text:
Luther Bible
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Luther Bible
Martin Luther's 1534 bible
Full name
Biblia / das ist / die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch
Abbreviation
LUT
Language
Early New High German
OT published
1534
NT published
1522
Complete Bible
published
1534
Apocrypha
Deuterocanonical books
Prayer of Manasseh
Authorship
Martin Luther
Philipp Melanchthon
Caspar Creuziger
Justus Jonas
Johannes Bugenhagen
others[1]
Textual basis
NT: Textus Receptus (Luther)
Vulgate (Bugenhagen)[1]
OT: Septuagint (Melanchthon)
2nd Bomberg Edition (Creuziger)[1]
Version revision
1984 (last official revision)
Publisher
Hans Lufft
Copyright
Public domain due to age
Religious affiliation
Lutheran
Several Reformed churches
[show]
Genesis 1:1–3
Am anfang schuff Gott Himel vnd Erden. Vnd die Erde war wüst und leer / und es war finster auff der Tieffe / Vnd der Geist Gottes schwebet auff dem Wasser. Und Gott sprach / Es werde Liecht / Und es ward Liecht.
(1545 revised 5th edition)[2]
Genesis 1:1 in other translations
[show]
John 3:16
Also hat Gott die Welt geliebet / das er seinen eingeboren Son gab / Auff das alle die an jn gleuben / nicht verloren werden / sondern das ewige Leben haben.
(1545 revised 5th edition)[3]
John 3:16 in other translations
The Luther Bible (German: Lutherbibel) is a German language Bible translation from Hebrew and ancient Greek by Martin Luther. The New Testament was first published in 1522 and the complete Bible, containing the Old and New Testaments and Apocrypha, in 1534.
The project absorbed Luther's later years.[4] Thanks to the then recently invented printing press,[5] the result was widely disseminated and contributed significantly to the development of today's modern High German language.
Contents
[hide]
1 Luther's New Testament translation
2 Publication of the complete Bible translation
3 Theology
4 View of canonicity
5 Influence
6 Excerpted examples
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Notes
8.2 Additional reading
9 External links
Luther's New Testament translation[edit]
While he was sequestered in the Wartburg Castle (1521–22) Luther began to translate the New Testament from Koine Greek into German in order to make it more accessible to all the people of the "Holy Roman Empire of the German nation." He translated from the Greek text, using Erasmus' second edition (1519) of the Greek New Testament, known as the Textus Receptus. Luther did not translate directly from the Latin Vulgate translation, which was the Latin translation officially used by the Roman Catholic Church. Luther also published the Bible into a small format of book called an "octavio edition". Like Erasmus, Luther had learned Greek at the Latin schools led by the Brethren of the Common Life (Erasmus in Deventer, the Netherlands; and Luther in Magdeburg, Germany). These lay brothers added Greek as a new subject to their curriculum in the late 15th century. At that time Greek was seldom taught even at universities.
To help him in translating into contemporary German, Luther would make forays into nearby towns and markets to listen to people speaking. He wanted to ensure their comprehension by translating as closely as possible to their contemporary language usage. His translation was published in September 1522, six months after he had returned to Wittenberg. In the opinion of the 19th-century theologian and church historian Philip Schaff,
The richest fruit of Luther's leisure in the Wartburg, and the most important and useful work of his whole life, is the translation of the New Testament, by which he brought the teaching and example of Christ and the Apostles to the mind and heart of the Germans in life-like reproduction. It was a republication of the gospel. He made the Bible the people's book in church, school, and house.[6]
Part of a series on the
Bible
Canons and books
[show]
Tanakh
Torah
Nevi'im
Ketuvim
Christian biblical canons
Hebrew Bible
Old Testament (OT)
New Testament (NT)
Deuterocanon
Antilegomena
Chapters and verses
Apocrypha
Jewish
OT
NT
Authorship and development
[show]
Authorship
Dating
Hebrew canon
Old Testament canon
New Testament canon
Documentary hypothesis
Mosaic authorship
Pauline epistles
Petrine epistles
Johannine works
Translations and manuscripts
[show]
Samaritan Torah
Dead Sea scrolls
Masoretic Text
Targumim
Peshitta
Septuagint
Vulgate
Gothic Bible
Vetus Latina
Luther Bible
English Bibles
Biblical studies[show]
Archeology
Artifacts
Dating

Historicity
Internal consistency

People
Places
Names
Novum Testamentum Graece
Documentary hypothesis
Synoptic problem
NT textual categories
Biblical criticism
Historical
Textual
Source
Form
Redaction
Canonical
Interpretation[show]
Hermeneutics
Pesher
Midrash
Pardes
Allegorical interpretation
Literalism
Prophecy
Inspiration
Humor
Violence
Alcohol
Ethics
Slavery
Women
Muhammad
Perspectives[show]
Gnostic
Islamic
Qur'anic
Inerrancy
Infallibility
Criticism of the Bible
Outline of Bible-related topics
Bible book Bible portal
v
t
e
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Philip Schaff on Luther's Bible
Publication of the complete Bible translation[edit]
The translation of the entire Bible into German was published in a six-part edition in 1534, a collaborative effort of Luther and many others such as Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Caspar Creuziger, Philipp Melanchthon, Matthäus Aurogallus, and Georg Rörer. Luther worked on refining the translation up to his death in 1546: he had worked on the edition that was printed that year.
There were 117 original woodcuts included in the 1534 edition issued by the Hans Lufft press in Wittenberg. They reflected the recent trend (since 1522) of including artwork to reinforce the textual message.[7]
Theology[edit]
Luther added the word "alone" (allein in German) to Romans 3:28 controversially so that it read: "So now we hold, that man is justified without the help of the works of the law, alone through faith"[8] The word "alone" does not appear in the Greek texts,[9] but Luther defended his translation by maintaining that the adverb "alone" was required both by idiomatic German and the apostle Paul's intended meaning,[10] and that sola was used in theological tradition before him.
Apologist James Swan lists numerous Catholic sources that also translated Romans 3:28 with the word "alone," or testified to others doing so before Luther.[11] A Bible commentary published in 1864 reports that
“ Catholic translators before the time of Luther had given the same translation. So in the Nuremberg Bible, 1483, "Nur durch den glauben." And the Italian Bibles of Geneva, 1476, and of Venice, 1538, per sola fede. The Fathers also often use the expression, "man is justified by faith alone;" [12] ”
View of canonicity[edit]
Initially Luther had a low view of the Old Testament book of Esther and of the New Testament books of Hebrews, James, Jude, and the Revelation of John. He called the Letter of James "an epistle of straw," finding little in it that pointed to Christ and His saving work. He also had harsh words for the Revelation of John, saying that he could "in no way detect that the Holy Spirit produced it."[13] In his translation of the New Testament, Luther moved Hebrews and James out of the usual order, to join Jude and the Revelation at the end, and differentiated these from the other books which he considered "the true and certain chief books of the New Testament. The four which follow have from ancient times had a different reputation."[14] His views on some of these books changed in later years, and became more positive.[15]
Luther chose to place the Biblical apocrypha between the Old and New Testaments. These books and addenda to Biblical canon of the Old Testament are found in the ancient Greek Septuagint but not in the Hebrew Masoretic text. Luther left the translating of them largely to Philipp Melanchthon and Justus Jonas.[16] They were not listed in the table of contents of his 1532 Old Testament, and in the 1534 Bible they were given the well-known title: "Apocrypha: These Books Are Not Held Equal to the Scriptures, but Are Useful and Good to Read".[16] See also Biblical canon, Development of the Christian Biblical canon, and Biblical Apocrypha.
Influence[edit]
The Luther Bible was not the first translation of the Bible into German.[17] The previous German translation from 1350, printed by Johann Mentelin in 1466, was linguistically clumsy, partially incomprehensible, and translated from the Vulgate.[17]
Luther's German Bible and its widespread circulation facilitated the emergence of a standard, modern German language for the German-speaking peoples throughout the Holy Roman Empire, an empire extending through and beyond present-day Germany. It is also considered a landmark in German literature, with Luther's vernacular style often praised by modern German sources for the forceful vigor ("kraftvolles Deutsch")[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] with which he translated the Holy Scripture.
A large part of Luther's significance was his influence on the emergence of the German language and national identity. This stemmed predominantly from his translation of the Bible into the vernacular, which was potentially as revolutionary as canon law and the burning of the papal bull.[27] Luther's goal was to equip every German-speaking Christian with the ability to hear the Word of God, and his completing his translation of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into the vernacular by 1534 was one of the most significant acts of the Reformation.[28] Although Luther was not the first to attempt such a translation, his was superior to all its predecessors. Previous translations had contained poor German, and had been from the Vulgate Latin translation, i.e. translations of a translation rather than a direct translation into German from the originals.[27] Luther sought to translate as closely to the original text as possible, but at the same time his translation was guided by how people spoke in the home, on the street, and in the marketplace.[27] Luther's faithfulness to the language spoken by the common people was to produce a work which they could relate to.[29] This led German writers such as Goethe and Nietzsche to praise Luther's Bible.[30] Moreover, the fact that the vernacular Bible was printed also enabled it to spread rapidly and be read by all. Hans Lufft, the Bible printer in Wittenberg, printed over one hundred thousand copies between 1534 and 1574, which went on to be read by millions.[31] Luther's vernacular Bible was present in virtually every German-speaking Protestant’s home; and there can be no doubts regarding the Biblical knowledge attained by the German common masses.[32] Luther even had large-print Bibles made for those who had failing eyesight.[30] German humanist Johann Cochlaeus complained that
Luther's New Testament was so much multiplied and spread by printers that even tailors and shoemakers, yea, even women and ignorant persons who had accepted this new Lutheran gospel, and could read a little German, studied it with the greatest avidity as the fountain of all truth. Some committed it to memory, and carried it about in their bosom. In a few months such people deemed themselves so learned that they were not ashamed to dispute about faith and the gospel not only with Catholic laymen, but even with priests and monks and doctors of divinity."[33]
The spread of Luther's Bible translation had implications for the German language. The German language had developed into so many dialects that German speakers from different states could barely understand each other. This led Luther to conclude that “I have so far read no book or letter in which the German language is properly handled. Nobody seems to care sufficiently for it; and every preacher thinks he has a right to change it at pleasure and to invent new terms."[34] Scholars preferred to write in the Latin which they all understood. Luther popularized the Saxon dialect of German[citation needed] and adapted it for theology and religion; which subsequently made it the common literary language used in books. He enriched the vocabulary with that of German poets and chroniclers.[34] For this accomplishment a contemporary of Luther's, Erasmus Alberus, labeled him the German Cicero, as he reformed not only religion but the German language also. Luther's Bible has been hailed as the first German 'classic', comparable to the English King James version of the Bible, which became one of the first English classics. German-speaking Protestant writers and poets such as Klopstock, Herder and Lessing owe stylistic qualities to Luther's vernacular Bible.[35] Luther adapted words to the capacity of the German public and through the pervasiveness of his German Bible created and spread the modern German language.[35]
Luther's vernacular Bible also had a role in the creation of a German national identity. Because it penetrated every German-speaking Protestant home, the language of his translation became part of a German national heritage.[36] Luther's program of exposure to the words of the Bible was extended into every sphere of daily life and work, illuminating moral considerations for Germans. It gradually became infused into the blood of the whole nation and occupied a permanent space in a German history.[36] The popularity and influence of his translation gave Luther confidence to act as a spokesperson of a nation and as the leader of an anti-Roman movement throughout Germany.[37] It made it possible for him to be a prophet of a new German national identity[38] and helped form the spirit of a new epoch in German history.[39]
In a sense the vernacular Bible also empowered and liberated all Protestants who had access to it. The existence of the translation was a public affirmation of reform, such as might deprive any elite or priestly class of exclusive control over words, as well as over the word of God.[27] Through the translation Luther was intending to make it easier for "simple people" to understand what he was teaching. In some major controversies of the time, even some evangelicals, let alone the commoners, did not understand the reasons for disagreement; and Luther wanted to help those who were confused to see that the disagreement between himself and the Roman Catholic Church was real and had significance. So translation of the Bible would allow the common people to become aware of the issues at hand and develop an informed opinion.[40] The common individual would thus be given the right to have a mind, spirit and opinion, to exist not as an economic functionary but as subject to complex and conflicting aspirations and motives. In this sense, Luther's vernacular Bible acted as a force towards the liberation of the German people. The combination of Luther's social teachings and the vernacular Bible undoubtedly had a role in the slow emancipation of western European society from a long phase of clerical domination.[41] Luther gave men a new vision of perhaps the exaltation of the human self.[42] Luther's vernacular Bible broke the domination and unity of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. He had claimed Holy Scripture to be the sole authority, and through his translation every individual would be able to abide by its authority, and might nullifying his or her need for a monarchical pope. As Bishop Fisher put it, Luther's Bible had “stirred a mighty storm and tempest in the church” empowering the no longer clerically dominated public.[43]
Although not as significantly as on German linguistics, Luther's Bible also made a large impression on educational reform throughout Germany. Luther's goal of a readable, accurate translation of the Bible became a stimulus towards universal education, since everyone should be able to read in order to understand the Bible.[27] Luther believed that mankind had fallen from grace and was ruled by selfishness, but had not lost moral consciousness: all were sinners and needed to be educated. Thus his vernacular Bible could become a means of establishing a form of law, order and morality which everyone could abide by, if all could read and understand it. The possibility of understanding the vernacular Bible allowed Luther to found a State Church and educate his followers into a law-abiding community.[44] The Protestant states of Germany became educational states, which encouraged the spirit of teaching which was ultimately fueled by Luther's vernacular Bible.
Finally, Luther's translated Bible also had international significance in the spread of Christianity. Luther's translation influenced the English translations by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale who in turn inspired many other translations of the Bible such as the Bishops' Bible of 1568, the Douay–Rheims Bible of 1582–1609, and the King James Version of 1611.[30] It also inspired translations as far as Scandinavia and the Netherlands. In a metaphor, it was Luther who 'broke the walls' of translation in western Europe and once such walls had fallen, the way was open to all, including some who were quite opposed to Luther's beliefs.[45] Luther's Bible spread its influence for the remolding of Western European culture in the ferment of the sixteenth century. The worldwide implications of the translation far surpassed the expectations of even Luther himself.[46]
Excerpted examples[edit]
Verse
Luther Bible
Translation
English versions
Notes
Gen 2:23
"[...] Man wird sie Männin heißen, darum daß sie vom Manne genommen ist." "One will call her she-man, based on this[:] that she was taken out of the man." "[...] She shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man." Here Luther tried to preserve the resemblance of Hebrew ish (man) and ishah (woman) by adding the female German suffix -in to the masculine word Mann, because the correct word (at that time), Weib, does not resemble it (as neither does the modern Frau.) As like as adding she- to man in English, adding -in to Mann in German is considered grammatically awkward.
Matthew 12:34
"[...] Wes das Herz voll ist, des geht der Mund über." "What the heart is full of, of that the mouth overflows." "[...] For out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaks." Emphasis on conveyance of meaning.
John 11:35
"Und Jesus gingen die Augen über." "And Jesus' eyes overflowed." "Jesus wept." Poetic emphasis.
John 19:5
"[...] Sehet, welch ein Mensch!" "Behold what a man (this is)!" "[...] Behold the man!" Emphasis on Jesus' glory in spite of an ignoble situation. Now considered an incorrect translation. See also: Ecce Homo.
See also[edit]
Elector Bible
German Bible translations
Protestant Bible
Permanent Exhibition Luther and the Bible at Lutherhaus Eisenach
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Mathesius, Johannes (1906). "Die dreyzehnde predig, vom viertzigsten jare in Doctor Luthers historien. [Thirteenth Sermon: About the Fortieth Year of Doctor Luthers Biography]". In Georg Loesche. Ausgewählte Werke [Selected Works] (in Early New High German). Dritter Band: Luthers Leben in Predigten [Third Volume: Luthers Life in Sermons] (2nd ed.). Prague: J.G. Calvesche k.u.k. Hof- u. Universitäts-Buchhandlung (Joseph Koch). p. 316. OCLC 12595454. Wenn nun Doctor [Luther] zuvor die außgangen Bibel vbersehen und darneben bey Juden vnnd frembden sprachkündigen sich erlernet vnd sich bey alten Deutschen von guten worten erfragt hatte, Wie er ihm etlich Schöps abstechen ließ, damit jn ein Deutscher Fleischer berichtet, wie man ein jedes am Schaf nennete, kam Doctor in das Consistorium mit seiner alten Lateinischen und newen Deutschen Biblien, darbey er auch stettigs den Hebreischen text hatte. Herr Philippus bracht mit sich den Greckischen text, Doctor Creuziger neben dem Hebreischen die Chaldeische Bibel. Die Professores hatten bey sich jre Rabinen, D. Pommer het auch ein Lateinischen text für sich, darinn er sehr wol bekant war. Zuvor hat sich ein jeder auff den text gerüst, davon man rathschlagen solte, Greckische unnd Lateinische neben den Jüdischen außlegern vbersehen. Darauff proponirt diser President [Luther] ein text und ließ die stimm herumb gehen und höret was ein jeder darzu zu reden hette, nach eygenschaft der sprache oder nach der alten Doctorn außlegung.
[Rough translation: After Doctor Luther had translated the original Bible, learning from Jews, from foreign language scholars, and from old Germans in the process (for example, he asked a German butcher to slaughter some wethers for him so he could tell him how the different entrails are called), he came to the consistory with his old Latin Bible and with his new German Bible. He also always carried the Hebrew text with him. Herr Philippus contributed the Greek text, Doctor Creuziger contributed the Hebrew text and the Chaldaic Bible. The Professors also brought their Rabbinic Bibles, and Doctor Pommer had a Latin text which he knew very well. Before the meetings, everyone of them studied the text that was to be translated, to discuss the translation of the Greek and Latin version along with the Hebrew exegesis. Luther then proposed a text and asked and listened to what everyone had to say concerning the language or the interpretation.] CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Luther, Martin (1545). "Genesis 1:1–3". Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch [The German Holy Scriptures] (in Early New High German) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: Hans Lufft. ISBN 978-3-933070-56-2. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Luther, Martin (1545). "John 3:16". Die gantze Heilige Schrifft Deudsch [The German Holy Scriptures] (in Early New High German) (5th ed.). Wittenberg: Hans Lufft. ISBN 978-3-933070-56-2. CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link)
Jump up ^ Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, Minneapolis: Fortress, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Mark U. Edwards, Jr., Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther (1994).[page needed]
Jump up ^ Schaff, Philip, "4. Luther's Translation of the Bible", History of the Christian Church, 7, New York: CCEL, p. xxx , 8 vols.
Jump up ^ Carl C. Christensen, "Luther and the Woodcuts to the 1534 Bible," Lutheran Quarterly, Winter 2005, Vol. 19 Issue 4, pp 392–413
Jump up ^ "Romans 3:28", Testament, 1522, So halten wyrs nu, das der mensch gerechtfertiget werde, on zu thun der werck des gesetzs, alleyn durch den glawben (emphasis added to the German word for ‘alone.’) .
Jump up ^ New testament (in Greek), York, λογιζόμεθα γάρ δικαιоῦσθαι πίστει ἄνθρωπον χωρὶς ἔργων νόμου ("for we reckon a man to be justified by faith without deeds of law") .
Jump up ^ Martin Luther, On Translating: An Open Letter (1530), Luther's Works, 55 vols. (St. Louis and Philadelphia: Concordia Publishing House and Fortress Press), 35:187–189, 195; cf. also Heinz Bluhm, Martin Luther Creative Translator (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965), 125–137.
Jump up ^ Swan, James. "Luther Added The Word "Alone" to Romans 3:28?". February 05, 2006. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Hodge, Charles, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (New Edition), 1864, p100
Jump up ^ "Martin Luther – Questions and Answers". Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Archived from the original on 2009-04-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.bible-researcher.com/antilegomena.html
Jump up ^ Montgomery, John Warwick (1974). God's Inerrant Word. Chapter 3: Canadian Institute for Law, Theology & Public Policy, Inc. pp. 79–80.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin Brecht, Martin Luther, James L. Schaaf, trans., 3 vols., (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1985-1993), 3:98.
^ Jump up to: a b Volz, H.; Greenslide, S.L., eds. (1963). The Cambridge History of the Bible. Vol.3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 94,102,104,106. ISBN 9781139055512.
Jump up ^ Schreiber, Mathias (2006). Deutsch for sale, Der Spiegel, no. 40, October 2, 2006 ("So schuf er eine Hochsprache aus Volkssprache, sächsischem Kanzleideutsch (aus der Gegend von Meißen), Predigt und Alltagsrede, eine in sich widersprüchliche, aber bildhafte und kraftvolle Mischung, an der die deutschsprachige Literatur im Grunde bis heute Maß nimmt.")
Jump up ^ Köppelmann, K. (2006) . Zwischen Barock und Romantik: Mendelssohns kirchliche Kompositionen für Chor ("Between Baroque and Romanticism: Mendelssohn's ecclesiastic choir compositions"), Mendelssohn-Programm 2006, p. 3 ("Martin Luthers kraftvolle deutsche Texte werden durch Mendelssohns Musik mit emotionalen Qualitäten versehen, die über die Zeit des Bachschen Vorbildes weit hinaus reicht und das persönlich empfindende romantische Selbst stark in den Vordergrund rückt.")
Jump up ^ Werth, Jürgen. Die Lutherbibel ("The Luther Bible"), in Michaelsbote: Gemeindebrief der Evangelischen Michaeliskirchengemeinde Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. ("St. Michael's Messenger: Parish newsletter of the Protestant Community of St. Michael's Church"), no. 2, May/June/July, 2007, p. 4. ("Gottes Worte für die Welt. Kaum einer hat diese Worte so kraftvoll in die deutsche Sprache übersetzt wie Martin Luther.")
Jump up ^ Lehmann, Klaus-Dieter (2009). Rede von Klaus-Dieter Lehmann zur Ausstellungseröffnung von "die Sprache Deutsch" ("Speech held by Klaus-Dieter Lehmann upon the opening of the exposition 'The German language'"), Goethe-Institut ("Und so schuf der Reformator eine Sprache, indem er, wie er selbst sagt, 'dem Volk auf's Maul schaut', kraftvoll, bildhaft und Stil prägend wie kein anderes Dokument der deutschen Literatur.")
Jump up ^ Weigelt, Silvia (2009). Das Griechlein und der Wagenlenker - Das kommende Jahr steht ganz im Zeichen Philip Melanchtons ("The Greek writer and the charioteer: 2010 to be the official Philipp Melanchthon year"), mitteldeutsche-kirchenzeitungen.de, online portal of the two print church magazines Der Sonntag and Glaube und Heimat ("Wenn auch die kraftvolle und bilderreiche Sprache des Bibeltextes zu Recht als Luthers Verdienst gilt, so kommt Melanchthon ein gewichtiger Anteil am richtigen sprachlichen Verständnis des griechischen Urtextes und an der sachlichen Genauigkeit der Übersetzung zu.")
Jump up ^ Hulme, David (2004). Die Bibel - ein multilinguales Meisterwerk Archived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine. ("The Bible: A multi-lingual masterpiece"), visionjournal.de, no. 2, 2006, the German version of the spiritual magazine Vision: Insights and New Horizons published by Church of God, an International Community available in English at www.vision.org ("Luthers Bibelübersetzung mit ihrer kraftvollen, aus ostmitteldeutschen und ostoberdeutschen Elementen gebildeten Ausgleichssprache hatte auf die Entwicklung der neuhochdeutschen Sprache großen Einfluss.")
Jump up ^ Salzmann, Betram; Schäfer, Rolf (2009). Bibelübersetzungen, christliche deutsche ("Bible translations, Christian and German"), www.wibilex.de: Das wissenschaftliche Bibellexikom im Internet ("die Orientierung an der mündlichen Volkssprache, die zu besonders kräftigen und bildhaften Formulierungen führt")
Jump up ^ Schmitsdorf, Joachim (2007). Deutsche Bibelübersetzungen: Ein Überblick ("German Bible translations: An overview") ("Kraftvolle, melodische Sprache, die gut zum Auswendiglernen geeignet, aber auch oft schwer verständlich und altertümelnd ist")
Jump up ^ Lutherdeutsch ("Luther's German") ("Luthers Sprache ist saft- und kraftvoll.")
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 91
Jump up ^ A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 206
Jump up ^ Mark Antliff, The Legacy of Martin Luther (Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983), 11
^ Jump up to: a b c Carter Lindberg, The European Reformations (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1996), 92
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 5
Jump up ^ A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 134
Jump up ^ Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 6
^ Jump up to: a b Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 12
^ Jump up to: a b Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1910), 13
^ Jump up to: a b Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 216
Jump up ^ Hartmann Grisar, Luther: Volume I (London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914), 402
Jump up ^ V.H.H Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 193
Jump up ^ Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 213
Jump up ^ Mark Edwards, Luther and the False Brethren (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975), 193
Jump up ^ A.G. Dickens, The German Nation and Martin Luther (New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1974), 226
Jump up ^ Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 210
Jump up ^ V.H.H Green. Luther and the Reformation (London: B.T. Batsford Ltd, 1964), 10
Jump up ^ Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 241
Jump up ^ B.A. Gerrish, Reformers in Profile (Philadelphia: Fortpress Press, 1967), 112
Jump up ^ Gerhard Ritter, Luther: His life and Work ( New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1963), 212
Additional reading[edit]
Antliff, Mark. The Legacy of Martin Luther. Ottawa, McGill University Press, 1983
Atkinson, James. Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism. Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1968
Bindseil, H.E. and Niemeyer, H.A. Dr. Martin Luther's Bibelübersetzung nach der letzten Original-Ausgabe, kritisch bearbeitet. 7 vols. Halle, 1845–55. [The N. T. in vols. 6 and 7. A critical reprint of the last edition of Luther (1545). Niemeyer died after the publication of the first volume. Comp. the Probebibel (the revised Luther-Version), Halle, 1883. Luther's Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen und Fürbitte der Heiligen (with a letter to Wenceslaus Link, Sept. 12, 1530), in Walch, XXI. 310 sqq., and the Erl. Frkf. ed., vol. LXV. 102–123.] Free open access edition with new English translation by Howard Jones for the Taylor Institution Reformation Pamphlet Series with an introduction by Henrike Lähnemann.
Bluhm, Heinz. Martin Luther: Creative Translator. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1965.
Brecht, Martin. Martin Luther. 3 Volumes. James L. Schaaf, trans. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1985–1993. ISBN 0-8006-2813-6, ISBN 0-8006-2814-4, ISBN 0-8006-2815-2.
Dickens, AG (1974), The German Nation and Martin Luther, New York: Harper & Row .
Edwards, Mark (1975), Luther and the False Brethren, Stanford: Stanford University Press .
Gerrish, B.A. Reformers in Profile. Philadelphia: Fortpress Press, 1967
Green, V.H.H. Luther and the Reformation. London: B.T. Batsford, 1964
Grisar, Hartmann. Luther: Volume I. London: Luigi Cappadelta, 1914
Lindberg, Carter. The European Reformations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996
Lyons, Martin. Books: A Living History. Thames and Hudson: 2011.
Reu, [John] M[ichael]. Luther and the Scriptures. Columbus, OH: The Wartburg Press, 1944. [Reprint: St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1980].
——— (1984) [Columbus, OH: The Lutheran Book Concern, 1934], Luther's German Bible: An Historical Presentation Together with a Collection of Sources, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House .
Ritter, Gerhard. Luther: His life and Work. New York: Harper & Row, 1963
External links[edit]
German Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Luther Bible
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luther Bible.
Luther's Biblia Germanica 1545, Last Hand Edition.
Luther's Translation of the Bible in Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church.
Works by or about Luther Bible at Internet Archive
Works by Luther Bible at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
[hide]
v
t
e
Martin Luther
Works
(hymns)
Ninety-five Theses (1517)
Sermon on Indulgences and Grace (1518)
To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520)
On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520)
On the Freedom of a Christian (1520)
Against Henry, King of the English (1522)
Luther Bible (1522, 1534)
The Adoration of the Sacrament (1523)
Formula missae (1523)
Hymns
First Lutheran hymnal (1524)
Erfurt Enchiridion (1524)
Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn (1524)
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants (1525)
On the Bondage of the Will (1525)
The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics (1526)
Deutsche Messe (1526)
Confession Concerning Christ's Supper (1528)
On War Against the Turk (1529)
Small Catechism (1529)
Large Catechism (1529)
"Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott" (1529)
Smalcald Articles (1537)
On the Councils and the Church (1539)
"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam" (1543)
On the Jews and Their Lies (1543)
Vom Schem Hamphoras (1543)
List of hymns by Martin Luther
Luther's Table Talk (1566)
Weimar edition of Luther's works
Topics
and events
Reformation
Lutheranism
Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
Leipzig Debate, 1519
Exsurge Domine, 1520
Diet of Worms, 1521
Decet Romanum Pontificem, 1521
Marburg Colloquy, 1529
Augsburg Confession, 1530
Luther's canon
Theology of Martin Luther
Theology of the Cross
Universal priesthood
Sola scriptura
Two kingdoms
Law and Gospel
Marian theology
Eucharist in Lutheranism
Sacramental union
Words of Institution
Antisemitism
Propaganda during the Reformation
Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo (1537 edition)
People
Hans and Margarethe Luther (parents)
Katharina von Bora (wife)
Magdalena Luther (daughter)
Paul Luther (son)
Albert of Brandenburg
Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
Erasmus
Georg Rörer
Johann Cochlaeus
Johann von Staupitz
Justus Jonas
Karl von Miltitz
Andreas Karlstadt
Philip Melanchthon
Pope Leo X
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick the Wise
Luther sites
All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
Lutherhaus
Lutherstädte
Martin Luther's Birth House
Martin Luther's Death House
Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
St. Augustine's Monastery
Veste Coburg (Fortress)
Wartburg Castle
Film and theatre
Martin Luther (1923 film)
Luther (1928 film)
Luther (1964 film)
Martin Luther (1953 film)
Luther (1973 film)
Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 film)
Luther (2003 film)
Luther (1961 play)
Related
Martin Luther bibliography
Book:Martin Luther
Luther rose
Theologia Germanica
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 213054815
GND: 4122499-1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luther_Bible&oldid=828968927"
Categories:
1534 books
Early printed Bibles
Works by Martin Luther
Bible translations into German
Christian terminology
1534 in Christianity
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Unrecognized language
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014
CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
Webarchive template wayback links
Articles containing German-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014
Articles with Internet Archive links
Articles with LibriVox links
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Deutsch
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Svenska
Tagalog
8 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 March 2018, at 21:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: scope style

values:
/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon
mw-redirect
Philipp Melanchthon

values:
/wiki/Reformed_churches
mw-redirect
Reformed churches

values: text-align: left; padding-top: 0.2em; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
/wiki/Bible_translation
mw-redirect
Bible translation

values: Edit section: Luther's New Testament translation

values:
/wiki/Wartburg_Castle
mw-redirect
Wartburg Castle

values:
/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam
mw-redirect
Erasmus of Rotterdam

values:
/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg
image
The Malmesbury Bible

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: Development of the Christian biblical canon

values: List of artifacts in biblical archaeology

values: List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none

values:
/wiki/Gnosticism_and_the_New_Testament
mw-redirect
Gnosticism and the New Testament

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: Edit section: Publication of the complete Bible translation

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Masoretic_text
mw-redirect
Masoretic text

values: Development of the Christian Biblical canon

values:
/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha
mw-redirect
Biblical Apocrypha

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/King_James_version
mw-redirect
King James version

values:
/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version
mw-redirect
Authorized King James Version

values: New Testament titlepage from a Luther Bible printed in 1769

values:
/wiki/German_Bible_translations
mw-redirect
German Bible translations

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/12595454

values: Category:CS1 maint: Unrecognized language

values:
nofollow
http://lutherbibel.net/
external text

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2014)

values: Church of God, an International Community (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://librivox.org/author/1202

values: On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/213054815

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122499-1

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2014

values: Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014

values: Category:Articles with Internet Archive links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Luther_Bible
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Біблія Лютэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Библия на Лутер – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values: תרגום התנ"ך של לותר – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Библия Лютера – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Luther_Bible rootpage-Luther_Bible skin-vector action-view


text:
South African general election, 1994
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
[show]
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (September 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
Google's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary (using German): Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Exact name of German article]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|es|Elecciones generales en Sudáfrica de 1994}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
South African general election, 1994
← 1989 26–29 April 1994 1999 →
All 400 seats to the National Assembly of South Africa
201 seats needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Third party
Leader
Nelson Mandela F. W. de Klerk Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Party
African National Congress National Party Inkatha Freedom Party
Seats won
252 82 43
Popular vote
12,237,655 3,983,690 2,058,294
Percentage
62.65% 20.39% 10.54%
National Assembly after the election
State President before election
F. W. de Klerk
National Party
Elected President
Nelson Mandela
African National Congress
South Africa
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
South Africa
Constitution[show]
Bill of Rights
Executive[show]
President
Cyril Ramaphosa
Deputy President
Vacant
Cabinet
Shadow Cabinet
Legislative[show]
National Council of Provinces
Chairperson
Thandi Modise
National Assembly
Speaker
Baleka Mbete
Leader of the Opposition
Mmusi Maimane
Judiciary[show]
Chief Justice
Mogoeng Mogoeng
Deputy Chief Justice
Bess Nkabinde (Acting)
Courts
Constitutional Court
Supreme Court of Appeal
President: Mandisa Maya
High Court
Magistrate's courts
Electoral Court
Elections[show]
General
1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019
Municipal
2000 2006 2011 2016
Referendums
1960 1983 1992
Political parties
Administrative divisions[show]
Provinces
Districts
Metropolitan municipality
District municipality
Municipalities (list)
Foreign relations[show]
Minister of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions
Passport
Related topics[show]
Human rights
Taxation
Protests
Repression
Political assassinations
Other countries
Atlas
v
t
e
General elections were held in South Africa between 26 and 29 April 1994. The elections were the first in which citizens of all races were allowed to take part, and were therefore also the first held with universal adult suffrage. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC), and marked the culmination of the four-year process that ended apartheid.
Millions queued in lines over a four-day voting period. Altogether 19,726,579 votes were counted and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As widely expected, the African National Congress (ANC), whose slate incorporated the labour confederation COSATU and the South African Communist Party, won a sweeping victory, taking 62 percent of the vote, just short of the two-thirds majority required to unilaterally amend the Interim Constitution. As required by that document, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than 20 seats in the National Assembly. The new National Assembly's first act was to elect Nelson Mandela as President, making him the country's first black chief executive.
The date 27 April is now a public holiday in South Africa, Freedom Day.
Contents
[hide]
1 National Parliament results
1.1 National Assembly
1.2 Senate
2 Provincial legislature results
2.1 Eastern Cape
2.2 Free State
2.3 Gauteng
2.4 KwaZulu/Natal
2.5 Mpumalanga
2.6 North-West
2.7 Northern Cape
2.8 Northern Province
2.9 Western Cape
3 Security
4 Legacy
5 References
6 External links
National Parliament results[edit]
National Assembly[edit]
The 400 members of the National Assembly were chosen from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the national ballot.
Mural of the election in Cape Town.
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 National Assembly election results[1]
Party
Leader
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress Nelson Mandela 12,237,655 62.65 252
National Party F. W. de Klerk 3,983,690 20.39 82
Inkatha Freedom Party Mangosuthu Buthelezi 2,058,294 10.54 43
Freedom Front Constand Viljoen 424,555 2.17 9
Democratic Party Zach de Beer 338,426 1.73 7
Pan Africanist Congress Clarence Makwetu 243,478 1.25 5
African Christian Democratic Party Kenneth Meshoe 88,104 0.45 2
Africa Muslim Party 34,466 0.18 0
African Moderates Congress Party 27,690 0.14 0
Dikwankwetla Party 19,451 0.10 0
Federal Party 17,663 0.09 0
Minority Front Amichand Rajbansi 13,433 0.07 0
Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights 10,575 0.05 0
African Democratic Movement 9,886 0.05 0
Women's Rights Peace Party 6,434 0.03 0
Ximoko Progressive Party 6,320 0.03 0
Keep It Straight and Simple Party 5,916 0.03 0
Workers' List Party 4,169 0.02 0
Luso-South African Party 3,293 0.02 0
Total
19,533,498
100.00
400
Spoilt votes 193,112
Senate[edit]
The 90 members of the Senate were chosen, 10 from each province, by the newly elected provincial legislatures. Each province's Senate seats were allocated in proportion to the parties' representation in the provincial legislature.
e • d Determination of seats in the Senate as a consequence of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial elections[2]
Party
EC
FS
G
KZN
M
NW
NC
NP
WC
Total
African National Congress 9 8 6 3 8 8 5 10 3 60
National Party 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 6 17
Inkatha Freedom Party 5 5
Freedom Front 1 1 1 1 1 5
Democratic Party 1 1 1 3
Total
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
90
In 1997, on the adoption of the final Constitution, the Senate became the National Council of Provinces; its political makeup remained the same, but members were divided into permanent and special delegates, as described in the following table.
e • d Initial determination of delegates to the National Council of Provinces at the adoption of the new Constitution on 4 February 1997[3]
Party
Delegate type
EC
FS
G
KZN
M
NW
NC
NP
WC
Total
African National Congress Permanent 5 4 3 1 4 4 3 6 2 32 60
Special 4 4 3 2 4 4 2 4 1 28
National Party Permanent 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 11 17
Special 1 2 3 6
Inkatha Freedom Party Permanent 3 3 5
Special 2 2
Freedom Front Permanent 1 1 1 1 1 5
Democratic Party Permanent 1 1 1 3
Total
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
90
Provincial legislature results[edit]
Members of the provincial legislatures were elected from party lists in proportion to each party's share of the provincial ballot. The following table summarises the result, showing only parties that won at least one seat. The majority party in each legislature is indicated in bold.
e • d Seat allocation summary of the 26–29 April 1994 provincial legislature election results
Party
EC
FS
G
KZN
M
NW
NC
NP
WC
African National Congress 48 24 50 26 25 26 15 38 14
National Party 6 4 21 9 3 3 12 1 23
Inkatha Freedom Party 3 41
Freedom Front 2 5 2 1 2 1 1
Democratic Party 1 5 2 1 3
Pan Africanist Congress 1 1 1
African Christian Democratic Party 1 1 1
Minority Front 1
Total
56
30
86
81
30
30
30
40
42
The following tables detail the results in each province.
Eastern Cape[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature election results[4]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 2,453,790 84.35 48
National Party 286,029 9.83 6
Democratic Party 59,644 2.05 1
Pan Africanist Congress 59,475 2.04 1
Freedom Front 23,167 0.80 0
African Christian Democratic Party 14,908 0.51 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 5,050 0.17 0
African Democratic Movement 4,815 0.17 0
Merit Party 2,028 0.07 0
Total
2,908,906
100.00
56
Spoilt votes 13,248
Free State[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Orange Free State Provincial Legislature election results[5]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 1,037,998 76.65 24
National Party 170,452 12.59 4
Freedom Front 81,662 6.03 2
Pan Africanist Congress 24,451 1.81 0
Dikwankwetla Party 17,024 1.26 0
Democratic Party 7,664 0.57 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 6,935 0.51 0
African Christian Democratic Party 6,072 0.45 0
African Democratic Movement 2,008 0.15 0
Total
1,354,266
100.00
30
Spoilt votes 10,286
Gauteng[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging Provincial Legislature election results[6]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 2,418,257 57.60 50
National Party 1,002,540 23.88 21
Freedom Front 258,935 6.17 5
Democratic Party 223,548 5.32 5
Inkatha Freedom Party 153,567 3.66 3
Pan Africanist Congress 61,512 1.47 1
African Christian Democratic Party 25,542 0.61 1
Federal Party 16,279 0.39 0
Africa Muslim Party 12,888 0.31 0
Women's Rights Peace Party 7,279 0.17 0
Luso-South African Party 5,423 0.13 0
Dikwankwetla Party 4,853 0.12 0
African Democratic Movement 4,352 0.10 0
Ximoko Progressive Party 3,275 0.08 0
Total
4,198,250
100.00
86
Spoilt votes 25,383
KwaZulu/Natal[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 KwaZulu/Natal Provincial Legislature election results[7]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
Inkatha Freedom Party 1,844,070 50.32 41
African National Congress 1,181,118 32.23 26
National Party 410,710 11.21 9
Democratic Party 78,910 2.15 2
Minority Front 48,951 1.34 1
Pan Africanist Congress 26,601 0.73 1
African Christian Democratic Party 24,690 0.67 1
Freedom Front 18,625 0.51 0
Africa Muslim Party 17,931 0.49 0
African Democratic Movement 8,092 0.22 0
Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International 4,626 0.13 0
Total
3,664,324
100.00
81
Spoilt votes 39,369
Mpumalanga[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Eastern Transvaal Provincial Legislature election results[8]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 1,070,052 80.69 25
National Party 119,311 9.00 3
Freedom Front 75,120 5.66 2
Pan Africanist Congress 21,679 1.63 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 20,147 1.52 0
Democratic Party 7,437 0.56 0
African Christian Democratic Party 6,339 0.48 0
African Democratic Movement 5,062 0.38 0
Right Party 921 0.07 0
Total
1,326,068
100.00
30
Spoilt votes 12,631
North-West[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 North-West Provincial Legislature election results[9]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 1,310,080 83.33 26
National Party 138,986 8.84 3
Freedom Front 72,821 4.63 1
Pan Africanist Congress 27,274 1.73 0
Democratic Party 7,894 0.50 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 5,948 0.38 0
African Christian Democratic Party 5,570 0.35 0
African Democratic Movement 3,569 0.23 0
Total
1,572,142
100.00
30
Spoilt votes 18,974
Northern Cape[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Northern Cape Provincial Legislature election results[10]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 200,839 49.74 15
National Party 163,452 40.48 12
Freedom Front 24,117 5.97 2
Democratic Party 7,567 1.87 1
Pan Africanist Congress 3,765 0.93 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 1,688 0.42 0
African Christian Democratic Party 1,610 0.40 0
African Democratic Movement 734 0.18 0
Total
403,772
100.00
30
Spoilt votes 3,534
Northern Province[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Northern Transvaal Provincial Legislature election results[11]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
African National Congress 1,759,597 91.63 38
National Party 62,745 3.27 1
Freedom Front 41,193 2.15 1
Pan Africanist Congress 24,360 1.27 0
United People's Front 10,123 0.53 0
African Christian Democratic Party 7,363 0.38 0
Ximoko Progressive Party 4,963 0.26 0
Democratic Party 4,021 0.21 0
African Democratic Movement 3,662 0.19 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 2,233 0.12 0
Total
1,920,260
100.00
40
Spoilt votes 13,702
Western Cape[edit]
e • d Summary of the 26–29 April 1994 Western Cape Provincial Legislature election results[12]
Party
Votes
%
Seats
National Party 1,138,242 53.25 23
African National Congress 705,576 33.01 14
Democratic Party 141,970 6.64 3
Freedom Front 44,003 2.06 1
African Christian Democratic Party 25,731 1.20 1
Pan Africanist Congress 22,676 1.06 0
Africa Muslim Party 20,954 0.98 0
Islamic Party 16,762 0.78 0
Inkatha Freedom Party 7,445 0.35 0
Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party 6,337 0.30 0
South African Women's Party 2,641 0.12 0
Green Party 2,611 0.12 0
African Democratic Movement 1,939 0.09 0
Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International 855 0.04 0
Total
2,137,742
100.00
42
Spoilt votes 10,714
Security[edit]
Denel Dynamics Seeker unmanned aerial vehicles were used to monitor the elections.[13]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2011)
Legacy[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)
Following the elections, 27 April subsequently became a national public holiday, Freedom Day. In 2014, the election was commemorated on its 20th anniversary due to its historic importance.[14]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Republic of South Africa Totals". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.
Jump up ^ Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 6: "Transitional Arrangements", item 7.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Eastern Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Free State". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Gauteng". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - KwaZulu-Natal". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Mpumalanga". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - North West". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Northern Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Limpopo". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "April 26-29, 1994 General Election Results - Western Cape". Election Resources on the Internet. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Flying unpiloted in the conflict zone and into civilian territory" (PDF). Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
Jump up ^ http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2014/04/s-africa-marks-democracy-anniversary-2014427114951886747.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1994 South African general election.
US Department of the Army, South Africa Country Study, "The 1994 Elections"
IEC results for 1994 election
Proportional representation and alternative systems
[show]
v
t
e
Elections and referendums in South Africa
General elections
1910
1915
1920
1921
1924
1929
1933
1938
1943
1948
1953
1958
1961
1966
1970
1974
1977
1981
1984
1987
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
2014
2019
Municipal elections
1995–96
2000
2006
2011
2016
Referendums
1960
1983
1992
See also: Elections and referendums in the Boer republics and South African colonies
Elections and referendums in South African Bantustans
[show]
v
t
e
Nelson Mandela
18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013
President of South Africa (1994–1999)
President of the African National Congress (1991–1997)
Life
Early life
Mandela and Tambo law firm
Umkhonto we Sizwe
1955 Congress of the People
Freedom Charter
Treason Trial
Rivonia Trial
Robben Island
Pollsmoor Prison
Victor Verster Prison
Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
Liliesleaf Farm
Mandela House and museum
Nelson Mandela Children's Fund
The Elders
70th Birthday Tribute
90th Birthday Tribute
Awards and honours
Death and funeral
attendees
Presidency
1994 election
Presidency
Government of National Unity
Reconstruction and Development Programme
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Constitution of South Africa
1995 Rugby World Cup
Intervention in Lesotho
Mahlamba Ndlopfu
Books and
speeches
"I Am Prepared to Die" (1964 speech)
Long Walk to Freedom (1995)
Mandela: The Authorised Biography (1999)
Dare Not Linger: The Presidential Years (2017)
Legacy and
namesakes
Mandela Day
Nelson Mandela Forum
Nelson Mandela Institution
46664 concerts
Mandela Rhodes Scholarship
Nelson Mandela Challenge
Nelson Mandela Challenge Plate
Nelson Mandela Invitational
Nelson Mandela International Airport
Nelson Mandela Square
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
Mandela National Stadium
Nelson Mandela Bridge
Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital
Ponts Nelson-Mandela
Nelson Mandela University
Film depictions
Mandela (1987)
Death of Apartheid (1995)
Mandela (1996)
Mandela: Son of Africa, Father of a Nation (1996)
Mandela and de Klerk (1997)
Goodbye Bafana (2007)
Endgame (2009)
Invictus (2009)
Winnie Mandela (2011)
Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (2013)
Mandela: The Struggle Is My Life (2013)
Mandela's Gun (2016)
Family
Ngubengcuka (great-grandfather)
Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (father)
Nosekeni Fanny (mother)
Evelyn Mase (wife)
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (wife)
Graça Machel (wife)
Makgatho Mandela (son)
Makaziwe Mandela (daughter)
Zenani Mandela-Dlamini (daughter)
Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane (daughter)
Mandla Mandela (grandson)
Zoleka Mandela (granddaughter)
Related
African National Congress
history
International Tribute Concert
Madiba shirt
"Free Nelson Mandela" (song)
"Mandela Day" (song)
Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela) (song)
Atlanta sculpture
Johannesburg statue
London statue
Pretoria statue
Washington, DC statue
Ismail Ayob
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Political history of South Africa
Defunct polities
Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c. 1075–c. 1220)
Dutch Cape Colony (1652–1806)
Mthethwa Paramountcy (c. 1780–1817)
Ndwandwe Kingdom (c. 1780–1819)
Cape Colony (1795–1910)
Zulu Kingdom (1816–97)
Natalia Republic (1839–43)
Natal Colony (1843–1910)
Orange Free State (1854–1902)
South African Republic (1856–1902)
Griqualand East (1861–79)
Griqualand West (1870–73)
Goshen (1882–83)
Stellaland (1882–85)
Nieuwe Republiek (1884–88)
Upingtonia (1885–87)
Klein Vrystaat (1886–91)
Orange River Colony (1902–10)
Transvaal Colony (1902–10)
Union of South Africa (1910–61)
Transkei (1976–94)
Bophuthatswana (1977–94)
Venda (1979–94)
Ciskei (1981–94)
Events
1652–1815
Dutch settlement
French Huguenot settlement
Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
Xhosa Wars
Battle of Muizenberg
Battle of Blaauwberg
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1815–1910
Mfecane
1820 Settlers
Great Trek
Boer Republics
Transvaal Civil War
Mineral Revolution
Witwatersrand Gold Rush
South African Wars
South Africa Act 1909
1910–1948
Maritz Rebellion
Rand Rebellion
Great Depression
1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
Bantustans
Apartheid era
1948 general election
Apartheid legislation
Pass laws
Internal resistance
Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
Defiance Campaign
Congress of the People
Freedom Charter
Women's March 1956
1957 Alexandra bus boycott
Sharpeville massacre
1960 republic referendum
International isolation
Academic boycott
Disinvestment
Sporting boycott
Olympics
Rugby union
Rivonia Trial
Tar Baby Option
Durban Moment
Border War
Israeli alliance
Israel–South Africa Agreement
Soweto Uprising
Weapons of mass destruction
Project Coast
Constructive engagement
Church Street bombing
1983 constitutional reform referendum
Langa massacre
Rubicon speech
Dakar Conference
Third Force
CODESA
1992 apartheid referendum
Saint James Church massacre
Bophuthatswana crisis
Shell House massacre
Post-apartheid
1994 general election
Government of National Unity
Reconstruction and Development Programme
Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Arms Deal
Floor crossing
Soweto bombings
African Renaissance
Xenophobia
Marikana massacre
2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
Nkandlagate
2014 platinum strike
#RhodesMustFall protests
#FeesMustFall student protests
Tshwane riots
Political culture
African nationalism
Afrikaner Calvinism
Afrikaner nationalism
Azania
Baasskap
Boerehaat
Black Consciousness Movement
Day of the Vow
Greater South Africa
Honorary whites
Rooi gevaar
Slavery
Swart gevaar
Uitlander
Volkstaat
Defunct
organisations
Civic and political
organisations
Afrikaner Bond
Afrikaner Broederbond
Afrikaner Party
AITUP
APO
AVF
BPC
Black Sash
CDA
CTEG
COD
Congress Alliance
COSG
CP
Dominion Party
DP (1973–1977)
DP (1989–2000)
DPP
ECC
FA
FD
Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
GNP
Het Volk
HNP
IDASA
ID
IP
ISL
Jeugkrag
Johannesburg Reform Committee
Labour Party (1910–1958)
Labour Party (1969–1994)
Liberal Party (1953–1968)
NA
NCP
Natal Indian Congress
NLP
NNP
NP
NPP
NRP
NUSAS
PFP
Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
Progressive Party
PRP
Radio Freedom
Reform Party
SABP
SADECO
SAIC
SASO
SAYCO
SAYRCO
South African Party (Cape Colony)
South African Party (1911–1934)
South African Party (1977–1980)
TNIP
Torch Commando
UFP
United Party
Unionist Party
Volksparty
Workers Party
WOSA
Trade unions and
social movements
APF
BCM
BLATU
CNETU
CTSWU
FCWU
FNETU
FOSATU
ICU
IWW
MUSA
NEUM
NURHS
PAWE
SAAPAWU
SACTU
SAIF
SARHU
SATUC
Die Spoorbund
UDF
Umkosi Wezintaba
Paramilitary and
terrorist organisations
APLA
ARM
BBB
Boeremag
Greyshirts
MK
Ossewabrandwag
Orde van die Dood
SANF
Histories of
political parties
African National Congress
Democratic Alliance
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_African_general_election,_1994&oldid=824122094"
Categories:
1994 elections in Africa
1994 in South Africa
Democratization
General elections in South Africa
April 1994 events
Hidden categories:
Articles to be expanded from September 2015
All articles to be expanded
Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia
EngvarB from August 2013
Pages using deprecated image syntax
Articles to be expanded from June 2011
Articles using small message boxes
Articles to be expanded from April 2014
Use dmy dates from August 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Català
Deutsch
Español
Français
한국어
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
Nederlands
Norsk
Polski
Português
Simple English
Edit links
This page was last edited on 5 February 2018, at 13:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

value: span

attrs: class role tabindex

attrs: href class title

values: es:Elecciones generales en Sudáfrica de 1994

value: b

value: small

value: i

values: font-size:100%;line-height:1.6;font-weight:bold;background:transparent;text-align:center;;padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left

attrs: rel class href

value: li

values: Talk:South African general election, 1994

values: text-align: left; display: none; background: transparent;

values:
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice
presentation

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:15%;

values: text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 1px;width:70%;

values: text-align:right; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:15%;

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #006600

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FF9933

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FF0000

values:
/wiki/Frederik_Willem_de_Klerk
mw-redirect
Frederik Willem de Klerk

values: South African National Assembly 1994.svg

values: width:50%; text-align:left; text-size: 80%

values: width:50%; text-align:right; text-size: 80%

values: Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: left; display: none;

values: Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (South Africa)

values: Speaker of the National Assembly of South Africa

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1960
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1960

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1983
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1983

values:
/wiki/South_African_referendum,_1992
mw-redirect
South African referendum, 1992

values: List of political parties in South Africa

values: Administrative divisions of South Africa

values: Metropolitan municipality (South Africa)

values: Minister of International Relations and Cooperation

values: List of diplomatic missions of South Africa

values: Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa

values: Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa

values: font-size: 105%; padding: 0px 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:19.0em;

values:
/wiki/Universal_adult_suffrage
mw-redirect
Universal adult suffrage

values: Independent Electoral Commission (South Africa)

values: Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa

values: Government of National Unity (South Africa)

values:
/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Africa)
mw-redirect
National Assembly (South Africa)

values: Edit section: National Parliament results

values: Template talk:South African general election, 1994

values: editlink noprint plainlinks nourlexpansion

values:
width:4px; background-color:#006600;
African National Congress

values:
width:4px; background-color:#FF9933;
National Party (South Africa)

values:
width:4px; background-color:#FF0000;
Inkatha Freedom Party

values:
width:4px; background-color:#EC8713;
Freedom Front

values:
/wiki/Freedom_Front
mw-redirect
Freedom Front

values:
width:4px; background-color:#6699CC;
Democratic Party (South Africa)

values:
width:4px; background-color:#093824;
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania

values:
width:4px; background-color:#AD2B2B;
African Christian Democratic Party

values:
width:4px; background-color:#009f00;
Africa Muslim Party

values: African Moderates Congress Party (page does not exist)

values:
width:4px; background-color:#eeeeee;
Dikwankwetla Party of South Africa

values: Federal Party (South Africa) (page does not exist)

values:
width:4px; background-color:#FF0000;
Minority Front

values: Sport Organisation for Collective Contributions and Equal Rights (page does not exist)

values: African Democratic Movement (page does not exist)

values: Women's Rights Peace Party (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Ximoko_Progressive_Party
mw-redirect
Ximoko Progressive Party

values:
/wiki/Workers%27_List_Party
mw-redirect
Workers' List Party

values: Luso-South African Party (page does not exist)

values:
wikitable
text-align:right; font-size: 95%;

values: Template talk:South African Senate seat determination, 1994

values:
/wiki/Northern_Province_(South_Africa)
mw-redirect
Northern Province (South Africa)

values: Template talk:National Council of Provinces seat determination, 1997

values: Edit section: Provincial legislature results

values: Template talk:South African provincial elections, 1994

values: Template talk:Eastern Cape provincial election, 1994

values: Template talk:Free State provincial election, 1994

values:
/wiki/Free_State_Legislature
mw-redirect
Free State Legislature

values: Template talk:Gauteng provincial election, 1994

values: Template talk:KwaZulu-Natal provincial election, 1994

values: Template talk:Mpumalanga provincial election, 1994

values: Right Party (South Africa) (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:North West provincial election, 1994

values: Template talk:Northern Cape provincial election, 1994

values: Template talk:Northern Province provincial election, 1994

values:
/wiki/Northern_Province_Legislature
mw-redirect
Northern Province Legislature

values: United People's Front (South Africa) (page does not exist)

values: Template talk:Western Cape provincial election, 1994

values: Islamic Party (South Africa) (page does not exist)

values: Wes-Kaap Federaliste Party (page does not exist)

values: South African Women's Party (page does not exist)

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: s:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

values: s:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996/Schedule 6

values: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:1994 South African general election

values: South African municipal elections, 1995–96

values: South African constitutional reform referendum, 1983

values: South African apartheid referendum, 1992

values: Template:Boer and South African colonial elections

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: History of the African National Congress

values: List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela

values: List of dignitaries at the memorial service of Nelson Mandela

values:
/wiki/File:Nelson_Mandela,_2000_(5).jpg
image
Nelson Mandela

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Reconstruction and Development Programme

values: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)

values:
/wiki/46664_(concerts)
mw-redirect
46664 (concerts)

values: Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality

values: Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa

values: Statue of Nelson Mandela, Parliament Square

values: Statue of Nelson Mandela, Union Buildings

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Political history of South Africa

values: Template talk:Political history of South Africa

values:
/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg
mw-redirect
Battle of Muizenberg

values:
/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Maritz Rebellion

values: Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid

values: Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era

values: Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics

values: South Africa and weapons of mass destruction

values: Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)

values: Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa

values: International Socialist League (South Africa)

values: National Conservative Party (South Africa)

values: National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)

values: National Union of South African Students

values: South African Youth Revolutionary Council

values: South African Party (Republic of South Africa)

values: Workers Organisation for Socialist Action

values: Federation of South African Trade Unions

values: Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union

values: Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)

values: National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants

values: South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union

values: South African Railways and Harbours Union

values: History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)

values: History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania

values: Category:Political history of South Africa

values: Category:General elections in South Africa

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2015

values: Category:Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia

values: Category:Pages using deprecated image syntax

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from June 2011

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from April 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Suid-Afrikaanse algemene verkiesing van 1994 – Afrikaans

values: الانتخابات العامة في جنوب أفريقيا 1994 – Arabic

values: Eleccions sud-africanes de 1994 – Catalan

values: Parlamentswahl in Südafrika 1994 – German

values: Elecciones generales de Sudáfrica de 1994 – Spanish

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values: Élections générales sud-africaines de 1994 – French

values: 1994년 남아프리카 공화국 총선거 – Korean

values: Pemilihan umum Afrika Selatan 1994 – Indonesian

values: Elezioni generali in Sudafrica del 1994 – Italian

values: Zuid-Afrikaanse parlementsverkiezingen 1994 – Dutch

values: Wybory parlamentarne w Południowej Afryce w 1994 roku – Polish

values: Eleições gerais na África do Sul em 1994 – Portuguese

values: South African general election, 1994 – Simple English

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-South_African_general_election_1994 rootpage-South_African_general_election_1994 skin-vector action-view