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The X-Files (season 11)
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This article is about the 2018 television season. For the 2015 comic line, see The X-Files Season 11 (comics).
The X-Files (season 11)
DVD and Blu-ray cover
Starring
David Duchovny
Gillian Anderson
Mitch Pileggi
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
6
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03) – present (present)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 10
List of The X-Files episodes
The eleventh season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files premiered on January 3, 2018, on Fox.[1] The season, consisting of ten episodes, follows newly re-instated Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson). The season's storyline picks up directly after last season's finale and the search for Mulder and Scully's son William is the main story arc for the season.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot overview
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
2.3 Guest cast
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Writing
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reviews
5.2 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Plot overview[edit]
Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) wakes up in the hospital after having a seizure, now realizing the events of My Struggle II were a vision and haven't actually happened yet. Mulder initially presumes Scully’s ramblings are a product of her illness but leaves the hospital to investigate. Agent Jeffrey Spender later appears at Scully’s bedside, revealing that someone is looking for William. He first balks at telling her the location of her son, revealing only the name of the family that adopted him - Van De Kamp. Mulder tails a henchman who he believes will take him to The Smoking Man, but he arrives somewhere else with mysterious conspirators; Mr. Y (A.C. Peterson) and Erika Price (Barbara Hershey). They try to negotiate with Mulder into turning over his son but Mulder refuses. Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) tries to meet with Scully, but can't find her. As he goes to his car, he is met inside by The Smoking Man and Reyes. Meanwhile, Scully tries to leave the hospital but her seizures return causing her to crash her car. She is rescued by Agent Einstein and Agent Miller, and is readmitted to the hospital. Both agents leave the room. An assassin sent by Mr. Y and Erika enters and tries to suffocate Scully, but Mulder steps in and saves her by slicing the assassin's neck. As Skinner comes in, Mulder confronts him since he smells like smoke. In a flashback to when Skinner was in the car with the Smoking Man, the latter reveals (in a further flashback to 17 years, "En Ami") that he, not Mulder, artificially impregnated Scully.[3]
Scully opens her eyes in the dark, laying on her side on a bed in a mysterious house. She explores the mysterious house and ends up in a endless pattern of the same room. Mulder theorizes that the experience as a type of sleep paralysis. She goes back to her memories of her sleep paralysis, where she grabs a snow globe with a model of the boat in it. Mulder and Scully get to the dock, meeting with Detective Costa (Louis Ferreira). Later, Scully’s attention is drawn to a man that observes them intently from one of the portable walkways. Costa informs them that the victims asked if they found Ghouli. When Scully turns to check if the mystery guy is there, he’s gone. Both agents investigate the two teenagers about the slashing. Both of them go on about the experience and their boyfriend, Jackson Van De Kamp. The agents arrive at the Van De Kamp household, the same house Scully saw in her dream. Two gunshots are heard with a third coming from upstairs. Scully goes up and finds the bleeding corpse of Jackson Van De Kamp. As they leave the room and the door clicks closed, the zipper opens slowly. Jackson sits up and escapes the room. Mulder meets with Skinner at the Chimera, telling him to drop the investigation. Mulder confirms that Jackson's DNA matches Scully's. At the hospital, Jackson explains to Brianna that he’s been hiding because there are people after him. He reveals that Ghouli doesn't exist and it's just something he "made up". Jackson escapes the hospital after the death of the DOD members. The next day, Scully spots a rural gas station that has a windmill just outside. Scully meets with Peter Wong with Wong mentioning that he wishes he could know her better. The agents ask to see the recording tapes. In the recording, Scully is having a conversation with William. She smiles as Mulder holds her while they see their son, alive.[4]
Cast[edit]
Main cast[edit]
David Duchovny as Fox Mulder, an FBI special agent assigned to the newly reopened X-Files division. He remains a believer in the paranormal and the existence of extraterrestrial life, though, throughout the series, his faith begins to waver.
Gillian Anderson as Dana Scully, a medical doctor and FBI special agent assigned to the X-Files. Although an initial skeptic, after Mulder's abduction, she became more open-minded about the possibility of extraterrestrial life.
Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner, an assistant director at the FBI and an ally of Mulder and Scully's.[a]
Jump up ^ Only credited for the episodes he appears in.
Recurring cast[edit]
William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man, a former government official, and nemesis of Mulder and Scully, who worked to cover up the truth of the existence of aliens and their plan to colonize the Earth. Jeremy Schuetze portrays a younger version of this character in flashbacks.[5]
Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes, a former FBI agent previously assigned to the X-Files division.
Barbara Hershey as Erika Price[6]
Miles Robbins as Jackson Van De Kamp/William Scully, the son of Dana Scully who was given up for adoption.
Guest cast[edit]
Lauren Ambrose as Agent Liz Einstein, a medical doctor, Miller's partner, and a hard-skeptic.
Robbie Amell as Agent Kyd Miller, an open-minded FBI agent who believes in the paranormal, and is Einstein's partner.
Chris Owens as Jeffrey Spender[7]
Dean Haglund as Langly, one of The Lone Gunmen.[7]
James Pickens Jr. as Alvin Kersh, the Deputy Director of the FBI
Haley Joel Osment as Davey James[8]
Veronica Cartwright as Cassandra Spender, the ex-wife of the Cigarette Smoking Man who had appeared to be killed by alien rebels during the sixth season.[9]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The X-Files episodes
Episodes marked with a double dagger ( ) are episodes in the series' alien mythology arc.[2]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
209
1 "My Struggle III" Chris Carter Chris Carter January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03) 2AYW01 5.15[10]
Scully is hospitalized after having a seizure brought on by a vision of the future that involved William, her and Mulder's son. Mulder sets out to investigate, inadvertently crossing paths with former Syndicate members Mr. Y and Erika Price, whose mission is to colonize the universe. Walter Skinner is detained by Monica Reyes and the Smoking Man, who offers protection against the coming human-alien war. Skinner seems only interested in helping Mulder and Scully, by looking for William. The Smoking Man reveals that he fathered William by pairing his DNA with aliens and impregnating Scully.
210
2 "This" Glen Morgan Glen Morgan January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10) 2AYW02 3.95[11]
Mulder and Scully are contacted by the virtual consciousness of Richard Langly, which is part of an NSA simulation designed to come to life when participants die. Langly asks his friends to shut down the program because the entities there have become digital slaves and their ideas are being harvested. Mulder discovers that Erika Price is responsible for the simulation and is using it to aid with her own agenda. He buys some time for Scully, who manages to turn off the simulation's servers, which later cannot be found once an FBI team returns to investigate.
211
3 "Plus One" Kevin Hooks Chris Carter January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17) 2AYW03 3.95[12]
Following up on several deaths in which the victims were being stalked by their doppelgängers, Mulder and Scully investigate the Poundstone twins, whose telepathic game of Hangman using people's names proves deadly.
212
4 "The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat" Darin Morgan Darin Morgan January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24) 2AYW04 3.87[13]
Reginald Murgatroid covertly meets with Mulder and Scully to discuss the Mandela Effect, their perceived reality, and the origins of The X-Files, including his being part of their team.
213
5 "Ghouli" James Wong James Wong January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31) 2AYW05 3.64[14]
Two teenagers attack one another, each believing the other is a monster; Scully experiences sleep paralysis. The two events are connected, leading Mulder and Scully to their son William.
214
6 "Kitten" Carol Banker Gabe Rotter February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07) 2AYW06 3.74[15]
Mulder and Scully travel to Mud Lick, a small town in rural Kentucky in search of Walter Skinner, who has disappeared without warning. There they find the town on the verge of hysteria following a series of suspicious deaths, unexplained illnesses and rumours of a monster lurking on the town's outskirts.
215
7 "Rm9sbG93ZXJz"[16] Glen Morgan Shannon Hamblin & Kristen Cloke February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28) 2AYW07 TBD
216
8 "Familiar"[17] Holly Dale Benjamin Van Allen March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07) 2AYW09 TBD
217
9 "Nothing Lasts Forever"[18] James Wong Karen Nielsen March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14) 2AYW08 TBD
218
10 "My Struggle IV" [19] TBA TBA March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21) 2AYW10 TBD
Production[edit]
In May 2015, in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, co-star David Duchovny stated that if the 2016 revival were successful, he would be interested in another renewal, stating, "I would be open to doing another cycle. I don't know that I could do a 20-episode version of this show at this point in my life, and I don't know that Gillian could. But I think everybody is open ended on what happens after this. Certainly, we didn't bring it back with the idea of ending it."[20] At the 2016 Television Critics Association panel for the series, creator Chris Carter stated, "If we do well in the ratings, I can't imagine we wouldn't be asked to do more."[21] Fox Television Group chairman and CEO Gary Newman stated that he and fellow executive Dana Walden would be open to another renewal, stating, "We would love to do this again, so we'd be on board if schedules can be worked out."[22] In an interview with Variety prior to the premiere, co-star Gillian Anderson, Duchovny, and Walden stated their willingness for another renewal.[23] In an interview with TV Guide, Carter reaffirmed plans for more episodes, but stressed that everyone involved is waiting on the success of the season.[24] In May 2016, Walden confirmed that there had been conversations about an eleventh season possibly for the 2017–18 television season.[25]
On April 20, 2017, Fox officially announced that The X-Files would be returning for an eleventh season of ten episodes, which would air in the 2017–18 television season after filming in mid-2017.[26]
Writing[edit]
The writing staff for the eleventh season consists of Chris Carter, Glen Morgan, Darin Morgan, James Wong, and newcomers who were all previously part of The X-Files production staff, Gabe Rotter (writers assistant), Benjamin Van Allen (writers assistant) and Brad Follmer (Carter's personal assistant).[27] In August 2017, it was announced that three female writers were added to the staff; Karen Nielsen (who worked as a script coordinator on season 10) wrote one episode, and Kristen Cloke and Shannon Hamblin wrote another episode based on a story by Glen Morgan.[28][29] The season, consisting of 10 episodes, has three mythology episodes and eight standalone episodes.[2]
Casting[edit]
In addition to Duchovny and Anderson, Mitch Pileggi was confirmed to reprise his role, as Walter Skinner.[30] Also returning are William B. Davis as Cigarette Smoking Man and Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes.[2][31] In August 2017, it was confirmed that Robbie Amell and Lauren Ambrose would reprise their roles Agents Miller and Einstein from season ten.[32] In September 2017, it was announced that Karin Konoval–who played Mrs. Peacock in the fourth-season episode "Home"–would play new characters in the eleventh season, in which Carter described as a "tour-de-force performance".[33] Anderson commented that this is her final season of The X-Files, saying, "I've said from the beginning this is it for me."[34] However, Chris Carter affirmed he would not do The X-Files without her character, saying, "For me, The X-Files is Mulder and Scully. I think if it were without Scully, I wouldn't do it. That's not my X-Files."[35] The writers intended to bring back Robert Patrick as his character John Doggett, but he was unavailable due to scheduling issues as he was filming for his TV series Scorpion.[36] In February 2018, Carter stated in an interview that he could see the show continuing without Anderson.[37]
Filming[edit]
Filming began in August 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia, where the previous season was filmed, along with the show's original five seasons.[38] After controversy sparked regarding the lack of female writers or directors on the series, it was announced in August 2017 that Carol Banker, a script supervisor on the original series who also directed an episode of The Lone Gunmen and Holly Dale were added as directors.[28]
Reception[edit]
Critical reviews[edit]
The eleventh season has received generally positive reviews from critics and currently has a Metacritic score of 67 out of 100 based on 18 reviews.[39] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 83% with an average rating of 6.99 out of 10 based on 30 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Though it may not make many new believers, The X-Files' return to business as usual is a refreshing upgrade from the show's underwhelming previous outing."[40]
Based on the first five episodes available for review, Liz Shannon Miller of IndieWire gave the season a positive review with a "B+" grade. While Miller wrote that the season premiere "is not good", she was much more positive of the following four standalone episodes, writing that "there are some intriguing mysteries, some eerie moments, solid action" and praised Darin Morgan's comedy installment, calling it "fantastic". Overall, she concluded, "Season 11 so far isn't flawless, but it's a lively, character-focused affair that feels far more unified than we'd ever anticipated, a massive improvement over Season 10 that gives us genuine hope for the second half. For the first time in a while, we're truly excited to see more."[41] Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture stated that compared to the previous season, "This new batch of episodes is considerably stronger. Even the ones that don't really do much but spin their wheels do so with feeling, and when the show is great — as it is, yet again, in Darin Morgan's episode — it's downright sublime."[42]
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "My Struggle III" January 3, 2018 1.3/5 5.15[10] 2.34 7.49[43]
2 "This" January 10, 2018 1.0/4 3.95[11] 1.99 5.94[44]
3 "Plus One" January 17, 2018 1.1/4 3.95[12] N/A N/A
4 "The Lost Art of Forehead Sweat" January 24, 2018 1.0/4 3.87[13] 1.75 5.62[45]
5 "Ghouli" January 31, 2018 0.9/3 3.64[14] TBD TBD
6 "Kitten" February 7, 2018 0.9/4 3.74[15] TBD TBD
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roots, Kimberly (November 15, 2017). "The X-Files Season 11 Gets January Premiere Date — See First Poster". TVLine. PMC. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Schwartz, Terri (August 8, 2017). "What to Expect from The X-Files: Season 11". IGN. Ziff Davis, LLC. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chris Carter (director); Chris Carter (writer). "My Struggle III". The X-Files. Season 11. Episode 1. Fox.
Jump up ^ James Wong (director); James Wong (writer). "Ghouli". The X-Files. Season 11. Episode 5. Fox.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (October 8, 2017). "X-Files Trailer Confirms Second Revival Is All About [Spoiler] — Watch Now". TVLine. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 14, 2017). "'The X-Files': Barbara Hershey Joins Season 11 Of Fox Series". Deadline. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Frederick, Brittany (October 8, 2017). "NYCC 2017: Watch The X-Files season 11 trailer now". Fansided. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (October 31, 2017). "'The X-Files': Haley Joel Osment To Guest Star In Fox Event Series". Deadline. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maden, Ben L. (August 6, 2017). "EXCLUSIVE: At #LFCC Alien star Veronica Cartwright told me she is returning as Cassandra Spender in #TheXFiles season 11! @EW @thexfiles". Twitter. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 5, 2018). "'Chicago PD' adjusts up, 'The X-Files' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 11, 2018). "'Speechless' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 19, 2018). "'Riverdale,' 'X-Files' and everything else unchanged: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (January 25, 2018). "'Match Game' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 1, 2018). "'The Amazing Race' adjusts up, 'The Blacklist' adjusts down: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'Riverdale' adjusts up: Wednesday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(XF-1107) "Rm9sbG93ZXJz"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "(XF-1108) "Familiar"". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wax, Alsye (February 14, 2018). "The machines take over in new X-Files clip, plus details on remaining episodes". Syfy. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Shows A–Z – The X-Files on Fox". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (May 26, 2015). "The X-Files: David Duchovny Says the New Script Made Him Cry". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (January 15, 2016). "X-Files Creator Admits Second Movie Was a Misstep". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Prudom, Laura (January 15, 2016). "'The X-Files' Creator Says Revival Is a Chance to 'Prove That the Show Has More Life' In It". Variety. Retrieved January 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berkshire, Geoff (January 19, 2016). "'The X-Files': How Fox Revived Mulder and Scully's Search for the Truth". Variety. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gennis, Sadie (January 21, 2016). "The X-Files' Chris Carter Is Already Preparing for More Episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 16, 2016). "The X-Files Update: David Duchovny, Gillian Anderson, Chris Carter 'On Board' For Season 11, Per Fox CEO". TVLine. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (April 20, 2017). "'The X-Files' Coming Back Again For New Event Series Next Season". Deadline. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 26, 2017). "The X-Files Season 11 Writers Revealed: Who's Back? Who's Missing?". TVLine. PMC. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ausiello, Michael (August 7, 2017). "The X-Files Season 11 Update: 2 Female Directors Join Fox Revival". TVLine. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (August 8, 2017). "'The X-Files' Season 11 Adds Women Writers and Directors, Plus More Details on Show's Return [UPDATED]". IndieWire. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 19, 2017). "'The X-Files': Mitch Pileggi Set To Return For Season 11 Of Fox Series". Deadline. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, Michael (August 7, 2017). "X-Files: Annabeth Gish Announces Season 11 Return". Screen Rant. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (August 14, 2017). "The X-Files Season 11: Robbie Amell and Lauren Ambrose Returning". TVLine. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (September 22, 2017). "X-Files actress who played show's most notorious role to return". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roffman, Marisa (December 20, 2017). "Inside 'The X-Files' Season 11: Mulder and Scully Take on Their Biggest Mystery Yet". TV Insider. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (January 3, 2018). "Chris Carter on Gillian Anderson Exit Buzz: There Is No X-Files Without Scully". TVLine. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Dixon, Marcus James (January 10, 2018). "'The X-Files' wanted Robert Patrick back as John Doggett for Season 11, but 'scheduling issue' got in the way". GoldDerby. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nissim, Mayer (February 5, 2018). "X-Files' Chris Carter interview: 'The X-Files has more life in it – with or without Gillian Anderson'". Digital Spy.com. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mooney, Harrison (August 3, 2017). "David Duchovny, X-Files return to Vancouver as shooting for 11th season begins". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved August 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The X-Files - Season 11 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The X-Files: Season 11". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Miller, Liz Shannon (December 15, 2017). "'The X-Files' Season 11 Review: Mulder and Scully Return, and The Results Are Genuinely Exciting". IndieWire. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ Seitz, Matt Zoller (January 3, 2018). "The X-Files Is Sublime in Season 11". Vulture. New York Media LLC. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (January 22, 2018). "Delayed Viewing Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong". Variety. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 26, 2018). "'The Brave' goes from low to … less low: Week 16 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2018). "'This Is Us' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live +7 ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Eugene Simon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the French arachnologist, see Eugène Simon.
Eugene Simon
Simon in 2012
Born
Eugene Michael Simon
(1992-06-11) 11 June 1992 (age 25)
UK
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2003–present
Eugene Michael Simon[1] (born 11 June 1992) is an English film and television actor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
The youngest son born to Anton (d. 2017) and Teresa (née Stopford) Simon, he has one brother, Charles Stephen Simon (born 1987). He also has a younger sister called Fleur. Eugene Simon attended St Philip's Catholic School (London)
Career[edit]
Simon's most notable roles are Jerome Clarke in House of Anubis[2][3] and as Lancel Lannister in Game of Thrones.[4][5][6]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Casanova Giacomo Casanova at 11
2006 Alpha Male Young Felix Methuselah
2013 Before I Sleep Young Eugene
2014 Eden Kennefick
2017 The Lodgers Sean
2017 Resonance Toby Post-production. Co-producer
2018 Kill Ben Lyk Ben Lyk In production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2003 My Dad's the Prime Minister Harry 4 Episodes
2004 Murder in Suburbia Josh Taylor Episode 1.5
2004 Noah and Saskia Eddie 4 Episodes
2005 My Family and Other Animals Gerald Durrell Television film
2010 Ben Hur Young Judah Ben Hur Miniseries
2011–13 House of Anubis Jerome Clarke Main role, 146 episodes
2012 Summer in Transylvania Max Episode: "I Dated a Teenage Vampire"
2011–2016 Game of Thrones Lancel Lannister Recurring role, 14 Episodes
2017 Genius Eduard Einstein Recurring role, 2 episodes
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Person Page 22970". Thepeerage.com. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "Eugene Simon House of Anubis Interview | Ink Splot 26". blog.scholastic.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eugene Simon interview Game of Thrones House of Anubis". redeyechicago.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "How Eugene Simon Became Game of Thrones' Scary New Bully". tvguide.com. 22 May 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Game of Thrones' Eugene Simon on Why Lancel Lannister Became Such an 'Oppressive Figure'". vulture.com. 4 May 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Eugene Simon on Lancel's Explosive 'Game of Thrones' Demise". harpersbazaar.com. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
External links[edit]
Eugene Simon on IMDb

This article about an English actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Maple
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Maple (disambiguation).
Maple
Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore maple) foliage
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Sapindaceae
Subfamily: Hippocastanoideae
Genus: Acer
L.
Species
See either
species grouped by sections
alphabetical list of species
Distribution
Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family.[1] There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia,[2] with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere.[3] The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Morphology
2 Pests and diseases
3 Cultural significance
4 Uses
4.1 Horticulture
4.1.1 Cultivars
4.1.2 Bonsai
4.1.3 Collections
4.2 Tourism
4.3 Commercial uses
4.3.1 Maple syrup
4.3.2 Timber
4.3.3 Tonewood
4.3.4 Agriculture
4.3.5 Pulpwood
4.4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Bibliography
7 External links
Morphology[edit]
Acer saccharum (Sugar maple)
Most maples are trees growing to a height of 10–45 m (33–148 ft). Others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level. Most species are deciduous, and many are renowned for their autumn leaf colour, but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen. Most are shade-tolerant when young and are often riparian, understory, or pioneer species rather than climax overstory trees with a few exceptions such as Sugar Maple. Many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous, inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them. A few species, notably Acer cappadocicum, frequently produce root sprouts, which can develop into clonal colonies.[4]
Acer circinatum (Vine maple) leaves showing the palmate veining typical of most species
Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed, with 3 to 9 (rarely to 13) veins each leading to a lobe, one of which is central or apical. A small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed leaves. Several species, including Acer griseum (Paperbark maple), Acer mandshuricum (Manchurian maple), Acer maximowiczianum (Nikko maple) and Acer triflorum (Three-flowered maple), have trifoliate leaves. One species, Acer negundo (Box-elder), has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets. A few, such as Acer laevigatum (Nepal maple) and Acer carpinifolium (Hornbeam maple), have pinnately veined simple leaves.
Acer rubrum (Red maple) flowers
The flowers are regular, pentamerous, and borne in racemes, corymbs, or umbels. They have four or five sepals, four or five petals about 1 – 6 mm long (absent in some species), four to ten stamens about 6 – 10 mm long, and two pistils or a pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels, whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Maples flower in late winter or early spring, in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves, but in some before the trees leaf out.[5]
Maple flowers are green, yellow, orange or red. Though individually small, the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species. Some maples are an early spring source of pollen and nectar for bees.
Play media
3D rendering of a µCT scan of a samara. Resolution is about 45 µm/voxel.
The distinctive fruits are called samaras, "maple keys", "helicopters", "whirlybirds" or "polynoses". These seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. People often call them "helicopters" due to the way that they spin as they fall. During World War II, the US Army developed a special air drop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds of supplies and was based on the Maple seed.[6] Seed maturation is usually in a few weeks to six months after flowering, with seed dispersal shortly after maturity. However, one tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Depending on the species, the seeds can be small and green to orange and big with thicker seed pods. The green seeds are released in pairs, sometimes with the stems still connected. The yellow seeds are released individually and almost always without the stems. Most species require stratification in order to germinate, and some seeds can remain dormant in the soil for several years before germinating.[4]
The genus Acer together with genus Dipteronia are either classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae, or else classified as members of the family Sapindaceae. Recent classifications, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, favour inclusion in Sapindaceae. When put in family Sapindaceae, genus Acer is put in subfamily Hippocastanoideae.
The genus is subdivided by its morphology into a multitude of sections and subsections.[7]
Fifty-four species of maples meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for being under threat of extinction in their native habitat.[3]
Pests and diseases[edit]
Rhytisma acerinum fungus on Acer pseudoplatanus leaf
The leaves are used as a food plant for the larvae of a number of the Lepidoptera order. (see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples). In high concentrations, caterpillars, like the greenstriped mapleworm (Dryocampa rubicunda), can feed on the leaves so much that they cause temporary defoliation of host maple trees.[8] Aphids are also very common sap-feeders on maples. In horticultural applications a dimethoate spray will solve this.
In the United States and Canada, all maple species are threatened by the Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis). Infestations have resulted in the destruction of thousands of maples and other tree species in Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York.[9][10]
Maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases. Several are susceptible to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium species, which can cause significant local mortality. Sooty bark disease, caused by Cryptostroma species, can kill trees that are under stress due to drought. Death of maples can rarely be caused by Phytophthora root rot and Ganoderma root decay. Maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by "tar spot" caused by Rhytisma species and mildew caused by Uncinula species, though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on the trees' long-term health.[11]
Cultural significance[edit]
The Canadian flag incorporates a stylized maple leaf
A maple leaf is on the coat of arms of Canada, and is on the Canadian flag. The maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of Canada. Maple leaves are traditionally an important part of Canadian Forces military regalia, for example the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols. There are 10 species naturally growing in the country, with at least one in each province. Although the idea of maple as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of Quebec[12] where the sugar maple is significant, today's arboreal emblem of Canada rather refers to the species as a whole.[13] The design on the flag is an eleven-point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf (which normally bears 23 points).[14]
It is also in the name of Canadian ice hockey club Toronto Maple Leafs.
The first attested use of the word was in 1260 as "Mapole", and it also appears a century later in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, spelled as "mapul".[15]
The maple is also a symbol of Hiroshima, ubiquitous in the local meibutsu.
Uses[edit]
Horticulture[edit]
A red maple tree between pine trees.
Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) has over 1,000 cultivars. This cultivar is A. palmatum 'Sango kaku', sometimes called "coralbark maple".
Some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners, businesses and municipalities due to their fall colour, relatively fast growth, ease of transplanting, and lack of hard seeds that would pose a problem for mowing lawns. Particularly popular are Norway Maple (although it is considered invasive in North America), Silver Maple, Japanese Maple, and Red Maple. Other maples, especially smaller or more unusual species, are popular as specimen trees.[4]
Cultivars[edit]
Numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics can be propagated only by asexual reproduction such as cuttings, tissue culture, budding or grafting. Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) alone has over 1,000 cultivars, most selected in Japan, and many of them no longer propagated or not in cultivation in the Western world. Some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50–100 cm.
Bonsai[edit]
Bonsai "Roter Fächerahorn"
Maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai. Japanese maple (Acer palmatum), Trident maple (A. buergerianum), Amur maple (A. ginnala), Field maple (A. campestre) and Montpellier maple (A. monspessulanum) are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification, but most species can be used.[4][16]
Collections[edit]
Acer griseum is widely grown for its decorative bark
Maple collections, sometimes called aceretums, occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around the world including the "five great W's" in England: Wakehurst Place Garden, Westonbirt Arboretum, Windsor Great Park, Winkworth Arboretum and Wisley Garden. In the United States, the aceretum at the Harvard-owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston is especially notable. In the number of species and cultivars, the Esveld Aceretum in Boskoop, Netherlands is the largest in the world.[4]
Tourism[edit]
Many maples have bright autumn foliage, and many countries have leaf-watching traditions. In Japan, the custom of viewing the changing colour of maples in the autumn is called "momijigari". Nikko and Kyoto are particularly favoured destinations for this activity. In addition, in Korea, the same viewing activity is called "Danpung-Nori" and the Seoraksan and Naejang-san mountains are very famous places for it.
The Acer saccharum (sugar maple) are a contributor to seasonal fall tourism in North America, particularly in Central Ontario, Québec, and the northern tier of the United States including Wisconsin, Michigan, Vermont, New York, New Hampshire and Western Massachusetts.
Commercial uses[edit]
Maples are important as source of syrup and wood. Dried wood is often used for the smoking of food. Charcoal from maples is an integral part of the Lincoln County Process used to make Tennessee Whiskey.[17] They are also cultivated as ornamental plants and have benefits for tourism and agriculture.
Maple syrup[edit]
Further information: Maple syrup
The Sugar maple (A. saccharum) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy. It takes about 40 litres (42 US qt) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre (1.1 US qt) of syrup. While any Acer species may be tapped for syrup, many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful.
Timber[edit]
A bench made of highly figured maple wood
Some of the larger maple species have valuable timber, particularly Sugar maple in North America, and Sycamore maple in Europe. Sugar maple wood—often known as "hard maple"—is the wood of choice for bowling pins, bowling alley lanes, pool cue shafts, and butcher's blocks. Maple wood is also used for the manufacture of wooden baseball bats, though less often than ash or hickory due to the tendency of maple bats to shatter when broken. The maple bat was introduced to Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1998 by Sam Bat founder Sam Holman. Today it is the standard maple bat most in use by professional baseball.[18] Maple is also commonly used in archery as the core material in the limbs of a Recurve Bow due to its stiffness and strength.
Maple wood is often graded based on physical and aesthetic characteristics. The most common terminology includes the grading scale from common #2; which is unselected and often used for craft woods; common #1, used for commercial and residential buildings; clear; and select grade, which is sought for fine woodworking.[19]
Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain, known as flame maple, quilt maple, birdseye maple and burl wood. This condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species, and often cannot be detected until the wood has been sawn, though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark.
These select decorative wood pieces also have subcategories that further filter the aesthetic looks. Crotch Wood, Bees Wing, Cats Paw, Old Growth and Mottled are some terms used to describe the look of these decorative woods.[20]
Maples have a long history of use for furniture production in the United States.[21]
Tonewood[edit]
Maple is considered a tonewood, or a wood that carries sound waves well, and is used in numerous musical instruments. Maple is harder and has a brighter sound than mahogany, which is another major tonewood used in instrument manufacture.[22]
The back, sides, and neck of most violins, violas, cellos, and double basses are made from maple.
Electric guitar necks are commonly made from maple, having good dimensional stability. The necks of the Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster were originally an entirely maple one piece neck, but later were also available with rosewood fingerboards. Les Paul desired an all maple guitar, but due to the weight of maple, only the tops of Gibson's Les Paul guitars are made from carved maple, often using quilted or flamed maple tops. Due to its weight, very few solid body guitars are made entirely from maple, but many guitars have maple necks, tops or veneers.
Maple is also often used to make bassoons and sometimes for other woodwind instruments like maple recorders.
Many drums are made from maple. From the 70s to the 90s, maple drum kits were a vast majority of all drum kits made, but in recent years, birch has become popular for drums once again. Some of the best drum-building companies use maple extensively throughout their mid-pro range.[4] Maple drums are favored for their bright resonant sound.[23] Certain types of drum sticks are also made from maple.
Agriculture[edit]
As they are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered, maples are important to the survival of honeybees that play a commercially important role later in the spring and summer.
Pulpwood[edit]
Maple is used as pulpwood. The fibers have relatively thick walls that prevent collapsing upon drying. This gives good bulk and opacity in paper. Maple also gives paper good printing properties.
Gallery[edit]
Acer cappadocicum (Cappadocian maple)
Acer carpinifolium leaves
Acer freemanii 'Autumn Blaze' (a cross between Acer rubrum and Acer saccharinum
Acer macrophyllum flowers and young leaves
Acer laevigatum leaves and fruit
Acer sempervirens foliage
Acer ginnala foliage
Acer palmatum trees and bamboo in Japan
Acer grandidentatum (Bigtooth Maple) in autumn colour
Acer platanoides leaf
Acer palmatum leaf in autumn
Acer platanoides (Norway maple) samaras
Acer griseum (Paperbark maple)
See also[edit]
List of Acer species
Mazer – a drinking vessel made from maple wood
List of foods made from maple
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 9, June 2008 [and more or less continuously updated since]. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/.
Jump up ^ Tingzhi Xu; Yousheng Chen; Piet C. de Jong; Herman John Oterdoom; Chin-Sung Chang. "Acer Linnaeus". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Gibbs, D. & Chen, Y. (2009) The Red List of Maples Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) ISBN 978-1-905164-31-8
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g van Gelderen, C. J. & van Gelderen, D. M. (1999). Maples for Gardens: A Color Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
Jump up ^ "Sky Hook Spirals from Plane" Popular Mechanics, December 1944, p. 75.
Jump up ^ "Classification of Genus Acer". Web.archive.org. 12 August 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Auburn University Entomology and Plant Pathology | Greenstriped Mapleworm". Auburn University Entomology and Plant Pathology. Retrieved 2017-11-14.
Jump up ^ "beetlebusters.info - free porn videos, free porn, hd porn video and tube porn video". Beetlebusters.info. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheets". Umassgreeninfo.org. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Phillips, D. H. & Burdekin, D. A. (1992). Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-49493-8.
Jump up ^ "National Symbols". Fraser.cc. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Heritage, Canadian. "Official symbols of Canada - Canada.ca". Canada.pch.gc.ca. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Sandberg, L. Anders (2014). Urban Forests, Trees, and Greenspace: A Political Ecology Perspective. Routledge.
Jump up ^ "maple, n.1". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 November 2017 – via Oxford English Dictionary.
Jump up ^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer buergerianum". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved 2011-07-05.
Jump up ^ Zandona, Eric. "Tennessee Whiskey Gets a Legal Definition". EZdrinking. Retrieved 2014-01-11.
Jump up ^ Sam Holman Maple Baseball Bats Archived 2010-05-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Publications" (PDF). Ahec.org. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Wood Terms and Examples Archived 2010-03-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Joseph Aronson (1965). The encyclopedia of furniture. Random House, Inc. pp. 300–. ISBN 978-0-517-03735-5. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ Geoff Nicholls; Tony Bacon (1 June 1997). The drum book. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-0-87930-476-8. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Bibliography[edit]
Philips, Roger (1979). Trees of North America and Europe. New York: Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-394-50259-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acer.
Eichhorn, Markus (November 2011). "The Maple Tree". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
"American Heritage® - Vic Firth". Vicfirth.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
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Taxon identifiers
Wd: Q42292
EoL: 37290
FloraBase: 40760
FOC: 100167
Fossilworks: 54688
GBIF: 3189834
GRIN: 66
iNaturalist: 47727
IPNI: 36261-1
ITIS: 28727
NCBI: 4022
PLANTS: ACER
Tropicos: 40030257
VASCAN: 769
Authority control
LCCN: sh85080843
GND: 4141664-8
BNF: cb122677448 (data)
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text:
Citizen suit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the United States, a citizen suit is a lawsuit by a private citizen to enforce a statute.[1] Citizen suits are particularly common in the field of environmental law.[2]
Citizen suits come in three forms. First, a private citizen can bring a lawsuit against a citizen, corporation, or government body for engaging in conduct prohibited by the statute. For example, a citizen can sue a corporation under the Clean Water Act (CWA) for illegally polluting a waterway. Second, a private citizen can bring a lawsuit against a government body for failing to perform a non-discretionary duty. For example, a private citizen could sue the Environmental Protection Agency for failing to promulgate regulations that the CWA required it to promulgate. In a third, less common form, citizens may sue for an injunction to abate a potential imminent and substantial endangerment involving generation, disposal or handling of waste, regardless of whether or not the defendant's conduct violates a statutory prohibition. This third type of citizen suit is analogous to the common law tort of public nuisance.[3] In general, the law entitles plaintiffs who bring successful citizen suits to recover reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs.[4]
In 1970, when amending the Clean Air Act, the United States Congress was inspired by similar legislation in the civil rights arena[5] to begin including specific provisions for citizens to bring suit against violators or government agencies to enforce environmental laws. Today, most anti-pollution laws have provisions for citizen suits and they have become a major means of ensuring compliance with environmental laws. Public-interest environmental legal service organizations, such as Earthjustice and the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic, often prosecute citizen suits.[6] Some non-environmental statutes, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendments Act, also contain citizen suit provisions, but the majority of regulatory statutes do not.
Citizens may only bring citizen suits in federal court if they have "standing to sue". To establish standing, the courts have required proof of three elements. First, the plaintiff must have suffered an “injury in fact”—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) “actual or imminent, not ‘conjectural’ or ‘hypothetical’”. Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct complained of—the injury has to be “fairly ... trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant, and not ... th[e] result [of] the independent action of some third party not before the court.” Third, it must be “likely”, as opposed to merely “speculative”, that the injury will be “redressed by a favorable decision.”[7]
Environmental laws that allow citizen suits include:
Clean Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Clean Air Act 1970
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977
Endangered Species Act of 1973
Emergency Planning and Community Right To Know Act of 1986- SARA Title III
See also[edit]
Money trail
Occupy movement
Regulatory capture
Qui tam
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Citizen Suits: The Teeth in Public Participation, 25 Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. L. Inst.) 10141 (Mar. 1995), http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/Citz%20Suits%20Teeth-ELR_95.pdf; Jeffrey G. Miller & Environmental Law Inst., Citizen Suits: Private Enforcement of Federal Pollution Control Laws (1987).
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Citizen Suits "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-01-15. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
Jump up ^ See Middlesex City Board of Chosen Freeholders v. New Jersey, 645 F. Supp. 715, 721-22(D.N.J. 1986); see also RCRA Imminent Hazard Authority: A Powerful Tool for Businesses, Governments, and Citizen Enforcers, 24 Envtl. L. Rep. (Envtl. L. Inst.) 10122 (March 1994), http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/RCRA%20Haz%20ELR_94.pdf
Jump up ^ See Adam Babich, The Wages of Sin: The Violator-Pays Rule for Environmental Citizen Suits, 10 Widener L. Rev. 219 (2003); see also The Violator-Pays Rule, Envtl. F., May/June 2004, at 30, http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/articles/2004%20Forum%20Violator%20Pays.pdf.
Jump up ^ See Zygmunt J.B. Plater, Facing a Time of Counter-Revolution—The Kepone Incident and a Review of First Principles, 29 U. RICH. L. REV. 657, 701 (1995) (Environmental citizen suit provisions were “[m]odelled after provisions in the civil rights acts . . . .”)
Jump up ^ See Earthjustice web page, http://earthjustice.org/our_work/cases/index.html; Tulane Environmental Law Clinic web page, http://www.tulane.edu/~telc/assets/pdfs/lawsuits.pdf
Jump up ^ Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555 (1992).
[show]
v
t
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United States environmental law
Supreme Court
decisions
Missouri v. Holland (1920)
Sierra Club v. Morton (1972)
United States v. SCRAP (1973)
Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill (1978)
Vermont Yankee v. NRDC (1978)
Hughes v. Oklahoma (1979)
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife (1992)
United States v. Bestfoods (1998)
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (2000)
SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers (2001)
Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen (2004)
Rapanos v. United States (2006)
Massachusetts v. EPA (2007)
National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife (2007)
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (2009)
Major
federal legislation
and treaties
Rivers and Harbors Act (1899)
Lacey Act (1900)
Weeks Act (1911)
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 (1911)
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (1934)
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (1954)
Clean Air Act (1963, 1970)
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)
Clean Water Act (1972)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (1972)
Noise Control Act (1972)
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Toxic Substances Control Act (1976)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (1977)
CERCLA (Superfund) (1980)
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (1986)
Emergency Wetlands Resources Act (1986)
Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (2016)
Federal agencies
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Council on Environmental Quality
Office of Surface Mining
United States Environmental Protection Agency
United States Fish and Wildlife Service
Regulations
and concepts
Best available technology
Citizen suit
Discharge Monitoring Report
Effluent guidelines
Environmental crime
Environmental impact statement
Environmental justice
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Priorities List
New Source Performance Standard
Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
Right to know
Total maximum daily load
Toxicity category rating
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