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History of central banking in the United States
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This history of central banking in the United States encompasses various bank regulations, from early "wildcat" practices through the present Federal Reserve System.
Contents
[hide]
1 1781–1836: The Bank of North America; the First, and Second, Bank of the United States
1.1 Bank of North America
1.2 First Bank of the United States
1.3 Second Bank of the United States
2 1837–1862: "Free Banking" Era
3 1863–1913: National Banks
4 1907–1913: Creation of the Federal Reserve System
4.1 Panic of 1907 alarms bankers
4.2 Aldrich Plan
4.3 A regional Federal Reserve system
4.4 Agrarian demands partly met
5 The Federal Reserve
6 References
7 External links
1781–1836: The Bank of North America; the First, and Second, Bank of the United States[edit]
Bank of North America[edit]
Main articles: Bank of North America and Currency Act
Some Founding Fathers were strongly opposed to the formation of a central banking system; the fact that England tried to place the colonies under the monetary control of the Bank of England was seen by many as the "last straw"[verification needed] of oppression which led directly to the American Revolutionary War.[citation needed]
Others were strongly in favor of a central bank. Robert Morris, as Superintendent of Finance, helped to open the Bank of North America in 1782, and has been accordingly called by Thomas Goddard "the father of the system of credit and paper circulation in the United States." As ratification in early 1781 of the Articles of Confederation had extended to Congress the sovereign power to generate bills of credit, it passed later that year an ordinance to incorporate a privately subscribed national bank following in the footsteps of the Bank of England. However, it was thwarted in fulfilling its intended role as a nationwide central bank due to objections of "alarming foreign influence and fictitious credit," favoritism to foreigners and unfair policies against less corrupt state banks issuing their own notes, such that Pennsylvania's legislature repealed its charter to operate within the Commonwealth in 1785.
First Bank of the United States[edit]
Main article: First Bank of the United States
In 1791, former Morris aide and chief advocate for Northern mercantile interests, Alexander Hamilton, the Secretary of the Treasury, accepted a compromise with the Southern lawmakers to ensure the continuation of Morris's Bank project; in exchange for support by the South for a national bank, Hamilton agreed to ensure sufficient support to have the national or federal capitol moved from its temporary Northern location, New York, to a "Southern" location on the Potomac. As a result, the First Bank of the United States (1791–1811) was chartered by Congress within the year and signed by George Washington soon after. The First Bank of the United States was modeled after the Bank of England and differed in many ways from today's central banks. For example, it was partly owned by foreigners, who shared in its profits. Also, it was not solely responsible for the country's supply of bank notes. It was responsible for only 20% of the currency supply; state banks accounted for the rest. Several founding fathers bitterly opposed the Bank. Thomas Jefferson saw it as an engine for speculation, financial manipulation, and corruption.[1] In 1811 its twenty-year charter expired and was not renewed by Congress. Absent the federally chartered bank, the next several years witnessed a proliferation of federally issued Treasury Notes to create credit as the government struggled to finance the War of 1812; a suspension of specie payment by most banks soon followed as well.
Second Bank of the United States[edit]
Main article: Second Bank of the United States
See also: Bank War
After five years, the federal government chartered its successor, the Second Bank of the United States (1816–1836). James Madison signed the charter with the intention of stopping runaway inflation that had plagued the country during the five-year interim. It was basically a copy of the First Bank, with branches across the country. Andrew Jackson, who became president in 1828, denounced the bank as an engine of corruption. His destruction of the bank was a major political issue in the 1830s and shaped the Second Party System, as Democrats in the states opposed banks and Whigs supported them. He was unable to get the bank dissolved, but refused to renew its charter. Jackson attempted to counteract this by executive order requiring all Federal land payments to be made in gold or silver. This produced the Panic of 1837.
1837–1862: "Free Banking" Era[edit]
Period
% Change in Money Supply
% Change in Price Level
1832–37 + 61 +28
1837–43 − 58 −35
1843–48 +102 + 9
1848–49 − 11 0
1849–54 +109 +32
1854–55 − 12 + 2
1855–57 + 18 + 1
1857–58 − 23 −16
1858–61 + 35 − 4
In this period, only state-chartered banks existed. They could issue bank notes against specie (gold and silver coins) and the states heavily regulated their own reserve requirements, interest rates for loans and deposits, the necessary capital ratio etc. These banks had existed since 1781, in parallel with the Banks of the United States. The Michigan Act (1837) allowed the automatic chartering of banks that would fulfill its requirements without special consent of the state legislature. This legislation made creating unstable banks easier by lowering state supervision in states that adopted it. The real value of a bank bill was often lower than its face value, and the issuing bank's financial strength generally determined the size of the discount. By 1797 there were 24 chartered banks in the U.S.; with the beginning of the Free Banking Era (1837) there were 712.
Privately issued note, 1863
During the free banking era, the banks were short-lived compared to today's commercial banks, with an average lifespan of five years. About half of the banks failed, and about a third of which went out of business because they could not redeem their notes.[2] (See also "Wildcat banking".)
During the free banking era, some local banks took over the functions of a central bank. In New York, the New York Safety Fund provided deposit insurance for member banks. In Boston, the Suffolk Bank guaranteed that bank notes would trade at near par value, and acted as a private bank note clearinghouse.[citation needed]
1863–1913: National Banks[edit]
The National Banking Act of 1863, besides providing loans in the Civil War effort of the Union, included provisions:
To create a system of national banks. They were to have higher standards concerning reserves and business practices than state banks. Recent research indicates that state monopoly banks had the lowest long run survival rates.[3] The office of Comptroller of the Currency was created to supervise these banks.
To create a uniform national currency. To achieve this, all national banks were required to accept each other's currencies at par value. This eliminated the risk of loss in case of bank default. The notes were printed by the Comptroller of the Currency to ensure uniform quality and prevent counterfeiting.
To finance the war, national banks were required to secure their notes by holding Treasury securities, enlarging the market[vague] and raising its[vague] liquidity.
As described by Gresham's Law, soon bad money from state banks drove out the new, good money;[citation needed] the government imposed a 10% tax on state bank bills, forcing most banks to convert to national banks. By 1865, there were already 1,500 national banks. In 1870, 1,638 national banks stood against only 325 state banks. The tax led in the 1880s and 1890s to the creation and adoption of checking accounts. By the 1890s, 90% of the money supply was in checking accounts. State banking had made a comeback.
Two problems still remained in the banking sector.[citation needed] The first was the requirement to back up the currency with treasuries. When the treasuries fluctuated in value, banks had to recall loans or borrow from other banks or clearinghouses. The second problem was that the system created seasonal liquidity spikes. A rural bank had deposit accounts at a larger bank, that it withdrew from when the need for funds was highest, e.g., in the planting season. When combined liquidity demands were too big, the bank again had to find a lender of last resort.[citation needed]
These liquidity crises led to bank runs, causing severe disruptions and depressions, the worst of which was the Panic of 1907.[citation needed]
National banks issued National Bank Notes as currency. Because they were uniformly backed by US government debt, they generally traded at comparable values in contrast to the notes issued during the Free Banking era in which notes from different banks could have significantly different values. National bank notes were not however "lawful tender", and could not be used as bank reserves under the National Bank Act. The Federal government issued greenbacks which fulfilled this role along with gold.[4]
Congress suspended the gold standard in 1861 early in the Civil War and began issuing paper currency (greenbacks). The federally issued greenbacks were gradually supposed to be eliminated in favor of national bank notes after the Specie Payment Resumption Act of 1875 was passed. However, the elimination of the greenbacks was suspended in 1878 and the notes remained in circulation. Federal debt throughout the period continued to be paid in gold. In 1879, the United States had returned to the gold standard, and all currency could be redeemed in gold. [5]
1907–1913: Creation of the Federal Reserve System[edit]
Panic of 1907 alarms bankers[edit]
Early in 1907, New York Times Annual Financial Review published Paul Warburg's (a partner of Kuhn, Loeb and Co.) first official reform plan, entitled "A Plan for a Modified Central Bank," in which he outlined remedies that he thought might avert panics. Early in 1907, Jacob Schiff, the chief executive officer of Kuhn, Loeb and Co., in a speech to the New York Chamber of Commerce, warned that "unless we have a central bank with adequate control of credit resources, this country is going to undergo the most severe and far reaching money panic in its history." "The Panic of 1907" hit full stride in October. [Herrick]
1908 cartoon argued that elastic currency is needed
Bankers felt the real problem was that the United States was the last major country without a central bank, which might provide stability and emergency credit in times of financial crisis. While segments of the financial community were worried about the power that had accrued to JP Morgan and other 'financiers', most were more concerned about the general frailty of a vast, decentralized banking system that could not regulate itself without the extraordinary intervention of one man. Financial leaders who advocated a central bank with an elastic currency after the Panic of 1907 included Frank Vanderlip, Myron T. Herrick, William Barret Ridgely, George E. Roberts, Isaac Newton Seligman and Jacob H. Schiff. They stressed the need for an elastic money supply that could expand or contract as needed. After the scare of 1907 the bankers demanded reform; the next year, Congress established a commission of experts to come up with a nonpartisan solution.
Aldrich Plan[edit]
Rhode Island Senator Nelson Aldrich, the Republican leader in the Senate, ran the Commission personally, with the aid of a team of economists. They went to Europe and were impressed with how the central banks in Britain and Germany appeared to handle the stabilization of the overall economy and the promotion of international trade. Aldrich's investigation led to his plan in 1912 to bring central banking to the United States, with promises of financial stability, expanded international roles, control by impartial experts and no political meddling in finance. Aldrich asserted that a central bank had to be, paradoxically, decentralized somehow, or it would be attacked by local politicians and bankers as had the First and Second Banks of the United States. The Aldrich plan was introduced in 62nd and 63rd Congresses (1912 and 1913) but never gained much traction as the Democrats in 1912 won control of both the House and the Senate as well as the White House.
Woodrow Wilson signs bill creating the Federal Reserve System, December 24, 1913
A regional Federal Reserve system[edit]
Main article: Federal Reserve System
The new President, Woodrow Wilson, then became the principal mover for banking and currency reform in the 63rd Congress, working with the two chairs of the House and Senate Banking and Currency Committees, Rep. Carter Glass of Virginia and Sen. Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma. It was Wilson who insisted that the regional Federal Reserve banks be controlled by a central Federal Reserve board appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate.
Agrarian demands partly met[edit]
William Jennings Bryan, now Secretary of State, long-time enemy of Wall Street and still a power in the Democratic party, threatened to destroy the bill. Wilson masterfully came up with a compromise plan that pleased bankers and Bryan alike. The Bryanites were happy that Federal Reserve currency became liabilities of the government rather than of private banks—a symbolic change—and by provisions for federal loans to farmers. The Bryanite demand to prohibit interlocking directorates did not pass. Wilson convinced the anti-bank Congressmen that because Federal Reserve notes were obligations of the government, the plan fit their demands. Wilson assured southerners and westerners that the system was decentralized into 12 districts, and thus would weaken New York City's Wall Street influence and strengthen the hinterlands. After much debate and many amendments Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act or Glass–Owen Act, as it was sometimes called at the time, in late 1913. President Wilson signed the Act into law on December 23, 1913.
The Federal Reserve[edit]
Main article: Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System—also known as the Federal Reserve or simply as the Fed—is the central banking system of the United States today. The Federal Reserve's power developed slowly in part due to an understanding at its creation that it was to function primarily as a reserve, a money-creator of last resort to prevent the downward spiral of withdrawal/withholding of funds which characterizes a monetary panic. At the outbreak of World War I, the Federal Reserve was better positioned than the Treasury to issue war bonds, and so became the primary retailer for war bonds under the direction of the Treasury. After the war, the Federal Reserve, led by Paul Warburg and New York Governor Bank President Benjamin Strong, convinced Congress to modify its powers, giving it the ability to both create money, as the 1913 Act intended, and destroy money, as a central bank could.
During the 1920s, the Federal Reserve experimented with a number of approaches, alternatively creating and then destroying money which, in the eyes of Milton Friedman, helped create the late-1920s stock market bubble.[6]
After Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, the Federal Reserve was subordinated to the Executive Branch, where it remained until 1951, when the Federal Reserve and the Treasury department signed an accord granting the Federal Reserve full independence over monetary matters while leaving fiscal matters to the Treasury.
The Federal Reserve's monetary powers did not dramatically change for the rest of the 20th century, but in the 1970s it was specifically charged by Congress to effectively promote "the goals of maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates" as well as given regulatory responsibility over many consumer credit protection laws.
References[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Hitchens, Christopher. Thomas Jefferson, HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-059896-4
Jump up ^ Shaffer, Daniel S. Profiting in Economic Storms. 2005: Wiley & Sons, New Jersey. 102.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, New Evidence on State Banking Before the Civil War, July 2006
Jump up ^ Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, 1963, page 21
Jump up ^ Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960, 1963, page 24
Jump up ^ Friedman, Milton and Rose, Free to Choose, 1980, Chapter 3 "The Anatomy of a Crisis."
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bibliography
A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States by Edward Flaherty
J. Lawrence Broz; The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System Cornell University Press. 1997
Carosso, Vincent P. (1973). "The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina". Business History Review. 47 (4): 421–437. JSTOR 3113365. doi:10.2307/3113365.
Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (1963)
Goddard, Thomas H. (1831). History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States. Carvill. pp. 48ff.
William Greider, Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country (1989), on the 1980s
Myron T. Herrick "The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 31 (January -June 1908)
Charles P. Kindleberger "Manias, Panics, and Crashes" (4th ed.)
Gabriel Kolko, Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American history, 1900-1916 (1963) pp. 230–254.
Arthur Link, Wilson: The New Freedom (1962)
James Livingston, Origins of the Federal Reserve System: Money, Class, and Corporate Capitalism, 1890-1913 (1986)
Markham, Jerry (2001). A Financial History of the United States. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0730-1.
Jim Marrs, Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System, Rule by Secrecy, HarperCollins, (2000) pp. 64–78.
Allan H. Meltzer. A History of the Federal Reserve, Volume 1: 1913-1951 (2004)
Murray N. Rothbard. A History of Money and Banking in the United States: The Colonial Era to World War II (2002)
Shull, Bernard. The fourth branch : the Federal Reserve's unlikely rise to power and influence. (2005) Westport, Conn.: Praeger
Frank G. Steindl, Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression. (1995)
Donald R. Wells. The Federal Reserve System: A History (2004)
Robert Craig West, Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve, 1863-1923 (1977)
Elmus R. Wicker, "A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920-1921 Depression," Journal of Economic History (1966) 26:223-238.
John H Wood. A History Of Central Banking In Great Britain And The United States (2005)
Bob Woodward, Maestro: Greenspan's Fed and the American Boom (2000) on the 1990s
External links[edit]
Documents of the First Bank of the United States
Documents of the Second Bank of the United States
The Origins of the Federal Reserve by Murray N. Rothbard
A History of Central Banking in the United States published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
Historical Beginnings... The Federal Reserve from the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
Documents of the Reserve Bank Organization Committee. Committee created by the Federal Reserve Act, charged with dividing the nation into reserve districts. Includes: decision of the Reserve Bank Organization Committee determining the Federal Reserve districts and the location of Federal Reserve Banks; hearings held at potential reserve bank cities; other reports, bulletins, and circulars.

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The Last of the Meheecans
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"The Last of the Meheecans"
South Park episode
Episode no.
Season 15
Episode 9
Directed by
Trey Parker
Written by
Trey Parker
Production code
1509
Original air date
October 12, 2011 (2011-10-12)
Episode chronology
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"Ass Burgers" Next →
"Bass to Mouth"
South Park (season 15)
List of South Park episodes
"The Last of the Meheecans" is the ninth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 218th episode of the series overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 12, 2011.[1] In the episode, what begins as an innocent game between the boys turns serious when Cartman joins the U.S. Border Patrol. Unsurprisingly, Cartman turns out to be really good at stopping Mexicans.
The episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker and is rated TV-MA L in the United States. The plot references illegal immigration to the United States across the Mexican border and the show Border Wars. The title is derived from The Last of the Mohicans, complete with a title card with the same typeface.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Production
3 Home release
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
The boys play "Texans vs. Mexicans" at a sleepover at Cartman's house, a game in which the "Mexicans" (led at first by Butters, and then Kyle due to Butters' poor leadership skills) attempt to elude the "border patrol" (led by an overly gleeful Cartman) and cross the border into Texas (Cartman's backyard). All of the "Mexicans" do so, winning the game, much to Cartman's irritation. However, Butters is not among his teammates, having been lost, and when Cartman later realizes that Butters is not present, he realizes the game is not over. As Butters' teammates begin searching for him, Cartman's team resumes protecting the backyard. Butters' team puts up fliers to help find him, to which a vindictive Cartman puts up his own, telling anyone to find Butters to shoot him on sight, not caring if he dies as it would help him win the game.
As Butters tries to find his way back, he is struck by a passing car. The couple in the car, believing Butters to be a Mexican immigrant named "Mantequilla" (Spanish for "butter"), take him to their home and employ him as a stereotypical Mexican servant, giving him menial jobs to perform such as cleaning windows and washing dishes. However, the couple eventually abandons Butters at an El Pollo Loco restaurant, believing that Butters needs to be with his "own kind" to be happy. Inside, Butters regales the staff with tales of his imaginary exploits. The staff recognize him from "missing" posters put up by his friends and, believing him to be someone famous, they start to question the value of their new lives in the United States. They misinterpret Butters' desire to "cross the border" and rejoin his friends as a desire to return to Mexico, and a mass exodus of Mexican emigrants soon begins. As more and more Mexicans leave, Americans realize they cannot keep up with their newfound menial labor tasks due to having become complacent and lazy, creating a labor shortage and damaging the U.S. economy.
Cartman joins the United States Border Patrol as a volunteer, where he is instructed to stop Mexicans from crossing the border, regardless of the "semantics" of which direction they are traveling. Mexican emigrants start being rounded up and ordered to get back to work. Butters, as "Mantequilla", is hailed as a hero in Mexico, in a scene reminiscent of a similar scene in the film Monty Python's Life of Brian.[2]
He is received in the Zócalo and is credited with instilling a sense of national pride in the Mexican people. However, he soon becomes homesick and attempts to return to the United States. While attempting to cross into the United States, Butters is spotted by border patrol agents, who are overjoyed in their belief a Mexican wants to enter the United States and make no attempt to stop him. Recognizing Butters, an enraged Cartman tries to prevent him from crossing the border. With the Border Patrol's help, Butters successfully eludes Cartman and re-enters the United States, winning the game.
When the children are reunited at Cartman's house, Cartman once again pouts over his loss of the game, as the gang rejoices at Butters' return. When Butters suggests he be leader next time, Stan and Kyle suggest that while he is a great Mexican team player, he is not a great leader of Mexicans as it took him more than two weeks to cross the border. In response, Butters stands up and gestures with his hands, causing Mexicans everywhere to chant in response, loudly enough for the boys to hear them. An exasperated Cartman begins a Baptist priest walking into a bar joke, and the episode ends.
Production[edit]
In the show's commentary, the creator describe their distaste when cops, advisers and television producers get together. Border Wars and DEA were two of the shows parodied.[3]
The creators picked Butters as the leader of the Mexicans since "Mantequilla" is spanish for "Butters," which they thought "sounded kinda noble.[3]
Parker wrote the "Work Mexican Work" song six years prior to this episode.[3]
Home release[edit]
"The Last of the Meheecans", along with the thirteen other episodes from South Park's fifteenth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set and two-disc Blu-ray set in the United States on March 27, 2012. The sets included brief audio commentaries by Parker and Stone for each episode, a collection of deleted scenes, and two special mini-features, "Behind The Scenes of City Sushi" and the documentary Six Days To Air – The Making Of South Park. IGN gave the season an 8/10.[4]
Reception[edit]
The episode received positive reviews from critics. Ryan McGee of The A.V. Club graded the episode a B+, stating, "'The Last of the Meheecans' isn’t really about immigration reform so much as it's about the narcissistic viewpoint that America must be, as a point of irrefutable fact, the best place in the world to live. For some, that’s a fairly ballsy thing to say, but the way in which Parker/Stone say it bypasses political grandstanding and casts their gaze instead on our supposed understanding of those that have immigrated to America and currently live/work here".[2] Eric Hochberger of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 3.4/5.[5] Mike Nasiatka of 411Mania gave the episode a 7/10, saying the episode was entertaining along with having a killer song.[6]
IGN gave the episode an 8/10 stating, "Butters episodes always provide good material, and this one is no exception."[7]
Oddly enough the episode was never aired in Mexico or Latinamerica, since the tv network thought the episode would be considered offensive, particularly the scene when Cartman seems to kill a bunch of mexicans with his taser.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Last Of The Meheecans (Season 15, Episode 9)". South Park Studios. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b McGee, Ryan (2011-10-12). "The Last of the Meheecans". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Parker, Trey (March 2012). South Park: The Complete FifteenthSeason: "The Last of the Meheecans" (Audio commentary)|format= requires |url= (help) (DVD Disc). Paramount Home Entertainment.
Jump up ^ Nicholson, Max (April 2, 2012). "South Park: The Complete Fifteenth Season Blu-ray Review". IGN.com. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "South Park Review: "The Last of the Meheecans"". TV Fanatic. 2011-10-13. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ "411MANIA | South Park Review – 15.8 – 'The Last Of The Meheecans'". South Park Review – 15.8 – ‘The Last Of The Meheecans’. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
Jump up ^ http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/10/13/south-park-the-last-of-the-meheecans-review
External links[edit]
"The Last of the Meheecans" Full episode at South Park Studios.
"The Last of the Meheecans" Episode guide at South Park Studios.
"The Last of the Meheecans" on IMDb
"The Last of the Meheecans" at TV.com
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Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Davy Jones
Pirates of the Caribbean character
Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Portrayed by
Bill Nighy
Appearance(s)
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
Dead Men Tell No Tales (ending)
Information
Gender
Male
Occupation
Captain, Flying Dutchman
Flagship captain of Beckett's E.I.T.C. Armada (temporarily)
Guide for souls lost at sea (abandoned)
Brethren status
Involved in the 1st Court
Ship(s) served on
Flying Dutchman
Weaponry
Left hand claw
Single-handed broadsword, DMC[1]
Norrington's Smallsword, AWE.[2]
Ships attacked
Edinburgh Trader
Black Pearl
Empress
Various unnamed ships
Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name).
The computer-generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history, behind King Kong in 2007.[3] The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man's Chest.
The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones' Locker.
Contents
1 Conception and creation
1.1 Design and appearance
2 Fictional character biography
2.1 Before the films
2.2 Dead Man's Chest
2.3 At World's End
2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales
3 Characterization
3.1 Music
3.2 Powers and abilities
4 Merchandise
5 Other appearances
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Conception and creation[edit]
From real to reality: Davy Jones is brought to life.
See also: Industrial Light & Magic, Motion capture, Computer-generated imagery, and photorealism
Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role.[4]
Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman's (except "Bootstrap Bill"), Davy Jones's physical appearance is completely computer-generated.[5] Nighy's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set, with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face, rather than in a studio during post-production.[6][7][8] Nighy also wore make-up around his eyes, since the original plan was to use his real eyes, if necessary to get the proper lighting, in the digital character; he also wore make-up on his lips and around his mouth, to assist in the motion capture of his character's Scottish accent.[5] Briefly during the third film, Jones appears as a human for a single scene, played by Nighy in costume. Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup or a latex mask due to the computer-generated character's photorealism.[9][10]
Design and appearance[edit]
Davy Jones' physique was designed by the films' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features. Jones' most striking feature is his cephalopod-like head, with octopus-like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard. The major features of the Davy Jones' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft.[citation needed] In Lovecraft's short story "The Call of Cthulhu" he describes the creature as "...a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline, but with an octopus-like head whose face was a mass of feelers, a scaly, rubbery-looking body, prodigious claws on hind and fore feet..."
It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face's color was partly inspired by a coffee-stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM's computers to be used as the skin. The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean-style claw for his left arm, a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand, and the right leg of a crab (resembling a pegleg). He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable, albeit thick, Scottish accent that's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose, and presumably, a nasal cavity and/or sinuses. Originally, director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch, as he is the captain of the "Dutch-man". Nighy however responded, "I don't do Dutch. So I decided on Scottish."[5] Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent, stating: "I had to find an accent no one else had. Although Alex Norton is Scottish, mine was slightly different. We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative...I have seen Still Game and I am a fan. The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area."[11]
Fictional character biography[edit]
Before the films[edit]
See also: Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones, a human and a great sailor, fell in love with Calypso, a sea goddess. She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world.[12] Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task. She swore that after ten years, she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties. However, when Jones returned to shore after ten years, Calypso failed to appear. Believing Calypso had betrayed him, a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her, saying that if she were removed from the world, they would be able to claim the seas for themselves. They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form.[13]
Despite betraying her, Jones still loved Calypso, and in despair and guilt for what he had done, he carved out his own heart from his chest and placed it in the "Dead Man's Chest". The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest, along with Jones' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her, except his matching musical locket. The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces. Jones kept the chest's key with him at all times. With Calypso gone, Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas. As a result of this, Jones gradually became monstrous, his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna. Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death, for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel, with an insatiable taste for all things brutal. Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman. He comes to command the Kraken, a feared mythological sea monster.
In the book series about Jack Sparrow's earlier adventures, Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes, also sought by Jack. He is a minor character, but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman.
Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack's first years as a captain. He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them, who turns out to be Borya Palachnik, the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea.[14]
Before the events of the first film, Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal: Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones' Locker, allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years. This event, referenced in the films, also appears in the book series.[15]
Dead Man's Chest[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest
Davy Jones first appears in the second film; Dead Man's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow: Davy Jones raised the Black Pearl from the sea for Sparrow. In exchange for being captain for 13 years, Sparrow promised Jones his soul. Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before Hector Barbossa committed mutiny. Jones rejects this explanation, explaining that despite the mutiny, Jack still gave himself the title "Captain". Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself. Jack strikes a new deal with Jones; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days. Jones accepts, removes the black spot from Jack's hand, and retains Will, keeping him as a "good faith payment."
Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar's Dice.
While on the Dutchman, Will challenges Jones at a game of liar's dice. They wager Will's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man's Chest. Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will. During the game, Will learns where Jones keeps the key. The next morning, Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner, who actually survives. The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest.
Arriving, Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest; they return to him with it. The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl, but is outrun. Jones summons the Kraken, which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones's Locker. He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing; it having been taken by James Norrington, who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company.
At World's End[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End
See also: Cutler Beckett
In the third film At World's End, Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company. Beckett possesses the heart, and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys. Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships, but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court. Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken.[16] Later, he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann, who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death.[17] When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape, Jones claims Norrington's sword (originally crafted by Will Turner). Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC. However, Mercer successfully defends the Chest, forcing Jones to continue under Beckett's service.[18]
Beckett later summons Jones to his ship, the Endeavour. Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso, while learning of Jack Sparrow's escape from the Locker. The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove.[13]
Human Davy Jones.
Jones confronts Calypso, locked in the brig of the Black Pearl. The two former lovers discuss Calypso's betrayal and Jones's curse. Calypso temporarily lifts his curse, allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form. Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her. Calypso, unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court, says that after her release, she will fully give her love to him.
Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow.[19][20] After Calypso is freed, Will reveals that Jones betrayed her. She escapes, refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones. Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom. The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle.
During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest. Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman.[20] Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth. Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth, and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will. Jones, unharmed, holds Will at sword-point. Jack threatens to stab the heart, and Jones cruelly stabs Will. Remembering Will as his son, Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones, but is quickly defeated. Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap, but Jack helps Will stab the heart. Jones then calls out for Calypso, before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom.
Dead Men Tell No Tales[edit]
Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales, Will (no longer bound to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together, when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones. Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple, Will awakens and the room is empty. Assuming Jones's appearance to be a nightmare, Will goes back to sleep, oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater, revealing it was no dream and Davy Jones is really alive.[21]
Characterization[edit]
Music[edit]
In the films, Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody, and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ. This melody is also his character's theme, and can be heard throughout the film's score. It comes in two variations: The soundtrack version and the film version. The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man's Chest. The film version is played in both films multiple times, and is heard last during the climax of the film. Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets, Tia Dalma's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones, albeit in a different arrangement. The theme is also heard briefly after Jones' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales.
Powers and abilities[edit]
See also: Flying Dutchman (Pirates of the Caribbean) and Kraken (Pirates of the Caribbean)
Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities. Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl, and he can pass through solid objects.
Jones is immortal, capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals. However, he is not impervious to pain, as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle. Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot, with which any member of his crew can mark a victim.
Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken, a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command.
In a physical confrontation, Jones' physiology also gives him various advantages; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free, such that he is able to restrain Mercer's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles. His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could, and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades. He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm.
Merchandise[edit]
Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest action figure set produced by NECA. Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man's Chest and Jones' heart, both props (as well as the key) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two.[22] Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler, Wheelback and Penrod. Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega's "Dead Man's Chest" plush assortment. Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World's End. Davy Jones and his ship, the Flying Dutchman, were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World's End set, which has more greenish tentacles.
He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011, with 4184 Black Pearl.
A children's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007.
Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser, along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner.
Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1:6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008, and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA.
Other appearances[edit]
Davy Jones will make his debut appearance in the Kingdom Hearts series in the upcoming Kingdom Hearts III.
See also[edit]
Davy Jones' Locker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, Ch.19 (Seen after the Kraken Attack)
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, crab claw for left hand Ch.14
Jump up ^ "Our 10 Favorite CG Characters". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
Jump up ^ Grant, Richard E. (2006). The Wah-Wah Diaries: The Making of a Film. Chatham, Kent: Picador. ISBN 978-0-330-44197-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, second disc, "Meet Davy Jones"
Jump up ^ "An interview with Director Gore Verbinski". Post Magazine. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved December 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Various quotations and references". Never Been Typed. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "An interview with Bill Nighy". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Review by Russ Breimeier". ChristianityToday.com. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "A review by Iloz Zoc". BlogCritics.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2007. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Davy / Nighy news update". BillNighy.info. July 7, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.8.
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.15.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: The Price of Freedom, Ch.19 The Freedom's Price.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.5
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.12.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.14.
Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.19
^ Jump up to: a b Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, Ch.21 through 24
Jump up ^ Thom Pratt (May 22, 2017). "Pirates 6? Post-Credits Scene Added to 'Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' - The Kingdom Insider". thekingdominsider.com. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ crawford. "Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man's Chest action figures – Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford, Captain Toy". Mwctoys.com. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
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