the province of the Byzantine Empire (552–624) of Spania in the south of the peninsula and the Balearic Islands.
Islamic Caliphate[edit]
Main articles: Al-Andalus, Islam in Spain, and Islam in Portugal
Islamic rule: al-Andalus c.1000
In 711, a Muslim army invaded the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania. Under Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Islamic army landed at Gibraltar and, in an eight-year campaign, occupied all except the northern kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. Al-Andalus (Arabic: الإندلس, tr. al-ʾAndalūs, possibly "Land of the Vandals"),[29][30] is the Arabic name given to what is today southern Spain by its Muslim Berber and Arab occupiers.
From the 8th–15th centuries, only the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula was part of the Islamic world. It became a center of culture and learning, especially during the Caliphate of Córdoba, which reached its height of its power under the rule of Abd-ar-Rahman III and his successor al-Hakam II.[31] The Muslims, who were initially Arabs and Berbers, included some local converts, the so-called Muladi.[32] The Muslims were referred to by the generic name, Moors[33] The Reconquista gained momentum on c. 718, when the Christian Asturians opposed the Moors. The southern march to push out the Muslims continued for three hundred years[citation needed]. For another four hundred years, only the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula was transformed into a Romance-speaking and Arabic-speaking Muslim land, along with pockets of a large minority of Arabic-speaking Sephardi Jews[citation needed].
Reconquest[edit]
Main article: Reconquista
Many of the ousted Gothic nobles took refuge in the unconquered north Kingdom of Asturias. From there, they aimed to reconquer their lands from the Moors; this war of reconquest is known as the Reconquista. Christian and Muslim kingdoms fought and allied among themselves. The Muslim taifa kings competed in patronage of the arts, the Camino de Santiago attracted pilgrims from all Western Europe, and the Jewish population set the basis of Sephardi culture.[citation needed]
During the Middle Ages, the peninsula housed many small states including the Kingdom of Castile, Crown of Aragon, Kingdom of Navarre, Kingdom of León and the Kingdom of Portugal. The peninsula was part of the Almohad Caliphate until it finally uprooted by Castile in the 1230s. The last major Muslim stronghold was Granada, which was conquered by a combined Castilian and Aragonese force in 1492. Muslims and Jews throughout the period were variously tolerated or shown intolerance in different Christian kingdoms. After the fall of Granada, all Muslims and Jews were ordered to convert to Christianity or face expulsion. Many Jews and Muslims fled to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire, while others publicly converted to Christianity and became known respectively as Marranos and Moriscos. However, many of these continued to practice their religion in secret. The Moriscos revolted several times and were ultimately forcibly expelled from Spain in the early 17th century.
Map of Spain and Portugal, Atlas historique, dated approximately 1705–1739, of H.A. Chatelain
Post-reconquest[edit]
Main articles: History of Andorra, History of Gibraltar, History of Portugal, and History of Spain
The small states gradually amalgamated over time. Portugal was the exception, except for a brief period (1580–1640) during which the whole peninsula was united politically under the Iberian Union. After that point, the modern position was reached and the peninsula now consists of the countries of Spain and Portugal (excluding their islands—the Portuguese Azores and Madeira and the Spanish Canary Islands and Balearic Islands; and the Spanish exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla), Andorra, French Cerdagne and Gibraltar.
Geography and geology[edit]
Main articles: Geography of Portugal and Geography of Spain
The Iberian Peninsula is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan.[34] It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west, and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees mountains are situated along the northeast edge of the peninsula, where it adjoins the rest of Europe. Its southern tip is very close to the northwest coast of Africa, separated from it by the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.
The Iberian Peninsula extends from the southernmost extremity at Punta de Tarifa (36°00′15″N 5°36′37″W / 36.00417°N 5.61028°W / 36.00417; -5.61028) to the northernmost extremity at Punta de Estaca de Bares (43°47′38″N 7°41′17″W / 43.79389°N 7.68806°W / 43.79389; -7.68806) over a distance between lines of latitude of about 865 km (537 mi) based on a degree length of 111 km (69 mi) per degree, and from the westernmost extremity at Cabo da Roca (38°46′51″N 9°29′54″W / 38.78083°N 9.49833°W / 38.78083; -9.49833) to the easternmost extremity at Cap de Creus (42°19′09″N 3°19′19″E / 42.31917°N 3.32194°E / 42.31917; 3.32194) over a distance between lines of longitude at 40° N latitude of about 1,155 km (718 mi) based on an estimated degree length of about 90 km (56 mi) for that latitude. The irregular, roughly octagonal shape of the peninsula contained within this spherical quadrangle was compared to an ox-hide by the geographer Strabo.[35]
About three quarters of that rough octagon is the Meseta Central, a vast plateau ranging from 610 to 760 m in altitude.[36] It is located approximately in the centre, staggered slightly to the east and tilted slightly toward the west (the conventional centre of the Iberian Peninsula has long been considered Getafe just south of Madrid). It is ringed by mountains and contains the sources of most of the rivers, which find their way through gaps in the mountain barriers on all sides.
Coastline[edit]
The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is 3,313 km (2,059 mi), 1,660 km (1,030 mi) on the Mediterranean side and 1,653 km (1,027 mi) on the Atlantic side.[37] The coast has been inundated over time, with sea levels having risen from a minimum of 115–120 m (377–394 ft) lower than today at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to its current level at 4,000 years BP.[38] The coastal shelf created by sedimentation during that time remains below the surface; however, it was never very extensive on the Atlantic side, as the continental shelf drops rather steeply into the depths. An estimated 700 km (430 mi) length of Atlantic shelf is only 10–65 km (6.2–40.4 mi) wide. At the 500 m (1,600 ft) isobath, on the edge, the shelf drops off to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[39]
The submarine topography of the coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied extensively in the process of drilling for oil. Ultimately, the shelf drops into the Bay of Biscay on the north (an abyss), the Iberian abyssal plain at 4,800 m (15,700 ft) on the west, and Tagus abyssal plain to the south. In the north, between the continental shelf and the abyss, is an extension called the Galicia Bank, a plateau that also contains the Porto, Vigo, and Vasco da Gama seamounts, which form the Galicia interior basin. The southern border of these features is marked by Nazaré Canyon, which splits the continental shelf and leads directly into the abyss.
Rivers[edit]
Main articles: List of rivers of Portugal and List of rivers of Spain
Major rivers of the Iberian Peninsula: Miño / Minho, Duero / Douro, Tajo / Tejo, Guadiana, Guadalquivir, Segura, Júcar / Xúquer and Ebro / Ebre.
The major rivers flow through the wide valleys between the mountain systems. These are the Ebro, Douro, Tagus, Guadiana and Guadalquivir.[40][41] All rivers in the Iberian Peninsula are subject to seasonal variations in flow.
The Tagus is the longest river on the peninsula and, like the Douro, flows westwards with its lower course in Portugal. The Guadiana river bends southwards and forms the border between Spain and Portugal in the last stretch of its course.
Mountains[edit]
The terrain of the Iberian Peninsula is largely mountainous.[42] The major mountain systems are:
The Pyrenees and their foothills, the Pre-Pyrenees, crossing the isthmus of the peninsula so completely as to allow no passage except by mountain road, trail, coastal road or tunnel. Aneto in the Maladeta massif, at 3,404 m, is the highest point
The Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast with the massive Picos de Europa. Torre de Cerredo, at 2,648 m, is the highest point
The Galicia/Trás-os-Montes Massif in the Northwest is made up of very old heavily eroded rocks.[43] Pena Trevinca, at 2,127 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Ibérico, a complex system at the heart of the Peninsula, in its central/eastern region. It contains a great number of ranges and divides the watershed of the Tagus, Douro and Ebro rivers. Moncayo, at 2,313 m, is the highest point
The Sistema Central, dividing the Iberian Plateau into a northern and a southern half and stretching into Portugal (where the highest point of Continental Portugal (1,993 m) is located in the Serra da Estrela). Pico Almanzor in the Sierra de Gredos is the highest point, at 2,592 m
The Montes de Toledo, which also stretches into Portugal from the La Mancha natural region at the eastern end. Its highest point, at 1,603 m, is La Villuerca in the Sierra de Villuercas, Extremadura
The Sierra Morena, which divides the watershed of the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. At 1,332 m, Bañuela is the highest point
The Baetic System, which stretches between Cádiz and Gibraltar and northeast towards Alicante Province. It is divided into three subsystems:
Prebaetic System, which begins west of the Sierra Sur de Jaén, reaching the Mediterranean Sea shores in Alicante Province. La Sagra is the highest point at 2,382 m.
Subbaetic System, which is in a central position within the Baetic Systems, stretching from Cape Trafalgar in Cádiz Province across Andalusia to the Region of Murcia.[44] The highest point, at 2,027 m (6,650 ft), is Peña de la Cruz in Sierra Arana.
Penibaetic System, located in the far southeastern area stretching between Gibraltar across the Mediterranean coastal Andalusian provinces. It includes the highest point in the peninsula, the 3,478 m high Mulhacén in the Sierra Nevada.[45]
Geology[edit]
Main article: Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
Major Geologic Units of the Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula contains rocks of every geological period from the Ediacaran to the Recent, and almost every kind of rock is represented. World-class mineral deposits can also be found there. The core of the Iberian Peninsula consists of a Hercynian cratonic block known as the Iberian Massif. On the northeast, this is bounded by the Pyrenean fold belt, and on the southeast it is bounded by the Baetic System. These twofold chains are part of the Alpine belt. To the west, the peninsula is delimited by the continental boundary formed by the magma-poor opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The Hercynian Foldbelt is mostly buried by Mesozoic and Tertiary cover rocks to the east, but nevertheless outcrops through the Sistema Ibérico and the Catalan Mediterranean System.
Climate[edit]
Main articles: Climate of Portugal and Climate of Spain
The Iberian peninsula has two dominant climate types. One of these is the oceanic climate seen in the Atlantic coastal region resulting in evenly temperatures with relatively cool summers. However, most of Portugal and Spain have a mediterranean climate with various precipitation and temperatures depending on latitude and position versus the sea. There are also more localized semi-arid climates in central Spain, with temperatures resembling a more continental mediterranean climate. In other extreme cases highland alpine climates such as in Sierra Nevada and areas with extremely low precitipation and desert climates or semi-arid climates such as the Almería[46] area, Murcia area and southern Alicante area. In the Spanish interior the hottest temperatures in Europe are found, with Córdoba averaging around 37 °C (99 °F) in July.[47] The Spanish mediterranean coast usually averages around 30 °C (86 °F) in summer. In sharp contrast A Coruña at the northern tip of Galicia has a summer daytime high average at just below 23 °C (73 °F).[48] This cool and wet summer climate is replicated throughout most of the northern coastline. Winter temperatures are more consistent throughout the peninsula, although frosts are common in the Spanish interior, even though daytime highs are usually above the freezing point. In Portugal, the warmest winters of the country are found in the area of Algarve, very similar to the ones from Huelva in Spain, while most of the Portuguese Atlantic coast has fresh and humid winters, similar to Galicia.
Average temperatures for the six largest urban areas of the peninsula[49][50]
Location
Coldest month
April
Warmest month
October
Madrid 9.8 °C (49.6 °F)
2.7 °C (36.9 °F) 18.2 °C (64.8 °F)
7.7 °C (45.9 °F) 32.1 °C (89.8 °F)
19.0 °C (66.2 °F) 19.4 °C (66.9 °F)
10.7 °C (51.3 °F)
Barcelona 14.8 °C (58.6 °F)
8.8 °C (47.8 °F) 19.1 °C (66.4 °F)
12.5 °C (54.5 °F) 29.0 °C (84.2 °F)
23.1 °C (73.6 °F) 22.5 °C (72.5 °F)
16.5 °C (61.7 °F)
Valencia 16.4 °C (61.5 °F)
7.1 °C (44.8 °F) 20.8 °C (69.4 °F)
11.5 °C (52.7 °F) 30.2 °C (86.4 °F)
21.9 °C (71.4 °F) 24.4 °C (75.9 °F)
15.2 °C (59.4 °F)
Seville 16.0 °C (60.8 °F)
5.7 °C (42.3 °F) 23.4 °C (74.1 °F)
11.1 °C (52.0 °F) 36.0 °C (96.8 °F)
20.3 °C (68.5 °F) 26.0 °C (78.8 °F)
14.4 °C (57.9 °F)
Lisbon 14.8 °C (58.6 °F)
8.3 °C (46.9 °F) 19.8 °C (67.6 °F)
11.9 °C (53.4 °F) 28.3 °C (82.9 °F)
18.6 °C (65.5 °F) 22.5 °C (72.5 °F)
15.1 °C (59.2 °F)
Porto 13.8 °C (56.8 °F)
5.2 °C (41.4 °F) 18.1 °C (64.6 °F)
9.1 °C (48.4 °F) 25.7 °C (78.3 °F)
15.9 °C (60.6 °F) 20.7 °C (69.3 °F)
12.2 °C (54.0 °F)
Major modern countries[edit]
Political divisions of the Iberian Peninsula sorted by area:
Satellite image of Iberia at night
Country/
Territory
Mainland population[51]
km2
sq mi
%
Share
Spain 43,731,572 approx.[52] 492,175 190,030 79% occupies most of the peninsula
Portugal 10,047,083 approx.[53] 89,015 34,369 15% occupies most of the west of the peninsula
France 3,191,059 33,563 12,959 6% French Cerdagne is on the south side of the Pyrenees mountain range, which runs along the border between Spain and France.[54][55][56] For example, the Segre river, which runs west and then south to meet the Ebro, has its source on the French side. The Pyrenees range is often considered the northeastern boundary of Iberian Peninsula, although the French coastline converges away from the rest of Europe north of the range.
Andorra 84,082 468 181 0.1% a northern edge of the peninsula in the south side of the Pyrenees range between Spain and France
Gibraltar (United Kingdom) 29,431 7 3 <0.1% a British overseas territory near the southernmost tip of the peninsula
Major urban areas[edit]
Urban Area
Country
Region
Population
Madrid Spain Community of Madrid 6,321,398[57]
Barcelona Spain Catalonia 4,604,000[58]
Lisbon Portugal Lisbon 3,035,000[59]
Porto Portugal Northern Portugal 2,163,000[60]
Valencia Spain Valencian Community 1,564,145[61]
The main metropolitan areas of the Iberian Peninsula are Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon, Valencia, Porto, Seville, Bilbao, Guimarães, Málaga, Braga, Central Asturias (Gijón-Oviedo-Avilés), Alicante-Elche, Murcia and Coimbra.
Major cities[edit]
Main articles: Cities of Spain and Cities of Portugal
List of cities in the Iberian Peninsula by population
City/Town
Region & Country
Population (2011–12)
City/Town
Region & Country
Population (2011–12)
1 Madrid Madrid, Spain 3,233,527 11 Córdoba Andalusia, Spain 328,841
2 Barcelona Catalonia, Spain 1,620,943 12 Valladolid Castile and León, Spain 311,501
3 Valencia Valencia, Spain 809,267 13 Vigo Galicia, Spain 297,733
4 Seville Andalusia, Spain 702,355 14 Vila Nova de Gaia Norte, Portugal 288,749
5 Zaragoza Aragon, Spain 679,624 15 Gijón Asturias, Spain 277,554
6 Málaga Andalusia, Spain 567,433 16 L'Hospitalet Catalonia, Spain 257,057
7 Lisbon Lisboa, Portugal 547,631 17 A Coruña Galicia, Spain 246,146
8 Murcia Murcia, Spain 441,354 18 Vitoria-Gasteiz Basque Country, Spain 242,223
9 Bilbao Basque Country, Spain 351,629 19 Porto Norte, Portugal 237,591
10 Alicante Valencia, Spain 334,678 20 Granada Andalusia, Spain 237,540
Various other notable cities (populations given are for the cities proper not the metro areas or municipalities) are also present on the peninsula, such as: Elche (228,647) (part of the Alicante-Elche-Elda metro area), Oviedo (225,973), Badalona (220,977) and Terrassa (215 678) in Spain; and Braga (192,494), Amadora (175,558), Almada (174,030), Odivelas (144,549) and Coimbra (143,397) in Portugal.
Ecology[edit]
Forests[edit]
Main article: Forests of the Iberian Peninsula
The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems. Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, there are some similarities across the peninsula.
While the borders between these regions are not clearly defined, there is a mutual influence that makes it very hard to establish boundaries and some species find their optimal habitat in the intermediate areas.
East Atlantic flyway[edit]
The Iberian Peninsula in an important stopover on the East Atlantic flyway for birds migrating from northern Europe to Africa. For example, curlew sandpipers rest in the region of the Bay of Cádiz.[62]
In addition to the birds migrating through, some seven million wading birds from the north spend the winter in the estuaries and wetlands of the Iberian Peninsula, mainly at locations on the Atlantic coast. In Galicia are Ría de Arousa (a home of grey plover), Ria de Ortigueira, Ria de Corme and Ria de Laxe. In Portugal, the Aveiro Lagoon hosts Recurvirostra avosetta, the common ringed plover, grey plover and little stint. Ribatejo Province on the Tagus supports Recurvirostra arosetta, grey plover, dunlin, bar-tailed godwit and common redshank. In the Sado Estuary are dunlin, Eurasian curlew, grey plover and common redshank. The Algarve hosts red knot, common greenshank and turnstone. The Guadalquivir Marshes region of Andalusia and the Salinas de Cádiz are especially rich in wintering wading birds: Kentish plover, common ringed plover, sanderling, and black-tailed godwit in addition to the others. And finally, the Ebro delta is home to all the species mentioned above.[63]
Languages[edit]
Main article: Languages of Iberia
Further information: Languages of Andorra, Languages of Gibraltar, Languages of Spain, and Languages of Portugal
With the sole exception of Basque, which is of unknown origin,[64] all modern Iberian languages descend from Vulgar Latin and belong to the Western Romance languages.[65] Throughout history (and pre-history), many different languages have been spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, contributing to the formation and differentiation of the contemporaneous languages of Iberia; however, most of them have become extinct or fallen into disuse. Basque is the only non-Indo-European surviving language in Iberia and Western Europe.[66]
In modern times, Spanish (cf. 30 to 40 million speakers), Portuguese (cf. around 10 million speakers), Catalan (cf. around 9 million speakers), Galician (cf. around 3 million speakers) and Basque (cf. around 1 million speakers)[67] are the most widely spoken languages in the Iberian Peninsula. Spanish and Portuguese have expanded beyond Iberia to the rest of world, becoming global languages.
Economy[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Major industries include mining, tourism, small farms, and fishing. Because the coast is so long, fishing is popular, especially sardines, tuna and anchovies. Most of the mining occurs in the Pyrenees mountains. Commodities mined include: iron, gold, coal, lead, silver, zinc, and salt.
See also[edit]
Continental Portugal
De rebus Hispaniae
Forests of the Iberian Peninsula
Hispania
Hispanic
Iberian and Celtic architecture
Iberian Federalism
Iberian Pact
Imperator totius Hispaniae
Languages of Iberia
List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal
List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
Nationalities and regions of Spain
Peninsular Spain
Peninsulars
Spanish and Portuguese Jews
Spanish irredentism
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In the local languages:
Spanish, Portuguese, Galician and Asturian: Península Ibérica (mostly rendered in lowercase in Spanish: península ibérica)
Spanish: [peˈninsula iˈβeɾika] (the same in Asturian)
Portuguese: [pɨˈnĩsulɐ iˈβɛɾikɐ]
Galician: [peˈninsula iˈβɛɾika]
Catalan: Península Ibèrica
Eastern Catalan: [pəˈninsulə iˈβɛɾikə]
Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica
Aragonese: [peninˈsula iβeˈɾika]
Occitan: [peninˈsylɔ iβeˈɾikɔ; -beˈʀi-]
French: Péninsule Ibérique [penɛ̃syl ibeʁik]
Mirandese: Península Eibérica [p?ˈnĩsulɐ ejˈβɛɾikɐ]
Basque: Iberiar penintsula [iβeɾiar penints̺ula]
Jump up ^ In the local languages:
Spanish, Aragonese, Asturian and Galician: Iberia
Spanish: [iˈβeɾja] (the same in Aragonese and Asturian)
Galician: [iˈβɛɾja]
Portuguese and Mirandese: Ibéria
Portuguese: [iˈβɛɾiɐ]
Mirandese: [iˈβɛɾiɐ]
Catalan and Occitan: Ibèria
Eastern Catalan: [iˈβɛɾiə]
Occitan: [iˈβɛɾiɔ; -ˈbɛʀi-]
French: Ibérie [ibeʁi]
Basque: Iberia [iβeɾia]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Iberian Peninsula". Retrieved 11 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Claire L. Lyons; John K. Papadopoulos (2002). The Archaeology of Colonialism. Getty Publications. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-0-89236-635-4.
Jump up ^ Strabo. "Book III Chapter 1 Section 6". Geographica. And also the other Iberians use an alphabet, though not letters of one and the same character, for their speech is not one and the same.
^ Jump up to: a b Charles Ebel (1976). Transalpine Gaul: The Emergence of a Roman Province. Brill Archive. pp. 48–49. ISBN 90-04-04384-5.
Jump up ^ Ricardo Padrón (1 February 2004). The Spacious Word: Cartography, Literature, and Empire in Early Modern Spain. University of Chicago Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-0-226-64433-2.
Jump up ^ Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-4381-2918-1.
Jump up ^ Strabo (1988). The Geography (in Ancient Greek and English). II. Horace Leonard Jones (trans.). Cambridge: Bill Thayer. p. 118, Note 1 on 3.4.19.
Jump up ^ Herodotus (1827). The nine books of the History of Herodotus, tr. from the text of T. Gaisford, with notes and a summary by P.E. Laurent. p. 75.
^ Jump up to: a b III.4.19.
Jump up ^ III.37.
Jump up ^ III.17.
Jump up ^ III.4.11.
Jump up ^ Félix Gaffiot (1934). Dictionnaire illustré latin-français. Hachette. p. 764.
Jump up ^ Greg Woolf (8 June 2012). Rome: An Empire's Story. Oxford University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-19-997217-3.
Jump up ^ Berkshire Review. Williams College. 1965. p. 7.
Jump up ^ Carlos B. Vega (2 October 2003). Conquistadoras: Mujeres Heroicas de la Conquista de America. McFarland. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-7864-8208-5.
Jump up ^ Virgil (1846). The Eclogues and Georgics of Virgil. Harper & Brothers. p. 377.
Jump up ^ III.3.21.
Jump up ^ White, Horace; Jona Lendering. "Appian's History of Rome: The Spanish Wars (§§6–10)". livius.org. pp. Chapter 7. Retrieved 1 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Polybius: The Histories: III.6.2". Bill Thayer.
^ Jump up to: a b Morris Student Plus, Basque-English dictionary
Jump up ^ Jonathan Adams (26 February 2010). Species Richness: Patterns in the Diversity of Life. Springer. p. 208. ISBN 978-3-540-74278-4.
Jump up ^ Persistent Entity. "Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)". NAP Professional. North American Pharmacal. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Martí Oliver, Bernat (2012). "Redes y expansión del Neolítico en la Península Ibérica" (PDF). Rubricatum. Revista del Museu de Gavà (in Spanish). Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert (5): 549–553. ISSN 1135-3791. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Case, H (2007). 'Beakers and Beaker Culture' Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in honour of Colin Burgess. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 237–254.
Jump up ^ Ontañón Peredo, Roberto (2003). Caminos hacia la complejidad: el Calcolítico en la región cantábrica. Universidad de Cantabria. p. 72. ISBN 9788481023466.
Jump up ^ García Rivero, Daniel; Escacena Carrasco, José Luis (July–December 2015). "Del Calcolítico al Bronce antiguo en el Guadalquivir inferior. El cerro de San Juan (Coria del Río, Sevilla) y el 'Modelo de Reemplazo'" (PDF). Zephyrus (in Spanish). Universidad de Salamanca: 15–38. doi:10.14201/zephyrus2015761538. ISSN 0514-7336. Retrieved 1 September 2018. CS1 maint: Date format (link)
Jump up ^ Vázquez Hoys, Dra. Ana Mª (15 May 2005). Santos, José Luis, ed. "Los Millares". Revista Terrae Antiqvae (in Spanish). UNED. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Abraham Ibn Daud's Dorot 'Olam (Generations of the Ages): A Critical Edition and Translation of Zikhron Divrey Romi, Divrey Malkhey Yisra?el, and the Midrash on Zechariah. BRILL. 7 June 2013. p. 57. ISBN 978-90-04-24815-1. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Julio Samsó (1998). The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and society. Ashgate. pp. 41–42. ISBN 978-0-86078-708-2. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Jaime Vicens Vives (1970). Approaches to the History of Spain. University of California Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-520-01422-0.
Jump up ^ Darío Fernández-Morera (9 February 2016). The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise. Intercollegiate Studies Institute. p. 286. ISBN 978-1-5040-3469-2.
Jump up ^ F. E. Peters (11 April 2009). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition, Volume I: The Peoples of God. Princeton University Press. p. 182. ISBN 1-4008-2570-9.
Jump up ^ Sánchez Blanco, Víctor (1988). "Las redes de Transporte entre la Península Ibérica y el resto de Europa". Cuadernos de Estrategia (in Spanish) (7): 21–32. ISSN 1697-6924 – via Dialnet.
Jump up ^ III.1.3.
Jump up ^ Fischer, T (1920). "The Iberian Peninsula: Spain". In Mill, Hugh Robert. The International Geography. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 368–377.
Jump up ^ These figures sum the figures given in the Wikipedia articles on the geography of Spain and Portugal. Most figures from Internet sources on Spain and Portugal include the coastlines of the islands owned by each country and thus are not a reliable guide to the coastline of the peninsula. Moreover, the length of a coastline may vary significantly depending on where and how it is measured.
Jump up ^ Edmunds, WM; K Hinsby; C Marlin; MT Condesso de Melo; M Manyano; R Vaikmae; Y Travi (2001). "Evolution of groundwater systems at the European coastline". In Edmunds, W. M.; Milne, C. J. Palaeowaters in Coastal Europe: Evolution of Groundwater Since the Late Pleistocene. London: Geological Society. p. 305. ISBN 1-86239-086-X.
Jump up ^ "Iberian Peninsula – Atlantic Coast". An Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (pdf). Global Ocean Associates. February 2004. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Jump up ^ "Los 10 ríos mas largos de España". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). 30 May 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "2. El territorio y la hidrografía española: ríos, cuencas y vertientes". Junta de Andalucía. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Manzano Cara, José Antonio. TEMA 8.- EL RELIEVE DE ESPAÑA (PDF). CEIP Madre de la Luz (in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Manuel, Piçarra, José; C., Gutiérrez-Marco, J.; A., Sá, Artur; Carlos, Meireles,; E., González-Clavijo, (1 June 2006). "Silurian graptolite biostratigraphy of the Galicia - Tras-os-Montes Zone (Spain and Portugal)".
Jump up ^ Edited by W Gibbons & T Moreno, Geology of Spain, 2002, ISBN 978-1-86239-110-9
Jump up ^ Jones, Peter. "Introduction to the Birds of Spain". www.spanishnature.com.
Jump up ^ "Standard climate values for Almería". Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Standard climate values for Córdoba". Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Standard climate values for A Coruña". Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Standard Climate Values, Spain". Aemet.es. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "IPMA Climate Normals". ipma.pt. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Population only includes the inhabitants of mainland Spain (excluding the Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla), mainland Portugal (excluding Madeira and Azores), Andorra and Gibraltar.
Jump up ^ Census data , "Official Spanish census"
Jump up ^ Census data , "Portuguese census department"
Jump up ^ Peter Sahlins (1989). Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. University of California Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-520-91121-5.
Jump up ^ Paul Wilstach (1931). Along the Pyrenees. Robert M. McBride Company. p. 102.
Jump up ^ James Erskine Murray (1837). A Summer in the Pyrenees. J. Macrone. p. 92.
Jump up ^ "Espagne • Fiche pays • PopulationData.net".
Jump up ^ http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Demographia: World Urban Areas
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "Urban Audit - CityProfiles". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Hortas, Francisco; Jordi Figuerols (2006). "Migration pattern of Curlew Sandpipers Calidris ferruginea on the south-western coastline of the Iberian Peninsula" (pdf). International Wader Studies. 19: 144–147. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Dominguez, Jesus (1990). "Distribution of estuarine waders wintering in the Iberian Peninsula in 1978–1982" (PDF). Wader Study Group Bulletin. 59: 25–28.
Jump up ^ "El misterioso origen del euskera, el idioma más antiguo de Europa". Semana (in Spanish). 18 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Fernández Jaén, Jorge. "El latín en Hispania: la romanización de la Península Ibérica. El latín vulgar. Particularidades del latín hispánico". Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Echenique Elizondo, M.ª Teresa (March 2016). "Lengua española y lengua vasca: Una trayectoria histórica sin fronteras" (PDF). Revista de Filología (in Spanish). Instituto Cervantes (34): 235–252. ISSN 0212-4130. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
Jump up ^ "El Gobierno Vasco ha presentado los resultados más destacados de la V. Encuesta Sociolingüística de la CAV, Navarra e Iparralde". Eusko Jaurlaritza (in Euskera). 18 July 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2018. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iberian Peninsula.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iberian Peninsula.
Arioso, Pāolā; Diego Meozzi. "Iberian Peninsula•Links". Stone Pages. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
Flores, Carlos; Nicole Maca-Meyer; Ana M Gonzalez; Peter J Oefner; Peidong Shen; Jose A Perez; Antonio Rojas; Jose M Larruga; Peter A Underhill (2004). "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian Peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (10): 855–863. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900. Archived from the original (pdf) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2008.
Loyd, Nick (2007). "IberiaNature: A guide to the environment, climate, wildlife, geography and nature of Spain". Retrieved 4 December 2008.
Silva, Luís Fraga de. "Ethnologic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (circa 200 B.C.). NEW VERSION #10" (in English, Portuguese, and Latin). Associação Campo Arqueológico de Tavira, Tavira, Portugal. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2008.
show
v
t
e
Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula
Galician Massif
Cantabrian Mountains
Pyrenees
Catalan Mediterranean System
Sistema Ibérico
Central System
Montes de Toledo
Sierra Morena
Baetic System
show
v
t
e
Ancient Greece
Outline
Timeline
show
History
Geography
Periods
Cycladic civilization
Minoan civilization
Mycenaean civilization
Greek Dark Ages
Archaic period
Classical Greece
Hellenistic Greece
Roman Greece
Geography
Aegean Sea
Aeolis
Alexandria
Antioch
Cappadocia
Crete
Cyprus
Doris
Ephesus
Epirus
Hellespont
Ionia
Ionian Sea
Macedonia
Magna Graecia
Miletus
Peloponnesus
Pergamon
Pontus
Taurica
Ancient Greek colonies
show
City states
Politics
Military
City states
Argos
Athens
Byzantion
Chalcis
Corinth
Eretria
Kerkyra
Larissa
Megalopolis
Megara
Rhodes
Samos
Sparta
Syracuse
Thebes
Politics
Boule
Koinon
Proxeny
Strategos
Tagus
Tyrant
Amphictyonic League
Athenian
Agora
Areopagus
Ecclesia
Graphe paranomon
Heliaia
Ostracism
Spartan
Apella
Ephor
Gerousia
Macedon
Synedrion
Koinon
Military
Wars
Athenian military
Antigonid Macedonian army
Army of Macedon
Ballista
Cretan archers
Hellenistic armies
Hippeis
Hoplite
Hetairoi
Macedonian phalanx
Phalanx
Peltast
Pezhetairos
Sarissa
Sacred Band of Thebes
Sciritae
Seleucid army
Spartan army
Toxotai
Xiphos
Xyston
show
People
List of ancient Greeks
Rulers
Kings of Argos
Archons of Athens
Kings of Athens
Kings of Commagene
Diadochi
Kings of Lydia
Kings of Macedonia
Kings of Paionia
Attalid kings of Pergamon
Kings of Pontus
Kings of Sparta
Tyrants of Syracuse
Philosophers
Anaxagoras
Anaximander
Anaximenes
Antisthenes
Aristotle
Democritus
Diogenes of Sinope
Empedocles
Epicurus
Gorgias
Heraclitus
Hypatia
Leucippus
Parmenides
Plato
Protagoras
Pythagoras
Socrates
Thales
Zeno
Authors
Aeschylus
Aesop
Alcaeus
Archilochus
Aristophanes
Bacchylides
Euripides
Herodotus
Hesiod
Hipponax
Homer
Ibycus
Lucian
Menander
Mimnermus
Panyassis
Philocles
Pindar
Plutarch
Polybius
Sappho
Simonides
Sophocles
Stesichorus
Theognis
Thucydides
Timocreon
Tyrtaeus
Xenophon
Others
Agesilaus II
Agis II
Alcibiades
Alexander the Great
Aratus
Archimedes
Aspasia
Demosthenes
Epaminondas
Euclid
Hipparchus
Hippocrates
Leonidas
Lycurgus
Lysander
Milo of Croton
Miltiades
Pausanias
Pericles
Philip of Macedon
Philopoemen
Praxiteles
Ptolemy
Pyrrhus
Solon
Themistocles
Groups
Philosophers
Playwrights
Poets
Tyrants
By culture
Ancient Greek tribes
Thracian Greeks
Ancient Macedonians
show
Society
Culture
Society
Agriculture
Calendar
Clothing
Coinage
Cuisine
Economy
Education
Festivals
Funeral and burial practices
Homosexuality
Law
Olympic Games
Pederasty
Philosophy
Prostitution
Religion
Slavery
Warfare
Wedding customs
Wine
Arts and science
Architecture
Greek Revival architecture
Astronomy
Literature
Mathematics
Medicine
Music
Musical system
Pottery
Sculpture
Technology
Theatre
Religion
Funeral and burial practices
Mythology
mythological figures
Temple
Twelve Olympians
Underworld
Sacred places
Eleusis
Delphi
Delos
Dodona
Mount Olympus
Olympia
Structures
Athenian Treasury
Lion Gate
Long Walls
Philippeion
Theatre of Dionysus
Tunnel of Eupalinos
Temples
Aphaea
Artemis
Athena Nike
Erechtheion
Hephaestus
Hera, Olympia
Parthenon
Samothrace
Zeus, Olympia
Language
Proto-Greek
Mycenaean
Homeric
Dialects
Aeolic
Arcadocypriot
Attic
Doric
Ionic
Locrian
Macedonian
Pamphylian
Koine
Writing
Linear A
Linear B
Cypriot syllabary
Greek alphabet
Greek numerals
Attic numerals
show
Greek colonisation
South Italy
Alision
Brentesion
Caulonia
Chone
Croton
Cumae
Elea
Heraclea Lucania
Hipponion
Hydrus
Krimisa
Laüs
Locri
Medma
Metapontion
Neápolis
Pandosia (Lucania)
Poseidonia
Pixous
Rhegion
Scylletium
Siris
Sybaris
Sybaris on the Traeis
Taras
Terina
Thurii
Sicily
Akragas
Akrai
Akrillai
Apollonia
Calacte
Casmenae
Catana
Gela
Helorus
Henna
Heraclea Minoa
Himera
Hybla Gereatis
Hybla Heraea
Kamarina
Leontinoi
Megara Hyblaea
Messana
Naxos
Segesta
Selinous
Syracuse
Tauromenion
Thermae
Tyndaris
Aeolian Islands
Didyme
Euonymos
Ereikousa
Hycesia
Lipara/Meligounis
Phoenicusa
Strongyle
Therassía
Sardinia
Olbia
Cyrenaica
Balagrae
Barca
Berenice
Cyrene (Apollonia)
Ptolemais
Iberian Peninsula
Akra Leuke
Alonis
Emporion
Hemeroscopion
Kalathousa
Kypsela
Mainake
Menestheus's Limin
Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
Rhode
Salauris
Zakynthos
Black Sea north coast
Borysthenes
Charax
Chersonesus
Dioscurias
Eupatoria
Gorgippia
Hermonassa
Kepoi
Kimmerikon
Myrmekion
Nikonion
Nymphaion
Olbia
Panticapaion
Phanagoria
Pityus
Tanais
Theodosia
Tyras
Tyritake
Black Sea south coast
Dionysopolis
Odessos
Anchialos
Mesambria
Apollonia
Salmydessus
Heraclea
Tium
Sesamus
Cytorus
Abonoteichos
Sinope
Zaliche
Amisos
Oinòe
Polemonion
Thèrmae
Cotyora
Kerasous
Tripolis
Trapezous
Rhizos
Athina
Bathus
Phasis
show
Lists
Cities
in Epirus
People
Place names
Stoae
Temples
Theatres
Category
Portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4047912-2
VIAF: 238991012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&oldid=863566718"
Categories:
Iberian Peninsula
Peninsulas of Europe
Geography of Southwestern Europe
Regions of Europe
Geography of Portugal
Geography of Spain
Geography of Andorra
Geography of Gibraltar
Geography of France
Historic Jewish communities
Peninsulas of Portugal
Peninsulas of Spain
Southwestern Europe
Hidden categories:
Articles containing Catalan-language text
Articles containing French-language text
Articles containing Mirandese-language text
Articles containing Basque-language text
CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 maint: Date format
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
CS1 maint: Unrecognized language
Use dmy dates from March 2015
Articles containing Aragonese-language text
Articles containing Asturian-language text
Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
Articles containing Galician-language text
Articles containing Occitan-language text
Articles containing Portuguese-language text
Articles containing Spanish-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles using infobox islands with deprecated params
Articles containing Arabic-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009
Articles needing additional references from August 2018
All articles needing additional references
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Arpetan
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Estremeñu
Euskara
فارسی
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Galego
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Ladino
Лезги
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
مصرى
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Mirandés
Монгол
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Patois
Polski
Ποντιακά
Português
Română
Русский
Sardu
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
文言
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
中文
110 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2018, at 16:05 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Iberia_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Iberia (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: p

value: caption

value: span

attrs: class id href

values: NavToggle NavToggle1 #

attrs: class style

values: font-size: 105%; background:transparent; font-size:9pt;

attrs: lang title

values:
an
Aragonese language text

value: li

values:
ast
Asturian language text

values:
/wiki/Mirandese_language
mw-redirect
Mirandese language

values: list-style: none none; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font-size: 105%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; line-height: inherit; display: none;

values:
NavFrame collapsed
border:none; padding:0
NavFrame1

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Westside_(Gibraltar)
mw-redirect
Westside (Gibraltar)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Hispania_Lusitania
mw-redirect
Hispania Lusitania

values:
/wiki/Huesca_(province)
mw-redirect
Huesca (province)

values:
/wiki/Gran_Dolina
mw-redirect
Gran Dolina

values:
/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans
mw-redirect
Anatomically modern humans

values:
/wiki/Spanish_people
mw-redirect
Spanish people

values:
/wiki/Cardium_Pottery
mw-redirect
Cardium Pottery

values:
/wiki/First_civilization
mw-redirect
First civilization

values: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values:
/wiki/Abd-ar-Rahman_III
mw-redirect
Abd-ar-Rahman III

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)

values:
/wiki/Minho_River
mw-redirect
Minho River

values:
/wiki/Torre_de_Cerredo
mw-redirect
Torre de Cerredo

values:
/wiki/Pena_Trevinca
mw-redirect
Pena Trevinca

values:
/wiki/Iberian_Plateau
mw-redirect
Iberian Plateau

values:
/wiki/Alicante_Province
mw-redirect
Alicante Province

values:
/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Province
mw-redirect
Cádiz Province

values:
/wiki/Mineral_deposit
mw-redirect
Mineral deposit

values:
/wiki/Iberian_Massif
mw-redirect
Iberian Massif

values:
/wiki/Climate_of_Portugal
mw-redirect
Climate of Portugal

values:
/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia
mw-redirect
Córdoba, Andalusia

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 60%; font-size: 95%

values:
/wiki/British_overseas_territory
mw-redirect
British overseas territory

values:
/wiki/Lisbon_Metropolitan_Area
mw-redirect
Lisbon Metropolitan Area

values: Valencia metropolitan area (page does not exist)

values: Seville metropolitan area (page does not exist)

values: Málaga metropolitan area (page does not exist)

values: Central Asturias metropolitan area (page does not exist)

values: Alicante-Elche-Elda (page does not exist)

values: Murcia metropolitan area (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Cities_of_Spain
mw-redirect
Cities of Spain

values:
/wiki/Cities_of_Portugal
mw-redirect
Cities of Portugal

values:
/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Gaia_Municipality
mw-redirect
Vila Nova de Gaia Municipality

values: text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Iberian_Federalism
mw-redirect
Iberian Federalism

values: List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1135-3791

values:
/wiki/Universidad_de_Cantabria
mw-redirect
Universidad de Cantabria

values:
/wiki/Universidad_de_Salamanca
mw-redirect
Universidad de Salamanca

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.14201%2Fzephyrus2015761538

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0514-7336

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1697-6924

values:
/wiki/Junta_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa
mw-redirect
Junta de Andalucía

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ine.es/prensa/np884.pdf

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0212-4130

values:
/wiki/Eusko_Jaurlaritza
mw-redirect
Eusko Jaurlaritza

values: Category:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language

values: -moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201225

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15280900

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iberianature.com

values: Template:Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula

values: Template talk:Mountain systems of the Iberian Peninsula

values: Category:Mountain ranges of the Iberian Peninsula

values:
/wiki/Central_System
mw-redirect
Central System

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
HistoryGeography
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Roman_Greece
mw-redirect
Roman Greece

values:
/wiki/Doric_hexapolis
mw-redirect
Doric hexapolis

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
City_statesPoliticsMilitary
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia
mw-redirect
List of kings of Macedonia

values:
/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope
mw-redirect
Diogenes of Sinope

values:
SocietyCulture
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values:
/wiki/Hellenic_calendars
mw-redirect
Hellenic calendars

values: Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs
mw-redirect
Ancient Greek wedding customs

values:
Greek_colonisation
font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
hlist hlist-separated

values: Magna Graecia ancient colonies and dialects-en.svg

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Olbia,_Ukraine
mw-redirect
Olbia, Ukraine

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4047912-2

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/238991012

values: Category:Geography of Southwestern Europe

values: Category:Articles containing Catalan-language text

values: Category:Articles containing French-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Mirandese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Basque-language text

values: Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Articles containing Aragonese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Asturian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Galician-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Occitan-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text

values: Category:Articles using infobox islands with deprecated params

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2018

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)

values: Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values: የኢቤሪያ ልሳነ ምድር – Amharic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia
Iberia – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frp
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: ইবেরীয় উপদ্বীপ – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Пиреней ярымутрауы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Пірэнейскі паўвостраў – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Пірэнэйскі паўвостраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Пиренейски полуостров – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values: Пиренейн хахад арал – Russia Buriat

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr
display: none;

values: Пиреней çурутравĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ιβηρική Χερσόνησος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberio
Iberio – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ext
display: none;

values: شبه‌جزیره ایبری – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberianes
Iberianes – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: 이베리아반도 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Պիրենեյան թերակղզի – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: इबेरिया प्रायद्वीप – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia
Iberia – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia
Iberia – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values: Пиренейты æрдæгсакъадах – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: חצי האי האיברי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: პირენეს ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Пиреней түбегі – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Пиреней жарым аралы – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values: Пиреней пел ошмаоты – Western Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: Пиреней зуростров – Lezghian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values: ຄາບສະໝຸດອີເບລີ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberia
Hiberia – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Пиринејски Полуостров – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values: ഐബീരിയൻ ഉപദ്വീപ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: इबेरियन द्वीपकल्प – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: პირენეშ ჩქონი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values: شبه الجزيره الايبيريه – Egyptian Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values: Иберийн хойг – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Пиренейн ахгӀайре – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values: ਇਬੇਰੀਆਈ ਟਾਪੂਨੁਮਾ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values: Aibiirian Peninsiula – Jamaican Creole English

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Ιβηρικόν Χερσόνησος – Pontic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Пиренейский полуостров – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values: نیمچەدوورگەی ئیبیریا – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Пиринејско полуострво – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஐபீரிய மூவலந்தீவு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Пиреней ярымутравы – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: คาบสมุทรไอบีเรีย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Піренейський півострів – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: جزیرہ نما آئبیریا – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: איבערישער האלבאינזל – Yiddish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 伊比利亚半岛 – Chinese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Iberian_Peninsula rootpage-Iberian_Peninsula skin-vector action-view