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Sodium thiosulfate
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Sodium thiosulfate
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium thiosulfate
Other names
Sodium hyposulfite
Hyposulphite of soda
Identifiers
CAS Number
7772-98-7 Y
10102-17-7 (pentahydrate) N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:132112 N
ChemSpider
22885 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.970
E number E539 (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID
24477
RTECS number XN6476000
UNII
L0IYT1O31N Y
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3S2/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2 Y
Key: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y
InChI=1/2Na.H2O3S2/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-NUQVWONBAM
SMILES[show]
[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S
Properties
Chemical formula
Na2S2O3
Molar mass 158.11 g/mol (anhydrous)
248.18 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance White crystals
Odor Odorless
Density 1.667 g/cm3
Melting point 48.3 °C (118.9 °F; 321.4 K) (pentahydrate)
Boiling point 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (pentahydrate, - 5H2O decomposition)
Solubility in water
70.1 g/100 mL (20 °C)[1]
231 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility negligible in alcohol
Refractive index (nD)
1.489
Structure
Crystal structure
monoclinic
Hazards
Safety data sheet External MSDS
R-phrases (outdated) R35
NFPA 704
0
1
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Infobox references
Sodium thiosulfate (sodium thiosulphate) is a chemical and medication. As a medication it is used to treat cyanide poisoning and pityriasis versicolor.[2]
It is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3.xH2O. Typically it is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, Na2S2O3·5H2O. The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water. It is also called sodium hyposulfite or “hypo”.[3]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
1.1 Medical uses
1.2 Iodometry
1.3 Photographic processing
1.4 Gold extraction
1.5 Neutralizing chlorinated water
1.6 Other
2 Structure
3 Production
4 Principal reactions
4.1 Aluminium cation reaction
4.2 Organic chemistry
5 References
Uses[edit]
Medical uses[edit]
Main article: Sodium thiosulfate (medical use)
It is used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning.[5][6] Thiosulfate serves as a sulfur donor for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate (which can then be safely excreted in the urine), catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase. For this purpose it is used together with sodium nitrite.[2]
It has been used as treatment of calciphylaxis in hemodialysis people with end-stage kidney disease.[7] There is apparently an incompletely understood phenomenon whereby this causes severe metabolic acidosis in some patients.[8][9]
In foot baths for prophylaxis of ringworm, and as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor.
It is used in the management of extravasations during chemotherapy. Sodium thiosulfate prevents alkylation and tissue destruction by providing a substrate for the alkylating agents that have invaded the subcutaneous tissues. The dose may be 2 ml of 0.17 M (a solution of 4 ml 10% sodium thiosulfate and 6 ml sterile water for injection). It may be instilled subcutaneously into multiple sites using a small-gauge needle. Data are limited on this method with few recommendations.[citation needed]
In measuring the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate.[10]
Sodium Thiosulfate can be used to neutralize and ameliorate renal toxicity of the chemotherapeutic agent Cisplatin [11]
Iodometry[edit]
In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing it to iodide as it is oxidized to tetrathionate:
2 S2O32− + I2 → S4O62− + 2 I−
Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because Na2S2O3·5H2O has an excellent shelf-life, it is used as a titrant in iodometry. Na2S2O3·5H2O is also a component of iodine clock experiments.
This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen. It is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.
Photographic processing[edit]
Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate:
2 S2O32− + AgBr → [Ag(S2O3)2]3− + Br−
This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel. It is used for both film and photographic paper processing; the sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer, and is often referred to as 'hypo', from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda.[12]
Gold extraction[edit]
Sodium thiosulfate is a component of an alternative lixiviant to cyanide for extraction of gold.[13] However, it forms a strong soluble complex with gold(I) ions, [Au(S2O3)2]3−. The advantage of this approach is that thiosulfate is essentially not toxic and that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate. Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique, since [Au(S2O3)2]3− does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.
Neutralizing chlorinated water[edit]
It is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquaria and swimming pools and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers.[3] The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction.
In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:
4 NaClO + Na2S2O3 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaCl + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O
Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from solution. Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers.
Other[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sodium thiosulfate is also used:
As a component in hand warmers and other chemical heating pads that produce heat by exothermic crystallization of a supercooled solution.
In bacteriological water assessment, as it promotes the survival of coliform organisms by neutralizing residual chlorine.[14]:249[15]:572
In the tanning of leather
To demonstrate the concept of supercooling in physics classes: Sodium thiosulfate, when heated, dissolves in its own water of crystallisation. This solution can be cooled to room temperature without recrystallisation. When crystallisation is induced by the addition of a small seed crystal, the sudden temperature rise can be experienced by touch.
As part of patina recipes for copper alloys
Often used in pharmaceutical preparations as an anionic surfactant to aid in dispersion
Structure[edit]
Two polymorphs are known of the pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs.[3] In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur bears significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character.
Production[edit]
On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture.[16]
In the laboratory, this salt can be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur or by boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide and sulfur according to this equation:[17]
6 NaOH + 4 S → 2 Na2S + Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O
Principal reactions[edit]
Upon heating to 300 °C, it decomposes to sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide:
4 Na2S2O3 → 3 Na2SO4 + Na2S5
Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids. Initial protonation occurs at sulfur. When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained. It is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.
Under normal conditions, acidification of solutions of this salt excess with even dilute acids results in complete decomposition to sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and water:[16]
Na2S2O3 + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O
This reaction is known as a "clock reaction", because when the sulfur reaches a certain concentration, the solution turns from colourless to a pale yellow. This reaction has been employed to generate colloidal sulfur. This process is used to demonstrate the concept of reaction rate in chemistry classes.
Aluminium cation reaction[edit]
Sodium thiosulfate is also used in analytical chemistry.[citation needed] It can, when heated with a sample containing aluminium cations, produce a white precipitate:
2 Al3+ + 3 S2O32− + 3 H2O → 3 SO2 + 3 S + 2 Al(OH)3
Organic chemistry[edit]
Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives S-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts. This reaction is employed in one synthesis of the industrial reagent thioglycolic acid:
ClCH2CO2H + Na2S2O3 → Na[O3S2CH2CO2H] + NaCl
Na[O3S2CH2CO2H] + H2O → HSCH2CO2H + NaHSO4
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
^ Jump up to: a b WHO Model Formulary 2008 (PDF). World Health Organization. 2009. p. 66. ISBN 9789241547659. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c J. J. Barbera, A. Metzger, M. Wolf "Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_477
Jump up ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Toxicity, Cyanide: Overview - eMedicine". Retrieved 2009-01-01.
Jump up ^ Hall AH, Dart R, Bogdan G (June 2007). "Sodium thiosulfate or hydroxocobalamin for the empiric treatment of cyanide poisoning?". Ann Emerg Med. 49 (6): 806–13. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.09.021. PMID 17098327.
Jump up ^ Cicone JS, Petronis JB, Embert CD, Spector DA (June 2004). "Successful treatment of calciphylaxis with intravenous sodium thiosulfate". Am. J. Kidney Dis. 43 (6): 1104–8. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.03.018. PMID 15168392.
Jump up ^ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/762244
Jump up ^ Selk N, Rodby RA (Jan–Feb 2011). "Unexpectedly severe metabolic acidosis associated with sodium thiosulfate therapy in a patient with calcific uremic arteriolopathy". Semin. Dial. 24 (1): 85–8. doi:10.1111/j.1525-139X.2011.00848.x. PMID 21338397.
Jump up ^ "Sodium thiosulfate" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
Jump up ^ Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (9/2005). "Protection against cisplatin-induced toxicities by N-acetylcysteine and sodium thiosulfate as assessed at the molecular, cellular, and in vivo levels": 1052–8. PMID 15951398. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Charles Robert Gibson (1908). The Romance of Modern Photography, Its Discovery & Its Achievements. Seeley & Co. p. 37.
Jump up ^ Aylmore MG, Muir DM (2001). "Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold - a Review". Minerals Engineering. 14: 135–174. doi:10.1016/s0892-6875(00)00172-2.
Jump up ^ Ralph E. Noble; Oscar Gullans (August 1955). "Influence of sodium thiosulfate on the survival of coliform organisms in stored samples of untreated lake water". Journal of Bacteriology. 70 (2): 249–50. PMC 357669  . PMID 13251993.
Jump up ^ The Public Health Laboratory Service Water Sub-Committee (December 1953). "The effect of sodium thiosulphate on the coliform and Bacterium coli counts of non-chlorinated water samples". The Journal of Hygiene. 51 (4): 572–7. doi:10.1017/s0022172400036858. PMC 2217764  . PMID 13118158.
^ Jump up to: a b Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Jump up ^ Gordin, H. M. (1913). Elementary Chemistry, Volume I. Inorganic Chemistry. Chicago: Medico-Dental Publishing Co. pp. 162 & 287–288.
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text:
List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
NFL lists
Current season[show]
2017 season
Quarterbacks[show]
Starting quarterbacks
by touchdowns / touchdowns (playoffs) /
yardage / 5000 yard seasons / completion / wins
by team
BUF
MIA
NE
NYJ

BAL
CIN
CLE
PIT

HOU
IND
JAX
TEN

DEN
KC
LAC
OAK

DAL
NYG
PHI
WAS

CHI
DET
GB
MIN

ATL
CAR
NO
TB

ARI
LAR
SF
SEA
Most wins
Playoff records
Most consecutive starts
Most consecutive games
with touchdown pass
Win–loss records 2012
Running backs[show]
Career rushing attempts leaders
Career rushing yards leaders
Career rushing touchdowns leaders
Annual rushing yards leaders
Annual rushing touchdowns leaders
2,000-yard club
1,000-yard duos
Receivers[show]
Career receptions leaders
Career receiving yards leaders
Career receiving touchdowns leaders
Annual receptions leaders
Annual receiving yards leaders
Annual receiving touchdowns leaders
Defense[show]
Career sacks leaders
Annual sacks leaders
Career interceptions leaders
Annual interceptions leaders
Special teams[show]
Longest field goals
Career field goals leaders
Career punting yards leaders
Career punt return yards leaders
Career kickoff return yards leaders
Annual field goals leaders
Annual punting yards leaders
Annual punt return yards leaders
Annual kickoff return yards leaders
Other lists[show]
Most consecutive starts
(and games played)
Career all-purpose yards leaders
Career scoring leaders
Brett Favre's
career achievements
Peyton Manning's
career achievements
v
t
e
Tom Brady in 2015. Brady is the Patriots' only starting quarterback to have led the team to a Super Bowl victory, which he has done five times.
The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They are a member of the East Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The team began as the Boston Patriots in the American Football League, a league that merged with the National Football League before the start of the 1970 season.[1] In 1971, the team relocated to Foxborough, where they then became the New England Patriots. Between 1971 and 2001, the Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium. Since 2002, the Patriots have played their home games at Gillette Stadium (formerly CMGI Field), which was built adjacent to Foxboro Stadium (which was then demolished, and the site was turned into a parking lot for Gillette Stadium).
There have been 28 starting quarterbacks in the history of the franchise. The most starting quarterbacks the Patriots have had in one season is five quarterbacks, in 1987.[a] Past quarterbacks for the Patriots include Patriots Hall of Fame inductees Babe Parilli, Steve Grogan, and Drew Bledsoe.[2] Butch Songin became the first starting quarterback for the Patriots in 1960, when the franchise was first established. He was replaced by Tom Greene for the final two games of the season. Hall of Famer Parilli was the next starting quarterback for the Patriots, from 1961 to 1967. As of the 2017 season, New England's starting quarterback is Tom Brady, whom the Patriots selected in the 6th round (199th pick overall) of the 2000 NFL Draft. He is the only quarterback to have led the Patriots to a Super Bowl victory.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Starting quarterbacks
2.1 Regular season
2.2 Postseason
3 Statistics
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
History[edit]
Butch Songin became the first starting quarterback for the Patriots in 1960, when the franchise was first established.[3] He started the first 12 games of the season, and Tom Greene replaced him as starting quarterback for the final two games.[3] Babe Parilli was the next starting quarterback for the Patriots, from 1961 to 1967.[4]
In 1971, when the team moved to Foxborough and renamed from the "Boston Patriots" to the "New England Patriots", Jim Plunkett took over as quarterback.[5] Plunkett started every regular season game for four straight seasons,[6] until he was replaced by Steve Grogan as the starting quarterback in the 1975 season.[7] Grogan was the only starting quarterback for six straight seasons, until Matt Cavanaugh started for four of the sixteen games in 1980.[8] Grogan continued to start for the Patriots for parts of seasons until his retirement in 1990.[9] Grogan finished his career with 135 games as starting quarterback, the second-most of any Patriots starting quarterback ever.[9]
From 1987 until 1993, the Patriots had no regular starting quarterback, with as many as five in one season, until Drew Bledsoe was drafted as the number one overall pick in the 1993 NFL Draft.[10][11] Bledsoe led the team to four playoff appearances (1994, 1996, 1997, and 1998), two AFC East championships (1996 and 1997), and an AFC Championship (1997).[12][13][14][15] Bledsoe was the team's primary starting quarterback for eight straight seasons until a hit by New York Jets linebacker Mo Lewis sheared a blood vessel in his chest, which put Bledsoe out for the rest of the 2001 season. Before the start of the 2002 season, Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills and did not get to see the opening of the new Gillette Stadium in September 2002.[11]
Tom Brady has led the team for more regular season games (251), postseason games (35), Super Bowl appearances (7), and complete seasons (14) than any other quarterback in franchise history.[16] Brady's only incomplete seasons were 2001,[17] when he replaced Bledsoe as the starting quarterback, 2008, when he suffered a season-ending knee injury in the first game of the regular season,[18] and 2016 when he was suspended by the NFL for the first four games of the season as a result of the Deflategate incident.[19] In 2008, Matt Cassel started the remaining 15 games, and despite missing the playoffs, the team finished with an 11–5 record and second place in the AFC East.[20] In 2016, Jimmy Garoppolo served as the starting quarterback for the first two games of the season in Brady's absence before Garoppolo was injured and replaced by Jacoby Brissett. Brady also has led the team to all five of the franchise's Super Bowl victories, doing so in 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014 and 2016.[16][21] He is one of only four Patriots quarterbacks to have started at Gillette Stadium, the others having been Cassel, Garoppolo, and Brissett.[16] Steve Grogan has started the second-most games in franchise history (135), 116 games fewer than Brady.[9]
Starting quarterbacks[edit]
Jimmy Garoppolo (2016)
Matt Cassel (2008)
Drew Bledsoe (1993–2001)
Scott Zolak (1992, 1995, 1998)
Year Column links to corresponding team season
(#) Number of games started in the regular season.
† Inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame[2]
Regular season[edit]
Season(s)
Quarterback(s)
Ref
Boston Patriots
1960 (AFL) Butch Songin (12) / Tom Greene (2) [3]
1961 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (8) / Butch Songin (6) [22]
1962 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (10) / Tom Yewcic (4) [23]
1963 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (14) [24]
1964 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (14) [25]
1965 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (13) / Eddie Wilson (1) [26]
1966 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (14) [27]
1967 (AFL) Babe Parilli† (11) / Don Trull (3) [28]
1968 (AFL) Mike Taliaferro (7) / Tom Sherman (7) [29]
1969 (AFL) Mike Taliaferro (14) [30]
1970 Joe Kapp (10) / Mike Taliaferro (4) [31]
New England Patriots
1971 Jim Plunkett (14) [5]
1972 Jim Plunkett (14) [32]
1973 Jim Plunkett (14) [33]
1974 Jim Plunkett (14) [34]
1975 Steve Grogan† (7) / Jim Plunkett (5) / Neil Graff (2) [7]
1976 Steve Grogan† (14) [35]
1977 Steve Grogan† (14) [36]
1978[b] Steve Grogan† (16) [37]
1979 Steve Grogan† (16) [38]
1980 Steve Grogan† (12) / Matt Cavanaugh (4) [8]
1981 Matt Cavanaugh (8) / Steve Grogan† (7) / Tom Owen (1) [39]
1982[c] Steve Grogan† (6) / Matt Cavanaugh (3) [40]
1983 Steve Grogan† (12) / Tony Eason (4) [41]
1984 Tony Eason (13) / Steve Grogan† (3) [42]
1985 Tony Eason (10) / Steve Grogan† (6) [43]
1986 Tony Eason (14) / Steve Grogan† (2) [44]
1987[c] Steve Grogan† (6) / Tom Ramsey (3) / Tony Eason (3) / Bob Bleier (2) / Doug Flutie (1) [45]
1988 Doug Flutie (9) / Steve Grogan† (4) / Tony Eason (2) / Tom Ramsey (1) [46]
1989 Steve Grogan† (6) / Marc Wilson (4) / Tony Eason (3) / Doug Flutie (3) [47]
1990 Marc Wilson (6) / Tommy Hodson (4) / Steve Grogan (4) [48]
1991 Hugh Millen (13) / Tommy Hodson (3) [49]
1992 Hugh Millen (7) / Scott Zolak (4) / Tommy Hodson (3) / Jeff Carlson (2) [50]
1993 Drew Bledsoe† (12) / Scott Secules (4) [10]
1994 Drew Bledsoe† (16) [12]
1995 Drew Bledsoe† (15) / Scott Zolak (1) [51]
1996 Drew Bledsoe† (16) [13]
1997 Drew Bledsoe† (16) [14]
1998 Drew Bledsoe† (14) / Scott Zolak (2) [15]
1999 Drew Bledsoe† (16) [52]
2000 Drew Bledsoe† (16) [53]
2001 Tom Brady (14) / Drew Bledsoe† (2) [17]
2002 Tom Brady (16) [54]
2003 Tom Brady (16) [55]
2004 Tom Brady (16) [56]
2005 Tom Brady (16) [57]
2006 Tom Brady (16) [58]
2007 Tom Brady (16) [59]
2008 Matt Cassel (15) / Tom Brady (1) [20]
2009 Tom Brady (16) [60]
2010 Tom Brady (16) [61]
2011 Tom Brady (16) [62]
2012 Tom Brady (16) [63]
2013 Tom Brady (16) [64]
2014 Tom Brady (16) [65]
2015 Tom Brady (16) [66]
2016 Tom Brady (12) / Jacoby Brissett (2) / Jimmy Garoppolo (2) [67]
2017 Tom Brady (16) [68]
Postseason[edit]
Season
Quarterback(s)
Ref
1963 Parilli, BabeBabe Parilli (1–1) [4]
1976 Grogan, SteveSteve Grogan (0–1) [9]
1978 Grogan, SteveSteve Grogan (0–1) [9]
1982 Grogan, SteveSteve Grogan (0–1) [9]
1985 Eason, TonyTony Eason (3–1) [69]
1986 Eason, TonyTony Eason (0–1) [69]
1994 Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe (0–1) [11]
1996 Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe (2–1) [11]
1997 Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe (1–1) [11]
1998 Zolak, ScottScott Zolak (0–1) [70]
2001 Brady, TomTom Brady (3–0) [16]
2003 Brady, TomTom Brady (3–0) [16]
2004 Brady, TomTom Brady (3–0) [16]
2005 Brady, TomTom Brady (1–1) [16]
2006 Brady, TomTom Brady (2–1) [16]
2007 Brady, TomTom Brady (2–1) [16]
2009 Brady, TomTom Brady (0–1) [16]
2010 Brady, TomTom Brady (0–1) [16]
2011 Brady, TomTom Brady (2–1) [16]
2012 Brady, TomTom Brady (1–1) [16]
2013 Brady, TomTom Brady (1–1) [16]
2014 Brady, TomTom Brady (3–0) [16]
2015 Brady, TomTom Brady (1–1) [16]
2016 Brady, TomTom Brady (3–0) [16]
2017 Brady, TomTom Brady (2–1) [16]
Statistics[edit]
Having been the starting quarterback for the past 16 seasons, Tom Brady holds the record for the most starts in a Patriots jersey, as well as for the most overall wins.[71] He is also the franchise leader in attempts, completions, total yards gained, and passing touchdowns, although Jimmy Garoppolo has the best pass completion percentage.[71] Brady also holds the record for the longest completed pass by a Patriots starting quarterback, throwing a 99-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker in an away game against the Miami Dolphins during the 2011 season.[71][72]
Brady is also the leader in rushing attempts, but Steve Grogan has the most rushing yards and rushing touchdowns.[73] Tom Yewcic holds the record for the longest rush with a 46-yard run in the Patriots' 14–10 road loss to the Denver Broncos during the 1963 season.[73][74]
Years
Years that the quarterback was on the Patriots' roster
Yds
Yards gained by passing
GP
Games played (regular season)
TD
Passing touchdowns
GS
Games started (regular season)
Int
Interceptions thrown
W
Number of wins as starting quarterback
LngPass
Longest completed pass thrown (yards)
L
Number of losses as starting quarterback
Rate
Quarterback rating
T
Number of ties as starting quarterback
Att
Rushes attempted
Cmp
Passes completed
Yds
Yards gained by rushing
Att
Passes attempted
TD
Rushing touchdowns
Cmp%
Percentage of passes completed
LngRush
Longest rushing attempt
Name
Years
Passing statistics
Rushing statistics
Ref
GP
GS
W
L
T
Cmp
Att
Cmp%
Yds
TD
Int
LngPass
Rate
Att
Yds
TD
LngRush
Brady, TomTom Brady 2001– 253 251 196 55 0 5,629 8,805 63.9% 66,159 488 160 99 97.6 557 968 17 22 [16]
Grogan, SteveSteve Grogan 1975–1990 149 135 75 60 0 1,879 3,593 52.3% 26,886 182 208 76 69.6 445 2,176 35 41 [9]
Bledsoe, DrewDrew Bledsoe 1993–2001 124 123 63 60 0 2,544 4,518 56.3% 29,657 166 138 86 75.9 270 553 2 25 [11]
Parilli, BabeBabe Parilli 1961–1967 94 83 44 32 7 1,140 2,413 47.2% 16,747 132 138 80 64.8 228 949 14 33 [4]
Plunkett, JimJim Plunkett 1971–1975 61 61 23 38 0 729 1,503 48.5% 12,665 62 87 88 59.7 159 817 9 37 [6]
Eason, TonyTony Eason 1983–1989 72 49 28 21 0 876 1,500 52.3% 10,732 60 48 76 80.6 126 474 6 26 [69]
Taliaferro, MikeMike Taliaferro 1968–1969 32 25 8 17 0 305 680 44.9% 3,920 27 44 77 49.8 23 46 0 21 [75]
Millen, HughHugh Millen 1991–1992 20 20 5 15 0 370 612 60.5% 4,276 17 28 60 71.8 48 200 1 26 [76]
Songin, ButchButch Songin 1960–1961 28 18 7 10 1 285 604 47.2% 3,905 36 24 78 71.7 19 79 2 20 [77]
Cassel, MattMatt Cassel 2008 30 15 10 5 0 349 555 62.9% 3,946 23 13 76 88.2 85 298 3 19 [78]
Cavanaugh, MattMatt Cavanaugh 1980–1982 52 15 5 10 0 206 385 53.5% 3,018 19 23 75 70.9 39 190 3 22 [79]
Flutie, DougDoug Flutie 1987–1989 22 13 8 5 0 148 305 48.5% 1,871 11 14 80 61.0 65 308 1 22 [80]
Hodson, TommyTommy Hodson 1990–1991 32 12 1 11 0 171 315 54.3% 1,809 7 11 56 64.1 21 90 0 23 [81]
Kapp, JoeJoe Kapp 1970 11 10 1 9 0 98 219 44.7% 1,104 3 17 48 32.6 20 71 0 14 [82]
Wilson, MarcMarc Wilson 1989–1990 30 10 1 9 0 214 415 51.6% 2,631 9 16 65 62.6 12 49 0 11 [83]
Zolak, ScottScott Zolak 1992
1995
1998 54 7 3 4 0 124 244 50.8% 1,314 8 7 72 65.8 36 83 0 19 [70]
Sherman, TomTom Sherman 1968 18 7 1 6 0 90 226 39.8% 1,199 12 16 87 45.6 25 80 0 17 [84]
Yewcic, TomTom Yewcic 1962 14 5 3 2 0 87 206 42.2% 1,374 12 12 78 60.2 72 424 4 46 [85]
Secules, ScottScott Secules 1993 12 4 0 4 0 75 134 56.0% 918 2 9 82 76.5 8 33 0 13 [86]
Ramsey, TomTom Ramsey 1987–1988 21 4 2 2 0 84 164 51.2% 1,005 6 9 40 59.6 17 77 1 19 [87]
Trull, DonDon Trull 1967 7 3 0 3 0 27 81 33.3% 442 1 7 52 20.7 19 35 3 10 [88]
Bleier, BobBob Bleier 1987 3 2 1 1 0 14 39 35.9% 181 1 1 35 49.2 5 −5 1 1 [89]
Brissett, JacobyJacoby Brissett 2016 3 2 1 1 0 34 55 61.8% 400 0 0 58 83.9 16 83 1 27 [90]
Garoppolo, JimmyJimmy Garoppolo 2016 17 2 2 0 0 63 94 67.0% 690 5 0 37 106.2 25 10 0 10 [91]
Carlson, JeffJeff Carlson 1992 3 2 0 2 0 18 49 36.7% 232 1 3 40 33.7 11 32 0 7 [92]
Graff, NeilNeil Graff 1975 25 2 0 2 0 19 36 52.8% 241 2 3 31 57.8 2 2 0 2 [93]
Greene, TomTom Greene 1960 10 2 1 1 0 27 63 43.9% 251 1 6 31 20.1 7 44 0 21 [94]
Wilson, EddieEddie Wilson 1965 14 1 0 0 1 20 46 43.5% 257 1 3 30 41.7 8 4 0 17 [95]
Owen, TomTom Owen 1981 12 1 0 1 0 58 114 50.9% 655 3 9 32 44.3 2 −1 0 0 [96]
* Statistics accurate as of the end of the 2017 season
Italic text indicates that the player is currently on the Patriots roster
See also[edit]
Lists of NFL starting quarterbacks
List of New England Patriots first-round draft picks
History of the New England Patriots
Notes[edit]
a In each game, a team picks one player to start in the quarterback position. Players may be substituted during the game, but the term "starting quarterback" refers to the player who started the game in that position.
b Since the 1978 NFL season, all teams have played 16-game schedules.[97]
c Strikes by the National Football League Players Association in the 1982 and 1987 seasons resulted in shortened seasons (9- and 15-game schedules, respectively).[98]
References[edit]
General
"New England Patriots Team Encyclopedia". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
Specific
Jump up ^ "Boston Patriots". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "New England Patriots Hall of Famers". New England Patriots. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "1960 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Babe Parilli Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "1971 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jim Plunkett Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "1975 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1980 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Steve Grogan Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "1993 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Drew Bledsoe Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "1994 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1996 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "1997 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "1998 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Tom Brady Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "2001 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Brady to have season-ending knee surgery, will be placed on IR". NFL.com. National Football League. September 9, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Appeals Court: Tom Brady must serve Deflategate punishment". Associated Press. April 26, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "New England Patriots". Pro-Football-Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "1961 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1962 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1963 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1964 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1965 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1966 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1967 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1968 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1969 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1970 Boston Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1972 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1973 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1974 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1976 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1977 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1978 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1979 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "1981 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1982 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1983 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "1984 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1985 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1986 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1987 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "1988 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1989 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1990 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1991 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "1992 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1995 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "1999 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2000 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2002 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2003 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2004 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2005 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2006 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
Jump up ^ "2007 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2009 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved December 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2010 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2011 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on January 27, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2012 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "2013 New England Patriots Statistics & Players". Pro Football Reference. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 14, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "New England Career Passing Register". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b "New England Patriots Career Rushing Register". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Sports Reference. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
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[show]
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Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks
Butch Songin (1960–1961)
Tom Greene (1960)
Babe Parilli (1961–1967)
Tom Yewcic (1962)
Eddie Wilson (1965)
Don Trull (1967)
Mike Taliaferro (1968–1970)
Tom Sherman (1968)
Joe Kapp (1970)
Jim Plunkett (1971–1975)
Steve Grogan (1975–1990)
Neil Graff (1975)
Matt Cavanaugh (1980–1982)
Tom Owen (1981)
Tony Eason (1983–1989)
Tom Ramsey (1987–1988)
Bob Bleier (1987)
Doug Flutie (1987–1989)
Marc Wilson (1989–1990)
Tommy Hodson (1990–1992)
Hugh Millen (1991–1992)
Scott Zolak (1992, 1995, 1998)
Jeff Carlson (1992)
Drew Bledsoe (1993–2001)
Scott Secules (1993)
Tom Brady (2001–present)
Matt Cassel (2008)
Jimmy Garoppolo (2016)
Jacoby Brissett (2016)
[show]
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List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League (as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season)
American Football Conference
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Tyrod Taylor (Buffalo Bills)
Jay Cutler (Miami Dolphins)
Tom Brady (New England Patriots)
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Andy Dalton (Cincinnati Bengals)
DeShone Kizer (Cleveland Browns)
Landry Jones (Pittsburgh Steelers)
T. J. Yates (Houston Texans)
Jacoby Brissett (Indianapolis Colts)
Blake Bortles (Jacksonville Jaguars)
Marcus Mariota (Tennessee Titans)
Paxton Lynch (Denver Broncos)
Patrick Mahomes II (Kansas City Chiefs)
Philip Rivers (Los Angeles Chargers)
Derek Carr (Oakland Raiders)
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Eli Manning (New York Giants)
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Kirk Cousins (Washington Redskins)
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Matthew Stafford (Detroit Lions)
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Case Keenum (Minnesota Vikings)
Matt Ryan (Atlanta Falcons)
Cam Newton (Carolina Panthers)
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Jameis Winston (Tampa Bay Buccaneers)
Drew Stanton (Arizona Cardinals)
Sean Mannion (Los Angeles Rams)
Jimmy Garoppolo (San Francisco 49ers)
Russell Wilson (Seattle Seahawks)
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Drilling
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Drilling (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Titanium drilling
Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point. The bit is pressed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting edge against the work-piece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is drilled.
In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting motion, though the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly repeated short movements. The hammering action can be performed from outside the hole (top-hammer drill) or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used for horizontal drilling are called drifter drills.
In rare cases, specially-shaped bits are used to cut holes of non-circular cross-section; a square cross-section is possible.[1][2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Process
1.1 Spot drilling
1.2 Center drilling
1.3 Deep hole drilling
1.3.1 Gun drilling
1.3.2 Trepanning
1.4 Microdrilling
1.5 Vibration drilling
1.6 Circle interpolating
2 Material
2.1 Drilling in metal
2.2 Drilling in wood
2.3 Others
3 Related processes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Process[edit]
Drilled holes are characterized by their sharp edge on the entrance side and the presence of burrs on the exit side (unless they have been removed). Also, the inside of the hole usually has helical feed marks.[3]
Drilling may affect the mechanical properties of the workpiece by creating low residual stresses around the hole opening and a very thin layer of highly stressed and disturbed material on the newly formed surface. This causes the workpiece to become more susceptible to corrosion and crack propagation at the stressed surface. A finish operation may be done to avoid these detrimental conditions.
For fluted drill bits, any chips are removed via the flutes. Chips may form long spirals or small flakes, depending on the material, and process parameters.[3] The type of chips formed can be an indicator of the machinability of the material, with long chips suggesting good material machinability.
When possible drilled holes should be located perpendicular to the workpiece surface. This minimizes the drill bit's tendency to "walk", that is, to be deflected from the intended center-line of the bore, causing the hole to be misplaced. The higher the length-to-diameter ratio of the drill bit, the greater the tendency to walk. The tendency to walk is also preempted in various other ways, which include:
Establishing a centering mark or feature before drilling, such as by:
Casting, molding, or forging a mark into the workpiece
Center punching
Spot drilling (i.e., center drilling)
Spot facing, which is machining a certain area on a casting or forging to establish an accurately located face on an otherwise rough surface.
Constraining the position of the drill bit using a drill jig with drill bushings
Surface finish produced by drilling may range from 32 to 500 microinches. Finish cuts will generate surfaces near 32 microinches, and roughing will be near 500 microinches.
Cutting fluid is commonly used to cool the drill bit, increase tool life, increase speeds and feeds, increase the surface finish, and aid in ejecting chips. Application of these fluids is usually done by flooding the workpiece with coolant and lubricant or by applying a spray mist.[3]
In deciding which drill(s) to use it is important to consider the task at hand and evaluate which drill would best accomplish the task. There are a variety of drill styles that each serve a different purpose. The subland drill is capable of drilling more than one diameter. The spade drill is used to drill larger hole sizes. The indexable drill is useful in managing chips.[3]
Spot drilling[edit]
See also: Drill bit § Center and spotting drill bits
The purpose of spot drilling is to drill a hole that will act as a guide for drilling the final hole. The hole is only drilled part way into the workpiece because it is only used to guide the beginning of the next drilling process.
Center drilling[edit]
See also: Drill bit § Center and spotting drill bits
Center drill is A two-fluted tool consisting of a twist drill with a 60° countersink; used to drill countersink center holes in a work piece to be mounted between centers for turning or grinding.
Deep hole drilling[edit]
Blast hole several meters long, drilled in granite
Deep hole drilling is defined as a hole depth greater than ten times the diameter of the hole.[4] These types of holes require special equipment to maintain the straightness and tolerances. Other considerations are roundness and surface finish.
Deep hole drilling is generally achievable with a few tooling methods, usually gun drilling or BTA drilling. These are differentiated due to the coolant entry method (internal or external) and chip removal method (internal or external). Using methods such as a rotating tool and counter-rotating workpiece are common techniques to achieve required straightness tolerances.[5] Secondary tooling methods include trepanning, skiving and burnishing, pull boring, or bottle boring. Finally a new kind of drilling technology is available to face this issue: vibration drilling. This technology breaks up the chips by a small controlled axial vibration of the drill. The small chips are easily removed by the flutes of the drill.
A high tech monitoring system is used to control force, torque, vibrations, and acoustic emission. Vibration is considered a major defect in deep hole drilling which can often cause the drill to break. A special coolant is usually used to aid in this type of drilling.
Gun drilling[edit]
Main article: Gun drill
Gun drilling was originally developed to drill out gun barrels and is used commonly for drilling smaller diameter deep holes. The depth-to-diameter ratio can be even greater than 300:1. The key feature of gun drilling is that the bits are self-centering; this is what allows for such deep accurate holes. The bits use a rotary motion similar to a twist drill; however, the bits are designed with bearing pads that slide along the surface of the hole keeping the drill bit on center. Gun drilling is usually done at high speeds and low feed rates.
Trepanning[edit]
Trepanning is commonly used for creating larger diameter holes (up to 915 mm (36.0 in)) where a standard drill bit is not feasible or economical. Trepanning removes the desired diameter by cutting out a solid disk similar to the workings of a drafting compass. Trepanning is performed on flat products such as sheet metal, granite (curling stone), plates, or structural members like I-beams. Trepanning can also be useful to make grooves for inserting seals, such as O-rings.
Microdrilling[edit]
Microdrilling refers to the drilling of holes less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in). Drilling of holes at this small diameter presents greater problems since coolant fed drills cannot be used and high spindle speeds are required. High spindle speeds that exceed 10,000 RPM also require the use of balanced tool holders.
Vibration drilling[edit]
Titanium chips – conventional drilling vs vibration drilling
Vibration drilling of an aluminum-CFRP multi-material stack with MITIS technology
The first studies into vibration drilling began in the 1950s (Pr. V.N. Poduraev, Moscow Bauman University). The main principle consists in generating axial vibrations or oscillations in addition to the feed movement of the drill so that the chips break up and are then easily removed from the cutting zone.
There are two main technologies of vibration drilling: self-maintained vibration systems and forced vibration systems. Most vibration drilling technologies are still at a research stage. In the case of self-maintained vibration drilling, the eigenfrequency of the tool is used in order to make it naturally vibrate while cutting; vibrations are self-maintained by a mass-spring system included in the tool holder.[6] Other works use a piezoelectric system to generate and control the vibrations. These systems allow high vibration frequencies (up to 2 kHz) for small magnitude (about a few micrometers); they are particularly suitable for drilling small holes. Finally, vibrations can be generated by mechanical systems:[7] the frequency is given by the combination of the rotation speed and the number of oscillation per rotation (a few oscillations per rotation), with magnitude about 0.1 mm.
This last technology is a fully industrial one (example: SineHoling® technology of MITIS). Vibration drilling is a preferred solution in situations like deep hole drilling, multi-material stack drilling (aeronautics) and dry drilling (without lubrication). Generally it provides improved reliability and greater control of the drilling operation.
Circle interpolating[edit]
The orbital drilling principle
Circle interpolating, also known as orbital drilling, is a process for creating holes using machine cutters.
Orbital drilling is based on rotating a cutting tool around its own axis and simultaneously about a centre axis which is off-set from the axis of the cutting tool. The cutting tool can then be moved simultaneously in an axial direction to drill or machine a hole – and/or combined with an arbitrary sidewards motion to machine an opening or cavity.
By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes of different diameters as illustrated. This implies that the cutting tool inventory can be substantially reduced.
The term orbital drilling comes from that the cutting tool “orbits” around the hole center. The mechanically forced, dynamic offset in orbital drilling has several advantages compared to conventional drilling that drastically increases the hole precision. The lower thrust force results in a burr-less hole when drilling in metals. When drilling in composite materials the problem with delamination is eliminated.[8]
Material[edit]
Drilling in metal[edit]
High speed steel twist bit drilling into aluminium with methylated spirits lubricant
Under normal usage, swarf is carried up and away from the tip of the drill bit by the fluting of the drill bit. The cutting edges produce more chips which continue the movement of the chips outwards from the hole. This is successful until the chips pack too tightly, either because of deeper than normal holes or insufficient backing off (removing the drill slightly or totally from the hole while drilling). Cutting fluid is sometimes used to ease this problem and to prolong the tool's life by cooling and lubricating the tip and chip flow. Coolant may be introduced via holes through the drill shank, which is common when using a gun drill. When cutting aluminum in particular, cutting fluid helps ensure a smooth and accurate hole while preventing the metal from grabbing the drill bit in the process of drilling the hole. When cutting brass, and other soft metals that can grab the drill bit and causes "chatter", a face of approx. 1-2 millimeters can be ground on the cutting edge to create an obtuse angle of 91 to 93 degrees. This prevents "chatter" during which the drill tears rather than cuts the metal. However, with that shape of bit cutting edge, the drill is pushing the metal away, rather than grabbing the metal. This creates high friction and very hot swarf.
Magnetic Drilling Machine (manufactured by BDS Maschinen GmbH, Germany)
For heavy feeds and comparatively deep holes oil-hole drills are used in the drill bit, with a lubricant pumped to the drill head through a small hole in the bit and flowing out along the fluting. A conventional drill press arrangement can be used in oil-hole drilling, but it is more commonly seen in automatic drilling machinery in which it is the workpiece that rotates rather than the drill bit.
In computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools a process called peck drilling, or interrupted cut drilling, is used to keep swarf from detrimentally building up when drilling deep holes (approximately when the depth of the hole is three times greater than the drill diameter). Peck drilling involves plunging the drill part way through the workpiece, no more than five times the diameter of the drill, and then retracting it to the surface. This is repeated until the hole is finished. A modified form of this process, called high speed peck drilling or chip breaking, only retracts the drill slightly. This process is faster, but is only used in moderately long holes, otherwise it will overheat the drill bit. It is also used when drilling stringy material to break the chips.[9][10][11]
When it is not possible to bring material to the СNС machine it is time to use a Magnetic (Base) Drilling Machine. With Magnetic Base it can be properly fixed on the metal. The base allows the making of holes in a horizontal position and even on a ceiling. Usually for these machines it is better to use cutters because they can drill much faster with less speed. Cutters' sizes varies from 12 mm up to 200mm DIA and from 30 to 200mm DOC(depth of cut). These machines are widely used in construction, fabrication, marine and oil & gas industries. In the oil and gas industry are usually used pneumatic magnetic drilling machines to avoid sparks and special tube magnetic drilling machines that could be fixed on pipes of different sizes, even inside.
Drilling in wood[edit]
Wood being softer than most metals, drilling in wood is considerably easier and faster than drilling in metal. Cutting fluids are not used or needed. The main issue in drilling wood is ensuring clean entry and exit holes and preventing burning. Avoiding burning is a question of using sharp bits and the appropriate cutting speed. Drill bits can tear out chips of wood around the top and bottom of the hole and this is undesirable in fine woodworking applications.
The ubiquitous twist drill bits used in metalworking also work well in wood, but they tend to chip wood out at the entry and exit of the hole. In some cases, as in rough holes for carpentry, the quality of the hole does not matter, and a number of bits for fast cutting in wood exist, including spade bits and self-feeding auger bits. Many types of specialised drill bits for boring clean holes in wood have been developed, including brad-point bits, Forstner bits and hole saws. Chipping on exit can be minimized by using a piece of wood as backing behind the work piece, and the same technique is sometimes used to keep the hole entry neat.
Holes are easier to start in wood as the drill bit can be accurately positioned by pushing it into the wood and creating a dimple. The bit will thus have little tendency to wander.
Others[edit]
Some materials like plastics as well as other non-metals and some metals have a tendency to heat up enough to expand making the hole smaller than desired.
Related processes[edit]
The following are some related processes that often accompany drilling:
Counterboring
This process creates a stepped hole in which a larger diameter follows a smaller diameter partially into a hole.
Countersinking
This process is similar to counterboring but the step in the hole is cone-shaped.
Boring
Boring precisely enlarges an already existing hole using a single point cutter.
Friction drilling
drilling holes using plastic deformation of the subject (under heat and pressure) instead of cutting it.
See also[edit]
Laser drilling
Drilling rig
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wolfram (mathematical software) website: Drilling a square hole
Jump up ^ Practical demonstration of square-hole bit, YouTube video
^ Jump up to: a b c d Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994), Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, Industrial Press Inc., pp. 43–48, ISBN 0-8311-3049-0.
Jump up ^ Bralla, James G. (1999). Design for manufacturability handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 4‐56. ISBN 978-0-07-007139-1.
Jump up ^ "What Is Deep Hole Drilling? An Overview".
Jump up ^ Paris, Henri (2005). Modelling the Vibratory Drilling Process to Foresee Cutting Parameters. CIRP Annals – Manufacturing Technologies. pp. 367–370. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)60124-3. ISSN 0007-8506.
Jump up ^ Peigné, Grégoire (2009). Axial machining device. WO/2011/061678 (patent).
Jump up ^ Orbital Drilling Goes Mainstream for the Dreamliner, Aerospace Engineering & Manufacturing, SAE International Publications, March 2009, p. 32
Jump up ^ Smid, Peter (2003), CNC programming handbook (2nd ed.), Industrial Press, p. 199, ISBN 978-0-8311-3158-6.
Jump up ^ Hurst, Bryan (2006), The Journeyman's Guide to CNC Machines, Lulu.com, p. 82, ISBN 978-1-4116-9921-2.
Jump up ^ Mattson, Mike (2009), CNC Programming: Principles and Applications (2nd ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 233, ISBN 978-1-4180-6099-2.
External links[edit]
Look up drilling in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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