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Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics
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Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Date
28 July – 5 August
Edition
16th
Surface
Grass
Location
All England Club, Wimbledon
Champions
Men's Singles
Andy Murray (GBR)
Women's Singles
Serena Williams (USA)
Men's Doubles
Mike Bryan & Bob Bryan (USA)
Women's Doubles
Serena Williams & Venus Williams (USA)
Mixed Doubles
Victoria Azarenka & Max Mirnyi (BLR)
← 2008 · Summer Olympics · 2016 →
The tennis tournaments at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were staged at the All England Club in Wimbledon, from 28 July to 5 August. This was the first Olympic grass court tournament since tennis was reintroduced as an Olympic sport and the first to be held at a Grand Slam venue in the Open era.[1] (Two other 2012 Summer Olympic bid finalists had also offered Grand Slam venues – second-place finisher Paris offered the French Open venue, the Stade Roland Garros, while fourth-place finisher New York offered the US Open venue, the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens.)
A total of 190 players competed in five events: singles and doubles for both men and women and, for the first time since 1924, mixed doubles were officially included. The Olympic tennis events were run and organised by the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) and the International Tennis Federation (ITF), and were part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tours. As a side effect, the regular rule imposed by the All England Club during The Championships calling for all-white player clothing was waived to allow players to wear Olympic national team clothing, and London 2012 bunting also mixed with the traditional Wimbledon green.
Elena Dementieva and Rafael Nadal were the reigning champions, neither of whom defended their titles. Dementieva had retired from professional tennis in 2010,[2] while Nadal withdrew due to tendinitis.[3]
Contents
1 Summary
2 Tournament
3 Points distribution
4 Qualification
5 Competition of Olympics
5.1 Format
5.2 Calendar
6 Medal summary
6.1 Medal table
6.2 Medal events
7 Wild card entries
7.1 Men's singles wild card entries
7.2 Women's singles wild card entries
7.3 Men's doubles wild card entries
7.4 Women's doubles wild card entries
7.5 Mixed doubles wild card entries
8 Singles seeds
8.1 Men's singles
8.1.1 Withdrawn players
8.2 Women's singles
8.2.1 Withdrawn players
9 References
10 External links
Summary[edit]
In the women's singles tournament, Serena Williams defeated Maria Sharapova while losing only one game in the final for the gold medal and her sixth major event win at Wimbledon, having won the ladies' singles tournament at The Championships less than three weeks earlier as well as in 2002, 2003, 2009 and 2010. She also defended her women's doubles title alongside her sister Venus Williams, who had won singles gold in Sydney in 2000. With her singles gold, she became the second female player to win a career singles Golden Slam - Olympic gold in addition to the Australian Open, the French Open, Wimbledon and the US Open, with the first being Steffi Graf in 1988 after she won all five events that year (a feat not yet matched by another player, male or female.) Williams also became the first player in history, male or female, to win the career Golden Grand Slam in both singles and doubles (the Williams sisters had already completed their career doubles Golden Grand Slam at the 2001 Australian Open, joining Pam Shriver in Seoul in 1988 and Gigi Fernández at the 1993 Australian Open.)[4] Furthermore, the Williams sisters also became the first four-time gold medalists in Olympic tennis history.
In the men's singles tournament final, Andy Murray beat Roger Federer in straight sets in front of a home crowd to avenge his four-set loss against Federer exactly four weeks earlier on Centre Court in the finals at Wimbledon. In doing so, he denied Federer the chance to become the third man to win a career singles Golden Grand Slam after Nadal at the 2010 US Open and Andre Agassi at the 1999 French Open. He also became the first British man to win singles tennis gold since Josiah Ritchie in 1908 (also at Wimbledon) and the first to win a major event at Wimbledon since Fred Perry won The Championships in 1936. Based on his gold medal as well as his achievements over the following four years, including a US Open championship, two Wimbledon championships and a Davis Cup, Team GB chose him as their flagbearer for the opening ceremony in Rio de Janeiro in 2016, where he won a second consecutive gold medal.
Meanwhile, the Bryan brothers (Mike and Bob) took the men's doubles gold for the United States and themselves completed a career Golden Grand Slam, joining the Australian "Woodies" (Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde, who completed their set at the 2000 French Open) and Canada's Daniel Nestor at Wimbledon in 2009. Also, the Belorussian top seeds of Victoria Azarenka and Max Mirnyi took the mixed doubles gold after overcoming Murray and Laura Robson mere hours after Murray had defeated Federer.
Tournament[edit]
John Isner and Roger Federer warming up prior to their men's singles quarterfinal match on Centre Court
The 2012 Olympic tournament was the fourteenth edition of tennis at the Olympics (excluding the two Olympics, 1968 and 1984, when tennis was a demonstration event), and the seventh since 1988, when tennis was officially brought back into the Olympic Games. Mixed doubles was an official Olympic event for the first time since 1924, when Hazel Wightman and Richard Williams of the United States won the gold medal, and was played for the first time since it was played as a demonstration event in 1968.[5][6]
The 2012 tournaments were played on grass courts at the All England Club, three weeks after the end of the 2012 edition of The Championships. Sessions ran from 11 a.m. until 10 p.m. as established by the All England Club policy. However, the All England Club along with other organizers not only allowed but encouraged the players to wear their national colours as opposed to predominantly white clothes in accordance with typical Wimbledon tradition, and the normally all-green grounds were also decked out in purple and multi-coloured London 2012 Olympic branding.
Twelve courts were used for the matches including Centre Court, No.1 and No.2. No.3 Court was used for warm ups.[7] The Olympic tennis events were organised jointly by the ITF, the IOC and the All England Club. Both the men's and women's singles and doubles events counted as a part of the 2012 ATP World Tour and the 2012 WTA Tour.[8]
Points distribution[edit]
The points distribution for the Association of Tennis Professionals and the Women's Tennis Association tours, concerning only singles competition on the 2012 Olympic Games, is listed below.[9][10] These points can be added to a player's world ranking for the 2012 season.
Stage
Gold Medal
Silver Medal
Bronze Medal
Fourth Place
Quarterfinals
Round of 16
Round of 32
Round of 64
Men's singles
750 450 340 270 135 70 35 5
Women's singles
685 470 340 260 175 95 55 1
Qualification[edit]
Main article: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification
For the singles competitions, the top 56 players in the world rankings on 11 June 2012 of the WTA and ATP tours qualified for the Olympics. However, entry was limited to four players from a country. This means that players who were ranked in the top 56 but are from countries with four higher-ranked players already participating did not qualify, and players who were ranked outside of the top 56 but are from countries with fewer than four players already participating qualified. A player could only participate if he or she had made him- or herself available to be drafted to represent the player's country in Davis Cup or Fed Cup for two of the following years: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, with one of the years being either 2011 or 2012.[11] Of the other eight wildcard slots, six of the slots were determined by the ITF's Olympic Committee, taking into account ranking and spread of nations represented, while the final two slots were awarded by the IOC to players from small nations.
In the doubles competitions, twenty four teams automatically qualified as per the rankings on 11 June 2012, subject to a maximum of two teams per nation. Players in the top ten of the doubles rankings could reserve a place, provided they had a partner to compete with. The remaining eight teams were decided by the ITF's Olympic Committee. Entries for the mixed doubles were confirmed at the Games.[12][13] The Tripartite Commission later decided only to give places in the women's singles leaving eight wildcards to be chosen by the ITF Olympic Committee for the men's singles competition.[14]
Competition of Olympics[edit]
Format[edit]
The tennis competition at the Olympic Games consists of a single elimination tournament. The size of the singles draw, 64, means that there are six rounds of competition in total,[15] with five in the doubles owing to its smaller draw size of 32, and 4 for mixed with its draw size only being 16.[16] Players reaching the semifinal are assured of an opportunity to compete for a medal, as the two losing parties in each semifinals contest a bronze medal match.
In a further change from normal Wimbledon practice, the matches followed the Olympic format – all matches were three-set matches except for the men's singles final, which would be a five-set match. The tie break operated in every set except the fifth set in the men's singles final and the third set in the other matches (except mixed doubles), when an advantage set was played. In the mixed doubles the third set was played as a match tie-break (10 points).
Calendar[edit]
Date
28 July
29 July
30 July
31 July
1 August
2 August
3 August
4 August
5 August
Start Time
11:30
11:30
11:30
11:30
11:30
11:30
12:00
12:00
12:00
Men's singles Round of 64 Round of 64
Round of 32 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals — Bronze
Final
Women's singles Round of 64 Round of 64
Round of 32 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Bronze
Final —
Men's doubles Round of 32 Round of 32
Round of 16 Round of 16 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Bronze
Final —
Women's doubles Round of 32 Round of 32
Round of 16 Round of 16 Round of 16
Quarterfinals Quarterfinals Semifinals Semifinals Bronze
Final
Mixed doubles — — — — Round of 16 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Quarterfinals
Semifinals Bronze
Final
Medal summary[edit]
Medal table[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 3 0 1 4
2 Great Britain (GBR) 1 1 0 2
3 Belarus (BLR) 1 0 1 2
4 France (FRA) 0 1 1 2
Russia (RUS) 0 1 1 2
6 Czech Republic (CZE) 0 1 0 1
Switzerland (SUI) 0 1 0 1
8 Argentina (ARG) 0 0 1 1
Grand Total 5 5 5 15
Medal events[edit]
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Men's singles
details Andy Murray
Great Britain Roger Federer
Switzerland Juan Martín del Potro
Argentina
Men's doubles
details Bob Bryan
and Mike Bryan (USA) Michaël Llodra
and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (FRA) Julien Benneteau
and Richard Gasquet (FRA)
Women's singles
details Serena Williams
United States Maria Sharapova
Russia Victoria Azarenka
Belarus
Women's doubles
details Serena Williams
and Venus Williams (USA) Andrea Hlaváčková
and Lucie Hradecká (CZE) Maria Kirilenko
and Nadia Petrova (RUS)
Mixed doubles
details Victoria Azarenka
and Max Mirnyi (BLR) Laura Robson
and Andy Murray (GBR) Lisa Raymond
and Mike Bryan (USA)
Wild card entries[edit]
Men's singles wild card entries[edit]
The following players received an ITF Invitation:[17]
Lleyton Hewitt
Australia
Thomaz Bellucci
Brazil
Vasek Pospisil
Canada
Somdev Devvarman
India
Adrian Ungur
Romania
Blaž Kavčič
Slovenia
Malek Jaziri
Tunisia
Sergiy Stakhovsky
Ukraine
Women's singles wild card entries[edit]
The following players received an ITF Invitation:[17]
Alizé Cornet
France
Elena Baltacha
Great Britain
Anne Keothavong
Great Britain
Heather Watson
Great Britain
Ons Jabeur
Tunisia
Mariana Duque Mariño
Colombia
The following players received a Tripartite Commission Invitation:[14][18]
Verónica Cepede Royg
Paraguay
Stephanie Vogt
Liechtenstein
Men's doubles wild card entries[edit]
The following players received an ITF Invitation:[17]
David Nalbandian / Eduardo Schwank
Argentina
Thomaz Bellucci / André Sá
Brazil
Juan Sebastián Cabal / Santiago Giraldo
Colombia
Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram
Israel
Kei Nishikori / Go Soeda
Japan
Horia Tecău / Adrian Ungur
Romania
Nikolay Davydenko / Mikhail Youzhny
Russia
Martin Kližan / Lukáš Lacko
Slovakia
Women's doubles wild card entries[edit]
The following players received an ITF Invitation:[17]
Stéphanie Dubois / Aleksandra Wozniak
Canada
Chuang Chia-jung / Hsieh Su-wei
Chinese Taipei
Alizé Cornet / Kristina Mladenovic
France
Margalita Chakhnashvili / Anna Tatishvili
Georgia
Laura Robson / Heather Watson
Great Britain
Tímea Babos / Ágnes Szávay
Hungary
Rushmi Chakravarthi / Sania Mirza
India
Anne Keothavong / Elena Baltacha
Great Britain
Mixed doubles wild card entries[edit]
The following players received an ITF Invitation:[17]
Samantha Stosur / Lleyton Hewitt
Australia
Laura Robson / Andy Murray
Great Britain
Elena Vesnina / Mikhail Youzhny
Russia
Sofia Arvidsson / Robert Lindstedt
Sweden
Singles seeds[edit]
Seedings were based on the rankings as of 23 July 2012.
Men's singles[edit]
Main article: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles
Seed
Rank
Player
Status
1 1 Roger Federer
Switzerland Finals lost to Andy Murray
Great Britain [3]
2 2 Novak Djokovic
Serbia Semifinals lost to Andy Murray
Great Britain [3]
Bronze medal lost to Juan Martín del Potro
Argentina [8]
3 4 Andy Murray
Great Britain Finals defeated Roger Federer
Switzerland [1]
4 5 David Ferrer
Spain Third Round lost to Kei Nishikori
Japan [15]
5 6 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga
France Quarterfinals lost to Novak Djokovic
Serbia [2]
6 7 Tomáš Berdych
Czech Republic First Round lost to Steve Darcis
Belgium
7 8 Janko Tipsarević
Serbia Third Round lost to John Isner
United States [10]
8 9 Juan Martín del Potro
Argentina Semifinals lost to Roger Federer
Switzerland [1]
Bronze medal defeated Novak Djokovic
Serbia [2]
9 10 Juan Mónaco
Argentina Second Round lost to Feliciano López
Spain
10 11 John Isner
United States Quarterfinals lost to Roger Federer
Switzerland [1]
11 12 Nicolás Almagro
Spain Quarterfinals lost to Andy Murray
Great Britain
12 14 Gilles Simon
France Third Round lost to Juan Martín del Potro
Argentina
13 15 Marin Čilić
Croatia Second Round lost to Lleyton Hewitt
Australia
14 16 Fernando Verdasco
Spain First Round lost to Denis Istomin
Uzbekistan
15 18 Kei Nishikori
Japan Quarterfinals lost to Juan Martín del Potro
Argentina [8]
16 21 Richard Gasquet
France Second Round lost to Marcos Baghdatis
Cyprus
Withdrawn players[edit]
Rank
Player
Points
Points defending
Points Won
New points
Withdrew due to
3 Rafael Nadal 8,905 0 0 8,905 Knee tendinitis[19]
20 Gaël Monfils 1,625 300 0 1,325 Knee injury
Women's singles[edit]
Main article: Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's singles
Seed
Rank
Player
Status
1 1 Victoria Azarenka
Belarus Semifinals lost to Serena Williams
United States [4]
Bronze medal defeated Maria Kirilenko
Russia [14]
2 2 Agnieszka Radwańska
Poland First Round lost to Julia Görges
Germany
3 3 Maria Sharapova
Russia Finals lost to Serena Williams
United States [4]
4 4 Serena Williams
United States Finals defeated Maria Sharapova
Russia [3]
5 5 Samantha Stosur
Australia First Round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro
Spain
6 6 Petra Kvitová
Czech Republic Quarterfinals lost to Maria Kirilenko
Russia [14]
7 7 Angelique Kerber
Germany Quarterfinals lost to Victoria Azarenka
Belarus [1]
8 8 Caroline Wozniacki
Denmark Quarterfinals lost to Serena Williams
United States [4]
9 9 Sara Errani
Italy First Round lost to Venus Williams
United States
10 11 Li Na
China First Round lost to Daniela Hantuchová
Slovakia
11 12 Ana Ivanovic
Serbia Third Round lost to Kim Clijsters
Belgium
12 13 Dominika Cibulková
Slovakia First Round lost to Tsvetana Pironkova
Bulgaria
13 14 Vera Zvonareva
Russia Third Round lost to Serena Williams
United States [4]
14 15 Maria Kirilenko
Russia Semifinal lost to Maria Sharapova
Russia [3]
Bronze medal lost to Victoria Azarenka
Belarus [1]
15 17 Sabine Lisicki
Germany Third Round lost to Maria Sharapova
Russia [3]
16 19 Nadia Petrova
Russia Third Round lost to Victoria Azarenka
Belarus [1]
Withdrawn players[edit]
Rank
Player
Points
Points defending
Points Won
New points
Withdrew due to
16 Kaia Kanepi 2,514 0 0 2,514 Heel injury
18 Andrea Petkovic 2,260 200 0 2,060 Ankle injury
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Olympic Tennis". UK Media Limited. Archived from the original on 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ "Elena Dementieva retiring from tour". ESPN Sport. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "London 2012: Rafael Nadal withdraws from Olympics". BBC Sport. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Wine, Steven (4 August 2012). "Serena Williams Wins Gold Medal In Olympic Singles Tennis, Beats Maria Sharapova In Final". Huffington Post. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "IOC approves new events for London 2012". IOC. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tennis at the 1924 Paris Summer Games: Mixed Doubles". sports-reference.com. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "Wimbledon outlines plans for 2012". BBC News. 13 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tennis". London 2012 Organisation Committee. Retrieved 2 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "ITF and ATP announce Olympic agreement". itftennis.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ranking Points". itftennis.com. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Olympic qualification details announced". itftennis.com. International Tennis Federation. 20 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "ITF and ATP announce Olympic ranking point agreement" (PDF). ATP and ITF. International Tennis Federation. 1 June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Men's Singles Main Draw: 1st Round". ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Men's Doubles Main Draw: 1st Round". ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e ITF (26 June 2012). "ITF announces entries for Olympic Tennis Event". United Kingdom: ITF. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "First entrants set for Games tennis". Bristol, United States: ESPN Inc. Associated Press. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nadal withdraws from Olympics with knee injury". www.globalpost.com. 19 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics (London2012.com) at the UK Government Web Archive (archived 2013-02-28)
Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics at SR/Olympics
OlympicTennis.net
IOC Media Tennis at London 2012 video (YouTube.com)
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Jenny Wolek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jenny Wolek
Brynn Thayer as Jenny Wolek
One Life to Live character
Portrayed by
Katherine Glass (1975–78)
Brynn Thayer (1978–86)
Duration
1975–86
First appearance
June 1975 (June 1975)
Last appearance
May 1986 (May 1986)
Created by
Agnes Nixon
Gordon Russell
Introduced by
Doris Quinlan
Classification
Former, regular
Profile
Other names
Jenny Wolek (maiden name)
Occupation
Physician at Llanview Hospital
Secretary
Novitiate nun
[show]Family
Family
Wolek
Sisters
Karen Wolek
Spouse
Tim Siegel (1976)
Brad Vernon (1978–81)
Peter Janssen (1981–82)
David Renaldi (1984–97)
Children
Mary Vernon (stillborn)
Jenny Wolek is a fictional character from the American soap opera One Life to Live. The distant cousin of original characters Larry, Anna, and Vince Wolek, Jenny debuted June 1975, appearing continually until May 1986.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Casting and character history
1.1 Tim
1.2 Brad
1.3 Mary Vernon and Peter
1.4 David Renaldi and death
2 Reception
3 References
Casting and character history[edit]
Tim[edit]
Tim (Berenger) and Jenny (Glass), 1976
Jenny Wolek was originated by actress Katherine Glass in June 1975[2] and introduced as a novitiate nun preparing to take her final vows. Instead, she falls in love with Jewish, blue-collar Tim Siegel (Tom Berenger).[3][4] When Jenny announces she is leaving the Order to marry Tim, her cousin Vince "Vinny" Wolek (Jordan Charney) heatedly objects, complaining of how Tim is "stealing Jenny from the church". A fist fight ensues, leading Vinny to aggravate in Tim a latent brain injury, which results in his being taken to the hospital in critical condition.[5] Jenny marries Tim on his deathbed April 5, 1976,[6] and she remains resentful toward Vinny for the duration of his appearance on the serial.[7]
Brad[edit]
No longer planning to become a nun, Jenny takes a secretarial job with Dr. Will Vernon (Farley Granger) in 1976. Jenny grows enamored with Dr. Vernon but begins dating his son Brad (Jameson Parker) in 1977. The two marry on the episode aired January 3, 1978.[8] Soon after marrying, Jenny learns Brad is a philanderer and the two suffer a rocky marriage. Actress Brynn Thayer, a fan of Katherine Glass' Jenny, assumed the role in August 1978 amid a contract dispute between Glass and ABC Daytime.[4] Jenny becomes pregnant into 1979 and looks forward to motherhood. But the stress of a perpetually unfaithful Brad (Steve Fletcher onward) and learning he had raped her sister, Karen (Judith Light), causes Jenny to blackout, go into premature labor, and give birth stillborn daughter Mary Vernon in November.[9] Not told her child was dead in the morgue instead of the maternity ward, misguided sister Karen conspires in a plot with ex-boyfriend-con man Marco Dane (Gerald Anthony) to switch dead Mary with a live newborn.[10]
Mary Vernon and Peter[edit]
Jenny rears a child born during Jenny's delivery to Karen's former fellow prostitutes, Katrina Karr (Nancy Snyder). She then divorces Brad, marrying Dr. Peter Janssen (Denny Albee) September 2, 1981.[11] She is soon widowed for a second time when Peter is killed in a car accident in May 1982.[12] Only a short time after losing her husband Peter, Jenny learns the truth about Karen's baby switch and makes the wrenching decision to give the child back to Katrina.[13] Unknown to Jenny and Katrina, both of their children were fathered by Brad.
David Renaldi and death[edit]
Jenny next engages in a relationship with David "David Renaldi" Reynolds (Michael Zaslow), the former lover of Dr. Dorian Lord (Robin Strasser) and father to Dorian's daughter, Cassie. Despite being married to Herb Callison (Anthony Call) at the time, Dorian does her best to split up Jenny and David. After finally getting Dorian to relent, Jenny and David wed June 1, 1984.[14][15] She soon becomes worrisome upon learning David to be a secret agent investigating communist espionage activity for the American government. Jenny last appears onscreen making amends with cousin Larry and ex-husband Brad before relocating to Switzerland with David in May 1986.[16]
David Renaldi returns to Llanview in 1997, divulging to Dorian that Jenny was assumed dead in Switzerland from an avalanche.
Reception[edit]
Jenny Wolek was a part of a move by new head writer Gordon Russell in 1975 to incorporate younger talent into the cast following the 1973 onscreen death of Meredith Lord, played by Lynn Benesch.[1] Katherine Glass garnered much fanfare and controversy as one-half of soap opera's first teen and interfaith supercouple alongside Tom Berenger (Tim Siegel).[4][17][18][19] Glass' Jenny had particular resonance with younger viewers who identified with the Wolek heroine.[5]
Brynn Thayer's work as a Jenny learning her daughter, Mary Vernon, was stillborn and switched soon after birth with the child she raised for two years, Kristine Karr, is considered[by whom?] one of OLTL's most tragic and riveting performances.[4]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Schemering, Christopher (1988). The Soap Opera Encyclopedia. New York City: Ballantine Books. p. 370. ISBN 9780345353443.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 7. June 1975. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "One Life to Live recap (1975)". American Broadcasting Company. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Waggett, Gerry (2008). The One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book. New York City: Hyperion Books. p. 248. ISBN 9781401323097.
^ Jump up to: a b Soares, Manuela (1978). The Soap Opera Book. New York City: Harmony Books. p. 182. ISBN 9780517533314.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 7. April 5, 1976. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "One Life to Live recap (1976)". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 9. January 3, 1978. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 12. November 1, 1979. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "One Life to Live recap (1979, Part 2)". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 14. September 2, 1981. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 14. May 20, 1982. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ "One Life to Live recap (1982, Part 3)". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "One Life to Live recap (1984)". American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 16. June 1, 1984. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ One Life to Live. Season 18. May 1986. American Broadcasting Company.
Jump up ^ Cue New York. North American Publishing Company. 9 (1-7): 41. 1980. Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Kathy takes a day at a time" by Jon-Michael Reed, The Salina Journal, August 25, 1975, p. 9
Jump up ^ "Actress Joins 'Soaper' Cast", Florence Morning News, February 22, 1975, p. 27
[show]
One Life to Live
[show]
v
t
e
Characters
In order of generation and first appearance
Key: (Name) = character's spouse(s), (a.) = adopted family member
[show]
Lord family
1st gen.
Victor Lord
Eugenia Randolph
Irene Manning
Dorian Cramer
Gwendolyn Lord
Jonathan Abbott
2nd gen.
Victoria Lord
Roger Gordon
Joe Riley
Steve Burke
Clint Buchanan
Sloan Carpenter
Ben Davidson
Charlie Banks
Meredith Lord
Larry Wolek
Tony Lord
Cathy Craig
Pat Ashley
Richard Abbott
Becky Lee Hunt
Tina Lord
Cord Roberts
Cain Rogan
David Vickers
Todd Manning
Blair Cramer
Téa Delgado
Powell Lord III
Victor Lord Jr.
Blair Cramer
Téa Delgado
3rd gen.
Daniel Wolek
Brian Kendall
Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan
LeeAnn Demerest
Cassie Callison
Kelly Cramer
Joey Riley Buchanan
Kelly Cramer
Jennifer Rappaport
Aubrey Wentworth
Jessica Buchanan
Tico Santi
Antonio Vega
Nash Brennan
Robert Ford
Cutter Wentworth
C. J. Roberts
Megan Gordon
Jake Harrison
Sarah Roberts
Starr Manning
Natalie Buchanan
Mitch Laurence
Cristian Vega
Jared Banks
Jack Manning
Sam Manning
Danielle Manning
4th gen.
Duke Buchanan
Bree Brennan
Hope Manning-Thornhart
Ryder Ford
Liam McBain
5th gen.
Zane Buchanan
[show]
Riley family
1st gen.
Joe Riley
Victoria Lord
Eileen Riley
Dave Siegel
Tom Dennison
Carol Harper
2nd gen.
Tim Siegel
Jenny Wolek
Julie Siegel
Mark Toland
Megan Craig Riley
Kevin Lord Riley Buchanan
LeeAnn Demerest
Cassie Callison
Kelly Cramer
Joey Riley Buchanan
Kelly Cramer
Jennifer Rappaport
Aubrey Wentworth
Mari Lynn Dennison
3rd gen.
Duke Buchanan
4th gen.
Zane Buchanan
[show]
Wolek family
1st gen.
Larry Wolek
Karen Martin
Meredith Lord
Karen Wolek
Laurel Chapin
Anna Wolek
Jim Craig
Vince Wolek
Wanda Webb
Jenny Wolek
Tim Siegel
Brad Vernon
Peter Janssen
David Renaldi
Karen Wolek
Larry Wolek
2nd gen.
Cathy Craig (a.)
Tony Lord
Daniel Wolek
3rd gen.
Megan Craig Riley
[show]
Cramer family
1st gen.
Lou Cramer
Sonya Roskova
Betsy Cramer
2nd gen.
Dorian Cramer
Victor Lord
Herb Callison
Manuel Santi
David Vickers Buchanan
Mel Hayes
Mitch Laurence
Melinda Cramer
Peter Janssen
Addie Cramer
David Vickers
3rd gen.
Cassie Reynolds
Rob Coronal
Bo Buchanan
Andrew Carpenter
Kevin Buchanan
Blair Cramer
Asa Buchanan
Todd Manning
Max Holden
Victor Lord Jr.
John McBain
Elijah Clarke
Kelly Cramer
Joey Buchanan
Kevin Buchanan
Paul Cramer
Babe Carey
Adriana Cramer
Rex Balsom
Langston Wilde (a.)
4th gen.
River Carpenter (a.)
Starr Manning
Jack Manning
Zane Buchanan
5th gen.
Hope Manning-Thornhart
[show]
Buchanan family
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Creator: Agnes Nixon
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text:
Very Large Array
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array
Named after
Karl Guthe Jansky
Location(s)
Socorro County, US
Coordinates
34°04′43″N 107°37′04″W / 34.0787492°N 107.6177275°W / 34.0787492; -107.6177275Coordinates: 34°04′43″N 107°37′04″W / 34.0787492°N 107.6177275°W / 34.0787492; -107.6177275
Organization
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Altitude
2,124 m (6,969 ft)
Wavelength
0.6 cm (50 GHz)-410 cm (73 MHz)
Built
1973 –1980 (1973 –1980 )
Telescope style
radio interferometer
Number of telescopes
27
Diameter
25 m (82 ft 0 in)
Angular resolution
0.2 arcsecond, 0.04 arcsecond
Collecting area
13,250 m2 (142,600 sq ft)
Website
science.nrao.edu/facilities/vla/
Location of Very Large Array
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
[edit on Wikidata]
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) is a centimeter-wavelength radio astronomy observatory located in central New Mexico on the Plains of San Agustin, between the towns of Magdalena and Datil, ~50 miles (80 km) west of Socorro. The VLA comprises twenty-seven 25-meter radio telescopes deployed in a Y-shaped array and all the equipment, instrumentation, and computing power to function as an interferometer. Each of the massive telescopes is mounted on double parallel railroad tracks, so the radius and density of the array can be transformed to adjust the balance between its angular resolution and its surface brightness sensitivity.[1] Astronomers using the VLA have made key observations of black holes and protoplanetary disks around young stars, discovered magnetic filaments and traced complex gas motions at the Milky Way's center, probed the Universe's cosmological parameters, and provided new knowledge about the physical mechanisms that produce radio emission.
The VLA stands at an elevation of 6970 ft (2124 m) above sea level. It is a component of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).[2] The NRAO is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Upgrade and renaming
3 Key science
4 History
5 In popular culture
6 Tourism
7 Gallery
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Antenna Assembly Building at VLA
The radio telescope comprises 27 independent antennae, each of which has a dish diameter of 25 meters (82 feet) and weighs 209 metric tons (230 Short tons).[3] The antennae are distributed along the three arms of a track, shaped in a wye (or Y) -configuration, (each of which measures 21 km/13 miles long). Using the rail tracks that follow each of these arms—and that, at one point, intersect with U.S. Route 60 at a level crossing—and a specially designed lifting locomotive ("Hein's Trein"),[4] the antennas can be physically relocated to a number of prepared positions, allowing aperture synthesis interferometry with up to 351 independent baselines: in essence, the array acts as a single antenna with a variable diameter. The angular resolution that can be reached is between 0.2 and 0.04 arcseconds.[5]
There are four commonly used configurations, designated A (the largest) through D (the tightest, when all the dishes are within 600 m of the center point). The observatory normally cycles through all the various possible configurations (including several hybrids) every 16 months; the antennas are moved every three to four months. Moves to smaller configurations are done in two stages, first shortening the east and west arms and later shortening the north arm. This allows for a short period of improved imaging of extremely northerly or southerly sources.[citation needed]
The frequency coverage is 74 MHz to 50 GHz (400 to 0.7 cm).[6]
The Pete V. Domenici Science Operations Center (DSOC) for the VLA is located on the campus of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in Socorro, New Mexico. The DSOC also serves as the control center for the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), a VLBI array of ten 25-meter dishes located from Hawaii in the west to the U.S. Virgin Islands in the east that constitutes the world's largest dedicated, full-time astronomical instrument.[7]
Upgrade and renaming[edit]
Very Large Array, 2012
Very Large Array
In 2011, a decade long upgrade project had resulted in the VLA expanding its technical capacities by factors of as much as 8,000. The 1970s era electronics were replaced with state-of-the-art equipment. To reflect this increased capacity, VLA officials asked for input from both the scientific community and the public in coming up with a new name for the array, and in January 2012 it was announced that the array would be renamed the "Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array".[8][9][10] On March 31, 2012, the VLA was officially renamed in a ceremony inside the Antenna Assembly Building.[11]
Key science[edit]
The VLA is a multi-purpose instrument designed to allow investigations of many astronomical objects, including radio galaxies, quasars, pulsars, supernova remnants, gamma-ray bursts, radio-emitting stars, the sun and planets, astrophysical masers, black holes, and the hydrogen gas that constitutes a large portion of the Milky Way galaxy as well as external galaxies. In 1989 the VLA was used to receive radio communications from the Voyager 2 spacecraft as it flew by Neptune.[12] A search of the galaxies M31 and M32 was conducted in December 2014 through January 2015 with the intent of quickly searching trillions of systems for extremely powerful signals from advanced civilizations.[13]
It has been used to carry out several large surveys of radio sources, including the NRAO VLA Sky Survey and Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters.
In September 2017 the VLA Sky Survey (VLASS) began.[14] This survey will cover the entire sky visible to the VLA (80% of the Earth’s sky) in three full scans.[15] Astronomers expect to find about 10 million new objects with the survey — four times more than what is presently known.[15]
History[edit]
The driving force for the development of the VLA was David S. Heeschen. He is noted as having "sustained and guided the development of the best radio astronomy observatory in the world for sixteen years."[16] Congressional approval for the VLA project was given in August 1972, and construction began some six months later. The first antenna was put into place in September 1975 and the complex was formally inaugurated in 1980, after a total investment of USD $78.5 million.[6] It was the largest configuration of radio telescopes in the world.
With a view to upgrading the venerable 1970s technology with which the VLA was built, the VLA has evolved into the Expanded Very Large Array (EVLA). The upgrade has enhanced the instrument's sensitivity, frequency range, and resolution with the installation of new hardware at the San Agustin site. A second phase of this upgrade may add up to eight additional dishes in other parts of the state of New Mexico, up to 300 km away, if funded.[17]
Magdalena Ridge Observatory is a new observatory under construction a few miles south of the VLA. It includes an optical interferometer and is run by VLA collaborator New Mexico Tech.
In popular culture[edit]
The VLA has appeared repeatedly in American popular culture since its construction.
The VLA was featured in Carl Sagan's 1980 documentary Cosmos: A Personal Voyage.[citation needed]
The VLA is present in the 1984 movie 2010: The Year We Make Contact, as the location where Dr. Floyd and Dimitri Moiseyevich discuss the upcoming missions to Jupiter.[18]
The VLA is present in the 1997 movie Contact, as the location where the alien signal is first detected.[18][19]
The VLA features in plans to save the world from satellites being pulled from orbit in the second volume of the comic book series G.I. Joe: America's Elite (2005-2008).[citation needed]
British artist Keith Tyson created a 300 piece sculpture called Large Field Array (2006-2007) named after the VLA.[20]
In the 2009 science-fiction film Terminator Salvation, the VLA is the location of a Skynet facility. At the beginning of the film the site is attacked by Resistance forces.[18][21]
The hour-long ambient track by Carbon Based Lifeforms released in 2011 is titled VLA and features the array on the album cover[22]
Tourism[edit]
The Bracewell Radio Sundial on the VLA walking tour, seen from the south. Named for Ronald N. Bracewell, this sundial marks on the ground positions of the shadow of the central sphere (the gnomon) at different times of day and times of year. The shadow on Dec 22, 2017 falls very near the winter solstice line and the 1:00 PM (solar time) mark. The other two lines of markers north of the gnomon are for the equinoxes and the summer solstice. Additional lines of markers south of the gnomon mark positions of "shadows" of the radio sources Cygnus A and Cassiopeia A. The posts at the back of the sundial were recovered from Bracewell's radio telescope array at Stanford University, abandoned in 1980, where they had been signed by visitors with chisels at his invitation.
The VLA is located between the towns of Magdalena and Datil, about 50 miles (80 km) west of Socorro, New Mexico. U.S. Route 60 passes east–west through the complex.[citation needed]
The VLA site is open to visitors year round during daylight hours, and on every first and third Saturdays of the month, special guided and behind-the-scenes tours are offered. A visitor center houses a small museum, theater, and a gift shop. A self-guided walking tour is available, as the visitor center is not staffed continuously. Visitors unfamiliar with the area are warned that there is little food on site, or in the sparsely populated surroundings; those unfamiliar with the high desert are warned that the weather is quite variable, and can remain cold into April.[2] For those who cannot travel to the site, the NRAO created a virtual tour of the VLA called the VLA Explorer.[23]
Gallery[edit]
Very Large Array dish to scale—note person at left of base
Detail of one dish
An antenna deployed at the VLA
The radio antenna on the walking tour, foreground, and an arm of the array with additional similar antennas in the background
The cross rail track structure of the VLA, including an empty antenna mount station on the right (the three concrete piers that the antenna's triangular base mounts to)
See also[edit]
Astronomy portal
Allen Telescope Array (ATA)
Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)
Green Bank Telescope (GBT)
List of radio telescopes
Square Kilometre Array (SKA)
Very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI)
Very Small Array (VSA)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.vla.nrao.edu
^ Jump up to: a b "Visit the VLA". public.nrao.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Welcome to the Very Large Array!". vla.nrao.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Holley, Joe (May 29, 2008). "Hein Hvatum, 85; Engineered Telescope to the Heavens". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ https://public.nrao.edu/telescopes/vla/vla-basics
^ Jump up to: a b "An Overview of the Very Large Array". vla.nrao.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ "Very Long Baseline Array". science.nrao.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (October 14, 2011). "New Mexico Radio Telescope Seeking New Name". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16.
Jump up ^ Palmer, Jason (October 15, 2011). "Very Large Array telescope in public call for new name". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Finley, Dave. "Iconic Telescope Renamed to Honor Founder of Radio Astronomy". NRAO.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Finley, Dave. "Famous Radio Telescope Officially Gets New Name". NRAO.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Jim (Editor) (2016). Deep Space Communications. John Wiley & Sons. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-119-16902-4. Retrieved 30 September 2017. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Gray, Robert H.; Mooley, Kunal (14 February 2017). "A VLA Search for Radio Signals from M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal. 153 (3): 110. arXiv:1702.03301  . Bibcode:2017AJ....153..110G. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/110.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Davis. "VLA Sky Survey". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Barbuzano, Javier. "Iconic Radio Telescope Begins 7-year Search for New Objects". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Wallace; Tucker, Karen (1986). The Cosmic Inquirers: Modern Telescopes and Their Makers. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674174356.
Jump up ^ "The Expanded Very Large Array Project: A Radio Telescope to Resolve Cosmic Evolution". aoc.nrao.edu. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c Howard Hughes (30 May 2014). Outer Limits: The Filmgoers' Guide to the Great Science-fiction Films. I.B.Tauris. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-1-78076-166-4.
Jump up ^ Guidebook for the Scientific Traveler. Rutgers University Press. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-8135-4918-7.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Walter (November 11, 2007). "Weekend Update". Artnet.com. Artnet Worldwide Corporation. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
Jump up ^ Joseph T. Page II (6 May 2013). New Mexico Space Trail. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 59–. ISBN 978-1-4396-4328-0.
Jump up ^ "Leftfield Records". Leftfield Records. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
Jump up ^ "The VLA Explorer". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Very Large Array.
Official website
VLA Explorer
The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array page at NRAO
NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: The Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes (14 May 2006)
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